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File:Didier Willis - Mount Dolmed and Amon Ereb.png

2022-12-04T16:03:13Z

172.70.85.57: would be -> might be

== Summary ==
Annotated collage of maps (using J.R.R. and Christopher Tolkien's maps as initial basis) showing where [[Amon Ereb]] might be (if surviving the submersion of [[Beleriand]]) in [[Forlindon]], and noting a mountain peak slightly aside the main range of the [[Blue Mountains]], approximately at Mount [[Dolmed]]'s location.

Detail from [[Didier Willis]], "Du Beleriand aux confins de Rhûn", in [[Tolkien, le façonnement d'un monde]], vol. 2, 2014, p. 198, per author's self authorization.

== Licensing ==
{{GFDL-self|Drakon}}
{{Map}}

[[Category:Images by Didier Willis]]
[[Category:Maps of Beleriand]]
[[Category:Maps of Eriador]]

Amon Ereb

2022-12-04T16:02:00Z

172.70.85.57: Reworded the article slightly to make it clearer that there are multiple ways to reconcile the First and Third Age maps.

__NOTOC__
{{location infobox
| name=Amon Ereb
| image=[[File:Peter Xavier Price - Amon Ereb.jpg|250px]]
| caption="Amon Ereb" by [[Peter Xavier Price]]
| pronun=
| othernames=''Ereb''
| location=East Beleriand; West Eriador?
| type=Hill
| description=Standing alone hill and military base
| regions=
| towns=
| inhabitants=[[Noldor]]
| created=
| destroyed=
| events=[[Wars of Beleriand]]
}}
'''Amon Ereb''' ([[Sindarin|S]]. "Lonely Hill"), sometimes just '''Ereb''', was the broad, shallow-sided hill that dominated the southern plains of [[East Beleriand]].<ref>{{S|Beleriand}}</ref>

==History==
The hill was the highest point in that region and the easternmost hill of [[Andram]], but was standing alone. Within sight of the [[Gelion]], it had tremendous strategic importance, because it guarded the eastern passage around the Long Wall of the Andram into the southern parts of [[East Beleriand]] and the northern [[Taur-im-Duinath]].<ref>{{S|Map}}</ref>

It was here that [[Denethor (Nando)|Denethor]] of the [[Nandor]] met his end in the [[First Battle]].<ref>{{S|Sindar}}</ref> Much later, [[Caranthir]] fortified it to guard his escape into the south after the [[Dagor Bragollach]]<ref>{{S|Fingolfin}}</ref> and the Fëanorions withdrew there after [[Nirnaeth Arnoediad]].<ref>{{WJ|11}}</ref>

===Fate===
[[File:Didier Willis - Mount Dolmed and Amon Ereb.png|thumb|Collage of maps showing where Amon Ereb would be (if surviving the submersion of [[Beleriand]]).]]
A small circle appears in [[Forlindon]] on Tolkien's early draft map for ''[[The Lord of the Rings]]''.<ref name=Isengard>{{HM|TI}}</ref>{{rp|302}} Christopher Tolkien cannot explain this feature<ref name=Isengard></ref>{{rp|301}} and notes that in his own 1943 redrawn map, the circular area is no longer present.<ref name=Isengard></ref>{{rp|322}} It is possible to create a collage of the Beleriand and the Eriador maps to show the small circular area on the Third Age map coinciding with the location of Amon Ereb.<ref>See notably the maps reconstructed by [[Charles Noad]], "A Note on the Geography of the First Age" in ''[[Amon_Hen_(journal)|Amon Hen]]'' no. [[Amon_Hen_38|38]], April 1979, reprinted in ''[[Mallorn_(journal)|Mallorn]]'' no. [[Mallorn_27|27]], September 1990, p. 40; [[Ronald Kyrmse]], "The Geographical Relation between Beleriand and Eriador" in ''[[Mallorn_(journal)|Mallorn]]'' no. [[Mallorn_26|26]], September 1989, pp. 25–27; [[Didier Willis]], "Du Beleriand aux confins de Rhûn" (French) in ''[[Tolkien, le façonnement d'un monde]]'' (2014), vol. 2, pp. 197-212.</ref> Noad suggests that Amon Ereb may have been once thought to have survived the submersion of Beleriand, although there is no textual evidence for it, and other Tolkienists such as [[Karen Fonstad]] have reconciled the two maps in a different way <ref>[[Karen Wynn Fonstad]], ''[[The Atlas of Middle-earth]]'', p. 37</ref>.

==Etymology==
''Amon Ereb'' is [[Sindarin]] "Lonely Hill", from ''[[amon]]'' "hill" + ''[[ereb]]'' "isolated, lonely".

==Portrayal in adaptations==
'''1982-97: ''[[Middle-earth Role Playing]]'':'''

In MERP, Amon Ereb does indeed survive the destruction of [[Beleriand]].

{{references}}
[[Category:Beleriand]]
[[Category:Hills]]
[[Category:Sindarin locations]]
[[de:Amon Ereb]]
[[fi:Amon Ereb]]

Welsh

2022-11-16T18:19:37Z

172.70.85.57:

{{incomplete}}
{{quote|Welsh is of this soil, this island, the senior language of the men of Britain; and Welsh is beautiful.|[[J.R.R. Tolkien]]<ref name=TW/>{{rp|189}}}}
'''Welsh''' is the [[Celtic]] language spoken throughout Wales and some nearby parts of England. [[Mark T. Hooker]] observes that "Tolkien's definition of Welsh does not exactly coincide with the modern perceptions of the word. When Tolkien says Welsh, it is as a portmanteau that includes Cornish and Breton as well."<ref name=TW>[[Mark T. Hooker]], ''[[Tolkien and Welsh]]''</ref>{{rp|1}}

==Sindarin==
{{quote|The names of persons and places in this story were mainly composed on patterns deliberately modelled on those of Welsh (closely similar but not identical). This element in the tale has given perhaps more pleasure to more readers than anything else in it.|J.R.R. Tolkien<ref>{{MC|5}}, p. 197</ref>}}

[[J.R.R. Tolkien|Tolkien]] admits to have been greatly inspired by Welsh when creating the [[Elvish]] language [[Sindarin]].<ref>{{PE|17}}, p. 40</ref> Several similarities have been pointed out:

===Grammatical number===
Editor [[Carl F. Hostetter]] has noted that the singular form ''[[lotheg]]'' is formed by the addition of a diminuitive/singular ending ''-eg/-ig'' to the plural form ''[[loth]]'', much like in Welsh where a singular noun can derive "from a plural form by the addition of a singular ending".<ref>{{VT|42a}}, p. 30 (note 42)</ref>

The situation in Welsh is, however, more complex. Welsh has two number systems at play: singular-plural (like English) and collective-singulative (sometimes referred to as collective-unit).<ref name="KingNumber">{{cite book |last=King |first=Gareth |year=2016 |orig-year=1993 |chapter=54-92 Nouns–Noun Number |title=Modern Welsh – A Comprehensive Grammar |language=English |edition=Third |location=London and New York |publisher=Routledge |pages=49–77 |isbn=978-1-138-82630-4}}</ref> Welsh uses two suffixes for deriving a singulative from a collective: ''-en'' for feminine nouns and ''-yn'' for masculine nouns.<ref name="KingNumber" /> Collective nouns are used of things that are often found in large numbers or frequently kept in groups, some examples are: trees, pigs, children, and ants. For example the Welsh ''moch'' ('pigs, swine') gives ''mochyn'' ('a pig, a head of swine'); ''plant'' ('children') gives ''plentyn'' (a child) (also note the change of the root vowel from 'a' to 'e' in ''plant'' > ''plentyn''); ''coed'' ('wood, forest, trees') gives 'coeden' ('a tree') but also ''drew'' ('oak trees') gives ''derwen'' ('an oak tree'); some collective-singulative nouns are not as obvious, like ''mellt'' ('lightning') gives ''mellten'' ('a fork/flash of lightning.') The Welsh collective has a sense of a homogenous whole that the English plural cannot accurately convey, though the noun "foliage" in English is about as close as one can get.<ref name="KingNumber" />

These singulative suffixes come from an older Celtic diminutive suffix which became repurposed as a singulative marker.

===Initial consonant mutation===
====Welsh mutations====

Initial consonant mutation is a feature of all extant Celtic languages. Tolkien also incorporated a system similar to that of Welsh into Sindarin. In Welsh these mutations are older phonological changes which have become grammaticalised. Usually (but not always) triggered by prepositions, articles, possessive adjectives, and qualifiers, the mutations of Welsh serve as an integral part of its grammar - especially the mutation known as the ''soft mutation''.

The basic outline of the Welsh mutations is given here:

{| class="wikitable"
|- style="background: #efefef;"
! Radical
! Soft
! Nasal
! Aspirate
|-
| p {{IPA|/p/}}
| b {{IPA|/b/}}
| mh {{IPA|/m̥/}}
| ph {{IPA|/f/}}
|-
| t {{IPA|/t/}}
| d {{IPA|/d/}}
| nh {{IPA|/n̥/}}
| th {{IPA|/θ/}}
|-
| c {{IPA|/k/}}
| g {{IPA|/ɡ/}}
| ngh {{IPA|/ŋ̊/}}
| ch {{IPA|/χ/}}
|-
| b {{IPA|/b/}}
| f {{IPA|/v/}}
| m {{IPA|/m/}}
|
|-
| d {{IPA|/d/}}
| dd {{IPA|/ð/}}
| n {{IPA|/n/}}
|
|-
| g {{IPA|/ɡ/}}
| {{IPA|∅}}*
| ng {{IPA|/ŋ/}}
|
|-
| m {{IPA|/m/}}
| f {{IPA|/v/}}
|
|
|-
| ll {{IPA|/ɬ/}}
| l {{IPA|/l/}}
|
|
|-
| rh {{IPA|/r̥/}}
| r {{IPA|/r/}}
|
|
|}

====Sindarin mutations====

The mutations of Sindarin are not fully understood. Below are given the mutations proposed by David Salo in his book ''A Gateway to Sindarin'':

{| class="wikitable"
! Radical
! Soft
! Nasal
! Stop
! ''Liquid?''
! Mixed
|-
! t /t/
|d /d/
|th /θ/
|th /θ/
|th /θ/
|d /d/
|-
! p /p/
|b /b/
|ph /f/
|ph /f/
|ph /f/
|b /b/
|-
! c /k/
|g /g/
|ch /χ/
|ch /χ/
|ch /χ/
|g /g/
|-
! d /d/
|dh /ð/
|n /n/
|
|dh /ð/
|
|-
! b /b/
|v /v/
|m /m/
|
|v /v/
|
|-
! g /g/
|(deleted)
|ng /ŋ/
|
|(deleted)
|
|-
! m /m/
|v /v/
|
|
|v /v/
|
|-
! (n)d /d/
|n /n/
|nd /nd/
|nd /nd/
|d /d/
|nd /nd/
|-
! (m)b /b/
|m /m/
|mb /mb/
|mb /mb/
|b /b/
|mb /mb/
|-
! (n)g /g/
|ng /ŋ/
|ng /ŋg/
|n-g /ŋg/
|g /g/
|ng /ŋg/
|-
! lh /ɬ/
|l /l/
|l /l/
|l /l/
|l /l/
|l /l/
|-
! rh /r̥/
|r /r/
|r /r/
|r /r/
|r /r/
|r /r/
|-
! s /s/
|h /h/
|
|
|
|h /h/
|-
! h /h/
|ch /χ/
|ch /χ/
|ch /χ/
|ch /χ/
|ch /χ/
|-
! hw /ʍ/
|chw /χw/
|chw /χw/
|chw /χw/
|chw /χw/
|chw /χw/
|-
|}

==External links==
*{{WP|Welsh language}}
*[http://glaemscrafu.jrrvf.com/english/welsh.html Texts and sound samples] at [[Glǽmscrafu]]
{{references}}
[[Category:Languages (real-world)]]

Welsh

2022-11-16T18:07:57Z

172.70.85.57: /* Singular/Plural */