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The name given to the calendar system used in [[Númenor]], and in [[Gondor]] and [[Arnor]] during the early part of the [[Third Age]]. It divided the year into twelve months (properly called [[astar]]), and included three days that did not belong to any month: [[yestarë]], [[loëndë]] and [[mettarë]]. The King's Reckoning lasted until the loss of [[Eärnur]] the last [[King of Gondor]]. It was revised by [[Mardil]], the first [[Ruling Steward]], who replaced it with the system known as the [[Stewards' Reckoning]].
The name given to the calendar system used in [[Númenor]] throughout the [[Second Age]], and in [[Gondor]] and [[Arnor]] throughout much of the [[Third Age]]. It divided the year into twelve months (properly called [[astar]]), and included three days that did not belong to any month: [[yestarë]], [[loëndë]] and [[mettarë]].  
 
==History==
The King's Reckoning was of [[Eldar]]in origin and calculation started from {{SA|1}}. The [[Númenóreans]] made some alterations more convenient to them, like dividing the ''[[loa]]'' into shorter and more regular ''[[astar]]'', and, according to the custom of the [[Edain]] or the [[Middle Men]], the year began in mid-winter instead of the spring. Later they added one more day to the [[enquië]], and reckoned the day from sunrise instead of sunset.<ref name="D2"/>
 
Every thousand years, a ''millennial deficit'' accumulated and three times in the history of [[Númenor]], this was adjusted in the end of each millennium.
 
The calendar was later used in [[Arnor]] and [[Gondor]]; with the defeat of [[Sauron]] and the "resetting" of the reckoning to {{TA|1}} ({{SA|3442}}), and making {{TA|4}} a leap year, the system was dislocated and the deficit enlarged in the following centuries.
 
In the [[Third Age]] the [[Hobbits]] came to [[Arthedain]], and adapted the calendar into the [[Shire Calendar]]. [[Bree]] also adopted the Shire Calendar.<ref name="D2"/>
 
The King's Reckoning in Gondor lasted until the loss of [[Eärnur]] the last [[Kings of Gondor|King of Gondor]]. As the millennial deficit and errors accumulated, [[Mardil|Mardil Voronwë]], the first [[Ruling Steward]], revised the system, and replaced it with the system known as the [[Stewards' Reckoning]].<ref name="D2">{{App|D2}}</ref>
 
==Structure==
The year was divided into twelve months, with three days outside the months. These divisions are given in the table below.
 
{|class="TGtable"
|-
!Month number
!Quenya
!Sindarin
!Length
!English translation
!Relationship to the [[Shire Calendar]]<ref group=note>Based on the statement in [[Appendix D]] that the day of the destruction of the [[One Ring]], Shire [[25 March]] in {{TA|3019}}, "was, however, March 25 in both Kings' and Stewards' Reckoning." This may only apply around the end of the Third Age, since it is unknown if the [[Shire Calendar]] incorporated the Kings' Reckoning 2-day "millennial additions" or any of the [[Stewards' Reckoning]] additional adjustments.</ref>
|-
|&nbsp;||[[Yestarë]]|| || 1 || First day || [[2 Yule]]
|-
|1||[[Narvinyë]]|| [[Narwain]] || 30 ||New sun || [[Afteryule]]
|-
|2||[[Nénimë]] || [[Nínui]] || 30 ||Watery || [[Solmath]]
|-
|3||[[Súlimë]] || [[Gwaeron]] || 30 || Windy / wind month<ref name="Silm_sul">{{HM|S}}, Appendix, s.v. ''sul''</ref> || [[Rethe]]
|-
|4||[[Víressë]] || [[Gwirith]] || 30 || New / young / budding?<ref name="salo">{{HM|GS}}, Appendix 6</ref> || [[Astron]]
|-
|5||[[Lótessë]] || [[Lothron]] || 30 || Flower month || [[Thrimidge]]
|-
|6 || [[Nárië]] || [[Nórui]] || 31 || Sunny<ref name="salo" /> || 1 [[Forelithe]] through [[Lithedays|1 Lithe]]
|-
|&nbsp;||[[Loëndë]]/[[Enderi]]|| || 1/2 || Year-middle<ref>{{webcite|author=Paul Strack|articleurl=http://eldamo.org/content/words/word-2953281353.html|articlename=Q. ''loëndë'' n.|website=[http://eldamo.org/index.html Eldamo - An Elvish Lexicon]|accessed=25 September 2019}}</ref> (Middle days) || [[Mid-year's Day]]/[[Overlithe]]
|-
|7||[[Cermië]] || [[Cerveth]] || 31 ||Cutting?<ref name="allan_29">{{HM|IE}}, p. 29</ref> || [[Lithedays|2 Lithe]] through 30 [[Afterlithe]]
|-
|8||[[Úrimë]] || [[Urui]] || 30 ||Hot<ref name="Silm_ur">{{HM|S}}, Appendix, s.v. ''ur''</ref> || [[Wedmath]]
|-
|9||[[Yavannië]] || [[Ivanneth]] || 30 || Fruit giving || [[Halimath]]
|-
|10||[[Narquelië]] || [[Narbeleth]] || 30 || Sun-fading || [[Winterfilth]]
|-
|11||[[Hísimë]] || [[Hithui]] || 30 || Misty<ref name="Silm_hith">{{HM|S}}, Appendix, s.v. ''hith''</ref> || [[Blotmath]]
|-
|12||[[Ringarë]] || [[Girithron]] || 30 || Cold / shivering month || [[Foreyule]]
|-
|&nbsp;||[[Mettarë]]|| || 1 || Last day || [[1 Yule]]
|}
 
In leap years, [[loëndë]] was replaced with two [[enderi]]; this occurred in years divisible by 4 but not by 100 (''[[haranyë]]''), resulting in a 366-day year, similar to modern [[wikipedia:Gregorian calendar|Gregorian calendar]] leap years. In addition, in years divisible by 1000 loëndë was replaced by three enderi{{fact}}, resulting in a 367-day year. These leap year rules held throughout the [[Second Age]] and continued based on the restarted numbering of [[Third Age]] years, and the 2-day "millennial additions" continued through {{TA|2000}}. This calendar was replaced by the [[Stewards' Reckoning]] in {{TA|2060}}.<ref name="D2" />
 
==Days of the week==
When the Kings' Reckoning was first implemented the Númenóreans used the [[Elven]] week of six days. At unspecified points of the [[Second Age]] two changes were made; the first being to rename the fourth day Aldúya to Aldëa (Orgaladh in Sindarin) in order to change the dedication to the [[White Tree]], and the second being to insert an extra day, Eärenya (Oraearon), after the fifth day Menelya.<ref name="D2" /> Thus, the eventual Númenórean week was as follows:
 
{|class="TGtable"
|-
!Quenya
!Sindarin
!Dedication
|-
|[[Elenya]]||[[Orgilion]]||[[Stars]]
|-
|[[Anarya]]||[[Oranor]]||[[Sun]]
|-
|[[Isilya]]||[[Orithil]]||[[Moon]]
|-
|[[Aldëa]]||[[Orgaladh]]||[[White Tree]]
|-
|[[Menelya]]||[[Ormenel]]||[[Heavens]]
|-
|[[Eärenya]]||[[Oraearon]]||[[Sea]]
|-
|[[Valanya]]||[[Orbelain]]||[[Valar]]
|}
==Inspiration==
According to [[Jim Allan]] in ''[[An Introduction to Elvish]]'', each of the elvish month names has a correspondence to the months of the [[Wikipedia:French Republican Calendar|French Republican Calendar]]; for example, Nénimë/Pluviôse mean "Rainy", Súlìmë/Ventôse mean "Windy". Jim Allan suggests that Tolkien used this similarity because the French Republican Calendar was based on earlier unrecorded Germanic month names.<ref name="allan">{{HM|IE}}, p. 151</ref><!-- check chapter heading -->
 
{{references|note}}
 
==External links==
* The [http://psarando.github.io/shire-reckoning Shire Reckoning] project, dedicated to simulations and detailed analysis of all the calendars of ''The Lord of the Rings'' [[Appendix D]].
 
[[Category:Calendars]]
[[Category:Númenórean Calendar]]

Latest revision as of 10:50, 23 October 2022

The name given to the calendar system used in Númenor throughout the Second Age, and in Gondor and Arnor throughout much of the Third Age. It divided the year into twelve months (properly called astar), and included three days that did not belong to any month: yestarë, loëndë and mettarë.

History[edit | edit source]

The King's Reckoning was of Eldarin origin and calculation started from S.A. 1. The Númenóreans made some alterations more convenient to them, like dividing the loa into shorter and more regular astar, and, according to the custom of the Edain or the Middle Men, the year began in mid-winter instead of the spring. Later they added one more day to the enquië, and reckoned the day from sunrise instead of sunset.[1]

Every thousand years, a millennial deficit accumulated and three times in the history of Númenor, this was adjusted in the end of each millennium.

The calendar was later used in Arnor and Gondor; with the defeat of Sauron and the "resetting" of the reckoning to T.A. 1 (S.A. 3442), and making T.A. 4 a leap year, the system was dislocated and the deficit enlarged in the following centuries.

In the Third Age the Hobbits came to Arthedain, and adapted the calendar into the Shire Calendar. Bree also adopted the Shire Calendar.[1]

The King's Reckoning in Gondor lasted until the loss of Eärnur the last King of Gondor. As the millennial deficit and errors accumulated, Mardil Voronwë, the first Ruling Steward, revised the system, and replaced it with the system known as the Stewards' Reckoning.[1]

Structure[edit | edit source]

The year was divided into twelve months, with three days outside the months. These divisions are given in the table below.

Month number Quenya Sindarin Length English translation Relationship to the Shire Calendar[note 1]
  Yestarë 1 First day 2 Yule
1 Narvinyë Narwain 30 New sun Afteryule
2 Nénimë Nínui 30 Watery Solmath
3 Súlimë Gwaeron 30 Windy / wind month[2] Rethe
4 Víressë Gwirith 30 New / young / budding?[3] Astron
5 Lótessë Lothron 30 Flower month Thrimidge
6 Nárië Nórui 31 Sunny[3] 1 Forelithe through 1 Lithe
  Loëndë/Enderi 1/2 Year-middle[4] (Middle days) Mid-year's Day/Overlithe
7 Cermië Cerveth 31 Cutting?[5] 2 Lithe through 30 Afterlithe
8 Úrimë Urui 30 Hot[6] Wedmath
9 Yavannië Ivanneth 30 Fruit giving Halimath
10 Narquelië Narbeleth 30 Sun-fading Winterfilth
11 Hísimë Hithui 30 Misty[7] Blotmath
12 Ringarë Girithron 30 Cold / shivering month Foreyule
  Mettarë 1 Last day 1 Yule

In leap years, loëndë was replaced with two enderi; this occurred in years divisible by 4 but not by 100 (haranyë), resulting in a 366-day year, similar to modern Gregorian calendar leap years. In addition, in years divisible by 1000 loëndë was replaced by three enderi[source?], resulting in a 367-day year. These leap year rules held throughout the Second Age and continued based on the restarted numbering of Third Age years, and the 2-day "millennial additions" continued through T.A. 2000. This calendar was replaced by the Stewards' Reckoning in T.A. 2060.[1]

Days of the week[edit | edit source]

When the Kings' Reckoning was first implemented the Númenóreans used the Elven week of six days. At unspecified points of the Second Age two changes were made; the first being to rename the fourth day Aldúya to Aldëa (Orgaladh in Sindarin) in order to change the dedication to the White Tree, and the second being to insert an extra day, Eärenya (Oraearon), after the fifth day Menelya.[1] Thus, the eventual Númenórean week was as follows:

Quenya Sindarin Dedication
Elenya Orgilion Stars
Anarya Oranor Sun
Isilya Orithil Moon
Aldëa Orgaladh White Tree
Menelya Ormenel Heavens
Eärenya Oraearon Sea
Valanya Orbelain Valar

Inspiration[edit | edit source]

According to Jim Allan in An Introduction to Elvish, each of the elvish month names has a correspondence to the months of the French Republican Calendar; for example, Nénimë/Pluviôse mean "Rainy", Súlìmë/Ventôse mean "Windy". Jim Allan suggests that Tolkien used this similarity because the French Republican Calendar was based on earlier unrecorded Germanic month names.[8]

Notes

  1. Based on the statement in Appendix D that the day of the destruction of the One Ring, Shire 25 March in T.A. 3019, "was, however, March 25 in both Kings' and Stewards' Reckoning." This may only apply around the end of the Third Age, since it is unknown if the Shire Calendar incorporated the Kings' Reckoning 2-day "millennial additions" or any of the Stewards' Reckoning additional adjustments.

References

External links[edit | edit source]

  • The Shire Reckoning project, dedicated to simulations and detailed analysis of all the calendars of The Lord of the Rings Appendix D.