Easterlings: Difference between revisions

From Tolkien Gateway
m (Corrected a typo)
 
(126 intermediate revisions by 50 users not shown)
Line 1: Line 1:
[[Image:John Howe - Easterlings.jpg|thumb|''Easterlings'' by [[John Howe]].]]
{{disambig-two|Easterlings of the Second and Third Age|Easterlings of the First Age|[[Easterlings (First Age)]]}}
'''Easterlings''' were [[Men]] who lived in the east of [[Middle-earth]], and were enemies of the Free Peoples.
{{people infobox
| name=Easterlings
| image=[[File:John Howe - Easterlings.jpg|250px]]
| caption="Easterlings" by [[John Howe]]
| pronun=
| othernames=Folk of the East
| origin=
| location=lands east of and including [[Rhûn]]; [[Rhovanion]]; [[March of Maedhros]]; [[Hithlum]]
| affiliation=[[Morgoth]]<br>[[Sauron]]
| rivalry=
| language=
| members=[[Khamûl]], [[Easterlings (First Age)]] ([[Brodda]], [[Lorgan]], [[Ulfang]], [[Uldor]], [[Ulfast]], [[Ulwarth]], [[Bór]], [[Borlach]], [[Borlad]], [[Borthand]])
| lifespan=
| distinctions=Use of the war-wagons ([[Wainriders]] and [[Balchoth]])
| height=
| hair=Dark
| skin=Swarthy in the [[First Age]]
| clothing=
| weapons=
}}


== Easterlings of the First Age ==
The '''Easterlings''' were [[Men]] who lived in the [[East]] of [[Middle-earth]], and mostly served the [[Dark Lord|Dark Powers]]. They were frequent enemies of the [[Free peoples|Free Peoples]].  
During the [[First Age]], the term was applied to the sons of [[Bór]] and [[Ulfang the Black|Ulfang]], or the ''Swarthy Men'', who came into [[Beleriand]] much later than the [[Edain]], and who were for a part secretly in league with [[Morgoth]].


=== Sons of Bór ===
== History ==
[[Bór]] was a leader of Men who came into Lothlann, Beleriand, in the year 463. His sons were [[Borlach]], [[Borlad]] and [[Borthand]]. Bór was welcomed by [[Maedhros]], who gave him and his followers land north of the [[March of Maedhros]], and south of it. Bór and his sons swore allegiance to Maedhros, and remained faithful, though he was told by Morgoth to betray the banner of [[Caranthir]]. All of them were wiped out during the [[Nirnaeth Arnoediad]].
===First Age===
In the late [[First Age]], Men [[Awakening of Men|awoke]] in [[Hildórien]] in the [[East]]. Early on, some of them were corrupted by [[Morgoth]], prompting others (the [[Edain]]) to migrate westwards.<ref name=dm>{{PM|Dwarves}}</ref>


=== Sons of Ulfang "the Accursed" ===
Centuries later, after [[Dagor Bragollach]], tribes of [[Men]] joined the Edain in [[Beleriand]], long after their arrival. These [[Easterlings (First Age)|Swarthy Men]] (q.v.) came from the east, probably [[Eriador]] and were also called "Easterlings". Two of their leaders were [[Bór]] and [[Ulfang]].<ref>{{S|Fingolfin}}</ref>
[[Ulfang]] also came in Lothlann, Beleriand, in 463, shortly after Bór. He was the father of [[Ulfast]], [[Ulwarth]], and [[Uldor]]. Ulfang was welcomed by the sons of [[Fëanor]], and he and his sons swore allegiance to Caranthir. They were given lands to dwell in the north and south of the March of Maedhros. Ulfang and his sons were secretly in the employ of Morgoth, and betrayed the [[Eldar]] and Edain during the Nirnaeth Arnoediad in what is now known as the [[Treachery of Men]].


The Easterlings were betrayed by their lord Morgoth, and locked in [[Hithlum]]. After the [[War of Wrath]], those that survived fled back over the [[Ered Luin]] to [[Eriador]] and beyond.
===Second Age===
In the [[Second Age]] [[Sauron]] escaped the judgment of the [[Valar]] and continued his former master's work, turning the Men of the [[East]] and [[South]] to evil and dominating them. Under the authority of the Dark Lord, many towns and walls of stone were built, and those under his influence became numerous and armed with iron. To these men, Sauron was feared as a king and god.<ref name=dm/><ref name=rings>{{S|Rings}}</ref>


== Easterlings of the Third Age ==
During the [[Dark Years]] Sauron dominated most of the [[Westlands]], also urging men from the East to go to the west for loot. Those troubled the [[Northmen]] who waged a war against them and the [[orcs]]. When Sauron was driven back to [[Mordor]], he continued his expansions eastwards gaining servants and worshippers.<ref name=dm/><ref>{{UT|Amroth}}</ref>
[[Image:Easterlings.jpeg|thumb|''Easterlings'' from [[Peter Jackson's The Lord of the Rings]].]]
During the [[Third Age]], the term was applied to those Men living beyond the [[Sea of Rhûn]], who were allied with [[Sauron]] and frequently attacked [[Gondor]].


=== Wainriders ===
At some point during the Dark Years, Sauron gave [[Nine Rings|one of the]] [[Rings of Power]] to [[Khamûl]], an Easterling lord<ref name=Black>{{UT|Black}}</ref> with which he gained power and prestige among his people, becoming a mighty lord and sorcerer, until he became a [[wraith]].<ref name=rings/>
'''Main Article:''' [[Wainriders]]
The ''Wainriders'' were a confederation of Easterling tribes who were united by their hate of Gondor, fueled by the dark lord Sauron. Following the Great Plague which weakened Gondor, they started their attacks in Third Age 1856, defeating the Gondorian army and killing king [[Narmacil II]]. They rode in great wagons and chariots (which gave them their name), and raided the lands of [[Rhovanion]], destroying or enslaving its people. Gondor gradually lost all of its possessions east of [[Anduin]] to them. The thirtieth king of Gondor, [[Calimehtar, King of Gondor|Calimehtar]] son of Narmacil, defeated the Wainriders at the [[Field of Celebrant]], buying some rest for his land. However the Wainriders struck back in 1944, allying themselves with the [[Haradrim]] of Near Harad and the Variags of Khand. They managed to kill king [[Ondoher]] and all his heirs, but instead of riding on to [[Minas Anor]] and taking the city, they paused to celebrate. Meanwhile, general [[Eärnil II|Eärnil]] of Gondor's southern army had defeated the Haradrim and rode north to defend his king. He came too late to rescue Ondoher, but managed to totally defeat the Wainriders. Eärnil was crowned king. After this defeat the might of the Wainriders was broken, and they retreated east. They still held Rhovanion, but never troubled Gondor again. It later turned out that their attacks were staged by Sauron to allow him to reclaim [[Mordor]] while Gondor's watch was diverted.


=== Balchoth ===
===Third Age===
The ''Balchoth'' were a fierce race of Easterlings, who attacked Gondor while under orders of [[Dol Guldur]]. In 2150 they overran the plains of [[Calenardhon]] and almost destroyed the army of the Ruling Steward [[Cirion]], but were defeaten by the [[Éothéod]] under [[Eorl]] the Young. Like the Wainriders they rode in chariots and wagons, and they may have been descendants of this people.
[[File:Easterling.jpg|thumb|An Easterling in [[The Lord of the Rings: The Battle for Middle-earth II]], design originally from [[The Lord of the Rings: The Two Towers]]]]
After Sauron's defeat in the [[War of the Last Alliance]], these "Wild Men" were released by his tyranny but they still had [[Darkness (concept)|darkness]] in their hearts. Evil and restless, they battled against each other and some withdrew to the hated west.<ref>{{UT|6b}}</ref> Thus they encountered the lands of [[Gondor]] and since then, tribes brought trouble periodically with several attacks and migrations. Even [[Northmen]] often assailed Gondor for a long time.<ref>{{TT|IV5}}</ref>


=== Variags ===
They first enter the records of [[Gondor]] in {{TA|490}}<ref name=ta>{{App|TA}}</ref> attacking Gondor from the plains between the [[Sea of Rhûn]] and the [[Ash Mountains]]. [[Tarostar]] managed a first victory against them in {{TA|500}}<ref name=ta/> for which he became known as "Rómendacil". In {{TA|541}} they took revenge against him, but [[Turambar (King of Gondor)|Turambar of Gondor]] destroyed the horde and conquered a new territory in [[Rhûn]] for Gondor.<ref name=gondor/>
The ''Variags'' (in the real world, this is another name for the [[Varangian]]s) were from [[Khand]], and they first appeared in the West in 1944 of the [[Third Age]], fighting alongside the Wainriders. They later appeared during the battle of the [[Pelennor Fields]]. Little was known about them, but they appeared to be a race of horse-men much like the [[Rohirrim]], although they were fiercely loyal to [[Mordor]].  
 
In the following centuries the Easterlings cease, while Gondor was free to extend its borders to [[South Gondor|the south]].
 
However, beyond the borders of Gondor, some "invaders from the East", no doubt moved by Sauron,<ref>{{PM|XNotes}}, #60</ref> came to [[Rhovanion]] harassing the Northmen, occupying [[Greenwood]] and traversing it, coming to the [[Vales of Anduin]]. These moves coincided with the coming of the [[Shadow]] of [[Dol Guldur]], and these were the causes that drove the [[Hobbits]] to [[Eriador|the west]] around {{TA|1000}}.<ref>{{PM|Atani}}</ref>
 
In the days of [[Narmacil I]] the Easterlings resumed their attacks, even some greedy Northmen joined them. In {{TA|1248}} an Easterling army marched in the lands between [[Rhovanion]] and the Sea of Rhûn. Forces from Gondor - aided by Northmen of Rhovanion - defeated them and destroyed their camps and settlements east of the Inland Sea.<ref name=gondor/>
 
After this defeat the Easterlings disappeared from the Gondorian records for some period, during which Gondor was again occupied with the south and the [[Corsairs of Umbar]].
 
=== The Wainriders ===
During that time emissaries of Sauron instigated tribes of Easterlings to form the confederacy known as the '''[[Wainriders]]''' (q.v.) who would trouble the Kingdom and the Northmen.<ref name=gondor>{{App|Gondor}}</ref>
 
Gondor was weakened by the [[Great Plague]] and the Wainriders defeated the Gondorian army in {{TA|1856}}, raided the lands of [[Rhovanion]] and enslaved its people. Some of these lands were eventually reclaimed by King [[Calimehtar (King of Gondor)|Calimehtar]].
 
In {{TA|1944}}, the Wainriders, allied with the [[Haradrim]] of [[Near Harad]] and the [[Variags]] of [[Khand]], managed a brief victory against Gondor, despite the assistance by the [[Éothéod]]. They were eventually [[Battle of the Camp|defeated in their camp]] while celebrating their victory. 
 
After this defeat the might of the Wainriders was broken although still held Rhovanion, and they retreated east. Most importantly, King [[Ondoher]] and both his sons were slain in that assault, an event that led to the extinction for the line of the [[Kings of Gondor]].
 
In {{TA|2063}} the Necromancer (who was actually Sauron) retreated from [[Dol Guldur]] for some centuries. That period was known as the [[Watchful Peace]] for the [[Westlands]], but during that time Sauron retreated to the East and managed to create a strong alliance between the various tribes of Easterlings.
 
===The Balchoth===
The '''[[Balchoth]]''' were a fierce race southeast of [[Mirkwood]], under orders of [[Dol Guldur]]<ref name=A1ivS>{{App|A1ivS}}</ref> and no doubt related to the [[Wainriders]].<ref name=cirion/> In {{TA|2510}} they and [[Orcs]] overran the plains of [[Calenardhon]] and almost destroyed the army of Steward [[Cirion]], but were defeated by the [[Éothéod]].<ref name=A1ivS/><ref name=cirion>{{UT|Cirion}}</ref>
 
In {{TA|2545}} some Easterlings renewed their attacks and entered the new-founded [[Rohan]]. Thus [[Eorl]] fell fighting in [[the Wold]].<ref>{{App|Mark}}</ref>
 
During these struggles Sauron reclaimed Mordor unnoticed in {{TA|2941}}.
 
=== War of the Ring ===
Easterlings from regions beyond the Sea of Rhûn<ref>{{HM|N}}, entry Easterlings, p. 755</ref> fought in the [[War of the Ring]] serving Mordor alongside the [[Haradrim]] and [[Variags]]. They appeared in the [[Battle of the Pelennor Fields]].
 
Around the same itme, Sauron sent an army of Easterlings north to invade the [[Kingdom of Dale]]. They were temporarily victorious at the [[Battle of Dale]], but could not take the [[Gate of Erebor]]. After the fall of Sauron on [[25 March]], the Easterlings' morale dropped, and the defenders were able to break the siege.<ref>{{app|Great}}</ref>
 
In the [[Fourth Age]] some Easterlings were subdued by [[Aragorn|King Elessar]] and King [[Éomer]].<ref>{{App|Eorl}}</ref>
 
== Culture ==
The Easterlings were in general more primitive than [[Gondor]]. They were motivated by [[Sauron]] to hate Gondor and seek its riches.
 
Troops mentioned in the Easterling forces aiding Sauron in the Third Age included swordsmen, spearmen, horsemen, mounted archers, and chariots ridden by chieftains.
 
Some like the Wainriders and the Balchoth had large chariots, wagons and wains which they used to run their foes down, as well as live in and used to fortify their camps.<ref name=cirion/> During the Battle of the [[Pelennor Fields]], Easterlings were bearded and used axes.<ref>{{RK|V6}}</ref>
 
==Portrayal in adaptations==
'''2007: ''[[The Lord of the Rings Online]]'':'''
:The Men collectively referred to as Easterlings by the Free Peoples of the West are portayed as several clans distinct in appearance that are only united by the might of [[Sauron]]. The '''Khundolar''' Easterlings attack the [[Wold]] of [[Rohan]] from the [[Brown Lands]] and also fight on Sauron's side at the [[Battle of the Morannon]]. The '''Jangovar''' Easterlings attack [[Dale]] and the [[Lonely Mountain]] in the north, and after Sauron's defeat the remainder of that army continues to linger in those lands. The '''Sûhalar''' Easterlings are shorter in stature and armed with axes, to the point where some mistake them for [[dwarves]], their armies participate in the [[Siege of Minas Tirith]].
 
: The '''Chayasír''' Easterlings are craftsmen and tradesmen with no love for Sauron and take no part in the [[War of the Ring]]. However, on the [[25 March|same day]] when [[The One Ring]] was destroyed, an unknown calamity had taken place in Rhûn, and in the weeks afterwards streams of Chayasír refugees begin arriving into the [[Iron Hills]] and the [[Dale]]-lands. The men and dwarves of those lands had only just won a bloody war against the Easterlings and hold a great deal of both prejudice an outward hostility towards them, despite the Chayasír seeing themselves as having nothing in common with the Jangovar who fought in that war. None of the refugees would speak in detail about what exactly had happened in Rhûn, other than it is absolutely impossible for any of the Easterlings, soldiers of refugees, to go back.
 
==See also==
*[[:Category:Images of Easterlings|Images of Easterlings]]
 
{{references}}


[[Category:Men]]
[[Category:Men]]
[[Category:Easterlings]]
[[Category:Servants of Melkor]]
[[Category:Servants of Sauron]]
[[de:Ostlinge]]
[[fi:Itäläiset]]

Latest revision as of 15:45, 25 February 2024

This article is about Easterlings of the Second and Third Age. For the Easterlings of the First Age, see Easterlings (First Age).
Easterlings
People
John Howe - Easterlings.jpg
"Easterlings" by John Howe
General Information
Other namesFolk of the East
Locationslands east of and including Rhûn; Rhovanion; March of Maedhros; Hithlum
AffiliationMorgoth
Sauron
MembersKhamûl, Easterlings (First Age) (Brodda, Lorgan, Ulfang, Uldor, Ulfast, Ulwarth, Bór, Borlach, Borlad, Borthand)
Physical Description
DistinctionsUse of the war-wagons (Wainriders and Balchoth)
Hair colorDark
Skin colorSwarthy in the First Age
GalleryImages of Easterlings

The Easterlings were Men who lived in the East of Middle-earth, and mostly served the Dark Powers. They were frequent enemies of the Free Peoples.

History[edit | edit source]

First Age[edit | edit source]

In the late First Age, Men awoke in Hildórien in the East. Early on, some of them were corrupted by Morgoth, prompting others (the Edain) to migrate westwards.[1]

Centuries later, after Dagor Bragollach, tribes of Men joined the Edain in Beleriand, long after their arrival. These Swarthy Men (q.v.) came from the east, probably Eriador and were also called "Easterlings". Two of their leaders were Bór and Ulfang.[2]

Second Age[edit | edit source]

In the Second Age Sauron escaped the judgment of the Valar and continued his former master's work, turning the Men of the East and South to evil and dominating them. Under the authority of the Dark Lord, many towns and walls of stone were built, and those under his influence became numerous and armed with iron. To these men, Sauron was feared as a king and god.[1][3]

During the Dark Years Sauron dominated most of the Westlands, also urging men from the East to go to the west for loot. Those troubled the Northmen who waged a war against them and the orcs. When Sauron was driven back to Mordor, he continued his expansions eastwards gaining servants and worshippers.[1][4]

At some point during the Dark Years, Sauron gave one of the Rings of Power to Khamûl, an Easterling lord[5] with which he gained power and prestige among his people, becoming a mighty lord and sorcerer, until he became a wraith.[3]

Third Age[edit | edit source]

After Sauron's defeat in the War of the Last Alliance, these "Wild Men" were released by his tyranny but they still had darkness in their hearts. Evil and restless, they battled against each other and some withdrew to the hated west.[6] Thus they encountered the lands of Gondor and since then, tribes brought trouble periodically with several attacks and migrations. Even Northmen often assailed Gondor for a long time.[7]

They first enter the records of Gondor in T.A. 490[8] attacking Gondor from the plains between the Sea of Rhûn and the Ash Mountains. Tarostar managed a first victory against them in T.A. 500[8] for which he became known as "Rómendacil". In T.A. 541 they took revenge against him, but Turambar of Gondor destroyed the horde and conquered a new territory in Rhûn for Gondor.[9]

In the following centuries the Easterlings cease, while Gondor was free to extend its borders to the south.

However, beyond the borders of Gondor, some "invaders from the East", no doubt moved by Sauron,[10] came to Rhovanion harassing the Northmen, occupying Greenwood and traversing it, coming to the Vales of Anduin. These moves coincided with the coming of the Shadow of Dol Guldur, and these were the causes that drove the Hobbits to the west around T.A. 1000.[11]

In the days of Narmacil I the Easterlings resumed their attacks, even some greedy Northmen joined them. In T.A. 1248 an Easterling army marched in the lands between Rhovanion and the Sea of Rhûn. Forces from Gondor - aided by Northmen of Rhovanion - defeated them and destroyed their camps and settlements east of the Inland Sea.[9]

After this defeat the Easterlings disappeared from the Gondorian records for some period, during which Gondor was again occupied with the south and the Corsairs of Umbar.

The Wainriders[edit | edit source]

During that time emissaries of Sauron instigated tribes of Easterlings to form the confederacy known as the Wainriders (q.v.) who would trouble the Kingdom and the Northmen.[9]

Gondor was weakened by the Great Plague and the Wainriders defeated the Gondorian army in T.A. 1856, raided the lands of Rhovanion and enslaved its people. Some of these lands were eventually reclaimed by King Calimehtar.

In T.A. 1944, the Wainriders, allied with the Haradrim of Near Harad and the Variags of Khand, managed a brief victory against Gondor, despite the assistance by the Éothéod. They were eventually defeated in their camp while celebrating their victory.

After this defeat the might of the Wainriders was broken although still held Rhovanion, and they retreated east. Most importantly, King Ondoher and both his sons were slain in that assault, an event that led to the extinction for the line of the Kings of Gondor.

In T.A. 2063 the Necromancer (who was actually Sauron) retreated from Dol Guldur for some centuries. That period was known as the Watchful Peace for the Westlands, but during that time Sauron retreated to the East and managed to create a strong alliance between the various tribes of Easterlings.

The Balchoth[edit | edit source]

The Balchoth were a fierce race southeast of Mirkwood, under orders of Dol Guldur[12] and no doubt related to the Wainriders.[13] In T.A. 2510 they and Orcs overran the plains of Calenardhon and almost destroyed the army of Steward Cirion, but were defeated by the Éothéod.[12][13]

In T.A. 2545 some Easterlings renewed their attacks and entered the new-founded Rohan. Thus Eorl fell fighting in the Wold.[14]

During these struggles Sauron reclaimed Mordor unnoticed in T.A. 2941.

War of the Ring[edit | edit source]

Easterlings from regions beyond the Sea of Rhûn[15] fought in the War of the Ring serving Mordor alongside the Haradrim and Variags. They appeared in the Battle of the Pelennor Fields.

Around the same itme, Sauron sent an army of Easterlings north to invade the Kingdom of Dale. They were temporarily victorious at the Battle of Dale, but could not take the Gate of Erebor. After the fall of Sauron on 25 March, the Easterlings' morale dropped, and the defenders were able to break the siege.[16]

In the Fourth Age some Easterlings were subdued by King Elessar and King Éomer.[17]

Culture[edit | edit source]

The Easterlings were in general more primitive than Gondor. They were motivated by Sauron to hate Gondor and seek its riches.

Troops mentioned in the Easterling forces aiding Sauron in the Third Age included swordsmen, spearmen, horsemen, mounted archers, and chariots ridden by chieftains.

Some like the Wainriders and the Balchoth had large chariots, wagons and wains which they used to run their foes down, as well as live in and used to fortify their camps.[13] During the Battle of the Pelennor Fields, Easterlings were bearded and used axes.[18]

Portrayal in adaptations[edit | edit source]

2007: The Lord of the Rings Online:

The Men collectively referred to as Easterlings by the Free Peoples of the West are portayed as several clans distinct in appearance that are only united by the might of Sauron. The Khundolar Easterlings attack the Wold of Rohan from the Brown Lands and also fight on Sauron's side at the Battle of the Morannon. The Jangovar Easterlings attack Dale and the Lonely Mountain in the north, and after Sauron's defeat the remainder of that army continues to linger in those lands. The Sûhalar Easterlings are shorter in stature and armed with axes, to the point where some mistake them for dwarves, their armies participate in the Siege of Minas Tirith.
The Chayasír Easterlings are craftsmen and tradesmen with no love for Sauron and take no part in the War of the Ring. However, on the same day when The One Ring was destroyed, an unknown calamity had taken place in Rhûn, and in the weeks afterwards streams of Chayasír refugees begin arriving into the Iron Hills and the Dale-lands. The men and dwarves of those lands had only just won a bloody war against the Easterlings and hold a great deal of both prejudice an outward hostility towards them, despite the Chayasír seeing themselves as having nothing in common with the Jangovar who fought in that war. None of the refugees would speak in detail about what exactly had happened in Rhûn, other than it is absolutely impossible for any of the Easterlings, soldiers of refugees, to go back.

See also[edit | edit source]

References

  1. 1.0 1.1 1.2 J.R.R. Tolkien, Christopher Tolkien (ed.), The Peoples of Middle-earth, "Of Dwarves and Men"
  2. J.R.R. Tolkien, Christopher Tolkien (ed.), The Silmarillion, "Quenta Silmarillion: Of the Ruin of Beleriand and the Fall of Fingolfin"
  3. 3.0 3.1 J.R.R. Tolkien, Christopher Tolkien (ed.), The Silmarillion, "Of the Rings of Power and the Third Age"
  4. J.R.R. Tolkien, Christopher Tolkien (ed.), Unfinished Tales, "The History of Galadriel and Celeborn", "Amroth and Nimrodel"
  5. J.R.R. Tolkien, Christopher Tolkien (ed.), Unfinished Tales, "The Hunt for the Ring", "(i) Of the Journey of the Black Riders"
  6. J.R.R. Tolkien, Christopher Tolkien (ed.), Unfinished Tales, "The History of Galadriel and Celeborn", "Appendix B: The Sindarin Princes of the Silvan Elves"
  7. J.R.R. Tolkien, The Lord of the Rings, The Two Towers, "The Window on the West"
  8. 8.0 8.1 J.R.R. Tolkien, The Lord of the Rings, Appendix B, "The Third Age"
  9. 9.0 9.1 9.2 J.R.R. Tolkien, The Lord of the Rings, Appendix A, "The Númenorean Kings", "Gondor and the Heirs of Anárion"
  10. J.R.R. Tolkien, Christopher Tolkien (ed.), The Peoples of Middle-earth, "X. Of Dwarves and Men", "Notes", #60
  11. J.R.R. Tolkien, Christopher Tolkien (ed.), The Peoples of Middle-earth, "X. Of Dwarves and Men", "The Atani and their Languages"
  12. 12.0 12.1 J.R.R. Tolkien, The Lord of the Rings, Appendix A, "The Númenorean Kings", "Gondor and the Heirs of Anárion", "The Stewards"
  13. 13.0 13.1 13.2 J.R.R. Tolkien, Christopher Tolkien (ed.), Unfinished Tales, "Cirion and Eorl and the Friendship of Gondor and Rohan"
  14. J.R.R. Tolkien, The Lord of the Rings, Appendix A, "The House of Eorl", "The Kings of the Mark"
  15. J.R.R. Tolkien, "Nomenclature of The Lord of the Rings" in Wayne G. Hammond and Christina Scull (eds), The Lord of the Rings: A Reader's Companion, entry Easterlings, p. 755
  16. J.R.R. Tolkien, The Lord of the Rings, Appendix B, "The Great Years"
  17. J.R.R. Tolkien, The Lord of the Rings, Appendix A, "The House of Eorl"
  18. J.R.R. Tolkien, The Lord of the Rings, The Return of the King, "The Battle of the Pelennor Fields"