Cows: Difference between revisions

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{{quote|Back to pasture, back to mead,<br>Where the kine and oxen feed!|''[[Barrels Out of Bond]]''<ref name="BooB">{{HM|H}}, "[[Barrels Out of Bond]]"</ref>}}
{{quote|Back to pasture, back to mead,<br>Where the kine and oxen feed!|''[[The Hobbit]]'', [[Barrels Out of Bond]]<ref name="BooB">{{HM|H}}, "[[Barrels Out of Bond]]"</ref>}}
'''Cows''', also known by the archaic plural '''Kine''' and occasionally as '''Oxen''', were pasture animals in [[Middle-earth]].
'''Cows''', also known by the archaic plural '''Kine''' and occasionally as '''Oxen''', were pasture animals in [[Middle-earth]].


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Cows were domesticated for farm use in most of [[Middle-earth]]. They produced milk, which was used as a beverage in [[Gondor]],<ref>{{HM|RK}}, "[[The Siege of Gondor]]"</ref> and [[the Shire]].<ref>{{HM|H}}, "[[An Unexpected Party]]"</ref> Being generally stronger than [[horses]], cows also pulled the heavier wagons and wains in Middle-earth.<ref name="MT">{{HM|RK}}, "[[Minas Tirith (chapter)|Minas Tirith]]"</ref>
Cows were domesticated for farm use in most of [[Middle-earth]]. They produced milk, which was used as a beverage in [[Gondor]],<ref>{{HM|RK}}, "[[The Siege of Gondor]]"</ref> and [[the Shire]].<ref>{{HM|H}}, "[[An Unexpected Party]]"</ref> Being generally stronger than [[horses]], cows also pulled the heavier wagons and wains in Middle-earth.<ref name="MT">{{HM|RK}}, "[[Minas Tirith (chapter)|Minas Tirith]]"</ref>


Yet still, there were undomesticated oxen. The wild-oxen of the East were, according to legend, descended from the [[Kine of Araw]], the herd of [[Oromë]].<ref name="AA">{{HM|AA}}, "The Realms in Exile"</ref> [[Vorondil the Hunter]] hunted them in the far fields of [[Rhûn]], and of their horns he made the great [[Horn of Gondor]], which served as an heirloom to the House of Stewards until its destruction.<ref name="MT"/>
Yet still, there were undomesticated oxen. The wild-oxen of the East were, according to legend, descended from the [[Kine of Araw]], the herd of [[Oromë]].<ref name="AA">{{HM|AA}}, "The Realms in Exile"</ref> [[Vorondil the Hunter]] hunted them in the far fields of [[Rhûn]], and of their horns he made the [[Great Horn]] of Gondor, which served as an heirloom to the House of Stewards until its destruction.<ref name="MT"/>


==Inspiration==
==Inspiration==
Cows are a major source of food even in todays world. Their use as farm animals seems little more than logical. [[J.R.R. Tolkien]] spent most of his life in [[Oxford|'''Ox'''ford]], and cows would also play a role in other stories, such as ''[[Farmer Giles of Ham]]'', where [[the Giant]] steps on [[Farmer Giles]]' favourite cow, [[Galathea]].<ref>[[J.R.R. Tolkien]], ''[[Tales from the Perilous Realm]]'' (2008 edition), "[[Farmer Giles of Ham]]"</ref>
Cows are a major source of food even in today's world. Their use as farm animals seems little more than logical. [[J.R.R. Tolkien]] spent most of his life in [[Oxford|'''Ox'''ford]], and cows would also play a role in other stories, such as ''[[Farmer Giles of Ham]]'', where [[the Giant]] steps on [[Farmer Giles]]' favourite cow, [[Galathea]].<ref>[[J.R.R. Tolkien]], ''[[Tales from the Perilous Realm]]'' (2008 edition), "[[Farmer Giles of Ham]]"</ref>


The white oxen of [[Rhûn]] were likened by Tolkien to an ''[[wikipedia:Aurochs|aurochs]]''<ref>[[Wayne G. Hammond]], [[Christina Scull]], ''[[The Lord of the Rings: A Reader's Companion]]'', page 265</ref>, a bovine species common in the ancient and medieval world until its extinction.
The white oxen of [[Rhûn]] were likened by Tolkien to an ''[[wikipedia:Aurochs|aurochs]]''<ref>[[Wayne G. Hammond]], [[Christina Scull]], ''[[The Lord of the Rings: A Reader's Companion]]'', page 265</ref>, a bovine species common in the ancient and medieval world until its extinction.


==Etymology==
==Etymology==
An "elvish" word for "bull" is ''[[mundo]]''.<ref>[[J.R.R. Tolkien]], [[Humphrey Carpenter]], [[Christopher Tolkien]] (eds.), ''[[The Letters of J.R.R. Tolkien]]'', [[Letter 342]] (dated [[November 9]], [[1972]])</ref> This is likely related to the [[Sundocarmë|Root]] ''[[MBUD]]'', which lists among its derivatives a [[Quenya]] word ''mundo'' meaning "snout, nose, cape".<ref>{{HM|LR}}, "[[The Etymologies]]", root [[MBUD]]</ref>
An "elvish" word for "bull" is ''[[mundo]]''.<ref>{{L|342}}</ref> The [[Sundocarme|Root]] MBUD, which lists among its derivatives a [[Quenya]] word ''mundo'' meaning "snout, nose, cape",<ref>{{LR|Etymologies}}, root MBUD</ref> could perhaps be related to ''mundo''.


In [[Qenya]], the word for "ox" is ''yakko'' or ''yako'', "cow" is ''yaksi'' or ''yakse''. In [[Noldorin|Gnomish]], "milch cow" is ''gach'', "cow" is ''gacha'', and "a yoke ox - bullock" is ''gagron''.<ref>{{PE|12}}, p. 105</ref><ref>{{PE|11}}, p. 36</ref>
In [[Qenya]], the word for "ox" is ''[[yakko]]'' or ''yako'', "cow" is ''[[yaksi]]'' or ''yakse''. In [[Noldorin|Gnomish]], "milch cow" is ''[[gach]]'', "cow" is ''[[gacha]]'', and "a yoke ox - bullock" is ''gagron''. Other Gnomish names are ''mûs'' or ''mui'' ("cow"); ''muir'' ("heifer"); ''[[mû]]'' ("ox"), ''muin'' ("kine, cattle"); and ''[[mugli]]'' ("calf").<ref>{{PE|12}}, p. 105</ref><ref>{{PE|11}}, pp. 36, 58</ref>


In Tolkien's juvenile language [[Nevbosh]], the word for cow is ''woc'', which is both the reverse of ''cow'', and an alteration of the French word ''vache''<ref>[http://www.uib.no/people/hnohf/nevbosh.htm Nevbosh article] in [[Ardalambion]]</ref>
In Tolkien's juvenile language [[Nevbosh]], the word for cow is ''woc'', which is both the reverse of ''cow'', and an alteration of the French word ''vache''.<ref>[http://www.uib.no/people/hnohf/nevbosh.htm Nevbosh article] in [[Ardalambion]]</ref>


==Portrayal in adaptations==
==Portrayal in adaptations==
'''[[2001]]: ''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring]]'':'''
'''[[2001]]: ''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring]]'':'''
:A cow can be seen being milked by a Hobbit.<ref>''[[The Fellowship of the Ring Extended Edition|The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring: Special Extended DVD Edition]]'', "[[Concerning Hobbits (scene)|Concerning Hobbits]]"</ref>
:A cow can be seen being milked by a Hobbit. Another Hobbit is also seen ploughing a field with a plough pulled by two oxen.<ref>[[The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring (extended edition)|''The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring'' (extended edition)]], "[[Concerning Hobbits (scene)|Concerning Hobbits]]"</ref>


'''[[2012]]: ''[[The Hobbit: An Unexpected Journey|The Hobbit: An Unexpected Journey]]'':'''
:[[Bilbo Baggins]] passes by a cow while he jumps over a fence, during his hurried running from Bag End through Hobbiton, to catch up with [[Gandalf]] and the dwarves of Thorin's company. <ref>[[The_Hobbit:_An_Unexpected_Journey|''The Hobbit: An Unexpected Journey'']], [[The_Hobbit:_An_Unexpected_Journey_(extended_edition)|''The Hobbit: An Unexpected Journey'' (extended edition)]]</ref>
==See also==
*[[Kine of Araw]]
*[[White cow]]
{{references}}
{{references}}


[[Category:Animals]]
[[Category:Animals]]

Latest revision as of 17:52, 8 June 2021

"Back to pasture, back to mead,
Where the kine and oxen feed!
"
The Hobbit, Barrels Out of Bond[1]

Cows, also known by the archaic plural Kine and occasionally as Oxen, were pasture animals in Middle-earth.

History[edit | edit source]

Cows were domesticated for farm use in most of Middle-earth. They produced milk, which was used as a beverage in Gondor,[2] and the Shire.[3] Being generally stronger than horses, cows also pulled the heavier wagons and wains in Middle-earth.[4]

Yet still, there were undomesticated oxen. The wild-oxen of the East were, according to legend, descended from the Kine of Araw, the herd of Oromë.[5] Vorondil the Hunter hunted them in the far fields of Rhûn, and of their horns he made the Great Horn of Gondor, which served as an heirloom to the House of Stewards until its destruction.[4]

Inspiration[edit | edit source]

Cows are a major source of food even in today's world. Their use as farm animals seems little more than logical. J.R.R. Tolkien spent most of his life in Oxford, and cows would also play a role in other stories, such as Farmer Giles of Ham, where the Giant steps on Farmer Giles' favourite cow, Galathea.[6]

The white oxen of Rhûn were likened by Tolkien to an aurochs[7], a bovine species common in the ancient and medieval world until its extinction.

Etymology[edit | edit source]

An "elvish" word for "bull" is mundo.[8] The Root MBUD, which lists among its derivatives a Quenya word mundo meaning "snout, nose, cape",[9] could perhaps be related to mundo.

In Qenya, the word for "ox" is yakko or yako, "cow" is yaksi or yakse. In Gnomish, "milch cow" is gach, "cow" is gacha, and "a yoke ox - bullock" is gagron. Other Gnomish names are mûs or mui ("cow"); muir ("heifer"); ("ox"), muin ("kine, cattle"); and mugli ("calf").[10][11]

In Tolkien's juvenile language Nevbosh, the word for cow is woc, which is both the reverse of cow, and an alteration of the French word vache.[12]

Portrayal in adaptations[edit | edit source]

2001: The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring:

A cow can be seen being milked by a Hobbit. Another Hobbit is also seen ploughing a field with a plough pulled by two oxen.[13]

2012: The Hobbit: An Unexpected Journey:

Bilbo Baggins passes by a cow while he jumps over a fence, during his hurried running from Bag End through Hobbiton, to catch up with Gandalf and the dwarves of Thorin's company. [14]

See also[edit | edit source]

References