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{{cleanup}}
{{font|[http://at.mansbjorkman.net/parmaite.htm Tengwar Parmaite] by [[Måns Björkman]]}}
{{font|[http://at.mansbjorkman.net/parmaite.htm Tengwar Parmaite] by [[Måns Björkman]]}}
{{disambig-more|Fëanorian|[[Fëanorian (disambiguation)]]}}
[[Image:Ryszard Derdzinski - Feanor.jpg|thumb|[[Fëanor]] designs the first Tengwar]]
[[Image:Ryszard Derdzinski - Feanor.jpg|thumb|[[Fëanor]] designs the first Tengwar]]
The '''Tengwar''' ([[Quenya]]. "letters") had been a writing system invented by [[Fëanor]]. It has been used for a variety of languages among the [[Free peoples]] and became perhaps the most prominent writing system of [[Arda]], used by a variety of [[Races]] through the [[Ages]].
The '''''Tengwar''''' ([[Quenya]] "letters", pron. {{IPA|[ˈteŋʷɡʷar]}}; [[Sindarin]] '''''Tîw'''''<ref>{{App|E2}}</ref>) was a writing system invented by [[Fëanor]] (and was therefore also called the '''Fëanorian alphabet'''<ref>{{L|25}}</ref> or '''script'''<ref>{{L|168}}</ref>). It was used for a variety of languages among the [[Free peoples]] and became perhaps the most prominent writing system of [[Arda]], used by a variety of [[:Portal:Characters|Races]] through the [[Ages]].


==History==
==History==
===The Classical Quenya mode===
===The Classical Quenya mode===
{{main|Quenya mode}}
{{main|Quenya mode}}
[[Fëanor]] invented the tengwar on the [[Valian Year 1250]] strongly influenced by the [[Sarati]] of [[Rúmil the Loremaster]].<ref>{{HM|WJ}}, [[The Annals of Valinor]]</ref><ref name="ApD">[[Vinyar Tengwar 39]], Appendix D to [[Quendi and Eldar]]</ref> Fëanor constructed the Tengwar both as a general phonetic alphabet, and devised special arrangements to fit the characteristics of all languages of [[Valinor]]<ref>{{HM|TI}}, [[Appendix on Runes]]</ref>
[[Fëanor]] invented the Tengwar on the [[Year of the Trees 1250]], strongly influenced by the [[Sarati]] of [[Rúmil (elf of Tirion)|Rúmil the Loremaster]].<ref>{{WJ|P4}}</ref><ref name="ApD">{{VT|39a}}</ref> Fëanor both constructed the Tengwar as a general phonetic alphabet and devised special arrangements to fit the characteristics of all languages of [[Valinor]].<ref>{{HM|Runes}}</ref>


Unlike Rúmil, Fëanor considered vowels as indepedent sounds and not just “colours” of the consonants, so he devised the “full writing” ([[Quanta Sarmë]]).<ref name="ApD"/>
Unlike Rúmil, Fëanor considered vowels as indepedent sounds and not just “colours” of the consonants, so he devised the “full writing” ([[Quanta Sarmë]]).<ref name="ApD"/>


However Fëanor also used a more 'conservative' system which seem to have been proved far more popular; he held Rúmil's idea of syllabic analysis of the words by the Sarati, and made also use of [[tehtar]] (instead of the full letters).<ref name="ApD"/>.  
However, Fëanor also used a more 'conservative' system which seem to have been proved far more popular; he held Rúmil's idea of syllabic analysis of the words by the Sarati and made also use of [[tehtar]] instead of the full letters.<ref name="ApD"/>.  


The classical Quenya mode of the Tengwar may have originated from Fëanor's own arrangement. There is no direct evidence for this hypothesis, but the use of the Quenya names for the individual letters hints to a primate of the Quenya mode. Another hint to a very old age of the classical Quenya mode is that it uses the [[Calmatéma]] as a k-series, like the mode of Beleriand which we can assume to have originated in the First Age.
The classical Quenya mode of the Tengwar may have originated from Fëanor's own arrangement. There is no direct evidence for this hypothesis, but the use of the Quenya names for the individual letters hints to a primate of the Quenya mode. Another hint to a very old age of the classical Quenya mode is that it uses the [[Calmatéma]] as a k-series, like the mode of Beleriand which we can assume to have originated in the First Age.
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===The Mode of Beleriand===
===The Mode of Beleriand===
{{main|Mode of Beleriand}}
{{main|Mode of Beleriand}}
[[Image:J.R.R. Tolkien - Doors of Durin.jpg|thumb|The [[Doors of Durin]] created during the [[Second Age]]]]
When the [[Noldor]] rebelled and came to [[Middle-earth]], they adapted their writing for the new languages they learned. Quanta Sarmë was used for languages where the tehtar were not useful<ref name="ApD" /> which could have been the origin for the Mode of Beleriand.  
When the [[Noldor]] rebelled and came to [[Middle-earth]], they adapted their writing for the new languages they learned. Quanta Sarmë was used for languages where the tehtar were not useful<ref name="ApD" /> which could have been the origin for the Mode of Beleriand.  


In Beleriand, it is also possible that the Tengwar influenced the evolution of the [[Cirth]] of [[Daeron]], mainly in their shape and arrangement.  
It is also possible that the Tengwar influenced the evolution of the [[Cirth]] of [[Daeron]] in Beleriand, mainly in their shape and arrangement.  


We know from the inscription on the Western [[Moria Gate]] that in [[Eregion]], a tengwar mode called the [[Mode of Beleriand]] was used. This name allows for the assumption that the same mode was used already in the [[First Age]].
We know from the inscription on the Western [[Moria Gate]] that a Tengwar mode called the [[Mode of Beleriand]] was used in [[Eregion]]. This name allows for the assumption that the same mode was used already in the [[First Age]].


At the end of the [[Third Age]], the Elves of [[Rivendell]] probably still used that mode, since a transcription of the Rivendell [[aerlinn]] ''[[A Elbereth Gilthoniel]]'' features it<ref>[[The Road Goes Ever On, A Song Cycle]]</ref>. Frodo, however, even though literate in Sindarin, was appearently unable to read this mode.
At the end of the [[Third Age]], the Elves of [[Rivendell]] probably still used that mode, since a transcription of the Rivendell [[aerlinn]] ''[[A Elbereth Gilthoniel]]'' features it.<ref>{{RGEO|7}}</ref> Frodo, however, even though literate in Sindarin, was appearently unable to read this mode.


===The General Use===
===The General Use===
By the end of the Third Age, there was a ''general use'' that could be used for a variety of languages including Quenya, Sindarin and the Common Speech.<ref>[http://www.sothebys.com/app/live/lot/LotDetail.jsp?lot_id=34NDT Howlett Rivendell Inscription] ([http://www.forodrim.org/daeron/mdtci.html#DTS58 DTS58]</ref> This use could have evolved during the [[Second Age]], in [[Eregion]] or even in [[Númenor]].
By the end of the Third Age, there was a ''general use'' that could be used for a variety of languages including Quenya, Sindarin and the Common Speech.<ref>[[J.R.R. Tolkien]], "[[Letter to Anthony D. Howlett]] (letter); see also [http://www.forodrim.org/daeron/mdtci.html#DTS58 DTS58]</ref> This use could have evolved during the [[Second Age]] in [[Eregion]] or even in [[Númenor]].
[[Image:One ring.png|thumb|left|The [[Ring Verse|inscription]] on [[The One Ring]].]]
The same mode appears on the [[Ring-inscription]]<ref>{{FR|Shadow}}</ref> that the [[Númenorean]] [[Isildur]] observed it to be "fashioned in an elven-script of Eregion".<ref>{{FR|Council}}</ref>


What is remarkable is that the same mode appears on the [[Ring-inscription]]<ref>{{HM|FR}}, [[The Shadow of the Past]]</ref>. In his description of it, the Númenorian [[Isildur]] says the Ring Inscription "is fashioned in an elven-script of Eregion".<ref>{{HM|FR}}, [[The Council of Elrond]]</ref> It is not certain how this observation is to be understood. It might mean that either the whole ''mode'' itself was from Eregion or simply just the ''script'' was of an Elvish fashion.  
It is not certain whether the whole ''mode'' itself was from Eregion or simply just the ''script'' was of an Elvish fashion. Some [[Adûnaic]] words use this mode.<ref>{{HM|SD}}, Lowdham's Inscription</ref>.


If Isildur referred to the script, this leaves room for speculation that the mode was from Númenor since some Adûnaic words use this mode.<ref>{{HM|SD}}, Lowdham's Inscription</ref>. After all, Isildur is perfectly able to read the inscription (though he does not understand the language).
Another mode that was based on the "general use" but used full letters for the representation of vowels was used in the Northern part of the [[Westron]]-speaking regions, perhaps by influence of the Elves of [[Rivendell]]. This might explain why Frodo was unable to read either the Mode of Beleriand or the Ring Inscription.
 
In the Northern part of the [[Westron]]-speaking regions, another mode was used that was based on the "general use" but used full letters for the representation of vowels, perhaps by influence of the Elves of [[Rivendell]]. This might explain why Frodo was unable to read either the Mode of Beleriand or the Ring Inscription.


== Spelling and Pronunciation ==
== Spelling and Pronunciation ==
=== Structure ===
=== Structure ===
The most notable characteristic of the tengwar script is that the shapes of the letters correspond to the features of the sounds they represent.
The most notable characteristic of the Tengwar script is that the shapes of the letters correspond to the features of the sounds they represent.


The shape of the Tengwar were unirofmely consisted of two elements, the ''[[telco]]'' (stem) to which is attached a ''[[lúva]]'' (bow).  
The shape of the Tengwar uniformly consisted of two elements, the ''[[telco]]'' (stem) to which is attached a ''[[lúva]]'' (bow).  
It is noticeable that some of the letters of the Sarati resembled the telco/lúva shape seen on the Tengwar, therefore it is possible that those particular letters influenced stylistically the Tengwar.
It is noticeable that some of the letters of the Sarati resembled the telco/lúva shape seen on the Tengwar. Therefore it is possible that those particular letters influenced stylistically the Tengwar.


The telco could be normal, raised, shortened or heightened. The lúva would be single or doubled, and these could be open or closed.  
The telco could be normal, raised, shortened or heightened. The lúva would be single or doubled, and these could be open or closed.  


All the above combinations can create 31 different shapes of letters. These shapes mirrored phonological significances: The basic form of a tengwa was used for the [[patakar]], the voiceless fricatives; telcor determined how the sound was articulated, and the lúvar where in the mouth it was made:
All the above combinations can create 32 to 40 different shapes of letters. These shapes mirrored phonological significances: the basic form of a tengwa was used for the [[patakar]], the voiceless fricatives; telcor determined how the sound was articulated, and the lúvar where in the mouth it was made:
* Doubling the bow turns the voiceless consonant into a voiced one.
* Doubling the bow turns the voiceless consonant into a voiced one.
* Raising the stem above the line turns it into the corresponding fricative or a corresponding soft version of it.
* Raising the stem above the line turns it into the corresponding fricative or a corresponding soft version of it.
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According to their shape, the 32 different glyphs could be arranged and presented consistently on a table. The principal letters are divided into series (''témar'') that correspond to the main places of articulation and into six rows (''tyeller'') that correspond to the main manners of articulation. Both vary among modes.
According to their shape, the 32 different glyphs could be arranged and presented consistently on a table. The principal letters are divided into series (''témar'') that correspond to the main places of articulation and into six rows (''tyeller'') that correspond to the main manners of articulation. Both vary among modes.


The table below gives the '''theoretical'''<ref>Observations made by [[Jim Allan]]'s ''[[An Introduction to Elvish]]'', The Evolution of the Tengwar</ref> values of the Tengwar based consistently on the abovementioned rules. Note that no language possessed all these sounds and the following does not represent an actual table of values. In actuality, the languages used modifications or variations of them.
The table below gives the '''theoretical'''<ref>Observations made by [[Jim Allan]]'s ''[[An Introduction to Elvish]]'', The Evolution of the Tengwar</ref> values of the Tengwar based consistently on the abovementioned rules. Note that no language possessed all these sounds and the following does not represent an actual table of values of a particular language. In actuality, the languages used modifications or variations of them.


{| border="1"
{| border="1"
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By the end of the [[Third Age]], the Tengwar were somehow standardized. Their Quenya names became standard for all modes, and less used ones were not included (although still used), such as those of the extended stems and the [[Tyelpetéma]]. The table displayed 36 letters: the 24 standard Tengwar, plus 12 of the additional Tengwar.
By the end of the [[Third Age]], the Tengwar were somehow standardized. Their Quenya names became standard for all modes, and less used ones were not included (although still used), such as those of the extended stems and the [[Tyelpetéma]]. The table displayed 36 letters: the 24 standard Tengwar, plus 12 of the additional Tengwar.


Also, the Tengwar were assigned numeric values
Also, the Tengwar were assigned numeric values.


{| border="1"
{| border="1"
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| [[Ando]]
| [[Ando]]
| {{tg|w}}
| {{tg|w}}
| [[Umbar]]
| [[Umbar (word)|Umbar]]
| {{tg|s}}
| {{tg|s}}
| [[Anga]]
| [[Anga]]
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|Grade III
|Grade III
| {{tg|3}}
| {{tg|3}}
| [[Súle]]
| [[Súlë]]
| {{tg|e}}
| {{tg|e}}
| [[Formen]]
| [[Formen]]
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| [[Óre]]
| [[Óre]]
| {{tg|y}}
| {{tg|y}}
| [[Vala]]
| [[Valar|Vala]]
| {{tg|h}}
| {{tg|h}}
| [[Anna]]
| [[Anna]]
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| [[Silme nuquerna]]
| [[Silme nuquerna]]
| {{tg|k}}
| {{tg|k}}
| [[Esse]]
| [[Essë]]
| {{tg|,}}
| {{tg|,}}
| [[Esse nuquerna]]
| [[Esse nuquerna]]
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| [[Hwesta Sindarinwa]]
| [[Hwesta Sindarinwa]]
| {{tg|.}}
| {{tg|.}}
| [[Úre]]
| [[Úrë]]
|-
|-
|
|
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|-
|-
|}
|}
== Values==
== Values==
As mentioned, the tengwar had a generic mode that covered a wide range of phonemes. This mode perhaps originated in [[Eregion]] and exemplified in the verse of the [[One Ring]] and other Westron tengwar texts. It could be used for both Quenya and Sindarin.
As mentioned, the Tengwar had a generic mode that covered a wide range of phonemes. This mode perhaps originated in [[Eregion]] and exemplified in the verse of [[the One Ring]] and other Westron Tengwar texts. It could be used for both Quenya and Sindarin.
 
The following table gives both the formal Quenya and Numenian<ref>[[Jim Allan]]'s ''[[Report from Marquette]]''</ref> names of the Tengwar. When two values are given (separated with a '''/''' slash), the first refers to the Elvish variation and the second to the [[Mannish]] or Westron variation.  


The following table gives both the formal Quenya and Numenian<ref>[[Jim Allan]]'s ''[[Report from Marquette]]''</ref> names of the tengwar. When two values are given (separated with a '''/''' slash), the first refers to the Elvish variation. The dashes indicate when the letter is used initially or finally and/or as a diphthong element.
Note that the dashes indicate when the letter is used initially or finally and/or as a diphthong element.


{| border="1"
{| border="1"
! colspan="2" | Tincotéma
! colspan="2" | Parmatéma
! colspan="2" | Parmatéma
! colspan="2" | Tincotéma
! colspan="2" | Calmatéma
! colspan="2" | Calmatéma
! colspan="2" | Quessetéma
! colspan="2" | Quessetéma
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|}
|}


The following is a full mode variety, related mainly to the north, and uses tengwar (and carriers) as vowels. It was probably created in [[Arnor]], influenced from the Mode of Beleriand used in [[Rivendell]]. Even the [[Dwarf]] [[Ori]] wrote in this hand in the [[Book of Mazarbul]]<ref>The second page of the Book of Mazarbul ([http://www.forodrim.org/daeron/mdtci.html#DTS13 DTS13]) said to be written by Ori, is categorized to belong to the Northern Variety [http://at.mansbjorkman.net/teng_modes.htm here]</ref>
The following is a full mode variety, related mainly to the north, and uses Tengwar (and carriers) as vowels. It was probably created in [[Arnor]], influenced from the Mode of Beleriand used in [[Rivendell]]. Even the [[Dwarves|dwarf]] [[Ori]] wrote in this hand in the [[Book of Mazarbul]]<ref>The second page of the Book of Mazarbul ([http://www.forodrim.org/daeron/mdtci.html#DTS13 DTS13]) said to be written by Ori, is categorized to belong to the Northern Variety [http://at.mansbjorkman.net/teng_modes.htm here]</ref>.


{| border="1"
{| border="1"
! colspan="2" | Tincotéma
! colspan="2" | Parmatéma
! colspan="2" | Parmatéma
! colspan="2" | Tincotéma
! colspan="2" | Calmatéma
! colspan="2" | Calmatéma
! colspan="2" | Quessetéma
! colspan="2" | Quessetéma
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==Other modes==
==Other modes==
Just as with any alphabetic writing system, every specific language written in tengwar requires a specific orthography, depending on the phonology of that language. These tengwar orthographies are usually called ''modes''. All of them, use as a basis the "[[Tengwar#Structure|theoretical values]]" table above, corresponding the letters to the phonemes of each language's phonology, and even drop out the characters that would be useless
Just as with any alphabetic writing system, every specific language written in Tengwar requires a specific orthography, depending on the phonology of that language. These Tengwar orthographies are usually called ''modes''. All of them use as a basis the "[[Tengwar#Structure|theoretical values]]" table above, corresponding the letters to the phonemes of each language's phonology, and even drop out the characters that would be useless.


All the modes can be divided into two large categories:  
All the modes can be divided into two large categories:  
*Some represent vowels with diacritics called '''[[tehtar]]''' or ''[[ómatehtar]]'' ("vowel tehtar"), like the [[Quenya mode]]  
*Some represent vowels with diacritics called '''[[tehtar]]''' or ''[[ómatehtar]]'' ("vowel tehtar"), like the [[Quenya mode]].
*The "full writing" modes, represent vowels by normal letters, such as the [[Quanta Sarmë]] or the [[Mode of Beleriand]].
*The "full writing" modes represent vowels by normal letters, such as the [[Quanta Sarmë]] or the [[Mode of Beleriand]].


Furthermore, some modes map the basic consonants to {{IPA|/t/}}, {{IPA|/p/}}, {{IPA|/k/}}, and {{IPA|/kʷ/}}, while others (generally [[Mannish]]) use them to represent {{IPA|/t/}}, {{IPA|/p/}}, {{IPA|/tʃ/}}, and {{IPA|/k/}}.
Furthermore, some modes map the basic consonants to {{IPA|/t/}}, {{IPA|/p/}}, {{IPA|/k/}}, and {{IPA|/kʷ/}}, while others (generally [[Mannish]]) use them to represent {{IPA|/t/}}, {{IPA|/p/}}, {{IPA|/tʃ/}}, and {{IPA|/k/}}.


== External History ==
== External History ==
The [[sarati]], described in ''[[Parma Eldalamberon]] 13'', a script developed by Tolkien in the late 1910s, anticipates many features of the tengwar, especially the vowel representation by diacritics (which is found in many tengwar varieties), different tengwar shapes and a few correspondances between sound features and letter shape features (though inconsistent).
The [[sarati]], a script developed by Tolkien in the late 1910s that is described in ''[[Parma Eldalamberon]] 13'', anticipates many features of the Tengwar, especially the vowel representation by diacritics (which is found in many Tengwar varieties), different Tengwar shapes and a few correspondances between sound features and letter shape features (though inconsistent).
 
Even closer to the Tengwar is the [[Valmaric script]], described in ''Parma Eldalamberon 14'', which Tolkien used from about 1922 to 1925. It features many Tengwar shapes and the inherent vowel {{IPA|[a]}} found in some Tengwar varieties. The tables in the samples V12 and V13 show an arrangement that is very similar to the one of the primary Tengwar in the classical Quenya "mode".


Even closer to the tengwar is the [[Valmaric script]], described in ''Parma Eldalamberon 14'', which Tolkien used from about 1922 to 1925. It features many tengwar shapes, the inherent vowel {{IPA|[a]}}found in some tengwar varieties, and the tables in the samples V12 and V13 show an arrangement that is very similar to the one of the primary tengwar in the classical Quenya "mode".
The Tengwar were probably developed in the late 1920s or in the early 1930s. ''The Lonely Mountain Jar Inscription'', the first published Tengwar sample, dates to 1937 (''[[The Hobbit]]'', most editions). The full explanation of the Tengwar was published in Appendix E of ''[[The Lord of the Rings]]'' in 1955.


The tengwar were probably developed in the late 1920s or in the early 1930s. ''The Lonely Mountain Jar Inscription'', the first published tengwar sample, dates to 1937 (''[[The Hobbit]]'', most editions). The full explanation of the tengwar was published in Appendix E of ''[[The Lord of the Rings]]'' in 1955.
==Inspiration==
==Inspiration==
[[Jim Allan]] (''[[An Introduction to Elvish]]'', ISBN 0-905220-10-2) compared the tengwar with the ''Universal Alphabet'' of Francis Lodwick of 1686, both on grounds of the correspondance between shape features and sound features, and of the actual letter shapes. A corresponance between shape features and sound features is also found in the Korean Hangul alphabet. It is not known whether Tolkien was aware of these previous scripts. However, considering the sarati and the valmaric script of his youth, it is conceivable that Tolkien developed the idea of a general correspondance between shape features and sound features by himself.
[[Jim Allan]] (''[[An Introduction to Elvish]]'', ISBN 0-905220-10-2) compared the Tengwar with the ''Universal Alphabet'' of Francis Lodwick of 1686, both on grounds of the correspondence between shape features, sound features and of the actual letter shapes. A correspondence between shape features and sound features is also found in the Korean Hangul alphabet.  
 
==Indexing==
[[Mellonath Daeron]], the linguistic fan society, devised a system to keep track of all the known genuine (=made by Tolkien) samples of the Tengwar and create a reference list.
 
The ''Mellonath Daeron Index of Tengwar Specimina'' (DTS) lists 67 known sources of tengwar samples and is updated whenever a new sample is published, revealed or discovered.
 
The DTS is used as a widely accepted standard in Tolkien studies, whenever an essay or article needs to refer to an example or an attested source.  


This is a list of few known samples predating publication of ''The Lord of the Rings'' (many of them published posthumously):
It is not known whether Tolkien was aware of these previous scripts. However, considering the sarati and the valmaric script that he already invented in his youth, it is conceivable that Tolkien developed the idea of a general correspondence between shape features and sound features by himself.
* [http://www.forodrim.org/daeron/mdtci.html#DTS1 DTS1] ''The Lonely Mountain Jar Inscription'', published 1937
* [http://www.forodrim.org/daeron/mdtci.html#DTS22 DTS 22] - ''Ilbereth's Greeting'' from [[The Father Christmas Letters]], dating to 1937
* [http://www.forodrim.org/daeron/mdtci.html#DTS50 DTS 50]/[http://www.forodrim.org/daeron/mdtci.html#DTS51 51] - ''Edwin Lowdham's Manuscript'' from [[The Notion Club Papers]] has [[Old English]] language text written in tengwar (with a few [[Adûnaic]] and Quenya words), dating to 1945/6.
* [http://www.forodrim.org/daeron/mdtci.html#DTS10 DTS 10] - The Brogan Tengwa-greetings, appearing in ''[[The Letters of J.R.R. Tolkien]]'', No. 118, tentatively dated to 1948.
* The following samples presumably predate the Lord of the Rings, but they were not explicitly dated: [http://www.forodrim.org/daeron/mdtci.html#DTS16 DTS 16], [http://www.forodrim.org/daeron/mdtci.html#DTS17 DTS 17], [http://www.forodrim.org/daeron/mdtci.html#DTS18 DTS 18] - ''Elvish Script Sample I, II, III'', with parts of the English poems ''[[Errantry]]'' and ''[[Bombadil]]'', first published in the ''Silmarillion Calendar 1978'', later in ''[[Pictures by J.R.R. Tolkien]]'', as well as [http://www.forodrim.org/daeron/mdtci.html#DTS23 DTS 23] - ''So Lúthien'', a page of the English ''Lay of Leithan'' text facsimiled in [[The History of Middle-earth#Volume 3|HoME 3]]:299.


A few other samples, e.g. a tengwar mode for [[Gothic]] are known to exist, but remain unpublished to date [http://www.geocities.com/Athens/Parthenon/9902/unpub.html].
It is likewise not known whether the shapes of several Tengwar were inspired by the insular minuscule script (used to write Anglo-saxon) or the gothic textura and cursive scripts (used to write Middle English), with which Tolkien was familiar through reading medieval manuscripts in these languages in his professional capacity as a linguist.


== Encoding Schemes ==
==Tengwar study==
=== Non-Unicode ===
===Modes===
The contemporary de facto standard in the tengwar user community maps the tengwar characters onto the regular English character encoding following the example of the [http://www.gis.net/~dansmith/fonts/font_tengwar/ tengwar typefaces] by [[Dan Smith]]. A drawback of the font solution is that if no corresponding tengwar font is installed, an awful string of nonsense characters appears.
As the peoples of Middle-earth used various modes of Tengwar, and as Tolkien wrote English, [[Old English]] and [[Norse]] in Tengwar, [[fandom|fans]] have created Tengwar modes for real languages. There are modes to write French, Swedish, Latin or Spanish.
=== Encoding Schemes ===
==== Non-Unicode ====
The contemporary de facto standard in the Tengwar user community maps the Tengwar characters onto the regular English character encoding following the example of the [http://www.gis.net/~dansmith/fonts/font_tengwar/ Tengwar typefaces] by [[Dan Smith]]. A drawback of the font solution is that, if no corresponding Tengwar font is installed, an awful string of [[wikipedia:Mojibake|nonsense characters]] appears.


Since there is not enough place for all the signs, certain signs are included in a "tengwar A" font which also maps its characters on ISO 8859-1, overlapping with the first font.
Since there is not enough place for all the signs, certain signs are included in a "Tengwar A" font which also maps its characters on ISO 8859-1, overlapping with the first font.


For each tengwar diacritic, there are four different codepoints that are used depending on the width of the character which bears it.
For each Tengwar diacritic there are four different codepoints that are used depending on the width of the character which bears it.


Other tengwar typefaces with Dan Smith's encoding include [http://home.student.uu.se/j/jowi4905/fonts/annatar.html Johan Winge's Tengwar Annatar], [http://at.mansbjorkman.net/parmaite.htm Måns Björkman's Tengwar Parmaite], [http://www.geocities.com/enrombell/Archivos.htm Enrique Mombello's Tengwar Élfica] or [http://www.limes.com.pl/~miszka/ Michal Nowakowski's Tengwar Formal] (note that most of these differ in details).
Other Tengwar typefaces with Dan Smith's encoding include [http://home.student.uu.se/j/jowi4905/fonts/annatar.html Johan Winge's Tengwar Annatar], [http://at.mansbjorkman.net/parmaite.htm Måns Björkman's Tengwar Parmaite], [http://www.geocities.com/enrombell/Archivos.htm Enrique Mombello's Tengwar Élfica] or [http://www.limes.com.pl/~miszka/ Michal Nowakowski's Tengwar Formal] (note that most of these differ in details).


The following sample shows the first article of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights written in English, according to the traditional English orthography. If no tengwar font is installed, it will look nonsense since the corresponding ISO 8859-1 characters (Roman letters, numbers and signs) will appear instead.
The following sample shows the first article of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights written in English according to the traditional English orthography. If no Tengwar font is installed, it will look nonsense since the corresponding ISO 8859-1 characters (Roman letters, numbers and signs) will appear instead.


{{tg|j#¸ 9t&5# w`Vb%_ 6EO w6Y5 e7~V 2{( zèVj# 5% 2x%51T`Û 2{( 7v%1+º 4hR 7EO 2{$yYO2 y4% 7]F85^ 2{( z5^8i`B5$i( 2{( dyYj2 zE1 1`N ]Fa 4^(6 5% `C 8q7T1T W w74^(69~N2º}}
{{tg|j#¸ 9t&5# w`Vb%_ 6EO w6Y5 e7~V 2{( zèVj# 5% 2x%51T`Û 2{( 7v%1+º 4hR 7EO 2{$yYO2 y4% 7]F85^ 2{( z5^8i`B5$i( 2{( dyYj2 zE1 1`N ]Fa 4^(6 5% `C 8q7T1T W w74^(69~N2º}}


=== Unicode ===
==== Unicode ====
A proposal has been made to include the Tengwar in the Unicode standard so that users won't need to install a particular font to see Tengwar on the screen.
A proposal has been made by Michael Everson to include the Tengwar in the [[Unicode]] standard. The codepoints are subject to change; the range U+016080 to U+0160FF in the Supplementary Multilingual Plane is tentatively allocated for Tengwar according to the current [http://www.unicode.org/roadmaps/smp/ Unicode roadmap].


The following Unicode sample is meaningful when viewed under a typeface supporting Tengwar glyphs in the area defined in the Tengwar proposal for the ConScript Unicode Registry (U+E000&ndash;U+E006F; see [[#External links|External links]]).
Tengwar are currently included in the unofficial ConScript Unicode Registry, which assigns codepoints in the Private Use Area. Tengwar are mapped to the range U+E000 to U+E07F. The following Unicode sample (which repeats the one above) is meaningful when viewed under a typeface supporting Tengwar glyphs in the area defined in the ConScript Tengwar proposal. Some typefaces that support this proposal are [http://www.evertype.com/emono/ Everson Mono], [http://freetengwar.sourceforge.net/tengtelc.html Tengwar Telcontar], [http://www.kreativekorp.com/software/fonts/constructium.shtml Constructium], [http://freetengwar.sourceforge.net/formal.html Tengwar Formal Unicode], and [http://freetengwar.sourceforge.net/freemonotengwar.html FreeMonoTengwar] ([http://www.code2000.net/ James Kass]'s Code2000 and Code2001 use an older, incompatible version of the proposal).


At the moments, the only typefaces that support this proposal are [http://www.code2000.net James Kass'] Code2000 and Code2001.
<blockquote style="font-family: 'Tengwar Formal CSUR', 'FreeMonoTengwar', 'Constructium', 'Everson Mono', 'Tengwar Formal Unicode', 'Tengwar Telcontar', 'Everson Mono'; font-size: 150%; line-height: 120%">&#xe022;&#xe051;&#xe040; &#xe028;&#xe011;&#xe04c;&#xe010;&#xe040; &#xe005;&#xe02e;&#xe046;&#xe013;&#xe044;&#xe058; &#xe014;&#xe045;&#xe040; &#xe005;&#xe014;&#xe04a;&#xe010; &#xe009;&#xe020;&#xe02e;&#xe046;&#xe02e;&#xe046; &#xe004;&#xe050;&#xe045; &#xe003;&#xe052;&#xe046;&#xe022;&#xe040; &#xe010;&#xe044; &#xe004;&#xe007;&#xe044;&#xe010;&#xe000;&#xe044;&#xe02e;&#xe053; &#xe004;&#xe050;&#xe045; &#xe020;&#xe00f;&#xe044;&#xe000;&#xe058; ⸬ &#xe00c;&#xe016;&#xe046; &#xe020;&#xe045;&#xe040; &#xe004;&#xe050;&#xe046;&#xe015;&#xe045;&#xe04a;&#xe004; &#xe015;&#xe00c;&#xe044; &#xe020;&#xe032;&#xe046;&#xe024;&#xe010;&#xe04a; &#xe004;&#xe050;&#xe045; &#xe003;&#xe010;&#xe04a;&#xe024;&#xe025;&#xe02e;&#xe044;&#xe025;&#xe050;&#xe045; &#xe004;&#xe050;&#xe045; &#xe00a;&#xe015;&#xe04a;&#xe022;&#xe004; &#xe003;&#xe040;&#xe000; &#xe000;&#xe015;&#xe04a;&#xe014;&#xe040;&#xe004;&#xe058; &#xe010;&#xe045;&#xe04a; &#xe010;&#xe040;&#xe00c;&#xe04a;&#xe020;&#xe046; &#xe010;&#xe044; &#xe02e;&#xe040; &#xe024;&#xe001;&#xe020;&#xe044;&#xe000;&#xe044; &#xe01d; &#xe005;&#xe020;&#xe00c;&#xe04a;&#xe014;&#xe046;&#xe028;&#xe004;&#xe04a;&#xe04a; ⸬</blockquote>


The following sample repeats the above one according to the Unicode proposal. It will only display correctly if either of James Kass's fonts is installed.
===Uses outside the legendarium===
Random (meaningless) Tengwar appears stylistically in a prop of an ancient tome in the [[Wikipedia:Within Temptation|Within Temptation]] music video for "Stand My Ground". Tengwar also appears in the computer game ''[[Wikipedia:Atlantis: The Lost Tales|Atlantis: The Lost Tales]]'' and the ''[[Wikipedia:Alone in the Dar|Alone in the Dark]]'' comic book.


<blockquote style="font-family: Code2000, Code2001; font-size: 1.2em;">                             </blockquote>
Several linguists, such as [[Wikipedia:Eric S. Raymond|Eric S. Raymond]], promote the usage of Tengwar for the constructed language [[Wikipedia:Lojban|Lojban]] as it is culturally neutral and contains some main Lojban morphology rules, making Lojban easier to learn when it is written with Tengwar.<ref>Kena. [http://vodka-pomme.net/projects/tengwar-for-lojban/lojteng#learn  ''Lojban using tengwar - why?''] (accessed August 2007)</ref> (Another suggested mode can be seen [http://www.catb.org/~esr/tengwar/lojban-tengwar.html there]).


== See also ==
== See also ==
* [[Sarati]]
* [[Sarati]]
* [[Cirth]]
* [[Cirth]]
{{references}}
* Christopher Tolkien, ''The Tengwar Numerals'', in ''[[Quettar]]'' 13, Feb. 1982, pp. 8-9; a further, untitled, explanation of the Tengwar numerals by Christopher Tolkien appeared in ''Quettar'' 14, May 1982, pp. 6-7.


== External Links ==
== External Links ==
*[http://www.forodrim.org/daeron/md_teng_primers.html Tengwar tutorials]
*[http://www.forodrim.org/daeron/md_teng_primers.html Tengwar tutorials]
* [http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/History_of_Elven_writing_systems History of Elven writing systems] Wikibook on the secondary-world history of the Elven writing systems
* [http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/History_of_Elven_writing_systems History of Elven writing systems] Wikibook on the secondary-world history of the Elven writing systems
* [http://at.mansbjorkman.net/tengwar.htm Amanye Tenceli - The Tengwar] A comprehensive study of the tengwar script
* [http://at.mansbjorkman.net/tengwar.htm Amanye Tenceli - The Tengwar] A comprehensive study of the Tengwar script
* [http://www.forodrim.org/daeron/mdtci.html The Mellonath Daeron Index of Tengwar Specimina] &mdash; a continuously expanding list of all published tengwar samples
* [http://www.forodrim.org/daeron/mdtci.html The Mellonath Daeron Index of Tengwar Specimina] &mdash; a continuously expanding list of all published Tengwar samples
* [http://www.tengwar.art.pl/tengwar/fonty.php A comprehensive list of tengwar fonts] (in Polish, but still useful even if you can't read the language)
* [http://www.tengwar.art.pl/tengwar/fonty.php A comprehensive list of Tengwar fonts] (in Polish, but still useful even if you can't read the language)
* [http://www.omniglot.com/writing/tengwar.htm Omniglot reference]
* [http://www.omniglot.com/conscripts/tengwar.htm Omniglot reference]
* [http://www.geocities.com/TimesSquare/4948/tengwar Tengwar] by Dan Smith
* [http://www.geocities.com/TimesSquare/4948/tengwar Tengwar] by Dan Smith
* [http://www.geocities.com/tengwar2001/ Tolkien Script Publishing]
* [http://www.geocities.com/tengwar2001/ Tolkien Script Publishing]
* [http://www.geocities.com/therealteng/ Real-life Tengwar samples]
* [http://tengwar.art.pl/tengwar/ott/start.php?l=en Online Tengwar transcriber]
* [http://tengwar.art.pl/tengwar/ott/start.php?l=en Online Tengwar transcriber]


=== Modes ===
=== Modes ===
* [http://www.geocities.com/otsoandor/FTMME.htm Tengwar mode for English]
* [http://at.mansbjorkman.net/teng_general_english.htm Tengwar Mode for English (general use)]
* [http://www.duvendor.com.br/amanye/Downloads/FTMME_Text.pdf Full Tengwar Modes for Modern English]
* [http://catb.org/~esr/tengwar/ ESR's Tengwar modes for Esperanto and Lojban languages]
* [http://catb.org/~esr/tengwar/ ESR's Tengwar modes for Esperanto and Lojban languages]
* [http://lambenor.free.fr/tengwar/espanol.html Tengwar mode for Spanish]
* [http://lambenor.free.fr/tengwar/espanol.html Tengwar mode for Spanish]
* [http://dombach.florian.bei.t-online.de/schrift/deutschloth.htm Tengwar mode(s) for German]
* [http://my.opera.com/tengwarblog/blog/deutscher-tengwar-modus Tengwar mode for German (full writing)]
* [http://my.ort.org.il/tolkien/gandalf/ps/tengwar.ps.gz Tengwar mode for Hebrew] (PostScript format)
* [http://symbolictruth.fateback.com/tengwar-arabic-mode.htm Tengwar mode for Arabic]


=== Software ===
=== Software ===
Line 551: Line 545:
* [http://movies.groups.yahoo.com/group/elfscript/message/30 Critique on the official proposal to encode Tengwar in Unicode]
* [http://movies.groups.yahoo.com/group/elfscript/message/30 Critique on the official proposal to encode Tengwar in Unicode]


[[category:Writing systems]]
{{references}}
[[category:tengwar]]
<small>
* Christopher Tolkien, ''The Tengwar Numerals'', in ''[[Quettar]]'' 13, Feb. 1982, pp. 8-9; a further, untitled, explanation of the Tengwar numerals by Christopher Tolkien appeared in ''Quettar'' 14, May 1982, pp. 6-7.
</small>
[[Category:Quenya nouns]]
[[Category:Tengwar]]
[[Category:Writing systems]]
[[de:Tengwar]]
[[fr:encyclo/langues/tengwar]]
[[fr:encyclo/langues/tengwar]]
[[fi:Tengwar]]

Revision as of 09:15, 20 March 2016

"I shan't call it the end, till we've cleared up the mess." — Sam
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J.R.R. Tolkien - One Ring inscription.png
This article displays one of J.R.R. Tolkien's writing systems. For optimal viewing, install the following font:

Tengwar Parmaite by Måns Björkman
The name Fëanorian refers to more than one character, item or concept. For a list of other meanings, see Fëanorian (disambiguation).
Fëanor designs the first Tengwar

The Tengwar (Quenya "letters", pron. [ˈteŋʷɡʷar]; Sindarin Tîw[1]) was a writing system invented by Fëanor (and was therefore also called the Fëanorian alphabet[2] or script[3]). It was used for a variety of languages among the Free peoples and became perhaps the most prominent writing system of Arda, used by a variety of Races through the Ages.

History

The Classical Quenya mode

Main article: Quenya mode

Fëanor invented the Tengwar on the Year of the Trees 1250, strongly influenced by the Sarati of Rúmil the Loremaster.[4][5] Fëanor both constructed the Tengwar as a general phonetic alphabet and devised special arrangements to fit the characteristics of all languages of Valinor.[6]

Unlike Rúmil, Fëanor considered vowels as indepedent sounds and not just “colours” of the consonants, so he devised the “full writing” (Quanta Sarmë).[5]

However, Fëanor also used a more 'conservative' system which seem to have been proved far more popular; he held Rúmil's idea of syllabic analysis of the words by the Sarati and made also use of tehtar instead of the full letters.[5].

The classical Quenya mode of the Tengwar may have originated from Fëanor's own arrangement. There is no direct evidence for this hypothesis, but the use of the Quenya names for the individual letters hints to a primate of the Quenya mode. Another hint to a very old age of the classical Quenya mode is that it uses the Calmatéma as a k-series, like the mode of Beleriand which we can assume to have originated in the First Age.

The Mode of Beleriand

Main article: Mode of Beleriand
The Doors of Durin created during the Second Age

When the Noldor rebelled and came to Middle-earth, they adapted their writing for the new languages they learned. Quanta Sarmë was used for languages where the tehtar were not useful[5] which could have been the origin for the Mode of Beleriand.

It is also possible that the Tengwar influenced the evolution of the Cirth of Daeron in Beleriand, mainly in their shape and arrangement.

We know from the inscription on the Western Moria Gate that a Tengwar mode called the Mode of Beleriand was used in Eregion. This name allows for the assumption that the same mode was used already in the First Age.

At the end of the Third Age, the Elves of Rivendell probably still used that mode, since a transcription of the Rivendell aerlinn A Elbereth Gilthoniel features it.[7] Frodo, however, even though literate in Sindarin, was appearently unable to read this mode.

The General Use

By the end of the Third Age, there was a general use that could be used for a variety of languages including Quenya, Sindarin and the Common Speech.[8] This use could have evolved during the Second Age in Eregion or even in Númenor.

The same mode appears on the Ring-inscription[9] that the Númenorean Isildur observed it to be "fashioned in an elven-script of Eregion".[10]

It is not certain whether the whole mode itself was from Eregion or simply just the script was of an Elvish fashion. Some Adûnaic words use this mode.[11].

Another mode that was based on the "general use" but used full letters for the representation of vowels was used in the Northern part of the Westron-speaking regions, perhaps by influence of the Elves of Rivendell. This might explain why Frodo was unable to read either the Mode of Beleriand or the Ring Inscription.

Spelling and Pronunciation

Structure

The most notable characteristic of the Tengwar script is that the shapes of the letters correspond to the features of the sounds they represent.

The shape of the Tengwar uniformly consisted of two elements, the telco (stem) to which is attached a lúva (bow). It is noticeable that some of the letters of the Sarati resembled the telco/lúva shape seen on the Tengwar. Therefore it is possible that those particular letters influenced stylistically the Tengwar.

The telco could be normal, raised, shortened or heightened. The lúva would be single or doubled, and these could be open or closed.

All the above combinations can create 32 to 40 different shapes of letters. These shapes mirrored phonological significances: the basic form of a tengwa was used for the patakar, the voiceless fricatives; telcor determined how the sound was articulated, and the lúvar where in the mouth it was made:

  • Doubling the bow turns the voiceless consonant into a voiced one.
  • Raising the stem above the line turns it into the corresponding fricative or a corresponding soft version of it.
  • Shortening it (so it is only the height of the bow) indicates the corresponding nasal or, mostly, the approximants.

According to their shape, the 32 different glyphs could be arranged and presented consistently on a table. The principal letters are divided into series (témar) that correspond to the main places of articulation and into six rows (tyeller) that correspond to the main manners of articulation. Both vary among modes.

The table below gives the theoretical[12] values of the Tengwar based consistently on the abovementioned rules. Note that no language possessed all these sounds and the following does not represent an actual table of values of a particular language. In actuality, the languages used modifications or variations of them.

Labial Dental Velar Labiovelar
Voiceless
plosives
q p 1 t a k z kw
Voiced
plosives
w b 2 d s g x gw
Aspirated
voiceless plosives
Q ph ! th A kh Z khw
Aspirated
voiced plosives
W bh @ dh S gh X ghw
Voiceless
fricatives
e f 3 th d ch c chw
Voiced
fricatives
r v 4 dh f gh v ghw
Voiceless
nasals
y hm 6 hn h n hñw
Nasals t m 5 n g ñ b ñw

Arrangement

By the end of the Third Age, the Tengwar were somehow standardized. Their Quenya names became standard for all modes, and less used ones were not included (although still used), such as those of the extended stems and the Tyelpetéma. The table displayed 36 letters: the 24 standard Tengwar, plus 12 of the additional Tengwar.

Also, the Tengwar were assigned numeric values.

Tincotéma Parmatéma Calmatéma Quessetéma
Grade I 1 Tinco q Parma a Calma z Quesse
Grade II 2 Ando w Umbar s Anga x Ungwe
Grade III 3 Súlë e Formen d Aha c Hwesta
Grade IV 4 Anto r Ampa f Anca v Unque
Grade V 5 Númen t Malta g Noldo b Nwalme
Grade VI 6 Óre y Vala h Anna n Vilya
Additional Tengwar:
7 Rómen u Arda j Lambe m Alda
8 Silme i Silme nuquerna k Essë , Esse nuquerna
9 Hyarmen l Yanta o Hwesta Sindarinwa . Úrë
½ Halla ` Telco ~ Ára

Values

As mentioned, the Tengwar had a generic mode that covered a wide range of phonemes. This mode perhaps originated in Eregion and exemplified in the verse of the One Ring and other Westron Tengwar texts. It could be used for both Quenya and Sindarin.

The following table gives both the formal Quenya and Numenian[13] names of the Tengwar. When two values are given (separated with a / slash), the first refers to the Elvish variation and the second to the Mannish or Westron variation.

Note that the dashes indicate when the letter is used initially or finally and/or as a diphthong element.

Tincotéma Parmatéma Calmatéma Quessetéma
1 t
Tinco/Tó
q p
Parma/Pí
a ch (as in church)
Calma/Ché
z k
Quesse/Ká
2 d
Ando/Dó
w b
Umbar/Bí
s j
Anga/Jé
x g
Ungwe/Gá
3 th
Súle/Thó
e f
Formen/Fí
d sh
Aha/Shé
c ch/h (as in loch)
Hwesta/Aha (or Oha)
4 dh
Anto/Adhó
r v
Ampa/Ví
f zh
Anca/Izhe
v gh
Unque/Agha
5 n
Númen/Nó
t m
Malta/Mí
g ny
Noldo/Nyé
b ng
Nwalme/Ngá
6 -r/r
Óre/Ar
y w, -u/w
Vala/Wí
h -i/y
Anna/Yé
n ’?
’á
Additional Tengwar:
7 r
Rómen/Aro
u rh
Arda/Rho
j l
Lambe/Alo
m lh
Alda/Lho
8 s
Silme/Só
i s
Silme Nuquerna/Ós
k ss/z
Esse/Azo
, z
Oza
9 h
Hyarmen/Há
l i-, -e
Yanta/Ai
o wh
Hwesta Sindarinwa/Whí
. -u?
Úre/Au

The following is a full mode variety, related mainly to the north, and uses Tengwar (and carriers) as vowels. It was probably created in Arnor, influenced from the Mode of Beleriand used in Rivendell. Even the dwarf Ori wrote in this hand in the Book of Mazarbul[14].

Tincotéma Parmatéma Calmatéma Quessetéma
1 t
Tinco/Tó
q p
Parma/Pí
a ch (as in church)
Calma/Ché
z k
Quesse/Ká
2 d
Ando/Dó
w b
Umbar/Bí
s j
AngaJé
x g
Ungwe/Gá
3 th
Súle/Thó
e f
Formen/Fí
d sh
Aha/Shé
c ch/h (as in loch
Hwesta/Aha
4 dh
Anto/Adhó
r v
Ampa/Ví
f zh
Anca/Izhe
v gh
Unque/Agha
5 n
Númen/Nó
t m
Malta/Mí
g ny
Noldo/Nyé
b ng
Nwalme/Ngá
6 -r/r
Óre/Ar
y w, -u/u
Vala/Wí
h o
Anna/Yé
n a
'a
Additional Tengwar:
7 r
Rómen/Aro
u rh
Arda/Rho
j l
Lambe/Alo
m lh
Alda/Lho
8 s
Silme/Só
i s
Silme Nuquerna/Ós
k ss/z
Esse/Azo
, z
Esse Nuquerna/Oza
9 h
Hyarmen/Há
l i-, -e/e
Yanta/Ai
o wh
Hwesta Sindarinwa/Whí
. w
Úre/Au
`B i ~B i-/y- ] a š mh

Other modes

Just as with any alphabetic writing system, every specific language written in Tengwar requires a specific orthography, depending on the phonology of that language. These Tengwar orthographies are usually called modes. All of them use as a basis the "theoretical values" table above, corresponding the letters to the phonemes of each language's phonology, and even drop out the characters that would be useless.

All the modes can be divided into two large categories:

Furthermore, some modes map the basic consonants to /t/, /p/, /k/, and /kʷ/, while others (generally Mannish) use them to represent /t/, /p/, /tʃ/, and /k/.

External History

The sarati, a script developed by Tolkien in the late 1910s that is described in Parma Eldalamberon 13, anticipates many features of the Tengwar, especially the vowel representation by diacritics (which is found in many Tengwar varieties), different Tengwar shapes and a few correspondances between sound features and letter shape features (though inconsistent).

Even closer to the Tengwar is the Valmaric script, described in Parma Eldalamberon 14, which Tolkien used from about 1922 to 1925. It features many Tengwar shapes and the inherent vowel [a] found in some Tengwar varieties. The tables in the samples V12 and V13 show an arrangement that is very similar to the one of the primary Tengwar in the classical Quenya "mode".

The Tengwar were probably developed in the late 1920s or in the early 1930s. The Lonely Mountain Jar Inscription, the first published Tengwar sample, dates to 1937 (The Hobbit, most editions). The full explanation of the Tengwar was published in Appendix E of The Lord of the Rings in 1955.

Inspiration

Jim Allan (An Introduction to Elvish, ISBN 0-905220-10-2) compared the Tengwar with the Universal Alphabet of Francis Lodwick of 1686, both on grounds of the correspondence between shape features, sound features and of the actual letter shapes. A correspondence between shape features and sound features is also found in the Korean Hangul alphabet.

It is not known whether Tolkien was aware of these previous scripts. However, considering the sarati and the valmaric script that he already invented in his youth, it is conceivable that Tolkien developed the idea of a general correspondence between shape features and sound features by himself.

It is likewise not known whether the shapes of several Tengwar were inspired by the insular minuscule script (used to write Anglo-saxon) or the gothic textura and cursive scripts (used to write Middle English), with which Tolkien was familiar through reading medieval manuscripts in these languages in his professional capacity as a linguist.

Tengwar study

Modes

As the peoples of Middle-earth used various modes of Tengwar, and as Tolkien wrote English, Old English and Norse in Tengwar, fans have created Tengwar modes for real languages. There are modes to write French, Swedish, Latin or Spanish.

Encoding Schemes

Non-Unicode

The contemporary de facto standard in the Tengwar user community maps the Tengwar characters onto the regular English character encoding following the example of the Tengwar typefaces by Dan Smith. A drawback of the font solution is that, if no corresponding Tengwar font is installed, an awful string of nonsense characters appears.

Since there is not enough place for all the signs, certain signs are included in a "Tengwar A" font which also maps its characters on ISO 8859-1, overlapping with the first font.

For each Tengwar diacritic there are four different codepoints that are used depending on the width of the character which bears it.

Other Tengwar typefaces with Dan Smith's encoding include Johan Winge's Tengwar Annatar, Måns Björkman's Tengwar Parmaite, Enrique Mombello's Tengwar Élfica or Michal Nowakowski's Tengwar Formal (note that most of these differ in details).

The following sample shows the first article of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights written in English according to the traditional English orthography. If no Tengwar font is installed, it will look nonsense since the corresponding ISO 8859-1 characters (Roman letters, numbers and signs) will appear instead.

j#¸ 9t&5# w`Vb%_ 6EO w6Y5 e7~V 2{( zèVj# 5% 2x%51T`Û 2{( 7v%1+º 4hR 7EO 2{$yYO2 y4% 7]F85^ 2{( z5^8i`B5$i( 2{( dyYj2 zE1 1`N ]Fa 4^(6 5% `C 8q7T1T W w74^(69~N2º

Unicode

A proposal has been made by Michael Everson to include the Tengwar in the Unicode standard. The codepoints are subject to change; the range U+016080 to U+0160FF in the Supplementary Multilingual Plane is tentatively allocated for Tengwar according to the current Unicode roadmap.

Tengwar are currently included in the unofficial ConScript Unicode Registry, which assigns codepoints in the Private Use Area. Tengwar are mapped to the range U+E000 to U+E07F. The following Unicode sample (which repeats the one above) is meaningful when viewed under a typeface supporting Tengwar glyphs in the area defined in the ConScript Tengwar proposal. Some typefaces that support this proposal are Everson Mono, Tengwar Telcontar, Constructium, Tengwar Formal Unicode, and FreeMonoTengwar (James Kass's Code2000 and Code2001 use an older, incompatible version of the proposal).

            ⸬                   ⸬

Uses outside the legendarium

Random (meaningless) Tengwar appears stylistically in a prop of an ancient tome in the Within Temptation music video for "Stand My Ground". Tengwar also appears in the computer game Atlantis: The Lost Tales and the Alone in the Dark comic book.

Several linguists, such as Eric S. Raymond, promote the usage of Tengwar for the constructed language Lojban as it is culturally neutral and contains some main Lojban morphology rules, making Lojban easier to learn when it is written with Tengwar.[15] (Another suggested mode can be seen there).

See also

External Links

Modes

Software

More of Tengwar software on Tengwar Feanora web-site (in Polish).

Technical

References

  • Christopher Tolkien, The Tengwar Numerals, in Quettar 13, Feb. 1982, pp. 8-9; a further, untitled, explanation of the Tengwar numerals by Christopher Tolkien appeared in Quettar 14, May 1982, pp. 6-7.