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{{disambig-more|J.R.R. Tolkien|[[J.R.R. Tolkien (disambiguation)]]}}
{{disambig-more|Tolkien|[[Tolkien (disambiguation)]]}}
{{author infobox
{{author infobox
| image=[[Image:Photograph of J.R.R. Tolkien.jpg|250px]]
| image=[[Image:Photograph of J.R.R. Tolkien.jpg|250px]]
| name=J.R.R. Tolkien
| name=J.R.R. Tolkien
| born=[[January 3]], [[1892]]
| born=[[3 January|January 3]], [[1892]]
| died=[[September 2]], [[1973]]
| died=[[2 September|September 2]], [[1973]]
| education=[[University of Oxford]]
| education=[[University of Oxford]]
| occupation=Professor of Old and Middle English
| occupation=Professor of Old and Middle English
Line 10: Line 12:
|}}
|}}
{{quote|I felt that Tolkien was like an iceberg, something to be reckoned with above water in both its brilliance and mass and yet so much more below the surface.|[[Clyde S. Kilby|Clyde Kilby]]<ref name="TatSPre">[[Clyde S. Kilby|Clyde Kilby]], ''[[Tolkien and The Silmarillion]]'', Preface</ref>}}
{{quote|I felt that Tolkien was like an iceberg, something to be reckoned with above water in both its brilliance and mass and yet so much more below the surface.|[[Clyde S. Kilby|Clyde Kilby]]<ref name="TatSPre">[[Clyde S. Kilby|Clyde Kilby]], ''[[Tolkien and The Silmarillion]]'', Preface</ref>}}
Professor Dr. '''John Ronald Reuel Tolkien''' [[wikipedia:CBE|CBE]] ([[1982]] - [[1973]]) is the subject of [[Tolkien Gateway: About|Tolkien Gateway]]. His life, his works, his family: everything about the man whom fans have named affectionately '''the Professor''' can be found here.  
Professor Dr. '''John Ronald Reuel Tolkien''' [[wikipedia:CBE|CBE]] ([[1892]] - [[1973]]) is the subject of [[Tolkien Gateway: About|Tolkien Gateway]]. His life, his works, his family: everything about the man whom fans have named affectionately '''the Professor''' can be found here.  


Besides creating [[Arda]], [[The Little Kingdom]], and many other wonderful worlds, Tolkien's reading of [[Beowulf: The Monsters and the Critics|Beowulf]] was groundbreaking, and stands as ''the'' interpretation of the epic poem to this day{{fact}}.  
Besides creating [[Arda]], the [[Little Kingdom]], and many other wonderful worlds, Tolkien's reading of [[Beowulf: The Monsters and the Critics|Beowulf]] was groundbreaking, and stands as ''the'' interpretation of the epic poem to this day.<ref name="FaHPre">J.R.R. Tolkien, [[Alan Bliss]] (ed.), ''[[Finn and Hengest]]'', "Preface"</ref>
==Life==
==Life==
===Family History===
====Tolkien====
Since the [[Tolkien Family|Tolkien family]]'s move from Saxony several generations earlier<ref name="L165">J.R.R. Tolkien, [[Humphrey Carpenter]], [[Christopher Tolkien]] (eds.), ''[[The Letters of J.R.R. Tolkien]]'', [[Letter 165]] (dated June [[1955]])</ref>, much had changed. The little fortune the family had - they were piano builders - was gone when [[John Benjamin Tolkien]] went bankrupt in 1877.<ref name="LonGaz">Anonymous, ''The London Gazette'', ([[2 October|October 2]], 1877), [http://www.gazettes-online.co.uk/ViewPDF.aspx?pdf=24508&geotype=London&gpn=5498&type=ArchivedIssuePage&all=&exact=&atleast=&similar= PDF]</ref> His son [[Arthur Tolkien|Arthur]] worked at a [[Birmingham]] office of Lloyds Bank, but there was little chance of promotion.<ref name="Bio910">[[Humphrey Carpenter]], ''[[J.R.R. Tolkien: A Biography]]'', pages 9-10</ref> A golden opportunity came when gold and diamonds were discovered in [[South Africa]]; bank clerks were in high demand to battle the growing fraud and corruption.<ref name="Birzer">Bradley J. Birzer, "Tolkien: Man Behind the Myth", published in ''Christian History'', volume 22 (2003), issue 2</ref> Arthur, who had been seeing [[Mabel Suffield]] for some time, moved to Bloemfontein. Mabel came several years later, in 1891.<ref name="Bio910"/>
====Suffield====
===Youth===
===Youth===
====South Africa====
====South Africa====
Line 31: Line 37:
====Voluntary "Hiding"====
====Voluntary "Hiding"====
====Death====
====Death====
==Character==
==Character==
===Faith===
===Faith===
Line 36: Line 43:
===Names===
===Names===
====John====
====John====
The name ''John'' was a custom in the [[Tolkien]] family. It was usually given to the eldest son of the eldest son. Tolkien's father, [[Arthur Tolkien|Arthur]], was the first son of [[John Benjamin Tolkien|John Benjamin]]'s second marriage; the first son of his first marriage, John, died with only three daughters. As of that moment, the name ''John'' went to Arthur's descendants.<ref name="L309">[[J.R.R. Tolkien]], [[Humphrey Carpenter]], [[Christopher Tolkien]] (eds.), ''[[The Letters of J.R.R. Tolkien]]'', [[Letter 309]] (dated [[January 2]], [[1969]])</ref> It passed to Tolkien's first son, [[John Tolkien|John]], who became a priest and left no children,<ref>[[Humphrey Carpenter]], ''[[J.R.R. Tolkien: A Biography]]'', page 202</ref> so the name ''John'' has effectively lost its hereditary signififance.
The name ''John'' was a custom in the [[J.R.R. Tolkien|Tolkien]] family. It was usually given to the eldest son of the eldest son. Tolkien's father, [[Arthur Tolkien|Arthur]], was the first son of [[John Benjamin Tolkien|John Benjamin]]'s second marriage; the first son of his first marriage, John, died with only three daughters. As of that moment, the name ''John'' went to Arthur's descendants.<ref name="L309">J.R.R. Tolkien, [[Humphrey Carpenter]], [[Christopher Tolkien]] (eds.), ''[[The Letters of J.R.R. Tolkien]]'', [[Letter 309]] (dated [[2 January|January 2]], [[1969]])</ref> It passed to Tolkien's first son, [[John Tolkien|John]], who became a priest and left no children,<ref>[[Humphrey Carpenter]], ''[[J.R.R. Tolkien: A Biography]]'', page 202</ref> so the name ''John'' has effectively lost its hereditary signififance.


The name, though Romish in nature, had at first no religious connotations. However, because his birthday ([[January 3]]) wasthe [[wikipedia:Octave (liturgical)|Octave]] of [[wikipedia:John the Evangelist|John the Evangelist]], Tolkien chose him as his patron.<ref name="L309"/>  
The name, though Romish in nature, had at first no religious connotations. However, because his birthday ([[3 January|January 3]]) was the [[wikipedia:Octave (liturgical)|Octave]] of [[wikipedia:John the Evangelist|John the Evangelist]], Tolkien chose him as his patron.<ref name="L309"/>  
====Ronald====
====Ronald====
Arthur Tolkien's first choice for his eldest son's second child was Benjamin, after his father. Tolkien's mother, [[Mabel Suffield|Mabel]], who was confident she would receive a daughter, chose ''Rosalind''. This would become ''Ronald'' when the child turned out to be a boy.<ref name="L309"/> Tolkien often used this name as his first name; most of his letters to [[Edith Tolkien|Edith]] were signed ''Ronald'', or simply ''R.''.<ref>[[J.R.R. Tolkien]], [[Humphrey Carpenter]], [[Christopher Tolkien]] (eds.), ''[[The Letters of J.R.R. Tolkien]]'', [[Letter 1]], note 7 (dated October [[1914]])</ref>   
Arthur Tolkien's first choice for his eldest son's second child was Benjamin, after his father. Tolkien's mother, [[Mabel Suffield|Mabel]], who was confident she would receive a daughter, chose ''Rosalind''. This would become ''Ronald'' when the child turned out to be a boy.<ref name="L309"/> Tolkien often used this name as his first name; most of his letters to [[Edith Tolkien|Edith]] were signed ''Ronald'', or simply ''R.''.<ref>J.R.R. Tolkien, [[Humphrey Carpenter]], [[Christopher Tolkien]] (eds.), ''[[The Letters of J.R.R. Tolkien]]'', [[Letter 1]], note 7 (dated October [[1914]])</ref>   
====Reuel====
====Reuel====
Despite its [[wikipedia:Raguel (name)|obvious biblical connotations]], the name ''Reuel'' does not come from any of the people mentioned in the Bible; instead, it was the surname of a friend of John Benjamin.<ref name="L309"/> He gave it to his son Arthur, and both his sons, John and [[Hilary Tolkien|Hilary]] had it. Even most their male children and grandchildren have it. Though this family friend was never identified, Tolkien recalled the name being of Norman origin.<ref name="L309"/> In this light, it might be an early anglification of the surname ''Rouel'', which means "(maker of) small wheels/circular objects".<ref>Marie-Thérèse Morlet, ''Dictionnaire étymologique des noms de famille'' (1991), translated from the French: "''en général « petite roue », a désigné en anc[ien] fr[ançais] et moy[en] fr[ançais] différents objets en forme de roue, peut être un surnom de fabricant.''"</ref> The "biblical" ''Reuel'' means "Friend of God".<ref>[[wikipedia:Patrick Hanks|Patrick Hanks]],  Kate Hardcastle, Flavia Hodges, ''A Dictionary of First Names", [[Oxford University Press]] (2003)</ref>
Despite its [[wikipedia:Raguel (name)|obvious biblical connotations]], the name ''Reuel'' does not come from any of the people mentioned in the Bible; instead, it was the surname of a friend of John Benjamin.<ref name="L309"/> He gave it to his son Arthur, and both his sons, John and [[Hilary Tolkien|Hilary]] had it. Even most their male children and grandchildren have it. Though this family friend was never identified, Tolkien recalled the name being of Norman origin.<ref name="L309"/> In this light, it might be an early anglification of the surname ''Rouel'', which means "(maker of) small wheels/circular objects".<ref>Marie-Thérèse Morlet, ''Dictionnaire étymologique des noms de famille'' (1991), translated from the French: "''en général « petite roue », a désigné en anc[ien] fr[ançais] et moy[en] fr[ançais] différents objets en forme de roue, peut être un surnom de fabricant.''"</ref> The "biblical" ''Reuel'' means "Friend of God".<ref>[[wikipedia:Patrick Hanks|Patrick Hanks]],  Kate Hardcastle, Flavia Hodges, ''A Dictionary of First Names'', [[Oxford University Press]] (2003)</ref>


====Tolkien====
====Tolkien====
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===The Veteran===
===The Veteran===
===The Christian===
===The Christian===
==Portrayal in Adaptations==
{{Main|Christianity}}
 
==Portrayal in adaptations==
'''1992: ''[[Tales from the Perilous Realm (1992 radio series)|Tales from the Perilous Realm]]''
:[[Michael Hordern|Sir Michael Hordern]], who had previously played [[Gandalf]] in the [[The Lord of the Rings (1981 radio series)|1981 radio series of ''The Lord of the Rings'']], serves as narrator, who is identified as "Tolkien" in the credits, to all episodes.<ref>[[Tales from the Perilous Realm (1992 radio series)|''Tales from the Perilous Realm'' (1992 radio series)]], information booklet (2002 re-release)</ref> He provides the narration, paired with the main characters of each segment: [[Brian Blessed]] as [[Farmer Giles]],<ref>[[Tales from the Perilous Realm (1992 radio series)|''Tales from the Perilous Realm'' (1992 radio series)]], "Farmer Giles of Ham"</ref> [[Paul Copley]] as [[Smith]],<ref>[[Tales from the Perilous Realm (1992 radio series)|''Tales from the Perilous Realm'' (1992 radio series)]], "Smith of Wootton Major"</ref> [[Alfred Molina]] as [[Niggle]],<ref>[[Tales from the Perilous Realm (1992 radio series)|''Tales from the Perilous Realm'' (1992 radio series)]], "Leaf by Niggle"</ref> and [[Nigel Planer]] and [[Jonathan Adams]] as [[Frodo Baggins|Frodo]] and [[Samwise Gamgee|Sam]].<ref>[[Tales from the Perilous Realm (1992 radio series)|''Tales from the Perilous Realm'' (1992 radio series)]], "The Adventures of Tom Bombadil"</ref>
 
[[File:A Question of God - Tolkien, Lewis and Dyson.JPG|thumb|right|200px|Ian Bellman as Tolkien (left)]]
'''2004: ''[http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0433436/ The Question of God: Sigmund Freud & C.S. Lewis]'':'''
'''2004: ''[http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0433436/ The Question of God: Sigmund Freud & C.S. Lewis]'':'''
:[http://www.imdb.com/name/nm2710745/ Ian Bellman] plays Tolkien in this film about [[C.S. Lewis]]. It stars [[wikipedia:Simon_Jones_(actor)|Simon Jones]] (of ''Hitchhiker's Guide'' fame) as Lewis.
:[http://www.imdb.com/name/nm2710745/ Ian Bellman] plays Tolkien in this documentary about convinced atheist Sigmund Freud and influential Christian writer (though not so at first) [[C.S. Lewis]]. Tolkien is introduced in a segment recounting Lewis' first experience of faith, a walk at [[Addison Walk]] the two had with [[Hugo Dyson]]. Tolkien is further shown in group shots of the [[Inklings]], though he does not have any lines.<ref>''[http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0433436/ The Question of God: Sigmund Freud & C.S. Lewis]'', Episode Two</ref>


'''2005: ''[http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0497337/ C.S. Lewis: Beyond Narnia]'':'''
'''2005: ''[http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0497337/ C.S. Lewis: Beyond Narnia]'':'''
:In this film, also about Lewis, [http://www.imdb.com/name/nm1758026/ Ben Lambert] and [http://www.imdb.com/name/nm0383000/ Robert Hickson] play the younger and older Tolkien.
:In this film, also about Lewis, [http://www.imdb.com/name/nm1758026/ Ben Lambert] and [http://www.imdb.com/name/nm0383000/ Robert Hickson] play the younger and older Tolkien.<ref>''[http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0497337/ C.S. Lewis: Beyond Narnia]'' at [http://www.imdb.com/ IMDb.com]</ref>


==Bibliograpgy==
'''2009: ''[[Tolkien's Monsters]]'':'''
===Arda===
:Two uncredited actors portray Tolkien in this episode; one for the War years (aged 24) and one for the years beyond (aged 36).<ref>History Channel, ''Clash of the Gods'', "[[Tolkien's Monsters]]"</ref> The latter sports a mustache while the former is clean shaven; an inversion of history. During the war, Tolkien had a mustache, but later images show he shaved it off.
===Other fiction===
 
===Academic Works===
==Bibliography==
All books and essays written by Tolkien.<ref name="Biblio">[[Wayne G. Hammond]], [[Douglas A. Anderson]], ''[[J.R.R. Tolkien: A Descriptive Bibliography]]'', ""Books by J.R.R. Tolkien"</ref>
===Published during his lifetime===
====Books====
* '''[[11 May|May 11]], [[1922]]''' : ''[[A Middle English Vocabulary]]''
* '''[[1 July|July 1]], [[1937]]''': ''[[Beowulf: The Monsters and the Critics]]''
* '''[[21 September|September 21]], [[1937]]''': ''[[The Hobbit]]''
* '''[[20 October|October 20]], [[1949]]''': ''[[Farmer Giles of Ham]]''
* '''[[29 July|July 29]], [[1954]]''': ''[[The Fellowship of the Ring]]''
* '''[[11 November|November 11]], [[1954]]''': ''[[The Two Towers]]''
* '''[[20 October|October 20]], [[1955]]''': ''[[The Return of the King]]''
* '''[[22 November|November 22]], [[1962]]''': ''[[The Adventures of Tom Bombadil]]''
* '''[[28 May|May 28]], [[1964]]''': ''[[Tree and Leaf]]''
* '''[[September]], [[1966]]''': ''[[The Tolkien Reader]]''
* '''[[9 November|November 9]], [[1967]]''': ''[[Smith of Wootton Major]]''
* '''[[March]], [[1969]]''': ''[[Smith of Wootton Major and Farmer Giles of Ham]]''
====Other====
===Posthumous Publications===
===Posthumous Publications===
====Books====
====Other====
===Audio Recordings===
===Audio Recordings===
==See Also==
 
==See also==
* [[:Category:Images of J.R.R. Tolkien|Images of J.R.R. Tolkien]]
{{inklings}}
==References==
==References==
<references/>
<small><references/></small>

Latest revision as of 15:29, 31 December 2020

The name J.R.R. Tolkien refers to more than one character, item or concept. For a list of other meanings, see J.R.R. Tolkien (disambiguation).
The name Tolkien refers to more than one character, item or concept. For a list of other meanings, see Tolkien (disambiguation).
Photograph of J.R.R. Tolkien.jpg
J.R.R. Tolkien
Biographical information
BornJanuary 3, 1892
DiedSeptember 2, 1973
EducationUniversity of Oxford
OccupationProfessor of Old and Middle English
LocationOxford, Leeds, England
WebsiteThe Tolkien Estate
"I felt that Tolkien was like an iceberg, something to be reckoned with above water in both its brilliance and mass and yet so much more below the surface."
Clyde Kilby[1]

Professor Dr. John Ronald Reuel Tolkien CBE (1892 - 1973) is the subject of Tolkien Gateway. His life, his works, his family: everything about the man whom fans have named affectionately the Professor can be found here.

Besides creating Arda, the Little Kingdom, and many other wonderful worlds, Tolkien's reading of Beowulf was groundbreaking, and stands as the interpretation of the epic poem to this day.[2]

Life[edit | edit source]

Family History[edit | edit source]

Tolkien[edit | edit source]

Since the Tolkien family's move from Saxony several generations earlier[3], much had changed. The little fortune the family had - they were piano builders - was gone when John Benjamin Tolkien went bankrupt in 1877.[4] His son Arthur worked at a Birmingham office of Lloyds Bank, but there was little chance of promotion.[5] A golden opportunity came when gold and diamonds were discovered in South Africa; bank clerks were in high demand to battle the growing fraud and corruption.[6] Arthur, who had been seeing Mabel Suffield for some time, moved to Bloemfontein. Mabel came several years later, in 1891.[5]

Suffield[edit | edit source]

Youth[edit | edit source]

South Africa[edit | edit source]

Birmingham[edit | edit source]

Oxford[edit | edit source]

The War[edit | edit source]

Young Adult[edit | edit source]

Oxford English Dictionary[edit | edit source]

University of Oxford[edit | edit source]

Academics and Fantasy[edit | edit source]

University of Leeds[edit | edit source]

The Hobbit[edit | edit source]

The Lord of the Rings[edit | edit source]

Back in Oxford[edit | edit source]

The Price of Fame[edit | edit source]

The Silmarillion[edit | edit source]

Voluntary "Hiding"[edit | edit source]

Death[edit | edit source]

Character[edit | edit source]

Faith[edit | edit source]

Personality[edit | edit source]

Names[edit | edit source]

John[edit | edit source]

The name John was a custom in the Tolkien family. It was usually given to the eldest son of the eldest son. Tolkien's father, Arthur, was the first son of John Benjamin's second marriage; the first son of his first marriage, John, died with only three daughters. As of that moment, the name John went to Arthur's descendants.[7] It passed to Tolkien's first son, John, who became a priest and left no children,[8] so the name John has effectively lost its hereditary signififance.

The name, though Romish in nature, had at first no religious connotations. However, because his birthday (January 3) was the Octave of John the Evangelist, Tolkien chose him as his patron.[7]

Ronald[edit | edit source]

Arthur Tolkien's first choice for his eldest son's second child was Benjamin, after his father. Tolkien's mother, Mabel, who was confident she would receive a daughter, chose Rosalind. This would become Ronald when the child turned out to be a boy.[7] Tolkien often used this name as his first name; most of his letters to Edith were signed Ronald, or simply R..[9]

Reuel[edit | edit source]

Despite its obvious biblical connotations, the name Reuel does not come from any of the people mentioned in the Bible; instead, it was the surname of a friend of John Benjamin.[7] He gave it to his son Arthur, and both his sons, John and Hilary had it. Even most their male children and grandchildren have it. Though this family friend was never identified, Tolkien recalled the name being of Norman origin.[7] In this light, it might be an early anglification of the surname Rouel, which means "(maker of) small wheels/circular objects".[10] The "biblical" Reuel means "Friend of God".[11]

Tolkien[edit | edit source]

Other Names[edit | edit source]

Teacherhood[edit | edit source]

As an Author[edit | edit source]

The Philologist[edit | edit source]

The Veteran[edit | edit source]

The Christian[edit | edit source]

Main article: Christianity

Portrayal in adaptations[edit | edit source]

1992: Tales from the Perilous Realm

Sir Michael Hordern, who had previously played Gandalf in the 1981 radio series of The Lord of the Rings, serves as narrator, who is identified as "Tolkien" in the credits, to all episodes.[12] He provides the narration, paired with the main characters of each segment: Brian Blessed as Farmer Giles,[13] Paul Copley as Smith,[14] Alfred Molina as Niggle,[15] and Nigel Planer and Jonathan Adams as Frodo and Sam.[16]
Ian Bellman as Tolkien (left)

2004: The Question of God: Sigmund Freud & C.S. Lewis:

Ian Bellman plays Tolkien in this documentary about convinced atheist Sigmund Freud and influential Christian writer (though not so at first) C.S. Lewis. Tolkien is introduced in a segment recounting Lewis' first experience of faith, a walk at Addison Walk the two had with Hugo Dyson. Tolkien is further shown in group shots of the Inklings, though he does not have any lines.[17]

2005: C.S. Lewis: Beyond Narnia:

In this film, also about Lewis, Ben Lambert and Robert Hickson play the younger and older Tolkien.[18]

2009: Tolkien's Monsters:

Two uncredited actors portray Tolkien in this episode; one for the War years (aged 24) and one for the years beyond (aged 36).[19] The latter sports a mustache while the former is clean shaven; an inversion of history. During the war, Tolkien had a mustache, but later images show he shaved it off.

Bibliography[edit | edit source]

All books and essays written by Tolkien.[20]

Published during his lifetime[edit | edit source]

Books[edit | edit source]

Other[edit | edit source]

Posthumous Publications[edit | edit source]

Books[edit | edit source]

Other[edit | edit source]

Audio Recordings[edit | edit source]

See also[edit | edit source]

The Inklings
J.R.R. Tolkien · Owen Barfield · J.A.W. Bennett · Lord David Cecil · Nevill Coghill · James Dundas-Grant · Hugo Dyson · Adam Fox · Colin Hardie · Robert Havard · C.S. Lewis · Warren Lewis · Gervase Mathew · R.B. McCallum · C.E. Stevens · Christopher Tolkien · John Wain · Charles Williams · Charles Leslie Wrenn

References[edit | edit source]

  1. Clyde Kilby, Tolkien and The Silmarillion, Preface
  2. J.R.R. Tolkien, Alan Bliss (ed.), Finn and Hengest, "Preface"
  3. J.R.R. Tolkien, Humphrey Carpenter, Christopher Tolkien (eds.), The Letters of J.R.R. Tolkien, Letter 165 (dated June 1955)
  4. Anonymous, The London Gazette, (October 2, 1877), PDF
  5. 5.0 5.1 Humphrey Carpenter, J.R.R. Tolkien: A Biography, pages 9-10
  6. Bradley J. Birzer, "Tolkien: Man Behind the Myth", published in Christian History, volume 22 (2003), issue 2
  7. 7.0 7.1 7.2 7.3 7.4 J.R.R. Tolkien, Humphrey Carpenter, Christopher Tolkien (eds.), The Letters of J.R.R. Tolkien, Letter 309 (dated January 2, 1969)
  8. Humphrey Carpenter, J.R.R. Tolkien: A Biography, page 202
  9. J.R.R. Tolkien, Humphrey Carpenter, Christopher Tolkien (eds.), The Letters of J.R.R. Tolkien, Letter 1, note 7 (dated October 1914)
  10. Marie-Thérèse Morlet, Dictionnaire étymologique des noms de famille (1991), translated from the French: "en général « petite roue », a désigné en anc[ien] fr[ançais] et moy[en] fr[ançais] différents objets en forme de roue, peut être un surnom de fabricant."
  11. Patrick Hanks, Kate Hardcastle, Flavia Hodges, A Dictionary of First Names, Oxford University Press (2003)
  12. Tales from the Perilous Realm (1992 radio series), information booklet (2002 re-release)
  13. Tales from the Perilous Realm (1992 radio series), "Farmer Giles of Ham"
  14. Tales from the Perilous Realm (1992 radio series), "Smith of Wootton Major"
  15. Tales from the Perilous Realm (1992 radio series), "Leaf by Niggle"
  16. Tales from the Perilous Realm (1992 radio series), "The Adventures of Tom Bombadil"
  17. The Question of God: Sigmund Freud & C.S. Lewis, Episode Two
  18. C.S. Lewis: Beyond Narnia at IMDb.com
  19. History Channel, Clash of the Gods, "Tolkien's Monsters"
  20. Wayne G. Hammond, Douglas A. Anderson, J.R.R. Tolkien: A Descriptive Bibliography, ""Books by J.R.R. Tolkien"