https://tolkiengateway.net/w/api.php?action=feedcontributions&user=Elendil&feedformat=atomTolkien Gateway - User contributions [en]2024-03-29T08:52:48ZUser contributionsMediaWiki 1.39.3https://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=Westron_Tengwar&diff=117356Westron Tengwar2010-08-04T06:05:31Z<p>Elendil: </p>
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<div>The '''Westron mode for Tengwar''', or '''Numenian Mode Chart ([http://www.forodrim.org/daeron/mdtci.html#DTS52 DTS52])''' is a [[Westron]] mode for [[Tengwar]] devised by [[J.R.R. Tolkien]], first published in Jim Allan's ''Report from Marquette''. <br />
<br />
The following Westron names are given:<br />
<br />
{|Style: border="1" cellspacing="0" style="text-align:left"<br />
|-<br />
!width="300px"|Tinco-téma<br />
!width="300px"|Parma-téma<br />
!width="300px"|Calma-téma<br />
!width="300px"|Quessë-téma<br />
|-<br />
|1. Tó - [[Tinco]]<br />
|2. Pí - [[Parma]]<br />
|3. Ché - [[Calma]]<br />
|4. Cá - [[Quessë]]<br />
|-<br />
|5. Dó - [[Ando]]<br />
|6. Bí - [[Umbar]]<br />
|7. Jé - [[Anga]]<br />
|8. Gá - [[Ungwë]]<br />
|-<br />
|9. Thó - [[Súlë]]<br />
|10. Fí - [[Formen]]<br />
|11. [[Shé]] - [[Aha]]<br />
|12. Aha - [[Hwesta]]<br />
|-<br />
|13. Adho - [[Anto]]<br />
|14. Ivi - [[Ampa]]<br />
|15. Izhe - [[Anca]]<br />
|16. Agha - [[Unquë]]<br />
|-<br />
|17. Nó - [[Númen]]<br />
|18. Mí - [[Malta]]<br />
|19. Nyé - [[Noldo]]<br />
|20. Ngá - [[Ngwalmë]]<br />
|-<br />
|21. Ar - [[Orë]]<br />
|22. Wí - [[Vala]]<br />
|23. Yé - [[Anna]]<br />
|24. 'Á - [[Vilya]]<br />
|-<br />
|25. Aro - [[Rómen]]<br />
|26. Rhó - [[Arda]]<br />
|27. Alo - [[Lambë]]<br />
|28. Lhó - [[Alda]]<br />
|-<br />
|29. Só - [[Silmë]]<br />
|30. Ós - [[Silmë Nuquerna]] <br />
|31. Azo - [[Essë]]<br />
|32. Oza - [[Essë Nuquerna]]<br />
|-<br />
|33. Há - [[Hyarmen]]<br />
|34. Whí - [[Hwesta Sindarinwa]]<br />
|35. Ai - [[Yanta]]<br />
|36. Au - [[Urë]]<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
* [http://www.forodrim.org/daeron/mdtci.html#DTS52 DTS52]<br />
* ''Report from Marquette'' by Jim Allan<br />
<br />
[[Category: Tengwar]]<br />
[[Category: Westron words]]<br />
<br />
[[fr:langues/ecritures/tengwar/noms_tengwar#les_noms_en_westron]]</div>Elendilhttps://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=Glaurung&diff=117355Glaurung2010-08-04T05:43:32Z<p>Elendil: </p>
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<div>{{expansion}}<br />
{{evil infobox<br />
| image=[[Image:John Howe - Nienor and Glaurung.jpg|250px]]<br />
| name=Glaurung<br />
| othernames="The Deceiver," "The Great Worm," "The Father of Dragons", [[Undolaurë]], [[Laurundo]]<br />
| created=Unknown<br />
| years=[[First Age|F.A.]] [[First Age 260|260]] - [[First Age 499|499]]<br />
| age=Unknown<br />
| destroyed=[[First Age 499|F.A. 499]]<br />
| realm=[[Angband]]<br />
| gender=Male<br />
| race=[[Dragons]]<br />
| appearance=<br />
| accomplishments=[[Sack of Nargothrond]], death of [[Túrin|Túrin Turambar]]<br />
|}}{{Pronounce|Glaurung.mp3|Ardamir}}<br />
Known as the Deceiver and [[Great Worm]], '''Glaurung''' ([[Sindarin|S]], pron. {{IPA|[ˈɡlaʊruŋ]}}) was a land-bound fire-breathing [[Dragons|Dragon]].<br />
<br />
Glaurung was a very powerful and cunning dragon, and he used his abilities to achieve his desired ends without resorting to direct physical violence (which he was equally proficient at). It was his nature to trick and deceive, and to spread lies and deceptions so cleverly that they could not be discovered until it was too late. In this manner, he accomplished much more damage than he could have with brute force, and caused the destruction of the [[Elves|Elven]] stronghold of [[Nargothrond]] and the suicide of mankind's greatest hero to date, [[Túrin|Túrin Turambar]]. He caused [[Dragon-spell|amnesia]] in Túrin's sister [[Nienor Níniel]], and since she had never met her brother, they eventually married. However, Glaurung himself was slain by Túrin before he committed suicide.<br />
<br />
==History==<br />
[[Image:Guy Gondron - The Slaying of Glaurung.jpg|thumb|left|200px|''The Slaying of Glaurung'' by [[Guy Gondron]]]] Glaurung was called the Father of Dragons. It is not known with certainty, but it is largely suspected that he sired the rest of his race (or at least of his own sub-species, the Urulóki: wingless firebreathing dragons). He was bred by Morgoth from some unknown stock and was the first dragon to appear outside of [[Angband]]. This first appearance occurred during the [[Dagor Bragollach]], when he came forth to attack. <br />
<br />
But Morgoth was not pleased. Glaurung revealed himself too early; he was still young and immature. He was defeated and driven back to Angband by mounted Elven archers led by Fingon son of Fingolfin. <br />
<br />
After the sack of Nargothrond, he made a nest of treasure in the abandoned tunnels of the city. <br />
<br />
==Other versions of the Legendarium==<br />
It is likely that he is the dragon that appears in Tolkien's poem "[[The Hoard]]" in ''[[The Adventures of Tom Bombadil]]'', which seems to be based on the events at Nargothrond. <br />
<br />
In earlier versions of the legendarium, he was called ''Glómund''.<br />
<br />
==See Also==<br />
* [[:Category:Images of Glaurung|Images of Glaurung]]<br />
<br />
{{dragons}}<br />
{{references}}<br />
[[Category:Pronounced articles]]<br />
[[Category:Dragons]]<br />
[[Category:Sindarin names]]<br />
[[Category:Evil]]<br />
[[Category:Servants of Melkor]]<br />
[[de:Glaurung]]<br />
[[fr:encyclo/personnages/animaux/dragons/glaurung]]<br />
[[fi:Glaurung]]</div>Elendilhttps://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=Worm_of_Morgoth&diff=117354Worm of Morgoth2010-08-04T05:42:56Z<p>Elendil: </p>
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<div>'''Worm of Morgoth''' was a title and name of [[Glaurung]], the "[[Father of Dragons]]".<br />
<br />
[[Category:Dragons]]<br />
<br />
[[fr:encyclo/personnages/animaux/dragons/glaurung]]</div>Elendilhttps://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=Gr%C3%ADma&diff=117353Gríma2010-08-04T05:41:34Z<p>Elendil: </p>
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<div>{{expansion}}{{sources}}<br />
{{rohirrim infobox<br />
| image=[[Image:John Alvin - Untitled (Theoden and Wormtongue).jpg|250px]]<br />
| name=Gríma Wormtongue<br />
| othernames=<br />
| position=King's Advisor<br />
| noinline=<br />
| birth= <br />
| rule= <br />
| death= [[November 3]], [[Third Age 3019]].<br />
| gender=Male<br />
| description=Tall, dark hair<br />
| parentage=[[Gálmód]]<br />
| spouse=<br />
| children=<br />
|}}<br />
'''Gríma Wormtongue''' (died [[Third Age]] November 3, 3019) was the chief advisor to King [[Théoden]] of [[Rohan]]. He was the son of [[Gálmód]]. <br />
<br />
==History==<br />
Gríma was secretly in thrall to [[Saruman]], and worked to weaken Théoden and his kingdom. Upon [[Gandalf]]'s arrival, "many things which men had missed" were found locked in his trunk and he was given a grim choice: ride into battle or into exile. Choosing the latter, he went to dwell with Saruman at [[Orthanc]]. Saruman had cause to regret this when, following the confrontation between Saruman and Gandalf, he mistakenly threw a "heavy rock"&mdash;which was actually the ''[[palantíri|palantír]]'' of Orthanc&mdash;at the [[Rohirrim]] accompanying Gandalf, an act for which Saruman seems to have punished him severely.<br />
<br />
He then accompanied Saruman to [[The Shire]], where the two sought revenge in petty tyranny over the hobbits (though Saruman had already been exerting control from afar by sending evil Men to the Shire). During this time he became increasingly degraded until he was a crawling wretch, almost resembling [[Gollum]], and Saruman shortened his nickname to "Worm". During this time he killed [[Lotho Sackville-Baggins]], and may have eaten him.<br />
<br />
Spurred by the words of [[Frodo Baggins|Frodo]] that he did not have to follow Saruman, and being pushed over the edge when Saruman scorned him, he used a hidden knife to slit the throat of [[Saruman]] and darted down the road. He was quickly killed by several Hobbit arrows.<br />
<br />
== Portrayal in Adaptations ==<br />
[[Image:Ralph Bakshi's Gríma Wormtongue.jpg|thumb|left|Gríma Wormtongue as portrayed in [[Ralph Bakshi's The Lord of the Rings]]]]<br />
[[Image:Peter Jackson's Gríma Wormtongue.jpg|thumb|[[Brad Dourif]] as Gríma Wormtongue in [[The Lord of the Rings: The Motion Picture Trilogy]]]]<br />
Gríma Wormtongue was voiced by [[Michael Deacon]] in [[Ralph Bakshi's The Lord of the Rings]].<br />
<br />
In [[The Lord of the Rings: The Motion Picture Trilogy]] films, Gríma is played by [[Brad Dourif]]. The reason for Gríma's pale and emaciated appearance in the movie is not entirely clear. Perhaps it is meant to suggest that by throwing in his lot with Saruman he has started down the same path to physical and mental corruption that caused Gollum to become a twisted parody of his original self, although it is just as likely that Jackson simply wanted to make it clear that Wormtongue was one of the "bad guys" in the large and confusing cast of characters.<br />
<br />
"[[The Scouring of the Shire]]" episode from ''[[The Return of the King]]'' novel does not appear in the film version, so Saruman's death was moved to an earlier scene. Other than the location, the manner of their deaths is very much the same. As in the book, Gríma kills Saruman, but by stabbing him in the back, not slitting his throat. Saruman's body then falls from the tower and is impaled on a spiked wheel, a remnant of his war machine. Gríma himself is shot by an arrow fired by Legolas, thereby mirroring his death in the book. This scene was to have included a line where Saruman blamed Gríma for killing [[Théodred]], replacing Lotho in the context of that scene, but the line was cut out.<br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
* [[:Category:Images of Gríma Wormtongue|Images of Gríma Wormtongue]]<br />
<br />
{{references}}<br />
[[Category:Rohirrim]]<br />
[[Category:Characters in The Lord of the Rings]]<br />
[[de:Gríma Schlangenzunge]]<br />
[[fr:encyclo/personnages/hommes/3a/hommes_du_nord/rohirrim/grima]]<br />
[[fi:Gríma]]</div>Elendilhttps://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=Woody_End&diff=117352Woody End2010-08-04T05:36:08Z<p>Elendil: </p>
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<div>'''Woody End''' was an upland wooded region of the [[Eastfarthing]] of the [[Shire]], lying between the [[Green Hill Country]] on the west and the [[Marish]] on the east.<br />
<br />
[[category:Forests]]<br />
[[category:Shire]]<br />
<br />
[[fr:encyclo/geographie/forets/eriador/bout_des_bois]]</div>Elendilhttps://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=Wizards&diff=117351Wizards2010-08-04T05:23:59Z<p>Elendil: </p>
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<div>{{cleanup}}{{sources}}{{expansion}}<br />
[[Image:Enis Cisic - Gandalf and Frodo.jpg|thumb|''Gandalf and Frodo'' by [[Enis Cisic]].]]{{quote|Do not meddle in the affairs of wizards, for they are subtle and quick to anger.|[[Gildor Inglorion]], "[[Three is Company]]"}}<br />
<br />
The '''Wizards''' of [[Middle-earth]], also known as the '''[[Istari]]''' in [[Quenya]] and the '''Ithryn''' in [[Sindarin]], were a small group of beings outwardly resembling [[Men]] but possessing much greater physical and mental power. <br />
<br />
==History==<br />
The wizards, also called [[Istari]], were originally spirits of the order of the [[Maiar]], maiar were spirits of the same order of the [[Valar]] but lesser in power ([[Sauron]] himself was one of the most powerful of the Maiar). These particular spirits were sent by the Valar to help and assist the peoples of Middle-earth against Sauron. The five known Istari were [[Curumo]], a Maia of [[Aulë]], [[Olorin]], a Maia of [[Manwe]] and [[Varda]], [[Radagast|Aiwendil]] a Maia of [[Yavanna]], and [[Alatar]] and [[Pallando]], both Maiar of [[Orome]]. Alatar and Pallando, also known as [[Ithryn Luin]] the "Blue Wizards," went into the East and do not come into the main tales of Middle-earth. In the northwest of Middle-earth Curumo became known as [[Saruman]] to Men and [[Curunir]] to [[Elves]], Olorin was known as [[Gandalf]] to Men and [[Mithrandir]] to Elves, while Aiwendil became known as [[Radagast]].<br />
<br />
The Istari came to Middle-earth around the year 1000 of the [[Third Age]]. They were clothed in the bodies of old men, restricting their powers so that they would only assist to the peoples of Middle-earth and not seek domination like Sauron, a fellow Maia spirit. By inhabiting the bodies of Men they were ordered by the Valar to assist the peeople of Middle-earth through persuasion and encouragement, not force or fear. Being clothed in the bodies of Men they also became susceptible to all the weaknesses of a physical body, they felt hunger, pain, greed, sorrow, joy, and all other emotions and pains of Men. Despite their bodies of Men, they remained immortal and aged only very slowly; however, they could be killed, Gandalf did indeed die from his duel with the [[Balrogs|Balrog]] of [[Moria]] and only through the intervention of [[Eru]] himself was he restored to his body. It also seems that each wizard was assigned with a colour for his clothes, white being indicative of the chief. The two that traveled to the East wore blue, hence their name Ithryn Luin, the "Blue Wizards." Similarly the other wizards often became known by their colours, often being refered to as "Saruman the White," "Gandalf the Grey," and "Radagast the Brown." It is not known if the colour had a special meaning concerning their rank, abilities or nature.<br />
<br />
[[Image:John Howe - Gandalf 01.jpg|thumb|left|''Gandalf'' by [[John Howe]]]]<br />
Very few of Middle-earth's inhabitants knew who the Wizards really were; the Istari did not share this information. Most believed they were Elves or wise Men (''Gandalf'' represents this interpretation, meaning ''Wand-elf'', because the Men who gave him the nickname believed he was an Elf). They attracted few questions due to their gentle nature and dislike of direct interference with other people's affairs. In spite of their specific and unambiguous goal, the Wizards are nevertheless capable of human feelings; thus [[Gandalf]] feels great affection for the [[Hobbits]]. On the other hand, they could feel negative human emotions like greed, jealousy, and lust for power. Saruman himself fell victim to these emotions, and it is hinted in the essay in ''[[Unfinished Tales]]'' that the Blue Wizards (see below) may have fallen prey to these temptations during their journeys in the East.<br />
<br />
Saruman was originally gifted with the greatest power of the five Istari and was named the head of the White Council, a group of the Wise in opposition to Sauron. In the year 2759 of the Third Age, he was invited by the rulers of Gondor and Rohan to settle in [[Isengard]], and the impenetrable tower of [[Orthanc]]. Saruman was learned in the lore of the [[Rings of Power]], gradually becoming corrupted by the desire for the Rings and by Sauron's direct influence on him through the ''[[Palantíri|palantír]]'' of [[Orthanc]]. Eventually he became ensnared in Sauron's power, and assisted him in the War of the Ring until he was defeated by the [[Ents]] and Gandalf, who broke his staff and cast him out of the White Council. Saruman's death came at the hands of his servant [[Wormtongue]] in [[The Shire]], after the destruction of the [[One Ring]]. His spirit was then dispersed by a wind from the West, becoming similar to Sauron in his destruction.<br />
<br />
When Saruman fell to the temptation of the Ring and after the defeat of the Balrog of Moria, Gandalf was reborn and given the title of Gandalf the White. Gandalf, who had originally been nominated for leadership of the White Council by the Elf-Lady [[Galadriel]], assumed leadership both of the White Council and the Order of the Istari. He then casts Saruman from the order and led the West to victory over Sauron, advising the [[Ringbearer]] [[Frodo Baggins|Frodo]] and the new king of [[Gondor]] [[Aragorn Elessar]]. After the defeat of Sauron and Saruman, Gandalf traveled across the Sea with the Ringbearers, revealing that he himself was the bearer of [[Narya]] one of the Elven Rings of Power.<br />
<br />
Radagast stayed true to his mission for a while, even serving as a messenger to Gandalf from Saruman, convincing Gandalf to meet with Saruman. Radagast also gave the birds in his service to the service of Saruman and Gandalf. Radagast himself dwelt at [[Rhosgobel]] near the borders of [[Mirkwood]]. Eventually, Radagast is said to have become enamoured of the beasts and birds and to have ultimately failed to complete his mission.<br />
<br />
The mysterious Blue Wizards Alatar and Pallando went into the East and do not come into the tales of northwestern Middle-earth. It is sometimes thought that the Blue Wizards failed in their mission and fell to the temptations that had corrupted Saruman. It is also said that their fall gave rise to magical cults in the East. It is also thought that they possibly succeeded in their mission and that the victories of the West would have been impossible had it not been for the Blue Wizards success in the East.<br />
<br />
== Etymology ==<br />
Some have objected to ''The Lord of the Rings'' because it features ''wizards'', which can mean a 'caster of spells.' However, Tolkien's Istari were not wizards in that common sense of the word, but rather more like 'wise men' or even 'messengers.' [[J.R.R. Tolkien|Tolkien]], a lifelong philologist and devoted Catholic, deliberately used the word wizard, as it connoted 'wisdom' and conveniently conveyed to the reader the 'other worldly' powers of the characters. These sentiments were best worded by Tolkien himself in the first paragraph of the essay ''The Istari'' in the [[Unfinished Tales]]:<br />
<br />
<blockquote>Wizard ''is a translation of Quenya istar (Sindarin ''ithron''): one of the members of an "order" (as they call it), claiming to possess, and exhibiting, eminent knowledge of the history and nature of the World. The translation (through suitable in its relation to "wise" and other ancient words of knowing, similar to that of ''istar'' in Quenya) is not perhaps happy, since ''Heren'' Istarion or "Order of Wizards" was quite distinct from "wizards" and "magicians" of later legend; they belonged solely to the Third Age and then departed, and none save maybe Elrond, Círdan and Galadriel discovered of what kind they were or whence they came.''</blockquote><br />
{{ainur}}<br />
[[Category:Maiar]]<br />
[[Category:Characters in The Hobbit]]<br />
<br />
[[fr:encyclo/personnages/ainur/maiar/istari]]</div>Elendilhttps://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=Istari&diff=117350Istari2010-08-04T05:23:38Z<p>Elendil: </p>
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<div>{{main|Wizards}}<br />
'''Istari''' is a [[Quenya]] word which translates to "Wise Ones".<br />
{{references}}<br />
[[Category:Quenya nouns]]<br />
<br />
[[fr:encyclo/personnages/ainur/maiar/istari]]</div>Elendilhttps://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=Wolf_(dog)&diff=117303Wolf (dog)2010-08-03T06:48:17Z<p>Elendil: </p>
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<div>{{disambig-more|Wolf|[[Wolf (disambiguation)]]}}<br />
'''Wolf''' was one of the three dogs kept by [[Farmer Maggot]], a [[Hobbits|Hobbit]] of the [[Shire]]. The folk of the [[Marish]] near the Shire's eastern borders were untrusting of strangers and cautious of intruders. Farmer Maggot was one of these, and to protect himself from unwanted visitors he kept three large dogs: [[Grip]], [[Fang (dog)|Fang]] and Wolf. All three dogs were wolf-like in appearance, which is doubtless the source of Wolf's name. Of the three, circumstantial evidence suggests that Wolf was the largest, and the one who threatened [[Frodo Baggins|Frodo]] when he encountered Maggot while travelling to [[Buckland]].<br />
<br />
[[Category:Dogs]]<br />
<br />
[[fr:encyclo/personnages/animaux/chiens/loup]]</div>Elendilhttps://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=Tol-in-Gaurhoth&diff=117302Tol-in-Gaurhoth2010-08-03T06:45:49Z<p>Elendil: </p>
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<div>'''Tol-in-Gaurhoth''' or '''Isle of Werewolves''' was a fortress held by [[Sauron]] in the [[First Age]], once called [[Tol Sirion]]. In the [[Lay of Leithian]] it was called [[Wizard's Isle]].<br />
<br />
Tol-in-Gaurhoth began as the [[Minas Tirith in Beleriand|Minas Tirith]] of [[Finrod Felagund]], and was held by [[Orodreth]] for his uncle to guard the vale of [[Sirion]]. However, Orodreth was powerless to stop [[Sauron]] from taking the isle, and fled south. Sauron began breeding large wolves in the isle which he sent evil spirits in, turning them into werewolves.<br />
<br />
[[Beren Erchamion]] on his quest for the [[Silmarils|Silmaril]] enlisted Finrod's aid, but they were captured passing the isle, and their companions slain one-by-one. Finrod saved Beren's life, but died himself.<br />
<br />
[[Lúthien Tinúviel|Lúthien]] and the Hound [[Huan]] came to Beren's rescue, and while Huan killed the wolves Lúthien got control over the isle's magic from Sauron. The isle was destroyed and cleansed, and remained clean afterwards, and no new tower was erected there.<br />
<br />
{{references}}<br />
[[Category:Islands]]<br />
[[Category:Fortresses of Evil]]<br />
[[Category:Sindarin locations]]<br />
<br />
[[fr:encyclo/geographie/eaux/iles/tol-in-gaurhoth]]</div>Elendilhttps://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=Vingilot&diff=117300Vingilot2010-08-03T05:32:38Z<p>Elendil: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{sources}}<br />
[[Image:John Howe - Earendil's Ship.jpg|thumb|''Eärendil's Ship'' by [[John Howe]]]]<br />
{{quote|...[[Eärendil|he]] built a boat of timber felled<br>in [[Nimbrethil]] to journey in<br>her sails he wove of silver fair<br>of silver were her lanterns made<br>her prow was fashioned like a swan<br>and light upon her banners laid|[[Song of Eärendil]]}}<br />
'''Vingilótë''', known in various tongues as '''Vingilot''', '''Foam-Flower''' and '''[[Rothinzil]]''', was the ship in which [[Eärendil]] and [[Elwing]] sailed to [[Aman]] to seek pardon and assistance from the [[Valar]]. <br />
==History==<br />
Vingilótë was built between [[First Age 528]] and [[First Age 532|532]] by Eärendil and [[Círdan|Círdan the Shipwright]] at the [[Havens of Sirion]]. The ship was among the greatest ever made, with a white hull made of beechwood from the [[Nimbrethil|Nimbrethil Forest]], golden oars, and a sail woven with silver.<br />
<br />
Guided by the light of a [[Silmaril]], Eärendil navigated Vingilótë through the Shadowy Seas to the [[Blessed Realm]] of Aman, the first [[Mortals|Mortal]] to do so. He was not allowed, however, to return to Middle-earth, except to join the host of the Valar in the final [[War of Wrath]] against [[Morgoth]].<br />
<br />
After the War of Wrath, Eärendil, with the Silmaril upon his brow, sailed Vingilótë into the sky where the jewel shines forever as a morning star, the [[Star of Eärendil]].<br />
<br />
== Etymology ==<br />
Vingilótë means "Foam-flower" in [[Quenya]] (from ''[[winga]]'' = "foam, spray" and ''[[lótë]]'' = "flower"). Vingilot (or Vingelot) is the [[Sindarin]] version of its name.<br />
<br />
== See Also ==<br />
* [[:Category:Images of Vingilótë|Images of Vingilótë]]<br />
[[Category:Ships]]<br />
[[Category:Quenya locations]]<br />
<br />
[[fr:encyclo/artefacts/navires/vingilot]]</div>Elendilhttps://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=Wild_Men_of_the_Woods&diff=117299Wild Men of the Woods2010-08-03T05:20:05Z<p>Elendil: </p>
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<div>{{cleanup}}<br />
At the end of the Third Age, a remnant of the [[Drúedain]] still lived beneath the feet of the [[White Mountains]], and in the lands westward. Theirs was a strange and ancient race of Men.They had an unusual affinity with nature seldom seen among [[Men]],and were said to possess unique powers.The Northmen who settled in [[Rohan]] knew nothing of their ancestry and imagined them to be hardly more than beasts, at least until the time of the [[War of the Ring]]. For this reason the [[Rohirrim]] called them the '''Wild Men of the Woods'''. It is also possible that the [[Púkel-men]] that line the road to [[Dunharrow]] in the White Mountains were created by the Drúedain.<br />
<br />
[[Category:Men]]<br />
<br />
[[fr:encyclo/peuples/hommes/druedain]]</div>Elendilhttps://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=Westfold&diff=117232Westfold2010-08-02T06:05:07Z<p>Elendil: </p>
<hr />
<div>'''Westfold''' was the westernmost region of [[Rohan]], lying immediately to the east of the [[Gap of Rohan]], and in which lay [[Helm's Deep]]. Its border with the [[Eastfold]] was marked by the course of the [[Snowbourn]] River.<br />
<br />
[[Category:Rohan]]<br />
[[Category:Regions]]<br />
<br />
[[fr:encyclo/geographie/regions/rohan/westfold]]</div>Elendilhttps://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=Westfarthing&diff=117231Westfarthing2010-08-02T06:03:43Z<p>Elendil: </p>
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<div>'''Westfarthing''' was the western farthing of the [[Shire]], in which lay many of its important towns: [[Michel Delving]] on the [[White Downs]]; [[Tuckborough]], the seat of the [[Took Family|Took]] [[Thain|Thains]] of the [[Shire]]; and [[Hobbiton]], home of the [[Baggins Family|Baggins family]].<br />
<br />
[[Category:Shire]]<br />
<br />
[[fr:encyclo/geographie/regions/comte/quartier_ouest]]</div>Elendilhttps://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=White_Lady_of_Rohan&diff=117230White Lady of Rohan2010-08-02T06:01:21Z<p>Elendil: </p>
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<div>A title given by [[Faramir|Faramir]] to [[Éowyn]] of [[Rohan]]. They married, and dwelt together in the hills of [[Emyn Arnen]] in [[Ithilien]].<br />
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[[Category: Epithets]]<br />
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[[fr:encyclo/personnages/hommes/3a/hommes_du_nord/rohirrim/eowyn]]</div>Elendilhttps://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=White_Mountains&diff=117229White Mountains2010-08-02T05:59:07Z<p>Elendil: </p>
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<div>{{sources}}<br />
{{location<br />
| image=[[Image:Raine Kuusi - Dusk.jpg|250px]]<br />
| name=White Mountains<br />
| othernames=Ered Nimrais<br />
| etymology=<br />
| type=Mountain range<br />
| location=Between [[Gondor]] and [[Rohan]]<br />
| inhabitants=<br />
| realms=[[Gondor]] and [[Rohan]]<br />
| description=Tall, snow-capped mountains<br />
| events=<br />
| references=<br />
|}}<br />
The '''White Mountains''', or '''Ered Nimrais''' ([[Sindarin|S.]] "Whitehorn Mountains") was a great mountain range that lay between [[Calenardhon]]/[[Rohan]] in the North and [[Gondor]] in the South. They ran 600 miles (965 kilometers) from [[Thrihyrne]] in the north-west to [[Mindolluin]] and [[Amon Tirith]] in the east. A low spur sprung off southwest, and ended at [[Ras Morthil]]. <br />
<br />
==Geographic Features== <br />
===Important Peaks===<br />
The mountain range’s notable peaks were, from west to east, [[Thrihyrne]], [[Starkhorn]], [[Dwimorberg]], [[Irensaga]], [[Halifirien]], [[Calenhad]], [[Min-Rimmon]], [[Erelas]], [[Nardol]], [[Eilenach]], [[Amon Dîn]], [[Mindolluin]] and [[Amon Tirith]]. <br />
<br />
At the foot of Thrihyrne was the valley known as [[Helm's Deep]], and the [[Glittering Caves]] of [[Aglarond]] were underneath its spurs. <br />
<br />
The three mountains Starkhorn, Dwimorberg and Irensaga enclosed the valley of [[Dunharrow]], and the Dwimorberg was also the home of the [[Paths of the Dead]]. <br />
<br />
Halifirien, Calenhad, Min-Rimmon, Erelas, Nardol, Eilenach, and Amon Dîn were strategically chosen hilltops on the northern side of the range. They were the [[Warning beacons of Gondor]]. There was probably a beacon-row on the south side too. <br />
<br />
===Passes===<br />
There were no passes over the White Mountains. If the [[Fellowship of the Ring]] were to avoid the [[Gap of Rohan]], they would have to follow the coast around [[Ras Morthil]] on the cape of [[Andrast]]. The only passage through the mountain range was at the Paths of the Dead, but only the most courageous (or foolhardy) ever ventured that route.<br />
<br />
==Rivers==<br />
Several rivers sprung from the White Mountains, among them the [[Adorn]], the [[Deeping-stream]], the [[Snowbourn]] and [[Mering Stream]] on the north side, and, on the south side, the [[Erui]], the [[Ringló]], the [[Ciril]], the [[Morthond]] and the [[Lefnui]].<br />
<br />
==History== <br />
===Origins=== <br />
<br />
The White Mountains were presumably made by the [[Valar|Vala]] [[Aulë]] when he helped in the construction of [[Arda]]. It is also possible that the were created by [[Melkor]], and served the same goal as the [[Misty Mountains#Origins|Misty Mountains]]. A third origography is given in ''[[The Lord of the Rings: A Reader's Companion]]'': there, a giant named [[Tarlang's Neck|Tarlang]] helped build the mountains "in ancient days", to keep [[Men]] away from their settlements by the shore. This account was overwritten, so it may not be applicable to the greater legendarium, or it may be a pre-Númenórean myth. <br />
<br />
===Inhabitants=== <br />
<br />
Throughout history, the White Mountains were inhabited by Men, [[Drúedain]], [[Dunlendings]], [[Rohirrim]], [[Gondor|Gondorians]], [[Orcs]], and [[Dwarves]]. <br />
<br />
The Drúedain lived along its northern edges, leaving [[Púkel-men]] at [[Starkhorn]] and [[Drúwaith Iaur]]. They resettled to a forest that would later be named after them: [[Drúadan Forest|Tawar in-Drúedain]]. <br />
<br />
In the [[Second Age]], the White Mountains were populated by a people related to the Dunlendings who had been servants of [[Sauron]]. They swore allegiance to [[Isildur]], but betrayed him and were cursed: they became known as the [[Army of the Dead]].<br />
<br />
From [[Third Age 2510|T.A. 2510]], the northern vales and hills became under the rule of the Rohirrim, mighty horselords from the North. They settled in [[Helm's Deep]], [[Dunharrow]] and [[Grimslade]], and built their capital [[Edoras]] on an outlying hill. <br />
<br />
The valley on the southern side were all that time under the rule of the [[King of Gondor]], and the lords of [[Blackroot Vale]], [[Ringló Vale]], Tumladen and [[Lossarnach]] were loyal fiefs. <br />
<br />
After the [[Battle of Azanulbizar]] in [[Third Age 2799|T.A. 2799]], some routed [[orcs]] came south and troubled the Rohirrim for two generations. <br />
<br />
In the early [[Fourth Age]], [[Gimli]], son of [[Glóin son of Gróin|Glóin]] commanded a colony of [[Dwarves]] and settled in the [[Glittering Caves]], of which he had discovered the value during the [[Battle of the Hornburg]]. <br />
<br />
==References==<br />
* ''[[The Two Towers]]'', passim.<br />
* ''[[The Return of the King]]'', passim. <br />
* ''[[Appendix A]]''.<br />
* ''[[Unfinished Tales]]'', ''[[The Drúedain]]''.<br />
* ''[[The Lord of the Rings: A Reader's Companion]]''.<br />
* ''[[The Atlas of Middle-earth]]''.<br />
<br />
[[category:Mountain ranges]]<br />
[[Category:Gondor]]<br />
[[Category:Rohan]]<br />
[[Category:White Mountains]]<br />
<br />
[[fr:encyclo/geographie/reliefs/montagnes_blanches]]</div>Elendilhttps://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=Eldar&diff=117228Eldar2010-08-02T05:42:22Z<p>Elendil: </p>
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<div>{{Pronounce|Eldar.mp3|Ardamir}}<br />
'''Eldar''' (singular '''Elda''') was the name given to the [[Elves]] (and the term West Elves may also apply to these kindred) by the [[Valar|Vala]] [[Oromë]] when he first found them wandering in the starlight of [[Cuiviénen]]. At first, the name was applied to all Elves, but after the summons of the [[Valar]], it came to be used only of the peoples who followed the summons and began the [[Great Journey]].<br />
<br />
The [[Three Kindreds]] of the Eldar were the [[Vanyar]], the [[Noldor]] and the [[Teleri]]. All of the Vanyar and Noldor went to [[Aman]], though many of the Noldor later returned to [[Middle-earth]] with [[Fëanor]].<br />
<br />
Many of the Teleri also journeyed to Valinor, but twice a host of this people turned away from the Journey in Middle-earth; these two kindreds are called [[Úmanyar]], the Eldar not of Aman. The first of these were the [[Nandor]], who turned aside east of the [[Misty Mountains]], and travelled down the River Anduin. The second, the [[Sindar]], tarried in [[Beleriand]] seeking their lord, [[Elwë Singollo]].<br />
==Inspiration==<br />
Eldar is both a common Hebrew name meaning "god resides" and a rare Norse first name meaning "Fire Warrior" (Eld+Harjar))<br />
==External links==<br />
*[http://www.taibu.net/familytree Family-Tree of the Eldar and Atani]<br />
{{elves}}<br />
[[Category:Elves]]<br />
[[Category:Quenya nouns]]<br />
<br />
[[fr:encyclo/peuples/elfes/eldar]]</div>Elendilhttps://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=N%C3%BAmerr%C3%A1mar&diff=117227Númerrámar2010-08-02T05:35:58Z<p>Elendil: </p>
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<div>'''Númerrámar''' ([[Quenya|Q]]: "West-wings" (plural), pron. {{IPA|[ˌnuːmerˈraːmar]}}) was the first ship with which [[Tar-Aldarion|Aldarion]] sailed from [[Númenor]] to [[Middle-earth]], between [[Second Age 725|S.A. 725]] and [[Second Age 727|S.A. 727]]. Its first owner was [[Vëantur]], Captain of the King's Ships under [[Tar-Elendil]] and grandfather of Aldarion. During his journey Aldarion explored the regions [[Lindon]] and [[Eriador]]. The ship is told to have had golden sails .<br />
<br />
As they had returned from the journey Vëantur donated Númerrámar to Aldarion, who within three years from the first journey sailed again to Lindon and was three years abroad.<br />
<br />
Soon after that Aldarion made still another voyage, this time lasting four years, and evidently with Númerrámar even if it is not clearly stated, and explored the coasts of Middle-earth southwards all the way to the [[Bay of Belfalas]].<br />
<br />
The fourth journey of Aldarion with Númerrámar occured after a somewhat longer pause, but the records of its durance and bearings are not told. After that he built himself a new ship called [[Eämbar]] and nothing more is told about the ventures of Númerrámar, which, quite possibly, still served in the Royal Fleet that Aldarion now begun to enlarge in all possible ways.<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
*''[[Unfinished Tales]]'', [[Aldarion and Erendis: The Mariner's Wife]]<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Numerramar}}<br />
[[Category:Ships]]<br />
[[Category:Quenya locations]]<br />
<br />
[[fr:encyclo/artefacts/navires/numerramar]]</div>Elendilhttps://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=Vilya&diff=117153Vilya2010-08-01T10:41:06Z<p>Elendil: </p>
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<div>[[Image:Noble Collection - Vilya.jpg|thumb|Vilya as conceived by [[The Noble Collection]]]]<br />
'''Vilya''' ([[Quenya|Q]], pron. {{IPA|[ˈviʎa]}}) or '''Wilya''' (pre-[[Second Age|SA]] and [[Vanyarin]], {{IPA|[ˈwiʎa]}}), the '''Ring of Air''', was one of the [[Rings of Power]] made by the [[Elves]] of [[Eregion]]. Along with [[Nenya]] and [[Narya]], Vilya was often referred to as one of the [[Three Rings|Three Rings of the Elves]], the mightiest of the Rings of Power. [[Celebrimbor]], lord of Eregion forged all three independent of Annatar, a guise of the Dark Lord [[Sauron]]. As a result of this, none of the Three were stained by his evil. However, like all the Rings of the Elves, Vilya was still under Sauron's influence when he wielded [[The One Ring]], which held dominion over all the others. When Sauron laid waste to Eregion, Vilya was sent to the Elven-King [[Gil-galad]] far away in [[Lindon]], where it was later given to [[Elrond]], who bore it through the later years of the [[Second Age]] and all of the [[Third Age|Third]]. <br />
<br />
Like the other Rings of Power, Vilya was jeweled: it contained a great blue stone set in a gold band, which contributed to its title as the '''Ring of Sapphire''', and the name the '''Blue Ring'''. A lesser-used title of Vilya was the '''Ring of Air''', signifying its preeminence even over the other Rings of the Elves; it was generally considered that Vilya was the mightiest of these three bands.<br />
<br />
Upon Sauron's destruction, the power of Vilya faded and it went over the sea along with Elrond at the end of the Third Age.<br />
<br />
{{rings}}<br />
{{references}}<br />
[[Category:Rings and Jewels]]<br />
[[Category:Quenya nouns]]<br />
[[Category:Quenya adjectives]]<br />
<br />
[[fr:encyclo/artefacts/bijoux/anneaux/vilya]]</div>Elendilhttps://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=Galathilion&diff=117152Galathilion2010-08-01T10:06:35Z<p>Elendil: </p>
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<div>{{expansion}}{{disambig-more|White Tree|[[White Tree (disambiguation)]]}}'''Galathilion''', the '''White Tree''' made by [[Yavanna]] for the [[Elves]] of the city of [[Tirion]] and a descendant of [[Telperion]] although it gave no light. <br />
<br />
It grew in a high open courtyard beneath the [[Mindon Eldaliéva]].<br />
<br />
From it came [[Celeborn, White Tree|Celeborn]], the White Tree of [[Tol Eressëa]]; through which it became the ancestor of [[Nimloth of Númenor]] and the [White Tree of Gondor]].<br />
==Genealogy==<br />
{{familytree/start}}<br />
{{familytree | | | |TEL| | | | | LAU=[[Laurelin]]|TEL=[[Telperion]]<br><small>destroyed</small>}}<br />
{{familytree | | | | | | | | | }}<br />
{{familytree | | | |GAL| | | | | GAL=[[Galathilion]]<br><small>Made in the image of Telperion}}<br />
{{familytree | | | | |!| | | | | }}<br />
{{familytree | | | |CEL| | | CEL=[[Celeborn (White Tree)|Celeborn]]}}<br />
{{familytree | | | | |!| | | | | }}<br />
{{familytree | | | |NIM| | | NIM=[[Nimloth of Númenor|Nimloth]]}}<br />
{{familytree | | | | |!| | | | | }}<br />
{{familytree | | | |G1| | | | |G1=<small>First tree of Gondor ([[Minas Ithil]])<small>}}<br />
{{familytree | | | | |!| | | | | }}<br />
{{familytree | | | |G2| | | | |G2=<small>Second tree of Gondor ([[Minas Anor]])</small> }}<br />
{{familytree | | | | |!| | | | | }}<br />
{{familytree | | | |G3 | | | | |G3=<small>Third tree of Gondor ([[Minas Tirith (Gondor)|Minas Tirith]])</small> }}<br />
{{familytree | | | | |!| | | | | }}<br />
{{familytree | | | |G4 | | | | |G4=<small>Fourth tree of Gondor (Minas Tirith)</small>}}<br />
{{familytree/end}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Calacirya]]<br />
[[Category:Creations of the Valar]]<br />
[[Category:Trees]]<br />
[[de:Galathilion]]<br />
[[fr:encyclo/biologie/flore/galathilion]]<br />
[[fi:Galathilion]]</div>Elendilhttps://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=Telperion&diff=117151Telperion2010-08-01T10:04:38Z<p>Elendil: </p>
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<div>{{disambig-more|White Tree|[[White Tree (disambiguation)]]}}<br />
'''Telperion''' ([[Quenya|Q]] pron. {{IPA|[telˈperi.on]}}; also [[Valarin]] '''[[Ibrîniðilpathânezel]]''') was the elder of the [[Two Trees of Valinor]], called the '''White Tree''', which shed silver light on the domain of the [[Valar]]. His leaves were of dark green, shining silver beneath, and his boughs were decked with brilliant flowers that shed a rain of silver dew.<br />
<br />
Telperion endured throughout the [[Years of the Trees]], but came to an end in the dreadful event known as the [[Darkening of Valinor]]. Even though the elder tree did not survive, he was not the last of the White Trees. Yavanna had made an image of him in [[Tirion]], called [[Galathilion]], from whom the [[White Tree of Númenor|White Trees of Númenor]] and later of [[White Tree of Minas Tirith|Minas Tirith]] were descended. More importantly, one of Telperion's flowers survived the Darkening, and was set aloft by the Valar; this was the light we call the [[Moon]].<br />
==Etymology==<br />
Telperion caomes from [[telepe]] "silver" . The exact etymology of the -rion part is not entirely clear, but it can mean something like "great wreathed one" (Cf. ''[[ría]], [[rielle]]'').<br />
==Genealogy==<br />
{{familytree/start}}<br />
{{familytree | | | |TEL| | | | | LAU=[[Laurelin]]|TEL=[[Telperion]]<br><small>destroyed</small>}}<br />
{{familytree | | | | | | | | | }}<br />
{{familytree | | | |GAL| | | | | GAL=[[Galathilion]]<br><small>Made in the image of Telperion}}<br />
{{familytree | | | | |!| | | | | }}<br />
{{familytree | | | |CEL| | | CEL=[[Celeborn (White Tree)|Celeborn]]}}<br />
{{familytree | | | | |!| | | | | }}<br />
{{familytree | | | |NIM| | | NIM=[[Nimloth of Númenor|Nimloth]]}}<br />
{{familytree | | | | |!| | | | | }}<br />
{{familytree | | | |G1| | | | |G1=<small>First tree of Gondor ([[Minas Ithil]])<small>}}<br />
{{familytree | | | | |!| | | | | }}<br />
{{familytree | | | |G2| | | | |G2=<small>Second tree of Gondor ([[Minas Anor]])</small> }}<br />
{{familytree | | | | |!| | | | | }}<br />
{{familytree | | | |G3 | | | | |G3=<small>Third tree of Gondor ([[Minas Tirith (Gondor)|Minas Tirith]])</small> }}<br />
{{familytree | | | | |!| | | | | }}<br />
{{familytree | | | |G4 | | | | |G4=<small>Fourth tree of Gondor (Minas Tirith)</small>}}<br />
{{familytree/end}}<br />
<br />
The [[Quenya]] form was actually "Tyelperion" but Quenya adopted ''[[telpë]]'' from [[Telerin]]<ref>[[Unfinished Tales]] p. 266</ref>.<br />
<br />
{{references}}<br />
[[Category:Two Trees of Valinor]]<br />
[[category:Quenya names]]<br />
[[category:Telerin names]]<br />
<br />
[[fr:encyclo/biologie/flore/telperion]]</div>Elendilhttps://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=Wilibald_Bolger&diff=117150Wilibald Bolger2010-08-01T10:02:38Z<p>Elendil: </p>
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<div>'''Wilibald Bolger''' married [[Prisca Baggins]], they did not have any children.<br />
<br />
[[Category:Hobbits]]<br />
[[Category:Bolger]]<br />
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[[fr:encyclo/personnages/hobbits/bolger/wilibald_bolger]]</div>Elendilhttps://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=Wilimar_Bolger&diff=117149Wilimar Bolger2010-08-01T10:01:25Z<p>Elendil: </p>
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<div>'''Wilimar Bolger''' ([[Third Age 2947|T.A. 2947]]-?) was a [[hobbits|hobbit]] of [[the Shire]]. He was the son of [[Wilibald Bolger]] and [[Prisca Baggins]]. Wilimar had two younger siblings: [[Heribald Bolger|Heribald]] and [[Nora Bolger|Nora]]. Wilimar Bolger attended the [[Farewell Party]] of [[Bilbo Baggins]] in [[Third Age 3001]].<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
* ''[[The Peoples of Middle-earth]]'', "The Family Trees," pg. 88, 93-94, and Table BG4 pg. 97 <br />
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[[Category:Hobbits]]<br />
[[Category:Bolger]]<br />
<br />
[[fr:encyclo/personnages/hobbits/bolger/wilimar_bolger]]</div>Elendilhttps://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=Will_Whitfoot&diff=117148Will Whitfoot2010-08-01T09:59:42Z<p>Elendil: </p>
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<div>'''Will Whitfoot''' was the [[Mayor of Michel Delving]] (and therefore of the [[Shire]]) at the time of the [[War of the Ring]]. He was renowned as being the fattest hobbit in the [[Westfarthing]], and was affectionately referred to as "'''Old Will'''" or "'''Old Flourdumpling'''", perhaps because he emerged from the Town Hole covered in chalk after its roof collapsed. He was one of the first to be placed in the [[Lockholes]] after protesting when [[Sharkey]] established [[Lotho Sackville-Baggins]] as puppet ruler of the Shire. Fortunately he survived the experience.<br />
<br />
[[Category:Hobbits]]<br />
[[Category:Whitfoot]]<br />
<br />
[[de: Willi Weißfuß]]<br />
[[fr:encyclo/personnages/hobbits/piedblanc/will_piedblanc]]</div>Elendilhttps://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=Withywindle&diff=117147Withywindle2010-08-01T09:30:45Z<p>Elendil: </p>
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<div>[[Image:J.R.R. Tolkien - Old Man Willow.jpg|thumb|''Old Man Willow'' by J.R.R. Tolkien shows the '''Withywindle''' flowing in the background]]<br />
The '''Withywindle''' was a minor tributary of the River [[Brandywine]] that flowed through the [[Old Forest]] on the borders of the [[Shire]]. The river began in the [[Barrow-downs]] and flowed southwest through the Old Forest until merging with the Brandywine. It was the Withywindle valley that was said to be the heart of all the strange happenings in the Old Forest. <br />
At the mouth of the Withywindle there was a hythe - or haven - in the north bank called the Grindwall. The [[Grindwall]] was beyond the protection of the High Hay, so it was guarded and there was a fence extending into the water.<br />
<br />
There was a small village named [[Breredon]] behind the [[Grindwall]] between the [[Haysend|end]] of the [[High Hay]] and the Brandywine. The [[Elvet-isle]] in the Withywindle was home to swans.<br />
<br />
When [[Frodo Baggins]] and his companions entered the Old Forest on September 26, [[Third Age 3018|T.A. 3018]], they found themselves drawn toward the Withywindle valley despite their intentions, and on the banks of the river they encountered [[Old Man Willow]], an ancient tree whose hatred of all peoples who walked free on the earth permeated the woods. The Hobbits were lulled to sleep by Old Man Willow's spell. Frodo was pushed into the Withywindle and was held under by the willow's roots until [[Samwise Gamgee|Sam]] saved him, and [[Meriadoc Brandybuck|Merry]] and [[Peregrin Took|Pippin]] were trapped inside Old Man Willow. They were rescued by [[Tom Bombadil]].<br />
<br />
Long ago, Tom had found [[Goldberry]], the River-daughter, in a pool down the Withywindle, and at the end of every summer he would go along the river to gather water-lilies for her. He was on his last trip of the year when he encountered the Hobbits.<br />
<br />
==Etymology==<br />
The word ''withy'' means "willow" and windle means "spindle" or "reel." In the real world, Withywind is a type of bindweed, or convolvulus, a harmful weed that twines itself around other plants. The word withywind means "flexibly strong, entangle."<br />
<br />
[[Category:Rivers]]<br />
[[Category:Eriador]]<br />
[[de:Weidenwinde]]<br />
[[fr:encyclo/geographie/eaux/eriador/tournesaules]]<br />
[[fi:Halavainen]]</div>Elendilhttps://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=Witch-king&diff=117146Witch-king2010-08-01T09:25:01Z<p>Elendil: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{evil infobox<br />
| image= [[Image:Melissa Hitchcock - The Black Captain.jpg|300px]]<br />
| name= Witch-king of Angmar<br />
| othernames= [[Black Captain]], [[Lord of the Nazgûl]], [[Chief of the Nine]], [[Lord of Minas Morgul]]<br />
| created= [[Second Age|S.A.]] 1800-2200, probably [[Númenor]]<br />
| years= [[Second Age 2251|S.A. 2251]]-[[Third Age 3019|T.A. 3019]]<br />
| age= 4200+<br />
| destroyed= [[Third Age 3019|T.A. 3019]], [[Battle of the Pelennor Fields]]<br />
| realm= [[Angmar]], [[Minas Morgul]]<br />
| gender= Male<br />
| race= [[Men]]/[[Nazgûl]]<br />
| appearance= (Later) Cruel, pale king with gleaming hair and a crown, invisible to most eyes<br />
| accomplishments= [[Arnor#The Fall of Arthedain|Fall of Arnor]], fall of [[Minas Ithil]] and [[Osgiliath]], deaths of [[Eärnur]] and [[Théoden]]<br />
|}} <br />
The '''Witch-king of Angmar''' was the chief of the [[Nazgûl]], King of [[Angmar]], and [[Sauron]]’s great captain in his wars. A [[Wraiths|wraith]], the Witch-king of Angmar was nearly indestructible, a terrible warrior, and a cunning strategist.<br />
<br />
==History==<br />
Some time after Sauron seized the [[Nine Rings]] in the [[Fall of Eregion]], [[Second Age 1697|S.A. 1697]] he gave them to mortal kings, sorcerers, and other warriors.<sup>[[#References|1]]</sup> With these rings the Nine achieved glory and grew wealthy, with the ability to turn invisible at will, not aging, but hating life as they were slowly drawn under Sauron’s dominion.<sup>[[#References|1]]</sup> Eventually all became [[Nazgûl|Ringwraiths]], the dreaded Nazgûl.<br />
<br />
The one later known as the Witch-king was one of these, likely one of the unnamed three lords of [[Númenor]] to take the rings.<sup>[[#References|2]] [[#References|3]]</sup> He first appeared in the histories as a Ringwraith in [[Second Age 2251|S.A. 2251]]. Being the most powerful of the Nazgûl, he became their chief, the most dreaded servant of his master Sauron.<br />
<br />
When [[Mordor]] fell in [[Second Age 3441|S.A. 3441]], the Nazgûl vanished into the shadows, and were not heard of again for a long time.<sup>[[#References|4]]</sup><br />
<br />
===Early Power in Angmar===<br />
More than a thousand years later, in c. [[Third Age 1050|T.A. 1050]] of the [[Third Age]], [[Sauron]] began to rebuild his power in [[Dol Guldur]]. In c. [[Third Age 1300|T.A. 1300]] his Nazgûl also reappeared, and the Witch-king established his realm, [[Angmar]], in the north.<sup>[[#References|4]]</sup> His capital was [[Carn Dûm]], on the northernmost peak of the [[Misty Mountains]]. He summoned men, [[orcs]], and other creatures of evil inclination to his banner. No one knew that he was actually a servant of the long-dormant [[Sauron]], and few that he was a wraith.<sup>[[#References|5]]</sup><br />
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In the north, disunity plagued the [[Dúnedain]] of [[Arnor]]. They had divided into three kingdoms, [[Cardolan]], [[Rhudaur]], and [[Arthedain]], and were constantly at war with one another.<sup>[[#References|5]]</sup> The Witch-king saw the North-kingdom of Arnor as more vulnerable than the South-kingdom of Gondor.<sup>[[#References|6]]</sup> He played upon their opposition, sending in infiltrators and taking over the hearts of the men of that land. By [[Third Age 1349|T.A. 1349]] the government of Rhudaur was controlled by men secretly in his service,<sup>[[#References|6]]</sup> and he secretly aided them in their wars against the other kingdoms.<sup>[[#References|7]]</sup> He then struck at a time of great hostility among the three, in [[Third Age 1409|T.A. 1409]]. Rhudaur in the east fell first, and most of the Dúnedain there were hunted down and slaughtered by sorcerers.<sup>[[#References|8]]</sup> Cardolan was ravaged, and the [[Tower of Amon Sûl]], held by the men of Arthedain, was placed under siege. King [[Arveleg I]] was slain, and the tower was destroyed, but the coveted ''[[Amon Sûl-stone|palantír]]'' escaped in the hands of the surviving men of Arthedain and was brought to [[Fornost]].[[#References|9]]</sup><br />
<br />
The Witch-king continued to press the men of Arthedain, laying siege to Fornost, and he might have taken over all of Arnor in that one offensive. But [[Araphor]], the 18-year-old son of Arveleg, came to leadership and, with the help of the ancient elf [[Círdan]] of [[Lindon]], repelled the Witch-king’s forces at Fornost and the [[North Downs]].<sup>[[#References|10]]</sup> [[Elrond]] brought an army of [[Elves]] from [[Rivendell]] and [[Lothlórien]], and the Witch-king was pushed back and subdued.<br />
<br />
===Twilight of Angmar===<br />
The Witch-king sat silent in Carn Dûm, rebuilding his armies and preparing for a final assault on [[Arthedain]], last of the Arnorian kingdoms. The [[Dark Plague]] came and went in [[Third Age 1636]], taking with it the last of the Dúnedain of [[Cardolan]]. The Witch-king sent [[barrow-wights]] to inhabit the barrows in [[Tyrn Gorthad]].<sup>[[#References|10]]</sup> In [[Third Age 1974|1974]], he felt that his power was sufficiently restored to begin the advance.<br />
<br />
His attack was sudden, but not unexpected. King [[Arvedui]] sent a message to King [[Eärnil II]] of [[Gondor]] the year before, but help did not arrive in time. [[Fornost]] fell, and the Witch-king took up residence there in the palace.<sup>[[#References|11]]</sup> Arvedui held out as best as he might on the [[North Downs]], but at last fled north with the treasured ''[[palantíri]]'' of [[Amon Sûl-stone|Amon Sûl]] and [[Annúminas-stone|Annúminas]]. He would not return, for he perished in a shipwreck in [[Third Age 1975|1975]]. With him the ''palantíri'' were lost forever in the icy seas of [[Forod]]. The already-diminished North-kingdom ended, and [[Arnor]] fell.<sup>[[#References|10]]</sup><br />
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Meanwhile, a coalition in the south had formed. Eärnil sent his son, [[Eärnur]], north with a great fleet, all that Gondor could spare. They arrived at [[Lindon]], and joined with the folk of Círdan. Círdan summoned all that would come: surviving Dúnedain of Arnor and elves of Lindon.<sup>[[#References|11]]</sup> Even a company of [[Hobbits|hobbit]] archers went to their aide.<sup>[[#References|10]]</sup> The Witch-king had grown overconfident, and instead of staying behind his fortifications initiated the attack. The [[Battle of Fornost]] was fought on the plain between [[Nenuial]] and the North Downs. The Witch-king may not have anticipated the strength brought against him, but for whatever reason the alliance gained the upper hand. His army began to fall back toward Fornost, but Eärnur’s magnificent horsemen struck from the north, and the Witch-king was routed.<sup>[[#References|11]]</sup><br />
<br />
He decided to flee to Angmar and the safety of Carn Dûm, but the cavalry, with Eärnur himself in the lead, overtook him. Moreover, the ranks of the allies swelled, as an army of elves from [[Rivendell]] came led by the mighty hero of old, [[Glorfindel]]. Angmar was purged of men and orcs, and all seemed lost for the Witch-king in the face of such numbers. But the Witch-king himself came at the last, robed and masked in black and riding a black horse, and attempted to kill Eärnur with his own hands. But Eärnur’s horse shied away and fled, and the Witch-king laughed. But Glorfindel came on his white horse, and faced with such power the Witch-king fled. He vanished into the shadows, and no-one marked where he had gone.<sup>[[#References|11]]</sup><br />
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Eärnur wanted to pursue, but Glorfindel held him back, and made his famous prophecy.<br />
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{{quote|He will not return to this land. Far off yet is his doom, and not by the hand of man will he fall.|Glorfindel, ''[[The Return of the King]]'', [[Appendix A]] (iv)}}<br />
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===Lord of Minas Morgul===<br />
The Witch-king escaped to [[Mordor]], and gathered the other Ringwraiths about him in [[Third Age 1980|1980]].<sup>[[#References|4]]</sup> Angmar and Carn Dûm were lost, and so in [[Third Age 2000|2000]] the Witch-king began a two-year siege of [[Minas Ithil]], eventually capturing the place and turning it into his residence. It was renamed [[Minas Morgul]], and the ''[[Ithil-stone|palantír]]'' was sent to Sauron. The Witch-king sent an aura of fear in [[Gondor]], and much of [[Ithilien]] was deserted.<sup>[[#References|11]]</sup><br />
<br />
Eärnur succeeded his father as King of Gondor, and still held the Witch-king in especial hostility due to his humiliation at the Battle of Fornost. The year of his coronation the Witch-king sent him a taunting challenge, but [[Mardil Voronwë]] the steward restrained Eärnur from rash action. Seven years later the challenge was repeated, and Eärnur rode with a small escort to Minas Morgul. None that rode thither ever returned, and there was no longer a King in Gondor.<sup>[[#References|11]]</sup><br />
<br />
After this the Witch-king bided his time. He and the Nazgûl built up their armies, including the terrible new orc-race of [[uruks]]. In [[Third Age 2475|2475]] he sent them out to capture [[Osgiliath]], which they did successfully. They were driven out by [[Boromir (Steward of Gondor)|Boromir]], [[Ruling Steward|Steward]] of [[Gondor]],, but Osgiliath now lay completely in ruins. Boromir went on to retake Ithilien, so that even the Witch-king feared him. But he was killed by a Morgul-wound, and so his rule was but twelve years.<sup>[[#References|12]]</sup><br />
<br />
===Hunt for the Ring===<br />
Sauron declared himself openly in [[Third Age 2951|2951]], and sent three of his Ringwraiths to [[Dol Guldur]] (though the Witch-king was left in Minas Morgul). Then, by lucky chance, the creature [[Gollum]] was captured and interrogated. Under torture, the wretched creature revealed the tale of the [[One Ring]] and how it came to be in his possession. But he had the daring to trick Sauron into thinking that the land of the hobbits who stole the Ring was on the banks of the [[Gladden River]].<sup>[[#References|13]]</sup> Under the leadership of the Witch-king, Sauron sent the Nine unclothed and invisible to search for the Ring after the assault of Osgiliath.<br />
<br />
[[Image:Marc Holmes - Nazgul.jpg|thumb|left|350px|''Nazgûl'' by [[Marc Holmes]].]][[Khamûl]], the Witch-king’s lieutenant, reported that he was unable to find the “[[Shire]]” in the vales of [[Anduin]]. The Witch-king was determined to search north and west until Gollum was found, or the Shire. But plans were halted when Sauron received word of the prophecy in Gondor and the doings of the turncoat [[Saruman]], and concluded that the Wise did not yet have possession of the Ring. He sent the Ringwraiths to [[Isengard]] in the form of [[Nazgûl|Black Riders]], too late to prevent the escape of the captured wizard [[Gandalf]], but had words with Saruman. Saruman, already a traitor to both sides due to his transparent lust for the Ring, fortified himself in Isengard. The Witch-king did not have enough power with him to assault Saruman in his great fortress, but had words with him. Saruman convinced the Witch-king that Gandalf alone knew where the Shire and the Ring was, and so the Nine passed into [[Rohan]] in search of him.<sup>[[#References|13]]</sup><br />
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They came upon the traitor called [[Wormtongue]] and questioned him. The terrified man told them everything he knew; that Gandalf had passed through Rohan, where the Shire was, and even that Saruman had lied to them. The Witch-king spared Wormtongue’s life, foreseeing that Wormtongue would bring ruin to Saruman. He divided his wraiths into four pairs, and went with the swiftest to [[Minhiriath]]. Along the way they captured several spies of Saruman, and found to their delight charts and maps of the Shire. They sent along the spy to [[Bree]], warning them that they now belonged to Mordor, not Saruman.<sup>[[#References|13]]</sup><br />
<br />
They came to [[Sarn Ford]], but the [[Dúnedain]] [[Rangers of the North|Rangers]] prevented them from crossing. They sent for their great captain, the chieftain [[Aragorn II]], who alone could well resist the wraiths, but he was away, and the Ringwraiths captured the ford and killed many of the Rangers.<sup>[[#References|13]]</sup> The Witch-king sent three Ringwraiths under Khamûl into the Shire while he went east with the others.<sup>[[#References|4]]</sup> But they had come too late: the Ring had moved on in the hands of a hobbit, [[Frodo Baggins]].<br />
<br />
===Pursuit of the Ring===<br />
[[Image:Ted Nasmith - Fire on Weathertop.jpg|thumb|right|250px|''Fire on Weathertop'' by [[Ted Nasmith]].]]Khamûl was unsuccessful, but brought word from the spy they had spared in Bree. The man had witnessed a vanishing act on Frodo's part, and had organized an attack on the inn. The Witch-king guessed that Frodo would head east, and sent four wraiths to [[Weathertop]], the ruins of the tower he had destroyed long ago. He went south along the [[Greenway]] and discovered nothing. Gandalf followed them, but the Witch-king let him slip ahead, and attacked him on Weathertop. Gandalf escaped at dawn, and again the Witch-king divided his force and sent four after the wizard.<br />
<br />
The Ring walked almost right into his hands. The captain of the Dúnedain, Aragorn II, had become the guide of the hobbits, and led them to Weathertop, where they were spotted and attacked. The Witch-king advanced on Frodo, and the terrified hobbit put on the Ring, seeing them as they truly were. When Frodo resisted, and invoked the name of [[Varda|Elbereth]], the Witch-king stabbed Frodo in the shoulder. The tip of his blade broke off and sent poison through the hobbit’s veins. Then Aragorn counterattacked with flaming brands. The Witch-king fled at his mighty presence, confident that the poison of the blade would do its work and bend Frodo's will to his purpose. But he was shaken by the encounter; Gandalf and Aragorn were people of immense power, and even the Ring-bearer, who was not an especially strong person, had dared to resist him. He feared that Frodo might have some elvish power. Moreover, he knew that Frodo’s weapon, a [[blade of Westernesse]], was wrought for his undoing and if it had struck him would have done him damage. He was thus distressed, and Aragorn, Frodo, and their little company eluded him.[[Image:Ted Nasmith - The Attack of the Wraiths.jpg|thumb|left|200px|''Attack of the Wraiths'' by [[Ted Nasmith]].]]<br />
<br />
He resumed the pursuit quickly, though, and found the Khamûl had been driven from the [[Last Bridge]] by his old enemy [[Glorfindel]]. The Witch-king, who only had one companion with him, was likewise unable to confront him openly. They regrouped and went south, rejoining with the other four. They managed to pick up the trail of the company of the Ring, and despite hindrance from Glorfindel and Aragorn managed to pursue Frodo alone on [[Asfaloth]]. The pursuit came to the [[Ford of Bruinen]], and there Frodo compelled the horse to stop. The Witch-king saw his defiance and laughed, breaking his sword with a movement of his hand. But the waters of the [[Bruinen]] rose at [[Elrond]]'s command, sweeping the Nine downstream.<sup>[[#References|14]]</sup><br />
<br />
===War of the Ring===<br />
The Witch-king took the only surviving horse back to [[Mordor]], arriving there in December. He then sent aid to the other eight Nazgûl, and they returned in secret. In [[Minas Morgul]] they prepared for a grand invasion of [[Gondor]] at the order of their master. The Witch-king was given by Sauron added "demonic" force.<sup>[[#References|15]]</sup> On March 10, [[Third Age 3019|3019]], the signal was given and Minas Morgul was emptied. The Witch-king rode at the head of the army in black, upon a black horse, as he had in the time of the wars of Angmar. As the Witch-king passed out of the gates of the dead city, he sensed the presence of Frodo. He was disturbed, but continued on through Ithilien.<br />
<br />
With the Witch-king in command, [[Osgiliath]] soon fell.<sup>[[#References|16]]</sup> The defeat was attributed to his superior numbers, and his terrible presence which made all hearts to quail. The [[Rammas Echor]] was breached, and the [[Pelennor Fields]] were overrun. Other wraiths he sent out mounted on [[Fell Beasts]]. [[Faramir]], [[Ruling Steward|Steward]] [[Denethor II]]'s son, was wounded by a dart and the [[black breath]], but his company was saved by a sortie. Then the Witch-king laid siege to [[Minas Tirith]] itself, sending fire and the heads of the dead Gondorians into the city via catapults. Then he launched the assault.<br />
<br />
[[Image:Angus McBride - Gandalf facing Witch-king.gif|thumb|right|250px|''Gandalf facing the Witch-king'' by [[Angus McBride]].]]He sent [[Grond (battering ram)|Grond]] out first, accompanying it in person so as to be the first to enter the city. Three times Grond struck the gate, empowered by the sorcery of the Witch-king. The third time the Gate shattered in a flash of fire. The Witch-king passed into Minas Tirith, but was confronted by Gandalf on [[Shadowfax]]. Gandalf forbade him entry, but the Witch-king laughed and put on a show of power.<br />
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{{quote|The Black Rider flung back his hood, and behold! he had a kingly crown; and yet upon no head visible was it set. The red fires shone between it and the mantled shoulders vast and dark. From a mouth unseen there cam a deadly laughter.<br>'Old fool!' he said. 'Old fool! This is my hour. Do you not know Death when you see it? Die now and curse in vain!' And with that he lifted high his sword and flames ran down the blade.|''[[The Return of the King]]'', [[The Siege of Gondor]]}}<br />
<br />
But as Gandalf stood resolute, the [[Rohirrim]] came. The Witch-king departed, mounting a fell beast and descending upon King [[Théoden]] who led the attack. [[Snowmane]], the King's horse, collapsed with a dart in the side, and Théoden was crushed beneath him. But the rider [[Dernhelm]] defied the Witch-king. The Witch-king threatened Dernhelm with a terrible death, but the rider revealed that she was a woman, [[Éowyn]], and the Witch-king remembered the words of Glorfindel. The Witch-king hesitated, but then moved forward. Éowyn decapitated the fell beast, but the Witch-king rose and struck her down with his mace, breaking her shield-arm. Then the hobbit [[Meriadoc Brandybuck]] stabbed him in the sinew of his leg with the [[blade of Westernesse]], as he drew back to kill the woman. Then Éowyn rose and drove her sword through where his invisible head was, and the sword broke as his crown toppled. The Witch-king gave a great and horrible wail, and perished at last.<sup>[[#References|17]]</sup>[[Image:Michael Kaluta - Eowyn and the Witch-King of Angmar.jpg|left|300px|thumb|''Éowyn and the Witch-king'' by [[Michael Kaluta]].]]<br />
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So the prophecy of Glorfindel was fulfilled, for the Witch-king did not fall at the hands of a man, but at the hands of a woman and a hobbit. With his death, and the coming of Aragorn II in the black ships, the [[Battle of the Pelennor Fields]] was lost.<br />
<br />
==Early Life==<br />
<br />
The Witch-king's true name is never given, and therefore among [[Tolkien fandom|Tolkien fans]], the Witch-king is often simply called ''Angmar'', after the name of the realm he founded and led. Many fans also identify him as one of the three [[Black Númenóreans]] Tolkien stated had become Nazgûl, or possibly [[Isilmo]], a Númenórean prince and father of Tar-Minastir. In the now defunct [[Middle-earth Role Playing]] game, he was named ''Er-Murazor'', a Númenórean prince, though this is strictly [[Canon|non-canonical]] and does not appear outside of the role playing material. It is also a popular belief among some fans, that the Witch-king was not dead as Éowyn had not an enchanted sword, and cite the passage that says that his wail was not heard again ''In this age of the earth''. But other Tolkien scholars say that although the Witch-king's return at an unspecified time in the future is possible, another possible solution is that Merry's stroke destroyed the Witch-king's invulnerability allowing Éowyn's non-magic blade to end his existence forever. Also, because of the perishing of the [[One Ring]], the nine other rings which kept the Nazgûl would probably have lost their power.<br />
<br />
==Names==<br />
* Witch-king of Angmar - "Witch" most likely coming from his background in sorcery, and "king" after his establishment of the realm of Angmar in 1300.<br />
* Witch-lord of Angmar - A variant of the above title.<br />
* Lord of the Nazgûl<br />
* Lord of the Ringwraiths<br />
* Chieftain of the Ringwraiths<br />
* Lord of the Nine Riders<br />
* King of the Nine Riders<br />
* Wraith-lord<br />
* Wraith-king<br />
* High Nazgûl<br />
* Lord of Morgul<br />
* Morgul-lord<br />
* King of Minas Morgul<br />
* Black Captain<br />
* Captain of Despair<br />
* [[Dwimmerlaik]]<br />
* Lord of Carrion<br />
<br />
==Etymology==<br />
While in modern English ''witch'' has mostly female connotations, referring to a hag or sorceress, in middle-English ''wicche'' had no gender distinction; the preference of ''witch'' for female persons (the males referred more usually as ''wizzards'') evolved later through the centuries. <br />
<br />
Tolkien uses the archaic, gender-unspecific meaning of the term; of course, the word [[Wizard]] refers exclusively to the [[Maiar]] [[Istari]].<br />
<br />
==Inspirations==<br />
An undead witch-king named ''Þráinn'' appears in ''[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hrómundar_saga_Gripssonar Hrómundar saga Gripssonar]''. It is possible that this was Tolkien's source of inspiration.<br />
<br />
The prophecy that the Witch-king would fall "not by the hand of man" and the fulfillment of the prophecy occurring as a technicality (being slain by a hobbit and a woman) bears a striking resemblance to the prophecy regarding the title character's death in Shakespeare's Macbeth, where it was foretold that Macbeth will be slain "not by man born of woman" and is then killed by Mcduff, born by caesarian section. Tolkien it seems was familiar with the play, having reputedly taken inspiration for the Last March of the Ents from the same source (See article ''[[Ents]]'' for details).<br />
<br />
==Portrayal in Adaptations == <br />
<center><gallery><br />
Image:Witch-king from PJ's LotR - Armored.jpeg|<center>The Witch-king in [[The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King]]</center><br />
Image:Witchking ea rotk.jpg|<center>In ''[[EA's The Return of the King]]'', with different helmet.</center><br />
Image:The Lord of the Rings online Shadows of Angmar - Witch-king 1.jpg|<center>The Witch-king in [[The Lord of the Rings Online]].</center><br />
</gallery></center><br />
<br />
'''1956: ''[[The Lord of the Rings (1955 radio series)]]'':'''<br />
:The Black Captain is played by [[Felix Felton]].<ref name="RT1727">Radio Times, Volume 133, No. 1727, [[December 14]], [[1956]]</ref><br />
<br />
'''1978: ''[[Ralph Bakshi's The Lord of the Rings]]'':'''<br />
:The Witch-king is shown with no distinction from the other Ringwraiths; all are robed in brown and black, and none seem to be able to talk clearly.<br />
<br />
'''1980: ''[[Rankin/Bass' The Return of the King]]'':'''<br />
:The Witch-king is portrayed as a humanoid figure with no head. Red eyes glare under a golden crown. His dialogue is more or less as in the books, albeit in a strange and somewhat unfitting electronic voice. After a stab from behind by Merry, Éowyn beheads him. It is worthy of note that the Witch-king is seen with the [[Red Eye]] of [[Barad-dûr]] as his emblem and faction, rather than the grim moon of [[Minas Morgul]]. <br />
<br />
'''1981: ''[[The Lord of the Rings (1981 radio series)|BBC Radio's The Lord of the Rings]]'':'''<br />
:The role of the Witch-king is expanded with material from ''[[The Hunt for the Ring]]''. He is the second speaking character in the series: he is the one who captures [[Gollum]], though he is not identified as such until the credits. [[Philip Voss]] provided the voice for the Witch-king.<br />
<br />
'''2002: ''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring (video game)|Vivendi's The Fellowship of the Ring]]'':'''<br />
:The Witch-king is shown without distinction of the other Nazgûl.<br />
<br />
'''2001-3: ''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Motion Picture Trilogy]]'':'''<br />
:The Lord of the Nazgûl is only named the "Witch-king of Angmar" in ''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King|The Return of the King]]''. In that film, there is no mention of [[Glorfindel]]'s prophecy; there is only a claim among the enemy that "no man can kill" the Witch-king. Like the other Nazgûl, he is depicted as a humanoid figure shrouded in a hooded black robe; his only distinguishing feature is a mask-like spiked helmet with a huge mouth. His first mention is when [[Gandalf]] tells [[Peregrin Took|Pippin]] while in Minas Tirith that the Dark Lord has not yet revealed his greatest servant: the Witch-king, the one that "stabbed Frodo on Weathertop". <br />
<br />
:During the [[Battle of the Pelennor Fields]], the Witch-king's army uses the ram [[Grond (battering-ram)|Grond]] to break through the city gates early in the battle (after the failure of a lesser ram), and the Witch-king is not present to confront Gandalf as he is in the book. The confrontation takes place later, as Pippin and Gandalf race to the tombs to save [[Faramir|Faramir]], and the Witch-king intercepts them. Unlike in the book, this meeting decisively favors the Witch-king, who breaks Gandalf's staff and throws the wizard to the ground before leaving to deal with the arrival of the [[Rohirrim]]. Gandalf's face shows obvious fear in this scene, in comparison to the resolution (for "victory or death") in the books.<br />
<br />
:The Witch-king's destruction on the battlefield occurs with less dialogue than in the book, and the weapons used to destroy him are both mundane: Merry's sword is not a [[Daggers of Westernesse|dagger]] from the [[Barrow-downs]], but rather the Rohirric sword that Théoden had as a child.<br />
<br />
:Eight actors are known to have played some part of the Witch-king. <br />
# An unidentified extra portrayed the "King of Men" in the prologue. He was chosen to be the Witch-king simply because he was the smallest of the nine.<br />
# [[Shane Rangi]] did the horse chase. <br />
# [[Fran Walsh]] provided the "Ringwraith scream".<br />
# Effects technician Ben Price played the Witch-king in "many scenes"<ref>http://www.decipher.com/content/2004/07/072904lotrwetaprops.html</ref><br />
# [[Brent McIntyre]] is officially credited as the Witch-king in ''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring|The Fellowship of the Ring]]''. He stabbed Frodo.<br />
# [[Lawrence Makoare]] filled the robe of the Witch-king in ''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King|The Return of the King]]''.<br />
# [[Mark Ferguson]] filled the heavy armoured costume when Makoare felt claustrophobic.<ref>http://www.markferguson.net/articles/interview_Nautilus20.html</ref><br />
# [[Andy Serkis]] provided the voice of the Witch-king. It was layered thrice to give it a ghastly effect.<br />
<br />
'''2003: ''[[EA's The Return of the King]]'':'''<br />
:The Witch-king's role and voice are similar to that of the film, but his appearance is different. An early helmet design, that had been removed from the film because it resembled [[Sauron]]'s helm too much, was used here, presumably because there was no time to make a new character model.<br />
<br />
'''2007: ''[[The Lord of the Rings Online]]'':'''<br />
:The Witch-king is a non-playable character that the player sees in various scenes.<br />
<br />
==See Also==<br />
* '''[[:Category:Images of the Witch-king|Images of the Witch-king]]'''<br />
* [[Nazgûl|Ringwraiths]]<br />
<br />
{{references}}<br />
# ''[[The Silmarillion]]'', [[Of the Rings of Power and the Third Age]], p. 289<br />
# ''[[The Silmarillion]]'', [[Akallabêth]], p. 267, [[Ballantine Books]] p. 320<br />
# ''[[The Lord of the Rings: A Reader's Companion]]'', p. 20<br />
# ''[[The Lord of the Rings]]'', [[Appendix B]]<br />
# ''[[The Lord of the Rings]]'', [[Appendix A]] (iii), [[Houghton Mifflin]] p. 320<br />
# ''[[The Peoples of Middle-earth]]'', [[The Heirs of Elendil]], entry for [[Malvegil]], [[HarperCollins]] p. 193-194<br />
# ''[[The Peoples of Middle-earth]]'', [[The Heirs of Elendil]], entry for [[Argeleb I]], [[HarperCollins]] p. 194<br />
# ''[[The Peoples of Middle-earth]]'', [[The Heirs of Elendil]], entry for [[Arveleg I]], [[HarperCollins]] p. 194<br />
# ''[[Unfinished Tales]]'', [[The Palantíri]], note 16, [[Houghton Mifflin]] p. 413<br />
# ''[[The Lord of the Rings]]'', [[Appendix A]] (iii), [[Houghton Mifflin]] p. 321-322<br />
# ''[[The Lord of the Rings]]'', [[Appendix A]] (iv), [[Houghton Mifflin]] p. 331-332<br />
# ''[[The Lord of the Rings]]'', [[Appendix A]] (iv), [[Houghton Mifflin]] p. 333<br />
# ''[[Unfinished Tales]]'', [[The Hunt for the Ring]], [[Houghton Mifflin]] p. 338-341<br />
# ''[[The Fellowship of the Ring]]'', [[Flight to the Ford]]<br />
# ''[[The Letters of J.R.R. Tolkien]]'', [[Letter 210]], p. 272<br />
# ''[[The Return of the King]]'', [[The Siege of Gondor]]<br />
# ''[[The Return of the King]]'', [[The Battle of the Pelennor Fields]]<br />
<br />
[[Category:Nazgûl]]<br />
[[Category:Characters in The Lord of the Rings]]<br />
[[Category:Featured Articles]]<br />
[[de:Der Hexenkönig von Angmar]]<br />
[[fr:encyclo/personnages/hommes/3a/nazgul/roi-sorcier]]<br />
[[fi:Noitakuningas]]</div>Elendilhttps://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=Window_of_the_Sunset&diff=117145Window of the Sunset2010-08-01T09:24:02Z<p>Elendil: </p>
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<div>[[Image:Rob Alexander - Henneth Annun.jpg|thumb|right]] <br />
The '''Window of Sunset''' was a waterfall which concealed the [[Gondorian]] outpost of [[Henneth Annûn]] from [[Sauron]]. The waterfall keeps the [[Ithilien]] Ranger's base completely hidden and feeds the pool which it overlooks. This was where [[Samwise Gamgee|Sam]] and [[Frodo Baggins|Frodo]] were taken when they were captured by the Rangers of Ithilien.<br />
<br />
In [[Sindarin]] ''Window of the West'' translates as ''Henneth Annûn'', which is the name of the outpost.<br />
<br />
[[Category:Falls]]<br />
<br />
[[fr:encyclo/geographie/villes_tours_et_forteresses/gondor/henneth_annun]]</div>Elendilhttps://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=Henneth_Ann%C3%BBn&diff=117144Henneth Annûn2010-08-01T09:23:43Z<p>Elendil: </p>
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<div>{{Pronounce|Henneth Annun.mp3|Ardamir}}<br />
'''Henneth Annûn''' was a hidden [[Gondor]]ian outpost in North [[Ithilien]]. During the [[War of the Ring]], [[Faramir|Faramir]] son of Steward [[Denethor II]] had his base of operations there, and [[Frodo Baggins]] and his servant [[Samwise Gamgee]] were taken there by his company.<br />
<br />
This secret dwelling (the name means ''[[Window of the Sunset]]'') consisted of a cave behind a west-facing waterfall overlooking a pool. The cave had been excavated by the stream feeding the waterfall, which originally fell from the hole in the cliff constituting the window in the name, but that stream had since been diverted and the tunnel sealed save for a concealed entrance.<br />
<br />
[[Category:Pronounced articles]]<br />
[[Category:Caves]]<br />
[[Category:Falls]]<br />
<br />
[[fr:encyclo/geographie/villes_tours_et_forteresses/gondor/henneth_annun]]</div>Elendilhttps://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=Anad%C3%BBn%C3%AA&diff=117143Anadûnê2010-08-01T09:21:26Z<p>Elendil: </p>
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<div>'''Anadûnê''' is [[Adûnaic]] for 'Westernesse'' (Númenor)<br />
==Etymology==<br />
From ''[[anadûni]]'' which means "Western" (''[[an]]-[[Adûn]]'' "of the West")<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
* [[The Languages of Tolkien's Middle-earth]]<br />
<br />
[[Category:Adûnaic words]]<br />
[[de:Númenor]]<br />
[[fr:encyclo/geographie/eaux/iles/anadune]]<br />
[[fi:Anadûnê]]</div>Elendilhttps://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=Westernesse&diff=117142Westernesse2010-08-01T09:20:11Z<p>Elendil: </p>
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<div>'''Westernesse''' was a name in the [[Common Speech]] for the [[Númenor|Isle of Númenor]].<br />
<br />
[[Category: Númenor]]<br />
<br />
[[fr:encyclo/geographie/eaux/iles/anadune]]</div>Elendilhttps://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=Western_Sea&diff=117141Western Sea2010-08-01T09:16:41Z<p>Elendil: </p>
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<div>The '''Western Sea''' was the broad ocean that lay off the western coasts of [[Middle-earth]], that in earlier days could be sailed westward to [[Númenor]], and then to distant [[Aman]] in the [[Uttermost West]].<br />
<br />
[[Category:Oceans]]<br />
<br />
[[fr:encyclo/geographie/eaux/belegaer]]</div>Elendilhttps://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=Nandor&diff=117140Nandor2010-08-01T09:11:23Z<p>Elendil: </p>
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<div>{{race<br />
|image=[[Image:Rob Alexander - Elven Cloak.jpg|300px]]<br />
|name=Nandor<br />
|dominions=[[Ossiriand]], [[Edhellond]], [[Lothlórien]], [[Mirkwood]].<br />
|languages=[[Nandorin]].<br />
|height=Tall.<br />
|length=<br />
|skincolor=White or olive.<br />
|haircolor=Usually dark.<br />
|feathers=<br />
|distinctions=Secretive, lovers of the forests and animals.<br />
|lifespan=Immortal.<br />
|members=[[Lenwë]], [[Denethor (Nando)|Denethor]], [[Nimrodel the Elf-maid|Nimrodel]].<br />
}}<br />
The '''Nandor''' ([[Quenya|Q]], pron. {{IPA|[ˈnandor]}}; sg. ''Nando''), later known as the ''Silvan Elves'' or "Wood-elves", were one of the [[Teleri]]n races of [[Elves]]. The Nandor were the original elven inhabitants of [[Middle-earth]] east of [[Beleriand]], but eventually they also stretched out across the [[Ered Luin]] as well into [[Ossiriand]]. They were the "green elves", loving forests, and easily the most common kindred of elf by the [[Third Age]] in Middle-earth.<br />
<br />
==History==<br />
<br />
===Lenwë and Denethor===<br />
<br />
The Nandor were originally simply a group of the Teleri indistinct from the others who were afraid to cross the [[Hithaeglir]], and content to remain in the wide forested lands to the east, along the river [[Anduin]]. One of the Teleri, of the silver-haired kindred of [[Olwë]] that would later become the [[Falmari]], rose to lead them. He was named [[Lenwë]], and led a great number of the Teleri south along the Great River, where they fell out of the histories for a long time. They called themselves the Nandor, and they loved water and green things. Under Lenwë they developed great knowledge and skill with herbs and living things, tree and beast alike. Their culture became very distinct.<ref name="ref1">''[[The Silmarillion]]'', ''[[Of the Coming of the Elves and the Captivity of Melkor]]''</ref><br />
<br />
Gradually, the Nandor spread out. They may have moved on to live in [[Eriador]], or by the mouth of the Sea at the outpouring of Anduin. They were a simple folk, with no weapons of steel. They made friends, too, with the [[Naugrim]], and were contented. But evil beasts came from the north, and they had no defense against such terrible weapons. They had been told by the Naugrim about King [[Thingol]] and the might of the [[Sindar]], therefore [[Denethor (Nando)|Denethor]], Lenwë's son, crossed over the [[Ered Luin]] into [[Beleriand]], the western lands of Middle-earth. There they settled in the green and many-rivered [[Ossiriand]], welcomed by Thingol as long-lost relatives. They were called the [[Laiquendi|Laegrim]].<ref name="ref2">''[[The Silmarillion]]'', ''[[Of the Sindar]]''</ref><br />
<br />
===Wars of Beleriand===<br />
<br />
Thingol took advantage of their friendship on the first opportunity, when he was in great need. The Dark Lord [[Morgoth|Belegurth]] [[First Battle of Beleriand|invaded]] Beleriand, cutting Thingol off from his other strong allies, the [[Falathrim]]. But Ossiriand was wide and Morgoth could not sever that connection. Thingol called Denethor to his aid, and the Laegrim came. Thingol attacked the orc-host from the west, and the Laegrim from the east, creating a hammer-and-anvil technique that succeeded. But this victory came at great cost. The Laegrim were lightly-armed, and the orcs shod in iron. Denethor was cut off at [[Amon Ereb]]; he and all those nearest about him were killed before Thingol could rescue him. The Laegrim loved him and mourned his loss, and henceforth would take no king. They became reclusive, pulling away from the many troubles of Beleriand, and fighting no longer against Belegurth.<ref name="ref2" /><br />
<br />
When the [[Noldor]] returned from over the [[Belegaer|Sea]], they gave the Laegrim the name (in [[Quenya]]) ''[[Laiquendi]]''. The Laiquendi did not participate in the great events of Belegaer throughout the First Age. The Laiquendi accepted [[Beren Erchamion|Beren]] and [[Lúthien Tinúviel|Lúthien]], who came to [[Tol Galen]] in the midst of their lands, and made it one of the most beautiful places in Beleriand. After the dreadful sack of Doriath and death of Thingol, many of the Laiquendi joined Beren in the [[Battle of Sarn Athrad]]. The green elves later sent the news to King [[Dior Eluchíl]] news of the final deaths of Beren and Lúthien.<ref name="ref3">''[[The Silmarillion]]'', ''[[Of the Ruin of Doriath]]''</ref><br />
<br />
After the [[Nírnaeth Arnoediad]], the [[Sons of Fëanor]] wandered in the lands of the Laiquendi, bereft of lands, often mixing with them.<ref name="ref4">''[[The Silmarillion]]'', ''[[Of the Fifth Battle]]''</ref><br />
<br />
===Second Age===<br />
(''Henceforth see also [[Galadhrim]] and [[Elves of Mirkwood]]'')<br />
<br />
After the [[War of Wrath]], Ossiriand survived no longer, and the survivors of the Laiquendi once more merged back into the main Nandorin population, who now were spread over the face of Middle-earth. The Nandor on both sides of the mountain range were of a somewhat less pure strain, those in Ossiriand having mixed blood with some [[Sindar]], and those in the east having mixed blood with the [[Avari]] who came westwards. As the Second Age went on, the blood became even more mixed. Even their language changed from [[Nandorin]] to [[Sindarin]]. Gradually, the Nandor were changing into what became known as ''Silvan Elves'' or ''Tawarwaith'', meaning "Forest People"<ref name="ref5">''[[Unfinished Tales]]'', ''[[The History of Galadriel and Celeborn]]'', Appendices A & B</ref>.<br />
<br />
The Nandor, now known in their impure state as Tawarwaith, were soon pushed into refuge when [[Sauron]] rose to challenge elven power in Middle-earth. Some were forced to take refuge with the [[Noldor]], who although weakened were still very powerful, in [[Lindon]] and [[Imladris]]. Others dwelt with [[Círdan]] the Sinda in [[Mithlond]], and still others hid in their ancient forest homes [[Lórinand]] and [[Eryn Galen]]. They took leaders from the pure-blood clans of Noldor and Sindar; in the case of the latter two refuges, the Sindarin lords [[Amdír]] and [[Oropher]] respectively.<br />
<br />
The Tawarwaith of Lórinand (the ''[[Galadhrim]]'') and Eryn Galen played mostly a small role in the events of the [[Second Age]], as they had in the First. Amdír and Oropher built up their kingdoms as the shadow of Sauron grew longer and longer, and evil more powerful. Both Amdír and Oropher took great hosts to join the [[Last Alliance of Elves and Men]], and fought in the [[War of the Last Alliance|war that followed]]. Both hosts suffered immense losses; Amdír was cut off and killed in the [[Battle of Dagorlad]] with many of his followers, while Oropher rashly disobeyed King [[Gil-galad]] in [[Mordor]] and fell beside two thirds of the entire company<ref name="ref5" />. The Tawarwaith entered the [[Third Age]] greatly weakened and disheartened, despite the seemingly final defeat of Sauron.<br />
<br />
===Third Age===<br />
<br />
Lórinand, now known as [[Lothlórien]], and Eryn Galen, now known as [[Mirkwood]], continued to host the larger populations of Tawarwaith. [[Amroth]] took over in Lothlórien, later passing the rulership on to [[Galadriel]] and [[Celeborn (Lord of Lórien)|Celeborn]], while [[Thranduil]] became king in Mirkwood. Under these rulers the Tawarwaith prospered and became numerous once more, while the Noldor and Sindar were in slow but steady decline. Yet though mostly inactive, they were watchful of the growing of [[men]] and the ominous change the Third Age would bring<ref name="ref5" />.<br />
<br />
But the elves of both Lothlórien and Mirkwood were threatened by a new evil growing in south Mirkwood. The [[Necromancer]] was building [[Dol Guldur]]. As the Third Age continued and Sauron rose, the [[White Council]] was formed. Sauron was driven from Dol Guldur several times, but the Tawarwaith were still for the most part impassive. Eventually the [[War of the Ring]] came. [[Legolas]], Thranduil’s son, became a hero of that war, while both Lothlórien and Mirkwood were invaded by Dol Guldur in the [[Rhovanion Campaign (WotR)|Rhovanion Campaign]]. All attacks were repulsed, and Dol Guldur was thrown down at last in a grand counterattack by Celeborn and his followers<ref name="ref6">''[[The Lord of the Rings]]'', ''[[Appendix B]]''</ref>. Mirkwood was renamed ''[[Eryn Lasgalen]]''. Yet the Silvan population was again diminished. Galadriel and Celeborn passed west, and the light of Lórien faded.<br />
<br />
Throughout the [[Fourth Age]] they aided the rising [[Reunited Kingdom]], making [[Ithilien]] green, for instance<ref name="ref7">''[[The Lord of the Rings]]'', ''[[Appendix A]]''</ref>. Their eventual fate was to pass west to the land they had never seen, or else to remain in Middle-earth Changed and fade into forgetfulness. <br />
{{elves}}<br />
{{references}}<br />
[[Category:Nandor| ]]<br />
[[Category:Characters in The Hobbit]]<br />
[[Category:Quenya nouns]]<br />
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[[fr:encyclo/peuples/elfes/teleri/nandor]]</div>Elendilhttps://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=White_Tree_(disambiguation)&diff=117139White Tree (disambiguation)2010-08-01T09:05:30Z<p>Elendil: </p>
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<div>The '''White Tree''' can refer to any of these trees: <br />
* [[Telperion]], the White Tree of [[Valinor]], one of the [[Two Trees of Valinor]].<br />
* [[Galathilion]], The White Tree of [[Tirion]].<br />
* [[Celeborn (White Tree)|Celeborn]], the White Tree of [[Tol Eressëa]].<br />
* [[Nimloth of Númenor|Nimloth]], the White Tree of [[Númenor]].<br />
* '''The [[White Tree of Gondor]], four different seedlings.'''<br />
<br />
* It can also refer to [[The White Tree Fund]], a charitable organisation. <br />
==Genealogy==<br />
{{familytree/start}}<br />
{{familytree | | | |TEL| | | | | LAU=[[Laurelin]]|TEL=[[Telperion]]<br><small>destroyed</small>}}<br />
{{familytree | | | | | | | | | }}<br />
{{familytree | | | |GAL| | | | | GAL=[[Galathilion]]<br><small>Made in the image of Telperion}}<br />
{{familytree | | | | |!| | | | | }}<br />
{{familytree | | | |CEL| | | CEL=[[Celeborn (White Tree)|Celeborn]]}}<br />
{{familytree | | | | |!| | | | | }}<br />
{{familytree | | | |NIM| | | NIM=[[Nimloth of Númenor|Nimloth]]}}<br />
{{familytree | | | | |!| | | | | }}<br />
{{familytree | | | |G1| | | | |G1=<small>First tree of Gondor ([[Minas Ithil]])<small>}}<br />
{{familytree | | | | |!| | | | | }}<br />
{{familytree | | | |G2| | | | |G2=<small>Second tree of Gondor ([[Minas Anor]])</small> }}<br />
{{familytree | | | | |!| | | | | }}<br />
{{familytree | | | |G3 | | | | |G3=<small>Third tree of Gondor ([[Minas Tirith (Gondor)|Minas Tirith]])</small> }}<br />
{{familytree | | | | |!| | | | | }}<br />
{{familytree | | | |G4 | | | | |G4=<small>Fourth tree of Gondor (Minas Tirith)</small>}}<br />
{{familytree/end}}<br />
<br />
{{disambig}}<br />
[[de:Weißer Baum]]<br />
[[fr:encyclo/biologie/flore/arbre_blanc]]<br />
[[fi:Valkoinen Puu]]</div>Elendilhttps://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=White_Tree_of_Gondor&diff=117138White Tree of Gondor2010-08-01T09:00:54Z<p>Elendil: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{expansion}}<!-- As a heraldic motif--><br />
{{sources}}{{disambig-more|White Tree|[[White Tree (disambiguation)]]}}<br />
{{plants<br />
| image=[[Image:Ted Nasmith - The White Tree.jpg|250px]]<br />
| name=White Tree<br />
| othernames=White Tree of Minas Tirith<br />
| derivation=<br />
| family=Trees of [[Galathilion]]'s line<br />
| location=[[Minas Tirith (Gondor)|Minas Tirith]]<br />
| appearance=A white tree (with blossoms)<br />
| references=<br />
|}}<br />
The '''White Tree of Gondor''' stood as a symbol of [[Gondor]] in the [[Court of the Fountain (Minas Tirith)|Court of the Fountain]] in [[Minas Tirith]] (as well as [[Minas Ithil]]).<br />
The White Tree also appears as a motif upon Gondor's flag.<br />
<br />
== History ==<br />
<br />
=== First White Tree ===<br />
The first White Tree of Gondor came from a fruit that [[Isildur]], at great personal risk, managed to steal from [[Nimloth of Númenor|Nimloth]] the Fair, the White Tree of [[Númenor]], before that one was destroyed at [[Sauron]]'s insistence. He suffered many wounds at this mission, and he came near death, but when the first leaf opened in the spring, Isildur was healed of his wounds.<br />
<br />
This sapling was brought to Middle-earth on Isildur's ship, and it was eventually planted in [[Minas Ithil]] before the house of Isildur. But when Sauron returned to Middle-earth, he launched a sudden attack that captured Minas Ithil, and he destroyed the White Tree. Isildur escaped taking with him again a sapling.<br />
<br />
=== Second White Tree ===<br />
In the Year 2 of the [[Third Age]], Isildur planted the seedling of the White Tree in [[Minas Anor]].<br />
<br />
This White Tree lasted until [[Third Age|T. A.]] 1636, when the [[Great Plague]] hits [[Gondor]], killing among many others King [[Telemnar]] and his children.<br />
<br />
=== Third White Tree ===<br />
A third sapling was planted in [[Third Age|T. A.]] 1640 by King [[Tarondor (King of Gondor)|Tarondor]]. This one lasted until the year 2852 and the death of the [[Stewards of Gondor|Ruling Steward]] [[Belecthor II]].<br />
<br />
At this time no seedling of the tree could be found. As a result it was left standing after its death.<br />
<br />
=== Fourth White Tree ===<br />
When [[Aragorn]] became king he discovered (with [[Gandalf]]'s help) a sapling of the White Tree upon the slopes of [[Mindolluin]], high above the city, which he reverently planted in its place. The dead tree was removed from the court but was placed in the [[Rath Dínen|Tombs of the Kings]] with all the honour that would normally be accorded a fallen monarch. In June of [[Third Age|T. A.]] 3019 the sapling bloomed.<br />
<br />
== Genealogy ==<br />
{{familytree/start}}<br />
{{familytree | | | |TEL| | | | | LAU=[[Laurelin]]|TEL=[[Telperion]]<br><small>destroyed</small>}}<br />
{{familytree | | | | | | | | | }}<br />
{{familytree | | | |GAL| | | | | GAL=[[Galathilion]]<br><small>Made in the image of Telperion}}<br />
{{familytree | | | | |!| | | | | }}<br />
{{familytree | | | |CEL| | | CEL=[[Celeborn (White Tree)|Celeborn]] of [[Tol Eressëa]]}}<br />
{{familytree | | | | |!| | | | | }}<br />
{{familytree | | | |NIM| | | NIM=[[Nimloth of Númenor|Nimloth]] of [[Númenor]]}}<br />
{{familytree | | | | |!| | | | | }}<br />
{{familytree | | | |G1| | | | |G1=<small>[[#First White Tree|First Tree of Gondor]] ([[Minas Ithil]])<br>Late [[Second Age]]</small>}}<br />
{{familytree | | | | |!| | | | | }}<br />
{{familytree | | | |G2| | | | |G2=<small>[[#Second White Tree|Second Tree of Gondor]] ([[Minas Anor]])<br>[[Third Age 2|T.A. 2]] - [[Third Age 1636|T.a. 1636]]</small> }}<br />
{{familytree | | | | |!| | | | | }}<br />
{{familytree | | | |G3 | | | | |G3=<small>[[#Third White Tree|Third Tree of Gondor]] ([[Minas Tirith (Gondor)|Minas Tirith]])<br>[[Third Age 1640|T.A. 1640]] - [[Third Age 2852|T.A. 2852]]</small> }}<br />
{{familytree | | | | |!| | | | | }}<br />
{{familytree | | | |G4 | | | | |G4=<small>[[#Fourth White Tree|Fourth Tree of Gondor]] (Minas Tirith)<br>[[Third Age 3019|T.A. 3019]] - Onward</small>}}<br />
{{familytree/end}}<br />
<br />
== Adaptations ==<br />
'''2003: ''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King]]'':'''<br />
:The film shows the previously dead tree flowering again during the Siege of Gondor and the imminent arrival of Aragorn on the Black Ships.<br />
<br />
{{references}}<br />
[[Category:Trees]]<br />
[[Category:Signs and Symbols]]<br />
<br />
[[fr:encyclo/biologie/flore/arbre_blanc_du_gondor]]</div>Elendilhttps://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=Index:Tolkien_studies_publications_by_year&diff=117137Index:Tolkien studies publications by year2010-08-01T08:51:58Z<p>Elendil: </p>
<hr />
<div>'''Writings by year''' is an attempt to chronologically list all published writings relating to [[J.R.R. Tolkien]] and his works (see also ''[[Writings by J.R.R. Tolkien]]''). The list is focused on publication of books, but major journals and important newspaper articles will also be listed (non-scholarly journals and game book series will generally only be listed when they first appear).<ref>Main works consulted for the compilation of this list has been (1) [http://acunix.wheatonma.edu/mdrout/TolkienBiblio/ ''A Bibliography of Scholarly Studies of J.R.R. Tolkien and His Works''] ([[Michael D.C. Drout]] et al.), (2) [http://www.forodrim.org/bibliography/tolklist.html ''A Chronological Bibliography of Books About Tolkien''] ([[Åke Bertenstam]]), and (3) ''[[The J.R.R. Tolkien Companion and Guide]]''.</ref> Non-English titles will be added when these have a description in English on Tolkien Gateway.<br />
<br />
=== 1930s ===<br />
<br />
*[[1937]]: "[[A World for Children]]" in ''Times Literary Supplement''<br />
*[[1937]]: "[[Professor Tolkien's "Hobbit"|Professor Tolkien's 'Hobbit']]" in ''The Times'' (London)<br />
*[[1938]]: ''[[The Horn Book Magazine]]''<br />
<br />
=== 1940s ===<br />
<br />
=== 1950s ===<br />
<br />
*[[1954]]: "[[The Gods Return to Earth]]" in ''Time and Tide''<br />
*[[1955]]: ''[[Surprised by Joy]]''<br />
*[[1955]]: "[[The Dethronement of Power]]" in ''Time and Tide''<br />
*[[1959]]: [[The Art of Beowulf|''The Art of'' Beowulf]]<br />
<br />
=== 1960s ===<br />
<br />
*[[1960]]: ''[[The Four Loves]]''<br />
<br />
*[[1961]]: ''[[Men, Halflings and Hero Worship]]''<br />
*[[1961]]: ''[[Djävulens nya kläder: essäer]]'' (The Devil's New Clothes: Essays)<br />
<br />
*[[1962]]: ''[[English and Medieval Studies Presented to J.R.R. Tolkien on the Occasion of his Seventieth Birthday]]''<br />
*[[1962]]: ''[[Books With Men Behind Them]]''<br />
*[[Twelve Beowulf Papers, 1940-1960: With Additional Comments|''Twelve'' Beowulf ''Papers, 1940-1960: With Additional Comments'']]<br />
*[[1962]]: ''[[Sprightly Running: Part of an Autobiography]]''<br />
*[[1962]]: ''[[The Strength to Dream: Literature and the Imagination]]''<br />
<br />
*[[1965]]: ''[[The Bit Between my Teeth: A Literary Chronicle of 1950-1965]]''<br />
<br />
*[[1966]]: ''[[A Library of Literary Criticism: Modern British Literature]]''<br />
*[[1966]]: ''[[C.S.: Letters of C.S. Lewis]]''<br />
*[[1966]]: ''[[The Precincts of Felicity: The Augustinian City of the Oxford Christians]]''<br />
*[[1966]]: ''[[Rally - August, 1966]]''<br />
<br />
*[[1967]]: ''[[The Poetry of J.R.R. Tolkien]]''<br />
*[[1967]]: ''[[Samotni wobec historii]]''<br />
*[[1967]]: ''[[The Tolkien Papers: Ten Papers Prepared for the Tolkien Festival at Mankato State College, October 28 and 29, 1966]]''<br />
<br />
*[[1968]]: [[Choice in The Lord of the Rings|''Choice in'' The Lord of the Rings]]<br />
*[[1968]]: "[[The Man Who Understands Hobbits]]", in [[Daily Telegraph Magazine (March 22, 1968)|''Daily Telegraph Magazine'', March 22]].<br />
*[[1968]]: ''[[Perspectives in Contemporary Criticism: A Collection of Recent Essays by American, English and European Literary Critics]]''<br />
*[[1968]]: ''[[The Tolkien Relation]]''<br />
*[[1968]]: [[Tolkien and the Critics: Essays on J.R.R. Tolkien's The Lord of the Rings|''Tolkien and the Critics: Essays on J.R.R. Tolkien's'' The Lord of the Rings]]<br />
<br />
*[[1969]]: ''[[An Afternoon in Middle Earth]]''<br />
*[[1969]]: ''[[A Look Behind The Lord of the Rings]]''<br />
*[[1969]]: ''[[The King]]''<br />
*[[1969]]: ''[[Tolkien: Cult or Culture?]]''<br />
*[[1969]]: ''[[Shadows of Imagination: The Fantasies of C.S. Lewis, J.R.R. Tolkien, and Charles Williams]]''<br />
*[[1969]]: ''[[J.R.R. Tolkien (by Catherine Stimpson)|J.R.R. Tolkien]]''<br />
<br />
=== 1970s ===<br />
<br />
*[[1970]]: ''[[Admirations]]''<br />
*[[1970]]: ''[[Good News from Tolkien's Middle-earth: Two Essays on the Applicability of The Lord of the Rings]]''<br />
*[[1970]]: ''[[Beyond Words: Mystical Fancy in Children's Literature]]''<br />
*[[1970]]: ''[[Narnia Conference Proceedings]]''<br />
*[[1970]]: ''[[The Lord of the Rings and other Bookbindings]]''<br />
*[[1970]]: ''[[Tolkien Criticism: An Annotated Checklist]]''<br />
*[[1970]]: ''[[Słowa, rzeczy, krajobrazy]]''<br />
<br />
*[[1971]]: ''[[The Complete Guide to Middle-earth]]''<br />
*[[1971]]: ''[[Imagination and the Spirit: Essays in Literature and the Christian Faith Presented to Clyde S. Kilby]]''<br />
*[[1971]]: ''[[Introduction to the Essay]]''<br />
*[[1971]]: ''[[Music Drama in Schools]]''<br />
*[[1971]]: ''[[Mythcon I Proceedings]]''<br />
*[[1971]]: ''[[The Lord of the Rings, The Hobbit: Notes]]''<br />
*[[1971]]: ''[[Romantic Religion: A Study of Barfield, Lewis, and Tolkien]]''<br />
*[[1971]]: ''[[Shadows of Heaven: Religion and Fantasy in the Writing of C.S. Lewis, Charles Williams, and J.R.R. Tolkien]]''<br />
*[[1971]]: ''[[The Universe Makers: Science Fiction Today]]''<br />
<br />
*[[1972]]: ''[[A Glossary of the Eldarin Tongues]]''<br />
*[[1972]]: ''[[Thomas Hardy and British Poetry]]''<br />
*[[1972]]: ''[[J.R.R. Tolkien (Writers for the 70's)|J.R.R. Tolkien]]'' by Robley Evans<br />
*[[1972]]: ''[[Master of Middle-earth|Master of Middle-earth: The Fiction of J.R.R. Tolkien]]''<br />
*[[1972]]: ''[[J.R.R. Tolkien: A Bibliography]]''<br />
*[[1972]]: ''[[Mythcon II Proceedings]]''<br />
*[[1972]]: ''[[Reading - Today and Tomorrow: Readings]]''<br />
*[[1972]]: ''[[Sagan om Tolkien]]''<br />
<br />
*[[1973]]: ''[[An Atlas of Fantasy]]''<br />
*[[1973]]: ''[[Funeral Customs in The Lord of the Rings Trilogy]]''<br />
*[[1973]]: ''[[Imaginary Worlds: The Art of Fantasy]]''<br />
*[[1973]]: ''[[Modern Heroism: Essays on D.H. Lawrence, William Empson and J.R.R. Tolkien]]''<br />
*[[1973]]: ''[[Myth, Symbol and Religion in The Lord of the Rings]]''<br />
*[[1973]]: ''[[Tales From Eternity: The World of Fairytales and the Spiritual Search]]''<br />
*[[1973]]: ''[[Tree by Tolkien]]''<br />
<br />
*[[1974]]: ''[[C.S. Lewis: A Biography (by Green and Hooper)|C.S. Lewis: A Biography]]''<br />
*[[1974]]: ''[[Tolkien's World (by Randel Helms)|Tolkien's World]]''<br />
*[[1974]]: ''[[Inside Middle Earth: The Myth of the Underground in The Lord of the Rings]]''<br />
*[[1974]]: ''[[The Way of Women, Ancient and Modern]]''<br />
*[[1974]]: ''[[Mithrandir (book)|Mithrandir]]''<br />
*[[1974]]: ''[[Myth, Allegory and Gospel: An Interpretation of J.R.R. Tolkien/C.S. Lewis/G.K. Chesterton/Charles Williams]]''<br />
*[[1974]]: ''[[Mythcon III Proceedings]]''<br />
*[[1974]]: ''[[The Languages of Middle Earth]]''<br />
*[[1974]]: ''[[Perspectives of Roman Poetry: A Classics Symposium]]''<br />
*[[1974]]: ''[[Lord of the Elves and Eldils: Fantasy and Philosophy in C.S. Lewis and J.R.R. Tolkien]]''<br />
*[[1974]]: ''[[Science Fiction Today and Tomorrow: A Discursive Symposium]]''<br />
*[[1974]]: ''[[New Directions in Bookbinding]]''<br />
*[[1974]]: ''[[Symboliek van Tolkien's In de ban van de ring]]''<br />
<br />
*[[1975]]: ''[[Kreacje Świata sensów|Kreacje Świata sensów: szkice o współczesnej powieści angielskiej]]''<br />
*[[1975]]: [[An Extrapolation on The Silmarillion|''An Extrapolation on'' The Silmarillion]]<br />
*[[1975]]: [[The Lord of the Rings and the Signs of the Times|The Lord of the Rings ''and the Signs of the Times'']]<br />
*[[1975]]: [[Beowulf: The Appeal of a Poem|Beowulf: ''The Appeal of a Poem'']]<br />
*[[1975]]: ''[[Modern Fantasy: Five Studies]]''<br />
*[[1975]]: ''[[Middle Earth: A World in Conflict]]''<br />
*[[1975]]: ''[[Dżentelmeni i poeci|Dżentelmeni i poeci: Eseje z literatury angielskiej]]''<br />
*[[1975]]: ''[[A Tolkien Compass]]''<br />
<br />
*[[1976]]: ''[[Drawings by Tolkien]]''<br />
*[[1976]]: ''[[Literary Swordsmen and Sorcerers: The Makers of Heroic Fantasy]]''<br />
*[[1976]]: ''[[J.R.R. Tolkien: Architect of Middle-earth|J.R.R. Tolkien: Architect of Middle Earth: A Biography]]''<br />
*[[1976]]: ''[[Myth, Magic and Meaning in Tolkien's World]]''<br />
*[[1976]]: ''[[The Game of the Impossible: A Rhetoric of Fantasy]]''<br />
*[[1976]]: ''[[Tolkien and The Silmarillion|Tolkien & The Silmarillion]]''<br />
*[[1976]]: ''[[Tolkien-lexikon]]''<br />
*[[1976]]: ''[[J.R.R. Tolkien's The Fellowship of the Ring]]''<br />
*[[1976]]: ''[[Visions of Paradise in The Lord of the Rings]]''<br />
*[[1976]]: ''[[La infancia recuperada]]''<br />
*[[1976]]: ''[[Suitable for Children? Controversies in Children's Literature]]''<br />
*[[1976]]: ''[[The Tolkien Companion]]''<br />
<br />
*[[1977]]: ''[[A Speculation on The Silmarillion|''A Speculation on'' The Silmarillion]]''<br />
*[[1977]]: ''[[Cliffs Notes on Tolkien's The Lord of the Rings and The Hobbit]]''<br />
*[[1977]]: ''[[J.R.R. Tolkien: A Biography]]''<br />
*[[1977]]: ''[[Middle Earth: The World of Tolkien Illustrated]]''<br />
*[[1977]]: ''[[The Mythology of Middle-earth]]''<br />
*[[1977]]: ''[[The Renaissance of Wonder in Children's Literature]]''<br />
*[[1977]]: ''[[The Silmarillion, by J.R.R. Tolkien: A Brief Account of the Book and its Making]]''<br />
*[[1977]]: ''[[Theology and Fantasy]]''<br />
*[[1977]]: ''[[Tolkiens Midgård]]''<br />
*[[1977]]: ''[[Towards a Poetics of Fiction]]''<br />
*[[1977]]: ''[[The Trees, the Jewels and the Rings: A Discursive Enquiry into Things Little Known on Middle-earth]]''<br />
<br />
*[[1978]]: ''[[The Inklings (book)|The Inklings: C. S. Lewis, J.R.R. Tolkien, Charles Williams, and Their Friends]]''<br />
*[[1978]]: ''[[Eglerio! In Praise of Tolkien]]''<br />
*[[1978]]: ''[[The Complete Guide to Middle-earth: from The Hobbit to The Silmarillion]]''<br />
*[[1978]]: ''[[The Biography of J.R.R. Tolkien: Architect of Middle-earth]]''<br />
*[[1978]]: ''[[An Introduction to Elvish and to Other Tongues and Proper Names and Writing Systems of the Third Age of the Western Lands of Middle-Earth as Set Forth in the Published Writings of Professor John Ronald Reuel Tolkien]]''<br />
*[[1978]]: ''[[Lightning from a Clear Sky: Tolkien, the Trilogy and The Silmarillion|''Lightning from a Clear Sky: Tolkien, the Trilogy and'' The Silmarillion]]''<br />
*[[1978]]: ''[[Obituaries from The Times (1971-1975)|''Obituaries from'' The Times ''(1971-1975)'']]''<br />
*[[1978]]: ''[[Tolkiens arv]]''<br />
*[[1978]]: ''[[The Fantasy Book: An Illustrated History from Dracula to Tolkien]]''<br />
*[[1978]]: ''[[Vølve: Scandinavian Views on Science Fiction: Selected Papers from the Science Fiction Festival 1977]]''<br />
*[[1978]]: ''[[The Tolkien Scrapbook]]''<br />
*[[1978]]: ''[[Tolkien in Oxford: The Tolkien Society Guide]]''<br />
*[[1978]]: ''[[A Hobbit's Travels]]''<br />
<br />
*[[1979]]: ''[[The Tolkien Quiz Book (by Bart Andrews)|The Tolkien Quiz Book: 1,001 Questions about Tolkien's Tales of Middle-earth and Other Fantasies]]''<br />
*[[1979]]: ''[[Notes From the Shire Records: A Bibliography of Books About J.R.R. Tolkien and his Works]]''<br />
*[[1979]]: ''[[The Middle-earth Quiz Book]]''<br />
*[[1979]]: ''[[Comburg Papers in English Studies]]''<br />
*[[1979]]: ''[[A Tolkien Bestiary]]''<br />
*[[1979]]: ''[[J.R.R. Tolkien, Scholar and Storyteller: Essays in Memoriam]]''<br />
*[[1979]]: ''[[The Unacknowledged Legislators: Ausgewählte Aufsätze zur englischen Literatur]]''<br />
*[[1979]]: ''[[Six Modern Authors and Problems of Belief]]''<br />
*[[1979]]: ''[[The Language of the Night: Essays on Fantasy and Science Fiction]]''<br />
*[[1979]]: ''[[The Mankato Papers]]''<br />
*[[1979]]: ''[[John Ronald Reuel Tolkien manuscript collection, ca. 1930-: 20 boxes and oversize material comprising 9.8 cubic feet]]''<br />
*[[1979]]: ''[[Magiske verdener|Magiske verdener: Fantasilitteraturen fra Gilgamesj til Richard Adams]]''<br />
*[[1979]]: ''[[Tolkien's Art: 'A Mythology for England']]''<br />
*[[1979]]: ''[[The Individuated Hobbit|The Individuated Hobbit: Jung, Tolkien and the Archetypes of Middle-earth]]''<br />
*[[1979]]: ''[[One Ring to Bind Them All: Tolkien's Mythology]]''<br />
*[[1979]]: ''[[An Atlas of Fantasy]]''<br />
*[[1979]]: ''[[Romantropologie|Romantropologie: Essays over antropologie en literatuur]]''<br />
*[[1979]]: ''[[Shadows of Imagination: The Fantasies of C.S. Lewis, J.R.R. Tolkien, and Charles Williams]]''<br />
*[[1979]]: ''[[Il superuomo e i suoi simboli nelle letterature moderne, VI]]''<br />
*[[1979]]: ''[[The New Tolkien Companion]]''<br />
*[[1979]]: ''[[Breaking the Magic Spell: Radical Theories of Folk and Fairy Tales]]''<br />
*[[1979]]: ''[[A Hobbit's Journal]]''<br />
<br />
=== 1980s ===<br />
<br />
*[[1980]]: ''[[A Reader's Guide to The Silmarillion]]''<br />
*[[1980]]: ''[[A Walk Through the Shire]]''<br />
*[[1980]]: ''[[Aliens and Linguistics|Aliens and Linguistics: Language Study and Science Fiction]]''<br />
*[[1980]]: ''[[Aspects of Tragedy in the Twentieth Century English and American Literature]]''<br />
*[[1980]]: ''[[The Fantasy Tradition in American Literature from Irving to LeGuin]]''<br />
*[[1980]]: ''[[The Lord of the Rings: Souvenir Booklet Commemorating Twenty Five Years of its Publication]]''<br />
*[[1980]]: ''[[The Languages of Tolkien's Middle-earth]]''<br />
*[[1980]]: ''[[J.R.R. Tolkien: Fantasy Literatur als Wunscherfüllung und Weltdeutung]]''<br />
*[[1980]]: ''[[Omaggio a J.R.R. Tolkien: fantasia e tradizione]]''<br />
*[[1980]]: ''[[J.R.R. Tolkien (by Webster Rogers and Rogers)]]''<br />
*[[1980]]: ''[[Young Adult Literature: Background and Criticism]]''<br />
<br />
*[[1981]]: ''[[J.R.R. Tolkien (Modern Literature Series))|J.R.R. Tolkien]]''<br />
*[[1981]]: ''[[Fantasy: The Literature of Subversion]]''<br />
*[[1981]]: ''[[Asimov on Science Fiction]]''<br />
*[[1981]]: ''[[Fantasy]]''<br />
*[[1981]]: ''[[A Rhetoric of the Unreal|A Rhetoric of the Unreal: Studies in Narrative and Structure, Especially of the Fantastic]]''<br />
*[[1981]]: ''[[The Geography of the Imagination|The Geography of the Imagination: Forty Essays]]''<br />
*[[1981]]: ''[[The Atlas of Middle-earth]]''<br />
*[[1981]]: ''[[Teacher's Guide to The Hobbit]]''<br />
*[[1981]]: ''[[J.R.R. Tolkien: The Shores of Middle-earth]]''<br />
*[[1981]]: ''[[Tolkien: Master of Fantasy]]''<br />
*[[1981]]: ''[[Tolkien and the Silmarils]]''<br />
*[[1981]]: ''[[Homenaje a Esteban Pujals Fontrodona]]''<br />
*[[1981]]: ''[[The Promise of Happiness|The Promise of Happiness: Value and Meaning in Children's Fiction]]''<br />
*[[1981]]: ''[[England and Always|England and Always: Tolkien's World of the Rings]]''<br />
*[[1981]]: ''[[J.R.R. Tolkien: The Hobbit: Notes]]''<br />
*[[1981]]: ''[[The Tolkien Quiz Book (by Robinson and Wilson)]]''<br />
*[[1981]]: ''[[Journeys of Frodo|Journeys of Frodo: An Atlas of J.R.R. Tolkien's The Lord of the Rings]]''<br />
*[[1981]]: ''[[Fantasins underland|Fantasins underland: myt och idé i den fantastiska berättelsen]]''<br />
*[[1981]]: ''[[Tolkien: New Critical Perspectives]]''<br />
*[[1981]]: ''[[Was ist heute noch links?|Was ist heute noch links? Herausgegeben von Eberhard Knödler-Bunte unter Mitarbeit von Gerhard Bott und Alexander Ris]]''<br />
*[[1981]]: ''[[Tolkien Criticism: An Annotated Checklist]]''<br />
<br />
*[[1982]]: ''[[A Dictionary of Quenya|A Dictionary of Quenya and of Proto-Eldarin]]''<br />
*[[1982]]: ''[[A Marriage of Mercury and Philology|A Marriage of Mercury and Philology: An Inaugural Lecture Delivered before the University of Oxford on 21 May 1981]]''<br />
*[[1982]]: ''[[A Tolkien Bibliography 1911-1980: Writings by and about J.R.R. Tolkien]]''<br />
*[[1982]]: "Aus Namen Mythen machen: zu Tolkiens fiktionaler Welten" in ''[[Erzählforschung: Ein Symposion]]''<br />
*[[1982]]: ''[[Brothers and Friends: The Diaries of Major Warren Hamilton Lewis]]''<br />
*[[1982]]: ''[[Childhood Regained: The Art of the Storyteller]]''<br />
*[[1982]]: "The Christian Platonism of C.S. Lewis, J.R.R. Tolkien and Charles Williams" in ''[[Neoplatonism and Christian Thought]]''<br />
*[[1982]]: ''[[Das grosse Buch der Fantasy]]''<br />
*[[1982]]: ''[[Fantasy: Theorie und Geschichte einer literarischen Gattung]]''<br />
*[[1982]]: ''[[Great Fantasy Stories: Model Interpretations|Great Fantasy Stories: Model Interpretations: James Thurber, Edward Lear, J.R.R. Tolkien, Lewis Carroll, Washington Irving, Maurice Sendak, English Folktales]]''<br />
*[[1982]]: ''[[Invito alla lettura di J.R.R. Tolkien]]''<br />
*[[1982]]: [[Iron Crown Enterprises]] launches its series of game books set in J.R.R. Tolkien's legendarium.<br />
*[[1982]]: ''[[Les Cahiers de l'imaginaire. No. 6, Dossier J.R.R. Tolkien]]''<br />
*[[1982]]: "Myth and Reality in the Literary Works of J.R.R. Tolkien" in ''[[Antiik- ja väliskirjanduse probleeme: müüt ja reaalsus]]''<br />
*[[1982]]: ''[[Of This and Other Worlds]]''<br />
*[[1982]]: ''[[The Road to Middle-Earth]]''<br />
*[[1982]]: ''[[Tolkien och den svarta magin]]''<br />
*[[1982]]: "Tolkien's Green Earth: Coleridge's ''Natura Naturans'' Realized" in ''[[The Romantic Presence]]''<br />
<br />
*[[1983]]: ''[[A Dictionary of Quenya|A Dictionary of Quenya: And Proto-Eldarin and Ante-Quenya: With an Index]]''<br />
*[[1983]]: ''[[De Mijnen van Moria: Essays over J.R.R. Tolkien]]''<br />
*[[1983]]: ''[[Die Verfahren der Textbildung in J.R.R. Tolkiens The Hobbit]]''<br />
*[[1983]]: "J.R.R. Tolkien" in ''[[Dictionary of Literary Biography]]''<br />
*[[1983]]: ''[[J.R.R. Tolkien: This Far Land]]''<br />
*[[1983]]: ''[[J.R.R. Tolkien and Sarehole Mill|J.R.R. Tolkien & Sarehole Mill]]''<br />
*[[1983]]: ''[[John R.R. Tolkien (Palusci)|John R.R. Tolkien]]''<br />
*[[1983]]: ''[[John R.R. Tolkien (Santoyo)|John R.R. Tolkien]]''<br />
*[[1983]]: ''[[Magical Thought in Creative Writing|Magical Thought in Creative Writing: The Distinctive Roles of Fantasy and Imagination in Fiction]]''<br />
*[[1983]]: "More than a magic ring" in ''[[Children's Novels and the Movies]]''<br />
*[[1983]]: "On the Use of Syntactic Variation in ''The Lord of the Rings''" in ''[[Papers from the Second Scandinavian Symposium on Syntactic Variation|Papers from the Second Scandinavian Symposium on Syntactic Variation, Stockholm May 15-16, 1982]]''<br />
*[[1983]]: ''[[Realms of Fantasy]]''<br />
*[[1983]]: ''[[Splintered Light|Splintered Light: Logos and Language in Tolkien's World]]''<br />
*[[1983]]: ''[[Survey of Modern Fantasy Literature]]''<br />
*[[1983]]: ''[[Tolkien: Herdenkingsnummer van Lembas, orgaan van het Tolkiengenootschap Unquendor]]''<br />
*[[1983]]: ''[[Tolkien: In de Ban van zijn Werk]]''<br />
*[[1983]]: ''[[Tolkien: Leben - Werk - Wirkung]]''<br />
*[[1983]]: "Tolkien's Elvish" in ''[[The Language of Humor and the Humor of Language|The Language of Humor and the Humor of Language: Proceedings of the 1982 Western Humor and Irony Membership Conference]]''<br />
*[[1983]]: "Tolkiens sagovärld" in ''[[Stora frågesportboken|Stora frågesportboken: Rolig läsning för blivande allvetare]]''<br />
<br />
*[[1984]]: ''[[Catalogue of an Exhibit of the Manuscripts of JRRT]]''<br />
*[[1984]]: ''[[Die Freuden der Fantasy: Von Tolkien bis Ende]]''<br />
*[[1984]]: ''[[Drömmar i det förflutna: Berättelser - essäer - kåserier]]''<br />
*[[1984]]: ''[[En Tolkienbibliografi 1911-1980/A Tolkien Bibliography 1911-1980|En Tolkienbibliografi 1911-1980: Verk av och om J.R.R. Tolkien = A Tolkien Bibliography 1911-1980: Writings by and about J.R.R. Tolkien]]''<br />
*[[1984]]: ''[[Erebor en Dol Goldur, twee queesten, een krijgsplan]]''<br />
*[[1984]]: ''[[Fantasists on Fantasy|Fantasists on Fantasy: A Collection of Critical Reflections by Eighteen Masters of the Art]]''<br />
*[[1984]]: ''[[The Fantasts|The Fantasts: Studies in J.R.R. Tolkien, Lewis Caroll, Mervyn Peake, Nikolay Gogol and Kenneth Grahame]]''<br />
*[[1984]]: ''[[Fantasy and Mimesis|Fantasy and Mimesis: Responses to Reality in Western Literature]]''<br />
*[[1984]]: ''[[Het Zuyderland en zijn bewoners]]''<br />
*[[1984]]: ''[[Il Cerchio magico: il romance nella tradizione letteraria inglese]]''<br />
*[[1984]]: ''[[In Defence of Fantasy|In Defence of Fantasy: A Study of the Genre in English and American Literature since 1945]]''<br />
*[[1984]]: ''[[Inklings: Jahrbuch für Literatur und Asthetik 2]]''<br />
*[[1984]]: ''[[Journal of Popular Culture 17]]''<br />
*[[1984]]: ''[[J.R.R. Tolkien, der Mythenschöpfer]]''<br />
*[[1984]]: ''[[J.R.R. Tolkien: The Lord of the Rings: Notes]]''<br />
*[[1984]]: ''[[J.R.R. Tolkien: Myth, Morality, and Religion]]''<br />
*[[1984]]: ''[[Kansas Quarterly 16]]''<br />
*[[1984]]: ''[[La Destra radicale]]''<br />
*[[1984]]: "The Language of Imagination: A Linguistic Appraisal of Literary Fantasies" in ''[[The Tenth LACUS Forum, 1983]]''<br />
*[[1984]]: ''[[The Politics of Fantasy: C.S. Lewis and J.R.R. Tolkien]]''<br />
*[[1984]]: ''[[Seven 5]]''<br />
*[[1984]]: ''[[Tolkien: Leben-Werk-Wirkung: Ausstellung]]''<br />
*[[1984]]: ''[[Tolkien: Leben, Werk, Wirkung: Ausstellungskatalog]]''<br />
*[[1984]]: ''[[Under the Tumtum Tree: From Nonsense to Sense]]''<br />
*[[1984]]: "Utopia and Fantasy in the late 1960s: Burroughs, Moorcock, Tolkien" in ''[[Popular Fiction and Social Change]]''<br />
*[[1984]]: ''[[Vergelijkbaar citeren]]''<br />
<br />
*[[1985]]: "A long day's dying" in ''[[Death and the Serpent: Immortality in Science Fiction and Fantasy]]''<br />
*[[1985]]: "Allegory, Allegoresis and the Fairy Story: J.R.R. Tolkien's ''The Lord of the Rings''" in ''[[Allegory in English Fiction of the Twentieth Century]]''<br />
*[[1985]]: ''[[The Comedy of the Fantastic: Ecological Perspectives on the Fantasy Novel]]''<br />
*[[1985]]: ''[[Discovering Modern Horror Fiction]]''<br />
*[[1985]]: ''[[I fantasins världar]]''<br />
*[[1985]]: ''[[Inklings: Jahrbuch für Literatur und Asthetik 3]]''<br />
*[[1985]]: ''[[Heorot Revisited|"Heorot Revisited": Håbløshed og heltemod: Brugen av Beowulf - som literatur og i literatur - i det tyvende Århundrede, med hovedvægt på J.R.R. Tolkiens forfatterskab]]''<br />
*[[1985]]: ''[[The Hidden Script: Writing and the Unconscious]]''<br />
*[[1985]]: "J.R.R. Tolkien's ''The Hobbit'': The Magic of Words" in ''[[Touchstones: Reflections on the Best in Children's Literature]]''<br />
*[[1985]]: ''[[Kongreß der Phantasie (1: Passau: 1984)]]''<br />
*[[1985]]: ''[[Literature & History-Third Series 11]]''<br />
*[[1985]]: ''[[Names 33]]''<br />
*[[1985]]: ''[[Proceedings of the Sixteenth Annual Convention of the Mythopoeic Society, Wheaton College, Wheaton, Illinois, 26-29 July 1985]]''<br />
*[[1985]]: ''[[Seven 6]]''<br />
*[[1985]]: ''[[Scientific Romance in Britain 1890-1950]]''<br />
*[[1985]]: ''[[Some Light on Middle-earth: The Use of Scientific Techniques of Social Analysis to Reveal the Nature of the World of the Free Peoples]]''<br />
*[[1985]]: ''[[The Song of Middle-earth: J.R.R. Tolkien's Themes, Symbols and Myth]]''<br />
*[[1985]]: ''[[Sources and Relations: Studies in Honour of J.E. Cross]]''<br />
*[[1985]]: ''[[Straft het kwaad zichzelf? Saurons jacht op de Ring]]''<br />
*[[1985]]: ''[[Supernatural Fiction Writers: Fantasy and Horror]]''<br />
*[[1985]]: "Tolkien's Elvish Craft and Frodo's Mithril Coat" in ''[[The Scope of the Fantastic: Theory, Technique]]''<br />
*[[1985]]: ''[[The Transcendent Adventure|The Transcendent Adventure: Studies of Religion in Science Fiction/Fantasy]]''<br />
*[[1985]]: "Trolls and Dragons Versus Pocket Handkerchiefs and 'Polite Nothings': Elements of the Fantastic and the Prosaic in ''The Hobbit''" in ''[[The Scope of the Fantastic: Culture, Biography, Themes, Children's Literature]]''<br />
*[[1985]]: "Žanrovaja priroda Pvelitelja kolec Dž.R.R. Tolkijena" in ''[[Žanrovoje svojeobrazije literatury Anglii i Sša XX veka]]''<br />
<br />
*[[1986]]: ''[[Aspects of Fantasy: Selected Essays from the Second International Conference on the Fantastic in Literature and Film]]''<br />
*[[1986]]: ''[[Approaches to Teaching Sir Gawain and the Green Knight]]''<br />
*[[1986]]: ''[[The British Novel since the Thirties: An Introduction]]''<br />
*[[1986]]: ''[[Evocation of Virgil in Tolkien's Art|Evocation of Virgil in Tolkien's Art: Geritol for the Classics]]''<br />
*[[1986]]: ''[[Florilegium 8]]''<br />
*[[1986]]: ''[[Forms of the Fantastic: Selected Essays from the Third International Conference on the Fantastic in Literature and Film]]''<br />
*[[1986]]: "'In the Perilous Realm': The Fantastic Geographies of Tolkien and Poe" in ''[[Poe and our Times: Influences and Affinities]]''<br />
*[[1986]]: ''[[Inklings: Jahrbuch für Literatur und Asthetik 4]]''<br />
*[[1986]]: ''[[Inleiding in de ardalogie: Een prove]]''<br />
*[[1986]]: ''[[J.R.R. Tolkien: Six Decades of Criticism]]''<br />
*[[1986]]: "La juglaresca primitiva como recurso relevante en la estructura de El señor de los anillos, de J.R.R. Tolkien" in ''[[La juglaresca: Actas del I Congreso Internacional sobre Juglaresca]]''<br />
*[[1986]]: ''[[Kelter, dystre domprosten och Tolkien|Kelter, dystre domprosten och Tolkien: Nio essäer med engelska motiv]]''<br />
*[[1986]]: ''[[La literatura fantástica de J.R.R. Tolkien]]''<br />
*[[1986]]: ''[[The Lord of the Rings: Logik der kreativen Imagination]]''<br />
*[[1986]]: ''[[Midden-aarde tussen Eden en Ur|Midden-aarde tussen Eden en Ur: christelijke invloeden op de beschrijver van Midden-aarde J.R.R. Tolkien]]''<br />
*[[1986]]: ''[[The Moral Imagination: Essays on Literature and Ethics]]''<br />
*[[1986]]: "Naming the Unnameable: The Neoplatonic 'One' in Tolkien's Silmarillion" in ''[[Diakonia: Studies in Honor of Robert T. Meyer]]''<br />
*[[1986]]: ''[[Neue Wege nach Narnia und Mittelerde|Neue Wege nach Narnia und Mittelerde: Handlingskonstituenten in der 'Fantasy'-Literatur von C.S. Lewis und J.R.R. Tolkien]]''<br />
*[[1986]]: ''[[Seven 7]]''<br />
*[[1986]]: ''[[Tolkien Bibliography 1911-1980: Writings by and about J.R.R. Tolkien]]''<br />
*[[1986]]: ''[[Vergelijkbaar citeren]]''<br />
<br />
*[[1987]]: ''[[An Introduction to the Writing Systems of Middle-earth]]''<br />
*[[1987]]: ''[[A Working Concordance]]''<br />
*[[1987]]: ''[[Children's Literature Association Quarterly 11 (1986-1987)]]''<br />
*[[1987]]: ''[[C.S. Lewis ((Twayne's English Author Series)]]''<br />
*[[1987]]: ''[[Csl: the Bulletin of the New York C. S. Lewis Society 18]]''<br />
*[[1987]]: ''[[The Fantastic in World Literature and the Arts|The Fantastic in World Literature and the Arts: Selected Essays from the Fifth International Conference on the Fantastic in the Arts]]''<br />
*[[1987]]: ''[[Georges Dumézil in memoriam]]''<br />
*[[1987]]: ''[[Halfast Thinking]]''<br />
*[[1987]]: ''[[The Hobbit 50th Anniversary, 1937-1987|The Hobbit 50th Anniversary, 1937-1987: A Commemorative Booklet Celebrating the Fiftieth Anniversary of The Hobbit]]''<br />
*[[1987]]: ''[[The Hobbit, J.R.R. Tolkien]]''<br />
*[[1987]]: ''[[Inklings: Jahrbuch für Literatur und Asthetik 5]]''<br />
*[[1987]]: "J.R.R. Tolkien, 1892-1973" in ''[[Writers for Children]]''<br />
*[[1987]]: ''[[J.R.R. Tolkien: Cuentos de hadas]]''<br />
*[[1987]]: "Language at Play: A Philologist as Author - J.R.R. Tolkien with Horses" in ''[[Perspectives on Language in Performance|Perspectives on Language in Performance: Studies in Linguistics, Literary Criticism and Language Teaching]]''<br />
*[[1987]]: ''[[Modern Fiction Studies 33]]''<br />
*[[1987]]: "Möglichkeiten christlicher Dichtung: Das Beispiel der Hauptwerke von C.S. Lewis, Charles Williams und J.R.R. Tolkien" in ''[[Christlicher Glaube und Literatur]]''<br />
*[[1987]]: ''[[Rhovanion: Een geschiedenis van de mensenvolkeren van Rhovanion]]''<br />
*[[1987]]: ''[[Science Fiction and Fantasy Reference Index, 1878-1985|Science Fiction and Fantasy Reference Index, 1878-1985: An International Author and Subject Index to History and Criticism]]''<br />
*[[1987]]: ''[[Science Fiction Chronicle 8]]''<br />
*[[1987]]: ''[[Seven 8]]''<br />
*[[1987]]: ''[[Systematischer Katalog der Inklings Bibliothek|Systematischer Katalog der Inklings Bibliothek: Spezialsammlung von Primär- und Sekundärlitteratur zu G.K. Chesterton, C.S. Lewis, George MacDonald, Dorothy L. Sayers, J.R.R. Tolkien und Charles Williams]]''<br />
*[[1987]]: ''[[Tolkien and the Spirit of the Age]]''<br />
*[[1987]]: ''[[Tolkien dall'A alla Zeta]]''<br />
*[[1987]]: ''[[Webs and Wardrobes|Webs and Wardrobes: Humanist and Religious World Views in Children's Literature]]''<br />
*[[1987]]: ''[[Wizardry and Wild Romance|Wizardry and Wild Romance: A Study of Epic Fantasy]]''<br />
<br />
*[[1988]]: ''[[The Annotated Hobbit]]''<br />
*[[1988]]: ''[[The Taste of the Pineapple: Essays on C.S. Lewis as Reader, Critic, and Imaginative Writer]]''<br />
*[[1988]]: ''[[Spectrum of the Fantastic]]''<br />
*[[1988]]: ''[[Kentucky Philological Review 3]]''<br />
*[[1988]]: ''[[San Jose Studies 14]]''<br />
*[[1988]]: ''[[Seven 9]]''<br />
*[[1988]]: ''[[Children's Literature Association Quarterly 13]]''<br />
*[[1988]]: ''[[Writers for Children: Critical Studies of Major Authors Since the Seventeenth Century]]''<br />
*[[1988]]: ''[[Inklings: Jahrbuch für Literatur und Asthetik 6]]''<br />
*[[1988]]: ''[[J.R.R. Tolkien: Man of Fantasy]]''<br />
*[[1988]]: ''[[Charles Lamb Bulletin 64]]''<br />
*[[1989]]: ''[[The Tolkien Scrapbook]]''<br />
*[[1989]]: ''[[Children and Their Books: A Celebration of the Work of Iona and Peter Opie]]''<br />
*[[1989]]: ''[[Inklings: Jahrbuch für Literatur und Asthetik 7]]''<br />
*[[1989]]: ''[[The Figure of Merlin in the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries]]''<br />
*[[1989]]: ''[[Journal of the Fantastic in the Arts 2]]''<br />
*[[1989]]: ''[[Twentieth-Century Children's Writers]]''<br />
<br />
=== 1990s ===<br />
*[[1990]]: ''[[The Shape of the Fantastic]]''<br />
*[[1990]]: ''[[A Tolkien Thesaurus]]''<br />
*[[1990]]: ''[[Tolkien Phraseology|Tolkien Phraseology: A Companion to A Tolkien Thesaurus]]''<br />
*[[1990]]: ''[[Pacific Coast Philology 25.2]]''<br />
*[[1990]]: ''[[Beowulf (Twayne's English Authors Series)|Beowulf]]''<br />
*[[1990]]: ''[[Return of the Heroes: The Lord of the Rings, Star Wars and Contemporary Culture]]''<br />
*[[1990]]: ''[[The Literary Fantastic: From Gothic to Postmodernism]]''<br />
*[[1990]]: ''[[Jabberwocky 19]]''<br />
*[[1990]]: ''[[The Magical World of the Inklings: J.R.R. Tolkien, C.S. Lewis, Charles Williams, Owen Barfield]]''<br />
*[[1990]]: ''[[Reality and the Vision]]''<br />
*[[1990]]: ''[[Modern Age 33]]''<br />
*[[1990]]: ''[[Inklings: Jahrbuch für Literatur und Asthetik 8]]''<br />
*[[1991]]: ''[[Studies in Medievalism 3]]''<br />
*[[1991]]: ''[[Tolkien: The Illustrated Encyclopedia]]''<br />
*[[1991]]: ''[[The Atlas of Middle-earth]]''<br />
*[[1991]]: ''[[Riverside Quarterly 8]]''<br />
*[[1991]]: ''[[Oxford Observed]]''<br />
*[[1991]]: ''[[Twentieth-Century Science-Fiction Writers]]''<br />
*[[1991]]: ''[[Children's Literature in Education 22]]''<br />
*[[1992]]: ''[[Strategies of Fantasy]]''<br />
*[[1992]]: ''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Mythology of Power]]''<br />
*[[1992]]: ''[[The Thomas Hardy Journal 8]]''<br />
*[[1992]]: ''[[J.R.R. Tolkien: Master of Fantasy]]''<br />
*[[1992]]: ''[[Inklings: Jahrbuch für Literatur und Asthetik 10]]''<br />
*[[1992]]: ''[[The Tolkien and Middle-earth Handbook]]''<br />
*[[1992]]: ''[[Tolkien Centenary Conference 1992]]''<br />
*[[1992]]: ''[[Scepticism and Hope in Twentieth Century Fantasy Literature]]''<br />
*[[1992]]: ''[[Unisa English Studies 30]]''<br />
*[[1992]]: ''[[A Tribute to J.R.R. Tolkien]]''<br />
*[[1992]]: ''[[Twentieth-Century Fantasists: Essays on Culture, Society and Belief in Twentieth-Century Mythopoeic Literature]]''<br />
*[[1992]]: ''[[English Studies in Canada 18]]''<br />
*[[1992]]: ''[[The Celebration of the Fantastic: Selected Papers from the Tenth Anniversary International Conference on the Fantastic in the Arts]]''<br />
*[[1992]]: ''[[Village Voice Literary Supplement 102]]''<br />
*[[1992]]: ''[[J.R.R. Tolkien: Life and Legend. An Exhibition to Commemorate the Centenary of the Birth of J.R.R. Tolkien (1892-1973)]]''<br />
*[[1992]]: ''[[Tolkien's Birmingham]]''<br />
*[[1992]]: ''[[Tolkien: A Critical Assessment]]''<br />
*[[1992]]: ''[[J.R.R. Tolkien: The Art of the Myth-maker]]''<br />
*[[1992]]: ''[[The Making of The Lord of the Rings]]''<br />
*[[1992]]: ''[[Thúle (book)|Thúle: Over de ringen van macht en de hobbits in Tolkiens "In de ban van de Ring"]]''<br />
*[[1992]]: ''[[The Tolkien Family Album]]''<br />
*[[1993]]: ''[[Tolkien Portraiture]]''<br />
*[[1993]]: ''[[Comitatus 24]]''<br />
*[[1993]]: ''[[The Tolkien Companion]]''<br />
*[[1993]]: ''[[J.R.R. Tolkien: A Descriptive Bibliography]]''<br />
*[[1993]]: ''[[The Tolkien Collector 2]]''<br />
*[[1993]]: ''[[The Tolkien Collector 3]]''<br />
*[[1993]]: ''[[The Tolkien Collector 4]]''<br />
*[[1993]]: ''[[The Tolkien Collector 5]]''<br />
*[[1993]]: ''[[History of European Ideas 16]]''<br />
*[[1993]]: ''[[Comparative Literature Studies 30]]''<br />
*[[1993]]: ''[[Quadrant 37]]''<br />
*[[1993]]: ''[[Zeitschrift für Literaturwissenschaft und Linguistik 92]]''<br />
*[[1994]]: ''[[The Tolkien Collector 6]]''<br />
*[[1994]]: ''[[Tolkien's Ring]]''<br />
*[[1994]]: ''[[Journal of the Fantastic in the Arts 3]]''<br />
*[[1994]]: ''[[The Hobbit: A Journey into Maturity]]''<br />
*[[1994]]: ''[[Children's Literature Association Quarterly 19]]''<br />
*[[1994]]: ''[[Germano-Slavica 8]]''<br />
*[[1994]]: ''[[Fantasy, the Bomb, and the Greening of Britain: Romantic Protest, 1945-1980]]''<br />
*[[1994]]: ''[[Studies in Weird Fiction 15]]''<br />
*[[1995]]: ''[[Proceedings of the J.R.R. Tolkien Centenary Conference]]''<br />
*[[1995]]: ''[[Australian Folklore 10]]''<br />
*[[1995]]: ''[[J.R.R. Tolkien: Artist and Illustrator]]''<br />
*[[1995]]: ''[[Seven 12]]''<br />
*[[1995]]: ''[[New York Review of Science Fiction 8]]''<br />
*[[1995]]: ''[[Functions of the Fantastic: Selected Essays from the 13th International Conference on the Fantastic in the Arts]]''<br />
*[[1995]]: ''[[Germanic Notes & Reviews 26]]''<br />
*[[1995]]: ''[[Stephen R. Donaldson's Chronicles of Thomas Covenant: Variations on the Fantasy Tradition]]''<br />
*[[1995]]: ''[[Aspects and Issues in the History of Children's Literature]]''<br />
*[[1996]]: ''[[e Lyfe ant †e Auncestrye 3]]''<br />
*[[1996]]: ''[[Adventures of Sword and Sorcery 2]]''<br />
*[[1996]]: ''[[Saga: Best New Writings on Mythology]]''<br />
*[[1996]]: ''[[Mythmaker: J.R.R. Tolkien]]''<br />
*[[1996]]: ''[[Explicator 54]]''<br />
*[[1996]]: ''[[Dragon 21.1]]''<br />
*[[1996]]: ''[[Handbuch der Weisen von Mittelerde]]''<br />
*[[1996]]: ''[[Proverbium 13]]''<br />
*[[1996]]: ''[[Journal of the Fantastic in the Arts 7]]''<br />
*[[1996]]: ''[[Seven by Seven: Interviews with American Science Fiction Writers of the West and Southwest]]''<br />
*[[1997]]: ''[[Digging Potatoes, Growing Trees|Digging Potatoes, Growing Trees: A Selection from 25 Years of Speeches at the Tolkien Society's Annual Dinners]]''<br />
*[[1997]]: ''[[News from the Shire and Beyond: Studies on Tolkien]]''<br />
*[[1997]]: ''[[Extrapolation 38]]''<br />
*[[1997]]: ''[[Defending Middle-earth: Tolkien, Myth, and Modernity]]''<br />
*[[1997]]: "Why Tolkien is for the Real Grownups." New Statesman 31 Jan 1997: 47<br />
*[[1997]]: ''[[Journal of the Fantastic in the Arts 8]]''<br />
*[[1997]]: ''[[A Question of Time|A Question of Time: J.R.R. Tolkien's Road to Faërie]]''<br />
*[[1997]]: ''[[Semiotics around the World: Synthesis in Diversity]]''<br />
*[[1997]]: ''[[J.R.R. Tolkien (by Charles Moseley)|J.R.R. Tolkien]]''<br />
*[[1998]]: ''[[Journal of the Fantastic in the Arts 9]]''<br />
*[[1998]]: ''[[The Lion & the Unicorn 22]]''<br />
*[[1998]]: ''[[English Studies in Canada 24]]''<br />
*[[1998]]: ''[[Tolkien: Man and Myth|Tolkien: Man and Myth. A Literary Life]]''<br />
*[[1999]]: ''[[Root and Branch: Approaches towards Understanding Tolkien]]''<br />
*[[1999]]: ''[[Children's Literature in Education 30]]''<br />
*[[1999]]: ''[[Jahrbuch fur Literatur und Asthetik 17]]''<br />
*[[1999]]: ''[[Journal of the Fantastic in the Arts 10]]''<br />
*[[1999]]: ''[[Tolkien: A Celebration|Tolkien: A Celebration: Collected Writings on a Literary Legacy]]''<br />
*[[1999]]: ''[[Interdigitations: Essays for Irmengard Rauch]]''<br />
*[[1999]]: ''[[George Allen and Unwin: A Remembrancer|George Allen & Unwin: A Remembrancer]]''<br />
<br />
=== 2000s ===<br />
*[[2000]]: ''[[The Collected Letters of C.S. Lewis, Volume 1]]''<br />
*[[2000]]: ''[[J.R.R. Tolkien and His Literary Resonances|J.R.R. Tolkien and His Literary Resonances: Views of Middle-earth]]''<br />
*[[2000]]: ''[[Medieval Perspectives 15]]''<br />
*[[2000]]: ''[[Readings on J.R.R. Tolkien]]''<br />
*[[2000]]: ''[[The Starlit Jewel Songbook]]''<br />
*[[2000]]: [[Tolkien's Legendarium|''Tolkien's'' Legendarium: ''Essays on the'' History of Middle-earth]]<br />
<br />
*[[2001]]: ''[[Alviska fraser]]''<br />
*[[2001]]: ''[[J.R.R. Tolkien: Author of the Century]]''<br />
*[[2001]]: ''[[Four Christian Fantasists|Four Christian Fantasists: A Study of the Fantastic Writings of George MacDonald, Charles Williams, C.S. Lewis and J.R.R. Tolkien]]''<br />
<br />
*[[2003]]: ''[[Elbisches Wörterbuch]]''<br />
*[[2003]]: ''[[The Lord of the Rings and Philosophy|The Lord of the Rings and Philosophy: One Book to Rule Them All]]''<br />
*[[2003]]: ''[[The Origins of Tolkien's Middle-earth For Dummies]]''<br />
*[[2003]]: ''[[Tolkien and C.S. Lewis|Tolkien and C.S. Lewis: The Gift of Friendship]]''<br />
<br />
*[[2004]]: ''[[Biographische, theologische und literaturpsychologische Analysen zur Person und zum Werk J.R.R. Tolkiens]]''<br />
*[[2004]]: ''[[The Collected Letters of C.S. Lewis, Volume 2]]''<br />
*[[2004]]: ''[[Heaven's War]]''<br />
*[[2004]]: ''[[Peter Jackson: From Gore to Mordor]]''<br />
*[[2004]]: ''[[Tolkien's Golem]]''<br />
*[[2004]]: ''[[When a Fan Hits the Shit|When a Fan Hits the Shit: The Rise and Fall of a Phony Charity]]''<br />
<br />
*[[2005]]: ''[[The Lord of the Rings Sketchbook]]''<br />
<br />
*[[2006]]: ''[[The Collected Letters of C.S. Lewis, Volume 3]]''<br />
*[[2006]]: ''[[The Company They Keep|The Company They Keep: C.S. Lewis and J.R.R. Tolkien as Writers in Community]]''<br />
*[[2006]]: ''[[Here, There Be Dragons]]''<br />
*[[2006]]: ''[[The Roots of Tolkien's Middle Earth]]''<br />
*[[2006]]: ''[[Writers Uncovered: J.R.R. Tolkien]]''<br />
<br />
*[[2007]]: ''[[Chesterton and Tolkien as Theologians]]''<br />
*[[2007]]: ''[[Draksjukan|Draksjukan. Mytiska fantasier hos Tolkien, Wagner och de Vries]]''<br />
*[[2007]]: ''[[How We Became Middle-earth]]''<br />
*[[2007]]: ''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Official Stage Companion]]''<br />
*[[2007]]: ''[[Myth and Magic: Art according to the Inklings]]''<br />
*[[2007]]: ''[[Nansen and Tolkien|Nansen and Tolkien: Arthur Ransome, E. Nesbit and J.R.R. Tolkien - All Influenced by Fridtjof Nansen]]''<br />
*[[2007]]: ''[[Projecting Tolkien's Musical Worlds|Projecting Tolkien's Musical Worlds: A Study of Musical Affect in Howard Shore's Soundtrack to Lord of the Rings]]''<br />
*[[2007]]: ''[[Tolkien and Shakespeare: Essays on Shared Themes and Language]]''<br />
*[[2007]]: ''[[Tree of Tales|Tree of Tales: Tolkien, Literature and Theology]]''<br />
*[[2007]]: ''[[Watching The Lord of the Rings|Watching The Lord of the Rings: Tolkiens World Audiences]]''<br />
<br />
*[[2008]]: ''[[The Indigo King]]''<br />
*[[2008]]: ''[[The Lord of the Rings and the Western Narrative Tradition]]''<br />
*[[2008]]: ''[[Of Words and Worlds|Of Words and Worlds: The Imagination and Subcreation of J.R.R. Tolkien]]''<br />
*[[2008]]: ''[[The Search for the Red Dragon]]''<br />
*[[2008]]: ''[[Tolkien - min vän Ronald och hans världar]]''<br />
*[[2008]]: ''[[Tolkien's Gedling|Tolkien's Gedling - 1914: The Birth Of A Legend]]''<br />
*[[2008]]: ''[[Tolkien's Shorter Works]]''<br />
*[[2008]]: ''[[Tolkien's Oxford: Oxford through the eyes of Tolkien]]''<br />
<br />
*[[2009]]: ''[[The Shadow Dragons]]''<br />
<br />
=== 2010s ===<br />
<br />
*[[2010]]: ''[[A Tolkien English Glossary]]''<br />
*[[2010]]: ''[[The Dragon's Apprentice]]''<br />
*[[2010]]: "[[In My Grandfather's Footsteps]]" in Huffington Post, April 26<br />
*[[2010]]: ''[[J.R.R. Tolkien (Christian Encounters)]]''<br />
*[[2010]]: ''[[J.R.R. Tolkien: Pocket Guide]]''<br />
*[[2010]]: [[Lembas Extra 2009: Tolkien in Poetry and Song|''Tolkien in Poetry and Song'' (Lembas Extra 2009)]]<br />
*[[2010]]: ''[[The Music of the Lord of the Rings Films]]''<br />
*[[2010]]: ''[[War of the Fantasy Worlds|War of the Fantasy Worlds: C.S. Lewis and J.R.R. Tolkien on Art and Imagination]]''<br />
<br />
==Miscellaneous==<br />
<br />
Works not explicitly mentioning Tolkien or his works, but which nonetheless can be (or has been) regarded as important to some aspect of the study of Tolkien.<br />
<br />
*[[1930]]: ''[[War in Heaven]]''<br />
<br />
{{references}}<br />
<br />
[[CATEGORY:Tolkien Gateway research]]<br />
<br />
[[fr:tolkien/sur-tolkien/en]]</div>Elendilhttps://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=Index:Writings_by_J.R.R._Tolkien&diff=117136Index:Writings by J.R.R. Tolkien2010-08-01T08:51:07Z<p>Elendil: </p>
<hr />
<div>This is an attempt to list all the published writings (including letters and transcribed interviews) of [[J.R.R. Tolkien]] appearing in [[:CATEGORY:Books|books]], [[:CATEGORY:Periodicals|periodicals]] and [[:CATEGORY:Ephemera|ephemera]], in chronological order.<ref>Main works consulted for the compilation of this list has been (1) the bibliography of ''[[The J.R.R. Tolkien Companion and Guide]]'', (2) the bibliography of the ''[http://tolkienlibrary.com Tolkien Library]'', (3) ''[http://www.tolkienbooks.net An Illustrated Tolkien Bibliography]'', (4) ''[http://www.forodrim.org/bibliography/tbchron.html A Chronological Bibliography of the Writings of J.R.R. Tolkien]''.</ref> For a list of his major books, see the [[J.R.R. Tolkien#Bibliography|bibliography section on the J.R.R. Tolkien page]].<br />
<br />
*''Note 1: For ease of reference (and because many items do not have an exact date of publication), works are sorted alphabetically under each year. <br />
*''Note 2: The list does not (in general) include reprints''.<br />
*''Note 3: For unpublished writings by Tolkien, see [[:CATEGORY:Unpublished material|Unpublished material]]''<br />
<br />
=== Publications during Tolkien's Lifetime ===<br />
====1910s====<br />
<br />
*[[1910]]: ''[[The King Edward's School Chronicle]]''. n.s.25, n°183. Contains '''[[Debating Society Report]]''', pp.67-71.<br />
*[[1910]]: ''[[The King Edward's School Chronicle]]''. n.s.25, n°184. Contains '''[[Debating Society Report]]''', pp.94-95.<br />
<br />
*[[1911]]: ''[[The King Edward's School Chronicle]]''. n.s.26, n°185. Contains '''[[Debating Society Report]]''', pp.5-9.<br />
*[[1911]]: ''[[The King Edward's School Chronicle]]''. n.s.26, n°186. Contains '''[[The Battle of the Eastern Field]]''', pp. 22-26, and '''[[Acta Senatus]]''', pp. 26-27.<br />
*[[1911]]: ''[[The King Edward's School Chronicle]]''. n.s.26, n°187. Contains 'Editorial', pp.33-34, and 'Debating Society Report', pp.42-45.<br />
*[[1911]]: ''[[The King Edward's School Chronicle]]''. n.s.26, n°188. Contains 'Editorial', pp.53-54.<br />
<br />
*[[1913]]: ''[[Exeter College Smoker]]''. Cover artwork by JRRT.<br />
*[[1913]]: ''[[The Stapeldon Magazine|Stapeldon Magazine]]''. Exeter college. Oxford. 4, n°20. Contains '''[[From the many-willow'd margin of the immemorial Thames]]''', p.11.<br />
<br />
*[[1915]]: ''[[Oxford Poetry]] 1915''. Ed. G.D.H. Cole & T.W. Earp. B.H. Blackwell. Contains '''[[Goblin Feet]]''', pp.64-65.<br />
<br />
*[[1917]]: ''[[Oxford Poetry]] 1914-1916''. Ed. G.D.H. Cole & W.S.V. B.H. Blackwell. Contains '''[[Goblin Feet]]''', p.120.<br />
<br />
*[[1918]]: ''[[A Spring Harvest]]''. Contains a 'Preface' by JRRT.<br />
<br />
====1920s====<br />
<br />
*[[1920]]: ''[[The Book of Fairy Poetry]]''. Includes '''[[Goblin Feet]]'''.<br />
*[[1920]]: ''[[The Stapeldon Magazine|Stapeldon Magazine]]''. 5, n°26. Contains '''[[The Happy Mariners]]''', pp.69-70.<br />
<br />
<br />
*[[1921]]: ''[[Fourteenth Century Verse and Prose]]''. Includes '''Middle English Vocabulary'''.<br />
<br />
*[[1922]]: '''''[[A Middle English Vocabulary]]'''''.<br />
*[[1922]]?: ''[[Fifty New Poems for Children]]''. Includes '''[[Goblin Feet]]'''.<br />
*[[1922]]: ''[[The Gryphon, Vol.4 No.3]]''. Includes '''[[The Clerke's Compleinte]]'''.<br />
<br />
*[[1923]]: ''[[A Northern Venture]]''. Includes poems '''[[Tha Eadigan Saelidan]]''', '''[[The Man in the Moon Came Down Too Soon|Why the Man in the Moon Came Down Too Soon]]''', and '''[[Enigmata Saxonica Nuper Inventa Duo]]'''.<br />
*[[1923]]: ''[[Bulletin of the Modern Humanities Research Association 20|Bulletin of the Modern Humanities Research Association, number 20]]''. Includes obituary '''[[Henry Bradley: 3 Dec., 1845-23 May, 1923]]'''. <br />
*[[1923]]: ''[[Gryphon]]''. Leeds University. n.s.4, n°4. Contains '''[[Iumonna Gold Galdre Bewunden]]''', p.130.<br />
*[[1923]]: ''[[The Microcosm, Vol.8 No.1]]''. Includes '''[[The City of the Gods]]'''.<br />
*[[1923]]: ''Times Literary Supplement''. London, 26 april 1923. Contains '''[[Holy Maidenhood]]''', p.281.<br />
*[[1923]]: ''Yorkshire Poetry''. Leeds, 2 n°19. Contains '''[[The Cat and the Fiddle|The cat and the fiddle: A nursery-rhyme undone and its scandalous secret unlocked]]''', p.1-3.<br />
<br />
*[[1924]]: ''[[Leeds University Verse 1914-1924]]''. Leeds University English School Association. Swan Press.<br />
*[[1924]]: ''[[The Year's Work in English Studies 1923]]''. Ed. Lee & Boas. The English Association. Oxford University Press. Review - Philology.<br />
<br />
*[[1925]]: ''[[Gryphon]]''. n.s.6, n°6. Contains '''[[Light as Leaf on Lindentree]]''', p.217.<br />
*[[1925]]: ''Review of English Studies''. London, 1, n°2. Contains '''[[Some Contributions to Middle-English Lexicography]]''', pp.210-215.<br />
*[[1925]]: ''Review of English Studies'', 1, n°3. Contains '''[[The Devil's Coach-Horses]]''', pp.331-336.<br />
*[[1925]]: '''''[[Sir Gawain and the Green Knight (edition)|Sir Gawain and the Green Knight]]'''''. Oxford University Press.<br />
*[[1925]]: ''[[The Transactions of the Honourable Society of Cymmrodorion Session 1923-24]]''. Includes a translation. <br />
<br />
*[[1926]]: ''[[The Year's Work in English Studies 1924]]''. Ed. Boas & Hereford. The English Association. Oxford University Press. Review - Philology.<br />
<br />
*[[1927]]: ''[[Realities: An Anthology of Verse]]''. Ed. Gwendoline S.Tancred. Swan Press/Gay & Hancock Ltd. Contains '''[[The Nameless Land]]'''.<br />
*[[1927]]: ''[[The Stapeldon Magazine|Stapeldon Magazine]]'', 7, n°40. Contains '''[[Adventures in Unnatural History and Medieval Metres, being the Freaks of Fisiogus]]''', pp.123-127.<br />
*[[1927]]: ''[[The Year's Work in English Studies 1925]]''. Ed. Boas & Herford. The English Association. Oxford University Press. Review - Philology.<br />
<br />
*[[1928]]: ''[[A New Glossary of the Dialect of the Huddersfield District]]''. Walter E. Haigh. F.R. Hist.S. Oxford University Press. Contains a 'Foreword' by JRRT.<br />
<br />
*[[1929]]: ''[[Essays and Studies (1929)|Essays and Studies]]''. Contains '''[[Ancrene Wisse and Hali Meiðhad]]'''.<br />
<br />
====1930s====<br />
<br />
*[[1930]]: ''Oxford Magazine'', 48, n°21. Contains '''[[The Oxford English School]]''', pp.778-782.<br />
<br />
*[[1931]]: ''Oxford Magazine'', 50, n°1. Contains '''[[Progress in Bimble Town]]''', p.22.<br />
<br />
*[[1932]]: [[The British Esperantist, Vol.28, May 1932|''The British Esperantist''. Vol.28, May 1932]]. Includes '''[[A Philologist on Esperanto]]'''.<br />
*[[1932]]: ''[[The Life of Joseph Wright]]''. Includes extracts from the letter '''[[Joseph Wright 19??]]'''.<br />
*[[1932]]: ''[[Medium Ævum]]''. Oxford, 1, n°3. Contains essay on Old English '''[[Sigelwara Land (Part 1)]]''', pp.183-196.<br />
*[[1932]]: ''[[Report on Excavation of the Prehistoric, Roman and Post Roman Site in Lydney Park, Gloucestershire]]''. Wheeler & Wheeler. Oxford University Press. Contains essay, Appendix I: '''[[The Name 'Nodens']]''', pp.132-7.<br />
<br />
*[[1933]]: ''Oxford Magazine''. 52, n°5. Contains the poem '''[[Errantry]]''', p.180.<br />
<br />
*[[1934]]: Chronicle, Convent of the Sacred Heart, Roehampton, 4. Contains the poem '''[[Firiel (poem)|Firiel]]''', pp.30-32.<br />
*[[1934]]: [[Medium Ævum]]. 3, n°2. Contains the poem '''[[Sigelwara Land (Part 2)]]''', pp.95-111.<br />
*[[1934]]: ''Oxford Magazine''. 52, n°9. Contains the poem '''[[Looney]]''', p.340.<br />
*[[1934]]: ''Oxford Magazine''. 52, n°13. Contains the poem '''[[The Adventures of Tom Bombadil (poem)|The Adventures of Tom Bombadil]]''', pp.464-465.<br />
*[[1934]]: ''Transactions of the Philological Society''. David Nutt. Stephen Austin and Sons. Contains '''[[Chaucer as a Philologist: The Reeve's Tale]]''', pp.70.<br />
<br />
*[[1936]]: ''[[Liflade ant te Passiun of Seinte Iuliene]]''. S.R.T.O. d'Ardenne. University of Liege.<br />
*[[1936]]: '''''[[Songs for the Philologists]]'''''.<br />
<br />
*[[1937]]: '''''[[Beowulf: The Monsters and the Critics]]'''''.<br />
*[[1937]]: '''''[[The Hobbit]]'''''. George Allen & Unwin.<br />
*[[1937]]: ''Oxford Magazine''. 55, n°11. Contains the poem '''[[The Dragon's Visit]]''', p.342.<br />
*[[1937]]: ''Oxford Magazine''. 55, n°13. Contains the poem '''[[Knocking at the Door]]''': Lines induced by sensations when waiting for an answer at the Door of an Exalted Academic Person, p.403.<br />
*[[1937]]: ''Oxford Magazine''. 55 n°15. Contains the poem '''[[Iumonna Gold Galdre Bewunden]]''', p.473.<br />
<br />
*[[1938]]: ''[[The Oxford Book of Greek Verse in Translation]]''. Ed. T.F. Higham & C.M. Bowra. Oxford University Press.<br />
<br />
*[[1939]]: The Reeve's Tale - Version Prepared for Summer Diversions, Oxford.<br />
<br />
====1940s====<br />
<br />
*[[1940]]: ''[[Beowulf and the Finnesburg Fragment]]''. John R. Clark Hall & C.L.Wrenn. George Allen & Unwin. Contains '''[[Prefatory Remarks on Prose Translation of "beowulf"]]''', pp.viii-xli.<br />
*[[1940]]: ''[[Viga-Glums Saga]]''. Ed. G. Turville-Petre. Oxford University Press / Oxford English Monographs.<br />
<br />
*[[1944]]: '''''[[Sir Orfeo (booklet)|Sir Orfeo]]'''''.<br />
<br />
*[[1945]]: ''Catholic Herald''. Contains '[[The Name Coventry]]' - Letter to the editor.<br />
*[[1945]]: ''Dublin Review''. London, January 1945. Contains the story '''[[Leaf by Niggle]]''', pp.46-61.<br />
*[[1945]]: ''Welsh Review''. Cardiff, 4, n°4. Contains '''[[The Lay of Aotrou and Itroun]]''', pp.254-266.<br />
<br />
*[[1947]]: ''[[English Studies]]''. Amsterdam, 28, n°6. In collaboration with S.R.T.O. d'Ardenne. Contains '''[["ipplen" in Sawles Warde]]''', pp. 168-170.<br />
*[[1947]]: ''[[Essays Presented to Charles Williams]]''. Oxford University Press. Contains '''[[On Fairy-Stories]]''', pp.38-39.<br />
<br />
*[[1948]]: "'''[[MS. Bodley 34: A Re-Collation of a Collation]]'''" in ''[[Studia Neophilologica Vol. 20, Nos. 1-2|''Studia Neophilologica'' Vol. 20, Nos. 1-2.]]''.<br />
<br />
*[[1949]]: '''''[[Farmer Giles of Ham]]'''''.<br />
<br />
====1950s====<br />
<br />
*[[1951]]: ''[[Elizabethan Acting]]''. Ed. B.L.Joseph. Oxford University Press / Oxford English Monographs.<br />
<br />
*[[1952]]: ''[[torgils Saga ok Hafli ta]]''. Ed. Ursula Brown. Oxford University Press / Oxford English Monographs.<br />
<br />
*[[1953]]: ''[[Essais de Philologie Moderne]]''. University Of Liege. Contains '''[[Middle English "Losenger"]]'''.<br />
*[[1953]]: ''[[Essays and Studies 1953]]''. Ed. Geoffrey Bullough. The English Association. John Murray. Contains '''[[The Homecoming of Beorhtnoth, Beorhthelm's Son]]''', pp.1-18.<br />
*[[1953]]: ''[[Pearl (E.V. Gordon)|Pearl]]''. Includes '''[[Form and Purpose]]'''.<br />
*[[1953]]: [[Radio Times 4 December 1953|''Radio Times'']]. Contains '''[[A Fourteenth-Century Romance]]'''.<br />
<br />
*[[1954]]: ''[[Sir Orfeo]]''. Ed. A.J. Bliss. Oxford University Press / Oxford English Monographs.<br />
*[[1954]]: '''''[[The Fellowship of the Ring|The Fellowship of the Ring: Being the First Part of The Lord of the Rings]]'''''<br />
*[[1954]]: '''''[[The Two Towers|The Two Towers: Being the Second Part of The Lord of the Rings]]'''''<br />
<br />
*[[1955]]: ''[[The Ancrene Riwle]]''. M.B. Salu. Burns & Oates. Contains a 'Preface'.<br />
*[[1955]]: [[The New York Times Book Review 5 June 1955|''The New York Times Book Review'']]. Includes extracts from [[letter 165]].<br />
*[[1955]]: '''''[[The Return of the King|The Return of the King: Being the Third Part of The Lord of the Rings]]'''''<br />
*[[1955]]: ''Time and Tide''. London, 3 December 1955. Contains the poem '''[[Imram]]''', p.1561.<br />
<br />
*[[1958]]: ''[[The Old English Apollonius of Tyre]]''. Ed. Peter Goolden. Oxford University Press / Oxford English Monographs. Contains 'Prefatory Note', p. iii.<br />
*[[1958]]: ''The Peterborough Chronicle 1070-1154''. Ed. Cecily Clark. Oxford University Press / Oxford English Monographs.<br />
<br />
====1960s====<br />
<br />
*[[1960]]: ''[[The Seafarer]]''. London. Ed. Gordon. Methuen.<br />
*[[1960]]: ''Triode''. Contains a letter to the editor - Comments to Arthur R. Weir, "No Monroe in Lothlorien!".<br />
<br />
*[[1961]]: ''[[A Short History of English Poetry]]''. Includes Stanza 32 from the poem '''Sir Gawain and the Green Knight'''.<br />
*[[1961]]: ''Kvällsposten'', 27 July 1961. Includes the '''[[1961 Jan Broberg]]''' interview.<br />
<br />
*[[1962]]: '''''[[The Adventures of Tom Bombadil]]'''''.<br />
*[[1962]]: '''''[[Ancrene Wisse (book)|Ancrene Wisse]]'''''.<br />
<br />
*[[1963]]: ''[[Angles and Britons]]''. University of Wales Press. Contains '''[[English and Welsh]]''', pp. 1-41.<br />
<br />
*[[1964]]: '''''[[Tree and Leaf]]'''''. George Allen & Unwin.<br />
<br />
*[[1965]]: ''[[Winter's Tales for Children 1]]''. Contains '''[[Once Upon a Time]]''' and '''[[The Dragon's Visit]]'''.<br />
<br />
*[[1966]]: ''Diplomat''. New York, October 1966. Contains the article '''[[Tolkien on Tolkien]]''', p.39.<br />
*[[1966]]: '''''[[The Jerusalem Bible]]'''''. Darton, Longman & Todd.<br />
*[[1966]]: ''[[The Tolkien Reader]]''. Ballantine Books. Contains ''The homecoming of Beortnoth Beorthelm's Son'', ''Tree and Leaf'', ''Farmer Giles of Ham'' and ''The Adventures of Tombombadil''.<br />
<br />
*[[1967]]: '''''[[The Road Goes Ever On (book)|The Road Goes Ever On: A Song Cycle]]'''''.<br />
*[[1967]]: ''[[Shenandoah: A Tribute to Wystan Hugh Auden on his Sixtieth Birthday]]''. Contains the poem '''[[For W.H.A.]]'''.<br />
*[[1967]]: '''''[[Smith of Wootton Major]]'''''.<br />
<br />
*[[1968]]: [[Daily Telegraph Magazine (March 22, 1968)|''Daily Telegraph Magazine'', March 22]]. Includes the interview "'''[[The Man Who Understands Hobbits]]'''".<br />
<br />
*[[1969]]: ''[[The Image of Man in C.S. Lewis]]''. Includes '''[[Letter 298]]'''.<br />
*[[1969]]: [[Orcrist 4|''Orcrist'' no.4, ''Tolkien Journal'']]. Includes various extracts from letters.<br />
*[[1969]]: '''''Smith of Wootton Major and Farmer Giles of Ham'''''. Ballentine Books.<br />
*[[1969]]: ''[[The Young Magicians]]''. Includes poems '''[[Once Upon a Time]]''' and '''[[The Dragon's Visit]]'''.<br />
<br />
====1970s====<br />
<br />
*[[1971]]: ''[[Attacks of Taste]]''. Includes one-paragraph statement.<br />
<br />
*[[1972]]: ''Daily Telegraph''. Contains '''[[Beautiful Place because Trees are Loved]]''' - Letter to the editor in response to an editorial.<br />
<br />
=== Posthumous Publications ===<br />
<br />
====1970s====<br />
<br />
*[[1974]]: '''''[[Bilbo's Last Song]]'''''.<br />
*[[1974]]: ''[[Tolkien Language Notes 2]]''.<br />
<br />
*[[1975]]: ''[[A Tolkien Compass]]''. Includes '''[[Guide to the Names in The Lord of the Rings]]'''.<br />
*[[1975]]: ''Farmer Giles of Ham and The Adventures of Tom Bombadil''.<br />
*[[1975]]: ''[[Les Aventures de Tom Bombadil]]''.<br />
*[[1975]]: ''[[Mythlore 10]]''. Contains a [[Herbert Schiro 17 November 1957|letter dated 17 November 1957 to Dr. Herbert Schiro]].<br />
*[[1975]]: ''Tree and Leaf, Smith of Wootton Major and The Homecoming of Beorhtnoth Beorthhelm's Son''.<br />
*[[1975]]: '''''[[Sir Gawain and the Green Knight, Pearl and Sir Orfeo]]'''''.<br />
<br />
*[[1976]]: ''[[Drawings by Tolkien (exhibition catalogue)|Drawings by Tolkien]]''. Exhibition catalogue.<br />
*[[1976]]: '''''[[The Father Christmas Letters]]'''''.<br />
<br />
*[[1977]]: ''[[J.R.R. Tolkien: A Biography]]''. Includes excerpts of letters, poetry and prose.<br />
*[[1977]]: '''''[[The Silmarillion]]'''''.<br />
<br />
*[[1978]]: ''[[The Inklings (book)|The Inklings]]''. Includes excerpts from letters, diaries and manuscripts.<br />
*[[1978]]: ''[[The Tolkien Scrapbook]]''. Includes the drawing '''[[The Lonely Mountain (J.R.R. Tolkien drawing)|The Lonely Mountain]]'''.<br />
<br />
*[[1979]]: ''[[J.R.R. Tolkien: Scholar and Storyteller]]''. Contains '''[[English and Welsh|Valedictory Address to the University of Oxford, 5 june 1959]]'''.<br />
*[[1979]]: [[Minas Tirith Evening-Star Vol.8, No.2|''Minas Tirith Evening-Star'' Vol.8, No.2]]. Contains '''[[An Interview with J.R.R.T.]]'''.<br />
*[[1979]]: '''''[[Pictures by J.R.R. Tolkien]]'''''.<br />
<br />
====1980s====<br />
<br />
*[[1980]]: '''''[[Poems and Stories]]'''''.<br />
*[[1980]]: ''[[Sotheby's Catalogue of Valuable Autograph Letters, Literary Manuscripts and Historical Documents 21-22 July 1980]]''. Includes [[Miss How 12 November 1949|a letter to Miss How]].<br />
*[[1980]]: '''''[[Unfinished Tales]]'''''.<br />
<br />
*[[1981]]: '''''[[The Letters of J.R.R. Tolkien]]'''''.<br />
<br />
*[[1982]]: '''''[[Finn and Hengest]]'''''.<br />
*[[1982]]: '''''[[Mr. Bliss]]'''''.<br />
*[[1982]]: '''''[[The Old English Exodus]]'''''.<br />
*[[1982]]: ''[[The Return of Tolkien]]''. Article illustrated by JRRT.<br />
*[[1982]]: ''[[The Road to Middle-earth]]''. Includes several poems originally published in ''[[Songs for the Philologists]]''.<br />
<br />
*[[1983]]: ''[[The History of Middle-earth]] vol. 1'': '''''[[The Book of Lost Tales 1|The Book of Lost Tales, Part One]]'''''.<br />
*[[1983]]: '''''[[The Monsters and the Critics and Other Essays]]'''''.<br />
*[[1983]]: ''[[Parma Eldalamberon 6]]''. Includes notes made on a draft version of Thror's Map.<br />
*[[1983]]: ''Smith of Wootton Major and Leaf by Niggle''. Unwin Paperbacks.<br />
<br />
*[[1984]]: ''[[Fantasists on Fantasy|Fantasists on Fantasy: A Collection of Critical Reflections by Eighteen Masters of the Art]]''. Includes '''[[Fantasy (writing)|Fantasy]]''' and '''[[To W.H. Auden]]'''.<br />
*[[1984]]: ''[[The History of Middle-earth]]'' vol. 2: '''''[[The Book of Lost Tales 2|The Book of Lost Tales, Part Two]]'''''. <br />
*[[1984]]: ''[[The Manuscripts of J.R.R.T.]]''. Reproduces four extracts from ''The Lord of the Rings'' manuscripts.<br />
*[[1984]]: ''[[Oliphaunt (sheet)|Oliphaunt]]'' (as a flat sheet; see also ''[[Oliphaunt (book)]]'', 1989).<br />
*[[1984]]: ''[[Sotheby's English Literature and English History 6-7 December 1984]]''. Includes '''[[Kinship of the Half-elven]]''', an extract from '''[[Concerning ... The Hoard]]''', together with several extracts from letters to Eileen Elgar.<br />
<br />
*[[1985]]: ''[[I fantasins världar]]''. Includes the '''[[1961 Jan Broberg]]''' interview.<br />
*[[1985]]: '''''[[J.R.R. Tolkien's Letters to Rhona Beare]]'''''.<br />
*[[1985]]: ''[[The History of Middle-earth]] vol. 3'': '''''[[The Lays of Beleriand]]'''''.<br />
<br />
*[[1986]]: ''[[Beyond Bree July 1986]]''. Includes two pages from an annotated copy of ''The Hobbit''.<br />
*[[1986]]: ''[[The History of Middle-earth]] vol. 4'': '''''[[The Shaping of Middle-earth]]'''''.<br />
<br />
*[[1987]]: [[La Brita Esperantisto, July 1987|''La Brita Esperantisto'', July 1987]]. Includes '''[[A Philologist on Esperanto]]'''.<br />
*[[1987]]: ''[[Drawings for 'The Hobbit' by J.R.R. Tolkien]]''. Exhibition catalogue. Bodleian Library.<br />
*[[1987]]: ''[[The History of Middle-earth]] vol. 5'': '''''[[The Lost Road and Other Writings]]'''''.<br />
*[[1987]]: ''[[The Hobbit: Drawings, Watercolors, and Manuscripts, June 11 - September 30, 1987]]''<br />
*[[1987]]: ''[[Selections from the Marquette J.R.R. Tolkien Collection]]''<br />
*[[1987]]: ''[[The Tale of Gondolin]]''.<br />
*[[1987]]: ''[[Tolkien and the Spirit of the Age|Tolkien and the Spirit of the Age: Papers as Presented at the First Lustrum Celebration of the Dutch Tolkien Society Unquendor]]''. Includes '''[[Progress in Bimble Town]]'''.<br />
<br />
*[[1988]]: ''[[Arda 1984/1985|Arda 1984]]''. Contains '''[[The Clerke's Compleinte]]'''.<br />
*[[1988]]: ''[[The History of Middle-earth]] vol. 6'': '''''[[The Return of the Shadow]]'''''.<br />
*[[1988]]: ''[[Mythlore 56]]''. Includes '''[[Narqelion]]'''.<br />
<br />
*[[1989]]: ''[[Beyond Bree March 1989|Beyond Bree, March 1989]]''. Includes '''[[The Plotz Declension]]'''.<br />
*[[1989]]: '''''[[Oliphaunt (book)|Oliphaunt]]''''' (as a children's book; see also ''[[Oliphaunt (sheet)]]'', 1984).<br />
*[[1989]]: ''[[The History of Middle-earth]] vol. 7'': '''''[[The Treason of Isengard]]'''''.<br />
*[[1989]]: ''[[Mythlore 60]]''. Includes '''[[Narqelion]]'''.<br />
*[[1989]]: ''[[Vinyar Tengwar 6]]''. Includes '''[[The Plotz Declension]]''', '''[[Narqelion]]''', and a [[Jane T. Sibley 30 May 1964|letter to Jane Sibley]].<br />
<br />
====1990s====<br />
*[[1990]]: ''[[Arda 1986]]''. Includes the manuscript to '''[[The Clerke's Compleinte]]'''.<br />
*[[1990]]: ''[[The History of Middle-earth]] vol. 8'': '''''[[The War of the Ring]]'''''.<br />
<br />
*[[1991]]: ''[[Leaves from the Tree|Leaves from the Tree: J.R.R. Tolkien's Shorter Fiction. The Proceedings of the 4th Tolkien Society Workshop]]''. Includes an extract from the unpublished '''[[Lecture on Dragons]]'''.<br />
<br />
*[[1992]]: ''[[Basic Quenya]]''. Includes '''[[The Plotz Declension]]'''.<br />
*[[1992]]: ''[[The History of Middle-earth]] vol. 9'': '''''[[Sauron Defeated]]'''''.<br />
*[[1992]]: ''[[Tolkien: Life and Legend]]''. Exhibition catalogue. Bodleian Library.<br />
<br />
*[[1993]]: [[Esperanto USA, Vol.29, No.4|''Esperanto USA''. Vol.29, No.4]]. Includes '''Why I Support Esperanto''' (same as [[A Philologist on Esperanto]]).<br />
*[[1993]]: ''[[The History of Middle-earth]] vol. 10'': '''''[[Morgoth's Ring]]'''''.<br />
<br />
*[[1994]]: [[Tyalië Tyelelliéva 1]]. Includes '''[[Lord of the Rings Heru i Million]]'''.<br />
*[[1994]]: [[Vinyar Tengwar 36]]. Includes '''[[The Entu, Ensi, Enta Declension]]'''.<br />
*[[1994]]: ''[[The History of Middle-earth]] vol. 11'': '''''[[The War of the Jewels]]'''''.<br />
<br />
*[[1995]]: ''[[J.R.R. Tolkien: Artist and Illustrator]]''. Contains ca. 100 previously unpublished pictures. Among writings not appearing elsewhere might be mentioned a quote on p. 53 from an essay on dragons (see [[Lecture on Dragons]]) and quotations from unpublished '''[[notes on Elvish heraldry]]'''.<br />
*[[1995]]: ''[[La kunularo de l' ringo]]''. Includes '''[[A Philologist on Esperanto]]'''.<br />
*[[1995]]: [[Parma Eldalamberon 11|Parma Eldalamberon issue 11]]. Includes '''[[I-Lam na-Ngoldathon|I-Lam na-Ngoldathon: The Grammar and Lexicon of the Gnomish Tongue]]'''.<br />
*[[1995]]: [[Vinyar Tengwar 37]]. Includes '''[[The Túrin Prose Fragments]]'''.<br />
<br />
*[[1996]]: ''[[The History of Middle-earth]] vol. 12'': '''''[[The Peoples of Middle-earth]]'''''.<br />
<br />
*[[1997]]: ''[[A Question of Time|A Question of Time: J.R.R. Tolkien's Road to Faërie]]''. Includes quotes from the unpublished '''[[Elvish time]]''' and '''[[Essay concerning Smith of Wootton Major]]'''.<br />
*[[1997]]: '''''[[Tales from the Perilous Realm]]'''''.<br />
<br />
*[[1998]]: [[Parma Eldalamberon 12|Parma Eldalamberon issue 12]]. Includes '''[[Qenyaqetsa|Qenyaqetsa: The Qenya Phonology and Lexicon]]'''.<br />
*[[1998]]: '''''[[Roverandom]]'''''.<br />
*[[1998]]: [[Vinyar Tengwar 39]]. Includes '''[[From Quendi and Eldar, Appendix D]]''' and '''[[Ósanwe-kenta]]'''.<br />
<br />
====2000s====<br />
<br />
*[[2000]]: '''''[[The End of the Third Age]]'''''.<br />
*[[2000]]: [[SEVEN 17|''SEVEN: An Anglo-American Literary Review'', Vol.17]]. Includes '''[[A Philologist on Esperanto]]''' and extracts from the '''[[Book of Foxrook]]''' and some other writings.<br />
*[[2000]]: ''[[Vinyar Tengwar 41]]''. Includes '''[[Etymological Notes on the Ósanwe-kenta]]''', '''[[From The Shibboleth of Fëanor]]''', and '''[[Notes on Óre]]'''.<br />
<br />
*[[2001]]: [[Interzone 174|''Interzone'' December issue, #174]]''. Includes a transcription of a [[Gene Wolfe 7 November 1966|letter to Gene Wolfe from November 7th, 1966]].<br />
*[[2001]]: [[Parma Eldalamberon 13|''Parma Eldalamberon'' issue 13]]. Includes '''[[The Alphabet of Rúmil]] & [[Early Noldorin Fragments]]'''.<br />
*[[2001]]: ''[[Sotheby's Valuable Printed Books and Manuscripts 13 December 2001]]''. Includes several letters.<br />
*[[2001]]: ''[[Tyalië Tyelelliéva 18]]''. Includes the prayers '''[[Átaremma]]''' and '''[[Aia María]]'''.<br />
*[[2001]]: ''[[Vinyar Tengwar 42]]''. Includes '''[[The Rivers and Beacon-hills of Gondor]]'''.<br />
<br />
*[[2002]]: '''''[[The Annotated Hobbit: Revised and Expanded Edition]]'''''. Includes several hard-to-find poems and '''[[Elvish Song in Rivendell]]''', '''[[The Quest of Erebor]]''', and '''[[Glip]]'''.<br />
*[[2002]]: '''''[[Beowulf and the Critics]]'''''.<br />
*[[2002]]: ''[[Christie's Fine Printed Books and Manuscripts 24 May 2002]]''. Includes '''[[Index questions]]''' and three letters.<br />
*[[2002]]: ''[[Sotheby's Literature and Illustration 11-12 July 2002]]''. Includes several letters.<br />
*[[2002]]: ''[[Vinyar Tengwar 43]]''. Includes '''[[Words of Joy: Five Catholic Prayers|Words of Joy: Five Catholic Prayers - Part One]]'''.<br />
*[[2002]]: ''[[Vinyar Tengwar 44]]''. Includes '''[[Words of Joy: Five Catholic Prayers|Words of Joy: Five Catholic Prayers - Part Two]]''', '''[[Ae Adar Nín]]''', and '''[[Alcar mi Tarmenel na Erun]]'''.<br />
<br />
*[[2003]]: [[La Feuille de la Compagnie 2|''La Feuille de la Compagnie'', no.2]]. Includes [[Milton Waldman 1951|'''a letter to Milton Waldman (1951)''']].<br />
*[[2003]]: [[Parma Eldalamberon 14|''Parma Eldalamberon'', issue 14]]. Contains '''[[Early Qenya and The Valmaric Script]]'''.<br />
*[[2003]]: ''[[Sotheby's English Literature, History, Fine Bindings, Private Press Books, Children's Books, Illustrated Books and Drawings 10 July 2003]]''. Includes [[L.M. Cutts 26 October 1958|a letter to L.M. Cutts]]''.<br />
*[[2003]]: ''[[Tolkien and the Great War]]''. Includes numerous quotes from unpublished correspondence, diaries, poetry and notebooks.<br />
*[[2003]]: ''[[Vinyar Tengwar 45]]''. Includes '''[[Addenda and Corrigenda to the Etymologies|Addenda and Corrigenda to the Etymologies - Part One]]'''.<br />
<br />
*[[2004]]: ''[[The Invented Worlds of J.R.R. Tolkien]]''. Contains several manuscripts.<br />
*[[2004]]: [[Parma Eldalamberon 15|''Parma Eldalamberon'' issue 15]]. Contains '''[[Sí Qente Feanor and Other Elvish Writings]]'''.<br />
*[[2004]]: ''[[Vinyar Tengwar 46]]''. Contains '''[[Addenda and Corrigenda to the Etymologies|Addenda and Corrigenda to the Etymologies - Part Two]]'''.<br />
<br />
*[[2005]]: ''[[The Keys of Middle-earth]]''. Includes previously unpublished extracts from Tolkien's academic writings held at the [[University of Oxford|Bodleian Library]].<br />
*[[2005]]: ''[[Leski Auctions: Sport and General Memorabilia, 10th February 2005|Leski Auctions: Sport & General Memorabilia, 10th February 2005]]''. Includes letter '''[[Mr(s?) Souch 8 September 1955]]'''.<br />
*[[2005]]: ''[[The Lord of the Rings: A Reader's Companion]]''. Includes '''[[The Nomenclature of The Lord of the Rings]]''', a [[Milton Waldman 1951|1951 letter to Milton Waldman]], and a reproduction of a manuscript page showing a synoptic time scheme used by JRRT while writing ''The Lord of the Rings''.<br />
*[[2005]]: ''[[The Ruins of Osgiliath]]''.<br />
*[[2005]]: ''[[Vinyar Tengwar 47]]''. Contains '''[[Eldarin Hands, Fingers and Numerals and Related Writings|Eldarin Hands, Fingers & Numerals and Related Writings — Part One]]'''.<br />
*[[2005]]: ''[[Vinyar Tengwar 48]]''. Contains '''[[Eldarin Hands, Fingers and Numerals and Related Writings|Eldarin Hands, Fingers & Numerals and Related Writings — Part Two]]'''.<br />
<br />
*[[2006]]: ''[[Bloomsbury Manuscripts and Autograph Letters, Continental and English Literature and History, and Modern First Editions 15 June 2006|Bloomsbury Auctions: Manuscripts & Autograph Letters, Continental & English Literature and History, and Modern First Editions, 15th June 2006]]''. Includes '''[[Michael Blashka late 1960s]]''' (letter).<br />
*[[2006]]: ''[[The J.R.R. Tolkien Companion and Guide]]''. Includes numerous extracts from diaries, papers in various archives and libraries, and from other unpublished or hard to find sources.<br />
*[[2006]]: [[Parma Eldalamberon 16|''Parma Eldalamberon'' issue 16]]. Contains '''[[Early Elvish Poetry]] and [[Pre-Fëanorian Alphabets (manuscript)|Pre-Fëanorian Alphabets]]'''.<br />
*[[2006]]: ''[[Sotheby's Fine Books and Manuscripts December 11 2006]]''. Includes [[Letter 122|a letter to Naomi Mitchison (letter 122)]].<br />
*[[2006]]: ''[[The Ring of Words]]''. Includes a [[Kenneth Sisam 16 March 1933|letter to Kenneth Sisam, dated 16 March 1933]].<br />
<br />
*[[2007]]: '''''[[The Children of Húrin]]'''''.<br />
*[[2007]]: ''[[Christie's The Albin Schram Collection of Autograph Letters]]''. Includes excerpts from '''[[Pauline Baynes 4 June 1949]]''' (letter).<br />
*[[2007]]: '''''[[The History of The Hobbit]]'''''.<br />
*[[2007]]: ''[[La kunularo de l' ringo]]''. Includes '''[[A Philologist on Esperanto]]'''.<br />
*[[2007]]: [[Parma Eldalamberon 17|''Parma Eldalamberon'' issue 17]]. Contains '''[[Words, Phrases and Passages in Various Tongues in The Lord of the Rings]]'''.<br />
*[[2007]]: ''[[Sotheby's English Literature, History, Private Press, Children's Books and Illustrations 13 December 2007]]''. Includes [[Derrick Parnum 2 March 1955|a letter to Derrick Parnum]].<br />
*[[2007]]: ''[[Tolkien Studies: Volume 4]]''. Includes '''[[The Name 'Nodens']]''' and extracts from unpublished drafts of ''The Homecoming of Beorhtnoth''.<br />
*[[2007]]: ''[[Vinyar Tengwar 49]]''. Contains '''[[Eldarin Hands, Fingers and Numerals and Related Writings|Eldarin Hands, Fingers & Numerals and Related Writings — Part Three]]'''.<br />
<br />
*[[2008]]: ''[[Lembas Extra: Proceedings of the 5th Unquendor Lustrum]]''. Includes several unpublished letters.<br />
*[[2008]]: '''''[[On Fairy-stories (expanded edition)]]'''''.<br />
<br />
*[[2009]]: ''[[Black and White Ogre Country|Black & White Ogre Country: The Lost Tales of Hilary Tolkien]]''. Includes unpublished photographs and the letter '''[[Hilary Tolkien 1971]]'''.<br />
*[[2009]]: ''[[Christie's Fine Printed Books and Manuscripts 1 June 2009]]''. Includes several letters.<br />
*[[2009]]: '''''[[The Legend of Sigurd and Gudrún]]'''''.<br />
*[[2009]]: [[Parma Eldalamberon 18|''Parma Eldalamberon'', issue 18]]. Contains '''[[Tengwesta Qenderinwa]]''' and '''[[Pre-Fëanorian Alphabets (manuscript)|Pre-Fëanorian Alphabets Part 2]]'''. <br />
*[[2009]]: ''[[Sotheby's English Literature, History, Children's Books and Illustrations 17 December 2009]]''. Includes drawing '''[[Lamb's Farm, Gedling]]'''.<br />
*[[2009]]: ''[[Tolkien Studies: Volume 6]]''. Includes '''[[Fate and Free Will]]'''.<br />
<br />
====2010s====<br />
*[[2010]]: ''[[Sotheby's The James S. Copley Library 17 June 2010]]''. Includes excerpts from [[Evelyn B. Byrne 1967-70|a letter to Evelyn B. Byrne]].<br />
*[[2010]]: ''[[Tolkien Studies: Volume 7]]''. Will include '''[['The Story of Kullervo' and Essays on Kalevala]]'''.<br />
*[[2010]]: ''[[Wheelbarrows at Dawn|Wheelbarrows at Dawn: Memories of Hilary Tolkien]]''. Will include photographs, letters and the drawing '''[[Lamb's Farm, Gedling]]'''.<br />
*201?: [[La Feuille de la Compagnie 3|La Feuille de la Compagnie, vol.3]]. Will include '''[[Fragments on Elvish Reincarnation]]'''.<br />
<br />
{{references}}<br />
<br />
[[CATEGORY:Tolkien Gateway research]]<br />
<br />
[[fr:tolkien/biblio]]</div>Elendilhttps://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=Wainrider/Balchoth_War&diff=117135Wainrider/Balchoth War2010-08-01T08:38:42Z<p>Elendil: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{unnamed}}<br />
{{Claimed|[[User:Theoden1|User:Theoden1]]}}<br />
<br />
{{War<br />
| previous=[[War of the Last Alliance]]<br />
| next=[[War of the Ring]]<br />
| name=Wainrider/Balchoth War<br />
| image=[[Image:Jonatan Alvarsson - Middle-earth.jpg|350px]]<br />
| begin=[[Third Age 1851|T.A. 1851]]<br />
| end=[[Third Age 2510|T.A. 2510]]<br />
| place=Calenardhon, Rhovanion, Dagorlad, Ithilien, both banks of River Anduin<br />
| result=Decisive victory for Gondor and the Éothéod<br />
| battles=[[Battle of the Plains]], [[Second Battle of Dagorlad]], [[Battle of the Camp]], [[Battle of the Field of Celebrant]]<br />
| side1=[[Gondor]], [[Rohan|the Éothéod]]<br />
| side2=Easterling forces: [[Wainriders]] and [[Balchoth]], Northern Orcs<br />
| commanders1=<br />
[[Image:WAR-ICONS Gondor.png|45px|left]] [[Rómendacil I|Tarostar Rómendacil I]] †{{clear}}<br />
[[Image:WAR-ICONS Gondor.png|45px|left]] [[Turambar (King of Gondor)|Turambar]]{{clear}}<br />
[[Image:WAR-ICONS Gondor.png|45px|left]] [[Narmacil II]] †{{clear}}<br />
[[Image:WAR-ICONS Gondor.png|45px|left]] [[Calimehtar (King of Gondor)|Calimehtar]]{{clear}}<br />
[[Image:WAR-ICONS Gondor.png|45px|left]] [[Ondoher]] †{{clear}}<br />
[[Image:WAR-ICONS Gondor.png|45px|left]] [[Earnil II]] †{{clear}}<br />
[[Image:WAR-ICONS Gondor.png|45px|left]] [[Cirion]]{{clear}}<br />
[[Image:WAR-ICONS Rohan.png|45px|left]] [[Eorl]]{{clear}}<br />
[[Image:WAR-ICONS Gondor.png|45px|left]] [[Ecthelion II]] †<br />
| commanders2=<br />
{{Sauron blazon}}<br />
[[Image:ME-Easterlings.png|45px|left]] Unknown Easterling commanders{{clear}}<br />
[[Image:ME-Orcs.png|45px|left]] Unknown Orc commanders<br />
|}}<br />
The '''Wainrider/Balchoth War''' was a long series of battles spread over the first, second and third millennia of the Third Age. The first of these attacks occurred several centuries after the founding of Gondor. During this period, Gondor was under assault from the east by a number of eastern tribes variously referred as [[Wainriders]], [[Easterlings]], and [[Balchoth]]. After some serious setbacks for Gondor, they were at last decisively defeated.<br />
<br />
== Historical Background ==<br />
<br />
Early in the Third Age, c. T.A. 490, Easterling tribes began a series of attacks against the southern [[Númenóreans|Númenórean]] exile kingdom of Gondor. This first occurred during the reign of King [[Ostoher]], who also rebuilt [[Minas Tirith (Gondor)|Minas Anor]], in c. 490 T.A. His successor, [[Rómendacil I]], defeated an Easterling invasion in T.A. 500, but was slain in a fresh assault by them in T.A. 541. His son, Turambar, once again defeated them, and captured a large area eastwards south of the Sea of Rhûn. Gondor was not troubled by Easterling attacks for centuries afterward, and by the reign of [[Hyarmendacil I|Ciryaher Hyarmendacil]] (c. 1050), Gondor was at the height of its power, controlling wide areas to the south and east. {{ref|1}}<br />
<br />
Minalcar, Regent and later King of Gondor, gave the Northmen extensive lands east of Anduin and south of the forest of [[Greenwood the Great]].<br />
<br />
The Éothéod were a small group of Northmen in the Vales of Anduin during the middle Third Age. They first came to [[Gondor|Gondor's]] notice during the reign of King [[Calimehtar (King of Gondor)|Calimehtar]] of Gondor. {{ref|2}}<br />
<br />
== Calimehtar and Marhwini ==<br />
<br />
King Calimehtar of Gondor had made common cause with Marhwini, lord of the Éothéod, against Easterling raids. [[Marhwini]] was the son of [[Marhari]], who fell fighting in Gondor's rearguard for Narmacil II at the [[Battle of the Plains]]. Marhwini sent word that the Wainriders were planning raids across the Undeeps into Calenardhon. He added that some of his people, Northmen enslaved near the forest of [[Rhovanion (region)|Rhovanion]]. Calimehtar led his army north through Ithilien, drawing the Easterlings towards him. As they approached the old Dagorlad battlefield, the main Gondorian force made their stand in what became known as the [[Second Battle of Dagorlad]]. Then, a Gondorian cavalry detachment, crossing the Anduin, joined with an [[éored]] led by Marhwini and attacked the Easterlings' flank and rear. <br />
<br />
The Easterling army, under attack from three sides, broke and fled before the allies. Marhwini's mounted forces pursued them across the plains, taunting them about the smoke now rising from their homes to the north. The planned revolt did indeed break out, and caused heavy damage to the Wainriders' camps and storehouses. However, the rebels took heavy casualties from the youths, old men, and young women who were still relatively well armed. In the end, the allies were, after their victory, unable to control the eastern regions south of the Forest, and pulled back to the Dagorlad region.<br />
<br />
== Fall of Ondoher ==<br />
[[Image:Olanda Fong-Surdenas - Easterling.jpg|left|thumb|''Easterling'' by Olanda Fong-Surdenas]]<br />
<br />
== Cirion and Eorl ==<br />
<br />
<br />
== Aftermath ==<br />
<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<br />
<div style="font-size: 80%"><br />
# {{note|1}} ''[[The Lord of the Rings]]'', [[Appendix B]].<br />
# {{note|2}} ''[[The Lord of the Rings]]'', [[Appendix A]].<br />
# {{note|3}} ''[[Unfinished Tales]]'', [[Cirion and Eorl and the Friendship of Gondor and Rohan]].<br />
# {{note|4}} ''[[The Lord of the Rings]]'', [[Appendix B]].<br />
</div><br />
<br />
[[Category:Conflicts of the Third Age]]<br />
<br />
[[fr:encyclo/evenements/3a/guerres/guerre_du_gondor_contre_les_gens-des-chariots]]</div>Elendilhttps://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=War_of_the_Last_Alliance&diff=117134War of the Last Alliance2010-08-01T08:36:36Z<p>Elendil: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{war<br />
| previous=[[War of the Elves and Sauron]]<br />
| next= [[War of the Ring]]<br />
| image=[[Image:lastalliance-elves.jpg|275px]]<br />
| name= War of the Last Alliance<br />
| place= Mordor and lower Anduin region<br />
| result= Victory for the Last Alliance, fall of Sauron, loss of the One Ring<br />
| battles= [[Battle of Dagorlad]], [[Siege of Barad-dûr]]<br />
| begin= [[Second Age 3429|S.A. 3429]]<br />
| end= [[Second Age 3441|S.A. 3441]]<br />
| side1= [[Last Alliance of Elves and Men]], with more than 200,000 Men from [[Arnor]] and [[Gondor]], Elves from [[Lindon]], [[Mirkwood]], [[Rivendell]] and [[Lothlórien]], [[Dwarves]] from [[Khazad-dum]]<br />
| side2= Forces of [[Sauron]], at least 500,000 Mordor [[Orcs]], [[Easterlings]], [[Haradrim]] and other creatures<br />
| commanders1=<br />
{{Gil-galad blazon|died}}<br />
* [[Elrond]]<br />
* [[Oropher]] † <br />
* [[Amdír]] †<br />
[[Image:Tree_icon2.jpg]] [[Elendil]] † <br />
* [[Isildur]] <br />
* [[Anárion]] †<br />
| commanders2= <br />
{{Sauron blazon}}<br />
[[Image:Harad-War Icon Device.gif|45px]] [[Herumor (Black Númenórean)|Herumor]] <br />
* [[Fuinur]]<br />
| strength1= More than 200,000 Men from [[Arnor]] and [[Gondor]], Elves from [[Lindon]], [[Mirkwood]], [[Rivendell]] and [[Lothlórien]], and [[Dwarves]]<br />
| strength2= At least 500,000 Mordor Orcs, [[Easterlings]], [[Haradrim]], [[Nazgûl]], and other creatures of Sauron|<br />
|casual1=Thousands, innumerable|<br />
|casual2=Nearly all Orcs, Men, and other creatures were killed|<br />
|}}<br />
<br />
The '''War of the Last Alliance''' was the war late in the [[Second Age]] in which the [[Last Alliance of Elves and Men]] marched against the fortress of [[Sauron]], [[Barad-dûr]] in [[Mordor]]. Against all hope, they were victorious, but when the [[One Ring]] was not destroyed, [[Sauron]] rose again during the long years of the [[Third Age]].<br />
<br />
===Opening Stages===<br />
<br />
[[Sauron]], hoping to attack the newly founded Númenórean exile states before they where solidly established, sent a task force under the [[Nazgûl]] to attack the city of [[Minas Ithil]], seat of [[Isildur]], conjoint ruler of the southern kingdom of Gondor. This attack, which occurred in S.A. 3429, surprised the southern [[Dúnedain]], burned the [[White Tree of Gondor|White Tree]] and forced them out of the city. [[Isildur]] escaped the city's fall, and journeyed to [[Arnor]] to seek Elendil's assistance. His brother, [[Anárion]], managed to hold a defensive line at [[Osgiliath]] and check Sauron's advance.<br />
<br />
Isildur sailed to his father's capital of [[Annúminas]] in [[Arnor]], and described the military situation to [[Elendil|him]] in detail. After communicating with his ally [[Gil-galad]], [[High King of the Noldor]], the two High Kings decided to form a mighty combined force, known forever afterwards as the ''[[Last Alliance of Elves and Men]]''. Gil-galad marched eastward, leading a host of Elves along with [[Círdan]], Lord of the [[Falas]].<sup>1</sup><br />
<br />
[[Image:Lastalliance-men.jpg|250px|left|thumb|Dúnedain attack in Peter Jackson's ''Fellowship of the Ring'']]It was during this time that the great watchtower at [[Amon Sûl]] was built and manned. In 3431, this combined host rested at the Elven outpost of Rivendell, where they took counsel with [[Elrond|Lord Elrond]], who was Gil-galad's herald, and acted as his second-in-command in the coming campaign. After crossing the Misty Mountains, they were joined by Dwarves from [[Khazad-dûm]]. Elves from [[Greenwood the Great]], led by [[Oropher]] and his son [[Thranduil]], and Lothlórien Elves under [[Amdír]]. As this host proceeded down the [[Anduin]], they marched through desolate areas that had once been the [[Entwives|Entwives']] gardens. They, and probably the Entwives themselves, had been destroyed by [[Sauron]] to deprive Last Alliance forces of supplies.<sup>2</sup><br />
<br />
== The [[Battle of Dagorlad]] ==<br />
<br />
[[Image:Elrond8.jpg|thumb|250px|[[Elrond]] leads the Elven forces]]<br />
<br />
On the great plain near the [[Black Gate]], the forces of the Last Alliance at last confronted the black legions of Mordor. Some border units from Gondor joined the army as it gathered on the battlefield, but one group of Men proved faithless. These were the Men of White Mountains, who dishonored their oath to Isildur to battle Sauron at his side. In response, Isildur cursed them to wander the Paths of the Dead until their oath was fulfilled-- which it was only 3,000 years later under King Elessar of Reunited Kingdom.<br />
<br />
During preliminary skirmishing, [[Oropher]] and his Elves charged forward into the numerous Orc forces and suffered heavy casualties, including Oropher himself. Amdír and his forces also were forced away from the main battle into the marshes just to the south, where he also fell along with half of his troops. This area became known afterwards as the [[Dead Marshes]], because of the thousands of bodies buried there. Sauron had many Men fighting for him, including legions of [[Haradrim]] led by [[Herumor (Black Númenórean)|Herumor]] and [[Fuinur]], [[Black Númenóreans]] who worshiped Sauron before the Downfall of Númenor.<sup>2</sup> <br />
<br />
The great battle proceeded like this:<br />
<br />
# The Elven host and Númenóreans led by Gil-galad and Elendil meet up with Anárion's Dúnedain of Gondor on the Dagorlad Plain.<br />
# They advance across the Plain toward the Black Gate.<br />
# A vast horde of Orcs, hundreds of thousands strong, emerges from the Gate and seethes toward the combined host of the Last Alliance. Battle commences.<br />
# After many weeks of hard fighting, the superior might and discipline of the Alliance drive the Orcs through the gate.<br />
# Many more of the retreating Orcs are slain, and they are driven up against Mount Doom itself.<br />
# Continuous volleys of arrows from the protected rear ranks of the Alliance take their toll upon the Orcs. Victory is at hand.<sup>3</sup><br />
<br />
This battle raged for days and nights continuously. But the Númenóreans were tall and strong, and the High Elves still a mighty people. Slowly they whittled down the vast numbers of Orcs and pushed them back towards the [[Black Gate]].<br />
<br />
== The [[Siege of Barad-dûr]] ==<br />
<br />
The forces of the Last Alliance had forced their way through the Black Gate into Mordor itself. Victory seemed close, but no power short of the Valar could breach the [[Dark Tower]] by force. The siege went on year after year, from [[Second Age 3434|S.A 3434]] to [[Second Age 3441|S.A. 3441]]. Isildur's sons, [[Aratan]] and [[Ciryon]], were detached and sent to Cirith Ungol to guard against a breakout to the southwest, but his oldest son, Elendur served by his side till the end. Over these years there many skirmishes between Sauron and the besieging forces. [[Anárion]] was killed in [[Second Age 3440|S.A. 3440]] by a projectile thrown from the tower.<br />
[[image:Isildur_ring.jpg|thumb|250px|Isildur seizes the [[One Ring]]]]<br />
<br />
Now the final stage of the struggle began, as the Dark Lord came out onto the field. [[Sauron]] emerged from his tower and took the offensive. He advanced to the core of the Alliance to do battle with the Last Alliance commanders, on the plain of Gorgoroth. This was one of the great showdowns of all Middle Earth history-- Sauron with his mighty mace versus [[Elendil]] with his great sword [[Narsil]] and Gil-galad wielding the legendary spear [[Aeglos (spear)|Aeglos]]. Swinging his mace, he cut through the kings' bodyguard. Gil-galad and Elendil then attacked the Dark Lord, but in the fight all three were struck down and Elendil and Gil-galad were slain. Elendil's heir Isildur rushed to his side to take up the royal sword, but as [[Elendil]] fell down on it, he shattered the great blade into three pieces. As Sauron reached to seize [[Isildur]] as well, the heir swung the sword hilt-shard and cut the One Ring from Sauron's hand. Without his connection to the Ring, Sauron's spirit fled and vanished. The armies of Mordor were left dispirited and leaderless, and were soon routed and destroyed by the Alliance forces.<sup>4</sup><br />
<br />
== The Aftermath of the War ==<br />
<br />
The Alliance pursued the Orcs, who were then in disarray, and killed them all. The Barad-dûr was leveled but its foundations remained behind. The thousands of dead Men and Elves were taken out of Mordor and buried in the Dagorlad Plain.<br />
[[Image:Elrond25.jpg|thumb|250px|Elrond leads the way to the [[Crack of Doom]]]]<br />
While he had captured the [[One Ring]], Isildur refused Elrond and Círdan's entreaties that he destroy it by casting it into the [[Crack of Doom]]. The result of this was that while [[Sauron]] was defeated and cast down, his spirit was not destroyed. He hid himself in the dark lands east of Mordor, and slowly rebuilt his power. The Nine ([[Nazgûl]]) also bided their time for the day when he would rise again. The survivors of the Men who served him returned home and continued to trouble Gondor for much of the Third Age. These Men eventually grew to become such invaders as the [[Balchoth]] and the [[Wainriders]].<br />
<br />
While the Orc armies of Sauron had been well nigh destroyed in the War, scattered groups of them survived. In the Last Alliance, the casualties had been heavy. [[Elendil]] and [[Anárion]] were gone, and [[Gil-galad]], last [[High King of the Noldor]], was no more. [[Arnor]] took grievous losses, and suffered from a decline in population. It never really recovered as a major power, and broke into three pieces some centuries later. [[Gondor]] suffered less heavily, but also experienced civil strife in the Third Age. [[Isildur]], the new [[Kings of Arnor|High King of Arnor]], perished only two years later in the [[Disaster of the Gladden Fields]], along with his three older sons. They were ambushed by an Orc task force operating near the River Anduin. Much was lost, but [[Sauron]] was suppressed-- for a while.<br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
<br />
* '''[[Last Alliance of Elves and Men]]''' (political information)<br />
<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<br />
# ''[[The Silmarillion]]'', "[[Of the Rings of Power and the Third Age]]"<br />
# ''[[The Silmarillion]]'', "[[Of the Rings of Power and the Third Age]]"<br />
# ''[[The Lord of the Rings: Weapons and Warfare]]''<br />
# ''[[The Return of the King]]''<br />
# ''[[The Silmarillion]]'', "[[Of the Rings of Power and the Third Age]]"<br />
<br />
[[Category:Second Age]]<br />
[[Category:Conflicts of the Second Age]]<br />
[[Category:Sieges]]<br />
[[Category:Wars and Battles]]<br />
<br />
[[fr:encyclo/evenements/2a/guerres/guerre_de_la_derniere_alliance]]</div>Elendilhttps://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=War_of_the_Dwarves_and_Orcs&diff=117133War of the Dwarves and Orcs2010-08-01T08:35:55Z<p>Elendil: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{sources}}<br />
{{War<br />
| previous= [[War of the Dwarves and Dragons]]<br />
| next=[[War of the Ring]]<br />
| name=War of the Dwarves and Orcs<br />
| image=[[Image:Mikel Janin - Battle of Azanulbizar.jpeg|300px]]<br />
| begin=[[Third Age 2763 |T.A. 2763]]<br />
| end=[[Third Age 2799 |T.A. 2799]]<br />
| place=The northern [[Misty Mountains]] and [[Mount Gundabad]]<br />
| result=Crippling defeat for Orcs, pyrrhic victory for Dwarves<br />
| battles=[[Second Sacking of Gundabad]], various battles in mines, strongholds, and colonies, [[Battle of Azanulbizar]].<br />
|side1=Dwarves of all Seven Houses, [[Longbeards]], [[Firebeards]], [[Broadbeams]], [[Blacklocks]], [[Stonefoots]], [[Ironfists]], and [[Stiffbeards]].<br />
|side2=[[Orcs of the Misty Mountains]]<br />
|commanders1=King [[Thráin II]], [[Thorin Oakenshield]], [[Náin son of Grór]], various generals and/or kings or lords of the other houses<br />
|commanders2=[[Azog]] and possibly various other Orc-chieftains<br />
|}}<br />
<br />
The '''War of the Dwarves and Orcs''' was a great war fought between the two races.<br />
<br />
==History==<br />
== Prelude ==<br />
The War began when the elderly exiled [[Dwarves|dwarven]] King [[Thrór]], after living many years in poverty, wandered with his friend [[Nár (companion of Thrór)|Nár]] into [[Moria]] and was murdered by [[Azog]], the [[Goblin]]-chieftain of [[Moria]], in [[Third Age 2790]]. But Nár was let go by Azog to tell his people never to come to Moria, and returned to the [[Blue Mountains]]. <br />
<br />
When Nár returned to the king's son [[Thráin II]], he told him of his father's murder. Thráin sat for seven days without eating or sleeping, until he stood and said "This cannot be borne!".{{fact}} Thus began the war. <br />
<br />
From 2790 to [[Third Age 2793|2793]] the [[Longbeards]] responded to this tragedy by gathering their forces, and calling on all the other Houses of the Dwarves for war, but it took them three years to fully gather their strength.<br />
<br />
=== Early Stages===<br />
In 2793 they attacked, assailing and sacking one by one all the Orc-holds they could find from [[Mount Gundabad]] in the north, to the [[Gladden Fields]] in the south. <br />
<br />
Little is known about the war, but most of the war was fought underground, in the great mines and tunnels of the Misty Mountains, where Dwarves excelled in combat. The Dwarves were so fierce that for two [[Men|Mannish]] generations, Orcs were fleeing towards the [[White Mountains]].<br />
<br />
=== The Final Battle ===<br />
The war climaxed in 2799, when the final battle was fought in the valley outside the eastern gates of [[Moria]], the [[Battle of Azanulbizar|Battle of Azanûlbizar]]. The Dwarves finally won this notoriously bloody encounter when reinforcements arrived late on the scene from the [[Iron Hills]].<br />
<br />
After the battle, King [[Thráin II]] wanted to enter Moria and reclaim it, but the Dwarves not of Durin's folk refused, saying that the city was not their Fathers' House; they had honoured Thrór's memory by fighting, and this was enough. [[Dáin Ironfoot]] also warned Thráin that [[Durin's Bane]] still dwelt within [[Khazad-dûm]].<br />
<br />
=== Aftermath and Repercussions ===<br />
The war was very costly for the Dwarves. Half of those involved in the Battle of Azanulbizar were killed and possibly a couple thousand more were killed throughout the rest of the war. [[Náin son of Grór|Náin]], [[Frerin]], and [[Fundin]] were among the more notable casualties. Thráin II himself lost an eye, and Thorin was wounded when his shield broke and he had to use an oak branch to defend himself. This led to his later name [[Thorin Oakenshield]].<br />
<br />
During the conflict many many thousands of Orcs fleeing south through [[Rohan]], trying to claim a refuge in the [[White Mountains]] beyond, troubled the [[Rohirrim]] for two generations.<br />
<br />
Other effects of the war were that the [[Orcs of the Misty Mountains]] virtually disappeared as a threat for [[Eriador]] and [[Wilderland]]. One and a half century later the Orcs of the North were beginning to recover, but their population was further reduced during the [[Battle of Five Armies]] in [[Third Age 2941]], where [[Bolg]] son of Azog tried to avenge his father, and in the process destroying three fourths of them.<br />
<br />
It is probable that without this War, the later [[War of the Ring]] would have been lost in the north, and the [[Ring-bearer]] might never have made it south to [[Mordor]]. <br />
<br />
== Noteable Veterans ==<br />
*[[Thráin II]]<br />
*[[Thorin Oakenshield]]<br />
*[[Frerin]]<br />
*[[Fundin]]<br />
*[[Náin son of Grór|Náin]]<br />
*[[Dáin Ironfoot]]<br />
*[[Balin]]<br />
*[[Glóin]]<br />
<br />
== See Also ==<br />
*[[Battle of Azanulbizar]]<br />
*[[Second Sacking of Gundabad]]<br />
<br />
{{references}}<br />
*''[[The Lord of the Rings]]'', [[Appendix A]], Durin's Folk<br />
*''[[The Peoples of Middle-earth]]''<br />
[[Category:Conflicts of the Third Age]]<br />
<br />
[[fr:encyclo/evenements/3a/guerres/guerre_des_nains_et_des_orques]]</div>Elendilhttps://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=War_of_Wrath&diff=117132War of Wrath2010-08-01T08:34:32Z<p>Elendil: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{expansion}}<br />
{{sources}}<br />
{{battle<br />
| name=War of Wrath<br />
| image=[[Image:Perkan_Pickman_-_War_of_Wrath.jpg|350px]]<br />
| conflict=[[War of Wrath]]<br />
| date=c. [[First Age 545|F.A. 545]] - [[First Age 587|587]]<br />
| place=[[Beleriand]]<br />
| result=Decisive victory for the [[Host of the Valar]], Drowning of [[Beleriand]], Expulsion of [[Morgoth]] from Arda<br />
| side1=[[Morgoth]] and his minions, including [[Balrogs]], [[Orcs]], and [[Dragons]]<br />
| side2=The [[Host of the Valar]], including the [[Vanyar]] and [[Eärendil]]<br />
| commanders1=<br />
{{Morgoth blazon}}<br />
* [[Ancalagon]] †<br />
| commanders2=<br />
{{Eärendil blazon}}<br />
{{Finarfin blazon}}<br />
* [[Eönwë]] <br />
* [[Thorondor]]<br />
| forces1= Millions<br />
| forces2= Hundreds of thousands<br />
| casual1=Virtually entire force<br />
| casual2=Unknown, but most likely severe.<br />
|}}<br />
<br />
The '''War of Wrath''', or the '''Great Battle''', was the final [[Wars of Beleriand|battle]] against [[Morgoth]] at the end of the [[First Age]], and the greatest battle ever fought in all of [[Middle-earth]].<br />
<br />
==History==<br />
=== Prelude ===<br />
500 years into the First Age, Morgoth had become mighty in Middle-earth, not least because of the strife among the [[Noldor]]. The mariner [[Eärendil]], wearing the [[Silmarils|Silmaril]] on his brow, came to [[Valinor]], the first with mortal blood to set foot there, and begged the [[Valar]] to help the enslaved [[Elves]] and [[Men]] of Middle-earth.<br />
<br />
The Valar were moved by Eärendil's plea, and along with the [[Vanyar]] and Noldor that were in Valinor, riding in the ships of the [[Teleri]], came to Middle-earth in a mighty host. They marched across [[Beleriand]], and met the forces of Morgoth in the plains of [[Anfauglith]].<br />
<br />
=== The Great Battle ===<br />
The Valar and the Elves destroyed the [[Balrogs]], all save a few who fled and hid themselves, and the armies of the [[Orcs]] perished like straw in a great fire. While the [[Three Houses of the Edain]] fought with the Valar, many other Men fought against them and perished. Facing defeat, Morgoth released his ultimate weapon, the winged [[Dragons]], which had never been seen before, and drove the Valar back. The leader of these dragons was the powerful [[Ancalagon|Ancalagon the Black]].<br />
<br />
Then [[Eärendil]] came with his sky-ship [[Vingilótë|Vingilot]], along with the [[Eagles]], and they fought the dragons, in the end slaying Ancalagon, the mightiest of the dragon horde, who broke the towers of [[Thangorodrim]] in his fall.<br />
<br />
Morgoth was captured hiding in the deepest dungeon of Angband and bound with his old chain Angainor; the two Silmarils still in his possession were taken by the Maia [[Eönwë]] and guarded (whence they were later stolen by [[Maedhros]] and [[Maglor]]). In the end the Valar thrust him "through the [[Door of Night]], beyond the [[Walls of the World]], into the [[The Void|Timeless Void]]", where he remains until the [[Last Battle]] and the Day of Doom. Only then shall he be utterly destroyed. <br />
[[Image:Doors_of_Night.jpg|left|200px|thumb|left|"The Doors of Night" by [[John Howe]].]]<br />
<br />
=== Aftermath ===<br />
The wreckage of the war was immense; most of the land west of the [[Ered Luin]] was laid waste and soon after sank beneath the waves. Most of the Elves went to the West, while others went East. The Valar raised up the island of [[Númenor]] in the Western Sea as a new home for the [[Edain]].<br />
<br />
{{references}}<br />
{{warsofbeleriand}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Conflicts of the First Age]]<br />
[[Category:Wars and Battles]]<br />
<br />
[[fr:encyclo/evenements/1a/guerres/guerre_de_la_grande_colere]]</div>Elendilhttps://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=The_War_of_the_Jewels&diff=117131The War of the Jewels2010-08-01T08:33:01Z<p>Elendil: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{book|<br />
title=The War of the Jewels|<br />
image=[[Image:The War of the Jewels.jpg|225px]]|<br />
author=[[J.R.R. Tolkien]], [[Christopher Tolkien]]|<br />
isbn=0395710413|<br />
publisher=[[Houghton Mifflin]]|<br />
date=December 6, 1994|<br />
format=Hardcover|<br />
pages= 488|<br />
amazon=http://www.amazon.com/War-Jewels-Silmarillion-History-Middle-Earth/dp/0395710413|<br />
amazonprice=$19.80<br />
}}<br />
'''''The War of the Jewels''''' is the 11th volume of [[Christopher Tolkien|Christopher Tolkien's]] series ''[[The History of Middle-earth]]'', analysing the unpublished manuscripts of his father [[J.R.R. Tolkien]].<br />
<br />
It is the second volume—''[[Morgoth's Ring]]'' being the first—to explore the later 1951 ''[[The Silmarillion]]'' drafts (those written after the completion of ''[[The Lord of the Rings]]''.)<br />
<br />
This volume includes:<br />
* The second part of the 1951 ''Silmarillion'' drafts<br />
* An expanded account of "[[The Grey Annals]]" — the history of [[Beleriand]] after the coming of the [[Elves]].<br />
* Additional narratives involving [[Húrin]] and the tragedy of his children (see [[Narn i Chîn Húrin]]). "The Wanderings of Húrin" is the conclusion to the "''Narn''". This was not included in the final ''Silmarillion'' because Christopher Tolkien feared that the heavy compression which would have been necessary to make it a stylistic match with the rest of the book would have been too difficult and would have made the story overly complex and difficult to read.<br />
* Christopher Tolkien's explanation of how he, with the collaboration of fantasy author [[Guy Gavriel Kay]], constructed Chapter 22 of ''The Silmarillion'', since none of the texts left by Tolkien for this purpose were up-to-date enough to serve the purpose. In particular, the old texts all have [[Thingol]] portrayed as a miserly swindler who cheats the [[Dwarves]] out of their payment, and the portrayal of the [[Girdle of Melian]] in the older stories is much weaker than the impenetrable barrier of the post-''Lord of the Rings'' writings.<br />
* "[[Quendi and Eldar]]" which discusses in greater detail the [[Awakening of the Elves|origin of the Elves]] and their [[Sundering of the Elves|sunderings]].<br />
* Tolkien's exploration of the origins of the [[Ents]] and the great [[Eagles]]<br />
<br />
{{home}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Fiction books|War of the Jewels]]<br />
[[Category:Books by J.R.R. Tolkien|War of the Jewels]]<br />
[[Category:Books by Christopher Tolkien|War of the Jewels]]<br />
[[Category:Publications by title|War of the Jewels]]<br />
<br />
[[fr:tolkien/biblio/home11]]</div>Elendilhttps://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=Lembas&diff=117130Lembas2010-08-01T08:26:26Z<p>Elendil: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{youmay|the food|[[Lembas (journal)|Lembas]], the journal of [[Unquendor]]}}<br />
{{quote|Lembas, [[Elvish]] waybread. One small bite is enough to fill the stomach of a grown man.|[[Legolas]], ''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring]]''}}<br />
[[Image:Lembas bread with Mallorn leaves.jpg|thumb|200px]]<br />
'''Lembas''', also called '''[[coimas]]''', translated as '''waybread''' in the [[Common Speech]], is a special food made by the [[Elves]]. The cakes are very nutritious, stay fresh for months when wrapped in leaves, and are used for sustenance on long journeys. Lembas is a brownish colour on the outside and a cream colour on the inside. <br />
<br />
Lembas was made first by [[Yavanna]] from special [[corn]] that grew in [[Aman]], and [[Oromë]] gave it to the Elves of the [[Great Journey]]. For this reason, it was an Elven custom that only women should make lembas; they were called [[Yavannildi]] (or by the Sindar the [[Ivonwin]]) who knew the secret of its recipe. Also, the custom requested that only an Elven Queen should keep and distribute the lembas, for this reason she was called also [[massánië]] or [[besain]].<ref name="PM">[[History of Middle-earth]], [[The Peoples of Middle-earth]]-[[Of Lembas]]</ref> Like other products of the Elves, it is offensive to evil creatures; [[Gollum]] refused outright to eat of it.<ref>[[The Lord of the Rings]], [[The Two Towers]]</ref><br />
<br />
Only on rare occasions is it given to non-Elves, because it was believed that mortals who ate it would become wary of their mortality and would desire to live among the Elves.<ref name="PM"/> <br />
<br />
[[Melian]], as the queen of [[Doriath]], was one who held this recipe from Yavanna. By giving lembas to [[Beleg]] for [[Túrin]]<ref>[[The Silmarillion]], [[Of Túrin Turambar]]</ref>, she showed great favor because never before lembas was given to a Man and seldom it was again. Later it was passed to [[Galadriel]] and other [[Elves]].<br />
<br />
Galadriel gave a large store of it to the [[Fellowship of the Ring]] upon their departure from [[Lothlórien]]. One of the elves comments that it is more strengthening than any food by Men, and it is more pleasant than [[Cram]].<ref>[[The Lord of the Rings]], [[The Fellowship of the Ring]]</ref>. [[Frodo Baggins]] and [[Samwise Gamgee]] subsist on it through the majority of their journey from there into [[Mordor]].<br />
<br />
[[Image:John Howe - Lembas.jpg|thumb|left|''Lembas'' by [[John Howe]].]]<br />
==Inspiration==<br />
Tolkien most likely based lembas on bread known as ''hard tack'' that was used during long sea voyages and military campaigns as a primary foodstuff. It was little more than flour and water which had been baked hard and would keep for months as long as it was kept dry. <br />
<br />
Heinrich Cornelius Agrippa wrote in his book ''Libri tres de occulta philosophia'' (Book 3, Chapter 13) of a herb from Scythia that allowed people to go for twelve days afterward without any need for food or water. It is also possible that Tolkien based lembas on this description in Agrippa's writings.<br />
<br />
== Portrayal in Adaptations ==<br />
In [[The Lord of the Rings: The Motion Picture Trilogy]], the term "lembas bread" is occasionally used. This is incorrect usage; but because the gift of lembas at Lothlórien is not included in the theatrical release of ''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring|The Fellowship of the Ring]]'', the redundant term "lembas bread" was probably chosen in order to immediately identify the substance to filmgoers at the beginning of ''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Two Towers|The Two Towers]]''.<br />
<br />
{{references}}<br />
[[Category:Food]]<br />
<br />
[[fr:encyclo/divers/lembas]]</div>Elendilhttps://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=User:Elendil&diff=117129User:Elendil2010-08-01T08:24:04Z<p>Elendil: created</p>
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<div>__NOEDITSECTION____NOTOC__<br />
<br />
===Who he is===<br />
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<table style="padding: 5px; width: 300px; border: 1px solid #AAAAAA; -moz-border-radius: 6px; margin-bottom: 4px; clear: left; clear: right;" align="right"><br />
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{|align=center border=2 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=3 <br />
!align=center bgcolor=#d1d1d1|[[Tolkien Gateway:Userboxes|Userboxes]]<br />
|-<br />
|{{User Númenor}}<br />
|-<br />
|{{User interwiki}}<br />
|}<br />
</td></tr></table><br />
<br />
More information is forthcoming. ;-)</div>Elendilhttps://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=Watcher_in_the_Water&diff=117128Watcher in the Water2010-08-01T07:56:26Z<p>Elendil: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{cleanup}}<br />
<br />
[[Image:John Howe - Watcher in the Water.jpg|thumb|300px|''Watcher in the Water'', by [[John Howe]]]]<br />
'''The Watcher in the Water''' is a mysterious and horrific beast that lurked in a lake caused by the damming of the [[Sirannon]] river, beneath the western walls of [[Moria]]. There is very little known about the creature. Even [[Gandalf]] did not know what the Watcher was, or whether there were many of its kind.<br />
<br />
==History==<br />
The [[Book of Mazarbul]] documenting the doom of [[Balin]]'s expedition to reclaim Moria, relates: "...run the pool is up to the wall at [[Westgate of Moria|Westgate]]. ''The Watcher in the Water'' took [[Óin]]. We cannot get out." <br />
<br />
The Watcher attacked the [[Fellowship of the Ring]] as they were attempting to open the [[Doors of Durin]] and enter Moria. It grasped [[Frodo Baggins|Frodo]] with a long tentacle, possibly with a fingered end, which was pale green and luminous. Many other tentacles emerged from the water after the one which grasped Frodo was driven away, but it is not totally clear whether these were all part of the same multi-armed beast, or a number of monsters acting together. In any case, the creature or creatures possessed great strength; after the escape of the Fellowship into Moria, the arms hurled the enormous stone doors shut and uprooted the trees which grew to either side, barring the doors. Gandalf noted that it seized Frodo (as the [[Ring-bearer]]) first, and therefore was probably connected to Sauron in some way, or had a sense of its own detecting the [[One Ring]]. <br />
<br />
== Portrayal in Adaptations ==<br />
'''1978: ''[[Ralph Bakshi's The Lord of the Rings]]'':'''<br />
:The Watcher is a green, multi-tentacled monster. Only the tentacles can be seen.<br />
<br />
'''2001: ''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring]]'':'''<br />
:The Watcher in the Water was made to be slightly different than that in the [[The Fellowship of the Ring|book]]. In the book only green slightly translucent tentacles are shown. In this film not only the tentacles but a massive head is visible. The tentacles of the Watcher in the Water have a sort of thumb and flat hand. As well, there is a big sack on the back of the head that fills with air, making it look twice as big. In full form it resembles an octopus with a humanoid face. It has massive teeth in a small mouth, and great eyes set across from each other. <br />
<br />
'''2002: ''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring (video game)|Vivendi's The Fellowship of the Ring]]'':'''<br />
:Several thick tentacles shoot out of the pool, and the player, in the persona of Aragorn, needs to shoot them with a bow.<br />
<br />
'''2008: ''[[The Lord of the Rings Online]]'':'''<br />
:The Watcher in the Water is a 12-man raid boss.<br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
* [[:Category:Images of the Watcher in the Water|Images of the Watcher in the Water]]<br />
<br />
[[category:Creatures]]<br />
[[Category:Evil]]<br />
<br />
[[fr:encyclo/personnages/guetteur_de_l_eau]]</div>Elendilhttps://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=Watchful_Peace&diff=117127Watchful Peace2010-08-01T07:52:50Z<p>Elendil: </p>
<hr />
<div>The '''Watchful Peace''' is a relatively peaceful period during the [[Third Age]].<br />
<br />
The Watchful Peace began in [[Third Age]] 2063, when [[Gandalf]] went to [[Dol Guldur]] and the evil dwelling there (later known to be [[Sauron]]) fled east. It lasted until 2460, when Sauron returned with new strength.<br />
<br />
During the Watchful Peace Gondor strengthened its borders, keeping a watchful eye on the east, as [[Minas Morgul]] was still a threat on their flank and [[Mordor]] was still occupied with [[Orcs]]. But no major escalations occurred except for minor skirmishes with the [[Haven of Umbar]].<br />
<br />
In the north, [[Arnor]] was long gone, but the [[Hobbits]] of the [[Shire]] prospered, getting their first [[Took Family|Took]] [[Thain]], and colonizing [[Buckland]].<br />
<br />
The [[Dwarves]] of [[Durin's folk]] under [[Thorin I]] abandoned [[Lonely Mountain]], and left for the [[Grey Mountains]], where most of their kin now gathered.<br />
<br />
Sauron was not idle in the east: he created a strong alliance between the various tribes of [[Easterlings]], so that when he returned he was more powerful and had many [[Men]] in his service.<br />
<br />
[[category:Periods]]<br />
<br />
[[fr:encyclo/evenements/3a/paix_vigilante]]</div>Elendilhttps://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=Category:Weapons&diff=117126Category:Weapons2010-08-01T07:46:32Z<p>Elendil: </p>
<hr />
<div>Below is a list of [[Weapons]] used in [[Arda]].<br />
<br />
[[Category:Objects]]<br />
[[Category: Military]]<br />
<br />
[[fr:encyclo/categories/artefacts/armes]]</div>Elendilhttps://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=Weapons&diff=117125Weapons2010-08-01T07:46:12Z<p>Elendil: </p>
<hr />
<div>Many '''Weapons''' were created in [[Middle-earth]]. For a list of them see the [[:Category:Weapons|Weapons Category]].<br />
<br />
[[Category: Weapons]]<br />
<br />
[[fr:encyclo/categories/artefacts/armes]]</div>Elendilhttps://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=Weathertop&diff=117124Weathertop2010-08-01T07:41:26Z<p>Elendil: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{expansion}}<br />
{{location<br />
| image=[[Image:Map of Weathertop.jpg|250px]]<br />
| name=Weathertop<br />
| othernames=Amon Sûl<br />
| etymology=<br />
| type=Hill<br />
| location=[[Eriador]]<br />
| inhabitants=<br />
| realms=[[Arnor]]<br/>[[Arthedain]]<br/>[[Reunited Kingdom]]<br />
| description=Hill with tower/ruins of tower<br />
| events=<br />
| references=<br />
|}}<br />
{{Pronounce|Amon Sul.mp3|Ardamir}}<br />
'''Weathertop''', known in [[Sindarin]] as '''Amon Sûl''', was the southernmost top of the [[Weather Hills]]. Of old, it formed the boundary between [[Arthedain]] and [[Rhudaur]].<br />
<br />
==History==<br />
Weathertop overlooked the [[Great East Road]] east of [[Bree]], about midway between [[The Shire]] and [[Rivendell]]. The hill rose a thousand feet above the level lands round about, and was the site of a watchtower in the days of [[Arnor]]. The watchtower and fortifications were burned and destroyed in [[Third Age 1409|T.A. 1409]], but the top was still flat and surrounded by a ring of stones. A path led from the top northward, connecting to the other fortresses of the Weather Hills. The tower originally held one of the seven [[Palantíri]].<br />
<br />
In early October [[Third Age 3019|T.A. 3019]], it was the scene of two fights involving [[Nazgûl]]; one with [[Gandalf]] and one with the Ring-bearer. After fleeing from Bree, [[Aragorn II|Strider]] and the [[Travelers|Hobbits]] avoided the main road and approached Weathertop from the north. At the top they discovered a cairn with a message from Gandalf, and spotted the [[Nazgûl|Ringwraiths]] approaching in the distance along the road. That night, the Ringwraiths attacked their camp in a dell below the summit, stabbing [[Frodo Baggins|Frodo]] with a [[Morgul blade]], but were driven off by the others.<br />
<br />
==Inspiration==<br />
* Possibly the Rednal Hill of the Lickey Hills, Worcestershire, England.<br />
{{quote|The boys [ [[J.R.R. Tolkien|Ronald]] and [[Hilary Tolkien|Hilary]] ] had the freedom of these grounds [Rednal, Worcestershire], and further afield they could roam the steep paths that led through the trees to the high Lickey Hill|[[J.R.R. Tolkien: A Biography]]}}<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
* [[J.R.R. Tolkien]], ''[[The Lord of the Rings]]'', "[[Appendix A]]"<br />
* [J.R.R. Tolkien]], ''[[The Lord of the Rings]]'', ''[[The Fellowship of the Ring]]'', "[[A Knife in the Dark]]"<br />
* [[Karen Wynn Fonstad]], ''[[The Atlas of Middle-earth]]''<br />
<br />
[[Category:Hills]]<br />
[[Category:Eriador]]<br />
[[de:Amon Sûl]]<br />
[[fr:encyclo/geographie/reliefs/eriador/amon_sul]]<br />
[[fi:Amon Sûl]]</div>Elendilhttps://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=War_of_the_Ring&diff=117123War of the Ring2010-08-01T07:32:02Z<p>Elendil: </p>
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<div>{{disambig-more|War of the Ring|[[War of the Ring (disambiguation)]]}}{{sources}}<br />
{{expansion}}<br />
<br />
{{War<br />
| previous= [[Corsair Wars]]<br />
| next=Unknown<br />
| name=War of the Ring<br />
| image=[[Image:Third Age.gif|250px]]<br />
| begin=[[Third Age 3018|T.A. 3018]] (earlier fighting in Gondor)<br />
| end=[[Third Age 3019|T.A. 3019]]<br />
|place=Northwestern [[Middle-earth]]<br />
|result=Free Peoples' victory; destruction of the [[One Ring]], [[Sauron]] and [[Mordor]]; start of the [[Fourth Age]]; [[Arnor]] and [[Gondor]] reunited under restoration of the [[King of Gondor]]<br />
| battles=[[Battles of the Fords of Isen]], [[Battle of Isengard]], [[Battle of the Hornburg]], [[Battle of Osgiliath]], [[Battle of the Pelennor Fields]], [[Battle of the Morannon]], [[Battle Under Trees]]<br />
|side1='''Free Peoples of Middle-earth:''' [[Gondor]], [[Rohan]], [[Dale]], [[Esgaroth]], [[Erebor]], [[The Shire]], [[Lothlórien]], [[Woodland Realm]]<br />
|side2='''Under [[Sauron]]:''' [[Mordor]], [[Rhûn]], [[Harad]], [[Haven of Umbar]], and [[Khand]]<br><br>'''Under [[Saruman]]:''' [[Isengard]] and [[Dunland]]<br />
|commanders1=<br />
[[Image:WAR-ICONS Gondor.png|45px|left]] [[Aragorn II|Aragorn]]{{clear}}<br />
[[Image:WAR-ICONS Gondor.png|45px|left]] [[Denethor II|Denethor]] †{{clear}}<br />
* [[Gandalf]] † (but resurrected) <br />
[[Image:WAR-ICONS Rohan.png|45px|left]] [[Théoden]] †{{clear}}<br />
[[Image:WAR-ICONS Rohan.png|45px|left]] [[Éomer]]{{clear}}<br />
[[Image:ME-DolAmroth.png|45px|left]] [[Imrahil]]{{clear}}<br />
* [[Dáin II Ironfoot|Dáin Ironfoot]] † <br />
* [[Brand]] † <br />
* [[Thranduil]] <br />
* [[Galadriel]] and [[Celeborn]]<br />
|commanders2=<br />
{{Sauron blazon|died}}{{clear}}<br />
[[Image:WAR-ICONS Saruman.png|45px|left]] [[Saruman]] †{{clear}}<br />
* [[Witch-King of Angmar|The Witch-King of Angmar]] † <br />
|}}<br />
{{quote|In the end, this war must be ended by the smallest of things.|[[Gandalf]]<ref>''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King (video game)]]'', "Helm's Deep"</ref>}}<br />
<br />
The '''War of the Ring''' was the great conflict at the end of the [[Third Age]], named for the [[One Ring]] and the importance this had in the final outcome. The war was fought between the Free Peoples (a loose alliance of [[Elves]] and [[Men]] led by the Wise) and [[Sauron]] the [[Dark Lord]] of Mordor, with [[Saruman]] as a third power based in [[Orthanc]]. Sauron had been defeated in the [[War of the Last Alliance]], but because of Isildur's refusal to destroy the [[One Ring]], he was not entirely vanquished. He survived in spirit form, and the foundations of Barad-dûr were also not destroyed. While Sauron's spirit wandered the wastelands of Middle-earth for over 1000 years, eventually he rebuilt his power and became a threat once again.<br />
<br />
==History==<br />
=== Prelude ===<br />
Years before the War, while Sauron was known as the "[[Necromancer]]" and abode in [[Dol Guldur]], [[Gandalf]] knew that should Sauron return, he would use the power of [[Smaug]], the last [[dragon]], who dwelt in [[Erebor]]. Gandalf persuaded [[Thorin Oakenshield]] that he should reclaim Erebor for his people. With the assistance of [[Bilbo Baggins]], Erebor was retaken and Smaug was finally killed by [[Bard]]. Most importantly, fate brought the [[One Ring]] into Bilbo's hands.<br />
<br />
=== The Opening Stages ===<br />
Saruman had claimed alliance with both the Wise and the Dark Lord, but was ultimately fighting for his own ends. In alliance with the [[Dunlendings]], and having Orcs at his own command, his objective was the defeat of [[Rohan]]. Until late in the War, he held the advantage, defeating Rohan twice at the [[Battles of the Fords of Isen]] which are considered the beginning of the War.<br />
[[Image:Darrell Sweet - The Fleet of Harad.jpg|left|thumb|''The Fleet of Harad'' by Darrell Sweet]]<br />
Sauron at all times held the military advantage in the War, due to his overwhelming forces; not only [[Orcs]] and [[Trolls]], but [[Men of Harad]] and the [[East]]. His main immediate object was the overthrow of [[Gondor]], his near neighbour and the strongest of his enemies. He had such forces at his command, though, that he was able to fight the war on many fronts, also attacking [[Dale]], [[Erebor]] and the [[Wood-elves]] in the far north, and [[Lothlórien]] from his secondary stronghold at [[Dol Guldur]]. There can be no doubt that, had the Wise not achieved possession of the Ring, Sauron would ultimately have been victorious.<br />
<br />
The policy of the Wise was based around the [[Quest of Mount Doom]]; a company of nine under the leadership of [[Gandalf]] travelled from [[Rivendell]] with the [[One Ring]], with the hope of reaching [[Orodruin]] in [[Mordor]] and there destroying it. Because the Ring held much of Sauron's native power, they realised that in unmaking it, they would also defeat its creator.<br />
<br />
Aragorn, after enlisting the help of [[Army of the Dead]], attacked the Corsair fleet at Umbar, an assault he had also carried out decades earlier, during the [[Surprise Attack on Umbar]].<br />
<br />
The War did not end with the defeat of Sauron, for Saruman fled northward after the capture of Orthanc, and established himself in the Shire, bending the Hobbits to his will by threat of violence and the persuasive power of his voice. The return of Frodo Baggins and his companions led to a rebellion by the [[Shire-hobbits]], in which Saruman was killed by his servant, [[Gríma Wormtongue]].<br />
<br />
==Battles==<br />
=== Battle of Osgiliath ===<br />
:''Main article: [[Battle of Osgiliath]]''<br />
The beginning of the War was Sauron's attack against the ruins of [[Osgiliath]] on [[June 20]] of {{TA|3018}}. [[Boromir]] and [[Faramir]] defend the Bridge which falls. <br />
<br />
About the same time the [[Elves]] of [[Mirkwood]] were attacked and during the fray, the captive [[Gollum]] escaped and would not be found nor by the Elves nor by Sauron's servants.<br />
<br />
The following months, the [[Nazgûl|Black Riders]] would hunt the heir of the Ring, [[Frodo Baggins]], and would enter Hobbiton.<br />
<br />
===First Battle of the Fords of Isen===<br />
:''Main article: [[First Battle of the Fords of Isen]]''<br />
Beginning the first official battle of the War on [[February 25]], [[Third Age 3019]], Saruman, who was already ensnared by Sauron, sent his forces to attack Rohan's army at the [[Isen]]. Within the ranks of the Rohirrim were the commanders [[Théodred]], [[Grimbold]], and [[Elfhelm]]. Seeking to control Théoden, Sauruman ordered his soldiers to slay Théodred at any cost. With Saruman's assistance, Théodred was surrounded and killed. Saruman's forces then retreated as the victors.<br />
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===Second Battle of the Fords of Isen===<br />
:''Main article: [[Second Battle of the Fords of Isen]]''<br />
After hearing news about Théodred's death, [[Erkenbrand]], who became the commander of Rohan's western armies, gathered the forces of Grimbold and Elfhelm to assault the River Isen once more on [[March 2]], a week after the first battle. Though they had a force of about two thousand men and had constructed a shield wall to hold off the enemy, Saruman's forces overcame them and scattered the retreating Rohirrim across Rohan. <br />
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On the same day, Gandalf had healed Théoden from [[Wormtongue]]'s influence. In the meantime, the [[Ents]] after ending their long [[Entmoot]], decide to go to [[Isengard]] and battle Saruman.<br />
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===Battle of the Hornburg===<br />
:''Main article: [[Battle of the Hornburg]]''<br />
The next day ([[March 3]]) seeking to take the fight away from his people, Théoden brought around a thousand horsemen to the Hornburg, along with any others in [[Edoras]]. Among this force were [[Éomer]], [[Aragorn]], [[Gimli]] and [[Legolas]]. They fortified themselves in [[Helm's Deep]], which was commanded by [[Gamling]] in his lord Erkenbrand's absence. Against overwhelming odds, they fought for two days, until the Deeping Wall was breeched and all seemed lost. The surviving horsemen rode out to meet the hordes of Isengard. <br />
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At that moment, [[Gandalf]] returned, bringing with him Erkenbrand and many other soldiers. They attacked the army from the rear, driving the attackers back into a forest of [[Huorns]].<br />
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===Dawnless Day===<br />
:''Main article: [[Dawnless Day]]''<br />
On [[March 10]], shadow that erupted from Mordor covers all the sky. The Rohirrim muster in [[Harrowdale]] and begin to ride to [[Minas Tirith]]. <br />
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An army from the [[Morannon]] takes [[Cair Andros]] and passes into [[Anórien]].<br />
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===First Assault on Lórien===<br />
:''Main article: [[First Assault on Lórien]]''<br />
On [[March 11]] forces of Sauron attack Lórien but are repelled.<br />
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Denethor sends Faramir to Osgiliath and [[March 13|two days later]] he retreats to the [[Causeway Forts]] but [[March 14|the next day]] he will be wounded seriously while [[Pelennor]] was overrun. <br />
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Eastern Rohan is invaded from the north.<br />
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=== Battle of the Pelennor Fields ===<br />
:''Main article: [[Battle of the Pelennor Fields]]''<br />
On [[March 15]] Rohirrim reach [[Rammas Echor]]. In the early hours the Witch-king breaks the [[Great Gate of Minas Tirith]]. The horns of the Rohirrim are heard at cockcrow and Théoden is slain. <br />
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Mirkwood is attacked from [[Dol Guldur]] but [[Thranduil]] repels the forces. For a second time, Lórien is also attacked.<br />
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=== Battle of Dale ===<br />
:''Main article: [[Battle of Dale]]''<br />
On [[March 17]], [[Dale]] is attacked. King [[Brand]] and King [[Dáin Ironfoot]] fall. Many Dwarves and Men take refuge in [[Erebor]] and are besieged. However news from the defeat at the Pelennor reach the [[Easterlings]] who begin to fail. On [[March 27]] [[Thorin III Stonehelm]] and [[Bard II]] make a sortie and drive them out.<br />
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The [[March 18|next day]], the [[Host of the West]] will march from Minas Tirith to confront Sauron. On [[March 22]], Lórien is attacked for a third time.<br />
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=== Battle of the Morannon ===<br />
:''Main article: [[Battle of the Morannon]]''<br />
On [[March 25]], the Host of the West meets Sauron's forces outside the gates of Mordor, hoping to divert them in favor to the [[Ring-bearer]]. Indeed, during the battle and when it seemed to be lost, the Ring falls to the [[Sammath Naur]]. Sauron is destroyed and the survivors win the battle.<br />
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[[March 27|Two days later]], Bard II and Thorin III Stonehelm drive the enemy from Dale.<br />
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=== Fall of Dol Guldur ===<br />
:''Main article: [[Fall of Dol Guldur]]''<br />
On [[March 28]] [[Celeborn]] crosses [[Anduin]] and begins to destroy [[Dol Guldur]].<br />
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=== Battle of Bywater ===<br />
:''Main article: [[Battle of Bywater]]''<br />
[[Saruman]] and [[Wormtongue]], who have overtook the [[Shire]], are confronted at [[Bywater]] by Hobbit forces led by Meriadoc and Peregrin. At that time, Wormtongue cuts Saruman's throat and himself is shot down by Hobbit arrows.<br />
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This battle is considered to mark the end of the War.<br />
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== Aftermath ==<br />
Although Sauron and Saruman were both defeated, the Wise did not achieve total victory. With the destruction of the One Ring, the [[Three Rings]] that had maintained the realms of the Elves in Middle-earth lost their power, and the Elves began to leave Middle-earth for the [[Undying Lands]].<br />
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==Combatants==<br />
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===Sauron and his Allies===<br />
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*[[Mordor]]<br />
**[[Sauron]] †<br />
**[[Mouth of Sauron]] <br />
**[[Nazgûl]] †<br />
*[[Orthanc]]<br />
**[[Saruman]] †<br />
**[[Gríma Wormtongue]] †<br />
*[[Harad]]<br />
**[[Black Serpent]] †<br />
*[[Rhûn]]<br />
*[[Orcs of the Misty Mountains]]<br />
<br />
===Free Peoples===<br />
<br />
*[[Gondor]]<br />
**[[Dol Amroth]]<br />
***[[Imrahil]]<br />
**[[Lebennin]]<br />
**[[Lossarnach]]<br />
***[[Forlong]] the Fat †<br />
**[[Ringló Vale]]<br />
***[[Dervorin]] †<br />
**[[Morthond]]<br />
***[[Duinhir]]<br />
***[[Duilin of Blackroot Vale|Duilin]] †<br />
***[[Derufin]] †<br />
**[[Anfalas]]<br />
***[[Golasgil]]<br />
**[[Lamedon]]<br />
***[[Angbor the Fearless]]<br />
**Shipmen of [[Ethir Anduin]]<br />
**[[Pinnath Gelin]]<br />
***[[Hirluin]] the Fair †<br />
**[[White Mountains]]<br />
***[[Dead Men]]<br />
**[[Minas Tirith]]<br />
***[[Denethor II]] †<br />
***[[Boromir|Boromir]] †<br />
***[[Faramir|Faramir]]<br />
***[[Húrin the Tall]]<br />
*[[Rohan]]<br />
**[[Théoden]] †<br />
**[[Théodred]] †<br />
**[[Éomer]]<br />
**[[Erkenbrand]]<br />
**[[Elfhelm]]<br />
**[[Grimbold]] †<br />
*[[Mirkwood]]<br />
**[[Thranduil]]<br />
**[[Legolas]]<br />
*[[Lothlórien]]<br />
**[[Celeborn (Lord of Lórien)|Celeborn]]<br />
**[[Galadriel]]<br />
*The [[Shire]] and [[Bree-land]]<br />
**[[Hobbiton]]<br />
***[[Frodo Baggins]]<br />
***[[Samwise Gamgee|Samwise Gamgee]]<br />
**[[Tookland]]<br />
***[[Peregrin Took]]<br />
**[[Buckland]] and [[Bree]]<br />
***[[Meriadoc Brandybuck]]<br />
***[[Aragorn II]]<br />
*[[Fangorn Forest]]<br />
**[[Treebeard]]<br />
**[[Quickbeam]]<br />
*[[Istari]]<br />
**[[Gandalf]]<br />
*[[Erebor]] and the Lands of the North<br />
**The [[Lonely Mountain]]<br />
***[[Gimli]]<br />
***[[Dain II Ironfoot]] †<br />
***[[Thorin III Stonehelm]]<br />
**The [[Kingdom of Dale]]<br />
***[[Brand]] †<br />
***[[Bard II]]<br />
* Possibly the [[Iron Hills]]<br />
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==Non-combatants==<br />
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*[[Elvendom]]<br />
**[[Rivendell]]<br />
***[[Elrond]]<br />
***[[Glorfindel]]<br />
**[[Grey Havens]]<br />
***[[Círdan]]<br />
***[[Galdor of the Havens]]<br />
*[[Istari]]<br />
**[[Radagast]]<br />
<br />
{{references}}<br />
[[Category:Conflicts of the Third Age]]<br />
<br />
[[fr:encyclo/evenements/3a/guerres/guerre_de_l_anneau]]</div>Elendilhttps://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=Wargs&diff=117122Wargs2010-08-01T07:27:29Z<p>Elendil: </p>
<hr />
<div>[[Image:John Howe - Wargs.jpg|thumb|''Wargs'' by [[John Howe]].]]<br />
{{quote|Escaping goblins to be caught by wolves!|[[Bilbo Baggins]]}}<br />
'''Wargs''' or '''Wild Wolves''' were a race of wolves seen in [[Rhovanion (region)|Rhovanion]] and they were often allied with the [[Orcs of the Misty Mountains]], and used as mounts. Wargs were sentient and had a language.<br />
<br />
==History==<br />
In [[Third Age 2941]], the Wargs appeared once to meet the [[Goblins]] and organize a raid to the nearby villages, in order to drive the [[Woodmen]] out and capture some slaves. As a pack of Wargs approached west of the [[Misty Mountains]] to meet them, [[Bilbo Baggins]], [[Gandalf]], and [[Thorin and Company]] were escaping the goblins. Gandalf seeing the pack coming, suggested to climb the trees and [[Dori]] helped Bilbo in the nick of time. <br />
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The Wargs, thinking that the Dwarves are allies of the Woodmen, surrounded the glade and didn't let them descent. Gandalf then used his [[magic]] to light up pinecones and hurl them against the Warg until he drove them out. The wolves that had caught fire fled into the forest had set it alight in several places, since it was high summer, and on this eastern side of the mountains there had been little rain for some time. However the guards left under the trees did not go away. Eventually goblins showed up and lit the trees the Dwarves were onto, until the [[Eagles]] came to rescue them.<ref>{{H|6}}</ref><br />
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The goblins and the wargs insisted on looking for the band, since Gandalf had killed the [[Great Goblin]], and also burnt the chief wolf's nose. They went as far as [[Beorn]]'s homestead, but he caught a pair of them and stuck the goblin's head outside the gate and nailed the warg-skin to a tree just beyond<ref>{{H|7}}</ref><br />
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Wargs appeared once more, rode by the Orcs, at the [[Battle of Five Armies]].<ref>{{H|17}}</ref> After this, the Wargs had vanished from the woods, so that men went abroad without fear.<ref>{{H|18}}</ref><br />
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A band of Wargs, unaccompanied by Orcs, also attacked the [[Fellowship of the Ring]] in [[Eregion|Hollin]], and again at the [[Battle of the Hornburg]].<br />
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==Etymology==<br />
In [[Old Norse]], ''vargr'' is a term for "wolf" (''ulfr''). In Norse mythology, wargs are in particular the wolf [[wikipedia:Fenrir|Fenrir]] and his sons [[wikipedia:Skoll|Skoll]] and [[wikipedia:Hati|Hati]].<br />
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==Portrayal in adaptations==<br />
'''2002: ''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring (video game)]]'':'''<br />
:Wargs are taller and darker than regular wolves, but due to the progression in the game, pose less of a threat; whereas wolves are only encountered by a stick-wielding [[Frodo Baggins|Frodo]], wargs appear only in levels in which the player is [[Gandalf]] or [[Aragorn]].<br />
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'''2003: ''[[The Hobbit (2003 video game)]]'':'''<br />
:Wargs are portrayed a large wolves. They only appear in cutscenes, and are non-fightable.<br />
<br />
'''2001-3: ''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Motion Picture Trilogy]]'':'''<br />
:Wargs appear to be more like a "hyena-bear-wolf hybrid" rather than wolves, in an effort to distinguish them from regular wolves by presenting them as some sort of distant cousin. However, it should be noted that Tolkien never actually described Wargs beyond stating they were demonic wolves.<br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
* [[:Category:Images of Wargs|Images of Wargs]]<br />
<br />
{{wolves}}<br />
<br />
[[de:Warge]]<br />
[[fr:encyclo/biologie/faune/wargs]]<br />
[[Category:Creatures]]<br />
[[Category:Wolves]]<br />
[[Category:Characters in The Hobbit]]</div>Elendilhttps://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=J.R.R._Tolkien%27s_War_in_Middle_Earth&diff=117121J.R.R. Tolkien's War in Middle Earth2010-08-01T07:22:54Z<p>Elendil: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{video game infobox<br />
| image=[[Image:Jrrt war in middle earth.jpg|250px]]<br />
| name=J.R.R. Tolkien's War in Middle-Earth<br />
| developer=<br />
| publisher=[[Melbourne House]]<br />
| platform=[[wikipedia:ZX Spectrum|ZX Spectrum]], [[Wikipedia:Commodore 64|Commodore 64]], [[Wikipedia:Amstrad CPC|Amstrad CPC]], [[Wikipedia:MSX|MSX]], [[Wikipedia:MS-DOS|MS-DOS]], [[wikipedia:Apple IIGS|Apple IIGS]], [[Wikipedia:Amiga|Amiga]], [[Wikipedia:Atari ST|Atari ST]], [[Wikipedia:Nintendo Entertainment System|Nintendo Entertainment System]] (never released)<br />
| releasedate=Fall [[1988]]<br />
| genre=Real-time strategy<br />
|}}<br />
<br />
'''J.R.R. Tolkien's War in Middle-Earth''' is a real-time strategy game released for the ZX Spectrum, Commodore 64, Amstrad CPC, MS-DOS, Commodore Amiga and Atari ST in [[1988]] by Australian company [[Melbourne House]].<br />
<br />
The game combined both large scale army unit level and small scale character level. All the action happened simultaneously in game world and places could be seen from the map or at the ground level. Individual characters could also be seen in larger battles (in which they either survived or died — [[Gandalf]] alone could easily defeat a hundred [[orcs]]). If the battle is quite small (less than 100 units approximately) it can be watched on ground level. Otherwise it will be only displayed numerically. On ground level characters could acquire objects and talk with computer controlled friendly characters (such as [[Radagast]] or [[Tom Bombadil]]). <br />
<br />
[[Image:War in middle earth gameplay.gif]]<br />
== External Links ==<br />
<br />
* {{WP|J.R.R. Tolkien's War in Middle Earth}}<br />
* [http://www.mobygames.com/game/jrr-tolkiens-war-in-middle-earth J.R.R. Tolkien's War in Middle Earth at MobyGames] <br />
*[http://www.worldofspectrum.org/infoseekid.cgi?id=0005629 War in Middle Earth at World of Spectrum]<br />
<br />
[[Category:Amstrad CPC games]]<br />
[[Category:Amiga games]]<br />
[[Category:Atari ST games]]<br />
[[Category:Commodore 64 games]]<br />
[[Category:DOS games]]<br />
[[Category:Real-time strategy games]]<br />
[[Category:ZX Spectrum games]]<br />
[[Category:Melbourne House games]]<br />
<br />
[[fr:telechargements/jeux/war_in_middle-earth]]</div>Elendil