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{{War
{{War
| previous=[[War of the Last Alliance]]
| previous=[[War of the Last Alliance]]
| next=
| next=[[War of the Ring]]
| name=Angmar War
| name=Angmar war
| image=
| image=
| begin=[[Third Age 1409 | 1409]] TA
| begin={{TA|1356}}
| end=[[Third Age 1944 | 1944]] TA (fighting finally ended in [[Third Age 1977 | 1977]])
| end={{TA|1974}} (fighting finally ended in {{TA|1977}})
| place=[[Arnor]], [[Angmar]], The [[Shire]], [[Rivendell]],
| place=Throughout [[Eriador]] (last conflict occurred in the upper [[Vales of Anduin]])
| result=Victory for the [[Free Peoples]]
| result=destruction of the kingdoms of Arnor and Angmar, decline of the [[Dúnedain of the North]], the Eótheód take the upper Vales of the Anduin as their own from the remnants of Angmar.
*Destruction of [[Angmar]]
| battles=Arnorian Civil War, First Invasion of Angmar, [[Fall of Cardolan]], [[Fall of Amon Sûl]], Weather Hills skirmishes, [[Second Siege of Rivendell]], [[Fall of Fornost]], [[Battle of Fornost]], Eótheód Incursion.
*Ruin of the successor realms of [[Arnor]]
|side1=Arnor, Lindon, Rivendell, Gondor, Shire, Khazad-dûm, the Eótheód.
*Remaining [[Northern Dúnedain]] become [[Rangers of the North|Rangers]]
|side2=Angmar, Gundabad, Misty Mountains, Rhudaur, Ettenmoors.
*The [[Eótheód]] settle the upper [[Vales of Anduin]]
|commanders1=From King Argeleb I-King Arvedui of Arnor, Eárnur, [[Elrond]], [[Círdan]], Princes of Cardolan.
| battles= First Invasion of Angmar, [[Fall of Cardolan]], [[Fall of Amon Sûl]], Weather Hills skirmishes, [[Second Siege of Imladris]], [[Fall of Fornost]], [[Battle of Fornost]], Eótheód Incursion
|commanders2=The Witch-king of Angmar, Hill-men lords, orc chieftains.
|side1=[[Men of Arnor]]<br>[[Gondorians]]<br>[[Men of the Vales of Anduin]]<br>[[Eotheod|Eótheód]]<br>Forces of [[Rivendell]]<br>[[Galadhrim]]<br>[[Elves of Lindon]]<br>[[Shire-hobbits]]
|side2=Forces of [[Angmar]]
|commanders1=
* [[Argeleb I]]†
* [[Arveleg I]]†
* [[Araval]]
* [[Araphor]]
* [[Arvedui]]
* [[Eärnur]]
* [[Frumgar]]
* [[Círdan]]
* [[Elrond]]
* [[Glorfindel]]
|commanders2=
* [[Witch-king of Angmar]]
|}}
|}}


The '''Angmar War''' was a centuries-long struggle between the Northern [[Dúnedain]] kingdom and the forces of [[Angmar]], led by the [[Witch-king of Angmar|Witch-king]].  [[Arnor]] was destroyed as a kingdom, though the Dúnedain of Arnor continued through the [[Chieftains of the Dúnedain|Chieftains]].  Angmar was soon itself obliterated by an Elf-Man alliance of [[Círdan]] and the southern kingdom of [[Gondor]] during the [[Battle of Fornost]].
The '''Angmar war''' was a centuries-long struggle between the [[Men of Arnor]] and the forces of [[Angmar]], led by the [[Witch-king]].   


==Background==
After the death of King [[Eärendur]], the [[Arnor|Kingdom of Arnor]] was split into three parts: [[Arthedain]], [[Cardolan]] and [[Rhudaur]], due to tension between Eärendur's sons. There was often strife between the three kingdoms, usually over control of the [[Weather Hills]] and the ''[[palantíri|palantír]]'' of [[Amon Sûl]].<ref name=eriador>{{App|Eriador}}</ref> 


== Sources ==
==History==
*[[Appendix A]]
===Prelude===
[[Image:Grant Gould - The Witch King.jpg|left|thumb|Eliot Gould - ''The Witch King'']]
During the reign of [[Malvegil]] of Arthedain (c. {{TA|1300}}), the realm of [[Angmar]] was established by the [[Witch-king]], beyond the [[Ettenmoors]], with the intention of weakening the Northern Dunedain. It was not yet known that the Witch-king was indeed the chief of the [[Nazgûl|Ringwraiths]]. He filled his domain (which also extended into the upper [[Vales of Anduin]]) with [[Orcs]], evil Men, and fell creatures.<ref name=eriador>{{App|Eriador}}</ref>
 
===Early Conflicts===
[[Argeleb I]] of Arthedain claimed the kingship of all Arnor, the line of [[Isildur]] having failed in Cardolan and Rhudaur. In Cardolan,  this claim was recognized; however, Rhudaur resisted the claim for an evil lord of the [[Hill-men]], whose allegiance lay with Angmar, seized power since the Dúnedain there were few. Argeleb fortified the [[Weather Hills]], but was killed in battle with Rhudaur and Angmar in {{TA|1356}}.<ref name="AppB2">{{App|B2}}</ref> His son [[Arveleg I]] received help from Cardolan and [[Lindon]], and was able to drive the enemy back from the Weather Hills. After this the forces of Arthedain and Cardolan held, for many years, a frontier along the Weather Hills, the [[East Road]] and the lower [[Hoarwell]]. During this period the Witch-king [[Second Siege of Imladris|besieged]] [[Rivendell]], but failed to take it.<ref name=eriador>{{App|Eriador}}</ref>
 
===Fall of Cardolan===
In {{TA|1409}}, the Witch-king launched a massive assault upon Arnor, circling around the Dúnedain defences to invade Cardolan from the south. Causing huge destruction, the host of Angmar marched north to Amon Sûl. The great watchtower was taken and destroyed, although its ''palantír'' was saved and brought to [[Fornost]]. In this war both Arveleg and the [[last prince of Cardolan]] perished.<ref>{{HM|RC}}, "Fog on the Barrow-downs", pp. 144-5; Index, 'Cardolan, [[Last prince of Cardolan|last prince of]]' </ref> The remaining Dúnedain in Rhudaur were slain or driven west, while those of Cardolan held out only in [[Barrow-downs|Tyrn Gorthad]] and the [[Old Forest]]. Fornost meanwhile was beset by the armies of Angmar, but Círdan brought reinforcements out of Lindon, enabling the young king [[Araphor]] to repel his foes from the [[North Downs]].<ref name=eriador>{{App|Eriador}}</ref>
 
Arnor had been weakened hugely but the Witch-king was unable to press home his advantage because, at this point, the Elves unleashed their remaining strength upon Angmar. [[Elrond]] persuaded King [[Amroth]] to send a force of [[Galadhrim]] over the [[High Pass]] to Rivendell. Together with their kinsfolk of Lindon, they dealt such a blow to Angmar that it was subdued for centuries.<ref name=eriador>{{App|Eriador}}</ref>
 
Arnor, however, was unable to recover its former strength. Much of its territory was already deserted, prompting [[Argeleb II]] to grant [[The Shire|the Shire]] to the [[Hobbits]] in {{TA|1601}}.<ref name="AppB2">{{App|B2}}</ref> In the seventeenth century a [[Great Plague]] came from out of the East, devastating [[Rhovanion]] and [[Gondor]]. While Arthedain was relatively unaffected, Cardolan suffered greatly and the remaining Dúnedain in Tyrn Gorthad perished. The Hobbits of the Shire also saw great loss, but their numbers recovered in time. In the wake of the Plague, evil spirits came down out of Angmar and Rhudaur and reanimated the corpses of the Dúnedain of the Barrow-downs.<ref name=eriador>{{App|Eriador}}</ref>
 
The North-Kingdom nonetheless had peace for a time, but in the nineteenth century Angmar renewed its attacks. King [[Araval]] with [[Elves of Lindon]] and [[Rivendell]] won a battle in [[Cardolan]] ({{TA|1851}})<ref>{{PM|Elendil}}, pp. 195, 209-210</ref> but was unable to reoccupy it; in the same year, Gondor was attacked by the [[Wainriders]] for the first time.<ref name="AppB2">{{App|B2}}</ref>
 
===Alliance with Gondor===
Suspecting that these attacks might be being coordinated by a single power, the two kingdoms finally brought to an end their years of estrangement. In {{TA|1940}}, [[Arvedui]] heir to the sceptre of Arnor, wedded [[Fíriel]], the daughter of King [[Ondoher]] of Gondor. Soon Ondoher was slain in battle and hoping to save Arnor from Angmar, Arvedui staked his claim to Gondor, by right of his descent from Elendil and by that of his wife. The lords of Gondor however were not for reunification, and chose [[Eärnil II|Eärnil]] as their king. Eärnil nonetheless maintained good relations with Arnor, promising them aid against the continuing attacks of Angmar.<ref name=gondor>{{App|Gondor}}</ref>
 
Arvedui succeeded his father in {{TA|1964}}, but Arnor's strength was fast dwindling. In {{TA|1973}} he sent a message to Eärnil that they were in great straits, and that Angmar was preparing its final assault. Eärnil accordingly mustered a great army, including many horsemen from [[Vales of Anduin]], under the command of his son Prince [[Eärnur]]. The Gondorian force put to sea, but would not arrive in Lindon before Angmar struck.<ref name=gondor>{{App|Gondor}}</ref><ref name=eriador>{{App|Eriador}}</ref>
 
===Fall of the North-kingdom===
In {{TA|1974}} the Witch-king amassed his forces and launched a final assault on Arthedain. The Witch-king attacked during the harsh winter weather and [[Fall of Fornost|took]] Fornost. The remnants of the Arnorian forces fled west over the river Lune but Arvedui held out for a short time in the North Downs. He and a few surviving companions were eventually forced to flee to the abandoned mines of the northern [[Ered Luin]]. With their food running out, they sought refuge with the [[Lossoth]] of [[Forochel]]. Receiving word of the King's whereabouts, Cirdan sent a ship to the [[Icebay of Forochel|Icebay]] to rescue him. Against the advice of the Lossoth chieftain, Arvedui boarded the ship, which that night was wrecked by a storm from the North. Arvedui drowned, and with him were lost the ''palantíri'' of Fornost and Amon Sûl.<ref name=eriador>{{App|Eriador}}</ref>
 
===Defeat of Angmar===
{{main|Battle of Fornost}}
[[File:Earnur RotWK.png|thumb|Earnur of Gondor]]
The Witch-king now sat the throne in the king's palace, but it was not long before Eärnur arrived in much joy and wonder among Elves and Men. There were so many ships that the fleet filled [[Forlond]], [[Harlond (Lindon)|Harlond]], and the [[Grey Havens]]; amazing the people of the North, even though this was but a small part of Gondor's strength. Once Círdan summoned the [[Elves of Lindon]] and what remained of the [[Men of Arnor]], the allied host marched across the [[Lune]] to challenge the occupiers of Fornost.<ref name=gondor>{{App|Gondor}}</ref>
 
The Witch-king, confident and proud after his recent victories, did not prepare for a siege, but sent his army out to face the [[Host of the West (Arnor)|Host of the West]]. The Host came down from [[Hills of Evendim]] and engaged the forces of Angmar in the plains between [[Nenuial]] and Fornost. The Host of the West had the better of the [[Battle of Fornost|fighting]], and the forces of Angmar began to retreat back to Fornost. Suddenly, out of the north, came the main body of the cavalry, which had passed around the Hills and outflanked the enemy. They fell upon the forces of Angmar and scattered them in a great rout. The Witch-king gathered what troops he could and tried to lead them back to [[Carn Dûm]] but was overtaken by the cavalry of Gondor led by Prince [[Eärnur]]. At the same time a force of Elves led by [[Glorfindel]] came up out from [[Rivendell]] and the remnants of Angmar's army were utterly destroyed. Near the end of the battle, the Witch-king attempted to slay [[Eärnur]], but fled upon the appearance of [[Glorfindel]]. So utterly was the host of Angmar crushed that not a single Man or Orc of that realm remained west of the [[Misty Mountains]].<ref name=gondor>{{App|Gondor}}</ref>
 
Two years after the [[Battle of Fornost]], [[Frumgar]] led the [[Éothéod]] into the northern [[Vales of Anduin]], and drove away what remained of the people of Angmar on the east side of the Mountains, thus being the final act of the centuries-long conflict.<ref>{{App|Eorl}}</ref>
 
===Aftermath===
The destruction brought about by the war left Eriador heavily depopulated and the North-kingdom in shambles. Arvedui's son [[Aranarth]] would not take any kingship but took the title of [[Chieftains of the Dúnedain|Chieftain of the Dúnedain]] for his people, the [[Dúnedain of Arnor]], were too few and took to a [[Ranger of the North|secretive, nomadic lifestyle]].<ref name=eriador>{{App|Eriador}}</ref>
 
The [[Shire-folk]] survived, though war swept over them and most of them fled into hiding. Afterwards in the peace that followed the Shire-folk ruled themselves and prospered. They chose a [[Thain]] to take the place of the King, and were content; though for a long time many still looked for the return of the [[King of Arnor|King]].<ref name=eriador>{{App|Eriador}}</ref>
 
Fornost was not resettled after the war and stayed a lonely ruin, feared by the [[Men of Bree]], who called it [[Deadmen's Dike]]. Not until a thousand years later after the [[War of the Ring]] was [[Arnor]] and its great cities, [[Annúminas]] and [[Fornost Erain]], restored under King [[Aragorn II Elessar]].<ref>{{RK|VI7}}</ref><ref name=eriador>{{App|Eriador}}</ref>
 
Later in the Third Age, Gandalf believed that Sauron wished to re-establish control over Angmar and the northern passes, but was unable to do so because of the [[Dwarves of the Iron Hills]] and the [[Men of Dale]]. Without them (according to Gandalf), there would have been war in Eriador again.<ref>{{UT|9}}</ref>
 
{{references}}
{{seq-start}}
{{seq
| prev=[[War of the Last Alliance]]
| list=Major events of [[Middle-earth]]
| dates={{TA|1409}} - {{TA|1974}}
| next=[[Watchful Peace]]
}}
{{seq-end}}


[[Category:Conflicts of the Third Age]]
[[Category:Conflicts of the Third Age]]
[[Category:Wars]]

Latest revision as of 16:03, 27 February 2024

This article describes a concept which is mentioned in J.R.R. Tolkien's works, but was never given a definite name.
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This article or section needs more/new/more-detailed sources to conform to a higher standard and to provide proof for claims made.
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Previous war: War of the Last Alliance
Next war: War of the Ring
Angmar war
Beginning: T.A. 1356End: T.A. 1974 (fighting finally ended in T.A. 1977)
Place: Throughout Eriador (last conflict occurred in the upper Vales of Anduin)
Outcome: Victory for the Free Peoples
Major battles: First Invasion of Angmar, Fall of Cardolan, Fall of Amon Sûl, Weather Hills skirmishes, Second Siege of Imladris, Fall of Fornost, Battle of Fornost, Eótheód Incursion
Combatants

Men of Arnor
Gondorians
Men of the Vales of Anduin
Eótheód
Forces of Rivendell
Galadhrim
Elves of Lindon
Shire-hobbits

Forces of Angmar

Commanders

The Angmar war was a centuries-long struggle between the Men of Arnor and the forces of Angmar, led by the Witch-king.

Background[edit | edit source]

After the death of King Eärendur, the Kingdom of Arnor was split into three parts: Arthedain, Cardolan and Rhudaur, due to tension between Eärendur's sons. There was often strife between the three kingdoms, usually over control of the Weather Hills and the palantír of Amon Sûl.[1]

History[edit | edit source]

Prelude[edit | edit source]

Eliot Gould - The Witch King

During the reign of Malvegil of Arthedain (c. T.A. 1300), the realm of Angmar was established by the Witch-king, beyond the Ettenmoors, with the intention of weakening the Northern Dunedain. It was not yet known that the Witch-king was indeed the chief of the Ringwraiths. He filled his domain (which also extended into the upper Vales of Anduin) with Orcs, evil Men, and fell creatures.[1]

Early Conflicts[edit | edit source]

Argeleb I of Arthedain claimed the kingship of all Arnor, the line of Isildur having failed in Cardolan and Rhudaur. In Cardolan, this claim was recognized; however, Rhudaur resisted the claim for an evil lord of the Hill-men, whose allegiance lay with Angmar, seized power since the Dúnedain there were few. Argeleb fortified the Weather Hills, but was killed in battle with Rhudaur and Angmar in T.A. 1356.[2] His son Arveleg I received help from Cardolan and Lindon, and was able to drive the enemy back from the Weather Hills. After this the forces of Arthedain and Cardolan held, for many years, a frontier along the Weather Hills, the East Road and the lower Hoarwell. During this period the Witch-king besieged Rivendell, but failed to take it.[1]

Fall of Cardolan[edit | edit source]

In T.A. 1409, the Witch-king launched a massive assault upon Arnor, circling around the Dúnedain defences to invade Cardolan from the south. Causing huge destruction, the host of Angmar marched north to Amon Sûl. The great watchtower was taken and destroyed, although its palantír was saved and brought to Fornost. In this war both Arveleg and the last prince of Cardolan perished.[3] The remaining Dúnedain in Rhudaur were slain or driven west, while those of Cardolan held out only in Tyrn Gorthad and the Old Forest. Fornost meanwhile was beset by the armies of Angmar, but Círdan brought reinforcements out of Lindon, enabling the young king Araphor to repel his foes from the North Downs.[1]

Arnor had been weakened hugely but the Witch-king was unable to press home his advantage because, at this point, the Elves unleashed their remaining strength upon Angmar. Elrond persuaded King Amroth to send a force of Galadhrim over the High Pass to Rivendell. Together with their kinsfolk of Lindon, they dealt such a blow to Angmar that it was subdued for centuries.[1]

Arnor, however, was unable to recover its former strength. Much of its territory was already deserted, prompting Argeleb II to grant the Shire to the Hobbits in T.A. 1601.[2] In the seventeenth century a Great Plague came from out of the East, devastating Rhovanion and Gondor. While Arthedain was relatively unaffected, Cardolan suffered greatly and the remaining Dúnedain in Tyrn Gorthad perished. The Hobbits of the Shire also saw great loss, but their numbers recovered in time. In the wake of the Plague, evil spirits came down out of Angmar and Rhudaur and reanimated the corpses of the Dúnedain of the Barrow-downs.[1]

The North-Kingdom nonetheless had peace for a time, but in the nineteenth century Angmar renewed its attacks. King Araval with Elves of Lindon and Rivendell won a battle in Cardolan (T.A. 1851)[4] but was unable to reoccupy it; in the same year, Gondor was attacked by the Wainriders for the first time.[2]

Alliance with Gondor[edit | edit source]

Suspecting that these attacks might be being coordinated by a single power, the two kingdoms finally brought to an end their years of estrangement. In T.A. 1940, Arvedui heir to the sceptre of Arnor, wedded Fíriel, the daughter of King Ondoher of Gondor. Soon Ondoher was slain in battle and hoping to save Arnor from Angmar, Arvedui staked his claim to Gondor, by right of his descent from Elendil and by that of his wife. The lords of Gondor however were not for reunification, and chose Eärnil as their king. Eärnil nonetheless maintained good relations with Arnor, promising them aid against the continuing attacks of Angmar.[5]

Arvedui succeeded his father in T.A. 1964, but Arnor's strength was fast dwindling. In T.A. 1973 he sent a message to Eärnil that they were in great straits, and that Angmar was preparing its final assault. Eärnil accordingly mustered a great army, including many horsemen from Vales of Anduin, under the command of his son Prince Eärnur. The Gondorian force put to sea, but would not arrive in Lindon before Angmar struck.[5][1]

Fall of the North-kingdom[edit | edit source]

In T.A. 1974 the Witch-king amassed his forces and launched a final assault on Arthedain. The Witch-king attacked during the harsh winter weather and took Fornost. The remnants of the Arnorian forces fled west over the river Lune but Arvedui held out for a short time in the North Downs. He and a few surviving companions were eventually forced to flee to the abandoned mines of the northern Ered Luin. With their food running out, they sought refuge with the Lossoth of Forochel. Receiving word of the King's whereabouts, Cirdan sent a ship to the Icebay to rescue him. Against the advice of the Lossoth chieftain, Arvedui boarded the ship, which that night was wrecked by a storm from the North. Arvedui drowned, and with him were lost the palantíri of Fornost and Amon Sûl.[1]

Defeat of Angmar[edit | edit source]

Main article: Battle of Fornost
Earnur of Gondor

The Witch-king now sat the throne in the king's palace, but it was not long before Eärnur arrived in much joy and wonder among Elves and Men. There were so many ships that the fleet filled Forlond, Harlond, and the Grey Havens; amazing the people of the North, even though this was but a small part of Gondor's strength. Once Círdan summoned the Elves of Lindon and what remained of the Men of Arnor, the allied host marched across the Lune to challenge the occupiers of Fornost.[5]

The Witch-king, confident and proud after his recent victories, did not prepare for a siege, but sent his army out to face the Host of the West. The Host came down from Hills of Evendim and engaged the forces of Angmar in the plains between Nenuial and Fornost. The Host of the West had the better of the fighting, and the forces of Angmar began to retreat back to Fornost. Suddenly, out of the north, came the main body of the cavalry, which had passed around the Hills and outflanked the enemy. They fell upon the forces of Angmar and scattered them in a great rout. The Witch-king gathered what troops he could and tried to lead them back to Carn Dûm but was overtaken by the cavalry of Gondor led by Prince Eärnur. At the same time a force of Elves led by Glorfindel came up out from Rivendell and the remnants of Angmar's army were utterly destroyed. Near the end of the battle, the Witch-king attempted to slay Eärnur, but fled upon the appearance of Glorfindel. So utterly was the host of Angmar crushed that not a single Man or Orc of that realm remained west of the Misty Mountains.[5]

Two years after the Battle of Fornost, Frumgar led the Éothéod into the northern Vales of Anduin, and drove away what remained of the people of Angmar on the east side of the Mountains, thus being the final act of the centuries-long conflict.[6]

Aftermath[edit | edit source]

The destruction brought about by the war left Eriador heavily depopulated and the North-kingdom in shambles. Arvedui's son Aranarth would not take any kingship but took the title of Chieftain of the Dúnedain for his people, the Dúnedain of Arnor, were too few and took to a secretive, nomadic lifestyle.[1]

The Shire-folk survived, though war swept over them and most of them fled into hiding. Afterwards in the peace that followed the Shire-folk ruled themselves and prospered. They chose a Thain to take the place of the King, and were content; though for a long time many still looked for the return of the King.[1]

Fornost was not resettled after the war and stayed a lonely ruin, feared by the Men of Bree, who called it Deadmen's Dike. Not until a thousand years later after the War of the Ring was Arnor and its great cities, Annúminas and Fornost Erain, restored under King Aragorn II Elessar.[7][1]

Later in the Third Age, Gandalf believed that Sauron wished to re-establish control over Angmar and the northern passes, but was unable to do so because of the Dwarves of the Iron Hills and the Men of Dale. Without them (according to Gandalf), there would have been war in Eriador again.[8]

References

Preceded by:
War of the Last Alliance
Major events of Middle-earth
T.A. 1409 - T.A. 1974
Followed by:
Watchful Peace