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{{disambig-more|Minas Tirith|[[Minas Tirith (disambiguation)]]}}
{{disambig-more|Minas Tirith|[[Minas Tirith (disambiguation)]]}}
{{location
{{location infobox
| image=[[Image:Ted Nasmith - Minas Tirith at Dawn.jpg|300px]]
| name=Minas Tirith
| name=Minas Tirith
| othernames=[[Minas Anor]]<br>[[Mundburg]]<br>The Guarded City
| image=[[File:Ralph Damiani - Across Middle-earth - The White City.png|250px]]
| etymology=[[Sindarin|S.]] ''[[minas]]'' "tower" + ''[[tirith]]'' "guard"
| caption="The White City" by [[Ralph Damiani]]
| pronun=
| othernames=[[Minas Tirith#History|Minas Anor]]<br>[[Mundburg]]<br>the Tower of Guard<br>the Guarded City<br>Tower of Anor
| location=Easternmost point of the [[White Mountains]], close to [[Anduin]]
| type=City
| type=City
| location=Easternmost point of the [[White Mountains]], close to [[Anduin]]
| description=White city of seven levels
| regions=
| towns=
| inhabitants=[[Gondorians]]
| inhabitants=[[Gondorians]]
| realms=[[Gondor]]<br/>[[Reunited Kingdom]]
| created={{SA|3320}}<ref name="AppB-2A">{{App|SA}}</ref>
| description=White city of seven levels
| destroyed=
| events=[[Battle of the Pelennor Fields|Siege of Minas Tirith]]
| events=[[Siege of Minas Tirith]]
| references=
}}
|}}
{{Quote|But Minas Anor endured, and it was named anew Minas Tirith, the Tower of Guard; for there the kings caused to be built in the citadel [[Tower of Ecthelion|a white tower]], very tall and fair, and its eye was upon many lands. Proud still and strong was that city, and in it the [[White Tree of Gondor|White Tree]] still flowered for a while before the house of the Kings.|''[[The Silmarillion]]'', "[[Of the Rings of Power and the Third Age]]"}}
'''Minas Tirith''' ([[Sindarin|S.]] 'Tower of the Guard') was a city of [[Gondor]], originally called '''Minas Anor'''. From {{TA|1640}}<ref name="AppB-3A" /> onwards it was the capital of the South-kingdom and the seat of its [[Kings of Gondor|Kings]] and ruling [[Stewards]].
 
'''Minas Tirith''' ([[Sindarin|S.]] 'Tower of the Guard') was a city of [[Gondor]], originally called '''Minas Anor'''. From {{TA|1640}}<ref name="AppB-3A"/> onwards it was the capital of the South-kingdom and the seat of its [[Kings of Gondor|Kings]] and ruling [[Stewards of Gondor|Stewards]].


==History==
==History==
===Minas Anor===
===Minas Anor===
The city of Minas Tirith was originally a fortress, Minas Anor ([[Sindarin|S.]] 'Tower of the Sun'), built in {{SA|3320}} by the [[Faithful|Faithful Númenóreans]].<ref name="AppB-2A">{{App|B1}}.</ref> It was the western counterpart to [[Minas Ithil]] ([[Sindarin|S.]] 'Tower of the Moon'): guarding the western flank of the city of [[Osgiliath]] from the men of the [[White Mountains]], as Ithil guarded its east from [[Mordor]]. From Osgiliath the sons of [[Elendil]] jointly ruled the newly-founded [[Gondor|South-kingdom]], but Minas Anor was home to [[Anárion|Anárion's]] House and Minas Ithil to [[Isildur|Isildur's]].<ref name="S-Rings">{{S|V}}.</ref> Therefore when the seven [[palantíri]] were divided amongst the [[Realms in Exile]] one was placed in Minas Anor.<ref name="AppA">{{App|A}}.</ref><ref name="TT-Palantir">{{TT|III11}}.</ref>
The city of Minas Tirith was originally a fortress, Minas Anor ([[Sindarin|S.]] 'Tower of the Sun'), which was probably built after the founding of the realm of Gondor in {{SA|3320}} before {{SA|3429}}.<ref name="AppB-2A">{{App|SA}}</ref> It was the western counterpart to [[Minas Ithil]] ([[Sindarin|S.]] 'Tower of the Moon'): though was originally of less importance, and was built as a small fort on the summit of Amon Anor mostly to guard [[Rath Dínen]], the Tombs of the Kings<ref>{{NM|P3xvii}}, Text 2, p. 365</ref>. From Osgiliath the sons of [[Elendil]] jointly ruled the newly-founded [[Gondor|South-kingdom]], but Minas Anor was home to [[Anárion]]'s House and Minas Ithil to [[Isildur]]'s.<ref name="S-Rings">{{S|Rings}}</ref> Therefore when the seven ''[[palantíri]]'' were divided amongst the [[Realms in Exile]] one was placed in Minas Anor.<ref name="AppA">{{App|A}}</ref><ref name="TT-Palantir">{{TT|Palantir}}.</ref>
 
[[Sauron]] attacked Gondor in {{SA|3429}}, [[First Fall of Minas Ithil|taking]] [[Minas Ithil]] and forcing Isildur to flee north to his father in [[Arnor]]. Anárion meanwhile was besieged in Osgiliath and Minas Anor,<ref name="AppB-2A"/> until he was relieved by the [[Last Alliance of Elves and Men]]. In {{TA|2}} Isildur planted the second [[White Tree of Gondor]] in Minas Anor in memory of his brother, who had perished during the [[Siege of Barad-dûr]]. From this point the Kingship of Gondor belonged solely to the heirs of Anárion, who continued to rule from Osgiliath.<ref name="AppB-3A">{{App|TA}}</ref><ref name="PM-Heirs">{{PM|Elendil}}</ref>


[[Sauron]] attacked Gondor in {{SA|3429}}, taking [[Minas Ithil]] and forcing Isildur to flee north to his father in [[Arnor]]. Anárion meanwhile was besieged in Osgiliath and Minas Anor for five years, until he was relieved by the [[Last Alliance of Elves and Men]]. In {{TA|2}} Isildur planted the second [[White Tree of Gondor]] in Minas Anor in memory of his brother, who had perished during the [[Siege of Barad-dûr]]. From this point the Kingship of Gondor belonged solely to the heirs of Anárion, who continued to rule from Osgiliath.<ref name="AppB-3A">{{App|B2}}</ref><ref name="PM-Heirs">{{PM|VII}}</ref>
In {{TA|420}}<ref name="AppB-3A"/> Minas Anor was rebuilt by [[Ostoher]], the seventh [[Kings of Gondor|King of Gondor]], and from his reign onwards the Kings removed there from Osgiliath in the summer.<ref name="AppA"/> It remained the second city of Gondor for the next thousand years as the Kingdom reached the height of its power under the [[Ship-kings]], and then fell into its long decline. Osgiliath was burned and its ''palantír'' lost during the [[Kin-strife]], but the army of [[Castamir]] did not breach the walls of Minas Anor by force<ref group="note">When the Witch-king entered Minas Tirith, he rode "under the archway that no enemy ever yet had passed", meaning that Castamir's army could not have breached the gate. However, given that Castamir reigned for ten years, it is likely that they ceded to him in some other way.</ref>. Its people resented Castamir's rule and were angered by his cruel treatment of Osgiliath, and it is likely that they sided with the forces of [[Eldacar (King of Gondor)|Eldacar]] when he returned from the north in {{TA|1447}}<ref name="Gondor">{{App|Gondor}}</ref>. After the defeat of Castamir, Minas Anor gradually grew more prominent.


In {{TA|420}}<ref name="AppB-3A" /> Minas Anor was rebuilt by [[Ostoher]], the seventh [[Kings of Gondor|King of Gondor]], and his from his reign onwards the Kings removed there from Osgiliath in the summer.<ref name="AppA" /> It remained the second city of Gondor for the next thousand years as the Kingdom reached the height of its power under the [[Ship-kings]], and then fell into its long decline. Osgiliath was burned and its palantír lost during the [[Kin-strife]], and from this point Minas Anor gradually grew more prominent. In {{TA|1636}} the old capital was devastated by the [[Great Plague]], leaving it depopulated and falling into ruin. Soon after [[Tarondor (King of Gondor)|Tarondor]] permanently moved the King's House to Minas Anor.<ref name="AppA" /><ref name="AppB-3A" />
In {{TA|1636}} Gondor was devastated by the [[Great Plague]], leaving Osgiliath depopulated and falling into ruin. [[Telemnar]] was killed along with his children and many others of the [[Dúnedain]], and the second White Tree died. Soon afterwards, his nephew [[Tarondor (King of Gondor)|Tarondor]] permanently moved the [[King's House]] to Minas Anor and planted the third White Tree ({{TA|1640}}).<ref name="AppA" /><ref name="AppB-3A" />


For a short time under Tarandor and his heirs the decline of Gondor was slowed, although constant wars with various groups of [[Easterlings]] took their toll. In {{TA|1900}} [[Calimehtar (King of Gondor)|Calimehtar]] built the first [[Tower of Ecthelion|White Tower]] in the Citadel of Minas Anor to house the city's palantír.<ref name="AppB-3A" /> Just over a century later, however, the kingdom was dealt a harsh blow. In {{TA|2002}} Minas Ithil, where the guard on Mordor had long since slackened, was captured by the [[Nazgûl]]. It became known as Minas Morgul, and in turn Minas Anor was renamed Minas Tirith, 'Tower of the Guard' or the 'Guarded City'.<ref name="RK-MinasTirith" /> Soon after [[Eärnil II]], the last King of Gondor, was killed in the Morgul Vale, and the lordship of the South-kingdom passed to the [[Stewards]].<ref name="AppA" />
For a short time under Tarandor and his heirs the decline of Gondor was slowed, although constant wars with various groups of [[Easterlings]] took their toll. In {{TA|1900}} [[Calimehtar (King of Gondor)|Calimehtar]] built the first [[Tower of Ecthelion|White Tower]] in the Citadel of Minas Anor to house the city's ''palantír''.<ref name="AppB-3A"/> Just over a century later, however, the kingdom was dealt a harsh blow. In {{TA|2002}} Minas Ithil, where the guard on Mordor had long since slackened, was [[Second Fall of Minas Ithil|captured]] by the [[Nazgûl]]. It became known as Minas Morgul, and in turn Minas Anor was renamed Minas Tirith, 'Tower of the Guard' or the 'Guarded City'.<ref name="RK-MinasTirith"/> Soon after [[Eärnur]], the last King of Gondor, was killed in the Morgul Vale, and the lordship of the South-kingdom passed to the [[Stewards]].<ref name="AppA"/>


===Minas Tirith===
===Minas Tirith===
Following a brief respite in the [[Watchful Peace]], Gondor under the Stewards became increasingly beset by enemies: control of [[Ithilien]] and the ruined bridges of [[Osgiliath]] passed back and forth between Minas Tirith and Minas Morgul,the coastlands were raided by the [[Corsairs of Umbar]], and Easterlings assailed them from the north.<ref name="AppA" /> The Citadel was improved under [[Ecthelion I]] ({{TA|2685}}&ndash;[[Third Age 2698|2698]]),<ref name="AppA" /> who rebuilt the [[Tower of Ecthelion| White Tower]] which afterwards bore his name.<ref name="AppB-3A" /> But equally the White Tree died at the same time as the twenty-first Steward, [[Belecthor II]], and this time a new seedling could not be found to replace it.<ref name="AppA" />
[[File:John Howe - Minas Tirith.jpg|thumb|left|"Minas Tirith" by [[John Howe]]]]Following a brief respite in the [[Watchful Peace]], Gondor under the Stewards became increasingly beset by enemies: control of [[Ithilien]] and the ruined bridges of [[Osgiliath]] passed back and forth between Minas Tirith and Minas Morgul, the coastlands were raided by the [[Corsairs of Umbar]], and Easterlings assailed them from the north.<ref name="AppA"/> The Citadel was improved under [[Ecthelion I]] ({{TA|2685}}&ndash;{{TA|2698|n}}),<ref name="AppA"/> who rebuilt the[[Tower of Ecthelion| White Tower]] which afterwards bore his name.<ref name="AppB-3A"/> However, the third White Tree died at the same time as the twenty-first Steward, [[Belecthor II]], and this time a new seedling could not be found to replace it. The dead tree was left standing in the Citadel.<ref name="AppA" />


In the reign of [[Ecthelion II]] ({{TA|2953}}&ndash;[[Third Age 2984|2984]])<ref name="AppA" /> Minas Tirith was strengthened against Mordor, where Sauron had now declared himself openly. It was at this time that [[Aragorn]] the future King first came to the city under the name [[Thorongil]], and did great deeds.<ref name="AppA" />
In the reign of [[Ecthelion II]] ({{TA|2953}}&ndash;{{TA|2984}})<ref name="AppA"/> Minas Tirith was strengthened against Mordor, where Sauron had now declared himself openly. It was at this time that [[Aragorn]] the future King first came to the city under the name [[Thorongil]], and did great deeds.<ref name="AppA"/>


===War of the Ring===
===War of the Ring===
{{main|Battle of the Pelennor Fields}}
{{main|Battle of the Pelennor Fields}}
During the [[War of the Ring]], the brunt of [[Mordor|Mordor's]] assault on the [[Free Peoples]] was directed at Gondor and Minas Tirith. [[Cair Andros]] fell on [[March 10|10 March]] [[Third Age|3019]] and on [[March 12|12 March]] a company led by [[Faramir]] was forced to retreat from its defence of Osgiliath.<ref name="AppB-3A" /> An effort was made to repair the Rammas Echor, but this came too late.<ref name="RK-MinasTirith" /> With the crossings of Anduin taken the Pelennor was overrun, and Minas Tirith was besieged by a great army of Morgul orcs and Easterlings led by the [[Witch-king]]. The city was under-manned, and its defenders had little hope; on [[March 15|15 March]] the Great Gate was breached and the last ruling Steward, [[Denethor II]], burned himself in despair.<ref name="RK-Siege">{{RK|V4}}</ref><ref name="RK-Pyre">{{RK|V7}}</ref> But [[Gandalf]] was also present, and rescuing Faramir from his father he took charge of the defence of Minas Tirith. The [[Rohirrim]] under [[Théoden]] also came unlooked for to the city's aid, and [[Aragorn]] led a force up the river from [[Pelargir]]. Seeing this [[Imrahil]], [[Prince of Dol Amroth]], led a sally from the city, and the three armies were able to break the siege in the decisive [[Battle of the Pelennor Fields]].<ref name="RK-Pelennor">{{RK|V6}}</ref>
During the [[War of the Ring]], the brunt of [[Mordor]]'s assault on the [[Free peoples]] was directed at Gondor and Minas Tirith. [[Cair Andros]] fell on [[10 March]] {{TA|3019}} and on [[12 March]] a company led by [[Faramir]] was forced to retreat from its defence of Osgiliath.<ref name="AppB-3A"/> An effort was made to repair the Rammas Echor, but this came too late.<ref name="RK-MinasTirith"/> With the crossings of Anduin taken the Pelennor was overrun, and Minas Tirith was besieged by a great army of Morgul orcs and Easterlings led by the [[Witch-king]]. The city was under-manned, and its defenders had little hope; on [[15 March]] the Great Gate was breached and the last ruling Steward, [[Denethor|Denethor II]], burned himself in despair.<ref name="RK-Siege">{{RK|Siege}}</ref><ref name="RK-Pyre">{{RK|Pyre}}</ref> But [[Gandalf]] was also present, and rescuing Faramir from his father he took charge of the defence of Minas Tirith. The [[Rohirrim]] under [[Théoden]] also came unlooked for to the city's aid, and [[Aragorn]] led a force up the river from [[Pelargir]]. Seeing this [[Imrahil]], [[Prince of Dol Amroth]], led a sally from the city, and the three armies were able to break the siege in the decisive [[Battle of the Pelennor Fields]].<ref name="RK-Pelennor">{{RK|Battle}}</ref>
 
On [[1 May]] {{TA|3019}}, returning with the victorious from the [[Battle of the Morannon]], Aragorn was crowned on the plain outside Minas Tirith, and he entered the city as King Elessar. On [[25 June]] he discovered a sapling of the line of [[Nimloth of Númenor|Nimloth]] in a hidden hallow of Mount Mindolluin. This was planted in the Court of the Fountain &ndash; the fourth White Tree of Gondor.<ref name="RK-StewardKing">{{RK|Steward}}.</ref><ref name="AppB-3A"/>


===Fourth Age===
===Fourth Age===
On [[May 1|1 May]] [[Third Age 3019|3019]], returning with the victorious from the [[Battle of the Morannon]], Aragorn was crowned on the plain outside Minas Tirith, and he entered the city as King Elessar. On [[June 25|25 June]] he discovered a sapling of the line of [[Nimloth]] in a hidden hallow of Mount Mindolluin. This was planted in the Court of the Fountain &ndash; the fourth White Tree of Gondor.<ref name="RK-StewardKing">{{RK|VI5}}.</ref><ref name="AppB-3A" />
Under King Elessar Minas Tirith was restored and made more beautiful than ever before: the Great Gate was reforged of ''[[mithril]]'' and steel by the [[Dwarves]] of the [[Glittering Caves]],<ref>{{App|Durin}}, p. 1080</ref> led by [[Gimli]], the streets were paved with white marble and the city was filled with trees and fountains. Dwarves came to work in the city and [[Elves]] enjoyed coming to it.<ref>{{RK|Steward}}, p. 968</ref>


Under King Elessar Minas Tirith was rebuilt and restored: the Great Gate was remade in [[mithril]] and steel, the streets were repaved with white marble and gardens and trees were planted all around the city. This labour was aided by the [[Dwarves]] of the [[Glittering Caves]], led by [[Gimli]], and [[Wood-elves]] brought there by [[Legolas]].<ref name="RK-StewardKing" />
==Geography==
[[Image:J.R.R. Tolkien - Minas Tirith.jpg|left|thumb|"Minas Tirith" (unfinished drawing) by [[J.R.R. Tolkien]]]]
At some point in the past, the city was considered to be part of the region of [[Anórien]] but was considered separate by the time of the War of the Ring.<ref name=Nomen>{{HM|N}}, entry Sunlending, p. 776</ref>


==Geography==
The city was situated on the [[Hill of Guard]] &ndash; the "out-thrust knee" of [[Mount Mindolluin]], connected to the main mass of the mountain by a narrow 'shoulder'.<ref name="RK-MinasTirith">{{RK|MT}}.</ref><ref name="WR-MinasTirith">{{WR|3|III}}.</ref> It faced eastward towards Osgiliath, over the [[Pelennor Fields]] surrounding the city, fertile townlands stretching from the walls of the city proper to the [[Rammas Echor]].<ref name="RK-MinasTirith"/>
Minas Tirith was situated on the [[Hill of Guard]] &ndash; the "out-thrust knee" of [[Mount Mindolluin]], connected to the main mass of the mountain by a narrow 'shoulder'.<ref name="RK-MinasTirith">{{RK|V1}}.</ref><ref name="WR-MinasTirith">{{WR|3|III}}.</ref> It facing eastward towards Osgiliath, over the [[Pelennor Fields]] surrounding the city, fertile townlands stretching from the walls of the city proper to the [[Rammas Echor]].<ref name="RK-MinasTirith" />


The city was built on the hill with seven concentric tiers cut on the hill culminating in the [[Citadel of Gondor|Citadel]] at the summit. The outer wall was called [[Othram]] and was black, of the same material used in [[Orthanc]]. Othram was vulnerable only to earthquakes capable of rending the ground where it stood.  
The city was built on the hill with seven concentric tiers cut on the hill culminating in the [[Citadel of Gondor|Citadel]] at the summit, 700 feet above the plain below. The outer wall was called the [[City Wall]] and was black, of the same material used in [[Orthanc]]. The City Wall was vulnerable only to earthquakes capable of rending the ground where it stood.<ref name="RK-MinasTirith"/>


Each of the seven levels stood 100 feet higher than the one below it and was surrounded by a white wall; each wall held a gate, and each gate faced a different direction such that the path up through the levels wound to and fro rather than following a straight line. An outcropping of rock as high as the seventh level bisected all the lower levels except the lowest on the line of the [[Great Gate]]. The winding path through the city therefore passed through tunnels in this 'keel' five times.  
Each level was walled and held a gate with each gate faced a different direction: only the great gate and that of the seventh level faced east; the gate to the second level faced southeast, and that to the third faced northeast; so altering between the two such that the path up through the levels wound to and fro rather than following a straight line. An outcropping of rock as high as the seventh level bisected all the lower levels except the lowest on the line of the [[Great Gate of Minas Tirith|Great Gate]]. The winding path through the city therefore passed through tunnels in this 'keel' five times.  


The '''First Level''' included the [[Rath Celerdain]], a white paved street with an inn, the [[Old Guesthouse]].
The '''First Level''' included the [[Rath Celerdain]], a white paved street with an inn, the [[Old Guesthouse]].
Line 50: Line 60:
The '''Sixth Level''' contained stables for riders, and the [[Houses of Healing]]. There was also [[Fen Hollen]], a door which was almost always closed, leading to [[Rath Dínen]]<ref name="RK-MinasTirith" />, the 'shoulder' of rock that joined the Hill to the main mass of Mount Mindolluin rose to the level of the fifth wall and was fortified with large ramparts, where the tombs of the Kings of Gondor and their Stewards lay. The uppermost tunnel was delved into the spur of rock that jutted out of the eastern face of the Hill; The keystone of its archway was carved with the head of a crowned King. [[Guards of the Citadel]] manned the Seventh Gate which faced eastward in line with the Great Gate 700 feet below and emerged into the Citadel, the city's strongest point, surrounded by high walls and battlements on the 'keel'.  
The '''Sixth Level''' contained stables for riders, and the [[Houses of Healing]]. There was also [[Fen Hollen]], a door which was almost always closed, leading to [[Rath Dínen]]<ref name="RK-MinasTirith" />, the 'shoulder' of rock that joined the Hill to the main mass of Mount Mindolluin rose to the level of the fifth wall and was fortified with large ramparts, where the tombs of the Kings of Gondor and their Stewards lay. The uppermost tunnel was delved into the spur of rock that jutted out of the eastern face of the Hill; The keystone of its archway was carved with the head of a crowned King. [[Guards of the Citadel]] manned the Seventh Gate which faced eastward in line with the Great Gate 700 feet below and emerged into the Citadel, the city's strongest point, surrounded by high walls and battlements on the 'keel'.  


The '''Citadel''' housed the [[Court of the Fountain (Minas Tirith)|Court of the Fountain]] and the [[Tower of Ecthelion]], which brought the total height of the city to 1000 feet.<ref group="note">On the basis of this figure and unpublished sketches by Tolkien [[Karen Wynn Fonstad]] estimated the breadth of the city at 3100 feet in her ''[[The Atlas of Middle-earth|Atlas]]''.</ref> Before the Tower grew the [[White Tree]] in a court. There were also the [[King's House]], lodgings for the Steward, [[Merethrond]], barracks for the [[Guard of the Citadel]], and other buildings for guests and other workers.
The '''Citadel''' housed the [[Court of the Fountain (Minas Tirith)|Court of the Fountain]] and the [[Tower of Ecthelion]], which brought the total height of the city to 1000 feet.<ref group="note">On the basis of this figure and unpublished sketches by Tolkien [[Karen Wynn Fonstad]] estimated the breadth of the city at 3100 feet in her ''[[The Atlas of Middle-earth|Atlas]]''.</ref> Before the Tower grew the [[White Tree of Gondor|White Tree]] in a court. There were also the [[King's House]], lodgings for the Steward, [[Merethrond]], barracks for the Guard of the Citadel, and other buildings for guests and other workers.
==Non-canon statistics==
 
[[Image:Ryszard_Derdzinski_-_Minas_Tirith.jpg|thumb|right|''Minas Tirith'' by [[Ryszard Derdzinski]]]]
==Etymology==
In  ''[[The Atlas of Middle-earth]]'', [[Karen Wynn Fonstad]] estimates the diameter of the city to be 3,100 feet for the First Circle of the City.  
''Minas Tirith'' is a [[Sindarin]] name,<ref name=PE17>{{PE|17}}, entry S ''Minas Tirith'', p. 31</ref> which means "Tower of Guard"<ref name=Guard/> or "Tower of Watch"<ref name=PE17/>. Paul Strack suggests that the name is a combination of ''[[minas]]'' ("tower", "fort", "city") and ''[[tirith]]'' ("watch", "ward", "guard").<ref>{{webcite|author=Paul Strack|articleurl=https://www.eldamo.org/content/words/word-538283653.html|articlename=S. ''Minas Tirith'' loc.|website=Eldamo|accessed=27 April 2023}}</ref>
==Other names==
''Minas Anor'' is a Sindarin name,<ref name=Eldamo>{{webcite|author=Paul Strack|articleurl=https://www.eldamo.org/content/words/word-2929446519.html|articlename=S. ''Minas Anor'' loc.|website=Eldamo|accessed=27 April 2023}}</ref> which means "Tower of the Sun"<ref>{{RK|Gate}}, p. 884</ref><ref>{{RK|Steward}}, p. 964</ref><ref>{{S|Index}}, entry ''Minas Anor''</ref><ref>{{UT|Index}}, entry ''Minas Anor''</ref> or "Tower of the Setting Sun"<ref>{{FR|Council}}, p. 244</ref><ref>{{S|Rings}}</ref>. Paul Strack suggests that the name is a combination of ''[[minas]]'' ("tower", "fort", "city") and ''[[Sun#Other names|anor]]'' ("sun").<ref name=Eldamo/>
 
''Mundburg'' is a [[Rohanese]] name, which means "Guardian-fortress".<ref>{{HM|RC}}, p. 400 citing from the entry Mundburg in the 1966 Index</ref> It probably contains the [[Old English]] element ''mund'', which means "protection".<ref>{{TI|King}}, note 7, p. 449</ref>
 
Minas Tirith was also referred to as the Tower of Guard<ref name=Guard>{{FR|Council}}, p. 245</ref><ref>{{TT|Departure}}, p. 414 and p. 418</ref><ref>{{TT|King}}, pp. 516-7</ref><ref>{{RK|Siege}}, p. 808</ref><ref>{{RK|Gate}}, p. 891</ref><ref>{{RK|Steward}}, p. 963</ref>, the Guarded City<ref>{{RK|MT}}, p. 751</ref>, and the Tower of Anor<ref>{{RK|Steward}}, p. 963</ref>,
 
The names Stone-city and Stone-houses were used by the [[Drúedain]].<ref>{{RK|V5}}</ref><ref>[[Robert Foster]], ''[[The Complete Guide to Middle-earth]]'', p. 366</ref>
 
==Inspiration==
Minas Tirith's most obvious historical parallel is the capital of the Byzantine Empire, Constantinople. Founded by the Roman emperor Constantine, Constantinople would eventually be one of the largest cities of its day and be a fortress under constant attack by its enemies. Similarly, Minas Tirith would become the chief fortification of Gondor in the latter days of its decline.
 
Like Minas Tirith, the Byzantine capital Constantinople sat near a strategic waterway (the Anduin to the Bay of Tolfalas in the case of Minas Tirith, the Bosporus Strait which divides the Mediterranean and Black Seas in the case of Constantinople) and was protected by massive walls that were virtually impregnable until the rise of effective gunpowder weapons in the real-world 15th century.<ref>{{HM|RC}}, p. 570</ref>


According to the [[New Line Cinema|New Line]] book ''[[The Lord of the Rings: Weapons and Warfare]]'', the height of Minas Tirith (in the films) from the foot of the gates to the top of the Tower of Ecthelion (which individually is said to be 300 feet tall) is around 1,000 feet (304.8 m), and the diameter of the city almost three-quarters of a mile (3,960 feet). The book also suggests that the towering bastion of stone, shaped like the keel of a ship, which rose from behind the Great Gates on the first level to the citadel on the seventh, was a quarter of a mile tall (1 320 feet). However this height does not take into account the Tower of Ecthelion, which was situated on the seventh level, meaning that in total the city is some 1,620 feet tall (493.7 m). This means that the city's total height is somewhere between 1,000 feet (304.8 m) and 1,620 feet (493.7 m).
[[J.R.R. Tolkien]] described Minas Tirith in a long [[Letter to Milton Waldman| letter to Milton Waldman]], that was probably written in late 1951, as the "half-ruinous Byzantine City of Minas Tirith"<ref>{{HM|RC}}, p. 746</ref> and that of Gondor in its history "fades slowly to decayed Middle-Age, a kind of proud, venerable, but increasingly impotent Byzantium".<ref>{{L|131}}</ref>


==Portrayal in adaptations==
==Portrayal in adaptations==
{{Gallery
|title=Minas Tirith in adaptations
|height=150
|width=250
|lines=2
|File:War in Middle Earth - Minas Tirith.gif|Minas Tirith in ''[[J.R.R. Tolkien's War in Middle Earth]]''
|File:The Lord of the Rings - The Return of the King - Minas Tirith.jpg|Minas Tirith in ''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King]]''
|File:The Lord of the Rings Online - Minas Tirith.jpg|Minas Tirith in ''[[The Lord of the Rings Online]]''
}}
'''1988: ''[[J.R.R. Tolkien's War in Middle Earth]]'':'''
'''1988: ''[[J.R.R. Tolkien's War in Middle Earth]]'':'''
[[File:War in middle earth gameplay.gif|thumb|200px]]
:Minas Tirith is one of the many battlefields in this game. The city is brown, unlike the books in which it is white.  
:Minas Tirith is one of the many battlefields in this game. The citty is brown, unlike the books in which it is white.  


'''2001: ''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring]]'':'''
'''2001: ''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring]]'':'''
:The city appears briefly when Gandalf goes there to discern the identity of [[Bilbo Baggins|Bilbo]]'s [[The One Ring|One Ring]]
:The city appears briefly when Gandalf goes there to discern the identity of [[Bilbo Baggins|Bilbo]]'s [[The One Ring|One Ring]].


'''2002: ''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Two Towers]]'':'''
'''2002: ''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Two Towers]]'':'''
:Minas Tirith can be seen in the distance for a few seconds when [[Faramir]] takes [[Frodo Baggins|Frodo]], [[Samwise Gamgee|Sam]], and [[Gollum]] to [[Osgiliath]].
:Minas Tirith can be seen in the distance for a few seconds when [[Faramir]] takes [[Frodo Baggins|Frodo]], [[Samwise Gamgee|Sam]] and [[Gollum]] to [[Osgiliath]].


'''2003: ''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King]]'':'''
'''2003: ''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King]]'':'''
:Tolkien's description of the physical layout of Minas Tirith is followed scrupulously in [[The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King]] film, although there is no reason to suppose that the top of the rock is flattened and paved, and in the book it is not the location for the coronation of [[Aragorn]] which occurs on the Pelennor Field outside Minas Tirith, he then enters the city as King. In the film version it is within clear sight of the mountains surrounding Mordor and the fires of [[Mount Doom]], so much that in at least one night scene the light of it shines on the faces of viewers from the city walls.  However, in the books the mountains were far enough away that from the city they looked like a low dark shadow over the land far away.
:Tolkien's description of the physical layout of Minas Tirith is mostly adhered to in the film, although certain artistic liberties are taken, such as the Tower of Ecthelion being separate from the building which contains the throne room. Despite the description of Minas Tirith's [[Othram]] as a black, indestructible wall, Jackson depicted all of the walls as white, which crumble quickly under attack from Mordor's catapults. The city is also closer to the mountain than in Tolkien's description and sketches. In the film, the city is within clear sight of the mountains surrounding Mordor and the fires of [[Mount Doom]] - so much so, that in at least one night scene the light of Minas Morgul shines on the faces of viewers from the city walls.  However, in the books, the mountains were far enough away that from the city they looked like a low dark shadow over the land far away.


:According to the "Making Of" featurettes on the Extended Edition DVDs, the appearance and structure of the city was based upon [[Wikipedia:Mont Saint-Michel|Mont Saint-Michel]], France.
:According to the "Making Of" featurettes on the Extended Edition DVDs, the appearance and structure of the city was based upon [[Wikipedia:Mont Saint-Michel|Mont Saint-Michel]], France.


:Portions of Minas Tirith were constructed as full-scale sets (built on the foundations of the disassembled [[Helm's Deep]] set), and the whole city as a highly detailed "[[bigature]]" by [[Weta Workshop]] combined with a detailed three-dimensional digital model, along with the whole of its surrounding environment. Despite the description of Minas Tirith's [[Othram]] as a black, indestructible wall, Jackson depicted all of the walls as white, who also are destructible.
:Portions of Minas Tirith were constructed as full-scale sets (built on the foundations of the disassembled [[Helm's Deep]] set), and the whole city as a highly detailed "[[bigature]]" by [[Weta Workshop]] combined with a detailed three-dimensional digital model, along with the whole of its surrounding environment.  
 
:In the films, the towers of Minas Tirith are equipped with 100 [[trebuchet]]s. These played a significant role in the siege in the movie, as they were responsible for destroying many orcs, siege towers and catapults; some were smashed to bits by fell beasts, but all were repaired in the end.


== See also ==
'''2015: ''[[The Lord of the Rings Online]]'':'''
* [[:Category:Images of Minas Tirith|Images of Minas Tirith]]
: Several different versions of the city exist in-game, separated chronologically: under the [[Dawnless Day]], during the [[Siege of Gondor]], after the [[Battle of the Pelennor Fields]] and during the Great Wedding of [[Aragorn]] and [[Arwen]] at [[Mid-year's Day]]. Each version is explorable and has a different set of quests. The Seven Tiers of the city have been given names: Worker's Tier, Soldier's Tier, Craftsmen's Tier, Player's Tier, Sages' Tier, Master's Tier and the Citadel. Large statues of every past King and Ruling Steward are placed across the city.


== Notes ==
{{references|note}}
<small><references group="note" /></small>


{{references}}
{{FellowshipRoute}}


[[Category:Gondor]]
[[Category:Minas Tirith]]
[[Category:Cities, Towns and Villages]]


[[de:Minas Tirith (Gondor)]]
[[de:Minas Tirith (Gondor)]]
[[fi:Minas Tirith]]
[[fi:Minas Tirith]]
[[fr:encyclo/geographie/villes_tours_et_forteresses/gondor/minas_tirith]]
[[fr:encyclo/geographie/villes_tours_et_forteresses/gondor/minas_tirith]]

Latest revision as of 15:17, 26 March 2024

The name Minas Tirith refers to more than one character, item or concept. For a list of other meanings, see Minas Tirith (disambiguation).
Minas Tirith
City
Ralph Damiani - Across Middle-earth - The White City.png
"The White City" by Ralph Damiani
General Information
Other namesMinas Anor
Mundburg
the Tower of Guard
the Guarded City
Tower of Anor
LocationEasternmost point of the White Mountains, close to Anduin
TypeCity
DescriptionWhite city of seven levels
People and History
InhabitantsGondorians
CreatedS.A. 3320[1]
EventsSiege of Minas Tirith
GalleryImages of Minas Tirith
"But Minas Anor endured, and it was named anew Minas Tirith, the Tower of Guard; for there the kings caused to be built in the citadel a white tower, very tall and fair, and its eye was upon many lands. Proud still and strong was that city, and in it the White Tree still flowered for a while before the house of the Kings."
The Silmarillion, "Of the Rings of Power and the Third Age"

Minas Tirith (S. 'Tower of the Guard') was a city of Gondor, originally called Minas Anor. From T.A. 1640[2] onwards it was the capital of the South-kingdom and the seat of its Kings and ruling Stewards.

History[edit | edit source]

Minas Anor[edit | edit source]

The city of Minas Tirith was originally a fortress, Minas Anor (S. 'Tower of the Sun'), which was probably built after the founding of the realm of Gondor in S.A. 3320 before S.A. 3429.[1] It was the western counterpart to Minas Ithil (S. 'Tower of the Moon'): though was originally of less importance, and was built as a small fort on the summit of Amon Anor mostly to guard Rath Dínen, the Tombs of the Kings[3]. From Osgiliath the sons of Elendil jointly ruled the newly-founded South-kingdom, but Minas Anor was home to Anárion's House and Minas Ithil to Isildur's.[4] Therefore when the seven palantíri were divided amongst the Realms in Exile one was placed in Minas Anor.[5][6]

Sauron attacked Gondor in S.A. 3429, taking Minas Ithil and forcing Isildur to flee north to his father in Arnor. Anárion meanwhile was besieged in Osgiliath and Minas Anor,[1] until he was relieved by the Last Alliance of Elves and Men. In T.A. 2 Isildur planted the second White Tree of Gondor in Minas Anor in memory of his brother, who had perished during the Siege of Barad-dûr. From this point the Kingship of Gondor belonged solely to the heirs of Anárion, who continued to rule from Osgiliath.[2][7]

In T.A. 420[2] Minas Anor was rebuilt by Ostoher, the seventh King of Gondor, and from his reign onwards the Kings removed there from Osgiliath in the summer.[5] It remained the second city of Gondor for the next thousand years as the Kingdom reached the height of its power under the Ship-kings, and then fell into its long decline. Osgiliath was burned and its palantír lost during the Kin-strife, but the army of Castamir did not breach the walls of Minas Anor by force[note 1]. Its people resented Castamir's rule and were angered by his cruel treatment of Osgiliath, and it is likely that they sided with the forces of Eldacar when he returned from the north in T.A. 1447[8]. After the defeat of Castamir, Minas Anor gradually grew more prominent.

In T.A. 1636 Gondor was devastated by the Great Plague, leaving Osgiliath depopulated and falling into ruin. Telemnar was killed along with his children and many others of the Dúnedain, and the second White Tree died. Soon afterwards, his nephew Tarondor permanently moved the King's House to Minas Anor and planted the third White Tree (T.A. 1640).[5][2]

For a short time under Tarandor and his heirs the decline of Gondor was slowed, although constant wars with various groups of Easterlings took their toll. In T.A. 1900 Calimehtar built the first White Tower in the Citadel of Minas Anor to house the city's palantír.[2] Just over a century later, however, the kingdom was dealt a harsh blow. In T.A. 2002 Minas Ithil, where the guard on Mordor had long since slackened, was captured by the Nazgûl. It became known as Minas Morgul, and in turn Minas Anor was renamed Minas Tirith, 'Tower of the Guard' or the 'Guarded City'.[9] Soon after Eärnur, the last King of Gondor, was killed in the Morgul Vale, and the lordship of the South-kingdom passed to the Stewards.[5]

Minas Tirith[edit | edit source]

"Minas Tirith" by John Howe

Following a brief respite in the Watchful Peace, Gondor under the Stewards became increasingly beset by enemies: control of Ithilien and the ruined bridges of Osgiliath passed back and forth between Minas Tirith and Minas Morgul, the coastlands were raided by the Corsairs of Umbar, and Easterlings assailed them from the north.[5] The Citadel was improved under Ecthelion I (T.A. 26852698),[5] who rebuilt the White Tower which afterwards bore his name.[2] However, the third White Tree died at the same time as the twenty-first Steward, Belecthor II, and this time a new seedling could not be found to replace it. The dead tree was left standing in the Citadel.[5]

In the reign of Ecthelion II (T.A. 2953T.A. 2984)[5] Minas Tirith was strengthened against Mordor, where Sauron had now declared himself openly. It was at this time that Aragorn the future King first came to the city under the name Thorongil, and did great deeds.[5]

War of the Ring[edit | edit source]

Main article: Battle of the Pelennor Fields

During the War of the Ring, the brunt of Mordor's assault on the Free peoples was directed at Gondor and Minas Tirith. Cair Andros fell on 10 March T.A. 3019 and on 12 March a company led by Faramir was forced to retreat from its defence of Osgiliath.[2] An effort was made to repair the Rammas Echor, but this came too late.[9] With the crossings of Anduin taken the Pelennor was overrun, and Minas Tirith was besieged by a great army of Morgul orcs and Easterlings led by the Witch-king. The city was under-manned, and its defenders had little hope; on 15 March the Great Gate was breached and the last ruling Steward, Denethor II, burned himself in despair.[10][11] But Gandalf was also present, and rescuing Faramir from his father he took charge of the defence of Minas Tirith. The Rohirrim under Théoden also came unlooked for to the city's aid, and Aragorn led a force up the river from Pelargir. Seeing this Imrahil, Prince of Dol Amroth, led a sally from the city, and the three armies were able to break the siege in the decisive Battle of the Pelennor Fields.[12]

On 1 May T.A. 3019, returning with the victorious from the Battle of the Morannon, Aragorn was crowned on the plain outside Minas Tirith, and he entered the city as King Elessar. On 25 June he discovered a sapling of the line of Nimloth in a hidden hallow of Mount Mindolluin. This was planted in the Court of the Fountain – the fourth White Tree of Gondor.[13][2]

Fourth Age[edit | edit source]

Under King Elessar Minas Tirith was restored and made more beautiful than ever before: the Great Gate was reforged of mithril and steel by the Dwarves of the Glittering Caves,[14] led by Gimli, the streets were paved with white marble and the city was filled with trees and fountains. Dwarves came to work in the city and Elves enjoyed coming to it.[15]

Geography[edit | edit source]

"Minas Tirith" (unfinished drawing) by J.R.R. Tolkien

At some point in the past, the city was considered to be part of the region of Anórien but was considered separate by the time of the War of the Ring.[16]

The city was situated on the Hill of Guard – the "out-thrust knee" of Mount Mindolluin, connected to the main mass of the mountain by a narrow 'shoulder'.[9][17] It faced eastward towards Osgiliath, over the Pelennor Fields surrounding the city, fertile townlands stretching from the walls of the city proper to the Rammas Echor.[9]

The city was built on the hill with seven concentric tiers cut on the hill culminating in the Citadel at the summit, 700 feet above the plain below. The outer wall was called the City Wall and was black, of the same material used in Orthanc. The City Wall was vulnerable only to earthquakes capable of rending the ground where it stood.[9]

Each level was walled and held a gate with each gate faced a different direction: only the great gate and that of the seventh level faced east; the gate to the second level faced southeast, and that to the third faced northeast; so altering between the two such that the path up through the levels wound to and fro rather than following a straight line. An outcropping of rock as high as the seventh level bisected all the lower levels except the lowest on the line of the Great Gate. The winding path through the city therefore passed through tunnels in this 'keel' five times.

The First Level included the Rath Celerdain, a white paved street with an inn, the Old Guesthouse.

The Sixth Level contained stables for riders, and the Houses of Healing. There was also Fen Hollen, a door which was almost always closed, leading to Rath Dínen[9], the 'shoulder' of rock that joined the Hill to the main mass of Mount Mindolluin rose to the level of the fifth wall and was fortified with large ramparts, where the tombs of the Kings of Gondor and their Stewards lay. The uppermost tunnel was delved into the spur of rock that jutted out of the eastern face of the Hill; The keystone of its archway was carved with the head of a crowned King. Guards of the Citadel manned the Seventh Gate which faced eastward in line with the Great Gate 700 feet below and emerged into the Citadel, the city's strongest point, surrounded by high walls and battlements on the 'keel'.

The Citadel housed the Court of the Fountain and the Tower of Ecthelion, which brought the total height of the city to 1000 feet.[note 2] Before the Tower grew the White Tree in a court. There were also the King's House, lodgings for the Steward, Merethrond, barracks for the Guard of the Citadel, and other buildings for guests and other workers.

Etymology[edit | edit source]

Minas Tirith is a Sindarin name,[18] which means "Tower of Guard"[19] or "Tower of Watch"[18]. Paul Strack suggests that the name is a combination of minas ("tower", "fort", "city") and tirith ("watch", "ward", "guard").[20]

Other names[edit | edit source]

Minas Anor is a Sindarin name,[21] which means "Tower of the Sun"[22][23][24][25] or "Tower of the Setting Sun"[26][27]. Paul Strack suggests that the name is a combination of minas ("tower", "fort", "city") and anor ("sun").[21]

Mundburg is a Rohanese name, which means "Guardian-fortress".[28] It probably contains the Old English element mund, which means "protection".[29]

Minas Tirith was also referred to as the Tower of Guard[19][30][31][32][33][34], the Guarded City[35], and the Tower of Anor[36],

The names Stone-city and Stone-houses were used by the Drúedain.[37][38]

Inspiration[edit | edit source]

Minas Tirith's most obvious historical parallel is the capital of the Byzantine Empire, Constantinople. Founded by the Roman emperor Constantine, Constantinople would eventually be one of the largest cities of its day and be a fortress under constant attack by its enemies. Similarly, Minas Tirith would become the chief fortification of Gondor in the latter days of its decline.

Like Minas Tirith, the Byzantine capital Constantinople sat near a strategic waterway (the Anduin to the Bay of Tolfalas in the case of Minas Tirith, the Bosporus Strait which divides the Mediterranean and Black Seas in the case of Constantinople) and was protected by massive walls that were virtually impregnable until the rise of effective gunpowder weapons in the real-world 15th century.[39]

J.R.R. Tolkien described Minas Tirith in a long letter to Milton Waldman, that was probably written in late 1951, as the "half-ruinous Byzantine City of Minas Tirith"[40] and that of Gondor in its history "fades slowly to decayed Middle-Age, a kind of proud, venerable, but increasingly impotent Byzantium".[41]

Portrayal in adaptations[edit | edit source]

Minas Tirith in adaptations
Minas Tirith in The Lord of the Rings Online  

1988: J.R.R. Tolkien's War in Middle Earth:

Minas Tirith is one of the many battlefields in this game. The city is brown, unlike the books in which it is white.

2001: The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring:

The city appears briefly when Gandalf goes there to discern the identity of Bilbo's One Ring.

2002: The Lord of the Rings: The Two Towers:

Minas Tirith can be seen in the distance for a few seconds when Faramir takes Frodo, Sam and Gollum to Osgiliath.

2003: The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King:

Tolkien's description of the physical layout of Minas Tirith is mostly adhered to in the film, although certain artistic liberties are taken, such as the Tower of Ecthelion being separate from the building which contains the throne room. Despite the description of Minas Tirith's Othram as a black, indestructible wall, Jackson depicted all of the walls as white, which crumble quickly under attack from Mordor's catapults. The city is also closer to the mountain than in Tolkien's description and sketches. In the film, the city is within clear sight of the mountains surrounding Mordor and the fires of Mount Doom - so much so, that in at least one night scene the light of Minas Morgul shines on the faces of viewers from the city walls. However, in the books, the mountains were far enough away that from the city they looked like a low dark shadow over the land far away.
According to the "Making Of" featurettes on the Extended Edition DVDs, the appearance and structure of the city was based upon Mont Saint-Michel, France.
Portions of Minas Tirith were constructed as full-scale sets (built on the foundations of the disassembled Helm's Deep set), and the whole city as a highly detailed "bigature" by Weta Workshop combined with a detailed three-dimensional digital model, along with the whole of its surrounding environment.

2015: The Lord of the Rings Online:

Several different versions of the city exist in-game, separated chronologically: under the Dawnless Day, during the Siege of Gondor, after the Battle of the Pelennor Fields and during the Great Wedding of Aragorn and Arwen at Mid-year's Day. Each version is explorable and has a different set of quests. The Seven Tiers of the city have been given names: Worker's Tier, Soldier's Tier, Craftsmen's Tier, Player's Tier, Sages' Tier, Master's Tier and the Citadel. Large statues of every past King and Ruling Steward are placed across the city.

Notes

  1. When the Witch-king entered Minas Tirith, he rode "under the archway that no enemy ever yet had passed", meaning that Castamir's army could not have breached the gate. However, given that Castamir reigned for ten years, it is likely that they ceded to him in some other way.
  2. On the basis of this figure and unpublished sketches by Tolkien Karen Wynn Fonstad estimated the breadth of the city at 3100 feet in her Atlas.

References

  1. 1.0 1.1 1.2 J.R.R. Tolkien, The Lord of the Rings, Appendix B, "The Second Age"
  2. 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7 J.R.R. Tolkien, The Lord of the Rings, Appendix B, "The Third Age"
  3. J.R.R. Tolkien, Carl F. Hostetter (ed.), The Nature of Middle-earth, "Part Three. The World, its Lands, and its Inhabitants: XVII. Silvan Elves and Silvan Elvish", Text 2, p. 365
  4. J.R.R. Tolkien, Christopher Tolkien (ed.), The Silmarillion, "Of the Rings of Power and the Third Age"
  5. 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 5.5 5.6 5.7 5.8 J.R.R. Tolkien, The Lord of the Rings, Appendix A: Annals of the Kings and Rulers
  6. J.R.R. Tolkien, The Lord of the Rings, The Two Towers, "The Palantír".
  7. J.R.R. Tolkien, Christopher Tolkien (ed.), The Peoples of Middle-earth, "VII. The Heirs of Elendil"
  8. J.R.R. Tolkien, The Lord of the Rings, Appendix A, "The Númenorean Kings", "Gondor and the Heirs of Anárion"
  9. 9.0 9.1 9.2 9.3 9.4 9.5 J.R.R. Tolkien, The Lord of the Rings, The Return of the King, "Minas Tirith".
  10. J.R.R. Tolkien, The Lord of the Rings, The Return of the King, "The Siege of Gondor"
  11. J.R.R. Tolkien, The Lord of the Rings, The Return of the King, "The Pyre of Denethor"
  12. J.R.R. Tolkien, The Lord of the Rings, The Return of the King, "The Battle of the Pelennor Fields"
  13. J.R.R. Tolkien, The Lord of the Rings, The Return of the King, "The Steward and the King".
  14. J.R.R. Tolkien, The Lord of the Rings, Appendix A, "Durin's Folk", p. 1080
  15. J.R.R. Tolkien, The Lord of the Rings, The Return of the King, "The Steward and the King", p. 968
  16. J.R.R. Tolkien, "Nomenclature of The Lord of the Rings" in Wayne G. Hammond and Christina Scull (eds), The Lord of the Rings: A Reader's Companion, entry Sunlending, p. 776
  17. J.R.R. Tolkien, Christopher Tolkien (ed.), The War of the Ring, "Part Three: Minas Tirith", "III. Minas Tirith".
  18. 18.0 18.1 J.R.R. Tolkien, "Words, Phrases and Passages in Various Tongues in The Lord of the Rings", in Parma Eldalamberon XVII (edited by Christopher Gilson), entry S Minas Tirith, p. 31
  19. 19.0 19.1 J.R.R. Tolkien, The Lord of the Rings, The Fellowship of the Ring, "The Council of Elrond", p. 245
  20. Paul Strack, "S. Minas Tirith loc.", Eldamo - An Elvish Lexicon (accessed 27 April 2023)
  21. 21.0 21.1 Paul Strack, "S. Minas Anor loc.", Eldamo - An Elvish Lexicon (accessed 27 April 2023)
  22. J.R.R. Tolkien, The Lord of the Rings, The Return of the King, "The Black Gate Opens", p. 884
  23. J.R.R. Tolkien, The Lord of the Rings, The Return of the King, "The Steward and the King", p. 964
  24. J.R.R. Tolkien, Christopher Tolkien (ed.), The Silmarillion, "Index of Names", entry Minas Anor
  25. J.R.R. Tolkien, Christopher Tolkien (ed.), Unfinished Tales, Index, entry Minas Anor
  26. J.R.R. Tolkien, The Lord of the Rings, The Fellowship of the Ring, "The Council of Elrond", p. 244
  27. J.R.R. Tolkien, Christopher Tolkien (ed.), The Silmarillion, "Of the Rings of Power and the Third Age"
  28. Wayne G. Hammond and Christina Scull (eds), The Lord of the Rings: A Reader's Companion, p. 400 citing from the entry Mundburg in the 1966 Index
  29. J.R.R. Tolkien, Christopher Tolkien (ed.), The Treason of Isengard, "XXVI. The King of the Golden Hall", note 7, p. 449
  30. J.R.R. Tolkien, The Lord of the Rings, The Two Towers, "The Departure of Boromir", p. 414 and p. 418
  31. J.R.R. Tolkien, The Lord of the Rings, The Two Towers, "The King of the Golden Hall", pp. 516-7
  32. J.R.R. Tolkien, The Lord of the Rings, The Return of the King, "The Siege of Gondor", p. 808
  33. J.R.R. Tolkien, The Lord of the Rings, The Return of the King, "The Black Gate Opens", p. 891
  34. J.R.R. Tolkien, The Lord of the Rings, The Return of the King, "The Steward and the King", p. 963
  35. J.R.R. Tolkien, The Lord of the Rings, The Return of the King, "Minas Tirith", p. 751
  36. J.R.R. Tolkien, The Lord of the Rings, The Return of the King, "The Steward and the King", p. 963
  37. J.R.R. Tolkien, The Lord of the Rings, The Return of the King, "The Ride of the Rohirrim"
  38. Robert Foster, The Complete Guide to Middle-earth, p. 366
  39. Wayne G. Hammond and Christina Scull (eds), The Lord of the Rings: A Reader's Companion, p. 570
  40. Wayne G. Hammond and Christina Scull (eds), The Lord of the Rings: A Reader's Companion, p. 746
  41. J.R.R. Tolkien; Humphrey Carpenter, Christopher Tolkien (eds.), The Letters of J.R.R. Tolkien, Letter 131, (undated, written late 1951)
Route of the Fellowship of the Ring
Aragorn, Gimli and Legolas
Rivendell · Eregion · Caradhras · Moria · Lothlórien · Caras Galadhon · Anduin · Parth Galen · Amon Hen · Eastemnet · Fangorn Forest · Rohan · Edoras · Hornburg · Isengard · Dunharrow · Paths of the Dead · Gondor · Hill of Erech · Lamedon · Linhir · Lebennin · Pelargir · Minas Tirith · Osgiliath · Cross-roads · Ithilien · Dagorlad · Black Gate · Field of Cormallen · Cair Andros · Gondor · Minas Tirith · Anórien · Rohan · Edoras · Isengard
Boromir
Rivendell · Eregion · Caradhras · Moria · Lothlórien · Caras Galadhon · Anduin · Parth Galen · Amon Hen
Frodo and Sam
Rivendell · Eregion · Caradhras · Moria · Lothlórien · Caras Galadhon · Anduin · Parth Galen · Amon Hen · Emyn Muil · Dead Marshes · Black Gate · Ithilien · Henneth Annûn · Cross-roads · Morgul Vale · Stairs of Cirith Ungol · Cirith Ungol · Shelob's Lair · Tower of Cirith Ungol · Mordor · Morgai · Plateau of Gorgoroth · Mount Doom · Field of Cormallen · Cair Andros · Gondor · Minas Tirith · Anórien · Rohan · Edoras · Isengard
Gandalf
Rivendell · Eregion · Caradhras · Moria · Celebdil† · Lothlórien · Fangorn Forest · Edoras · Hornburg · Isengard · Rohan · Anórien · Gondor · Minas Tirith · Osgiliath · Cross-roads · Ithilien · Dagorlad · Black Gate · Field of Cormallen · Cair Andros · Gondor · Minas Tirith · Anórien · Rohan · Edoras · Isengard
Merry
Rivendell · Eregion · Caradhras · Moria · Lothlórien · Caras Galadhon · Anduin · Parth Galen · Amon Hen · Emyn Muil · Eastemnet · Fangorn Forest · Wellinghall · Derndingle · Isengard · Hornburg · Dunharrow · Drúadan Forest · Gondor · Minas Tirith · Anórien · Rohan · Edoras · Isengard
Pippin
Rivendell · Eregion · Caradhras · Moria · Lothlórien · Caras Galadhon · Anduin · Amon Hen · Parth Galen · Emyn Muil · Eastemnet · Fangorn Forest · Wellinghall · Derndingle · Isengard · Rohan · Anórien · Gondor · Minas Tirith · Osgiliath · Cross-roads · Ithilien · Dagorlad · Black Gate · Field of Cormallen · Gondor · Cair Andros · Minas Tirith · Anórien · Rohan · Edoras · Isengard