North Sindarin: Difference between revisions
(marked for reference cleanup {{footnotes}}) |
|||
| (19 intermediate revisions by 9 users not shown) | |||
| Line 1: | Line 1: | ||
{{ | {{disambig-more|Mithrim|[[Mithrim (disambiguation)]]}} | ||
'''North Sindarin''' or '''Mithrim''' is an extinct dialect of [[Sindarin]]. It was spoken in [[Mithrim]] and the highlands of [[Beleriand]]. | {{footnotes}} | ||
'''North Sindarin''', also called '''Mithrimin''' or just '''Mithrim''',<ref>{{PE|17}} p.134</ref><ref>{{WJ|Index}}</ref> is an extinct dialect of [[Sindarin]]. It was spoken in [[Mithrim]] and the highlands of [[Beleriand]]. | |||
==History== | ==History== | ||
The [[Sindar]] of [[Beleriand]] were divided in several groups, and their language had developed some dialects. North Sindarin, the flavour of Sindarin spoken by the ''Mithrim'', the northernmost group of the Sindar, differed from the Sindarin of Beleriand proper in many aspects. It was this language which was adopted by the exiled [[Noldor]] after their return to [[Middle-earth]], and by their mortal allies, the [[House of | The [[Sindar]] of [[Beleriand]] were divided in several groups, and their language had developed some dialects. North Sindarin, the flavour of Sindarin spoken by the ''Mithrim'', the northernmost group of the Sindar, differed from the Sindarin of Beleriand proper in many aspects. It was this language which was adopted by the exiled [[Noldor]] after their return to [[Middle-earth]], and by their mortal allies, the [[House of Bëor]]. During this time North Sindarin was changed much, partially due to the adoption of [[Quenya]] features, and partially due to the love of the Noldor for making linguistic changes. [[Beren]]'s heritage was clear to [[Thingol]] of [[Doriath]] as he spoke the North Sindarin of his homeland. | ||
North Sindarin retained many features of Archaic Sindarin which had been lost in the Sindarin of Beleriand proper, but also went through several changes of its own: lenition occurred far less in this dialect than in the other dialects. | North Sindarin retained many features of Archaic Sindarin which had been lost in the Sindarin of Beleriand proper, but also went through several changes of its own: lenition occurred far less in this dialect than in the other dialects. | ||
After the end of the [[First Age]], the survivors of Beleriand's realms generally adopted the more southern variants of Sindarin, but several proper names | After the end of the [[First Age]], the survivors of Beleriand's realms generally adopted the more southern variants of Sindarin, but several proper names uninterpretable in normal Sindarin which remained in use during the [[Third Age]] show North Sindarin influence. | ||
==Other versions of the legendarium== | ==Other versions of the legendarium== | ||
In Tolkien's earliest writings, there was a language called [[Ilkorin]], the language of the Ilkorindi (the [[Dark Elves]] who stayed in [[Middle-earth|Great Lands]]). After Tolkien evolved his mythology, the background and setting of the stories changed, and Ilkorin was replaced by [[Sindarin]], the language of the [[Sindar]]. | In Tolkien's earliest writings, there was a language called [[Ilkorin]], the language of the Ilkorindi (the [[Dark Elves]] who stayed in the [[Middle-earth|Great Lands]]). After Tolkien evolved his mythology, the background and setting of the stories changed, and Ilkorin was replaced by [[Sindarin]], the language of the [[Sindar]]. | ||
[[Edward Kloczko]] observed | [[Edward Kloczko]] observed that the few words mentioned as "Mithrim" fit to the phonological changes and principles seen in Ilkorin: for example Mithrim has ''ô'' where Sindarin has ''au'', and retains final ''-v'' and ''-m'' where Sindarin has final ''-w''; he theorized that Tolkien recycled parts of Ilkorin as Mithrim.<ref>Edward Kloczko, "Ilkorin and North Sindarin", in [[Tyalië Tyelelliéva 9|''Tyalië Tyelelliéva'' #9]], October [[1996]]</ref> | ||
===The case of cw=== | ===The case of cw=== | ||
Sindarin descends from [[Common Telerin]], where the primitive sound ''kw'' (seen in Quenya as ''qu'') was simplified in ''p'' (cf. Quenya ''[[quár]]'' against Telerin ''[[Pār]]'' and Sindarin ''[[paur]]''). | |||
Ilkorin, which was conceived by Tolkien for an earlier version of the setting, maintains primitive ''kw'', which stays ''cw'' or ''c'' in some Ilkorin words such as ''alch'' ([[LAK|ALÁK<sup>w</sup>Â]]), ''côm'' ([[KWAM|K<sup>w</sup>AM]]), ''cwess'' ([[KWESS|K<sup>w</sup>ESS]]), ''salch'' ([[SALÁK|SALÁK<sup>w</sup>Ê]]): a phonetic retention that would be unexpected in a Sindarin dialect. (Also, some ancestral sounds extinct in Sindarin were changed into the viable sounds "g" and "go" in Ilkorin.) | |||
Assuming North Sindarin is not, linguistically speaking, completely identical to Ilkorin, and thus as in other Sindarin dialects the "kw" sound was not conserved, the aforementioned words may exist in the forms of ''*alph, *pôm, *pess, *salph'' in North Sindarin. | |||
=== | ===Mithrimin and Doriathrin=== | ||
The word ''[[lómin]]'' (cf. [[Dor-Lómin]]) was a variant of ''lómen'' "echoing", both in [[Doriathrin]]<ref>{{LR|Etymologies}}, entry LAM</ref>, another dialect of Tolkien's early legendarium; Doriathrin shows adjectives ending in ''-in'' instead of standard Sindarin ''[[-en]]'' (''[[Dungorthin]], [[muilin]]''). | |||
Tolkien later redefined ''lómin'' as a Mithrimin word as an example of the absence of [[a-affection]] in the dialect<ref>{{PE|17}} p.133</ref>, this absence resulting in unusual ''-in'' endings. | |||
Likewise, the ending ''-in'' is attested in Ilkorin (''[[Ermabin]]'') but also ''-en'' (''[[thúren]], [[Mablosgen]]''). | |||
{{references}} | |||
<small> | |||
*{{HM|WJ}} | |||
*[[Ryszard Derdziński]], "[http://www.elvish.org/gwaith/pdf/nsindarin.pdf Northern Dialect of Sindarin]", [[Gwaith-i-Phethdain]] | |||
*[[Helge Fauskanger]], "[http://www.uib.no/people/hnohf/ilkorin.htm Ilkorin]", [[Ardalambion]] | |||
*[[Roman Rausch]], "[http://www.sindanoorie.net/art/Mithrimin.html Mithrimin]", at Sindanórië</small> | |||
==External links== | ==External links== | ||
*[http://docs.google.com/View?id=dc25cq9n_11gdfbhxdm Wordlist of Mithrim], comprised of Ilkorin corpus with neo-North Sindarin "updates" | *[http://docs.google.com/View?id=dc25cq9n_11gdfbhxdm Wordlist of Mithrim], comprised of Ilkorin corpus with neo-North Sindarin "updates" | ||
{{languages}} | |||
[[Category:Sindarin]] | [[Category:Sindarin]] | ||
Latest revision as of 10:33, 15 January 2024
|
This article includes a list of references, but its sources remain unclear because it lacks page numbers and/or inline citations. Please improve this article by introducing more precise citations where appropriate. |
North Sindarin, also called Mithrimin or just Mithrim,[1][2] is an extinct dialect of Sindarin. It was spoken in Mithrim and the highlands of Beleriand.
History[edit | edit source]
The Sindar of Beleriand were divided in several groups, and their language had developed some dialects. North Sindarin, the flavour of Sindarin spoken by the Mithrim, the northernmost group of the Sindar, differed from the Sindarin of Beleriand proper in many aspects. It was this language which was adopted by the exiled Noldor after their return to Middle-earth, and by their mortal allies, the House of Bëor. During this time North Sindarin was changed much, partially due to the adoption of Quenya features, and partially due to the love of the Noldor for making linguistic changes. Beren's heritage was clear to Thingol of Doriath as he spoke the North Sindarin of his homeland.
North Sindarin retained many features of Archaic Sindarin which had been lost in the Sindarin of Beleriand proper, but also went through several changes of its own: lenition occurred far less in this dialect than in the other dialects.
After the end of the First Age, the survivors of Beleriand's realms generally adopted the more southern variants of Sindarin, but several proper names uninterpretable in normal Sindarin which remained in use during the Third Age show North Sindarin influence.
Other versions of the legendarium[edit | edit source]
In Tolkien's earliest writings, there was a language called Ilkorin, the language of the Ilkorindi (the Dark Elves who stayed in the Great Lands). After Tolkien evolved his mythology, the background and setting of the stories changed, and Ilkorin was replaced by Sindarin, the language of the Sindar.
Edward Kloczko observed that the few words mentioned as "Mithrim" fit to the phonological changes and principles seen in Ilkorin: for example Mithrim has ô where Sindarin has au, and retains final -v and -m where Sindarin has final -w; he theorized that Tolkien recycled parts of Ilkorin as Mithrim.[3]
The case of cw[edit | edit source]
Sindarin descends from Common Telerin, where the primitive sound kw (seen in Quenya as qu) was simplified in p (cf. Quenya quár against Telerin Pār and Sindarin paur).
Ilkorin, which was conceived by Tolkien for an earlier version of the setting, maintains primitive kw, which stays cw or c in some Ilkorin words such as alch (ALÁKwÂ), côm (KwAM), cwess (KwESS), salch (SALÁKwÊ): a phonetic retention that would be unexpected in a Sindarin dialect. (Also, some ancestral sounds extinct in Sindarin were changed into the viable sounds "g" and "go" in Ilkorin.)
Assuming North Sindarin is not, linguistically speaking, completely identical to Ilkorin, and thus as in other Sindarin dialects the "kw" sound was not conserved, the aforementioned words may exist in the forms of *alph, *pôm, *pess, *salph in North Sindarin.
Mithrimin and Doriathrin[edit | edit source]
The word lómin (cf. Dor-Lómin) was a variant of lómen "echoing", both in Doriathrin[4], another dialect of Tolkien's early legendarium; Doriathrin shows adjectives ending in -in instead of standard Sindarin -en (Dungorthin, muilin).
Tolkien later redefined lómin as a Mithrimin word as an example of the absence of a-affection in the dialect[5], this absence resulting in unusual -in endings.
Likewise, the ending -in is attested in Ilkorin (Ermabin) but also -en (thúren, Mablosgen).
References
- ↑ J.R.R. Tolkien, "Words, Phrases and Passages in Various Tongues in The Lord of the Rings", in Parma Eldalamberon XVII (edited by Christopher Gilson) p.134
- ↑ J.R.R. Tolkien, Christopher Tolkien (ed.), The War of the Jewels, "Index"
- ↑ Edward Kloczko, "Ilkorin and North Sindarin", in Tyalië Tyelelliéva #9, October 1996
- ↑ J.R.R. Tolkien, Christopher Tolkien (ed.), The Lost Road and Other Writings, Part Three: "The Etymologies", entry LAM
- ↑ J.R.R. Tolkien, "Words, Phrases and Passages in Various Tongues in The Lord of the Rings", in Parma Eldalamberon XVII (edited by Christopher Gilson) p.133
- J.R.R. Tolkien, Christopher Tolkien (ed.), The War of the Jewels
- Ryszard Derdziński, "Northern Dialect of Sindarin", Gwaith-i-Phethdain
- Helge Fauskanger, "Ilkorin", Ardalambion
- Roman Rausch, "Mithrimin", at Sindanórië
External links[edit | edit source]
- Wordlist of Mithrim, comprised of Ilkorin corpus with neo-North Sindarin "updates"
