-ma: Difference between revisions
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'''-ma''' is a [[Quenya]] nominal (concretizing) ending denoting a thing (usually object) having something to do with the root meaning; either having its properties or being produced by the verbal action in question; or even being a tool used to accomplish it. | '''-ma''' is a [[Quenya]] nominal (concretizing) ending denoting a thing (usually object) having something to do with the root meaning; either having its properties or being produced by the verbal action in question; or even being a tool used to accomplish it. | ||
In general, ''-mâ/-ma'' seem to be stuck to naked [[root]]s or stems to produce the nouns. Eg. [[RIL]] > ''[[rilma]] "glittering light"; verb stems ''[[par-]]'' "to learn" > ''[[parma]]'' "book". However full | In general, ''-mâ/-ma'' seem to be stuck to naked [[root]]s or stems to produce the nouns. Eg. [[RIL]] > ''[[rilma]]'' "glittering light"; verb stems ''[[par-]]'' "to learn" > ''[[parma]]'' "book". However, full nouns can be suffixed with ''-ma'' to produce another object: Eg. ''[[líco]]'' "wax" > ''[[lícuma]]'' "candle". | ||
==Etymology== | ==Etymology== | ||
''-ma'' derives from [[Primitive Quendian]] ''[[-mâ]]'' frequent in the names of implements<ref>{{HM|WJ}} p.416</ref> | ''-ma'' derives from [[Primitive Quendian]] ''[[-mâ]]'' frequent in the names of implements.<ref>{{HM|WJ}} p.416</ref> Such PQ nouns have yielded Quenya -ma nouns, for example ''[[tuimâ]]'' > ''[[tuima]]'' or ''[[sjalmâ]]'' > ''[[hyalma]]''. | ||
In some phonological environments, ''-ma'' appears in allomorphs in later Quenya: Nouns in ''-wa'' or ''-ba'' might conceal a primitive ''-mâ''. For example PQ ''[[labmâ]]'' > Q ''[[lamba]]'' (metathesis of ''bm'' to ''mb'') or PQ ''[[takmâ]]'' > Q ''[[tangwa]]'' (nasalization and strengthening of ''k'' before ''m'' and velarization of ''m'')<ref>[[Helge Fauskanger]], [[Vicente Velasco]] (ed.) ''[http://www.uib.no/people/hnohf/qevolution.pdf The Evolution from Primitive Elvish to Quenya]''</ref> | In some phonological environments, ''-ma'' appears in allomorphs in later Quenya: Nouns in ''-wa'' or ''-ba'' might conceal a primitive ''-mâ''. For example PQ ''[[labmâ]]'' > Q ''[[lamba]]'' (metathesis of ''bm'' to ''mb'') or PQ ''[[takmâ]]'' > Q ''[[tangwa]]'' (nasalization and strengthening of ''k'' before ''m'' and velarization of ''m'').<ref>[[Helge Fauskanger]], [[Vicente Velasco]] (ed.) ''[http://www.uib.no/people/hnohf/qevolution.pdf The Evolution from Primitive Elvish to Quenya]''</ref> | ||
It is obviously related to similar endings like ''[[-mo]]'' (which indicates a person or doer) or ''[[-me]]'' (which form a more abstract noun) which behave and operate similarly. For example ''[[alma]]'' "wealth" vs ''[[alme]]'' "blessing", ''[[carma]]'' "tool" vs ''[[carme]]'' "art" | It is obviously related to similar endings like ''[[-mo]]'' (which indicates a person or doer) or ''[[-me]]'' (which form a more abstract noun) which behave and operate similarly. For example ''[[alma]]'' "wealth" vs ''[[alme]]'' "blessing", ''[[carma]]'' "tool" vs ''[[carme]]'' "art" | ||
==Examples== | ==Examples== | ||
*([[GALA]]) [[alma]] "wealth" | *([[GALA]]) ''[[alma]]'' "wealth" | ||
*([[AS]]) [[arma]] "sun ray" | *([[AS]]) ''[[arma]]'' "sun ray" | ||
*([[KAY]]) [[caima]] "bed" | *([[KAY]]) ''[[caima]]'' "bed" | ||
*([[KAL]]) [[calma]] "lamp" | *([[KAL]]) ''[[calma]]'' "lamp" | ||
*([[KAR]]) [[carma]] "tool" | *([[KAR]]) ''[[carma]]'' "tool" | ||
*([[KEL]]) [[celma]] "channel" | *([[KEL]]) ''[[celma]]'' "channel" | ||
*([[KOR]]) [[corma]] "ring" | *([[KOR]]) ''[[corma]]'' "ring" | ||
*([[KUL]]) [[culuma]] "orange" | *([[KUL]]) ''[[culuma]]'' "orange" | ||
*([[PHAL]]) [[falma]] "wave" | *([[PHAL]]) ''[[falma]]'' "wave" | ||
*([[ȜAR]]) [[harma]] "treasure" | *([[ȜAR]]) ''[[harma]]'' "treasure" | ||
*([[SYAL]]) [[hyalma]] "shell, conch" | *([[SYAL]]) ''[[hyalma]]'' "shell, conch" | ||
([[GIL]]) [[Ilma]] "starlight" | *([[GIL]]) ''[[Ilma]]'' "starlight" | ||
{{references}} | |||
[[category:Quenya suffixes]] | [[category:Quenya suffixes]] |
Revision as of 14:16, 22 June 2011
-ma is a Quenya nominal (concretizing) ending denoting a thing (usually object) having something to do with the root meaning; either having its properties or being produced by the verbal action in question; or even being a tool used to accomplish it.
In general, -mâ/-ma seem to be stuck to naked roots or stems to produce the nouns. Eg. RIL > rilma "glittering light"; verb stems par- "to learn" > parma "book". However, full nouns can be suffixed with -ma to produce another object: Eg. líco "wax" > lícuma "candle".
Etymology
-ma derives from Primitive Quendian -mâ frequent in the names of implements.[1] Such PQ nouns have yielded Quenya -ma nouns, for example tuimâ > tuima or sjalmâ > hyalma.
In some phonological environments, -ma appears in allomorphs in later Quenya: Nouns in -wa or -ba might conceal a primitive -mâ. For example PQ labmâ > Q lamba (metathesis of bm to mb) or PQ takmâ > Q tangwa (nasalization and strengthening of k before m and velarization of m).[2]
It is obviously related to similar endings like -mo (which indicates a person or doer) or -me (which form a more abstract noun) which behave and operate similarly. For example alma "wealth" vs alme "blessing", carma "tool" vs carme "art"
Examples
- (GALA) alma "wealth"
- (AS) arma "sun ray"
- (KAY) caima "bed"
- (KAL) calma "lamp"
- (KAR) carma "tool"
- (KEL) celma "channel"
- (KOR) corma "ring"
- (KUL) culuma "orange"
- (PHAL) falma "wave"
- (ȜAR) harma "treasure"
- (SYAL) hyalma "shell, conch"
- (GIL) Ilma "starlight"