User:Gilgamesh/IPA charts: Difference between revisions
From Tolkien Gateway
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| '''by''' || {{IPA|[bʲ]}} | | '''by''' || {{IPA|[bʲ]}} | ||
|- | |- | ||
| '''dy''' || {{IPA|[ | | '''dy''' || {{IPA|[dʲ~dʒ]}} || '''gy''' becomes this. {{IPA|[dʲ]}} is traditional. | ||
|- | |- | ||
| '''fy''' || {{IPA|[ɸʲ~fʲ]}} | | '''fy''' || {{IPA|[ɸʲ~fʲ]}} | ||
|- | |- | ||
| '''hy''' || {{IPA|[ç]}} | | '''hy''' || {{IPA|[ç~ʃ]}} || [[Gondor]] pronounces this {{IPA|[ʃ]}}? | ||
|- | |- | ||
| '''ly''' || {{IPA|[ | | '''ly''' || {{IPA|[lʲ]}} | ||
|- | |- | ||
| '''my''' || {{IPA|[mʲ]}} | | '''my''' || {{IPA|[mʲ]}} | ||
|- | |- | ||
| '''ny''' || {{IPA|[ | | '''ny''' || {{IPA|[nʲ]}} | ||
|- | |- | ||
| '''py''' || {{IPA|[pʲ]}} | | '''py''' || {{IPA|[pʲ]}} | ||
Line 338: | Line 338: | ||
| '''ry''' || {{IPA|[rʲ]}} | | '''ry''' || {{IPA|[rʲ]}} | ||
|- | |- | ||
| '''sy''' || {{IPA|[ | | '''sy''' || {{IPA|[sʲ]}} | ||
|- | |- | ||
| '''ty''' || {{IPA|[ | | '''ty''' || {{IPA|[tʲ~tʃ]}} || '''cy''' or '''ky''' become this. {{IPA|[tʲ]}} is traditional. [[Gondor]] pronounces this {{IPA|[tʃ]}}. | ||
|- | |- | ||
| '''vy''' || {{IPA|[βʲ~vʲ]}} | | '''vy''' || {{IPA|[βʲ~vʲ]}} | ||
|- | |- | ||
| '''zy''' || {{IPA|[ | | '''zy''' || {{IPA|[zʲ]}} | ||
|} | |} | ||
Revision as of 09:55, 19 January 2010
These are charts for pronouncing some of the principal languages of Arda using the International Phonetic Alphabet.
Charts
Adûnaic
Spelling | IPA | Notes |
---|---|---|
a | [a] | Short vowel. |
â | [aː] | Long vowel. |
b | [b] | |
bb | [bb] | Geminate consonant. |
d | [d] | |
dd | [dd] | Geminate consonant. |
ê | [eː] | ê is how ai are pronounced together. There is no short e. |
g | [ɡ] | |
gg | [ɡɡ] | Geminate consonant. |
h | [h] | |
i | [i] | Short vowel. |
î | [iː] | Long vowel. |
k | [k] | |
kh | [x] | |
kk | [kk] | Geminate consonant. |
kkh | [kx] | Geminate consonant of kh. |
l | [l] | |
ll | [ll] | Geminate consonant. |
m | [m] | |
mm | [mm] | Geminate consonant. |
n | [n] | |
nn | [nn] | Geminate consonant. |
ô | [oː] | ô is how au are pronounced together. There is no short o. |
p | [p] | |
ph | [f] | |
pp | [pp] | Geminate consonant. |
pph | [pf] | Geminate consonant of ph. |
r | [r] | |
rr | [rr] | Geminate consonant. |
s | [s] | |
sh | [ʃ] | |
ss | [ss] | Geminate consonant. |
t | [t] | |
th | [θ] | |
tt | [tt] | Geminate consonant. |
tth | [tθ] | Geminate consonant of th. |
u | [u] | Short vowel. |
û | [uː] | Long vowel. |
v | [v] | |
w | [w] | |
y | [j] | |
z | [z] |
Khuzdul
Spelling | IPA | Notes |
---|---|---|
a | [a] | Short vowel. |
â | [aː] | Long vowel. |
b | [b] | |
d | [d] | |
dd | [dd] | Geminate consonant. |
e | [e] | Short vowel. |
ê | [eː] | Long vowel. |
f | [f] | |
g | [ɡ] | |
gg | [ɡɡ] | Geminate consonant. |
gh | [ɣ] | |
h | [h] | |
i | [i] | Short vowel. |
î | [iː] | Long vowel. |
k | [k] | |
kh | [kʰ] | |
kk | [kk] | Geminate consonant. |
kkh | [kkʰ] | Geminate consonant. |
l | [l] | |
ll | [ll] | Geminate consonant. |
m | [m] | |
mm | [mm] | Geminate consonant. |
n | [n] | |
nn | [nn] | Geminate consonant. |
o | [o] | Short vowel. |
ô | [oː] | Long vowel. |
p | [p] | |
pp | [pp] | Geminate consonant. |
r | [r] | |
rr | [rr] | Geminate consonant. |
s | [s] | |
sh | [ʃ] | |
ss | [ss] | Geminate consonant. |
t | [t] | |
th | [tʰ] | |
tt | [tt] | Geminate consonant. |
tth | [ttʰ] | Geminate consonant. |
u | [u] | Short vowel. |
û | [uː] | Long vowel. |
y | [j] | |
z | [z] |
Quenya
Spelling | IPA | Notes |
---|---|---|
a, ä | [a] | Short vowel. |
á | [aː] | Long vowel. |
ai | [aɪ] | Diphthong. |
au | [aʊ] | Diphthong. |
b | [b] | |
c | [k] | |
cc | [kk] | Geminate consonant. |
d | [d] | |
e, ë | [e] | Short vowel. |
é | [eː] | Long vowel. |
eu | [eʊ] | Diphthong. |
f | [ɸ~f] | The Vanyar pronounce this [ɸ]. The Ñoldor and Middle-earth pronounce this [f]. |
h | [x~h] | There are two pronunciations of this—[x] and [h]—but they are actually allophones of the same phoneme. The Vanyar use [x] in all places. The Ñoldor also use [x] for h, but pronounce it [h] at the beginnings of words. By the Third Age in Middle-earth, h is [h] in every position before a vowel. |
hl | [l̥~l] | Traditionally [l̥]. By the Third Age in Middle-earth, it is pronounced [l]. |
hr | [r̥] | |
hw | [ʍ] | |
ht | [xt, çt] | Pronounced [xt] after one of a o u, but [çt] after one of e i. |
i | [i] | Short vowel. |
í | [iː] | Long vowel. |
iu | [iʊ] | Diphthong. |
k | [k] | Alternate spelling of c. |
kk | [kk] | Alternate spelling of cc. |
l | [l] | |
ll | [ll] | Geminate consonant. |
m | [m] | |
mm | [mm] | Geminate consonant. |
n | [n] | |
ñ | [ŋ] | |
nc | [ŋk] | |
ng | [ŋɡ, ŋ] | Normally [ŋɡ]. If this occurs at the beginning of a word, it is an alternate spelling of ñ and is pronounced [ŋ]. |
ngw | [ŋʷɡʷ, ŋʷ] | Normally [ŋʷɡʷ]. If this occurs at the beginning of a word, it is an alternate spelling of ñw and is pronounced [ŋʷ]. |
nk | [ŋk] | Alternate spelling of nc. |
nn | [nn] | Geminate consonant. |
nqu | [ŋʷkʷ] | |
nw | [nʷ, nw] | This is [nʷ] at the beginnings of words, and [nw] elsewhere. |
ñw | [ŋʷ] | |
o, ö | [o] | Short vowel. |
ó | [oː] | Long vowel. |
oi | [oɪ] | Diphthong. |
p | [p] | |
pp | [pp] | Geminate consonant. |
qu | [kʷ] | |
r | [r] | |
rr | [rr] | Geminate consonant. |
s | [s] | |
ss | [ss] | Geminate consonant. |
t | [t] | |
th | [θ] | Alternate spelling of þ. |
tt | [tt] | Geminate consonant. |
u | [u] | Short vowel. |
ú | [uː] | Long vowel. |
ui | [uɪ] | Diphthong. |
v | [β~v] | The Vanyar pronounce this [β]. The Ñoldor and Middle-earth pronounce this [v]. |
w | [w] | |
x | [ks] | This is actually shorthand for cs or ks. |
y | [j, ʲ] | As a consonant in its own right, y is [j]. But immediately after another consonant, y is not a consonant of its own, and palatalizes the preceding consonant or consonant cluster—see the relevant entries in this chart. |
z | [z] | |
þ | [θ] | |
þþ | [θθ] | Geminate consonant. |
palatalized consonants
When a consonant or consonant cluster is followed by y, then the y is not a consonant in its own right and the consonant or cluster preceding it is instead palatalized.
- Not all palatalized consonants are attested in official sources, but many are possible in original Neo-Quenya texts because of Quenya grammar, particularly the -ya adjective suffix. This can be seen in the word Quendya/Quenya itself: Quendë "elf" + ya adjectival suffix = Quendya or Quenya "elvish", where n in ny becomes palatalized, and the pair nd in ndy both become palatalized (as if they were ny+dy).
- Note the absence of cy gy—they are forbidden, instead becoming ty dy. Likewise, the clusters ncy ngy become nty ndy among the Vanyar, or nty ny among the Ñoldor.
Spelling | IPA | Notes |
---|---|---|
by | [bʲ] | |
dy | [dʲ~dʒ] | gy becomes this. [dʲ] is traditional. |
fy | [ɸʲ~fʲ] | |
hy | [ç~ʃ] | Gondor pronounces this [ʃ]? |
ly | [lʲ] | |
my | [mʲ] | |
ny | [nʲ] | |
py | [pʲ] | |
ry | [rʲ] | |
sy | [sʲ] | |
ty | [tʲ~tʃ] | cy or ky become this. [tʲ] is traditional. Gondor pronounces this [tʃ]. |
vy | [βʲ~vʲ] | |
zy | [zʲ] |
additional notes
- Syllable stress is not phonemic in Quenya, but the language does have a well-defined syllable stress which is fairly predictable.
- In words with two syllables, the first syllable is stressed.
- In words with three or more syllables, the antepenultimate (third-to-last) syllable is usually stressed. However:
- If the penultimate (second-to-last) syllable is either a long vowel, a diphthong, or ends with a consonant cluster (including x, but not hw or qu or a single palatalized consonant), then this syllable is stressed.
- In the Quenya as studied in Gondor in the Third Age, the sequences ty dy hy (normally [c ɟ ç]) are pronounced [tʃ dʒ ʃ].
Sindarin
Spelling | IPA | Notes |
---|---|---|
a, ä | [a] | Short vowel. |
á | [aˑ] | Long vowel. |
â | [aː] | Extra-long vowel. |
ae | [ae] | Diphthong. |
ai | [aɪ] | Diphthong. |
au, aw | [aʊ] | Diphthong. |
b | [b] | |
c | [k] | |
ch | [x] | |
d | [d] | |
dh | [ð] | In some circumstances, dh is actually the consonant cluster d-h, pronounced as two separate letters. |
e, ë | [e] | Short vowel. |
é | [eˑ] | Long vowel. |
ê | [eː] | Extra-long vowel. |
ei | [eɪ] | Diphthong. |
f | [f, v] | Pronounced [f] normally, but is [v] before n and at the ends of words. |
g | [ɡ] | |
h | [h] | |
i | [i, j] | Short vowel. Pronounced [j] before another vowel. |
í | [iˑ] | Long vowel. |
î | [iː] | Extra-long vowel. |
l | [l] | |
lh | [l̥] | In some circumstances, lh is actually the consonant cluster l-h, pronounced as two separate letters. |
ll | [ll] | Geminate consonant. |
m | [m] | |
mh | [ṽ] | An older Sindarin consonant that soon becomes v. Also, in some circumstances, mh is actually the consonant cluster m-h, pronounced as two separate letters. |
mm | [mm] | Geminate consonant. |
n | [n] | |
nc | [ŋk] | |
ng | [ŋɡ, ŋ] | Normally pronounced [ŋɡ], but is [ŋ] at the end of a word. |
nn | [nn] | Geminate consonant. |
o, ö | [o] | Short vowel. |
ó | [oˑ] | Long vowel. |
ô | [oː] | Extra-long vowel. |
oe | [oe, ø~e] | Confusingly, this represents two sounds in First Age Sindarin. [oe] is a diphthong, and [ø] is a single vowel. The latter later becomes pronounced and written like e. Perhaps the most famous word known to be spelled with oe as [ø] is "Nirnaeth Arnoediad". |
p | [p] | |
ph | [ff, f] | Normally pronounced [fː], but is [f] at the end of a word. |
r | [r] | |
rh | [r̥] | In some circumstances, rh is actually the consonant cluster r-h, pronounced as two separate letters. |
rr | [rr] | Geminate consonant. |
s | [s] | |
ss | [ss] | Geminate consonant. |
t | [t] | |
th | [θ] | |
u | [u] | Short vowel. |
ú | [uˑ] | Long vowel. |
û | [uː] | Extra-long vowel. |
ui | [uɪ] | Diphthong. |
v | [v] | |
w | [w] | |
wh | [ʍ] | |
y | [y~i] | Short vowel. The traditional pronunciation is [y]. By the Third Age, all varieties of [y] become pronounced [i] instead. |
ý | [yˑ~iˑ] | Long vowel. |
ŷ | [yː~iː] | Extra-long vowel. |