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'''Neo-[[Elvish]]''' is a term that can refer to '''Neo-[[Quenya]]''' and/or '''Neo-[[Sindarin]]'''. Neo-Elvish encompasses attempts to productively standardize, regularize and even reconstruct [[J.R.R. Tolkien]]'s languages with the intent to be taught, studied and be used in [[fanon]] compositions. The terms Neo-Quenya, Neo-Sindarin etc arose so as to distinguish those attempts from Tolkien's own creations.
[[File:Parma Eldalamberon 10.jpg|thumb|Cover of [[Parma Eldalamberon 10]], illustrated by [[Patrick H. Wynne]]. The left part is occupied by a [[Tengwar]] text describing the death of [[Glorfindel]] (''[[The Book of Lost Tales Part Two]]'', p.194) translated into Quenya.]]
'''Neo-[[Quenya]]''' and/or '''Neo-[[Sindarin]]''' (collectivelly also called '''Neo-[[Elvish]]''') represent attempts of post-Tolkien use of the Elvish languages. The attempts include a productive standardization, regularization and even reconstruction of  [[J.R.R. Tolkien]]'s languages with the intent to be taught, studied and be used in [[fanfic]] compositions or even in dialogue. The terms Neo- arose so as to distinguish those attempts from the [[canon]]ical creations by Tolkien.
 
It must be noted that Neo-Elvish does not refer to original ''a priori'' creations; Neo-Elvish forms and grammar emerge from comparative and reconstructive methods from the canonical sources, albeit with varying arbitrarity.
==Overview of the problem==
==Overview of the problem==
Tolkien did not leave behind a definite, [[canon]]ical set of rules for his languages, and did not intend to create them in order to be useable. As a result, the information gathered posthumously from his notes might seem like fluid and fragmentary to someone who seeks to see a possible 'whole picture'. The absence of a final, canonical Quenya or Sindarin has the consequence that anyone attempting to compose an e.g. Quenya grammar, would eventually create a conventional, Neo-Quenya grammar.  
In his youth, Tolkien composed a grammar on the language called [[Goldogrin]]. He also attempted to compose an [[Adûnaic]] grammar which he left unfinished. Other than these, he did not leave behind a definite set of rules for his later languages (which we would accept as "canonical") because he did not intend to create them with the purpose to be usable. As a result, the information gathered posthumously from his notes might seem like fluid and fragmentary to someone who seeks to see a possible 'whole picture'. The absence of a final, canonical Quenya or Sindarin has the consequence that anyone attempting to compile a grammar, would eventually create a conventional and subjective grammar.  


In order to 'fill the gaps', such a person would rely on speculation, personal instinct and widely subjective interpretation; coping with Tolkien's continuous mutually exclusive revisions, the student would choose to reject Tolkien's older, temporary or 'anomalous' creations in order to keep the most plausibly canonical.
In order to 'fill the gaps', such a person would rely on speculation, personal instinct and widely subjective interpretation. Coping with Tolkien's continuous mutually exclusive revisions, the student would be forced to become selective and follow some priorities; this usually means a tendecy to reject Tolkien's older, temporary or 'anomalous' conceptions in favor of those that (for whatever reason) seem most stable and plausibly canonical.


For example, [[Helge Fauskanger]]'s grammar of Quenya, being such an attempt, is described as a: "''synthetic and regularized form of Quenya formed by the selective piecing-together of evidences from across decades of Tolkien's successive versions and elaborations of Quenya''".<ref>[http://www.elvish.org/resources.html Resources for Tolkienian linguistics] at [http://www.elvish.org/ The Elvish Linguistic Fellowship] (accessed 16 June 2011)</ref>
For example, [[Helge Fauskanger]]'s grammar of Quenya, being such an attempt, is described as a: "''synthetic and regularized form of Quenya formed by the selective piecing-together of evidences from across decades of Tolkien's successive versions and elaborations of Quenya''".<ref name="resources">[http://www.elvish.org/resources.html Resources for Tolkienian linguistics] at [http://www.elvish.org/ The Elvish Linguistic Fellowship] (accessed 16 June 2011)</ref>


==History==
==History==
Attempts to study or write in [[Elvish]] date back to at least the 1970s. An example composition of that era is ''Valinorenna'' by [[Björn Fromén]], published in the fanzine ''[[Palantiren]]'' 3 in [[1973]], using vocabulary only from words found in ''[[The Lord of the Rings]]''.<ref>[http://www.forodrim.org/daeron/md_vali.html Valinorenna]''</ref> Attempts continued the following decades, thanks to the publication of more of Tolkien's works, including the ''[[History of Middle-earth]]'' series, with most importantly, ''[[The Etymologies]]'' ([[1987]]), and the work of the [[Elvish Linguistic Fellowship]].
Attempts to study or write in [[Elvish]] date back to at least the 1970s. An example composition of that era is ''Valinorenna'' by [[Björn Fromén]], published in the fanzine ''[[Palantiren]]'' 3 in [[1973]], using vocabulary only from words found in ''[[The Lord of the Rings]]''.<ref>[http://www.forodrim.org/daeron/md_vali.html Valinorenna]''</ref> Attempts continued the following decades, thanks to the publication of more of Tolkien's works, including the ''[[History of Middle-earth]]'' series, with most importantly, ''[[The Etymologies]]'' ([[1987]]), and the work of the [[Elvish Linguistic Fellowship]].


Such publications made possible to infer some grammar rules from Tolkien's writings, and also made known the etymological-derivational system in which the Elvish languages work. It was thus made possible to create Sindarin words from Quenya cognates or artificially derive them from [[Proto-Quendian]] [[root]]s.
Such publications allowed the students to infer some grammar rules from Tolkien's writings, and also made known the etymological-derivational mechanics in which the Elvish languages work. It was thus made possible to create Sindarin words from Quenya cognates or artificially derive new words from related ones, or from [[Proto-Quendian]] [[root]]s.
[[Image:David Salo.jpg|thumb|[[David Salo]] has made attempts for the standardization of Sindarin and is often cited as an example of neo-Elvish proponents.]]
Attempts to write in Tolkien's languages include [[fanfiction]], tattoos or creations written in [[Tengwar]], translations of Tolkien's works into Elvish,<ref>Cf. [http://www.elvish.org/gwaith/silmarillion_project.htm Quenta Silmarillion Eldalambenen Project]</ref> translation of pre-existing literature such as Biblical passages, Christian prayers, original short poems and stories etc. Linguistic plays included the composition of (Neo-)Quenya poems without containing the very frequent vowel ''a''<ref>[http://www.elvish.org/elm/aplay.html A play]</ref> or the translation of ''[[Namárië]]'' to (Neo-)[[Telerin]]<ref>[http://www.elvish.org/gwaith/telerin_velasco.htm Alatarielo Nainie]</ref> or (Neo-)Sindarin<ref>[http://www.elvish.org/gwaith/navaer.htm Naergon Galadriel]</ref>.


Attempts to write in Tolkien's languages include fanon literature, [[Tengwar]] tattoos, translations of Tolkien's works into Elvish,<ref>Cf. [http://www.elvish.org/gwaith/silmarillion_project.htm Quenta Silmarillion Eldalambenen Project]</ref> translation of pre-existing literature such as Biblical passages, Christian prayers, original short poems and stories etc. Linguistic plays included the composition of (Neo-)Quenya poems without containing the very frequent vowel ''a''<ref>[http://www.elvish.org/elm/aplay.html A play]</ref> or the translation of ''[[Namárië]]'' to (Neo-)[[Telerin]]<ref>[http://www.elvish.org/gwaith/telerin_velasco.htm Alatarielo Nainie]</ref> or (Neo-)Sindarin<ref>[http://www.elvish.org/gwaith/navaer.htm Naergon Galadriel]</ref>.
Of course, the resulting 'literature' by no means represents a universal homogeneous consensus on Neo-Elvish. Each work reflects the personal understanding and preferences of its author at the time of writing and the conventions used can be mutually exclusive among authors.
 
Of course, the resulting 'literature' by no means represents a universal homogeneous consensus on Neo-Elvish. Each work reflects the personal understanding and preferences of its author at the time of writing and can be mutually exclusive.


Similar attempts were made to reconstruct Elvish grammar rules, such as inferring a full working pronominal system based on Primitive Quendian evidence;<ref>[[Ryszard Derdzinski]]'s [http://www.elvish.org/gwaith/language.htm Elvish Pronouns]</ref> a system according to which the Sindarin verbs are possibly conjugated;<ref>[[Helge Fauskanger]] and [[David Salo]]'s [http://www.uib.no/people/hnohf/sverb-rec.htm Reconstructing the Sindarin Verb System]</ref> or the usage of [[Noldorin]] language of ''The Etymologies'' to create Sindarin forms. Such interpretations were partially obsoleted by later publications of Tolkien's papers, but offered a framework at their time.
Similar attempts were made to reconstruct Elvish grammar rules, such as inferring a full working pronominal system based on Primitive Quendian evidence;<ref>[[Ryszard Derdzinski]]'s [http://www.elvish.org/gwaith/language.htm Elvish Pronouns]</ref> a system according to which the Sindarin verbs are possibly conjugated;<ref>[[Helge Fauskanger]] and [[David Salo]]'s [http://www.uib.no/people/hnohf/sverb-rec.htm Reconstructing the Sindarin Verb System]</ref> or the usage of [[Noldorin]] language of ''The Etymologies'' to create Sindarin forms. Such interpretations were partially obsoleted by later publications of Tolkien's papers, but offered a framework at their time.


The most prominent appearance of Neo-Elvish was in [[Peter Jackson's The Lord of the Rings|Peter Jackson's ''The Lord of the Rings'']] movie trilogy, which made use of linguist [[David Salo]]'s reconstructions. The movie also featured original lyrics in (Neo-)Elvish, (Neo-)[[Khuzdul]], (Neo-)[[Black Speech]] and other languages. However the scarcity of information on Khuzdul etc necessitated wholly original creation of vocabulary and grammar rules.
The most prominent appearance of Neo-Elvish was in [[Peter Jackson's The Lord of the Rings|Peter Jackson's ''The Lord of the Rings'']] movie trilogy, which made use of linguist [[David Salo]]'s reconstructions. The movie also featured original lyrics in (Neo-)Elvish, (Neo-)[[Khuzdul]], (Neo-)[[Black Speech]] and other languages. However the scarcity of information on Khuzdul etc necessitated wholly original ''[[Wikipedia:A priori (languages)|a priori]]'' creation of vocabulary and grammar rules.


The release of the films also boosted a temporary interest in studying and using Elvish.
The release of the films also boosted a temporary interest in studying and using Elvish.


==Criticism==
==Criticism==
While the understanding of [[Tolkien]]'s languages is a direct result of serious study and [[Tolkienology]] and is solely based to canonical linguistic evidence, the quest to Neo-Elvish borders to [[fanon]].
While the understanding of [[Tolkien]]'s languages is a direct result of serious study and [[Tolkienology]] and is solely based on canonical linguistic evidence, the quest for Neo-Elvish borders to [[fanon]]; critics speak about the "''problematic and illusory nature of [Neo-Elvish] as anything other than an approximation and introduction to the study of Tolkien's own linguistic inventions''"<ref name="resources"/>.
 
Critics say that Tolkien's intention did not move much further than simple creativity and experimentation and his languages are fluid in their very nature; standardizing or enriching them would only result in new original creations. They even claim that, since finalization was never a goal of Tolkien, uncovering the full range of variation in Tolkien's conception of his languages will only make a complete, definite form less rather than more achievable.
 
Other common fields of criticism have to do with
*subjective conventions which eventually are presented and passed over and finally adopted as facts by newcomers to the field;
*the arbitrary distinction of canon; a preference towards "mature Elvish" and rejection of early [[Qenya]] and [[Noldorin]] (whereas Tolkien never specifically divided the continuity of his languages as such);
*the "artificial" distinction between "valid", LotR-style forms vs "obsolete", inconsistent early forms.
*the simultaneous adoption of those very same Qenya and Noldorin sources to supplement the (Neo-)Quenya and Sindarin arsenal;
*sources that 'promote' Neo-Elvish, are usually criticized for providing inadequate references; making no distinction between proper Quenya/Sindarin sources; selective or artificial normalizations; selective imports from early Elvish; not making clear the points where the author made personal interpretations. Thus, these sources deprive the reader of the whole image.
 
As an example, ''[[A Gateway to Sindarin]]'' was a recent target of criticism for attempting to present a standard ("fabricated") Sindarin, yet being subject to the above failures. Among others, the book describes a plural form of Sindarin gerunds, while such a function was never described or appeared in Tolkien's writings.<ref>See "Elvish as She is Spoke" in the External links</ref>
==Vocabulary==
As mentioned earlier neo-Elvish vocabulary is not ''a priori'', but it is derived from the existing canon by means of reconstruction or analogy. Methods to create a needed word is:
 
''(Neo-Elvish words are marked with a #)''
*Analyse the etymology of a compound word and isolate the words it is composed of.
::Examples are #''hantale'' "thanksgiving" from ''[[Eruhantale]]'', which can further be analysed to derive from #''hanta-'' "to thank" (cf. ''maptale'' "seizure" from ''mapta-'' "to seize"<ref>{{PE|13}}, p.163</ref>. Another example is #''[[corma]]'' "ring" from the compound ''[[corma|Cormacolindor]]'' "[[Ring-bearer]]s".<ref>[[Helge Fauskanger]]'s ''[http://folk.uib.no/hnohf/quen-eng.htm Quettaparma Quenyallo]''</ref>
 
*Combine a known word-stem with a known [[:Category:affixes|affix]].
::For example the early #''tyelpea'' Q "silver (adj)" from ''[[tyelpe]]'' and the common adjectival ending ''-ea'' (cf. ''[[laurea]]'' "golden")<ref>[[Anthony Appleyard]], ''[http://tolklang.quettar.org/articles/Appleyard.Quenya Quenya Grammar Reexamined]'' PREFACE, Vinyakaarie</ref>. The word has been superceded by canonical ''telpina'' and ''telemna''<ref>{{LR|Etymologies}}, entry KYELEP/TELEP</ref>
 
*Create a meaningful compound from existing Elvish words.
::An example is Q #''lapselunga'' for "pregnant" (lit. "baby-heavy"); compound of ''lapse'' "babe" and ''lunga'' "heavy"<ref name="newwords">[http://www.elvish.org/elm/newwords.html Newwords] list compiled by [[Ales Bican]]</ref>
 
*Borrow words from earlier versions of the languages ([[Qenya]], [[Gnomish]], [[Noldorin]]) and "update" them according to (mostly) regular changes made by Tolkien in the process.
::The Q word #''vandil'' for "staff", from early Quenya ''vandl''<ref>{{HM|LT1}}, p.264</ref> since no word can end in ''-dl'' in canonical Quenya. This is based on the Qenya word ''findl'', later updated by Tolkien as ''[[findil]]''.
::The [http://www.jrrvf.com/hisweloke/sindar/online/english.html Sindarin Dictionary] maintained by [[Didier Willis]] includes a version containing Noldorin words from the ''[[Etymologies]]'' "normalized" to Sindarin according to how similar words appear in ''LotR'' or post-''LotR'' texts. For example such Noldorin words as ''bein, bui, bior, camland, rhoeg'' have been updated to Sindarin as ''#bain, #boe, #bŷr, #cae, #camlann, #raeg'' although they haven't been confirmed so by published Tolkien texts.
 
*Translate or derive a cognate from Sindarin to Quenya or vice-versa and create supposed cognates.
::The ''[[King's Letter]]'' contains the Sindarin word ''egor'' "or". Some authors have derived ''egor'' from possible [[Old Sindarin]] *''(h)ekr(a)''. This word could have the supposed Quenya reflex #''ecar'' or #''herca''.<ref name="newwords"/> Note however that the word has been superceded by the canonical ''hya''<ref>{{VT|49}}, p.14</ref> which is unrelated


Critics say that Tolkien's intention did not move much further than simple creativity and experimentation and his languages are fluid in their very nature; standardizing or enriching them would only result in new original creations. Those claim that after uncovering the full range of variation in Tolkien's conception of his languages will frustrate rather than point towards a final, definite form.
*Derive a word from a [[Primitive Elvish]] root and [[:Category:affixes|affixes]].
::An example is #''yungwa'' for "appliance", supposed derivative of PE *#''yukmā'' from the attested root YUK "use" and the frequent nominative affix ''[[-ma]]''<ref>[http://www.elvish.org/gwaith/ppq.htm Parma Penyane Quettaron] - Word coined by Petri Tikka</ref>. The word mirrors the canonical Quenya process ''km'' > ''ngw'' as in the word ''[[tengwa]]'' (from PE ''tekmā'').


Critics furthermore speak about the "problematic and illusory nature of [Neo-Elvish] as anything other than an approximation and introduction to the study of Tolkien's own linguistic inventions"<ref name="resources"/>. Common criticism is about the subjective conventions which eventually are reproduced and passed over and eventually adopted as facts by newcomers to the field.
Around [[2000]], some wordlists of already established neo-vocabulary have been compiled online in order to facilitate authors who might need useful words for newer compositions, and likewise establish a fan "canon" or word repository.<ref>[http://www.elvish.org/gwaith/ppq_intro.htm Preface] to the Parma Penyane Quettaron</ref>


==See also==
==See also==
*[[Carl F. Hostetter]]
*[[Carl F. Hostetter]]
*[[A Gateway to Sindarin]]
*[[A Gateway to Sindarin]]
*[[Grelvish]]
*[[Elvish#Other_Elvish_languages]]
{{references}}
{{references}}
==External links==
==External links==
*[http://www.elvish.org/FAQ.html Elvish.org FAQ] — Article by Carl F. Hostetter. Presents a succinct counterpoint citing Tolkien's own views of the purpose, completeness and usability of his languages.
*[http://midgardsmal.com/ Midgardsmal] - David Salo's blog concerning [[neo-Elvish]] in [[Peter Jackson]]'s movies.
*"[http://www.elvish.org/articles/EASIS.pdf Elvish as She Is Spoke]" — Article by Carl F. Hostetter. A thorough examination of Tolkien's purposes in inventing his Elvish languages and his practices in describing them, their consequent nature, and the inherent pitfalls in any attempt to "speak Elvish". Republished with permission from The Lord of the Rings 1954–2004: Scholarship in Honor of Richard E. Blackwelder (Marquette, 2006), ed. Wayne G. Hammond and Christina Scull.
*[http://www.realelvish.net Merin Essi ar Quenteli] - Lists of words, names, phrases and tutorials, intended for writers of fan fiction and RPGamers.
 
*[[Thorsten Renk]]'s [http://www.phy.duke.edu/~trenk/elvish/rogue.html A rogue's guide to Sindarin reconstruction] - Inquiry on the creation of Neo-Sindarin words, with examples of deriving one from Primitive Quendian.
*[[Thorsten Renk]]'s [http://www.phy.duke.edu/~trenk/elvish/rogue.html A rogue's guide to Sindarin reconstruction] - Inquiry on the creation of Neo-Sindarin words, with examples of deriving one from Primitive Quendian.
*[http://www.elvish.org/gwaith/language.htm Gwaith-i-Pethdain] - Page with essays, reconstructions, Neo-Elvish wordlists and a big list of Neo-Elvish texts.
*[http://www.elvish.org/gwaith/language.htm Gwaith-i-Pethdain] - Page with essays, reconstructions, Neo-Elvish wordlists and a big list of Neo-Elvish texts.
**[http://www.elvish.org/gwaith/movie_news.htm Language in the ''Lord of the Rings'' movie] - analysis of the Elvish dialogues and texts featured in [[The Lord of the Rings (film series)|''The Lord of the Rings'' (film series)]].
*[http://www.elvish.org/elm/newwords.html Newwords] - sample of Neo-Elvish vocabulary
*[http://www.elvish.org/elm/newwords.html Newwords] - sample of Neo-Elvish vocabulary
*[http://www.elvish.org/gwaith/ppq.htm Parma Penyane Quettaron] - More expanded Neo-Elvish vocabulary, maintained by [[Boris Shapiro]] until 2003
*[http://www.elvish.org/elm/others.html List of Neo-Elvish compositions]
*[http://www.elvish.org/elm/others.html List of Neo-Elvish compositions]
*[http://folk.uib.no/hnohf/ Ardalambion] - Apart from a resource for Tolkien's languages, it also contains some original 'post-Tolkien' compositions (poems and Biblical fragments), essays like "The Quest for Standard Sindarin" and "Suggested Conjugation" and a (Neo-)Quenya course.
*[http://folk.uib.no/hnohf/ Ardalambion] - Apart from a resource for Tolkien's languages, it also contains some original 'post-Tolkien' compositions (poems and Biblical fragments), essays like "The Quest for Standard Sindarin" and "Suggested Conjugation" and a (Neo-)Quenya course.


[[category:fanon]][[category:fandom]][[category:linguistics]]
===Critical===
*[http://www.elvish.org/FAQ.html Elvish.org FAQ] — Article by [[Carl F. Hostetter]]. Presents a succinct counterpoint citing Tolkien's own views of the purpose, completeness and usability of his languages.
*"[http://www.elvish.org/articles/EASIS.pdf Elvish as She Is Spoke]" — Article by Carl F. Hostetter. A thorough examination of Tolkien's purposes in inventing his Elvish languages and his practices in describing them, their consequent nature, and the inherent pitfalls in any attempt to "speak Elvish". Republished with permission from ''[[The Lord of the Rings 1954-2004|The Lord of the Rings 1954-2004: Scholarship in Honor of Richard E. Blackwelder]]'' ([[Marquette]], [[2006]]), ed. [[Wayne G. Hammond]] and [[Christina Scull]].
*"[http://www.elvish.org/Tengwestie/editorials/20040404.phtml Are Goldogrin and Qenya “primitive”?]" by [[Patrick H. Wynne]] - criticizing the usual selectivity of "LotR-style" Elvish over early forms of "immature" Elvish.
[[Category:fanon]][[Category:fandom]][[Category:linguistics]]

Revision as of 17:17, 18 February 2013

Cover of Parma Eldalamberon 10, illustrated by Patrick H. Wynne. The left part is occupied by a Tengwar text describing the death of Glorfindel (The Book of Lost Tales Part Two, p.194) translated into Quenya.

Neo-Quenya and/or Neo-Sindarin (collectivelly also called Neo-Elvish) represent attempts of post-Tolkien use of the Elvish languages. The attempts include a productive standardization, regularization and even reconstruction of J.R.R. Tolkien's languages with the intent to be taught, studied and be used in fanfic compositions or even in dialogue. The terms Neo- arose so as to distinguish those attempts from the canonical creations by Tolkien.

It must be noted that Neo-Elvish does not refer to original a priori creations; Neo-Elvish forms and grammar emerge from comparative and reconstructive methods from the canonical sources, albeit with varying arbitrarity.

Overview of the problem

In his youth, Tolkien composed a grammar on the language called Goldogrin. He also attempted to compose an Adûnaic grammar which he left unfinished. Other than these, he did not leave behind a definite set of rules for his later languages (which we would accept as "canonical") because he did not intend to create them with the purpose to be usable. As a result, the information gathered posthumously from his notes might seem like fluid and fragmentary to someone who seeks to see a possible 'whole picture'. The absence of a final, canonical Quenya or Sindarin has the consequence that anyone attempting to compile a grammar, would eventually create a conventional and subjective grammar.

In order to 'fill the gaps', such a person would rely on speculation, personal instinct and widely subjective interpretation. Coping with Tolkien's continuous mutually exclusive revisions, the student would be forced to become selective and follow some priorities; this usually means a tendecy to reject Tolkien's older, temporary or 'anomalous' conceptions in favor of those that (for whatever reason) seem most stable and plausibly canonical.

For example, Helge Fauskanger's grammar of Quenya, being such an attempt, is described as a: "synthetic and regularized form of Quenya formed by the selective piecing-together of evidences from across decades of Tolkien's successive versions and elaborations of Quenya".[1]

History

Attempts to study or write in Elvish date back to at least the 1970s. An example composition of that era is Valinorenna by Björn Fromén, published in the fanzine Palantiren 3 in 1973, using vocabulary only from words found in The Lord of the Rings.[2] Attempts continued the following decades, thanks to the publication of more of Tolkien's works, including the History of Middle-earth series, with most importantly, The Etymologies (1987), and the work of the Elvish Linguistic Fellowship.

Such publications allowed the students to infer some grammar rules from Tolkien's writings, and also made known the etymological-derivational mechanics in which the Elvish languages work. It was thus made possible to create Sindarin words from Quenya cognates or artificially derive new words from related ones, or from Proto-Quendian roots.

David Salo has made attempts for the standardization of Sindarin and is often cited as an example of neo-Elvish proponents.

Attempts to write in Tolkien's languages include fanfiction, tattoos or creations written in Tengwar, translations of Tolkien's works into Elvish,[3] translation of pre-existing literature such as Biblical passages, Christian prayers, original short poems and stories etc. Linguistic plays included the composition of (Neo-)Quenya poems without containing the very frequent vowel a[4] or the translation of Namárië to (Neo-)Telerin[5] or (Neo-)Sindarin[6].

Of course, the resulting 'literature' by no means represents a universal homogeneous consensus on Neo-Elvish. Each work reflects the personal understanding and preferences of its author at the time of writing and the conventions used can be mutually exclusive among authors.

Similar attempts were made to reconstruct Elvish grammar rules, such as inferring a full working pronominal system based on Primitive Quendian evidence;[7] a system according to which the Sindarin verbs are possibly conjugated;[8] or the usage of Noldorin language of The Etymologies to create Sindarin forms. Such interpretations were partially obsoleted by later publications of Tolkien's papers, but offered a framework at their time.

The most prominent appearance of Neo-Elvish was in Peter Jackson's The Lord of the Rings movie trilogy, which made use of linguist David Salo's reconstructions. The movie also featured original lyrics in (Neo-)Elvish, (Neo-)Khuzdul, (Neo-)Black Speech and other languages. However the scarcity of information on Khuzdul etc necessitated wholly original a priori creation of vocabulary and grammar rules.

The release of the films also boosted a temporary interest in studying and using Elvish.

Criticism

While the understanding of Tolkien's languages is a direct result of serious study and Tolkienology and is solely based on canonical linguistic evidence, the quest for Neo-Elvish borders to fanon; critics speak about the "problematic and illusory nature of [Neo-Elvish] as anything other than an approximation and introduction to the study of Tolkien's own linguistic inventions"[1].

Critics say that Tolkien's intention did not move much further than simple creativity and experimentation and his languages are fluid in their very nature; standardizing or enriching them would only result in new original creations. They even claim that, since finalization was never a goal of Tolkien, uncovering the full range of variation in Tolkien's conception of his languages will only make a complete, definite form less rather than more achievable.

Other common fields of criticism have to do with

  • subjective conventions which eventually are presented and passed over and finally adopted as facts by newcomers to the field;
  • the arbitrary distinction of canon; a preference towards "mature Elvish" and rejection of early Qenya and Noldorin (whereas Tolkien never specifically divided the continuity of his languages as such);
  • the "artificial" distinction between "valid", LotR-style forms vs "obsolete", inconsistent early forms.
  • the simultaneous adoption of those very same Qenya and Noldorin sources to supplement the (Neo-)Quenya and Sindarin arsenal;
  • sources that 'promote' Neo-Elvish, are usually criticized for providing inadequate references; making no distinction between proper Quenya/Sindarin sources; selective or artificial normalizations; selective imports from early Elvish; not making clear the points where the author made personal interpretations. Thus, these sources deprive the reader of the whole image.

As an example, A Gateway to Sindarin was a recent target of criticism for attempting to present a standard ("fabricated") Sindarin, yet being subject to the above failures. Among others, the book describes a plural form of Sindarin gerunds, while such a function was never described or appeared in Tolkien's writings.[9]

Vocabulary

As mentioned earlier neo-Elvish vocabulary is not a priori, but it is derived from the existing canon by means of reconstruction or analogy. Methods to create a needed word is:

(Neo-Elvish words are marked with a #)

  • Analyse the etymology of a compound word and isolate the words it is composed of.
Examples are #hantale "thanksgiving" from Eruhantale, which can further be analysed to derive from #hanta- "to thank" (cf. maptale "seizure" from mapta- "to seize"[10]. Another example is #corma "ring" from the compound Cormacolindor "Ring-bearers".[11]
  • Combine a known word-stem with a known affix.
For example the early #tyelpea Q "silver (adj)" from tyelpe and the common adjectival ending -ea (cf. laurea "golden")[12]. The word has been superceded by canonical telpina and telemna[13]
  • Create a meaningful compound from existing Elvish words.
An example is Q #lapselunga for "pregnant" (lit. "baby-heavy"); compound of lapse "babe" and lunga "heavy"[14]
  • Borrow words from earlier versions of the languages (Qenya, Gnomish, Noldorin) and "update" them according to (mostly) regular changes made by Tolkien in the process.
The Q word #vandil for "staff", from early Quenya vandl[15] since no word can end in -dl in canonical Quenya. This is based on the Qenya word findl, later updated by Tolkien as findil.
The Sindarin Dictionary maintained by Didier Willis includes a version containing Noldorin words from the Etymologies "normalized" to Sindarin according to how similar words appear in LotR or post-LotR texts. For example such Noldorin words as bein, bui, bior, camland, rhoeg have been updated to Sindarin as #bain, #boe, #bŷr, #cae, #camlann, #raeg although they haven't been confirmed so by published Tolkien texts.
  • Translate or derive a cognate from Sindarin to Quenya or vice-versa and create supposed cognates.
The King's Letter contains the Sindarin word egor "or". Some authors have derived egor from possible Old Sindarin *(h)ekr(a). This word could have the supposed Quenya reflex #ecar or #herca.[14] Note however that the word has been superceded by the canonical hya[16] which is unrelated
An example is #yungwa for "appliance", supposed derivative of PE *#yukmā from the attested root YUK "use" and the frequent nominative affix -ma[17]. The word mirrors the canonical Quenya process km > ngw as in the word tengwa (from PE tekmā).

Around 2000, some wordlists of already established neo-vocabulary have been compiled online in order to facilitate authors who might need useful words for newer compositions, and likewise establish a fan "canon" or word repository.[18]

See also

References

External links

Critical