-ma
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It is obviously related to similar endings like ''[[-mo]]'' (which indicates a person or doer) or ''[[-me]]'' (which form a more abstract noun) which behave and operate similarly. For example ''[[alma]]'' "wealth" vs ''[[alme]]'' "blessing", ''[[carma]]'' "tool" vs ''[[carme]]'' "art". | It is obviously related to similar endings like ''[[-mo]]'' (which indicates a person or doer) or ''[[-me]]'' (which form a more abstract noun) which behave and operate similarly. For example ''[[alma]]'' "wealth" vs ''[[alme]]'' "blessing", ''[[carma]]'' "tool" vs ''[[carme]]'' "art". | ||
==Examples== | ==Examples== | ||
| + | A list of most known Quenya nouns that include the suffix ''-ma'', along with the words' [[root]], and [[Primitive Quendian]] origins where they are known. | ||
*([[GALA]]) ''[[alma]]'' "wealth" | *([[GALA]]) ''[[alma]]'' "wealth" | ||
*([[AS]]) ''[[arma]]'' "sun ray" | *([[AS]]) ''[[arma]]'' "sun ray" | ||
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*([[KUL]]) ''[[culuma]]'' "orange" | *([[KUL]]) ''[[culuma]]'' "orange" | ||
*([[PHAL]]) ''[[falma]]'' "wave" | *([[PHAL]]) ''[[falma]]'' "wave" | ||
| + | *(*HAM? *KHAM?) ''[[hamma]]'' "chair" | ||
*([[ȜAR]]) ''[[harma]]'' "treasure" | *([[ȜAR]]) ''[[harma]]'' "treasure" | ||
*([[SYAL]]) [[sjalmā]] > ''[[hyalma]]'' "shell, conch" | *([[SYAL]]) [[sjalmā]] > ''[[hyalma]]'' "shell, conch" | ||
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*(*[[LAYAK|LAY]]) ''[[laima]]'' "plant" | *(*[[LAYAK|LAY]]) ''[[laima]]'' "plant" | ||
*([[LABA]]) [[labmā]] > ''[[lamba]]'' "tongue" | *([[LABA]]) [[labmā]] > ''[[lamba]]'' "tongue" | ||
| + | *(*LAR) ''[[larma]]'' "raiment" | ||
| + | *[[líco]] > [[lícuma]] "taper, candle" | ||
| + | *(*LOY) ''[[loima]]'' "mistake" | ||
*([[NAK]]) [[nakma]] > ''[[nangwa]]'' "jaw" | *([[NAK]]) [[nakma]] > ''[[nangwa]]'' "jaw" | ||
*([[SNEW]]) ''[[neuma]]'' "snare" | *([[SNEW]]) ''[[neuma]]'' "snare" | ||
*([[ÑGWAL]]) ''[[nwalma]]'' "pain" | *([[ÑGWAL]]) ''[[nwalma]]'' "pain" | ||
*(*PAR) [[parmâ]] > ''[[parma]]'' "book" | *(*PAR) [[parmâ]] > ''[[parma]]'' "book" | ||
| + | *(*REM) ''[[remma]]'' "snare" | ||
*([[RIL]]) [[rilma]] "glittering light" | *([[RIL]]) [[rilma]] "glittering light" | ||
*([[RĪ]]) ''[[ríma]]'' "edge, hem, border" | *([[RĪ]]) ''[[ríma]]'' "edge, hem, border" | ||
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*([[SUK]]) [[sukmā]] > ''[[sungwa]]'' "drinking-vessel" | *([[SUK]]) [[sukmā]] > ''[[sungwa]]'' "drinking-vessel" | ||
*([[TAY]]) ''[[taima]]'' "lengthening, extension" | *([[TAY]]) ''[[taima]]'' "lengthening, extension" | ||
| − | *([[TAK]]) [[takmā]] > ''[[tangwa]]'' "hasp, clasp" | + | *([[TAM]]) ''[[tamma]]'' "tool" |
| + | *([[TAK]]) [[takmā]] > ''[[tangwa]]'' "hasp, clasp" | ||
| + | *([[TAȜ]]) ''[[tarma]]'' "pillar" | ||
*([[TEL]]) [[telmā]] > ''[[telma]]'' "conclusion, last item in a structure" | *([[TEL]]) [[telmā]] > ''[[telma]]'' "conclusion, last item in a structure" | ||
*([[TEÑ]]) ''[[téma]]'' "series" | *([[TEÑ]]) ''[[téma]]'' "series" | ||
| − | *([[TEK]]) ''[[tengwa]]'' "letter" | + | *([[TEK]]) [[tekmâ]] > ''[[tengwa]]'' "letter" |
| + | *(*TOL) ''[[tolma]]'' "protuberance" | ||
*([[TUY]]) [[tuimā]] > ''[[tuima]]'' "sprout, bud" | *([[TUY]]) [[tuimā]] > ''[[tuima]]'' "sprout, bud" | ||
*(*TYEL) ''[[tyelma]]'' "ending" | *(*TYEL) ''[[tyelma]]'' "ending" | ||
Revision as of 08:29, 23 June 2011
-ma is a Quenya nominal (concretizing) ending denoting a thing (usually object) having something to do with the root meaning; either having its properties or being produced by the verbal action in question; or even being a tool used to accomplish it.
In general, -ma seem to be stuck to naked roots or stems to produce the nouns. Eg. RIL > rilma "glittering light"; verb stems par- "to learn" > parma "book". However, full nouns can be suffixed with -ma to produce another object: Eg. líco "wax" > lícuma "candle".
Etymology
-ma derives from Primitive Quendian -mâ frequent in the names of implements.[1] Such PQ nouns have yielded Quenya -ma nouns, for example tuimâ > tuima or sjalmâ > hyalma.
In some phonological environments, -ma appears in allomorphs in later Quenya: Nouns in -wa or -ba might conceal a primitive -mâ. For example PQ labmâ > Q lamba (metathesis of bm to mb) or PQ takmâ > Q tangwa (nasalization and strengthening of k before m and velarization of m).[2]
It is obviously related to similar endings like -mo (which indicates a person or doer) or -me (which form a more abstract noun) which behave and operate similarly. For example alma "wealth" vs alme "blessing", carma "tool" vs carme "art".
Examples
A list of most known Quenya nouns that include the suffix -ma, along with the words' root, and Primitive Quendian origins where they are known.
- (GALA) alma "wealth"
- (AS) arma "sun ray"
- (KAY) caima "bed"
- (KAL) calma "lamp"
- (KAR) carma "tool"
- (KEL) celma "channel"
- (KOR) corma "ring"
- (KUL) culuma "orange"
- (PHAL) falma "wave"
- (*HAM? *KHAM?) hamma "chair"
- (ȜAR) harma "treasure"
- (SYAL) sjalmā > hyalma "shell, conch"
- (GIL) Ilma "starlight"
- (SKEL) skelmā > helma "skin"
- (*SLOY) hloima "poison"
- (SKWAR) hwarma "crossbar"
- (*LAY) laima "plant"
- (LABA) labmā > lamba "tongue"
- (*LAR) larma "raiment"
- líco > lícuma "taper, candle"
- (*LOY) loima "mistake"
- (NAK) nakma > nangwa "jaw"
- (SNEW) neuma "snare"
- (ÑGWAL) nwalma "pain"
- (*PAR) parmâ > parma "book"
- (*REM) remma "snare"
- (RIL) rilma "glittering light"
- (RĪ) ríma "edge, hem, border"
- (SAG) sagmā > sangwa "poison"
- (*THEL) selma "a fixed idea, will"
- (SIL) silma "silver, shining white"
- (SUK) sukmā > sungwa "drinking-vessel"
- (TAY) taima "lengthening, extension"
- (TAM) tamma "tool"
- (TAK) takmā > tangwa "hasp, clasp"
- (TAȜ) tarma "pillar"
- (TEL) telmā > telma "conclusion, last item in a structure"
- (TEÑ) téma "series"
- (TEK) tekmâ > tengwa "letter"
- (*TOL) tolma "protuberance"
- (TUY) tuimā > tuima "sprout, bud"
- (*TYEL) tyelma "ending"
- (*KYUL) kjulumā > tyulma "mast"
- (WIL) wilma "air, lower air"
- (YUL) julmā > yulma "cup"
Inspiration
-ma is a frequent ending of Greek neutral nouns, such as thelema, schema, stigma, enigma etc.[3]
References
- ↑ J.R.R. Tolkien, Christopher Tolkien (ed.), The War of the Jewels p.416
- ↑ Helge Fauskanger, Vicente Velasco (ed.) The Evolution from Primitive Elvish to Quenya
- ↑ Lise Mann "Elvish Loanwords in Indo-European" An Introduction to Elvish