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'''la''' or '''lá''' (whenever stressed)<ref>[[Vinyar Tengwar 42]] p.33</ref>
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'''''la''''' or '''''lá''''' (whenever stressed) is a negation adverb meaning "no, not".<ref name=VT42e>{{VT|42e}}, pp. 32-33</ref>


The word can get pronominal endings as if a negative verb when a verb is not expressed, apparently where the phrase “is not” is followed by a noun or an adjective as a predicate, or where some verb is understood , as in English “I do not”.
The word can get pronominal endings as if a negative verb when a verb is not expressed, apparently where the phrase "is not" is followed by a noun or an adjective as a predicate, or where some verb is understood , as in English "I do not".


==Etymology==
==Etymology==
[[root]] [[LA]]<ref>[[Vinyar Tengwar 45]] p.25</ref>
[[Sundocarmë|Root]] [[LA]]<ref>{{VT|45a}}, p. 25</ref>
==Forms==
==Forms==
*''lanye'' "I do not, am not" (''[[mel]]in [[]] [[apa]] '''lanye''' [[]]'' *“I love him but I do not him [that one])[[Vinyar Tengwar 49]] p.15</ref>  
*''ala, ála'' "do not!"
**''ala[[lye]]''<ref>{{VT|43a}}, p. 22</ref>
**''ala[[me]]'' "do not to us"
*''la[[nye]]'' "I do not, am not" (''melin sé apa '''lanye''' hé'' *"I love him but I do not him [that one]")<ref>{{VT|49a}}, p. 15</ref>
 
==See also==
*''[[ú]]-''
*''[[ava]]-''
*''[[ala-]]''


==Other versions==
==Other versions==
In another conceptual phase of Tolkien's, ''lá'' had the opposite meaning "yes"<ref>[[Vinyar Tengwar 42]] pp.32-33</ref>
In another conceptual phase of Tolkien's, ''lá'' had the opposite meaning "yes".<ref name=VT42e/>


Tolkien considered that the negation could receive tense markers however he later reconsidered it. The tenses where ''la'' was attested are:
Tolkien considered that the negation could receive tense markers however he later reconsidered it. The tenses where ''la'' was attested are:
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*''alaie'' (perfect)
*''alaie'' (perfect)
*''lauva'' (future)
*''lauva'' (future)
==Inspiration==
In Arabic languages, "no" is ''la'a''. [[J.R.R. Tolkien|Tolkien]] said himself that this negative form "''appears in [[Wikipedia:Semitic languages|Semitic]]''".<ref name=VT42e/>
{{references}}
{{references}}
[[category:Quenya words]]
{{title|lowercase}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:La}}
[[Category:Quenya adverbs]]

Latest revision as of 14:42, 21 August 2019

la or (whenever stressed) is a negation adverb meaning "no, not".[1]

The word can get pronominal endings as if a negative verb when a verb is not expressed, apparently where the phrase "is not" is followed by a noun or an adjective as a predicate, or where some verb is understood , as in English "I do not".

Etymology[edit | edit source]

Root LA[2]

Forms[edit | edit source]

  • ala, ála "do not!"
  • lanye "I do not, am not" (melin sé apa lanye *"I love him but I do not him [that one]")[4]

See also[edit | edit source]

Other versions[edit | edit source]

In another conceptual phase of Tolkien's, had the opposite meaning "yes".[1]

Tolkien considered that the negation could receive tense markers however he later reconsidered it. The tenses where la was attested are:

  • la (aorist)
  • laia (present)
  • láne (past)
  • alaie (perfect)
  • lauva (future)

Inspiration[edit | edit source]

In Arabic languages, "no" is la'a. Tolkien said himself that this negative form "appears in Semitic".[1]

References

  1. 1.0 1.1 1.2 Bill Welden, "Negation in Quenya", in Vinyar Tengwar, Number 42, July 2001, pp. 32-33
  2. J.R.R. Tolkien, "Addenda and Corrigenda to the Etymologies — Part One" (edited by Carl F. Hostetter and Patrick H. Wynne), in Vinyar Tengwar, Number 45, November 2003, p. 25
  3. J.R.R. Tolkien, "'Words of Joy': Five Catholic Prayers in Quenya — Part One" (edited by Patrick H. Wynne, Arden R. Smith, and Carl F. Hostetter), in Vinyar Tengwar, Number 43, January 2002, p. 22
  4. J.R.R. Tolkien, "Eldarin Hands, Fingers & Numerals and Related Writings — Part Three" (edited by Patrick H. Wynne), in Vinyar Tengwar, Number 49, June 2007, p. 15