Uncommon words: Difference between revisions

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Many uncommon, archaic, and obsolete words are found in [[J.R.R. Tolkien]]'s works. At present the definition of these can be confusing and leads to misunderstanding the statement presented by Tolkien. The solution is to list any words that might not be recognized by readers:
Within [[J.R.R. Tolkien]]'s works, there are many '''uncommon''', archaic, obsolete and dialectal words (especially from the dialects of the United Kingdom) which might cause confusion to readers and may make a passage of text appear unwieldy.
{{CompactTOC}}
==A==
* '''abide''' - put up with, tolerate; await;
* '''abjure''' - renounce, turn away from
* '''abroad''' - in the open, at large
* '''adamant''' - diamond, or (more generally) any very hard substance
* '''afield''' - away, especially from home
* '''aforetime''' - in earlier times
* '''aghast''' - terrified, amazed
* '''agin''' - a dialect word meaning "against", "next to"
* '''aloof''' - hanging over ones head
* '''amiss''' - not as things should be
* '''an''' - if
* '''anon''' - soon; ever and anon often
* '''apace''' - quickly
* '''argent''' - silver
* '''arrassed''' - covered with arras (rich figured tapestry)
* '''assuage''' - soften, lessen, soothe
* '''astonied''' - stunned, astonished
* '''aught'''  - anything
==B==
* '''bade''' - old past tense of "bid", pronounced "bad"
* '''baldric''' - a shoulder-belt for carrying horns, swords, etc
* '''bannock''' - flat bread-cake
* '''barrel''' - the long, cylindrical part of a key
* '''baseborn''' - ignoble, illegitimate
* '''bason''' - formerly a common spelling of basin
* '''bay''' - (of a dog) bark or howl
* '''bebother''' - bring trouble upon
* '''befall''' - happen, occur
* '''belie''' - give a false impression
* '''benighted''' - in, or overtaken by, darkness
* '''bent''' - open place covered with grass
* '''beset''' - attacked, assaulted by enemies
* '''besom''' - a stiff broom made out of sticks and twigs
* '''besotted''' - made drunk
* '''besotted'''<sub>2</sub> - obsessed, entranced
* '''besought''' - old past tense of beseech
* '''bier''' - platform for carrying a coffin or body
* '''billow''' - (large) wave
* '''bivouac''' - temporary camp, without tents
* '''blazoned''' - painted or inscribed (an heraldic term)
* '''bond''' - storage of wine, etc, until duty has been paid; out of bond released from this
* '''booby''' - stupid person
* '''boon''' - favour, gift
* '''brakes''' - thickets
* '''brazen''' - made of brass
* '''brood''' - children
* '''brood'''<sub>2</sub> - related creatures
* '''brook''' - tolerate, accept
* '''buckler''' - a small round shield, held in one hand
* '''bulwark''' - a defensive structure
* '''burg''' - walled and fortified town<ref name="LT2"/>
* '''burgeon''' - come forth, bud, begin to grow quickly
* '''burnished''' - polished
==C==
* '''cairn''' - a mound of stones or rocks, used as a marker, memorial or tomb
* '''carcanet''' - jeweled necklace
* '''carouse''' - drink heavily
* '''carven''' - old form of 'carved'
* '''cataract''' - waterfall
* '''cesspool''' - a pool of waste-water or sewage
* '''chalcedony''' - a precious form of quartz onyx, agate and cornelian are all types of chalcedony
* '''champ''' - (of a horse) munch on the bit, showing eagerness
* '''charger''' large dish
* '''chime''' - agree with, be in harmony with
* '''circlet''' - a thin band of precious metal, worn on the head
* '''clamant''' - clamorous, noisy
* '''clave''' - old past tense of cleave, in the sense 'stick, adhere'
* '''clomb''' - old past tense of climb
* '''cloven''' - split into two
* '''cob''' - spider (the name survives in the term 'cobweb')
* '''coëval''' - born at the same time
* '''coffer''' - strongbox, especially for holding valuables
* '''comely''' - pleasant-looking
* '''commons''' - shared food; short commons insufficient food
* '''compass''' - accomplish, achieve
* '''conclave''' - a meeting, or the place where a meeting is held
* '''concourse''' - large group of people; crowd
* '''confines''' - borders; borderlands
* '''confusticate''' - a nonsense word, probably not intended to have a meaning (though its Latin roots can be interpreted "beat with a cudgel")
* '''constellate''' formed into a constellation
* '''cony''' - rabbit
* '''cools''' - coolnesses
* '''coomb''' - short valley in the side of a hill or mountain
* '''coop''' - cage, imprison
* '''corbel''' basket
* '''corslet''' - a piece of armour covering the body, but not the arms or legs
* '''cot''' - a small cottage<ref name="LT2"/>
* '''counsels''' - words of advice
* '''covet''' - be jealous of, desire
* '''covetice''' - (inordinate) desire, covetousness
* '''cozen''' - lie to, cheat, deceive
* '''craven''' - coward
* '''crocks''' - items of crockery plates, dishes, etc.
* '''culvert''' - a channel carrying water beneath a thoroughfare
* '''cumbrous''' - awkward, inconvenient
* '''cunning-handed''' - deft, artful, dexterous
* '''curdle''' - turn sour
==D==
* '''dainty''' - morsel, delicacy
* '''damask''' - steel and iron specially welded to make a serpentine pattern
* '''darkling''' - dark (poetical)
* '''daunt''' - intimidate
* '''declaim''' - speak or recite passionately
* '''deem''' - consider, conclude
* '''defile''' - ruin, corrupt
* '''defray''' - pay for
* '''dell''' - small valley
* '''descry''' - catch sight of, especially something difficult to see
* '''devices''' - things, especially situations, devised or engineered
* '''dingle''' - deep hollow, usually shaded with trees
* '''dissemble''' - hide one's true intentions
* '''divers''' - numerous and various
* '''dolven''' - delved, dug out
* '''doom''' - fate (as opposed to modern usage, doom in this sense is not necessarily bad)
* '''dotard''' - a person who has lost their wits, especially through old age
* '''doughty''' - strong, powerful
* '''draught''' - drawing or pulling force
* '''draught'''<sub>2</sub> - a drink drawn from a barrel or storage jar
* '''drear''' - dismal, gloomy
* '''dregs''' - sediment found at the bottom of wine, tea, etc. To "drink to the dregs" is to completely drain a cup or (metaphorically) fully involve oneself
* '''dry''' - (of bricks or stone) laid without mortar
* '''durstn't''' - dare not
* '''dwimmer-crafty''' - skilled in the arts of magic
==E==
* '''eaves''' - the fringe of a forest (from the resemblance of the overhanging forest canopy to the eaves of a house)
* '''eld''' - old age
* '''ell''' - a measure of length, usually equivalent to 45 inches or 114 cm
* '''embattled''' - of a fortress, having battlements
* '''embattled'''<sub>2</sub> - of an army, fortified against attack (this is the dictionary definition, but in ''The Lord of the Rings'', Tolkien's usage seems to mean simply "in battle")
* '''embrasure''' - beveled door or window frame cut into a wall
* '''encompass''' - surround
* '''ere''' - before
* '''errantry''' - journeying in search of adventure
* '''espy''' - catch sight of
* '''essay''' - attempt
* '''esteem''' - consider to be of worth; esteem too lightly underestimate
* '''et''' - a variation of "ate", common in British rural dialects
* '''etten''' - eaten - see "et"
* '''ewer''' - pitcher for water<ref name="LT2"/>
* '''eyot''' - a small island<ref name="LT2"/>
==F==
* '''faggot''' - bundle of sticks used as firewood
* '''fain''' gladly; disposed, desirous; fain of well-pleased with
* '''falter''' - waver, lose courage
* '''fane''' temple
* '''fare''' - travel, go on a journey
* '''fastness''' - secure fortress
* '''fawn''' - cringe, grovel
* '''fealty''' - allegiance and service to a lord
* '''feign''' - pretend
* '''fell''' - merciless, terrifying
* '''fell'''<sub>2</sub> - animal's hide
* '''fell'''<sub>3</sub> - moorland hill
* '''fender''' - a metal frame placed around a fireplace
* '''fetter''' - chain, shackle
* '''fey''' -The old senses were ‘fated, approaching death; presaging death’. It seems very unlikely that the later sense ‘possessing or displaying magical, fairylike, or unearthly qualities’ (O.E.D. Supplement) was intended.
* '''field''' - background color on a flag or shield in heraldry.
* '''figured''' - marked with drawings or writing
* '''firth''' - An inlet of the sea at a wide river estuary
* '''flagon''' - large jug or mug, usually used to hold wine or beer
* '''flammifer''' - in Latin, flammifer means "fiery", but Tolkien's usage is likely meant to suggest "flame-bearer", as a reference to the blazing Silmaril borne by Eärendil.
* '''flank''' - the exposed side of an attacking or marching army
* '''flittermice''' - [[bats]]
* '''flotsam''' - floating wreckage; flotsam and jetsam items washed up by the sea, or a flood (also used figuratively)
* '''flummoxed''' - bewildered, disconcerted
* '''footpad''' - a thief (historically, a "footpad" was a highwayman who had no horse)
* '''forbear''' - hold back from
* '''forebode''' - foresee (especially something that is evil)
* '''forespeak''' - foretell, predict
* '''foreswear''' - swear not to do something
* '''forgo''' - let go, do without
* '''forlorn''' - abandoned, desolate
* '''forsake''' - desert, turn away from (the past tense is forsook)
* '''forsooth''' - in truth, actually
* '''fortnight''' - a period of two weeks
* '''fosse''' - a defensive trench or ditch; pit<ref name="LT2"/>
* '''founder''' - sink, after taking on water
* '''fraught''' - full (of)
* '''freshet''' - a stream, or (strictly) a flood of fresh water
* '''furlong''' - one eighth of a mile (220 yards), or about one fifth of a kilometre
==G==
* '''gaffer''' - a word meaning both "old man" and "foreman"* its use as the nickname of Hamfast Gamgee is probably mean to combine both meanings.
* '''gainsay''' - contradict
* '''gallop''' - boil and bubble
* '''game''' - crippled
* '''gammer''' - old woman
* '''garth''' - an enclosed garden or yard
* '''ghyll''' - deep ravine
* '''gibbet''' - A gallows built to display the body of an executed criminal
* '''gimlet''' - A sharp boring tool, similar in general design to a corkscrew; see like gimlets see sharply
* '''girdle''' - belt or cord used especially to confine clothing
* '''girdle'''<sub>2</sub> - something which surrounds or encircles; girdle of Arda the central regions of Arda, equidistant from the far north and south
* '''girt''' - bound or attached with a belt
* '''glede''' - burning coal or cinder
* '''gloaming''' - the twilight of evening
* '''glower''' - scowl, frown
* '''goggle''' - stare with round eyes
* '''gorcrow''' - carrion crow
* '''graven''' - engraved, carved
* '''greened''' - made green from the mosses and lichens on a tree's trunk
* '''grot''' - old form of "grotto"; an ornamental or picturesque cavern
* '''guileful''' - treacherous, deceitful
* '''gunwale''' - the top edge of a boat's side, pronounced (and sometimes spelt) 'gunnel'
==H==
* '''habergeon''' - a mail-coat without sleeves
* '''hale''' - robust, strong of body
* '''hame''' - hide, pelt
* '''hang''' - to leave food, especially game, in the open until it becomes "high" or tender
* '''harbour''' - succor, assistance
* '''hardly''' - with great difficulty
* '''hardly'''<sub>2</sub> - only just
* '''harry''' - ravage
* '''haste''' - hurry, rush
* '''hauberk''' - mail-coat
* '''headstall''' - a covering for a horse's head, used as an alternative to bridle and bit
* '''hearken''' - listen, pay attention
* '''heed''' - thought, consideration
* '''heedless''' - careless of danger
* '''hence''' - from here
* '''hew''' - chop, slice
* '''hither''' - to here, to this place; hither and thither in various directions
* '''hither'''<sub>2</sub> - nearer, closer
* '''hoar''' - grey- or white-haired
* '''hobble''' - limp, walk with difficulty
* '''hock''' - the middle joint of a horse's or pony's leg
* '''houseleek''' - a fleshy plant that grows on the walls and roofs of houses
* '''hue''' - form or shape
* '''hummock''' - a small hill or knoll (in The Lord of the Rings, "hummock" is used metaphorically to describe the shape made by the [[palantír]] beneath Gandalf's cloak)
* '''hundredweight''' - the pun in Tolkien's description of Bilbo's 112th birthday as a "Hundredweight Feast" is based on the fact that in Britain a hundredweight is 112 pounds. <ref>[[Wayne G. Hammond]], [[Christina Scull]], ''[[The Lord of the Rings: A Reader's Companion]]'', p. 74.</ref><ref>[[Mark T. Hooker]], ''[[The Hobbitonian Anthology]]'', pp. 160-164.</ref>
* '''hunter's moon''' -  the full moon of mid- to late October
* '''hythe''' - a small harbour or haven, especially on a river, "low place on a river bank for landing a boat"<ref>{{webcite|author=[[Andreas Möhn]]|articleurl=http://lalaith.vpsurf.de/Tolkien/Bombadil_in_the_Shire.html|articlename=Bombadil in the Shire|dated=|website=Lalaith |accessed=16 May 2012}}</ref>


:(''Page numbers refer to The History of Middle-earth Volume I: The Book of Lost Tales, Part I'')
==I==
* '''ill''' - evil, wrong
* '''inaureoled''' surrounded with a halo, (the word is only recorded in the O.E.D. in a poem by Francis Thompson, 1897).
==J==
* '''jacinth''' - blue<ref name="LT2"/>
* '''jetsam''' - items thrown overboard from a ship, and later washed ashore
==K==
* '''keen''' - sharp
* '''kerb''' - a raised edge to a road or path
* '''kindle''' - set fire to, begin to burn
==L==
* '''lampads''' - The word is only recorded in the O.E.D. (first used by Coleridge) of the seven lamps of fire burning before the throne of God in the Book of Revelation, chapter 4 verse 5.
* '''lave''' - wash, bathe
* '''lay''' - a poem that is meant to be sung
* '''league''' - a measure of distance, about three miles<ref name="LT2"/>
* '''leaguer''' - an encampment or encampments, especially for defensive purposes
* '''leave''' - permission
* '''lee''' - shelter, especially from wind and weather
* '''leech''' - healer
* '''leechcraft''' - the practice of magical medicine. The name is based on the Celtic word for ''stone''. The animal leech (Latin: ''sanguisuga'', literally: ''blood sucker'') is named for the healer (leech), rather than the other way around. <ref>[[Mark T. Hooker]], ''[[The Hobbitonian Anthology]]'', pp. 165-172.</ref>
* '''[[legendarium]]''' - term coined by Tolkien to mean the entirety of his works concerning his imagined world of [[Eä]]
* '''lets upon''' gives on to, opens on to
* '''lief''' gladly, willingly
* '''liever''' more gladly, more willingly, rather
* '''lissom''' - lithe, supple
* '''loath''' - reluctant
* '''lob''' - spider (seen, for example, in the name [[Shelob]])
* '''loth''' - reluctant [a variation on loath above]
* '''louver''' - a domed structure built on a roof with side-openings to allow smoke to escape
* '''lustihead''' vigour


: '''abide''' - put up with, tolerate; await;
==M==
: '''abjure''' - renounce, turn away from
* '''malefactor''' - one who commits an evil act
: '''abroad''' - in the open, at large
* '''mantle''' - cloak, cover
: '''adamant''' - diamond, or (more generally) any very hard substance
* '''mar''' - spoil or damage beyond repair
: '''afield''' - away, especially from home
* '''march''' - share borders
: '''aforetime''' - in earlier times
* '''marchwarden''' - border guard
: '''aghast''' - terrified, amazed
* '''mark''' - notice, detect
: '''agin''' - a dialect word meaning 'against', 'next to'
* '''marshal''' - place in proper order
: '''amiss''' - not as things should be
* '''mattock''' - a primitive weapon, originally a farming tool, perhaps best described as a double-headed battle-hoe
: '''an''' - if, 63, 155, 165, 171, 183, 201, 204, 211, 221, 235
* '''maw''' - jaws and throat, especially of a ferocious animal
: '''anon''' - soon; ever and anon often
* '''mayhap''' - perhaps
: '''apace''' - quickly
* '''mead''' - an alcoholic drink made from honey
: '''argent''' - silver
* '''mead'''<sub>2</sub> - meadow
: '''arrassed''' - covered with arras (rich figured tapestry), 6
* '''meed''' - requital
: '''assuage''' - soften, lessen, soothe
* '''mere''' - lake or pond
: '''astonied''' - stunned, astonished, 124, 207
* '''mew''' - a type of gull
: '''aught''' - anything
* '''midge''' - tiny airborne biting insect; not unlike a mosquito, but much smaller
: '''bade''' - old past tense of 'bid', pronounced 'bad'
* '''minished''' reduced, diminished
: '''baldric''' - a shoulder-belt for carrying horns, swords, etc
* '''mischance''' - accident
: '''bannock''' - flat bread-cake
* '''misgive''' - fill with doubt or suspicion
: '''barrel''' - the long, cylindrical part of a key
* '''moonshine''' - fantastic ideas
: '''baseborn''' - ignoble, illegitimate
* '''muster''' - collect, assemble
: '''bason''' formerly a common spelling of basin, 182 etc.
==N==
: '''bay''' - (of a dog) bark or howl
* '''nethermost''' - lowest, deepest
: '''bebother''' - bring trouble upon
* '''nicety''' - precision, exactness; weigh to a nicety measure exactly
: '''befall''' - happen, occur
* '''nigh''' - near; well nigh, wellnigh almost, very nearly
: '''belie''' - give a false impression
* '''nightshade''' - probably simply "darkness" (the literal use of this word appears to be unique to Tolkien - in * historical English, it is only used figuratively as the name of a poisonous plant)
: '''benighted''' - in, or overtaken by, darkness
* '''noisome''' - foul-smelling, poisonous
: '''bent''' - open place covered with grass, 27
* '''nook''' - corner, recess
: '''beset''' - attacked, assaulted by enemies
* '''[[Wiktionary:nuncle|nuncle]]'''<ref>{{FR|I12}}</ref><ref>{{AB|7}}</ref> - uncle (from "an uncle")<ref>{{webcite|author=|articleurl=http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/nuncle|articlename="nuncle"|dated=|website=[http://www.merriam-webster.com/ Merriam-Webster]|accessed=9 March 2012}}</ref>
: '''besom''' - a stiff broom made out of sticks and twigs
==O==
: '''besotted''' - made drunk
* '''obeisance''' - bowing or kneeling in submission
: '''besotted'''<sub>2</sub> - obsessed, entranced
* '''oft''' - often
: '''besought''' - old past tense of beseech
* '''or ... or''' - either ... or<ref name="LT2"/>
: '''bier''' - platform for carrying a coffin or body
* '''or yet''' - apparently means "already",
: '''billow''' - (large) wave
* '''ostler''' - stable-keeper
: '''bivouac''' - temporary camp, without tents
* '''ousel''' blackbird, 43 (now spelled ouzel, in Ring-ouzel and other bird-names).
: '''blazoned''' - painted or inscribed (an heraldic term)
* '''oust''' - take possession of another's lands, property, title, etc.
: '''bond''' - storage of wine, etc, until duty has been paid; out of bond released from this
* '''outworn''' - exhausted
: '''booby''' - stupid person
* '''overbear''' - defeat by weight of numbers
: '''boon''' - favour, gift
==P==
: '''brakes''' thickets, 113
* '''pallid''' - pale
: '''brazen''' - made of brass
* '''panoply''' - full suit of armour
: '''brood''' - children
* '''parapet''' - defensive wall built to protect troops
: '''brood'''<sub>2</sub> - related creatures
* '''parley''' - discuss terms of peace or cease-fire
: '''brook''' - tolerate, accept
* '''passward''' - something granting passage of a guard
: '''buckler''' - a small round shield, held in one hand
* '''pate''' - head, mind
: '''bulwark''' - a defensive structure
* '''pent''' - restricted, confined
: '''burg''' - a fortress, or a fortified town
* '''penthouse''' - the area beneath a sloping roof, especially as a later extension to an existing building
: '''burgeon''' - come forth, bud, begin to grow quickly
* '''perforce''' - having no choice, being forced
: '''burnished''' - polished
* '''pinion''' - a bird's wing, and especially the tip
: '''cairn''' - a mound of stones or rocks, used as a marker, memorial or tomb
* '''plash''' - splash
: '''carcanet''' - jewelled necklace
* '''pleasance''' - "A pleasure-ground, usually attached to a mansion; sometimes a secluded part of a garden, but more often a separate enclosure laid out with shady walks, trees and shrubs..." (O.E.D.)
: '''carouse''' - drink heavily
* '''pled''' old past tense of plead, 186
: '''carven''' - old form of 'carved'
* '''plenilune''' - the time of full moon (see ''[[The Letters of J.R.R. Tolkien|Letters]]'' p. 310).
: '''cataract''' - waterfall
* '''portage''' - transporting a boat overland
: '''cesspool''' - a pool of waste-water or sewage
* '''portent''' - omen, sign
: '''chalcedony''' - a precious form of quartz: onyx, agate and cornelian are all types of chalcedony
* '''postern''' - a back- or side-entrance
: '''champ''' - (of a horse) munch on the bit, showing eagerness
* '''pricks''' - (spurs his horse), rides fast. [[Oromë]] pricks over the plain echoes the first line of The Faerie Queene, A Gentle Knight was pricking on the plaine.
: '''charger''' large dish, 214
* '''profound''' - deep
: '''chime''' - agree with, be in harmony with
* '''prosy''' - dull, contented with the commonplace
: '''circlet''' - a thin band of precious metal, worn on the head
* '''provender''' - food
: '''clamant''' - clamorous, noisy, 37
* '''puissant''' - powerful<ref name="LT2"/>
: '''clave''' - old past tense of cleave, in the sense 'stick, adhere'
* '''purloin''' - steal
: '''clomb''' - old past tense of climb, 132
==Q==
: '''cloven''' - split into two
* '''quaff''' - drink deeply
: '''coëval''' - born at the same time
* '''quail''' - give way to, be intimidated by
: '''cob''' - spider (the name survives in the term 'cobweb')
==R==
: '''coffer''' - strongbox, especially for holding valuables
* '''raiment''' - clothing
: '''comely''' - pleasant-looking
* '''rearguard''' - that part of an army set to cover its rear ranks, especially in retreat
: '''commons''' - shared food; short commons insufficient food
* '''recked''' - troubled, cared
: '''compass''' - accomplish, achieve
* '''rede''' - counsel, advice; plan; redes counsels
: '''conclave''' - a meeting, or the place where a meeting is held
* '''redound''' - contribute to, advance
: '''concourse''' - large group of people; crowd
* '''redress''' - setting right
: '''confines''' - borders; borderlands
* '''reft''' - past tense of the old word reave, to take by force
: '''confusticate''' - a nonsense word, probably not intended to have a meaning (though its Latin roots can be interpreted 'beat with a cudgel')
* '''rent''' - past tense of rend, to tear or split
: '''constellate''' formed into a constellation, 218
* '''repair''' - make one's way, go<ref name="LT2"/>
: '''cools''' - coolnesses, 75
* '''respite''' - relief, calm interval
: '''cony''' - rabbit
* '''revelry''' - merrymaking
: '''coomb''' - short valley in the side of a hill or mountain
* '''rick''' - a stack, especially of hay
: '''coop''' - cage, imprison
* '''rill''' - a small stream
: '''corbel''' basket, 208
* '''rondured''' - (in '''golden-rondured'''). Rondure "circle, rounded form"; rondured is not recorded.
: '''corslet''' - a piece of armour covering the body, but not the arms or legs
* '''rude''' - simple, primitive
: '''cot''' - a small shelter; the origin of the word 'cottage'
* '''rue''' - regret, repent of
: '''counsels''' - words of advice
* '''rumour''' - sound
: '''covet''' - be jealous of, desire
* '''ruth''' - matter of sorrow, calamity; distress, grief; remorse
: '''covetice''' - (inordinate) desire, 126; covetousness, 161-2
==S==
: '''cozen''' - lie to, cheat, deceive
* '''sable''' - heraldic term for black
: '''craven''' - coward
* '''sallow''' - having yellow or pale brown skin
: '''crocks''' - items of crockery: plates, dishes, etc.
* '''saps''' - deep diggings
: '''culvert''' - a channel carrying water beneath a thoroughfare
* '''sate''' - old past tense of sit
: '''cumbrous''' - awkward, inconvenient
* '''save''' - except
: '''cunning-handed''' - deft, artful, dexterous
* '''seamews''' - seagulls
: '''curdle''' - turn sour
* '''selenites''' - inhabitants of the [[Moon]]
: '''dainty''' - morsel, delicacy
* '''semblance''' - appearance
: '''damask''' - steel and iron specially welded to make a serpentine pattern
* '''shade''' - ghost or phantasm
: '''darkling''' - dark (poetical)
* '''shallop''' - This word had precise applications to particular kinds of boat, but here apparently means "open boat propelled by oars and sail".
: '''daunt''' - intimidate
* '''shank''' - leg; especially that part between the knee and ankle
: '''declaim''' - speak or recite passionately
* '''share''' - share=ploughshare, but used here of the blade of a scythe.
: '''deem''' - consider, conclude
* '''sheaf''' - bundle or cluster of stalks
: '''defile''' - ruin, corrupt
* '''shoal''' - a particularly shallow part of a river- or sea-bed
: '''defray''' - pay for
* '''shore''' - slice, tear (an old past tense of "shear")
: '''dell''' - small valley
* '''shun''' - refuse
: '''descry''' - catch sight of, especially something difficult to see
* '''sister-son''' - nephew
: '''devices''' - things, especially situations, devised or engineered
* '''sledge-blows''' blows as of a sledge, a large heavy hammer
: '''dingle''' - deep hollow, usually shaded with trees
* '''slot''' - track of an animal<ref name="LT2"/>
: '''dissemble''' - hide one's true intentions
* '''slowcoach''' - someone who moves slowly, or is often late
: '''divers''' - numerous and various
* '''sluggard''' - slow or lazy person
: '''dolven''' - delved, dug out
* '''smite''' - strike, attack (the past tense is smote)
: '''doom''' - fate (as opposed to modern usage, doom in this sense is not necessarily bad)
* '''snuff''' - sniff deeply
: '''dotard''' - a person who has lost their wits, especially through old age
* '''sojourn''' - temporary stay
: '''doughty''' - strong, powerful
* '''sooth''' - true, truthful
: '''draught''' - drawing or pulling force
* '''sortie''' - an attack launched by a besieged force
: '''draught'''<sub>2</sub> - a drink drawn from a barrel or storage jar
* '''spinney''' - group of trees, or small wood
: '''drear''' - dismal, gloomy
* '''sprent''' - past participle of the lost verb sprenge "sprinkle, scatter"
: '''dregs''' - sediment found at the bottom of wine, tea, etc. To 'drink to the dregs' is to completely drain a cup or (metaphorically) fully involve oneself
* '''[[Sprites|sprite(s)]]''' - spirit(s)
: '''dry''' - (of bricks or stone) laid without mortar
* '''stead''' - place, position
: '''durstn't''' - dare not
* '''stem''' - block, hold back
: '''dwimmer-crafty''' - skilled in the arts of magic
* '''stock''' - the trunk or stump of a tree; stock and stone inanimate things
: '''eaves''' - the fringe of a forest (from the resemblance of the overhanging forest canopy to the eaves of a house)
* '''stoop''' - in falconry, to swoop on prey
: '''eld''' - old age, 57, 247, 258
* '''straightway''' - immediately, directly
: '''ell''' - a measure of length, usually equivalent to 45 inches or 114 cm
* '''strait''' - narrowly confining
: '''embattled''' - of a fortress, having battlements
* '''straitly''' - narrowly, tightly
: '''embattled'''<sub>2</sub> - of an army, fortified against attack (this is the dictionary definition, but in The Lord of the Rings, Tolkien's usage seems to mean simply 'in battle')
* '''strand''' - shore, shoreline, especially a beach
: '''embrasure''' - bevelled door or window frame cut into a wall
* '''stricken''' - struck, beaten;<ref name="LT2"/> (as an adjective) damaged, broken
: '''encompass''' - surround
* '''suaded''' - persuaded
: '''ere''' - before
* '''succour''' - give aid
: '''errantry''' - journeying in search of adventure
* '''sunder''' - divide, separate
: '''espy''' - catch sight of
* '''surname''' - an additional name indicating some quality or ability (as distinct from modern usage, surname in this context has no connection with family)
: '''essay''' - attempt
* '''sward''' - region of short grass, lawn
: '''esteem''' - consider to be of worth; esteem too lightly underestimate
* '''swart''' - dark-skinned
: '''et''' - a variation of 'ate', common in British rural dialects
* '''swarthy''' - dark-skinned
: '''etten''' - eaten - see 'et'
* '''swath''' - a strip of grass that has been flattened or mown
: '''ewer''' - large, wide-mouthed water jug
* '''swoon''' - faint
: '''eyot''' - a small island, especially found in a river
 
: '''faggot''' - bundle of sticks used as firewood
==T==
: '''fain''' gladly, 41, 166; disposed, desirous, 218; fain of well-pleased with, 126, 235
* '''tarn''' - mountain lake
: '''falter''' - waver, lose courage
* '''tarry''' - pause, wait
: '''fane''' temple, 33, 37
* '''thanksgiving'''- festival of giving thanks, as in a prayer
: '''fare''' - travel, go on a journey
* '''thenceforward''' - from that time on
: '''fastness''' - secure fortress
* '''thither''' - to or in that place
: '''fawn''' - cringe, grovel
* '''thraldom''' - slavery
: '''fealty''' - allegiance and service to a lord
* '''thrall''' - slave
: '''feign''' - pretend
* '''thrawn''' - twisted, misshapen
: '''fell''' - merciless, terrifying
* '''thrawn'''<sub>2</sub> - obstinate, stubborn
: '''fell'''<sub>2</sub> - animal's hide
* '''throe''' - violent agony
: '''fell'''<sub>3</sub> - moorland hill
* '''throve''' - old past tense of 'thrive'
: '''fender''' - a metal frame placed around a fireplace
* '''thwart''' - foil, stop
: '''fetter''' - chain, shackle
* '''tidings''' - news
: '''fey''' - 31. The old senses were ‘fated, approaching death; presaging death’. It seems very unlikely that the later sense ‘possessing or displaying magical, fairylike, or unearthly qualities’ (O.E.D. Supplement) was intended.
* '''tipsy''' - slightly drunk
: '''figured''' - marked with drawings or writing
* '''tithe''' - tenth part<ref name="LT2"/>
: '''firth''' - An inlet of the sea at a wide river estuary
* '''toils''' - trap, snare
: '''flagon''' - large jug or mug, usually used to hold wine or beer
* '''toothsome''' - pleasantly appetising
: '''flammifer''' - in Latin, flammifer means 'fiery', but Tolkien's usage is likely meant to suggest 'flame-bearer', as a reference to the blazing Silmaril borne by Eärendil.
* '''tors''' - rocky hill-tops
: '''flank''' - the exposed side of an attacking or marching army
* '''toss-pot''' - drunkard
: '''flittermice''' - [[bats]], 34
* '''tracery''' - complex interlinked ornamentation
: '''flotsam''' - floating wreckage; flotsam and jetsam items washed up by the sea, or a flood (also used figuratively)
* '''traffic''' - trade
: '''flummoxed''' - bewildered, disconcerted
* '''trammels''' - nets, traps
: '''footpad''' - a thief (historically, a 'footpad' was a highwayman who had no horse)
* '''traverse''' - travel through or across
: '''forbear''' - hold back from
* '''trillups''', '''trillaping''' - Unknown
: '''forebode''' - foresee (especially something that is evil)
* '''trove''' - found treasure
: '''forespeak''' - foretell, predict
* '''truncheon''' - a wooden shaft used as a weapon, or part of a weapon
: '''foreswear''' - swear not to do something
* '''tryst''' - a prearranged meeting; '''break tryst''' fail to appear at the agreed upon time and place
: '''forgo''' - let go, do without
* '''tumult''' - noisy disturbance
: '''forlorn''' - abandoned, desolate
* '''tunic''' - a loose, short-sleeved garment
: '''forsake''' - desert, turn away from (the past tense is forsook)
* '''tuppence''' - two pence, a very small amount of money; not care tuppence have no interest
: '''forsooth''' - in truth, actually
* '''turnkey''' - jailer
: '''fortnight''' - a period of two weeks
* '''tussock''' - clump of grass
: '''fosse''' - a defensive trench or ditch
* '''twine''' - twist strands together into a rope
: '''founder''' - sink, after taking on water
 
: '''fraught''' - full (of)
==U==
: '''freshet''' - a stream, or (strictly) a flood of fresh water
* '''umbel''' - long flower, as in hemlock or parsley
: '''furlong''' - one eighth of a mile (220 yards), or about one fifth of a kilometre
* '''unblazoned''' - an heraldic term, plain, undecorated
: '''gaffer''' - a word meaning both 'old man' and 'foreman': its use as the nickname of Hamfast Gamgee is probably mean to combine both meanings.
* '''umbraged''' - (in '''wide-umbraged''') Umbraged "shaded, shadowed", but here in the sense "shadowing", "casting a shade".
: '''gainsay''' - contradict
* '''ungentle''' - rough, coarse
: '''gallop''' - boil and bubble
* '''unquiet''' - anxious, concerned
: '''game''' - crippled
* '''unsated''' - unsatisfied
: '''gammer''' - old woman
* '''unsullied''' - pure, uncorrupted
: '''garth''' - an enclosed garden or yard
* '''upbraid''' - criticise
: '''ghyll''' - deep ravine
* '''upheave''' - push or force upwards
: '''gibbet''' - A gallows built to display the body of an executed criminal
==V==
: '''gimlet''' - A sharp boring tool, similar in general design to a corkscrew; see like gimlets see sharply
* '''vale''' - the valley of a river
: '''girdle''' - belt or cord used especially to confine clothing
* '''varmint''' - pest, bothersome person or animal
: '''girdle'''<sub>2</sub> - something which surrounds or encircles; girdle of Arda the central regions of Arda, equidistant from the far north and south
* '''vassal''' - servant, bondsman
: '''girt''' - bound or attached with a belt
* '''vie''' - struggle with, be rival to
: '''glede''' - burning coal or cinder
* '''vigil''' - watchfulness; hold vigil make devotion
: '''gloaming''' - the twilight of evening
* '''viol''' - an old instrument, usually with six strings, similar to a violin but held in a vertical position like a 'cello
: '''glower''' - scowl, frown
==W==
: ''go'' - move, in the phrase all the creatures that go 247
* '''waif''' - homeless person
: '''goggle''' - stare with round eyes
* '''wain''' - wagon; The Wain the constellation of the Plough or Big Dipper
: '''graven''' - engraved, carved
* '''wan''' - pale
: '''greened''' - made green from the mosses and lichens on a tree's trunk
* '''wards''' - the "teeth" of a key
: '''grot''' - old form of 'grotto'; an ornamental or picturesque cavern
* '''ware''' - old form of aware
: '''guileful''' - treacherous, deceitful
* '''waver''' - shimmer, flicker
: '''gunwale''' - the top edge of a boat's side, pronounced (and sometimes spelt) 'gunnel'
* '''waver'''<sub>2</sub> - show indecision
: '''habergeon''' - a mail-coat without sleeves
* '''wax''' - grow stronger; increase
: '''hale''' - robust, strong of body
* '''waylay''' - intercept, prevent from going forward
: '''hame''' - hide, pelt
* '''wayward''' - uncontrollable, unpredictable
: '''hang''' - to leave food, especially game, in the open until it becomes 'high' or tender
* '''web(s)''' - woven fabric
: '''harbour''' - succour, assistance
* '''wellnigh''' - almost, very nearly
: '''hardly''' - with great difficulty
* '''weregild''' - a payment in compensation for a death (literally "man-money")
: '''hardly'''<sub>2</sub> - only just
* '''wheedle''' - coax, persuade
: '''harry''' - ravage
* '''whelm''' - engulf, cover
: '''haste''' - hurry, rush
* '''whence''' - from where
: '''hauberk''' - mail-coat
* '''whereat''' - for which reason
: '''headstall''' - a covering for a horse's head, used as an alternative to bridle and bit
* '''wherefore''' - for what (or which) reason
: '''hearken''' - listen, pay attention
* '''whet''' - sharpen
: '''heed''' - thought, consideration
* '''whickering''' - The verb whicker meant to laugh or titter, or of a horse to whinny, but the O.E.D. cites a line from Masefield ''the wall-top grasses whickered in the breeze'', and the 1920 Supplement to the Dictionary gives a meaning "to make a hurtling sound", with a single citation where the word is used of a thunderbolt "whickering through the sky". In the 1962 version of ''[[The Man in the Moon]]'' the word flickering occurs in this verse.
: '''heedless''' - careless of danger
* '''whitethorn''' - hawthorn
: '''hence''' - from here
* '''whither''' - to which place
: '''hew''' - chop, slice
* '''wildered''' - perplexed, bewildered
: '''hither''' - to here, to this place; hither and thither in various directions
* '''wile''' - trick, deceit
: '''hither'''<sub>2</sub> - nearer, closer
* '''wizened''' - of shriveled appearance
: '''hoar''' - grey- or white-haired
* '''wold''' - an upland region of moorland
: '''hobble''' - limp, walk with difficulty
* '''wont''' - customarily, regularly; wont to err thus regularly make mistakes of this kind
: '''hock''' - the middle joint of a horse's or pony's leg
* '''worrit''' - worry
: '''houseleek''' - a fleshy plant that grows on the walls and roofs of houses, 101
* '''worst''' - defeat
: '''hue''' - form or shape
* '''wrack''' - devastation, downfall, ruin, (compare with [http://www.askoxford.com/concise_oed/rack_3?view=uk rack and ruin])<ref name="LT2">{{HM|LT2}}, "Short Glossary of Obsolete, Archaic and Rare Words"</ref>
: '''hummock''' - a small hill or knoll (in The Lord of the Rings, 'hummock' is used metaphorically to describe the shape made by the palantír beneath Gandalf's cloak)
* '''wrack'''<sub>2</sub> - clouds being driven by a strong wind?
: '''hunter's moon''' - the full moon of mid- to late October
* '''wraith''' - ghost, apparition
: '''hythe''' - a small harbour or haven, especially on a river
* '''wreathe''' - engulf, surround (especially of vapour or fire)
: '''ill''' - evil, wrong
* '''wrest''' - take by force
: '''inaureoled''' surrounded with a halo, 230 (the word is only recorded in the O.E.D. in a poem by Francis Thompson, 1897).
* '''writhen''' - writhing, twisting
: '''jacinth''' - blue, 27
* '''wroth''' - angry
: '''jetsam''' - items thrown overboard from a ship, and later washed ashore
==Y==
: '''keen''' - sharp
* '''yammer''' - wail, weep, cry
: '''kerb''' - a raised edge to a road or path
* '''yoke''' - wooden harness for oxen; under the yoke under complete control
: '''kindle''' - set fire to, begin to burn
* '''yonder''' - over there
: '''lampads''' - 29. The word is only recorded in the O.E.D. (first used by Coleridge) of the seven lamps of fire burning before the throne of God in the Book of Revelation, iv.5.
* '''yore''' - long ago
: '''lave''' - wash, bathe
 
: '''lay''' - a poem that is meant to be sung
==Z==
: '''league''' - a measure of distance, usually considered to be equivalent to three miles
* '''zenith''' - highest point
: '''leaguer''' - an encampment or encampments, especially for defensive purposes
 
: '''leave''' - permission
{{references}}
: '''lee''' - shelter, especially from wind and weather
 
: '''leech''' - healer
==External links==
: '''leechcraft''' - an old name for the practice of medicine, from the ancient belief that blood-sucking leeches had a healing effect
*[http://www.tolkienenglishglossary.com/ A Tolkien English Glossary (web edition)]
: '''lets upon''' gives on to, opens on to, 237
 
: '''lief''' gladly, willingly, 181; '''liever''' more gladly, more willingly, rather, 112, 181
__NOTOC__
: '''lissom''' - lithe, supple
 
: '''loath''' - reluctant
[[Category:Languages (real-world)]]
: '''lob''' - spider (seen, for example, in the name Shelob)
: '''loth''' - reluctant [a variation on loath above]
: '''louver''' - a domed structure built on a roof with side-openings to allow smoke to escape
: '''lustihead''' vigour, 105
: '''malefactor''' - one who commits an evil act
: '''mantle''' - cloak, cover
: '''mar''' - spoil or damage beyond repair
: '''march''' - share borders
: '''marchwarden''' - border guard
: '''mark''' - notice, detect
: '''marshal''' - place in proper order
: '''mattock''' - a primitive weapon, originally a farming tool, perhaps best described as a double-headed battle-hoe
: '''maw''' - jaws and throat, especially of a ferocious animal
: '''mayhap''' - perhaps
: '''mead''' - an alcoholic drink made from honey
: '''mead'''<sub>2</sub> - meadow
: '''meed''' - requital, 112
: '''mere''' - lake or pond
: '''mew''' - a type of gull
: '''midge''' - tiny airborne biting insect; not unlike a mosquito, but much smaller
: '''minished''' reduced, diminished, 165, 235
: '''mischance''' - accident
: '''misgive''' - fill with doubt or suspicion
: '''moonshine''' - fantastic ideas
: '''muster''' - collect, assemble
: '''nethermost''' - lowest, deepest
: '''nicety''' - precision, exactness; weigh to a nicety measure exactly
: '''nigh''' - near; well nigh, wellnigh almost, very nearly
: '''nightshade''' - probably simply 'darkness' (the literal use of this word appears to be unique to Tolkien - in : historical English, it is only used figuratively as the name of a poisonous plant)
: '''noisome''' - foul-smelling, poisonous
: '''nook''' - corner, recess
: '''obeisance''' - bowing or kneeling in submission
: '''oft''' - often
: '''or ... or''' either ... or, 137, 241
: '''or yet''' apparently means ‘already’, 185
: '''ostler''' - stable-keeper
: '''ousel''' blackbird, 43 (now spelt ouzel, in Ring-ouzel and other bird-names).
: '''oust''' - take possession of another's lands, property, title, etc.
: '''outworn''' - exhausted
: '''overbear''' - defeat by weight of numbers
: '''pallid''' - pale
: '''panoply''' - full suit of armour
: '''parapet''' - defensive wall built to protect troops
: '''parley''' - discuss terms of peace or cease-fire
: '''passward''' - something granting passage of a guard
: '''pate''' - head, mind
: '''pent''' - restricted, confined
: '''penthouse''' - the area beneath a sloping roof, especially as a later extension to an existing building
: '''perforce''' - having no choice, being forced
: '''pinion''' - a bird's wing, and especially the tip
: '''plash''' - splash
: '''pleasance''' - ‘A pleasure-ground, usually attached to a mansion; sometimes a secluded part of a garden, but more often a separate enclosure laid out with shady walks, trees and shrubs...’ (O.E.D.) This sense is present in pleasa(u)nces 75, 125, but in rest and pleasance 69 the sense is ‘enjoyment, pleasure’; in nor did he have lack of pleasance 64 either meaning may be intended, but I think probably the former.
: '''portage''' - transporting a boat overland
: '''pled''' old past tense of plead, 186
: '''plenilune''' - the time of full moon, 231 (see Letters p. 310).
: '''portent''' - omen, sign
: '''postern''' - a back- or side-entrance
: '''pricks''' - (spurs his horse), rides fast, 122. Oromë pricks over the plain echoes the first line of The Faerie Queene, A Gentle Knight was pricking on the plaine.
: '''profound''' - deep
: '''prosy''' - dull, contented with the commonplace
: '''provender''' - food
: '''puissant''' - powerful, influential
: '''purloin''' - steal
: '''quaff''' - drink deeply
: '''quail''' - give way to, be intimidated by
: '''raiment''' - clothing
: '''rearguard''' - that part of an army set to cover its rear ranks, especially in retreat
: '''recked''' - troubled, cared, 200
: '''rede''' - counsel, advice, 156, 203, 245; plan, 201; redes counsels, 126
: '''redound''' - contribute to, advance
: '''redress''' - setting right
: '''reft''' - past tense of the old word reave, to take by force
: '''rent''' - past tense of rend, to tear or split
: '''repair''' - go often
: '''respite''' - relief, calm interval
: '''revelry''' - merrymaking
: '''rick''' - a stack, especially of hay
: '''rill''' - a small stream
: '''rondured''' - (in '''golden-rondured''') 28. Rondure ‘circle, rounded form’; rondured is not recorded.
: '''rude''' - simple, primitive
: '''rue''' - regret, repent of
: '''rumour''' - sound
: '''ruth''' - matter of sorrow, calamity, 207; distress, grief, 214; remorse, 217; in the greatest ruth was that to [the Valar] thereafter 235 the sense is unclear: ‘matter of sorrow or regret’, or possibly ‘harm, ill’.
: '''sable''' - heraldic term for black
: '''sallow''' - having yellow or pale brown skin
: '''saps''' - deep diggings, 111
: '''sate''' - old past tense of sit, 56, 112, 169, 203, 213, 217
: '''save''' - except
: '''seamews''' - seagulls, 133
: '''selenites''' - inhabitants of the Moon, 231
: '''semblance''' - appearance
: '''shade''' - ghost or phantasm
: '''shallop''' - 215. This word had precise applications to particular kinds of boat, but here apparently means ‘open boat propelled by oars and sail’.
: '''shank''' - leg; especially that part between the knee and ankle
: '''share''' - 27, 32. share=ploughshare, but used here of the blade of a scythe.
: '''sheaf''' - bundle or cluster of stalks
: '''shoal''' - a particularly shallow part of a river- or sea-bed
: '''shore''' - slice, tear (an old past tense of 'shear')
: '''shun''' - refuse
: '''sister-son''' - nephew
: '''sledge-blows''' blows as of a sledge, a large heavy hammer, 79
: '''slot''' - track followed by a hunter
: '''slowcoach''' - someone who moves slowly, or is often late
: '''sluggard''' - slow or lazy person
: '''smite''' - strike, attack (the past tense is smote)
: '''snuff''' - sniff deeply
: '''sojourn''' - temporary stay
: '''sooth''' - true, truthful
: '''sortie''' - an attack launched by a besieged force
: '''spinney''' - group of trees, or small wood
: '''sprent''' past participle of the lost verb sprenge ‘sprinkle, scatter’, 215
: '''sprite(s)''' spirit(s), 75, 100, 124, 213
: '''stead''' - place, position
: '''stem''' - block, hold back
: '''stock''' - the trunk or stump of a tree; stock and stone inanimate things
: '''stoop''' - in falconry, to swoop on prey
: '''straightway''' - immmediately, directly
: '''strait''' - narrowly confining
: '''straitly''' - narrowly, tightly
: '''strand''' - shore, shoreline, especially a beach
: '''stricken''' - struck; (as an adjective) damaged, broken
: '''suaded''' - persuaded, 69, 181
: '''succour''' - give aid
: '''sunder''' - divide, separate
: '''surname''' - an additional name indicating some quality or ability (as distinct from modern usage, surname in this context has no connection with family)
: '''sward''' - region of short grass, lawn
: '''swart''' - dark-skinned
: '''swarthy''' - dark-skinned
: '''swath''' - a strip of grass that has been flattened or mown
: '''swoon''' - faint
: '''tarn''' - mountain lake
: '''tarry''' - pause, wait
: '''thenceforward''' - from that time on
: '''thither''' - to or in that place
: '''thraldom''' - slavery
: '''thrall''' - slave
: '''thrawn''' - twisted, misshapen
: '''thrawn'''<sub>2</sub> - obstinate, stubborn
: '''throe''' - violent agony
: '''throve''' - old past tense of 'thrive'
: '''thwart''' - foil, stop
: '''tidings''' - news
: '''tipsy''' - slightly drunk
: '''tithe''' - one tenth
: '''toils''' - trap, snare
: '''toothsome''' - pleasantly appetising
: '''tors''' - rocky hill-tops
: '''toss-pot''' - drunkard
: '''tracery''' - complex interlinked ornamentation
: '''traffic''' - trade
: '''trammels''' - nets, traps
: '''traverse''' - travel through or across
: '''trillups''' - 115, '''trillaping''' 117. This word is not recorded in any dictionary available to me.
: '''trove''' - found treasure
: '''truncheon''' - a wooden shaft used as a weapon, or part of a weapon
: '''tryst''' - an arranged meeting; break tryst fail to attend a tryst
: '''tumult''' - noisy disturbance
: '''tunic''' - a loose, short-sleeved garment
: '''tuppence''' - two pence, a very small amount of money; not care tuppence have no interest
: '''turnkey''' - jailor
: '''tussock''' - clump of grass
: '''twine''' - twist strands together into a rope
: '''umbel''' - long flower, as in hemlock or parsley
: '''unblazoned''' - an heraldic term: plain, undecorated
: '''umbraged''' - (in '''wide-umbraged''') 27, 32. Umbraged ‘shaded, shadowed’, but here in the sense ‘shadowing’, ‘casting a shade’.
: '''ungentle''' - rough, coarse
: '''unquiet''' - anxious, concerned
: '''unsated''' - unsatisfied
: '''unsullied''' - pure, uncorrupted
: '''upbraid''' - criticise
: '''upheave''' - push or force upwards
: '''vale''' - the valley of a river
: '''varmint''' - pest, bothersome person or animal
: '''vassal''' - servant, bondsman
: '''vie''' - struggle with, be rival to
: '''vigil''' - watchfulness; hold vigil make devotion
: '''viol''' - an old instrument, usually with six strings, similar to a violin but held in a vertical position like a 'cello
: '''waif''' - homeless person
: '''wain''' - wagon; The Wain the constellation of the Plough or Big Dipper
: '''wan''' - pale
: '''wards''' - the 'teeth' of a key
: '''ware''' - old form of aware
: '''waver''' - shimmer, flicker
: '''waver'''<sub>2</sub> - show indecision
: '''wax''' - grow stronger; increase
: '''waylay''' - intercept, prevent from going forward
: '''wayward''' - uncontrollable, unpredictable
: '''web(s)''' - woven fabric, 56, 74, 101 (also used in senses ‘webbed feet’ 137, ‘cobwebs’ 78, etc.)
: '''wellnigh''' - almost, very nearly
: '''weregild''' - a payment in compensation for a death (literally 'man-gold')
: '''wheedle''' - coax, persuade
: '''whelm''' - engulf, cover
: '''whence''' - from where
: '''whereat''' - for which reason
: '''wherefore''' - for what (or which) reason
: '''whet''' - sharpen
: '''whickering''' - 231 (whickering sparks). The verb whicker meant to laugh or titter, or of a horse to whinny, but the O.E.D. cites a line from Masefield ''the wall-top grasses whickered in the breeze'', and the 1920 Supplement to the Dictionary gives a meaning ‘to make a hurtling sound’, with a single citation where the word is used of a thunderbolt 'whickering through the sky'. In the 1962 version of The Man in the Moon the word flickering occurs in this verse.
: '''whitethorn''' - hawthorn, 77
: '''whither''' - to which place
: '''wildered''' - perplexed, bewildered, 181, 183, 199, 262
: '''wile''' - trick, deceit
: '''wizened''' - of shrivelled appearance
: '''wold''' - an upland region of moorland
: '''wont''' - customarily, regularly; wont to err thus regularly make mistakes of this kind
: '''worrit''' - worry
: '''worst''' - defeat
: '''wrack''' - devastation, ruin, 198 (cf. (w)rack and ruin).
: '''wrack'''<sub>2</sub> - clouds being driven by a strong wind?
: '''wraith''' - ghost, apparition
: '''wreathe''' - engulf, surround (especially of vapour or fire)
: '''wrest''' - take by force
: '''writhen''' - writhing, twisting
: '''wroth''' - angry
: '''yammer''' - wail, weep
: '''yoke''' - wooden harness for oxen; under the yoke under complete control
: '''yonder''' - over there
: '''yore''' - long ago
: '''zenith''' - highest point

Revision as of 23:28, 5 November 2012

Within J.R.R. Tolkien's works, there are many uncommon, archaic, obsolete and dialectal words (especially from the dialects of the United Kingdom) which might cause confusion to readers and may make a passage of text appear unwieldy.

Contents: Top - 0–9 A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z

A

  • abide - put up with, tolerate; await;
  • abjure - renounce, turn away from
  • abroad - in the open, at large
  • adamant - diamond, or (more generally) any very hard substance
  • afield - away, especially from home
  • aforetime - in earlier times
  • aghast - terrified, amazed
  • agin - a dialect word meaning "against", "next to"
  • aloof - hanging over ones head
  • amiss - not as things should be
  • an - if
  • anon - soon; ever and anon often
  • apace - quickly
  • argent - silver
  • arrassed - covered with arras (rich figured tapestry)
  • assuage - soften, lessen, soothe
  • astonied - stunned, astonished
  • aught - anything

B

  • bade - old past tense of "bid", pronounced "bad"
  • baldric - a shoulder-belt for carrying horns, swords, etc
  • bannock - flat bread-cake
  • barrel - the long, cylindrical part of a key
  • baseborn - ignoble, illegitimate
  • bason - formerly a common spelling of basin
  • bay - (of a dog) bark or howl
  • bebother - bring trouble upon
  • befall - happen, occur
  • belie - give a false impression
  • benighted - in, or overtaken by, darkness
  • bent - open place covered with grass
  • beset - attacked, assaulted by enemies
  • besom - a stiff broom made out of sticks and twigs
  • besotted - made drunk
  • besotted2 - obsessed, entranced
  • besought - old past tense of beseech
  • bier - platform for carrying a coffin or body
  • billow - (large) wave
  • bivouac - temporary camp, without tents
  • blazoned - painted or inscribed (an heraldic term)
  • bond - storage of wine, etc, until duty has been paid; out of bond released from this
  • booby - stupid person
  • boon - favour, gift
  • brakes - thickets
  • brazen - made of brass
  • brood - children
  • brood2 - related creatures
  • brook - tolerate, accept
  • buckler - a small round shield, held in one hand
  • bulwark - a defensive structure
  • burg - walled and fortified town[1]
  • burgeon - come forth, bud, begin to grow quickly
  • burnished - polished

C

  • cairn - a mound of stones or rocks, used as a marker, memorial or tomb
  • carcanet - jeweled necklace
  • carouse - drink heavily
  • carven - old form of 'carved'
  • cataract - waterfall
  • cesspool - a pool of waste-water or sewage
  • chalcedony - a precious form of quartz onyx, agate and cornelian are all types of chalcedony
  • champ - (of a horse) munch on the bit, showing eagerness
  • charger large dish
  • chime - agree with, be in harmony with
  • circlet - a thin band of precious metal, worn on the head
  • clamant - clamorous, noisy
  • clave - old past tense of cleave, in the sense 'stick, adhere'
  • clomb - old past tense of climb
  • cloven - split into two
  • cob - spider (the name survives in the term 'cobweb')
  • coëval - born at the same time
  • coffer - strongbox, especially for holding valuables
  • comely - pleasant-looking
  • commons - shared food; short commons insufficient food
  • compass - accomplish, achieve
  • conclave - a meeting, or the place where a meeting is held
  • concourse - large group of people; crowd
  • confines - borders; borderlands
  • confusticate - a nonsense word, probably not intended to have a meaning (though its Latin roots can be interpreted "beat with a cudgel")
  • constellate formed into a constellation
  • cony - rabbit
  • cools - coolnesses
  • coomb - short valley in the side of a hill or mountain
  • coop - cage, imprison
  • corbel basket
  • corslet - a piece of armour covering the body, but not the arms or legs
  • cot - a small cottage[1]
  • counsels - words of advice
  • covet - be jealous of, desire
  • covetice - (inordinate) desire, covetousness
  • cozen - lie to, cheat, deceive
  • craven - coward
  • crocks - items of crockery plates, dishes, etc.
  • culvert - a channel carrying water beneath a thoroughfare
  • cumbrous - awkward, inconvenient
  • cunning-handed - deft, artful, dexterous
  • curdle - turn sour

D

  • dainty - morsel, delicacy
  • damask - steel and iron specially welded to make a serpentine pattern
  • darkling - dark (poetical)
  • daunt - intimidate
  • declaim - speak or recite passionately
  • deem - consider, conclude
  • defile - ruin, corrupt
  • defray - pay for
  • dell - small valley
  • descry - catch sight of, especially something difficult to see
  • devices - things, especially situations, devised or engineered
  • dingle - deep hollow, usually shaded with trees
  • dissemble - hide one's true intentions
  • divers - numerous and various
  • dolven - delved, dug out
  • doom - fate (as opposed to modern usage, doom in this sense is not necessarily bad)
  • dotard - a person who has lost their wits, especially through old age
  • doughty - strong, powerful
  • draught - drawing or pulling force
  • draught2 - a drink drawn from a barrel or storage jar
  • drear - dismal, gloomy
  • dregs - sediment found at the bottom of wine, tea, etc. To "drink to the dregs" is to completely drain a cup or (metaphorically) fully involve oneself
  • dry - (of bricks or stone) laid without mortar
  • durstn't - dare not
  • dwimmer-crafty - skilled in the arts of magic

E

  • eaves - the fringe of a forest (from the resemblance of the overhanging forest canopy to the eaves of a house)
  • eld - old age
  • ell - a measure of length, usually equivalent to 45 inches or 114 cm
  • embattled - of a fortress, having battlements
  • embattled2 - of an army, fortified against attack (this is the dictionary definition, but in The Lord of the Rings, Tolkien's usage seems to mean simply "in battle")
  • embrasure - beveled door or window frame cut into a wall
  • encompass - surround
  • ere - before
  • errantry - journeying in search of adventure
  • espy - catch sight of
  • essay - attempt
  • esteem - consider to be of worth; esteem too lightly underestimate
  • et - a variation of "ate", common in British rural dialects
  • etten - eaten - see "et"
  • ewer - pitcher for water[1]
  • eyot - a small island[1]

F

  • faggot - bundle of sticks used as firewood
  • fain gladly; disposed, desirous; fain of well-pleased with
  • falter - waver, lose courage
  • fane temple
  • fare - travel, go on a journey
  • fastness - secure fortress
  • fawn - cringe, grovel
  • fealty - allegiance and service to a lord
  • feign - pretend
  • fell - merciless, terrifying
  • fell2 - animal's hide
  • fell3 - moorland hill
  • fender - a metal frame placed around a fireplace
  • fetter - chain, shackle
  • fey -The old senses were ‘fated, approaching death; presaging death’. It seems very unlikely that the later sense ‘possessing or displaying magical, fairylike, or unearthly qualities’ (O.E.D. Supplement) was intended.
  • field - background color on a flag or shield in heraldry.
  • figured - marked with drawings or writing
  • firth - An inlet of the sea at a wide river estuary
  • flagon - large jug or mug, usually used to hold wine or beer
  • flammifer - in Latin, flammifer means "fiery", but Tolkien's usage is likely meant to suggest "flame-bearer", as a reference to the blazing Silmaril borne by Eärendil.
  • flank - the exposed side of an attacking or marching army
  • flittermice - bats
  • flotsam - floating wreckage; flotsam and jetsam items washed up by the sea, or a flood (also used figuratively)
  • flummoxed - bewildered, disconcerted
  • footpad - a thief (historically, a "footpad" was a highwayman who had no horse)
  • forbear - hold back from
  • forebode - foresee (especially something that is evil)
  • forespeak - foretell, predict
  • foreswear - swear not to do something
  • forgo - let go, do without
  • forlorn - abandoned, desolate
  • forsake - desert, turn away from (the past tense is forsook)
  • forsooth - in truth, actually
  • fortnight - a period of two weeks
  • fosse - a defensive trench or ditch; pit[1]
  • founder - sink, after taking on water
  • fraught - full (of)
  • freshet - a stream, or (strictly) a flood of fresh water
  • furlong - one eighth of a mile (220 yards), or about one fifth of a kilometre

G

  • gaffer - a word meaning both "old man" and "foreman"* its use as the nickname of Hamfast Gamgee is probably mean to combine both meanings.
  • gainsay - contradict
  • gallop - boil and bubble
  • game - crippled
  • gammer - old woman
  • garth - an enclosed garden or yard
  • ghyll - deep ravine
  • gibbet - A gallows built to display the body of an executed criminal
  • gimlet - A sharp boring tool, similar in general design to a corkscrew; see like gimlets see sharply
  • girdle - belt or cord used especially to confine clothing
  • girdle2 - something which surrounds or encircles; girdle of Arda the central regions of Arda, equidistant from the far north and south
  • girt - bound or attached with a belt
  • glede - burning coal or cinder
  • gloaming - the twilight of evening
  • glower - scowl, frown
  • goggle - stare with round eyes
  • gorcrow - carrion crow
  • graven - engraved, carved
  • greened - made green from the mosses and lichens on a tree's trunk
  • grot - old form of "grotto"; an ornamental or picturesque cavern
  • guileful - treacherous, deceitful
  • gunwale - the top edge of a boat's side, pronounced (and sometimes spelt) 'gunnel'

H

  • habergeon - a mail-coat without sleeves
  • hale - robust, strong of body
  • hame - hide, pelt
  • hang - to leave food, especially game, in the open until it becomes "high" or tender
  • harbour - succor, assistance
  • hardly - with great difficulty
  • hardly2 - only just
  • harry - ravage
  • haste - hurry, rush
  • hauberk - mail-coat
  • headstall - a covering for a horse's head, used as an alternative to bridle and bit
  • hearken - listen, pay attention
  • heed - thought, consideration
  • heedless - careless of danger
  • hence - from here
  • hew - chop, slice
  • hither - to here, to this place; hither and thither in various directions
  • hither2 - nearer, closer
  • hoar - grey- or white-haired
  • hobble - limp, walk with difficulty
  • hock - the middle joint of a horse's or pony's leg
  • houseleek - a fleshy plant that grows on the walls and roofs of houses
  • hue - form or shape
  • hummock - a small hill or knoll (in The Lord of the Rings, "hummock" is used metaphorically to describe the shape made by the palantír beneath Gandalf's cloak)
  • hundredweight - the pun in Tolkien's description of Bilbo's 112th birthday as a "Hundredweight Feast" is based on the fact that in Britain a hundredweight is 112 pounds. [2][3]
  • hunter's moon - the full moon of mid- to late October
  • hythe - a small harbour or haven, especially on a river, "low place on a river bank for landing a boat"[4]

I

  • ill - evil, wrong
  • inaureoled surrounded with a halo, (the word is only recorded in the O.E.D. in a poem by Francis Thompson, 1897).

J

  • jacinth - blue[1]
  • jetsam - items thrown overboard from a ship, and later washed ashore

K

  • keen - sharp
  • kerb - a raised edge to a road or path
  • kindle - set fire to, begin to burn

L

  • lampads - The word is only recorded in the O.E.D. (first used by Coleridge) of the seven lamps of fire burning before the throne of God in the Book of Revelation, chapter 4 verse 5.
  • lave - wash, bathe
  • lay - a poem that is meant to be sung
  • league - a measure of distance, about three miles[1]
  • leaguer - an encampment or encampments, especially for defensive purposes
  • leave - permission
  • lee - shelter, especially from wind and weather
  • leech - healer
  • leechcraft - the practice of magical medicine. The name is based on the Celtic word for stone. The animal leech (Latin: sanguisuga, literally: blood sucker) is named for the healer (leech), rather than the other way around. [5]
  • legendarium - term coined by Tolkien to mean the entirety of his works concerning his imagined world of Eä
  • lets upon gives on to, opens on to
  • lief gladly, willingly
  • liever more gladly, more willingly, rather
  • lissom - lithe, supple
  • loath - reluctant
  • lob - spider (seen, for example, in the name Shelob)
  • loth - reluctant [a variation on loath above]
  • louver - a domed structure built on a roof with side-openings to allow smoke to escape
  • lustihead vigour

M

  • malefactor - one who commits an evil act
  • mantle - cloak, cover
  • mar - spoil or damage beyond repair
  • march - share borders
  • marchwarden - border guard
  • mark - notice, detect
  • marshal - place in proper order
  • mattock - a primitive weapon, originally a farming tool, perhaps best described as a double-headed battle-hoe
  • maw - jaws and throat, especially of a ferocious animal
  • mayhap - perhaps
  • mead - an alcoholic drink made from honey
  • mead2 - meadow
  • meed - requital
  • mere - lake or pond
  • mew - a type of gull
  • midge - tiny airborne biting insect; not unlike a mosquito, but much smaller
  • minished reduced, diminished
  • mischance - accident
  • misgive - fill with doubt or suspicion
  • moonshine - fantastic ideas
  • muster - collect, assemble

N

  • nethermost - lowest, deepest
  • nicety - precision, exactness; weigh to a nicety measure exactly
  • nigh - near; well nigh, wellnigh almost, very nearly
  • nightshade - probably simply "darkness" (the literal use of this word appears to be unique to Tolkien - in * historical English, it is only used figuratively as the name of a poisonous plant)
  • noisome - foul-smelling, poisonous
  • nook - corner, recess
  • nuncle[6][7] - uncle (from "an uncle")[8]

O

  • obeisance - bowing or kneeling in submission
  • oft - often
  • or ... or - either ... or[1]
  • or yet - apparently means "already",
  • ostler - stable-keeper
  • ousel blackbird, 43 (now spelled ouzel, in Ring-ouzel and other bird-names).
  • oust - take possession of another's lands, property, title, etc.
  • outworn - exhausted
  • overbear - defeat by weight of numbers

P

  • pallid - pale
  • panoply - full suit of armour
  • parapet - defensive wall built to protect troops
  • parley - discuss terms of peace or cease-fire
  • passward - something granting passage of a guard
  • pate - head, mind
  • pent - restricted, confined
  • penthouse - the area beneath a sloping roof, especially as a later extension to an existing building
  • perforce - having no choice, being forced
  • pinion - a bird's wing, and especially the tip
  • plash - splash
  • pleasance - "A pleasure-ground, usually attached to a mansion; sometimes a secluded part of a garden, but more often a separate enclosure laid out with shady walks, trees and shrubs..." (O.E.D.)
  • pled old past tense of plead, 186
  • plenilune - the time of full moon (see Letters p. 310).
  • portage - transporting a boat overland
  • portent - omen, sign
  • postern - a back- or side-entrance
  • pricks - (spurs his horse), rides fast. Oromë pricks over the plain echoes the first line of The Faerie Queene, A Gentle Knight was pricking on the plaine.
  • profound - deep
  • prosy - dull, contented with the commonplace
  • provender - food
  • puissant - powerful[1]
  • purloin - steal

Q

  • quaff - drink deeply
  • quail - give way to, be intimidated by

R

  • raiment - clothing
  • rearguard - that part of an army set to cover its rear ranks, especially in retreat
  • recked - troubled, cared
  • rede - counsel, advice; plan; redes counsels
  • redound - contribute to, advance
  • redress - setting right
  • reft - past tense of the old word reave, to take by force
  • rent - past tense of rend, to tear or split
  • repair - make one's way, go[1]
  • respite - relief, calm interval
  • revelry - merrymaking
  • rick - a stack, especially of hay
  • rill - a small stream
  • rondured - (in golden-rondured). Rondure "circle, rounded form"; rondured is not recorded.
  • rude - simple, primitive
  • rue - regret, repent of
  • rumour - sound
  • ruth - matter of sorrow, calamity; distress, grief; remorse

S

  • sable - heraldic term for black
  • sallow - having yellow or pale brown skin
  • saps - deep diggings
  • sate - old past tense of sit
  • save - except
  • seamews - seagulls
  • selenites - inhabitants of the Moon
  • semblance - appearance
  • shade - ghost or phantasm
  • shallop - This word had precise applications to particular kinds of boat, but here apparently means "open boat propelled by oars and sail".
  • shank - leg; especially that part between the knee and ankle
  • share - share=ploughshare, but used here of the blade of a scythe.
  • sheaf - bundle or cluster of stalks
  • shoal - a particularly shallow part of a river- or sea-bed
  • shore - slice, tear (an old past tense of "shear")
  • shun - refuse
  • sister-son - nephew
  • sledge-blows blows as of a sledge, a large heavy hammer
  • slot - track of an animal[1]
  • slowcoach - someone who moves slowly, or is often late
  • sluggard - slow or lazy person
  • smite - strike, attack (the past tense is smote)
  • snuff - sniff deeply
  • sojourn - temporary stay
  • sooth - true, truthful
  • sortie - an attack launched by a besieged force
  • spinney - group of trees, or small wood
  • sprent - past participle of the lost verb sprenge "sprinkle, scatter"
  • sprite(s) - spirit(s)
  • stead - place, position
  • stem - block, hold back
  • stock - the trunk or stump of a tree; stock and stone inanimate things
  • stoop - in falconry, to swoop on prey
  • straightway - immediately, directly
  • strait - narrowly confining
  • straitly - narrowly, tightly
  • strand - shore, shoreline, especially a beach
  • stricken - struck, beaten;[1] (as an adjective) damaged, broken
  • suaded - persuaded
  • succour - give aid
  • sunder - divide, separate
  • surname - an additional name indicating some quality or ability (as distinct from modern usage, surname in this context has no connection with family)
  • sward - region of short grass, lawn
  • swart - dark-skinned
  • swarthy - dark-skinned
  • swath - a strip of grass that has been flattened or mown
  • swoon - faint

T

  • tarn - mountain lake
  • tarry - pause, wait
  • thanksgiving- festival of giving thanks, as in a prayer
  • thenceforward - from that time on
  • thither - to or in that place
  • thraldom - slavery
  • thrall - slave
  • thrawn - twisted, misshapen
  • thrawn2 - obstinate, stubborn
  • throe - violent agony
  • throve - old past tense of 'thrive'
  • thwart - foil, stop
  • tidings - news
  • tipsy - slightly drunk
  • tithe - tenth part[1]
  • toils - trap, snare
  • toothsome - pleasantly appetising
  • tors - rocky hill-tops
  • toss-pot - drunkard
  • tracery - complex interlinked ornamentation
  • traffic - trade
  • trammels - nets, traps
  • traverse - travel through or across
  • trillups, trillaping - Unknown
  • trove - found treasure
  • truncheon - a wooden shaft used as a weapon, or part of a weapon
  • tryst - a prearranged meeting; break tryst fail to appear at the agreed upon time and place
  • tumult - noisy disturbance
  • tunic - a loose, short-sleeved garment
  • tuppence - two pence, a very small amount of money; not care tuppence have no interest
  • turnkey - jailer
  • tussock - clump of grass
  • twine - twist strands together into a rope

U

  • umbel - long flower, as in hemlock or parsley
  • unblazoned - an heraldic term, plain, undecorated
  • umbraged - (in wide-umbraged) Umbraged "shaded, shadowed", but here in the sense "shadowing", "casting a shade".
  • ungentle - rough, coarse
  • unquiet - anxious, concerned
  • unsated - unsatisfied
  • unsullied - pure, uncorrupted
  • upbraid - criticise
  • upheave - push or force upwards

V

  • vale - the valley of a river
  • varmint - pest, bothersome person or animal
  • vassal - servant, bondsman
  • vie - struggle with, be rival to
  • vigil - watchfulness; hold vigil make devotion
  • viol - an old instrument, usually with six strings, similar to a violin but held in a vertical position like a 'cello

W

  • waif - homeless person
  • wain - wagon; The Wain the constellation of the Plough or Big Dipper
  • wan - pale
  • wards - the "teeth" of a key
  • ware - old form of aware
  • waver - shimmer, flicker
  • waver2 - show indecision
  • wax - grow stronger; increase
  • waylay - intercept, prevent from going forward
  • wayward - uncontrollable, unpredictable
  • web(s) - woven fabric
  • wellnigh - almost, very nearly
  • weregild - a payment in compensation for a death (literally "man-money")
  • wheedle - coax, persuade
  • whelm - engulf, cover
  • whence - from where
  • whereat - for which reason
  • wherefore - for what (or which) reason
  • whet - sharpen
  • whickering - The verb whicker meant to laugh or titter, or of a horse to whinny, but the O.E.D. cites a line from Masefield the wall-top grasses whickered in the breeze, and the 1920 Supplement to the Dictionary gives a meaning "to make a hurtling sound", with a single citation where the word is used of a thunderbolt "whickering through the sky". In the 1962 version of The Man in the Moon the word flickering occurs in this verse.
  • whitethorn - hawthorn
  • whither - to which place
  • wildered - perplexed, bewildered
  • wile - trick, deceit
  • wizened - of shriveled appearance
  • wold - an upland region of moorland
  • wont - customarily, regularly; wont to err thus regularly make mistakes of this kind
  • worrit - worry
  • worst - defeat
  • wrack - devastation, downfall, ruin, (compare with rack and ruin)[1]
  • wrack2 - clouds being driven by a strong wind?
  • wraith - ghost, apparition
  • wreathe - engulf, surround (especially of vapour or fire)
  • wrest - take by force
  • writhen - writhing, twisting
  • wroth - angry

Y

  • yammer - wail, weep, cry
  • yoke - wooden harness for oxen; under the yoke under complete control
  • yonder - over there
  • yore - long ago

Z

  • zenith - highest point

References

  1. ↑ 1.00 1.01 1.02 1.03 1.04 1.05 1.06 1.07 1.08 1.09 1.10 1.11 1.12 1.13 J.R.R. Tolkien, Christopher Tolkien (ed.), The Book of Lost Tales Part Two, "Short Glossary of Obsolete, Archaic and Rare Words"
  2. ↑ Wayne G. Hammond, Christina Scull, The Lord of the Rings: A Reader's Companion, p. 74.
  3. ↑ Mark T. Hooker, The Hobbitonian Anthology, pp. 160-164.
  4. ↑ Andreas Möhn, "Bombadil in the Shire", Lalaith's Middle-earth Science Pages (accessed 16 May 2012)
  5. ↑ Mark T. Hooker, The Hobbitonian Anthology, pp. 165-172.
  6. ↑ J.R.R. Tolkien, The Lord of the Rings, The Fellowship of the Ring, "Flight to the Ford"
  7. ↑ J.R.R. Tolkien, The Adventures of Tom Bombadil, "The Stone Troll"
  8. ↑ ""nuncle"", Merriam-Webster (accessed 9 March 2012)

External links

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