Took Family: Difference between revisions
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The '''Took''' family was the pre-eminent clan of [[Hobbits]] in [[the Shire]], being wealthy and having held the office of the [[Thain]] for centuries.<ref>{{FR|Ordering}}</ref> ("Took" was pronounced like "Two-k", not like "book" or "took" as in the past tense of " | The '''Took''' family was the pre-eminent clan of [[Hobbits]] in [[the Shire]], being wealthy and having held the office of the [[Thain]] for centuries.<ref>{{FR|Ordering}}</ref> ("Took" was pronounced like "Two-k", not like "book" or "took" as in the past tense of "take"{{fact}}). | ||
==Territory, origins and customs== | ==Territory, origins and customs== | ||
Tooks were mainly of [[Fallohides|Fallohide]] Hobbit stock, and had quite a reputation for unusual behavior (among other things being more adventurous than the other Hobbits<ref name=”hobbits”>{{FR|Hobbits}}</ref>), a quality not valued in the Shire. For this reason they were seen as less respectable. An absurd legend among other families, was that one of the Took ancestors married a [[fairies|fairy]]. The [[Istari|Wizard]] [[Gandalf]] was a known, if disreputable, associate.<ref>{{H|Party}}</ref> [[Bilbo Baggins]] and [[Meriadoc Brandybuck]] both had Took mothers. | |||
The majority of the Tooks lived in the [[Great Smials]] of [[Tuckborough]] and in the surrounding area of [[Tookland]], which lay in the [[Westfarthing]].<ref>{{FR|Part}}</ref> A smaller clan called the '''[[North-took Family|North-tooks]]''' who lived far up in [[Long Cleeve]]; these were descendants of the legendary hero [[Bandobras Took]].<ref name="Took">{{App|Took}}</ref> | |||
As was customary in traditional hobbit families, the head of the Took family ruled the clan with his wife, thus upon his death, she continued to rule as the matriarch of the family. Such was the case with [[Lalia Clayhanger]] who succeeded her husband, [[Fortinbras Took II|Fortinbras]], to clan leadership. However, the Thainship passed only through male descent, so her son, [[Ferumbras Took III|Ferumbras III]], was the Thain immediately after his father’s death.<ref name="letter">{{L|214}}</ref> | |||
Took men usually were given high-sounding names which evoked battles, weapons or figures of legend, like Gerontius, Fortimbras or Isembold. [[Razanur Tûk|Razanur Took]] (Pippin) was named after [[Razanur]], a mythical traveller.<ref>{{PM|Languages}}</ref> Took women had names of jewels, or exotic or mythical flowers.<ref name="Trans">{{App|F2}}</ref> | |||
==History== | ==History== | ||
The first recorded Took was [[Isumbras Took I|Isumbras Took]], who in {{SR|740}} became the 13th [[Thain]] of [[the Shire]] after [[Gorhendad Oldbuck]] crossed into [[Buckland]] and became the Master there. <ref name="TA">{{App|TA}}</ref> Thereafter Isumbras Took was known as Isumbras I and the office of the Thain became hereditary within the Took family. | The first recorded Took was [[Isumbras Took I|Isumbras Took]], who in {{SR|740}} became the 13th [[Thain]] of [[the Shire]] after [[Gorhendad Oldbuck]] crossed into [[Buckland]] and became the Master there. <ref name="TA">{{App|TA}}</ref> Thereafter Isumbras Took was known as Isumbras I and the office of the Thain became hereditary within the Took family. | ||
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{{familytree |boxstyle=white-space:nowrap;background-color:#FFFFFF;| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |FER| |BAN| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |FER=* [[Ferumbras Took II|Ferumbras II]]<br/><small>''1101-1201''</small>|BAN=[[Bandobras Took|Bandobras]]<br/>('Bullroarer')<br/><small>''1104-1206''</small>}} | {{familytree |boxstyle=white-space:nowrap;background-color:#FFFFFF;| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |FER| |BAN| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |FER=* [[Ferumbras Took II|Ferumbras II]]<br/><small>''1101-1201''</small>|BAN=[[Bandobras Took|Bandobras]]<br/>('Bullroarer')<br/><small>''1104-1206''</small>}} | ||
{{familytree | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |!| | | |!| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |}} | {{familytree | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |!| | | |!| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |}} | ||
{{familytree |boxstyle=white-space:nowrap;background-color:#FFFFFF;| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |FOR| |MAN| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |FOR=* [[Fortinbras Took I|Fortinbras I]]<br/><small>''1145-1248''</small>|MAN=Many descendants<br/><ref group="note">Including the [[North-took Family|North-tooks]] of [[Long Cleeve]]</ref>}} | {{familytree |boxstyle=white-space:nowrap;background-color:#FFFFFF;| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |FOR| |MAN| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |FOR=* [[Fortinbras Took I|Fortinbras I]]<br/><small>''1145-1248''</small>|MAN=Many<br>descendants<br/><ref group="note">Including the [[North-took Family|North-tooks]] of [[Long Cleeve]]</ref>}} | ||
{{familytree | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |!| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |}} | {{familytree | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |!| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |}} | ||
{{familytree |boxstyle=white-space:nowrap;background-color:#FFFFFF;| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |GER|y|ADA| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |GER=* [[Gerontius Took|Gerontius]]<br/>The Old Took<br/><small>''1190-1320''</small>|ADA=[[Adamanta Chubb]]}} | {{familytree |boxstyle=white-space:nowrap;background-color:#FFFFFF;| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |GER|y|ADA| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |GER=* [[Gerontius Took|Gerontius]]<br/>The Old Took<br/><small>''1190-1320''</small>|ADA=[[Adamanta Chubb|Adamanta<br>Chubb]]}} | ||
{{familytree | |,|-|-|-|v|-|-|-|v|-|-|-|v|-|-|-| | {{familytree | |,|-|-|-|v|-|-|-|v|-|-|-|v|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|+|-|-|-|v|-|-|-|v|-|-|-|v|-|-|-|v|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|v|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|v|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|.| |}} | ||
{{familytree |boxstyle=white-space:;background-color:#FFFFFF;|ISE| |HDI| |ISU| |HLG|y|RSA| |IBO| |HFS| |IBA| |HLB| |BEL|y|BUN| |DON|~|HUG| |MIR|y|GOR| |ISR|ISE=* [[Isengrim Took III|Isengrim III]]<br/><small>''1232-1330''</small><br/>(no children)| HDI=[[Hildigard Took|Hildigard]]<br/>(died young)|ISU=* [[Isumbras Took IV|Isumbras IV]]<br/><small>''1238-1339''</small>|HLG=[[Hildigrim Took|Hildigrim]]<br/><small>''1240-1341''</small>|RSA=[[Rosa Baggins]]|IBO=[[Isembold Took|Isembold]]<br/><small>''1242-1346''</small>|HFS=[[Hildifons Took|Hildifons]]<br/><small>''1244''</small><br/><ref group="note">Went off on a journey and never returned</ref>|IBA=[[Isembard Took|Isembard]]<br/><small>''1247-1346''</small>|HLB=[[Hildibrand Took|Hildibrand]]<br/><small>''1249-1334''</small>|BEL=[[Belladonna Took|Belladonna]]<br/><small>''1252-1334''</small>|BUN=[[Bungo Baggins]]|DON=[[Donnamira Took|Donnamira]]<br/><small>''1256-1348''</small>|HUG=[[Hugo Boffin]]|MIR=[[Mirabella Took|Mirabella]]<br/><small>''1260-1360''</small>|GOR=[[Gorbadoc Brandybuck]]|ISR=[[Isengar Took|Isengar]]<br/><small>''1262-1360''</small><br/><ref group="note">Said to have 'gone to sea' in his youth</ref>}} | {{familytree |boxstyle=white-space:;background-color:#FFFFFF;|ISE| |HDI| |ISU| |HLG|y|RSA| |IBO| |HFS| |IBA| |HLB| |BEL|y|BUN| |DON|~|HUG| |MIR|y|GOR| |ISR|ISE=* [[Isengrim Took III|Isengrim III]]<br/><small>''1232-1330''</small><br/>(no children)| HDI=[[Hildigard Took|Hildigard]]<br/>(died young)|ISU=* [[Isumbras Took IV|Isumbras IV]]<br/><small>''1238-1339''</small>|HLG=[[Hildigrim Took|Hildigrim]]<br/><small>''1240-1341''</small>|RSA=[[Rosa Baggins]]|IBO=[[Isembold Took|Isembold]]<br/><small>''1242-1346''</small>|HFS=[[Hildifons Took|Hildifons]]<br/><small>''1244''</small><br/><ref group="note">Went off on a journey and never returned</ref>|IBA=[[Isembard Took|Isembard]]<br/><small>''1247-1346''</small>|HLB=[[Hildibrand Took|Hildibrand]]<br/><small>''1249-1334''</small>|BEL=[[Belladonna Took|Belladonna]]<br/><small>''1252-1334''</small>|BUN=[[Bungo Baggins]]|DON=[[Donnamira Took|Donnamira]]<br/><small>''1256-1348''</small>|HUG=[[Hugo Boffin]]|MIR=[[Mirabella Took|Mirabella]]<br/><small>''1260-1360''</small>|GOR=[[Gorbadoc Brandybuck]]|ISR=[[Isengar Took|Isengar]]<br/><small>''1262-1360''</small><br/><ref group="note">Said to have 'gone to sea' in his youth</ref>}} | ||
{{familytree | | | | | | | | | |!| | | | | |!| | | | | |!| | | | | | | |!| | | |!| | | | | |!| | | | | | | | | | | | | |,|-|^|-|.| | | | | |}} | {{familytree | | | | | | | | | |!| | | | | |!| | | | | |!| | | | | | | |!| | | |!| | | | | |!| | | | | | | | | | | | | |,|-|^|-|.| | | | | |}} | ||
{{familytree |boxstyle=white-space:nowrap;background-color:#FFFFFF;|LAL|y|~|~|~|~|FTB| | | |ADG| | | |MYD| | | | | |FLM| |SIG| | | |BIL| | | | | | | | | | | |SIX| |PRI| | | | |LAL=[[Lalia Clayhanger]]<br/><ref name="letter"/>|FTB=* [[Fortinbras Took II|Fortinbras II]]<br/><small>''1278-1380''</small>|ADG=[[Adalgrim Took|Adalgrim]]<br/><small>''1280-1382''</small>|MYD=Many descendants|FLM=[[Flambard Took|Flambard]]<br/><small>''1287-1389''</small>|SIG=[[Sigismond Took|Sigismond]]<br/><small>''1290-1391''</small>|BIL=''([[Bilbo Baggins|BILBO]])''|SIX=(six children)|PRI=([[Primula Brandybuck|Primula]])}} | {{familytree |boxstyle=white-space:nowrap;background-color:#FFFFFF;|LAL|y|~|~|~|~|FTB| | | |ADG| | | |MYD| | | | | |FLM| |SIG| | | |BIL| | | | | | | | | | | |SIX| |PRI| | | | |LAL=[[Lalia Clayhanger]]<br/><small>''1283-1402''</small><ref name="letter"/>|FTB=* [[Fortinbras Took II|Fortinbras II]]<br/><small>''1278-1380''</small>|ADG=[[Adalgrim Took|Adalgrim]]<br/><small>''1280-1382''</small>|MYD=Many descendants|FLM=[[Flambard Took|Flambard]]<br/><small>''1287-1389''</small>|SIG=[[Sigismond Took|Sigismond]]<br/><small>''1290-1391''</small>|BIL=''([[Bilbo Baggins|BILBO]])''|SIX=(six children)|PRI=([[Primula Brandybuck|Primula]])}} | ||
{{familytree | | | |!| | | |,|-|-|-|v|-|-|-|^|-|-|-|.| | | | | | | | | |!| | | |)|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|.| | | | | | | | | | | |!| | | | | |}} | {{familytree | | | |!| | | |,|-|-|-|v|-|-|-|^|-|-|-|.| | | | | | | | | |!| | | |)|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|.| | | | | | | | | | | |!| | | | | |}} | ||
{{familytree |boxstyle=white-space:nowrap;background-color:#FFFFFF;| | |FRS| |THR| |PAL|y|EGL| |ESM|y|SDB| | | |ADE| |RMA|~|~|y|~|~|ODO| |FDD| | | | | | | | | |FRO| | | | |FRS=* ''[[Ferumbras Took III|Ferumbras III]]''<br/><small>''1316-1415''</small><br/>(unmarried)|THR=''3 daughters''|PAL=* ''[[Paladin Took II|Paladin II]]''<br/><small>''1333-1434''</small>|EGL=''[[Eglantine Banks]]''|ESM=''[[Esmeralda Took|Esmeralda]]''<br/><small>''1336''</small>|SDB=[[Saradoc Brandybuck]]|ADE=''[[Adelard Took|Adelard]]''<br/><small>''1328-1423''</small>|RMA=''[[Rosamunda Took|Rosamunda]]''<br/><small>''1338''</small>|ODO=''[[Odovacar Bolger]]''|FDD=''[[Ferdinand Took|Ferdinand]]''<br/><small>''1340''</small>|FRO=''([[Frodo Baggins|FRODO]])''}} | {{familytree |boxstyle=white-space:nowrap;background-color:#FFFFFF;| | |FRS| |THR| |PAL|y|EGL| |ESM|y|SDB| | | |ADE| |RMA|~|~|y|~|~|ODO| |FDD| | | | | | | | | |FRO| | | | |FRS=* ''[[Ferumbras Took III|Ferumbras III]]''<br/><small>''1316-1415''</small><br/>(unmarried)|THR=''3 daughters''|PAL=* ''[[Paladin Took II|Paladin II]]''<br/><small>''1333-1434''</small>|EGL=''[[Eglantine Banks]]''|ESM=''[[Esmeralda Took|Esmeralda]]''<br/><small>''1336''</small>|SDB=[[Saradoc Brandybuck|Saradoc<br> Brandybuck]]|ADE=''[[Adelard Took|Adelard]]''<br/><small>''1328-1423''</small>|RMA=''[[Rosamunda Took|Rosamunda]]''<br/><small>''1338''</small>|ODO=''[[Odovacar Bolger]]''|FDD=''[[Ferdinand Took|Ferdinand]]''<br/><small>''1340''</small>|FRO=''([[Frodo Baggins|FRODO]])''}} | ||
{{familytree | |,|-|-|-|v|-|-|-|v|-|-|-|(| | | | | | | |!| | | |,|-|-|-|+|-|-|-|.| | | |)|-|-|-|.| | | |!| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |}} | {{familytree | |,|-|-|-|v|-|-|-|v|-|-|-|(| | | | | | | |!| | | |,|-|-|-|+|-|-|-|.| | | |)|-|-|-|.| | | |!| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |}} | ||
{{familytree |boxstyle=white-space:;background-color:#FFFFFF;|PRL| | PIM| |PVA| |PIP|y|DLC| |MER| |REG| |DGH| |ERD| |FAT| |EST | |FDI| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |PRL=''[[Pearl Took|Pearl]]''<br/><small>''1375''</small>|PIM=''[[Pimpernel Took|Pimpernel]]''<br/><small>''1379''</small>|PVA=''[[Pervinca Took|Pervinca]]''<br/><small>''1385''</small>|PIP=* ''[[Peregrin Took|PEREGRIN I]]''<br/><small>''1390''</small>|DLC=[[Diamond of Long Cleeve]]<br/><small>''1395''</small>|MER=''([[Meriadoc Brandybuck|MERIADOC]])''| REG=''[[Reginard Took|Reginard]]''<br/><small>''1369''</small>|DGH=''3 daughters''|ERD=''[[Everard Took|Everard]]''<br/><small>''1380''</small>|FAT=''([[Fredegar Bolger|Fredegar]])''<br/><small>''1380''</small>|EST=''([[Estella Bolger|Estella]])''<br/><small>''1385''</small><ref>{{PM|Trees}}, Note 1</ref>|FDI=''[[Ferdibrand Took|Ferdibrand]]''<br/><small>''1383''</small>}} | {{familytree |boxstyle=white-space:;background-color:#FFFFFF;|PRL| | PIM| |PVA| |PIP|y|DLC| |MER| |REG| |DGH| |ERD| |FAT| |EST | |FDI| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |PRL=''[[Pearl Took|Pearl]]''<br/><small>''1375''</small>|PIM=''[[Pimpernel Took|Pimpernel]]''<br/><small>''1379''</small>|PVA=''[[Pervinca Took|Pervinca]]''<br/><small>''1385''</small>|PIP=* ''[[Peregrin Took|PEREGRIN I]]''<br/><small>''1390''</small>|DLC=[[Diamond of Long Cleeve]]<br/><small>''1395''</small>|MER=''([[Meriadoc Brandybuck|MERIADOC]])''| REG=''[[Reginard Took|Reginard]]''<br/><small>''1369''</small>|DGH=''3 daughters''|ERD=''[[Everard Took|Everard]]''<br/><small>''1380''</small>|FAT=''([[Fredegar Bolger|Fredegar]])''<br/><small>''1380''</small>|EST=''([[Estella Bolger|Estella]])''<br/><small>''1385''</small><ref>{{PM|Trees}}, Note 1</ref>|FDI=''[[Ferdibrand Took|Ferdibrand]]''<br/><small>''1383''</small>}} | ||
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{{familytree/end}} | {{familytree/end}} | ||
</div> | </div> | ||
==Family Tree Notes== | ==Family Tree Notes== | ||
<references group="note"/> | <references group="note"/> | ||
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'''''Tûk''''' was an older name of unknown meaning in Hobbitish [[Westron]].<ref name="Trans"/> | '''''Tûk''''' was an older name of unknown meaning in Hobbitish [[Westron]].<ref name="Trans"/> | ||
''Took'' is a [[Welsh]] surname, | ''Took'' is a [[Welsh]] surname, referring to a type of sword. One of the earliest spellings of the Hobbitish form of the name in ''[[The History of Middle-earth]]'' (''Tūca'') matches the Welsh spelling for this name/sword,<ref>[[Mark T. Hooker]], ''[[Tolkien and Welsh]]'', pp. 126-127</ref> which suggests that Tolkien apparently was aware of the Welsh meaning. | ||
==Inspiration== | ==Inspiration== | ||
Line 66: | Line 67: | ||
[[Category:Hobbit Families]] | [[Category:Hobbit Families]] | ||
[[Category:Fallohides]] | [[Category:Fallohides]] | ||
[[de:Tuk]] | [[de:Tuk]] | ||
[[fr:encyclo/personnages/hobbits/touque]] | [[fr:encyclo/personnages/hobbits/touque]] | ||
[[fi:Tuk]] | [[fi:Tuk]] |
Revision as of 16:10, 29 June 2018
The Took family was the pre-eminent clan of Hobbits in the Shire, being wealthy and having held the office of the Thain for centuries.[1] ("Took" was pronounced like "Two-k", not like "book" or "took" as in the past tense of "take"[source?]).
Territory, origins and customs
Tooks were mainly of Fallohide Hobbit stock, and had quite a reputation for unusual behavior (among other things being more adventurous than the other Hobbits[2]), a quality not valued in the Shire. For this reason they were seen as less respectable. An absurd legend among other families, was that one of the Took ancestors married a fairy. The Wizard Gandalf was a known, if disreputable, associate.[3] Bilbo Baggins and Meriadoc Brandybuck both had Took mothers.
The majority of the Tooks lived in the Great Smials of Tuckborough and in the surrounding area of Tookland, which lay in the Westfarthing.[4] A smaller clan called the North-tooks who lived far up in Long Cleeve; these were descendants of the legendary hero Bandobras Took.[5]
As was customary in traditional hobbit families, the head of the Took family ruled the clan with his wife, thus upon his death, she continued to rule as the matriarch of the family. Such was the case with Lalia Clayhanger who succeeded her husband, Fortinbras, to clan leadership. However, the Thainship passed only through male descent, so her son, Ferumbras III, was the Thain immediately after his father’s death.[6]
Took men usually were given high-sounding names which evoked battles, weapons or figures of legend, like Gerontius, Fortimbras or Isembold. Razanur Took (Pippin) was named after Razanur, a mythical traveller.[7] Took women had names of jewels, or exotic or mythical flowers.[8]
History
The first recorded Took was Isumbras Took, who in S.R. 740 became the 13th Thain of the Shire after Gorhendad Oldbuck crossed into Buckland and became the Master there. [9] Thereafter Isumbras Took was known as Isumbras I and the office of the Thain became hereditary within the Took family.
Excavation of the seat of the Took family, the Great Smials, was begun in S.R. 1083 by Thain Isengrim II.[9]
Bandobras Took, the "Bullroarer", defeated an Orc-band in the Northfarthing in 1147.[9]
In 1434 his descendant Peregrin "Pippin" Took became the 20th Thain of the Took line, the 32nd in the Shire. In 1484 Thain Peregrin I handed his office to his son, Faramir Took I and rode away from the Shire (later it is said that he and Meriadoc Brandybuck were laid to rest beside the bed of King Elessar after his passing).[10]
In the Fourth Age the Great Smials became an important repository of historic books and records.[11]
Family Tree of the Tooks of the Great Smials
Showing the line of the Thains and prominent members of the Took clan.[5] The figures after the names are those of birth (and death where that is recorded). A name preceded by an '*' indicates one who held the office of the Thain. A dashed line indicates marriage. Names in italics signify those who attended Bilbo's Farewell Party on 22 September S.R. 1401.
Family Tree Notes
- ↑ Tenth Thain of the Took line
- ↑ Including the North-tooks of Long Cleeve
- ↑ Went off on a journey and never returned
- ↑ Said to have 'gone to sea' in his youth
- ↑ Daughter of Master Samwise
Etymology
Tûk was an older name of unknown meaning in Hobbitish Westron.[8]
Took is a Welsh surname, referring to a type of sword. One of the earliest spellings of the Hobbitish form of the name in The History of Middle-earth (Tūca) matches the Welsh spelling for this name/sword,[13] which suggests that Tolkien apparently was aware of the Welsh meaning.
Inspiration
The inspiration for Elvish blood amongst the Tooks may have possibly come from the Tollkühn family intermarrying with nobility:
- "The family [Tollkühn] was also supposed to have connections with France and to have intermarried with the nobility in that country', where they acquired a French version of their nickname, du Temeraire."
- ― J.R.R. Tolkien: A Biography
- " [Tolkien's] Aunt Grace preferred the more romantic (if implausible) story of how one of the du Temeraires [Tolkiens] had fled across the [English] Channel in 1794 to escape the guillotine, apparently then assuming a form of the old name, 'Tolkien'. This gentleman was reputedly an accomplished harpsichordist and clock-repairer."
- ― J.R.R. Tolkien: A Biography
The inspiration for the name Took may have come from Tollkühn, meaning "foolhardy".
- "She [Tolkien's aunt Grace] alleged that the family name ['Tolkien'] had originally been 'von Hohenzollern', for they had emanated from the Hohenzollern district of the Holy Roman Empire. A certain George von Hohenzollern had, she said, fought on the side of Archduke Ferdinand of Austria at the Siege of Vienna in 1529. He had shown great daring in leading an unofficial raid against the Turks and capturing the Sultan's standard. This (said Aunt Grace) was why he was given the nickname Tollkühn, 'foolhardy'; and the name stuck."
- ― J.R.R. Tolkien: A Biography
References
- ↑ J.R.R. Tolkien, The Lord of the Rings, "Prologue", "Of the Ordering of the Shire"
- ↑ J.R.R. Tolkien, The Lord of the Rings, "Prologue", "Concerning Hobbits"
- ↑ J.R.R. Tolkien, The Hobbit, "An Unexpected Party"
- ↑ J.R.R. Tolkien, The Lord of the Rings, The Fellowship of the Ring, "A Part of the Shire" map
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 J.R.R. Tolkien, The Lord of the Rings, Appendix C, "Took of Great Smials"
- ↑ 6.0 6.1 J.R.R. Tolkien; Humphrey Carpenter, Christopher Tolkien (eds.), The Letters of J.R.R. Tolkien, Letter 214, (undated, written late 1958 or early 1959)
- ↑ J.R.R. Tolkien, Christopher Tolkien (ed.), The Peoples of Middle-earth, "II. The Appendix on Languages"
- ↑ 8.0 8.1 J.R.R. Tolkien, The Lord of the Rings, Appendix F, "On Translation"
- ↑ 9.0 9.1 9.2 J.R.R. Tolkien, The Lord of the Rings, Appendix B, "The Third Age"
- ↑ J.R.R. Tolkien, The Lord of the Rings, Appendix B, "Later Events Concerning the Members of the Fellowship of the Ring"
- ↑ J.R.R. Tolkien, The Lord of the Rings, "Prologue", "Note on the Shire Records"
- ↑ J.R.R. Tolkien, Christopher Tolkien (ed.), The Peoples of Middle-earth, "III. The Family Trees", Note 1
- ↑ Mark T. Hooker, Tolkien and Welsh, pp. 126-127