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Dorwinion

2013-11-10T15:19:56Z

173.2.197.76:

{{location
| image=
| name=Dorwinion
| othernames=
| etymology=See below
| type=Region
| location=On the northwest side of the Sea of Rhûn
| inhabitants=possibly [[Elves]]
| realms=
| description=A land of vineyards
| events=
}}

{{Pronounce|Dorwinion.mp3|Ardamir}}
{{Pronounce|Dorwinion2.mp3|Ardamir}}
'''Dorwinion''' or '''Dor-Winion''' was a land which lay on the northwestern shores of the [[Sea of Rhûn]], surrounded by the river [[Celduin]].<ref>[[A Map of Middle-earth]]</ref> In Dorwinion was made a heady wine, which was strong enough to let even [[Elves]] get drunk and fall asleep.

Dorwinion is mentioned as the place where the special wine of the [[Thranduil|Elven-king]] comes from, and the crates are returned by way of the [[Forest River]] to [[Lake-town]] on [[Long Lake]].<ref>{{H|9}}</ref>

When Thorin & Company were imprisoned in Thranduil's dungeon, the captain of the guards and Thranduil's butler decided to sample some before sending it up to the royal feast. Unfortunately, the only cups they could find were two large flagons - yet even Elves normally only drink Dorwinion wine out of small shotglasses. They therefore accidentally became very drunk and quickly fell asleep at their table, allowing Bilbo (invisible due to his magic ring) to steal the prison cell keys off of the captain.

==Etymology==
The name is [[Sindarin]] meaning "Land of Gwinion", whereas Gwinion itself is a name of a country meaning "Young-land"; from ''[[dor]]'' and ''[[gwain]]'' plus the geographical ending ''[[-nd|-iond]]''.<ref name=PE17>{{PE|17}}, p. 54</ref>

[[Tolkien]] commented that the [[Elvish]] name in such a remote location is a "testimony to the spread of Sindarin".<ref>{{HM|HH}}</ref>

Before the publication of [[Parma Eldalamberon 17]], it had been suggested by [[Tolkienist]]s that the name may come from an [[Avarin]] or [[Nandorin]] tongue. [[Didier Willis]] speculated that the element ''-Winion'' apparently meant "wine", without any probable origin in any known etymology.<ref>[[Didier Willis]], [http://www.jrrvf.com/hisweloke/site3/articles.php?lng=fr&pg=36 Dorwinion, pays de cépages]</ref>

==Other versions==
''Dor'''v'''inion'' or ''Dor-Winion'' is mentioned in the ''[[The Lay of the Children of Húrin]]''; its wine was famous among the [[Dwarves of Nogrod]] and [[Menegroth]]. It is said there to lie in the "Burning south" (of [[Beleriand]])<ref>{{LB|1b}} lines 223, 425</ref>, which might suggest it was a different "Dorwinion", or may just have referred to the fact it came from the more southern lands of [[Rhovanion]] by way of the [[Dwarf-road of Beleriand]].

While writing the [[Quenta Silmarillion]], Tolkien once mentioned Dorwinion as a location of [[Tol Eressea]].<ref>{{LR|Quenta}}, p. 338</ref> Tolkien reused the name and the wines in ''[[The Hobbit]]'', establishing thus that it is somewhere in or near the [[Rhovanion|Wilderland]].

{{references}}

[[Category:Regions]]
[[Category:Rhovanion]]

[[de:Dorwinion]]
[[fi:Dorwinion]]

Dwarf-women

2013-11-03T02:18:09Z

173.2.197.76: /* Portrayal in Adaptations */

{{disambig-two|a concept of the [[legendarium]]|film scene by [[Peter Jackson]]|[[Dwarf Women]]}}
[[File:Gregor Roffalski - Dís.jpg|thumb|Dís, Thráin's daughter]]
'''Dwarf-women''' were few among the [[Dwarves]], kept in secret, and were seldom seen by other races.
==Role in society==
Dwarves wanted their women to be protected from other races and they usually kept them concealed inside their mountain halls. They seldom traveled in the outside world, only in great need, and when they did, they were dressed as men; with similar voice and appearance as male dwarves, even when they are rarely seen they are usually mistaken for a male. All Dwarves had beards from the beginning of their lives<ref>{{WJ|Dwarves}}; a similar statement was made in [[The_Making_of_Appendix_A#Durin's_Folk]]</ref>.
===Family and fertility===
Women joined their husbands' families. Women were seldom named in genealogies but if a son is seen to be 110 years younger than his father, this usually indicates an elder daughter. [[Thorin]]'s sister [[Dís]] was named simply because of the gallant death of her sons [[Fíli]] and [[Kíli]].

[[Gimli]] stated that only approximately one-third of their population consisted of women which was the reason for the slow increase in population of the race: less than one-third of Dwarf-men were married (others preferred to spend their time with their crafts instead) and even those were bound to her for life. Furthermore, some women did not end up marrying: some desire none, or denied to marry any other than the one they wanted.

==Misconceptions==
Because of the scarcity of Dwarf-women, their secrecy and similarity in appearance to males, and their lack of mention, many [[Men]] failed to recognize their existence. They believed that the Dwarves' population was only of men, and a legend said therefore that they were 'born' by growing out of stone.

== Portrayal in Adaptations ==
[[File:David T. Wenzel - Dwarf-woman.jpg|thumb]]'''1989: ''[[The Hobbit (comic book)]]'':'''
:During Thorin's and [[Gandalf]]'s narration about [[Lonely Mountain|Erebor]] and [[Smaug]], a flashback panel shows the exodus of the [[Dwarves of Erebor]]. Among them, a woman can be seen, since she has no beard and is wearing woman's clothes.
'''2002: ''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Two Towers]]'':'''
:Dwarf women are mentioned in the Extended Edition only, during [[Gimli]]'s rant to [[Éowyn]] concerning Dwarven culture. The dialogue actually reproduces some of the information seen in [[Appendix A]]: Durin's Folk. On his mention that Men believe that there are no female Dwarves, [[Aragorn]] whispers a tongue-in-cheek explanation "''It's the beard!''" causing Éowyn to laugh.
'''2012: ''[[The Hobbit: An Unexpected Journey]]'':'''
:Some Dwarf women can be seen briefly in the beginning of the film, when the story of the destruction of Erebor is told. Here the women have beards, too, they are only shorter or lighter, sort of like very large sideburns.

==External links==
*[http://tolkien.slimy.com/faq/Creatures.html#DwarfBeards Did Dwarf women have beards?] by Steuard Jensen

{{References}}
*{{App|Durin}}

[[Category:Dwarves]]
[[de:Zwerge#Zwergenfrauen]]
[[fi:Kääpiöt#Kääpiönaisista]]

Thrór

2013-11-03T02:17:02Z

173.2.197.76: /* Portrayal in adaptations */

{{dwarves infobox
| image=[[File:David T. Wenzel - Thrór.jpg|250px]]
| name=Thrór
| othernames=
| titles=[[Kings of Durin's Folk|King of Durin's Folk]] [[King under the Mountain]]
| position=
| location=[[Grey Mountains]] [[Lonely Mountain]]
| affiliation=
| language=[[Khuzdul]]
| birth={{TA|2542}}
| birthlocation=[[Grey Mountains]]
| rule={{TA|2589}} - {{TA|2790|n}}
| death={{TA|2790|n}}
| deathlocation=[[Moria]]
| age=248
| house=[[House of Durin]]
| parentage=[[Dáin I]]
| siblings=[[Frór]], [[Grór]]
| spouse=
| children=[[Thráin II]]
| gender=Male
| height=
| hair=
| eyes=
| clothing=
| weapons=
| steed=
}}
'''Thrór''' ({{TA|2542}} – {{TA|2790|n}}, lived 248 years) was King of [[Durin's folk]] for 201 years, from {{TA|2589|n}} to 2790. He was the eldest son of [[Dáin I]] and brother of [[Grór]] and [[Frór]].<ref name="Durin">{{App|Durin}}</ref>

==History==
After a great [[Cold-drakes|Cold-drake]] killed both his father and brother [[Frór]], the remaining brothers Thrór and [[Grór]] led their people away from the [[Grey Mountains]]. As Dáin's heir Thrór led many [[Dwarves]] back to [[Lonely Mountain]] in {{TA|2590}}<ref name="TA">{{App|TA}}</ref>, where he became [[King under the Mountain]], a title held earlier by his ancestor, [[Thorin I]]. Grór continued east with a great following of Durin's folk to the [[Iron Hills]], where he founded his own [[Dwarves of the Iron Hills|realm]].<ref name="Durin"/>

=== King under the Mountain ===
At Erebor, Thrór and his people re-established the [[Kingdom under the Mountain]] and became very prosperous. Thrór brought the [[Arkenstone]] back to [[Lonely Mountain|Erebor]]<ref name="Durin"/> and the hall of feasting and council, the [[Great Chamber of Thrór]],<ref>{{H|Home}}</ref> was named after him.

Thrór and his people gained the friendship of the [[Northmen]] who lived along the river [[River Running|Celduin]]. These people later founded the town of [[Dale]] and had much trade of goods, beautiful trinkets, and weapons with the Dwarves. The [[Dwarves of Erebor]] also had much traffic of ores with their kinsman in the Iron Hills and the region had peace and prosperity for many years.

In {{TA|2770|n}}<ref name="TA"/> though their prosperity ended. The Dragon [[Smaug]] heard of the wealth of Thrór and his people. He flew south from the [[Ered Mithrin]] and sacked the Lonely Mountain, killing many Dwarves. From the destruction many escaped, the last of them being Thrór and his son [[Thráin II|Thráin]] from the hidden [[Back Door]]. With a small company of kin and faithful followers they made a great wandering southward, until they reached the hills of [[Dunland]].<ref name="Durin"/>

On a [[Midyear's Day]] under a broad crescent moon, Thrór created his [[Thrór's Map|map]] of the Lonely Mountain and the [[Desolation of the Dragon]]. In addition to the readily visible features on the map, Thrór added the details about the hidden [[Back Door]] into the Mountain, written in [[Moon-letters]] for secrecy.<ref>{{H|Rest}}</ref>

===Dunland, and the journey to Moria===
In [[Dunland]], his people tried to make a living, but twenty years<ref name="TA"/> after the [[Sack of Erebor]], despondent and homeless, Thrór left his people and went north with a single companion, [[Nár (companion of Thrór)|Nár]]. Before leaving, Thrór gave his son [[Thráin II]] his [[Ring of Thrór|Ring of Power]], along with the map and key to the Lonely Mountain. Thrór wished to see the fabled city of his ancestors, [[Moria|Khazad-dûm]].

Eventually they made it over the [[Redhorn Pass]] down into [[Azanulbizar]], the Dimrill Dale. Coming to the [[East-gate]] of Moria Thrór found it open. Nár begged him to beware, but ignoring his companion Thrór walked through the gates as the heir who had returned. But he did not come back.<ref name="Durin"/>

===Death===
Nár hid nearby for many days until he saw Thrór's body flung down the steps; his severed head lay face downward on the ground. As he knelt there, Nar saw branded across his forehead in [[Angerthas Moria|Dwarvish runes]] the name [[Azog|AZOG]]. This Orc then threw a small purse of coins at him, calling him a beggar. Nár fled weeping down the [[Silverlode]], while Orcs emerged and hacked Thrór's body into pieces and fed them to the crows.<ref name="Durin"/>

When Nár told Thráin what had happened, he declared war on the [[Orcs]] and called all the Seven Houses of the Dwarves together for vengeance. Nine years later in {{TA|2799}}<ref name="TA"/> at the [[Battle of Azanulbizar]], the climax of the [[War of the Dwarves and Orcs]], the death of Thrór was avenged. Thráin took Azog's severed head, shoved the purse of coins into his mouth and then set it on a stake.<ref name="Durin"/>

==Genealogy==
{{familytree/start}}
{{familytree | | | | | DAI | | | | |DAI=[[Dáin I]]}}
{{familytree | |,|-|-|-|+|-|-|-|.| |}}
{{familytree | THR | | FRO | | GRO |THR='''THRÓR'''|FRO=[[Frór]]|GRO=[[Grór]]}}
{{familytree | |!| | | | | | | |!| |}}
{{familytree | THN | | | | | | NAI | THN=[[Thráin II]]|NAI=[[Náin son of Grór|Náin]]}}
{{familytree/end}}

==Etymology==
[[Jim Allan]] has suggested that the name ''Thrór'' derives from ''Þrór'', a dwarf from the ''[[Völuspá|Dvergatal]]''. According to Allan, ''Þrór'' means "boar", deriving from a root meaning "to expand" (linking the meaning to Thrór's expanding of the "''diggings and wealth of the Lonely Mountain''").<ref>[[Jim Allan]], "Giving of Names", in ''[[An Introduction to Elvish]]'', p. 223</ref>

==Portrayal in adaptations==
'''2003: [[The Hobbit (2003 video game)|''The Hobbit'' (2003 video game)]]:'''
:A statue of Thrór stands in the great hall of [[Lonely Mountain|Erebor]].

'''2012-14: [[The Hobbit (film series)|''The Hobbit'' (film series)]]:'''
:Thrór is played by [[Jeffrey Thomas]].<ref name="PJCasting">{{webcite|author=[[Peter Jackson]]|articleurl=http://www.facebook.com/note.php?note_id=10150168211921558|articlename=Production begins in New Zealand on The Hobbit|dated=20-March-2011|website=[http://www.facebook.com/ Facebook]|accessed=23-Dec-2011}}</ref>

'''2012: ''[[The Hobbit: An Unexpected Journey]]'':'''
:Contrary to the book Thrór is shown as the ruling king at the time of the discovery of the Arkenstone instead of his ancestor [[Thráin I]]. With this the film portrays him as believing its discovery as a sign of his divine right to the throne.

:The film also condenses the events after the Fall of Erebor to show Thrór choosing to try to retake Moria as the home of his people, but in the process being beheaded in the Battle of Azanulbizar by Azog.

==See also==
*[[:Category:Images of Thrór|Images of Thrór]]

{{references}}
{{seq-start}}
{{seq-head
| race=dwarf
| house=[[Durin's Folk|House of Durin]]
| born={{TA|2542}}
| died={{TA|2790}}
}}
{{seq
| pvac=Vacant
| prev=''[[Thorin I]], 350 years earlier''
| list=3rd [[Kings under the Mountain|King under the Mountain]]
| dates={{TA|2589}} – {{TA|2770|n}}
| nvac=Abandoned
| next=''[[Thorin|Thorin Oakenshield]], 151 years later''
}}
{{seq
| prev=[[Dáin I]]
| list=[[Kings of Durin's Folk|King of Durin's Folk]]
| dates={{TA|2589}} – {{TA|2790|n}}
| next=[[Thráin II]]
}}

{{seq-end}}
[[Category:Dwarves]]
[[Category:Longbeards]]
[[Category:Characters in The Hobbit]]
[[de:Thrór]]
[[fr:encyclo/personnages/nains/3a/thror]]
[[fi:Thrór]]

Potatoes

2013-08-15T18:30:50Z

173.2.197.76: /* Inspiration */

{{plants
| image=
| name=Potatoes
| othernames=Taters
| derivation=
| family=Nightshades
| location=[[The Shire]]
| appearance=
| references=
|}}'''Potatoes''' or '''taters''' in [[Hobbitish]], were root vegetables that were apparently among the staple foods of the [[Hobbits]] ([[Hamfast Gamgee]] was recognized locally as an expert on growing potatoes).<ref>{{FR|I1}}</ref> [[Samwise Gamgee]] expected to find them in [[Ithilien]].<ref>{{TT|IV4}}</ref>

==Inspiration==
The existence of potatoes in the ancient European setting of [[Middle-earth]] is problematic since potatoes came from America only in the recent centuries. Tolkien avoided using foreign concepts and terms of English vocabulary such as Native American words. For example [[tomatoes]] were referred in the first edition of ''[[The Hobbit]]'' but removed in the second one.

The term "taters" is perhaps an attempt to 'anglicize' or 'Hobbitize' this word.

Conceivably, the roots named 'potatoes' in [[J.R.R. Tolkien|Tolkien]]'s work represent some other related root plant, or a crop brought east by the [[Númenóreans]] that later became extinct - similar to Tolkien's explanation of how [[Pipe-weed]] was introduced to Middle-earth.
{{References}}
[[Category:Food]]
[[Category:Plants]]

Ungoliant

2013-08-03T14:14:29Z

173.2.197.76: /* Other version of the legendarium */

{{cleanup}}{{sources}}
{{evil infobox
| image=[[file:Guy Gondron - Morgoth and Ungoliant.jpg|250px]]
| name=Ungoliant
| othernames= Gloomweaver, Delduthling
| created=
| years=
| age=
| destroyed=
| realm= [[Avathar]] ([[Year of the Trees]]); [[Nan Dungortheb]] (early [[First Age]])
| gender=Female
| race= [[Maiar]]
| appearance=Like a large spider
| accomplishments=Destruction of the [[Two Trees of Valinor|Two Trees]]
}}
'''Ungoliant''' was an evil spirit in a form that greatly resembled a massive [[spider]] who dwelt in [[Avathar]] prior to the [[First Age]].

==History==
Ungoliant's origins are shrouded in mystery. It is thought that she may have been one of the [[Maiar]] whom [[Morgoth|Melkor]] corrupted long ago, but she is not listed among the [[Ainur]]. It is also said, arguably separately, that she came from the darkness above the skies of Arda, leading some to believe that she may be an incarnation of darkness or emptiness itself (which is fairly consistent with the rest of her character).

Ungoliant most kept to herself, but [[Morgoth|Melkor]] eventually sought her aid in his attack on the [[Two Trees of Valinor]]. She helped Melkor infiltrate [[Valinor]] by shrouding both herself and her ally in webs of pure darkness. Once within Valinor, Ungoliant drank the light from the Two Trees after Morgoth wounded them with his spear. She also drained dry the Wells of [[Varda]] so that nothing remained of the Light of the [[Two Lamps]] save that of the [[Silmarils]] of [[Fëanor]]. After this terrible act, Ungoliant and Melkor fled to [[Middle-earth]] to escape justice at the hands of the [[Valar]].

[[File:John Howe - The Killing of the Trees.jpg|thumb|left|''Ungoliant aids [[Morgoth|Melkor]] in the darkening of [[Valinor]]'']]

In order to gain Ungoliant's assistance, Melkor had promised to reward her, "Yea, with both hands", and after their flight from [[Valinor]], the Dark Lord indeed gave her many gems of the [[Noldor|Ñoldor]]. However, he withheld the Silmarils in his right hand, having desired them too greatly to allow the Great Spider to devour them. In response, an enraged Ungoliant attacked Melkor as punishment for his perceived betrayal. Having grown far larger and stronger than before by absorbing the light of the Two Trees, the Gloomweaver would have killed Melkor had not the [[Balrogs]] come and saved their master.

Overcome by the Balrogs' fiery whips, Ungoliant fled to the [[Ered Gorgoroth]] in [[Beleriand]]. There, she had many offspring, including [[Shelob]], which spread throughout the Ered Gorgoroth and gave it a reputation as a place of horror. Ungoliant herself eventually disappeared from history, but her final fate is not precisely known; in ''[[The Silmarillion]]'', [[Quenta Silmarillion]], Chapter 9, ''Of the Flight of the Noldor'', it is said that she "went whither she would into the forgotten south of the world" shortly before the [[First Age]], and that "some have said that she ended long ago, when in her uttermost famine she devoured herself at last." In contrast, a rough sketch of [[Eärendil]]'s voyages by Tolkien suggests that he slew Ungoliant in the south.

==Etymology==
The name is pronounced {{IPA|[uŋˈɡoljant]}}. In the form ''Ungoliant'' the name is technically [[Sindarin]], but is a direct loan from [[Quenya]] '''Ungweliantë''' (''[[ungwë]]'' + ''[[liantë]]'': "dark spider"; pron. {{IPA|[uŋʷˌɡʷeliˈante]}}); the strictly Sindarin form being '''Delduthling''' "dark terror spider."

She is also called "gloomweaver," '''Virilomë''' {{IPA|[ˌviriˈlome]}}) ('''Wirilomë''' in [[Vanyarin]]) which becomes '''Gwerlum''' ({{IPA|[ɡʷerlum]}}) in Sindarin.

==Other version of the legendarium==
In ''[[The Book of Lost Tales]]'', Ungoliant's history is even more mysterious then what is implied in the published edition of ''The Silmarillion''. Here, even the Valar did not know of her origins, and she was portrayed as a primeval spirit of night, and believed to be a creature bred of the darkness of the Void.

Also, Melkor and his companions encounter Ungoliant in her lair (here, known as Arvalin) by coincidence while fleeing from the Valar.

Melkor and Ungoliant are shown to be on much friendlier terms with each other than what is shown in later version of ''The Silmarillion'', as Melkor willingly offers the jewels that were stolen from the Elves, apart from the Silmarils (the Theft of the Silmarils ocurring ''before'' the Darkening of Valinor, in this version).

After the Darkening of Valinor, instead of fleeing with Melkor, Ungoliant immediately flees southwards towards her lair, and successfully eludes the Valar.

==In adaptations==
'''2012: ''[[The Hobbit: An Unexpected Journey]]'':'''

:When [[Radagast]] warns [[Gandalf]] that a darkness has fallen upon Greenwood the Great (resulting in men now calling it [[Mirkwood]]), and that he saw with his own eyes that monstrously large [[Spiders]] have begun to spread throughout the forest, he describes them as "Spiders, Gandalf, Giant ones. Some kind of spawn of Ungoliant, or I'm not a wizard." This is true in the broad sense that all giant spiders of the world are descendants of Ungoliant, though the giant spiders of Mirkwood are not the direct progeny of Ungoliant. Rather, Ungoliant's direct offspring were the Great Spiders of Ered Gorgoroth, of which Shelob was the only survivor, and the spiders of Mirkwood were Shelob's offspring.

[[Category:Spiders]]
[[Category:Spirits]]
[[Category:Characters in The Silmarillion]]
[[Category:Evil]]
[[Category:Servants of Melkor]]
[[Category:Sindarin names]]
[[de:Ungoliant]]
[[fr:encyclo/personnages/animaux/araignees/ungoliant]]
[[fi:Ungoliant]]

Faramir's defence of Osgiliath

2013-07-02T02:41:25Z

173.2.197.76: /* Portrayal in adaptations */

{{Unnamed}}
{{disambig-more|Battle of Osgiliath|[[Battle of Osgiliath (disambiguation)]]}}
{{battle
|name=Faramir's defense of Osgiliath
|image=[[Image:Donato Giancola - Faramir at Osgiliath.jpg|300px]]
|conflict=[[War of the Ring]]
|date=[[12 March]] {{TA|3019}}
|place=The ruins of western [[Osgiliath]]
|result=Victory for [[Sauron]], gaining the crossing of the Anduin River
|side1=[[Gondor]]
|side2=[[Mordor]]
|commanders1=
* [[Faramir]]
|commanders2=
{{Sauron blazon}}
* [[Witch-king of Angmar]]
|forces1=Unknown, the men of Gondor
|forces2=Unknown, forces of Mordor, Southrons, Haradwaith
|casual1=Unknown
|casual2=Unknown
}}
{{wotr}}
'''Faramir's defense of Osgiliath''' was a futile attempt to stem the advance of Sauron's army advancing from [[Minas Morgul]] towards [[Minas Tirith]] through the ruins of the city on the [[Anduin]].
==Prelude==
Two days after the departure of [[Frodo Baggins]] from [[Henneth Annûn]], [[Faramir]] returned to [[Minas Tirith]].<ref name="App">{{App|Great}}</ref> Early in the morning of the next day [[Denethor]] ordered his son to Osgiliath, hoping to make the Enemy pay dearly for the crossing of the river. Although Faramir warned that [[Sauron]] could easily afford to lose ten times [[Gondor]]'s losses, and that those so far afield would find retreat perilous, Denethor insisted that Faramir defend the ruined city because no army could cross the river north of [[Cair Andros]] or southwards towards [[Lebennin]]. After the meeting of the Council Faramir took what strength he could to Osgiliath.<ref name="Osgiliath">{{RK|V4}}</ref>
==The Battle==
On 12 March, {{TA|3019}},<ref name="App"/> Sauron's army met and shoved Faramir's scratch forces west out of Osgiliath. Although the Enemy did pay dearly for the crossing, it was less than hoped. In secret, numerous floats and barges had been built in East Osgiliath which allowed Sauron's forces to swarm like beetles upon the defenders.<ref name="Osgiliath"/>
==Aftermath==
Faramir retired with his men to the [[Causeway Forts]] where the ongoing battle resumed. Soon this battle would also be lost, Faramir would be wounded, and [[siege of Gondor]] would begin.
==Portrayal in adaptations ==
The movie version of ''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King|The Return of the King]]'' by Peter Jackson condensed the battle. The Orcs led by [[Gothmog]] swarm across the Anduin and engage Faramir's garrison throughout the ruins of western Osgiliath. When his forces begin to be overwhelmed and the city is clearly lost, he leads a retreat back to Minas Tirith, harried by the Ringwraiths along the way. Denethor then delusionally orders Faramar to lead a counter-attack to retake Osgiliath, despite Faramir's complaint that the city is completely overrun. In the book, Denethor did not order Faramir on a suicidal cavalry charge against Osgiliath, although Faramir did regard the order to go to help defend Osgiliath ill-advised. Also, in the movie the Causeway Forts and the [[Rammas Echor]] did not exist.
{{References}}
[[Category:Conflicts of the War of the Ring]]

Bain

2013-07-02T02:34:54Z

173.2.197.76: /* Genealogy */ Bain is present with Bard about 10 minutes into this clip

{{men infobox
|image=
|name=Bain
|othernames=
|birth=
| rule={{TA|2977}} - {{TA|3007}}
|death={{TA|3007}}
|race=Men
|gender=Male
|height=
|hair=
|eyes=
}}
'''Bain''' was the [[King of Dale]], the second of the restored line.
__NOTOC__
== History ==
Bain was the son of [[Bard|Bard the Bowman]], and succeeded his father in {{TA|2977}}. He ruled in the lands south of the [[Lonely Mountain]] for thirty years, during which [[Balin]] and [[Balin's Colony|a group]] of [[Dwarves]] left [[Erebor]] to retake [[Moria]].

He was succeeded by his son [[Brand]] in {{TA|3007}}, whose realm was said to extend far to the south and east of [[Lake-town|Esgaroth]].<ref name="TA">{{App|TA}}</ref>

==Etymology==
As the [[Language of Dale]] is rendered with [[Old Norse]], the name perhaps represents ''Beinn'' meaning "mover".<ref>[[Jim Allan]], ''[[An Introduction to Elvish]]'', "The Giving of Names", p. 127</ref>

== Genealogy ==
{{familytree/start}}
{{familytree| BAR |BAR=[[Bard|Bard I]] ''d. {{TA|2977|n}}''}}
{{familytree| |!| |}}
{{familytree| BAI |BAI='''BAIN''' ''d. {{TA|3007|n}}''}}
{{familytree| |!| |}}
{{familytree| BRA |BRA=[[Brand]] ''d. {{TA|3019|n}}''}}
{{familytree| |!| |}}
{{familytree| BA2 |BA2=[[Bard II]]}}
{{familytree/end}}

{{seq-start}}
{{seq-head
| race=men
| died={{TA|3007}}
}}
{{seq
| prev=[[Bard|Bard I]]
| list=[[King of Dale]]
| dates={{TA|2977}} – {{TA|3007|n}}
| next=[[Brand]]
}}
{{seq-end}}

==Portrayals in Adaptations==
'''2012-14: [[The Hobbit (film series)|''The Hobbit'' (film series)]]:'''
:Peter Jackson's adaptation of ''The Hobbit'' presents Bard's son Bain as alive during the main events of the narrative, although the books never explicitly stated whether he was born before or after the Battle of Five Armies. He is played by actor John Bell.<ref name="PJCasting">{{webcite|author=[[Peter Jackson]]|articleurl=http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0Llxv8omjfU#at=597|articlename=THE HOBBIT: THE DESOLATION OF SMAUG, Production Diary 11|dated=19-June-2011|website=[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0Llxv8omjfU#at=597]|accessed=1-July-2013}}</ref>

{{references}}
[[Category:Masculine names]]
[[Category:Norse names]]
[[Category:Northmen]]
[[Category:Rulers of Dale]]
[[de:Bain]]
[[fr:encyclo:personnages:hommes:3a:hommes_du_nord:daliens:bain]]
[[fi:Bain]]

Rivendell

2013-06-29T14:53:55Z

173.2.197.76:

{{Countdown}}
{{disambig-more|Rivendell|[[Rivendell (disambiguation)]]}}
{{location
| image=[[Image:J.R.R. Tolkien - Rivendell.jpg|250px]]
| name=Rivendell
| othernames=Imladris, the Last Homely House
| etymology=
| type=Valley/City
| location=West of [[Misty Mountains|Hithaeglir]]
| inhabitants=[[Elves]]
| realms=[[Elrond]]'s dominion
| description=Hidden valley with permanent elven settlement
| events=[[First Siege of Imladris|First]] and [[Second Siege of Imladris|Second]] Siege of Imladris, [[Quest of Erebor]], [[Council of Elrond]]
| references=''[[The Lord of the Rings]]'', ''[[The Hobbit]]'', ''[[Unfinished Tales]]''
}}
'''Rivendell''', or '''[[Rivendell#Etymology|Imladris]]''', was an [[Elves|Elven]] dwelling in the [[Misty Mountains]] on the eastern edge of [[Eriador]]. It was also called "'''The Last Homely House East of the Sea'''", a reference to [[Valinor]] west of [[Belegaer|the sea]], and the '''First Homely House''', so called because it was the last outpost in the relatively civilised lands of [[Eriador]] before a traveller crossed the [[Misty Mountains]] and entered the Wilds of [[Rhovanion (region)|Rhovanion]]. It was established by [[Elrond]] in the [[Second Age]] as a refuge from [[Sauron]] after the fall of [[Eregion]]. Besides Elrond himself, notable Elves who lived there included [[Arwen]] and [[Glorfindel]].

==Location==
[[File:Soni Alcorn-Hender - Valley of Rivendell.jpg|thumb|left|''Valley of Rivendell'' by Soni Alcorn-Hender]]
Rivendell was located at the edge of a narrow gorge of the [[Bruinen|Bruinen River]], but well hidden in the moorlands and foothills of the [[Misty Mountains]].{{fact}}

==History==
===Establishment===
Elrond established Imladris in {{SA|1697}} during the [[War of the Elves and Sauron]].<ref>{{App|SA}}</ref> In Elrond's following at that time were both Elves from [[Lindon]] whom he had led in [[Sack of Eregion|battle to defend Eregion]] and those Elves who had fled [[Eregion]] when it was destroyed. Many more refugees joined Elrond's host as Sauron ravaged Eriador during the course of the war. By {{SA|1700}}, Imladris, despite being [[First Siege of Imladris|besieged]], was the only part of [[Eriador]] not under Sauron's control. It was liberated after [[Gil-galad]]'s forces, strengthened by the armament sent by [[Tar-Minastir]], routed Sauron's armies and drove him out of Eriador. A Council was held at that time, establishing Elrond as Gil-galad's vice-regent in Eriador and that Imladris should be maintained as an Elvish stronghold.<ref>{{UT|6}}</ref>

At the end of the Second Age, [[Elendil]] and Gil-galad formed the [[Last Alliance of Elves and Men]] to challenge Sauron, and their host halted for a while at Imladris before crossing the Misty Mountains.<ref name="SV"/> [[Isildur]]'s wife and his youngest son, [[Valandil (King of Arnor)|Valandil]], were in Imladris at that time, and Isildur was journeying back to them after Sauron's defeat when he was ambushed at the [[Gladden Fields]].<ref>{{UT|7}}</ref> After receiving the shards of [[Narsil]], Valandil took up his role as King of [[Arnor]] and left Imladris for [[Annúminas]].<ref name="SV">{{S|V}}</ref>

===Third Age===
After the fall of Gil-galad, Elrond remained in Imladris. During the Third Age it was a refuge and sanctuary; many Elves gathered there, and it was the chief dwelling of the [[High Elves]] in Eriador. The heirs of Isildur were also harbored there due to their kinship with Elrond, as descendants of his brother [[Elros]].<ref name="SV"/> Rivendell maintained this special relationship with the North Kingdom throughout the Third Age, and Elrond and his people remained steadfast allies to the heirs of Isildur.

Situated on the western slopes of the Misty Mountains, Rivendell was on the eastern edge of [[Arnor]], close to the province of [[Rhudaur]] which became independent during the disintegration of the North Kingdom in {{TA|861}}. Danger came to Eriador around {{TA|1300}} when the witch-kingdom of [[Angmar]] was established in the north-east beyond the [[Ettenmoors]]. It was during the late reign of [[Arveleg I]] that [[Second Siege of Imladris |Rivendell was besieged by Angmar]]. After an incursion by Angmar into Eriador in {{TA|1409}}, the Elvenfolk of Rivendell joined those of Lindon in subduing the power of the [[Witch-king]] for many years.<ref name="North">{{App|North}}</ref>

After the end of the North-kingdom in {{TA|1975}} [[Aranarth]], the first [[Chieftains of the Dúnedain|Chieftain of the Dúnedain]], had [[Arahael|his son]] fostered in Rivendell, as were all subsequent sons of the chieftains. The heirlooms and treasures of the house of Isildur, including the shards of [[Narsil]], were also kept there after [[Arvedui]]'s death.<ref name="North"/> Among these were also some of the few remaining documents containing the history of Númenor.<ref>{{UT|3}}</ref>

There was traffic across the Misty Mountains in the Third Age between Imladris and [[Lothlórien|Lórien]], for Elrond's wife was [[Celebrían]], daughter of Galadriel and Celeborn.

====The One Ring====
In the [[Quest of Erebor]], [[Bilbo Baggins]] stopped off at Rivendell with the Dwarves on the way to the [[Lonely Mountain]] and also on the way back to [[the Shire]] with [[Gandalf]].<ref>{{HM|H}}</ref>

Years later, [[Frodo Baggins]] and his [[Travellers|companions]] journeyed to Rivendell, where they met with Bilbo, who had retired there after his 111th birthday, spending his time on his memoir, ''[[There and Back Again]]''. Several other Elves, [[Dwarves]] and [[Men]] had also arrived at Rivendell on separate errands;<ref>{{FR|II1}}</ref> at the [[Council of Elrond]] they learned that all of their errands were related to the fate of [[the One Ring]], and they had to decide what to do about it. In the end, the Hobbits influenced the decision.<ref>{{FR|II2}}</ref>

===Fourth Age===

On his deathbed in Fourth Age 120, he mentioned to Arwen that Rivendell had been abandoned. None now dwelled there, as all of its inhabitants had taken ships across the sea into the west.

==Etymology==

''Rivendell'' ("[[Wiktionary:cloven|cloven]]-[[Wiktionary:dell|dell]]") is the [[Westron|Common Speech]] translation of the Sindarin name '''''Imladris''''' ("deep dale of the cleft").<ref>{{HM|N}}, p. 774</ref> An alternative (or complementary) etymology, gives ''Rivendell'' as the Englished version of the [[Westron]] name '''''Karningul''''' (itself a translation of ''Imladris'').<ref>{{App|F2}}</ref>

The name ''Imladris'' is also glossed as "Canyon of the Cleft"<ref>{{VT|47a}}, p. 14 (note 18)</ref> and "flat-floared valley of the Cleft".<ref name="letter">[[J.R.R. Tolkien]], "[[Anthony D. Howlett 28 May 1969]]" ([[Letters not published in "The Letters of J.R.R. Tolkien"|letter]])</ref>

==Inspiration==
A possible inspiration (so suggested by [[David Salo]]<ref>Aaron Fuegi, "[http://scv.bu.edu/~aarondf/Rivimages/realriv.html Rivendell in Switzerland]" at [http://scv.bu.edu/~aarondf/home.html the Last Homely House] (accessed 15 November 2011)</ref>) could have been [[wikipedia:Lauterbrunnen|Lauterbrunnen, Switzerland]], which Tolkien visited in [[1911]]:

{{quote|I am... delighted that you have made the acquaintance of Switzerland, and of the very part that I once knew best and which had the deepest effect on me. The hobbit’s journey from Rivendell to the other side of the Misty Mountains, including the glissade down the slithering stones into the pine woods, is based on my adventures in 1911 (he was 19 and traveled to Lauterbrunnen)... Our wanderings mainly on foot in a party of 12 are not now clear in sequence, but leave many vivid pictures as clear as yesterday." (He talks of similar conditions of the travel of Bilbo camping out, walking mountain paths, carrying packs).|Tolkien<ref>{{l|306}}</ref>}}

==Portrayal in Adaptations ==
{{Gallery
|title=Rivendell in adaptations
|height=150
|width=250
|lines=2

|File:The Lord of the Rings The Fellowship of the Ring - Rivendell.jpg|Rivendell in ''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring]]''
|File:The Lord of the Rings Online - Rivendell.jpg|Rivendell in ''[[The Lord of the Rings Online]]''
|File:BFME2 - Elrond Rivendell.jpg|Rivendell in ''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Battle for Middle-earth II]]''
|File:Aragorn's Quest - Rivendell1.jpg|Rivendell in ''[[The Lord of the Rings: Aragorn's Quest]]''
|File:The Lord of the Rings War in the North - Concept Art of Rivendell.png|Rivendell in ''[[The Lord of the Rings: War in the North]]''
|File:The Hobbit - An Unexpected Journey - Gandalf and Galadriel.jpg|Rivendell in ''[[The Hobbit: An Unexpected Journey]]''
}}
'''2001-03: [[The Lord of the Rings (film series)|''The Lord of the Rings'' (film series)]]:'''
:Rivendell appears in every installment, although its role in the second and third film is rather minor.

'''2002: [[The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring (video game)|''The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring'' (video game)]]:'''
:Rivendell is the fifth level, and the first where no fighting is required. After Frodo is taken to Rivendell by [[Glorfindel]], he is first woken by [[Gandalf]]; after that, the [[Council of Elrond]] starts. After the council, there is an opportunity to speak to the NPCs - [[Aragorn]], [[Arwen]], [[Boromir]], [[Elrond]], [[Gandalf]], [[Gimli]], [[Legolas]], [[Meriadoc Brandybuck|Merry]], [[Peregrin Took|Pippin]] and [[Samwise Gamgee|Sam]]. The gameplay continues by entering a door. A short cutscene follows in which Bilbo gives [[Sting]] and the [[mithril]] shirt.<ref>[[The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring (video game)|''The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring'' (video game)]], "Rivendell"</ref>

'''2006: ''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Battle for Middle-earth II]]'':'''
:Rivendell is one of the battlegrounds in the game and a site of skirmish between Elves and Goblins.

'''2007: ''[[The Lord of the Rings Online]]'':'''
:Rivendell is one of the major cities in the game, located between Trollshaws and the Misty Mountains. Rivendell is also one of the places that players can choose as Elven character's homeland. The Last Homely House refers to a large dwelling of Elrond, not to the entire refuge of Rivendell. It is located on the eastern side of Rivendell. One can find Elrond's library, the [[Hall of Fire]], the scholar's guild and various guest rooms.

'''2011: ''[[The Lord of the Rings: War in the North]]'':'''
:Rivendell is one of the major cities in the game and the only place characters are obliged to visit more than once (other cities can be re-visited, but this is optional).

'''2012-14: [[The Hobbit (film series)|''The Hobbit'' (film series)]]:'''
:The movie will show both parts of Rivendell familiar from [[The Lord of the Rings (film series)|''The Lord of the Rings'' (film series)]] and several new places.

==See also==
* [[:Category:Images of Rivendell|Images of Rivendell]]

[[Category:Eriador]]
{{references}}
[[Category:Cities, towns and villages]]
[[Category:Elven realms]]

[[de:Bruchtal]]
[[fi:Rivendell]]

Battle of Azanulbizar

2013-02-13T17:12:59Z

173.2.197.76: /* Repercussions */

{{battle
| image=[[File:Mikel Janin - Battle of Azanulbizar.jpeg|300px]]
| name=Battle of Azanulbizar
| conflict=War of the Dwarves and Orcs
| date={{TA|2799}}
| place=The Dimrill Dale and the steps of the East-gate of Moria
| result=Pyrrhic victory for the Dwarves
| side1=[[File:Dwarven Device.jpg|45px|left]] Dwarves
| side2=[[File:ME-Orcs.png|45px|left]]Orcs
| commanders1=*[[Thráin II]]
*[[Thorin]]
*[[Náin son of Grór|Náin]] †
*[[Dáin Ironfoot|Dáin II Ironfoot]]
*Commanders of other Houses|
commanders2=*[[Azog]] †
| forces1=[[Longbeards]], [[Broadbeams]], [[Firebeards]], and Houses of the far East numbering at possibly 6-10,000, plus 500-1,000 (est.) Dwarves from the [[Iron Hills]]{{fact}}
| forces2=Orcs from Moria, and the remnants of other Orc-dwellings throughout the [[Misty Mountains]], (est.) at 15-20,000{{fact}}
| casual1=Half of the host; 4-5,000{{fact}}
| casual2=10,000 orcs,<ref name="PMA">{{PM|A}}, p. 278</ref> the rest of the force fled south across Rohan to the White Mountains {{fact}}
}}
The '''Battle of Azanulbizar''' ({{TA|2799}}) was the final battle in the [[War of the Dwarves and Orcs]]. It was fought beneath the [[East-gate of Moria]] in the valley of Azanulbizar, called ''[[Nanduhirion]]'' in [[Sindarin]] or ''[[Dimrill Dale]]'' in [[Westron]]. Therefore the event is also known as the '''Battle of Nanduhirion''' and the '''Battle of Dimrill Dale'''.

==Background==
The War of the Dwarves and Orcs began when [[Azog]] the [[Orcs|Orc]]-chieftain of [[Moria]] captured and mutilated [[Thrór]], King of [[Durin's folk]]. Azog carved his own name in runes onto Thrór's severed head, and then let his companion [[Nár (companion of Thrór)|Nár]] escape so that all [[Dwarves]] would know that an Orc now ruled Moria. Full of righteous fury, Thrór's son [[Thráin II]] gathered a great army of Dwarves, including those not of Durin's folk ([[Firebeards]] and [[Broadbeams]] from the [[Blue Mountains]] and those from the far East of Middle-earth). For six years they systematically destroyed the Orc-holds of the [[Misty Mountains]], until only Moria was left where those Orcs that survived the destruction fled.

==Opposing Forces==
The exact number for the Dwarves was not specified, but it can be estimated at being somewhere between six to ten thousand Longbeards, Firebeards, Broadbeams, Ironfists, Stonefoots, Blacklocks, and Stiffbeards.
This is based off of the assumption that, the other Dwarf houses sent no more then a few thousand each to take part in the war because they could not have sent too many for economic, financial and defense reasons. And lastly the Longbeards, who could not have mustered a proper fighting force of no more than 1-3,000, because of a severely depleted populace, and financial/economic problems (especially Thraín's following).<ref name="AppDurin">{{App|Durin}}</ref>

The Orcs, as stated above, came from Moria, and from as far north as [[Mount Gundabad]]. So their numbers can be estimated at fifteen to twenty thousand Orcs.<ref name="AppDurin"/>

==The Battle==
[[File:Jacek Kopalski - Náin at Azanulbizar.jpg|thumb|left|''Náin at Azanulbizar'' by Jacek Kopalski]]
The battle began on a dark winter day, and no sun was said to have shined through the clouds. The Dwarves had marched into the Dimrill Dale where they found the East-Gate and sent up a great noise. They discovered that on the western slopes above thousands of Orcs had gathered, while more still came pouring out of the gate. The Dwarves there stood outnumbered and on the lower end of a sloping hill.

The first Vanguard led by King Thráin, assaulted the slopes only to be driven back with casualties. In a woods near the Mirrormere, the dwarves noted that [[Frerin]] youngest son of Thráin was slain along with [[Fundin]], father of [[Balin]]; and many others. Thraín himself was wounded, as was his eldest son [[Thorin|Thorin II Oakenshield]] whose shield was broken during the battle forcing him to resort to using an oak branch that he cut off a tree to defend himself.

Elsewhere, the battle swayed back and forth until [[Náin son of Grór|Náin]] from the [[Iron Hills]], arrived with a contingent of fresh troops. Náin, and his Dwarves cut through the Orc lines with their mattocks shouting "AZOG! AZOG! AZOG!" until they had reached the steps of the gate, at-which Naín called Azog to come out and fight. When Azog emerged from the inner gate with his guards, Náin was very tired and half blind with rage and tried to swing as hard as he could at Azog but the Orc darted aside, and he missed, which splintered his mattocks on the ground. The orc kicked him in the leg when he dodged the Dwarf's blow, making him stumble, at which point Azog attempted to thrust and behead him, succeeding only to break Náin's neck because of the strong mail he was wearing. Náin died instantly.

As Azog gloated over his duel, however, he came to the realization, looking out into the valley which the east gate overlooks, that his entire force was routed. Those that could were fleeing southwards, and all his guards were killed as well. With that he fled back to the gate. Náin's son, [[Dáin Ironfoot|Dáin]], leaped up the steps after him with his red axe and just before the gate he decapitated the Orc chieftain, thus ending the battle.
At 32-years old, very young for a Dwarf, it was considered an amazing feat. Dáin would later become [[King under the Mountain]] as [[Dáin Ironfoot|Dáin II Ironfoot]].<ref name="AppDurin"/>

==Aftermath==
The Dwarves were victorious, but half of their forces were dead or mortally wounded. The Orcs suffered even worse casualties, with ten thousand dead.
After the battle, King Thráin wanted to enter and reclaim Moria, the ancestral home of Durin's folk. However, due to their losses; the other Houses not willing to participate; and since Dáin had seen [[Durin's Bane]] beyond the East-gate, Thráin did not to enter.<ref name="AppDurin"/>

The Dwarves then stripped their dead so the Orcs could not plunder them, and also cut down all the trees in the valley; which they made many pyres to burn their dead with. This being because they could not bury them all in tombs of stone, as was their custom because it would take too long. From then afterward those that killed in Dimrill Dale were known proudly as ''Burned Dwarves''.

The Houses then parted ways, returning to their homes to the North, East, and West. Thráin, with what was left of the Longbeard contingent, went back to [[Dunland]], and shortly afterwards wandered in [[Eriador]] till they settled in the Northern Blue Mountains. There Durin's folk regrew slowly in population and waited till the days they could take back the halls of [[Lonely Mountain|Erebor]], and Khazad-dum.<ref name="AppDurin"/>

==Repercussions==
Although the Dwarves suffered heavy casualties, the battle would have lasting effects for the [[Orcs of the Misty Mountains]]. Their numbers were severely shrunken after the battle and never fully recovered.
If it hadn't been for the battle, [[Bilbo Baggins]] and his companions may have never made it to Erebor; the [[Battle of Five Armies]] wouldn't have been won by the Elves, Men, and Dwarves; and [[The Fellowship of the Ring | The Fellowship]] may have never got through Moria alive.

==Portrayal in Adaptations==
'''2011: ''[[The Hobbit: An Unexpected Journey]]'':'''

The battle is presented in a flashback sequence, as [[Balin]] recounts Thorin's past to [[Bilbo Baggins]]. The narrative of the battle has been heavily condensed. In the film version, instead of Thror's death at the hands of Azog sparking a war lasting many years, Balin simply says that after Smaug drove the Dwarves from Erebor, Thror attempted to lead all of his people back to their ancestral realm in Moria, only to find that the Orcs had gotten there first, leading to a massive battle. Azog does decapitate Thror, but in single combat during the battle itself. Condensing Thrain's story, Balin simply says that Thrain went mad from grief at his father's death and wandered away, and they never knew if he died or was captured. Dain Ironfoot is completely absent from Balin's recounting, and in the film version, it is entirely Thorin who rallies the dwarves by fighting Azog in single combat. In a further alteration, Azog is presented as surviving the battle, in order to give him a subplot in which he is hunting Thorin & Co. for revenge. In the film version, Thorin faces Azog in single combat, and defeats him by hacking off his left arm. The wounded Azog is dragged back into Moria by his subordinates, and everyone assumed he was mortally wounded and later died from his injuries. No specific mention is made of needing to burn the dead dwarves, but Balin and Dwalin are later seen in the aftermath of the battle walking amidst heaps of slain dwarves, and Balin states that it was a a pyrrhic victory and their number of dead was beyond the count of grief.

{{References}}

[[Category:Conflicts of the Third Age]]
[[de:Schlacht von Azanulbizar]]
[[fr:encyclo:evenements:3a:guerres:bataille_d_azanulbizar]]
[[fi:Azanulbizarin taistelu]]

Hobbitish

2013-01-20T17:14:47Z

173.2.197.76: /* Vocabulary peculiarities */

{{sources}}
{{cleanup}}
'''Hobbitish''' was the term given for the sub-dialect of [[Westron]] (Common Speech) that was spoken by the [[Hobbits]] of [[the Shire]].
==History==
The original language of the Hobbits is lost to history, as their specific origins. The earliest known historical location of the Hobbits is in the [[Vales of Anduin|upper vales]] of [[Anduin]] and while there, they must have had some contact with the [[Éothéod]], who lived in the same area. Thus the earliest known Hobbit-language must have been a [[northern Mannish]] tongue learned from the Éothéod. Eventually, due to the increasing danger from [[Mirkwood|Greenwood]], the Éothéod migrated south to [[Calenardhon]] and the Hobbits migrated West starting their "[[Wandering Days]]".

The name ''[[Kuduk]]'' (Hobbit) itself for example is believed to be derived from the Northern ''[[kûd-dûkan]]'' (Holbytlan; hole builders) .

A small number of [[Stoors]] would move briefly to the [[Angle of Eriador]] where they had some contact with the [[Dunlendings]], picking up a few [[Dunlendish]] words. When the Stoors later moved to [[the Shire]] with the rest of their kin, they quickly adopted the language as spoken in the Shire at the time, but no doubt their Dunlending background resulted to several regional peculiarities in regions that [[Stoors]] mostly settled in (eg. [[Buckland]] and the [[Marish]]).

In any case, by the time of the [[War of the Ring]], the [[Rohirric]] language and Hobbitish possessed many linguistic similarities which were obvious even to a non-linguist like [[Meriadoc Brandybuck]]; because of their Northern Mannish background from the Vales of Anduin, Hobbitish retained some archaic elements that didn't exist in Westron. Simply hearing parts of the language of the Rohirrim, Merry noticed several words which clearly sounded like old words used in the Shire.

Merry would in his later years author a book of linguistic study on the relationship, "''[[Old Place Names in the Shire]]''".

==Grammatical differences==
Hobbitish was a regional dialect spoken in a rustic agricultural region. As such, it was not as "refined" as the true form of the language as spoken eg. in [[Gondor]] or [[Rivendell]]. It contained many simplifications and archaisms.

===Familiar pronoun===
Hobbit society was made up almost entirely of farmers and with barely any "government" to speak of, much less a noble class. As a result, Hobbitish possesses only the "familiar" pronoun of Westron but not the [[wikipedia:T-V distinction|deferential pronoun]]; except in scattered parts of the [[Westfarthing]] where is was used more as a light-hearted term of endearment.

This prominent peculiarity in actual grammatical structure is what [[Gondorians|Gondorian]]s are referring to when they repeatedly remark that Hobbit-speech sounds strange.

It was most obvious when [[Peregrin Took]] was speaking to [[Denethor|Denethor II]], [[Steward]] and ruler of Gondor, while he was at court in [[Minas Tirith]]; unintentionally, Pippin was addressing Denethor using the very informal and personalized familiar language, as with a close friend or social equal. Denethor seemed to react with some bemusement but this astonished his servants, and probably gave strength to the rumor that Pippin was of very high social rank within his own country, the "[[Ernil i Pheriannath]]".

==Names==
Personal names of Hobbit individuals are varied. Some of them are Hobbitish but many are archaic with forgotten meaning.

Peasants and tradesmen like the [[Gamgee]]s or the [[Hornblower]]s used short archaic names, akin to that of the [[Éothéod]] (cf. [[Fastred]], [[Erling]]).

Members of old aristocratic families such as the [[Took]]s and the [[Bolger]]s, had names taken mostly from legends of the past. They often had names which referred to weapons, battles and bravery (cf. [[Isengar Took|Isengar]], [[Hildifons Took|Hildifons]]).

[[Bucklanders]] such as the [[Brandybuck]]s wore peculiar names apparently derived from the former southern [[Stoorish]].

Hobbit women also wore names of flowers and jewels. Notably, noble Took and Brandybuck women had names of exotic and mythical plants (cf. [[Amaranth Brandybuck|Amaranth]], [[Belladonna Took|Belladonna]]), compared to ordinary names of the Bagginses or Gamgees ([[Marigold Gamgee|Marigold]], [[Poppy Chubb-Baggins|Poppy]]). Jewel names were peculiar to higher class, such as the Tooks, or women marrying into the Took family, and then Boffins, Bolgers and Gardners ([[Adamanta Took|Adamanta]], [[Berylla Boffin|Berylla]], [[Ruby Bolger|Ruby]]).

The most common names were worn by the middle class, such as the [[Baggins]]es of the late Third Age; they were short and meaningless, perhaps derived from the above legendary names. Male names ended in -a while females ended in -o or -e.

==Vocabulary peculiarities==

The major difference between Hobbitish and more proper forms of Westron are many archaic words that Hobbits retained in their vocabulary from whatever languages they spoke in ancient times. Examples would include:

*''[[Hobbits|Hobbit]]'' (''[[kuduk]]'') - the word Hobbits called themselves. It is thought to derive from the name the [[Northmen]] gave to them in the [[Vales of Anduin]], the Rohirric "[[Holbytla]]" (pl. "Holbytlan"), which translates into Westron as "hole-builder", due to their habit of living in holes dug into hillsides.
*''[[Smial]]'' (''[[trân]]'') - "large excavated hole used as a home" (i.e. [[Bag End]], [[Brandy Hall]], or [[Great Smials]] of the Tooks).
*''[[Mathom]]'' (''[[kast]]'') - "old thing which you no longer have a use for but don't want to throw away; a knick-nack; an antique" (i.e. the [[Mathom-house]] is a museum)
*''[[Thain]]'' - the title of the ruler of the Shire after the loss of [[Arvedui]].
*''[[Withywindle]]'' - river name, peculiar to the language of the Shire.
*''[[Swertings]]'' - a word referring to the [[Swarthy Men]].
*''[[Oliphaunts]]'' - archaic name of the gigantic beasts, also known as [[Mûmakil]].
*''Goblin'' - the evil race properly termed "[[Orcs]]" in Common Speech were referred to as "''Goblins''" by the Hobbits. This is apparently some local colloquialism of uncertain origin. However, while this originated as a Hobbit "slang term" for Orcs, due to the presence of the Shire on the major trade route of the Great East Road, over the centuries this term was actually picked up by members of other races (much as how smoking [[Pipe-weed]] was). The term actually gained a high degree of popularity throughout Middle-earth. The term "Goblin" came to more often be used when referring to smaller Orcs, of the type Hobbits were more likely to see (rare roving bands like that led by [[Golfimbul]]). Larger soldier-Orcs bred for war were less likely to be referred to as "Goblins", because they never really encountered them, thus larger breeds of Orcs would often simply be called "Orcs".

:''Note: Tolkien's conception of what "Orcs" and "Goblins" were exactly fluctuated over time, and ''[[The Hobbit]]'' was written when these ideas had not solidified in his mind, and as such in that book he uses the two terms rather interchangeably. Later on, he more fully set down that "Orcs" was the proper term for the entire race, with "Goblins" being a colloquial Hobbit-invented term for Orcs.''

The highest concentration of unique "Hobbitish" words are of course in the surnames of old families, place names, and calender words such as names for months, days, seasons, et cetera.

==Real-world background==
Αll of this ties into the fact that "Westron" as it appears in the books written by J.R.R. Tolkien functions under the conceit that "Common Speech" is really a separate foreign language which Tolkien "translated" into English. For example, the name "Meriadoc Brandybuck" is "translated" into English from the "genuine Westron" name ''[[Kalimac]] [[Brandagamba]]'' (which would make it, actually "genuine Hobbitish")

In order to mirror the peculiar and rustic dialect of Hobbits, Tolkien invented new words by "modernizing" obsolete archaic [[Old English]] ones that had not survived in modern language; such examples are [[Thain]] from ''þegn'', [[mathom]] from ''māþum'' and [[smial]] from ''smygel''.

The most obvious linguistic parallel between the "Hobbitish" dialect and language of the Rohirrim is in the name "Hobbit" itself: according to [[Théoden]] of Rohan, there are a few legends among the Rohirrim about Hobbit-like creatures that they call the ''[[Holbytlan]]'' in Rohirric. Rohirric is actually "translated" into Old English in the books just as Westron is into English, because it is an archaic form of Westron. "Holbytlan" in Old English means "Hole-builders", an apt name for the Hobbits. However, in "genuine Westron", the word translated into English as "Hobbit", is actually "''[[Kuduk]]''". The corresponding "genuine Rohirric" word from which it evolved is "''[[Kûd-dûkan]]''".
===Parallels===
As Tolkien did with the Mannish languages which he rendered with Germanic names, various regional Hobbitish names are usually rendered with variant forms.
*Westron = Modern English
*"Middle Westron" (of the [[Yellowskin Book]]) = Middle English
*"Old Marish-hobbitish" = (Old) Welsh
*[[Fallohides|Fallohide]] names = Frankish (a variety of Old High German)
*"[[Bree-land]]ish" = Eastern Brythonic (the variety of the British [[Celtic]] language spoken in Logria, before it became "England")
*"[[Buckland]]-ish" = Celtic influence, due to the high concentration of Stoor-Hobbit blood. The Stoors used to live near the [[Dunlendings]] and had some linguistic influence from them.

A few hobbit names of Elvish origin are translated as Latin or Frenchified Latin names, such as [[Gerontius Took]], [[Paladin Took]], and [[Peregrin Took]].

==Portrayal in adaptations==
'''1955: ''[[The Lord of the Rings (1956 radio series)|BBC Radio's The Lord of the Rings]]'':'''
:Adapter [[Terence Tiller]] briefly corresponded with Tolkien about what accents should be used. It is unknown if he followed Tolkien's advice.

'''1978: [[The Lord of the Rings (1978 film)|''The Lord of the Rings'' (1978 film)]]:'''
:There seems to be little contrast in style, other than the rural portrayal of [[Samwise Gamgee]].

'''1981: [[The Lord of the Rings (1981 radio series)|''The Lord of the Rings'' (1981 radio series)]]:'''
:Any dialectical difference is completely removed. Sam talks the same English as the other Hobbits.

'''1992: ''[[Tales from the Perilous Realm (1992 radio series)|BBC Radio's Tales from the Perilous Realm]]'':'''
:In the two episodes of "The Adventures of Tom Bombadil", [[Jonathan Adams]]' portrayal of Sam Gamgee is close to over-the-top rustic. He speaks in a grumbling, low voice.

'''2001: [[The Lord of the Rings (film series)|''The Lord of the Rings'' (film series)]]:'''
: Considerable attention was paid to the dialects characters speak with and cast members trained extensively with dialogue coaches. Hobbits in the films speak with basically an English Midlands accent, because Tolkien said that the Shire was based largely on his boyhood home in the Midlands. Of the main Hobbit characters:
*Sam Gamgee speaks with the working-class rustic Midlands accent which was used as the standard for all the other minor Hobbit characters.
*[[Bilbo Baggins|Bilbo]] and [[Frodo Baggins]], because they are both book-educated, speak with a slightly more refined and less pronounced accent.
*The actor who played [[Peregrin Took|Pippin]], [[Billy Boyd]], is Scottish, and originally he was supposed to speak like the others, but eventually it was decided that it was adversely affecting his comic timing. The production team then invented the [[wikipedia:Canon_(fiction)#Nature of fictional canons|justification]] that the [[Took Family|Took]] region of the Shire is described as very hilly, so much so that when [[Saruman]]'s [[ruffians]] take over the rest of the Shire they are successfully repulsed from Took-land due to its rough terrain, and thus is it loosely analogous to Scotland. Thus, it was decided that Tooks should speak with a Scottish accent as well, and Boyd was allowed to use his normal Scottish accent when portraying Pippin for the entire trilogy of films.
*Meriadoc Brandybuck is described as being the linguistic "oddball" of the group: he was not from any of the four farthings of the Shire, but a Brandybuck from Buckland, and thus is from a region apart. To reflect this, his accent is noticeably distinct from the other Hobbits seen on-screen, something of an invention between actor [[Dominic Monaghan]] and the dialect coaches, to reflect his unique origin.

[[Category:Hobbitish| ]]

Hobbitish

2012-12-08T17:03:11Z

173.2.197.76: /* Vocabulary peculiarities */

{{sources}}
{{cleanup}}
'''Hobbitish''' was the term given for the sub-dialect of [[Westron]] (Common Speech) that was spoken by the [[Hobbits]] of [[the Shire]].
==History==
The original language of the Hobbits is lost to history, as their specific origins. The earliest known historical location of the Hobbits is in the [[Vales of Anduin|upper vales]] of [[Anduin]] and while there, they must have had some contact with the [[Éothéod]], who lived in the same area. Thus the earliest known Hobbit-language must have been a [[northern Mannish]] tongue learned from the Éothéod. Eventually, due to the increasing danger from [[Mirkwood|Greenwood]], the Éothéod migrated south to [[Calenardhon]] and the Hobbits migrated West starting their "[[Wandering Days]]".

The name ''[[Kuduk]]'' (Hobbit) itself for example is believed to be derived from the Northern ''[[kûd-dûkan]]'' (Holbytlan; hole builders) .

A small number of [[Stoors]] would move briefly to the [[Angle of Eriador]] where they had some contact with the [[Dunlendings]], picking up a few [[Dunlendish]] words. When the Stoors later moved to [[the Shire]] with the rest of their kin, they quickly adopted the language as spoken in the Shire at the time, but no doubt their Dunlending background resulted to several regional peculiarities in regions that [[Stoors]] mostly settled in (eg. [[Buckland]] and the [[Marish]]).

In any case, by the time of the [[War of the Ring]], the [[Rohirric]] language and Hobbitish possessed many linguistic similarities which were obvious even to a non-linguist like [[Meriadoc Brandybuck]]; because of their Northern Mannish background from the Vales of Anduin, Hobbitish retained some archaic elements that didn't exist in Westron. Simply hearing parts of the language of the Rohirrim, Merry noticed several words which clearly sounded like old words used in the Shire.

Merry would in his later years author a book of linguistic study on the relationship, "''[[Old Place Names in the Shire]]''".

==Grammatical differences==
Hobbitish was a regional dialect spoken in a rustic agricultural region. As such, it was not as "refined" as the true form of the language as spoken eg. in [[Gondor]] or [[Rivendell]]. It contained many simplifications and archaisms.

===Familiar pronoun===
Hobbit society was made up almost entirely of farmers and with barely any "government" to speak of, much less a noble class. As a result, Hobbitish possesses only the "familiar" pronoun of Westron but not the [[wikipedia:T-V distinction|deferential pronoun]]; except in scattered parts of the [[Westfarthing]] where is was used more as a light-hearted term of endearment.

This prominent peculiarity in actual grammatical structure is what [[Gondorians|Gondorian]]s are referring to when they repeatedly remark that Hobbit-speech sounds strange.

It was most obvious when [[Peregrin Took]] was speaking to [[Denethor|Denethor II]], [[Steward]] and ruler of Gondor, while he was at court in [[Minas Tirith]]; unintentionally, Pippin was addressing Denethor using the very informal and personalized familiar language, as with a close friend or social equal. Denethor seemed to react with some bemusement but this astonished his servants, and probably gave strength to the rumor that Pippin was of very high social rank within his own country, the "[[Ernil i Pheriannath]]".

==Names==
Personal names of Hobbit individuals are varied. Some of them are Hobbitish but many are archaic with forgotten meaning.

Peasants and tradesmen like the [[Gamgee]]s or the [[Hornblower]]s used short archaic names, akin to that of the [[Éothéod]] (cf. [[Fastred]], [[Erling]]).

Members of old aristocratic families such as the [[Took]]s and the [[Bolger]]s, had names taken mostly from legends of the past. They often had names which referred to weapons, battles and bravery (cf. [[Isengar Took|Isengar]], [[Hildifons Took|Hildifons]]).

[[Bucklanders]] such as the [[Brandybuck]]s wore peculiar names apparently derived from the former southern [[Stoorish]].

Hobbit women also wore names of flowers and jewels. Notably, noble Took and Brandybuck women had names of exotic and mythical plants (cf. [[Amaranth Brandybuck|Amaranth]], [[Belladonna Took|Belladonna]]), compared to ordinary names of the Bagginses or Gamgees ([[Marigold Gamgee|Marigold]], [[Poppy Chubb-Baggins|Poppy]]). Jewel names were peculiar to higher class, such as the Tooks, or women marrying into the Took family, and then Boffins, Bolgers and Gardners ([[Adamanta Took|Adamanta]], [[Berylla Boffin|Berylla]], [[Ruby Bolger|Ruby]]).

The most common names were worn by the middle class, such as the [[Baggins]]es of the late Third Age; they were short and meaningless, perhaps derived from the above legendary names. Male names ended in -a while females ended in -o or -e.

==Vocabulary peculiarities==

The major difference between Hobbitish and more proper forms of Westron are many archaic words that Hobbits retained in their vocabulary from whatever languages they spoke in ancient times. Examples would include:

*''[[Hobbits|Hobbit]]'' (''[[kuduk]]'') - the word Hobbits called themselves. It is thought to derive from the name the [[Northmen]] gave to them in the [[Vales of Anduin]].
*''[[Smial]]'' (''[[trân]]'') - "large excavated hole used as a home" (i.e. [[Bag End]], [[Brandy Hall]], or [[Great Smials]] of the Tooks).
*''[[Mathom]]'' (''[[kast]]'') - "old thing which you no longer have a use for but don't want to throw away; a knick-nack; an antique" (i.e. the [[Mathom-house]] is a museum)
*''[[Thain]]'' - the title of the ruler of the Shire after the loss of [[Arvedui]].
*''[[Withywindle]]'' - river name, peculiar to the language of the Shire.
*''[[Swertings]]'' - a word referring to the [[Swarthy Men]].
*''[[Oliphaunts]]'' - archaic name of the gigantic beasts, also known as [[Mumakil]].
*''Goblin'' - the evil race properly termed "[[Orcs]]" in Common Speech were referred to as "''Goblins''" by the Hobbits. This is apparently some local colloquialism of uncertain origin. However, while this originated as a Hobbit "slang term" for Orcs, due to the presence of the Shire on the major trade route of the Great East Road, over the centuries this term was actually picked up by members of other races (much as how smoking [[Pipe-weed]] was). The term actually gained a high degree of popularity throughout Middle-earth. The term "Goblin" came to more often be used when referring to smaller Orcs, of the type Hobbits were more likely to see (rare roving bands like that led by [[Golfimbul]]). Larger soldier-Orcs bred for war were less likely to be referred to as "Goblins", because they never really encountered them, thus larger breeds of Orcs would often simply be called "Orcs".

:''Note: Tolkien's conception of what "Orcs" and "Goblins" were exactly fluctuated over time, and ''[[The Hobbit]]'' was written when these ideas had not solidified in his mind, and as such in that book he uses the two terms rather interchangeably. Later on, he more fully set down that "Orcs" was the proper term for the entire race, with "Goblins" being a colloquial Hobbit-invented term for Orcs.''

The highest concentration of unique "Hobbitish" words are of course in the surnames of old families, place names, and calender words such as names for months, days, seasons, et cetera.

==Real-world background==
Αll of this ties into the fact that "Westron" as it appears in the books written by J.R.R. Tolkien functions under the conceit that "Common Speech" is really a separate foreign language which Tolkien "translated" into English. For example, the name "Meriadoc Brandybuck" is "translated" into English from the "genuine Westron" name ''[[Kalimac]] [[Brandagamba]]'' (which would make it, actually "genuine Hobbitish")

In order to mirror the peculiar and rustic dialect of Hobbits, Tolkien invented new words by "modernizing" obsolete archaic [[Old English]] ones that had not survived in modern language; such examples are [[Thain]] from ''þegn'', [[mathom]] from ''māþum'' and [[smial]] from ''smygel''.

The most obvious linguistic parallel between the "Hobbitish" dialect and language of the Rohirrim is in the name "Hobbit" itself: according to [[Théoden]] of Rohan, there are a few legends among the Rohirrim about Hobbit-like creatures that they call the ''[[Holbytlan]]'' in Rohirric. Rohirric is actually "translated" into Old English in the books just as Westron is into English, because it is an archaic form of Westron. "Holbytlan" in Old English means "Hole-builders", an apt name for the Hobbits. However, in "genuine Westron", the word translated into English as "Hobbit", is actually "''[[Kuduk]]''". The corresponding "genuine Rohirric" word from which it evolved is "''[[Kûd-dûkan]]''".
===Parallels===
As Tolkien did with the Mannish languages which he rendered with Germanic names, various regional Hobbitish names are usually rendered with variant forms.
*Westron = Modern English
*"Middle Westron" (of the [[Yellowskin Book]]) = Middle English
*"Old Marish-hobbitish" = (Old) Welsh
*[[Fallohides|Fallohide]] names = Frankish (a variety of Old High German)
*"[[Bree-land]]ish" = Eastern Brythonic (the variety of the British [[Celtic]] language spoken in Logria, before it became "England")
*"[[Buckland]]-ish" = Celtic influence, due to the high concentration of Stoor-Hobbit blood. The Stoors used to live near the [[Dunlendings]] and had some linguistic influence from them.

A few hobbit names of Elvish origin are translated as Latin or Frenchified Latin names, such as [[Gerontius Took]], [[Paladin Took]], and [[Peregrin Took]].

==Portrayal in adaptations==
'''1955: ''[[The Lord of the Rings (1956 radio series)|BBC Radio's The Lord of the Rings]]'':'''
:Adapter [[Terence Tiller]] briefly corresponded with Tolkien about what accents should be used. It is unknown if he followed Tolkien's advice.

'''1978: ''[[The Lord of the Rings (1978 film)]]'':'''
:There seems to be little contrast in style, other than the rural portrayal of [[Samwise Gamgee]].

'''1981: ''[[The Lord of the Rings (1981 radio series)|BBC Radio's The Lord of the Rings]]'':'''
:Any dialectical difference is completely removed. Sam talks the same English as the other Hobbits.

'''1992: ''[[Tales from the Perilous Realm (1992 radio series)|BBC Radio's Tales from the Perilous Realm]]'':'''
:In the two episodes of "The Adventures of Tom Bombadil", [[Jonathan Adams]]' portrayal of Sam Gamgee is close to over-the-top rustic. He speaks in a grumbling, low voice.

'''2001: ''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Motion Picture Trilogy]]'':'''
: Considerable attention was paid to the dialects characters speak with and cast members trained extensively with dialogue coaches. Hobbits in the films speak with basically an English Midlands accent, because Tolkien said that the Shire was based largely on his boyhood home in the Midlands. Of the main Hobbit characters:
*Sam Gamgee speaks with the working-class rustic Midlands accent which was used as the standard for all the other minor Hobbit characters.
*[[Bilbo Baggins|Bilbo]] and [[Frodo Baggins]], because they are both book-educated, speak with a slightly more refined and less pronounced accent.
*The actor who played [[Peregrin Took|Pippin]], [[Billy Boyd]], is Scottish, and originally he was supposed to speak like the others, but eventually it was decided that it was adversely affecting his comic timing. The production team then invented the [[wikipedia:Canon_(fiction)#Nature of fictional canons|justification]] that the [[Took Family|Took]] region of the Shire is described as very hilly, so much so that when [[Saruman]]'s [[ruffians]] take over the rest of the Shire they are successfully repulsed from Took-land due to its rough terrain, and thus is it loosely analogous to Scotland. Thus, it was decided that Tooks should speak with a Scottish accent as well, and Boyd was allowed to use his normal Scottish accent when portraying Pippin for the entire trilogy of films.
*Meriadoc Brandybuck is described as being the linguistic "oddball" of the group: he was not from any of the four farthings of the Shire, but a Brandybuck from Buckland, and thus is from a region apart. To reflect this, his accent is noticeably distinct from the other Hobbits seen on-screen, something of an invention between actor [[Dominic Monaghan]] and the dialect coaches, to reflect his unique origin.

[[Category:Hobbitish| ]]

Orcs

2012-12-08T17:01:37Z

173.2.197.76: /* Orcs and Goblins */

{{rewrite}}{{sources}}
{{race
| image=[[Image:John Howe - In Mordor.jpg|250px]]
| name= Orcs
| dominions=[[Mordor]], [[Angband]], [[Misty Mountains]], [[Mount Gundabad]], [[Angmar]], [[Utumno]]
| languages= [[Black Speech]]; numerous [[Orkish]] languages of their own
| height= probably just above 5'{{fact}}
| length=
| skincolor= Sallow, Green, Brown, Grey
| haircolor=
| feathers=
| distinctions= Short, sallow
| lifespan=
| members=[[Othrod]], [[Azog]], [[Bolg]], [[Gorbag]]
|}}
'''Orcs''' (also called '''[[Orcs#Orcs and Goblins|Goblins]]''') were the footsoldiers of evil overlords - [[Morgoth]], [[Sauron]] and the [[Witch-king]] of [[Angmar]].

==History==
===Origins and early Years===

The Orcs were bred by [[Morgoth|Melkor]] in mockery of the [[Elves]], sometime during the [[The Darkness#The Great Darkness|Great Darkness]].<ref>{{S|3}}</ref><ref>{{TT|III4}}</ref>

[[Image:Warren Mahy-Orc Archer.jpg|thumb|200px|right|Orc by [[Warren Mahy]]]]

It is unclear when exactly Orcs were created, but it certainly happened before the [[War for Sake of the Elves]] in his stronghold of Utumno. If the Orcs were at this time a capable fighting force against the host of Valinor is not known. But at least some of them survived this war, probably hidden in the deep vaults of [[Angband]] and multiplied, waiting for their master.

When Melkor (now known as [[Morgoth]]) returned to Middle-earth he created new hordes of Orcs and invaded [[Beleriand]], where the [[First Battle of Beleriand]] took place. Orcs fought also in [[Dagor-nuin-Giliath]].

===First Age===
Orcs appear in the [[First Age]] as the core force of [[Morgoth]]. Hundreds of thousands of Orcs were bred in [[Angband]] to participate in the [[Battles of Beleriand]], which lasted 587 years.

Orcs first appear in the [[First Age]] in the [[Battle of the Lammoth]], where they were defeated by [[Fingolfin]] and his [[Noldor]]. Orcs participated in battles such as the [[Dagor Aglareb]], [[Dagor Bragollach]], [[Nirnaeth Arnoediad]], [[Fall of the Falas]], and finally in the [[War of Wrath]], where they were almost extinguished. Those that survived the defeat fled eastwards and hid probably in the Mountains of [[Angmar]] and the [[Ered Mithrin]].

===Second Age===
At around the year thousand Sauron reappeared, took the land of [[Mordor]] as his realm and started the construction of [[Barad-dûr]]. It is likely that most of his servants were Orcs at this time that he had gathered under his command. Still for a long time Sauron's foul servants did not play an important role, for the Dark Lord had chosen a more subtle way to overthrow the free people by creating the [[Rings of Power]].

During the [[War of the Elves and Sauron]], in {{SA|1700}} Orcs formed the main power of Sauron's host. Despite the immeasurable number of Orcs, Sauron was defeated by the united hosts of Elves and [[Númenóreans]]. Still Sauron was powerful east of the [[Misty Mountains]] and the inlands and the Orcs that inhabited the mountains multiplied.

The [[Orcs of the Misty Mountains]] started a war against the [[Dwarves]], resulting in the [[First Sack of Gundabad]] and its occupation by the Orcs. Finally, Orcs were the core force of [[Sauron]] during the [[War of the Last Alliance]], and fought in great battles such as the [[Battle of Dagorlad]] and the [[Siege of Barad-dûr]].

===Third Age===
[[File:Richard Sullivan - Orc.jpg|thumb|left|''Orc'' by Richard Sullivan]]
During the [[Third Age]], Orcs were the standard troops of the [[Witch-king]] of [[Angmar]] and [[Sauron]] (both in [[Mordor]] and in [[Dol Guldur]]).

In [[Angmar]], Orcs fought in the [[Angmar War]]. Years later, they invaded [[Eriador]] under the leadership of the [[Necromancer]].

The [[Orcs of the Misty Mountains]], one of the few (more or less) independent Orcish societies, and their leader [[Azog]] started out the [[War of the Dwarves and Orcs]], and after their defeat they retreated in their caves. They appeared again in {{TA|2941}}, when the [[Battle of Five Armies]] took place.

The [[Orcs of Mordor]] fought in major battles during the [[War of the Ring]], such as the [[Battle of the Pelennor Fields]], but the entire [[Mordor]] force was destroyed in the [[Battle of the Morannon]].

The Orcs in [[Dol Guldur]] remained in [[Mirkwood]] until the [[Fall of Dol Guldur]], one of the last battles of the War of the Ring.

===Fourth Age and beyond===
Although the entire force of [[Sauron]] was destroyed after the [[War of the Ring]], it is assumed that many Orcs continued to live beneath the [[Misty Mountains]] and caused little trouble.{{fact}}

==Characteristics==

===Culture===

It is certain all Orcs were dependent on the Dark Lord in various ways: after their leader was defeated, the Orcs were confused and dismayed, and easily scattered by their enemies. In the millennia after Morgoth's defeat and banishment from Arda, they were without a leader and they degenerated to small, quarrelsome tribes hiding in the [[Misty Mountains]]. Only when Sauron returned to power did they begin to reclaim some of their old power. The same happened after Sauron's defeat by the [[Last Alliance of Elves and Men]]: only when Sauron returned as the Necromancer of [[Mirkwood]] did the Orcs become a real danger for Middle-earth again.

It is interesting to note that to an extent, Tolkien did not regard Orcs as evil in their own right, but only as tools of Melkor and Sauron.

===Lifespan===

It is unknown if the Orcs were immortal like the Elves. There is, in any case, a hint for a long livespan in the story of two of the most famous Orc-chieftains: [[Azog]] and [[Bolg]]. Bolg, being the son of Azog, was the chieftain of the Orcs who attacked Erebor in the Battle of Five Armies in {{TA|2941}}. Azog himself was killed in the Battle of Azanulbizar in {{TA|2799}}, so Bolg was aproximately 150 years old.

===Appearance===

In Tolkien's writing, Orcs are described as humanoid, roughly human-sized, ugly and filthy. Although not dim-witted, they are portrayed as dull and miserable beings, who corrupt words and are only able to destroy, not to create. They had sour black blood.{{fact}}

===Kinds of Orcs===

Tolkien loosely implies that there are actually several different breeds of Orcs, not simply in the wide variety in clans, but strains of Orc that were specifically bred for certain tasks.

The Fellowship usually encounters the large soldier-Orcs bred for war, and sometimes the "snaga" variety which were more geared towards being labourers. However, a strong hint at the variety of Orc breeds is when Frodo and Sam are in Mordor, and realize that they are being followed by two Orcs, then hide to observe them. One of the Orcs is a normal soldier-Orc, but the other is described as a "Snuffler", a breed specifically geared towards being a tracker. This tracker-Orc was, compared to the soldier-Orc, physically unimposing, but had vastly overdeveloped sensory organs, particularly a single giant nostril. While physically weak compared to the soldier-Orc, the "snuffler" was able to skilfully kill the soldier-orc when they got into a disagreement.

*[[Snaga]]
*[[Orcs of Mordor]]
*[[Orcs of the Misty Mountains]]
*[[Half-Orcs]] (and [[Goblin-men]])
*[[Uruk-hai]]
*[[Hobgoblins]]

===Orcs and Goblins===

The term ''goblin'' was used primarily in ''[[The Hobbit]]'' but also in ''[[The Lord of the Rings]]'' where it is used synonymously with "Orc".<ref>{{TT|III1}}</ref><ref>{{HM|RC}}, p. 24</ref>

"Goblin" is an English word, whereas "Orcs" is Old English, the language used by Tolkien to represent Rohirric.<ref>{{App|F1iv}}</ref> Thus, there is no difference between Orcs and Goblins.

The original edition of ''The Hobbit'' and early drafts of ''The Lord of the Rings'' first used "goblin" everywhere and used "[[Hobgoblins|hobgoblin]]" for larger, more evil goblins: when goblins were replaced with Orcs Tolkien invented the term Uruk-hai for his more evil Orcs.

Tolkien's explanation by the time of ''The Lord of the Rings'' seems to be that "goblin" is a colloquial [[Hobbitish]] term for the race properly known as "Orcs", a term which later spread to other races that speak [[Westron]].

==Etymology==
===Orc===
The word '''''Orc''''' is said to be the "''form of the name that other races had for this foul people as it was in the [[Rohirric|language of Rohan]]''".<ref name=App|F1iv/>

In his late, post-''Lord of the Rings'' writings, Tolkien preferred the spelling '''''Ork'''''.<ref>{{HM|PM}}</ref> This was evidently mainly to avoid the form ''Orcish'', which would be naturally pronounced with the c as /s/ instead of /k/. (In [[Languages|Tolkien's languages]] the letter ''c'' was always pronounced /k/.) It is also possible that the word is a Common Tongue Version of 'orch', the [[Sindarin]] word for Orc. The original sense of the word seems to be "bogey", "bogeyman", that is, something that provokes fear, as seen in the Quenya cognate ''urko'', pl. ''urqui''.{{fact}}

Tolkien derived the word ''orc'' from [[Old English]] believing it refers to a kind of evil spirits,<ref name=L144/><ref>[[J.R.R. Tolkien]], "[[Gene Wolfe 7 November 1966]]" (letter)</ref> which in turn derives from Latin ''Orcus'' "Hades". He also thought it survives in the modern language for sea-beasts,<ref>{{HM|N}}, p. 762</ref> such as the [[Wikipedia:Orca Whale|Orca Whale]].

''Orc'' is an [[Old English]] word that refers mainly to a kind of metal cup (from Latin ''Urceus'').<ref group="note">The word ''Orc'' occurs twice in ''[[Beowulf]]''.</ref> However, in a 11th century glossary, this entry was conflated with another entry which refers to evil giants such as ''[[Wikipedia:Jötunn|þyrs]]'' and other monsters, also glossed in Latin as ''Orcus''. This merge of the two entries made many philologists of the previous centuries, like Tolkien, to believe that ''Orc'' was an actual Old English word that refers to any kind of evil creature from the underworld.<ref>Bosworth and Toller's ''An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary'' (1898), corrected in later editions</ref>

The word ''Orcnéas'' is once found only in ''[[Beowulf]]'' (lines 112-113) and is cited as an example of the word "Orc" in Old English text. Actually its meaning is not clear, and it is thought to refer to corpses (''néas'') from the Underworld.

However, it is also mentioned that the word ''Orc'' is Anglo-Saxon for "Foreigner, Monster, Demon" and was used to refer to the Normans invading the Anglish in 1066.<ref>"[http://www.imdb.com/title/tt1329539/ 1066 The Battle for Middle Earth]" 2009 (documentary)</ref>
==="Orcs" in Tolkien's languages===
Tolkien said that one of the reason of choosing "Orc" over "Goblin" was the similarity with his fictional languages.<ref name=WJAC>{{WJ|AC}}, pp. 389-91</ref> Indeed most [[Elvish]], [[Mannish]] and other words for Orc, are similar to the English word.

The basic [[Primitive Quendian]] [[Sundocarme|root]], from which the words for Orc derive, is [[RUKU]] (said to refer to any "bogey" that scared the Elves)<ref name=WJAC/>:

*[[Quenya]] '''''orco'''''<ref name=PE17_47/> (pl. '''''Orkor'''''<ref>{{GA|27}}, p. 12</ref><ref>{{HM|MR}}, pp. 74, 194</ref>); [[Exilic Quenya]] '''''urko''''' (pl. '''''orkor''''' and '''''orqui''''')<ref name=WJAC/>
*[[Sindarin]]: '''''orch'''''/'''''Orch''''' (pl. '''''yrch'''''/'''''Yrch''''', class pl. '''''Orchoth'''''/'''''orchoth'''''<ref group="note">''Orchoth'' is likely a compound of ''orch'' + ''[[hoth]]''.</ref>)<ref name=WJAC/><ref name=L144/><ref name=PE17_52-4/><ref name=PE17_47/><ref name=App|F1iv/>; '''''[[glamhoth]]'''''
*[[Nandorin]]: '''''ūriʃ'''''<ref name=PE17_52-4>{{PE|17}}, pp. 52-4</ref>

*[[Adûnaic]]: '''''urku''''', '''''urkhu'''''<ref name=WJAC/>
*[[Westron]]: '''''orka'''''<ref name=PE17_47>{{PE|17}}, p. 47</ref>
*[[Black Speech]]: '''''[[Uruk-hai#Etymology|uruk]]'''''<ref name=App|F1iv>{{App|F1iv}}</ref><ref name=WJAC/><ref name=L144>{{L|144}}</ref><ref name=PE17_47/>
*[[Khuzdul]]: '''''Rukhs''''' (pl. '''''Rakhās'''''), possibly derived from an unknown [[Avarin]] word of the same meaning<ref name=WJAC/><ref group="note">''Rukhs'' appears to contain the radical R-Kh-S.</ref>
*[[Drúadan language]]: '''''gorgûn''''' ("orc-folk"; the form ''gorgûn'' is perhaps plural of an unknown singular form)<ref name=PE17_99>{{PE|17}}, p. 99</ref><ref>{{RK|V5}}</ref><ref name=WJAC/>

In the earliest versions of [[Qenya]], Tolkien had words such as "'''Ork (orq-)''' pl. '''Orqi''' and fem. "'''orqindi'''".{{fact}}

In [[Noldorin]], the earlier version of Sindarin, the word for Orc is the same: ''orch'' (pl ''yrch'').<ref name=LR379>{{LR|Etymologies}}, p. 379 (entry for ÓROK)</ref><ref>{{MR|P3I7}}, p. 195</ref><ref>{{MC|Secret}}, p. 217</ref> The [[Gnomish]] word for "one of a tribe of the orcs. a goblin" is said to be '''''Gong'''''.<ref>{{PE|11}}, p. 41</ref>

*''See also: [[Entish]] ''[[burárum]]''
===Goblin===
''[[Wiktionary:Goblin|Goblin]]'' is a folk word which according to ''The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Current English'' is probably derived from the Anglo-French ''[[Wiktionary:gobelin|gobelin]]'' a diminutive of ''gobel'' (cf. ''[[Wiktionary:kobold|kobold]]''). William D.B. Loos notes that ''goblin'' is a Romance-derived word, unlike other Germanic words preferred by [[J.R.R. Tolkien|Tolkien]].<ref>William D.B. Loos, [http://tolkien.slimy.com/tfaq/EnemyMisc.html#Orcs Enemies and Miscellaneous: What was the relationship between Orcs and Goblins?] at [http://tolkien.slimy.com/tfaq/ The Tolkien Frequently Asked Questions List] (accessed 3 July 2011)</ref>

==="Goblin" in Tolkien's languages===

In the [[The Etymologies|''Etymologies'']], the Elvish names used to translate "goblin" derive from root [[RUKU#Other versions|ÓROK]] and are:<ref name=LR379>{{LR|Etymologies}}, p. 379 (entry for ÓROK)</ref>

*[[Quenya]]: '''''orko''''' (pl. '''''orqi''''')
*[[Noldorin]]: ''orch'' (pl ''yrch'', archaic ''yrchy''<ref>{{VT|46a}}, p. 7</ref>)
*[[Nandorin|Danian]]: '''''urc''''' (pl. '''''yrc''''')
*[[Doriathrin]]: '''''urch''''' (pl. '''''urchin''''')

In an early linguistic writing, Tolkien translated the [[Gnomish]] word ''Gong'' as "one of a tribe of the orcs. a goblin."<ref>{{PE|11}}, p. 41</ref>

==Other Versions of the Lengendarium==
===Origin===
According to the oldest "theory" proposed by Tolkien, Orcs were made of stone and slime through the sorcery of Morgoth. But, Tolkien later changed the legendarium so that Morgoth could no longer produce life on his own.

While Tolkien originally saw all Orcs as descended from tortured Elves, later comments of his indicate, according to [[Christopher Tolkien]] in ''Morgoth's Ring'' ("Myths Transformed, text X"), that he began to feel uncomfortable with the theory that orcs were descending from Elves. However, Tolkien died before he could complete his upheaval of the cosmology, and in the published version of ''The Silmarillion'', the Elf origin of Orcs was adopted. It does not appear that the elder Tolkien ever decided on a definitive answer.

The origin of Orcs is an open question. In Tolkien's writings, evil is not capable of independent creation, making it unlikely that the [[Valar|Vala]] [[Morgoth|Melkor]], who was obviously the first to produce them, could do that ''ex nihilo''. In ''[[The Silmarillion]]'' is mentioned that the Orcs were transformed from Elves — the purest form of life on [[Arda]] (the Earth) — by means of torture and mutilation; and this "theory" would then become the most popular. There are hints in the ''[[The History of Middle-earth|History of Middle-earth]]'' series of books, (especially in ''[[Morgoth's Ring]]'' in the section "Myths Transformed"), that some Orc leaders, such as the First Age's [[Boldog]], or the [[Great Goblin]] encountered by [[Bilbo Baggins|Bilbo]] and the Dwarves, may in fact have been fallen [[Maiar]] which had taken Orc form.

Yet other Orcs may have begun as animals of vaguely humanoid shapes, empowered by the will of the Dark Lord (first [[Morgoth]], later Sauron): this may explain the references to their "beaks and feathers"{{fact}} in Tolkien's writings.

: ''The Orcs were beasts of humanized shape (…).'' ('Morgoth's Ring', "Myths transformed", text VIII')

==Controversy==
Tolkien's Orcs have ''allegedly'' been a subject of criticism of [[racism]]. Tolkien described Orcs as "squat, broad, flat-nosed, sallow-skinned, with wide mouths and slant eyes: in fact degraded and repulsive versions of the (to Europeans) least lovely Mongol-types".<ref>{{L|210}}</ref>
==Other writings==
In ''[[The Letters of Father Christmas]]'', goblins appear as the enemies of [[Father Christmas]] and the [[Red Elves]].
==Portrayal in Adaptations==
===Orcs===
{{stub}}[[File:The Lord of the Rings War in the North - Orc3.jpg|250px|thumb|An '''Orc''' in [[Fornost]] in ''[[The Lord of the Rings: War in the North]]''.]]
'''2007: ''[[The Lord of the Rings Online]]'':'''
:Orc-kind is a genus that include the species of Orc, Goblins, [[Half-orcs]], [[Boggarts]], [[Bugans]] and [[Uruk-hai]].

:Orcs are very common in Middle-earth. They are about the size of a man with a hunchback.

''''2011: ''[[The Lord of the Rings: War in the North]]'':'''
:Orcs are first seen in [[Fornost]], where they immediately attack [[Eradan (video game character)|Eradan]], [[Andriel]] and [[Farin (video game character)|Farin]] on their aproach.<ref>[[The Lord of the Rings: War in the North]], Chapter 1: Fornost, ''Main Gate''</ref> ''Orc wariors'' are stronger then normal Orcs. Some Orcs have been taught [[Magic|sorcery]] by [[Agandaûr]], these are known as ''Orc Sorcerers''.

===Goblins===
[[File:The Lord of the Rings War in the North - Goblins1.jpg|250px|thumb|'''Goblins''' in the pits of [[Fornost]] in ''[[The Lord of the Rings: War in the North]]''.]]'''2003: ''[[The Lord of the Rings: War of the Ring]]'':'''
:Goblins have been made clearly distinct from Orcs.

'''2006: ''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Battle for Middle-earth II]]'':'''
:Goblins have been made clearly distinct from Orcs.

'''2007: ''[[The Lord of the Rings Online]]'':'''
:Goblins are a separate race and can be found in [[Evendim]], [[the Shire]], [[Ered Luin]], [[Bree-land]], [[Lone-lands|Lone lands]], [[North Downs]], [[Misty Mountains]], [[Angmar]] and [[Moria]]. They are small in stature; a little shorter than [[Hobbits]]. In contrast, Orcs are about the size of [[Men]]. Goblins are also weaker than the orcs.

'''2011: ''[[The Lord of the Rings: War in the North]]'':'''
:Goblins first appear in [[Fornost]], where they attack [[Eradan (video game character)|Eradan]], [[Andriel]] and [[Farin (video game character)|Farin]] immediately when they reach the city.<ref>[[The Lord of the Rings: War in the North]], Chapter 1: Fornost, ''Main Gate''</ref> Goblins are weaker than Orcs.

==See also==
*[[Gongs]]
*[[:Category:Images of Orcs|Images of Orcs]]
*[[:Category:Images of Goblins|Images of Goblins]]

{{references|note}}
[[Category:Orcs| ]]
[[Category:Races]]
[[de:Orks]]
[[fr:encyclo/peuples/orques/orques]]
[[fi:Örkit]]

Languages

2012-10-06T15:45:38Z

173.2.197.76: /* List of languages */

According to [[Pengolodh]], the sage of [[Gondolin]], the making of a '''language''' is the chief character of an [[Incarnate]]. The speaking peoples used languages to communicate. The first of those races were the [[Dwarves]] who were taught by [[Aulë]] and then the [[Elves]], called themselves [[Quendi|Kwendî]], the "Speakers".

In the history of [[Arda]], the tongues were separated as part of the peoples emigrating while others stay behind, leading to a split of [[Quenya]] (High-Elvish, or Elf-Latin) and [[Sindarin]].

==Linguistic lore==
In Quenya, ''[[lambë]]'' is the term for spoken language or verbal communiation while ''tengwesta'' is a more abstract term for a system or a code of signs and may be translated as "grammar". As [[Pengolodh]] noted, "The making of a lambe is the chief character of an Incarnate," including the [[Valar]].<ref>{{WJ|AD1}}, p.397</ref>

In [[Valinor]], the Elves began to be interested in the nature of their languages. These loremasters were called [[lambengolmor]]. Usually they would compare [[Quenya]] proper against [[Telerin]] and point out the original [[Primitive Quendian]].

The invention of writing is attributed to [[Rúmil (elf of Tirion)|Rúmil]], who first invented an alphabet: the [[Sarati]] (literally "letters"). [[Fëanor]] later enhanced and further developed this alphabet into the [[Tengwar]], which were spread to Middle-earth by the [[Noldor|Ñoldor]] and remained in use ever after.

[[Daeron]] of [[Doriath]] indepently of Rúmil and Fëanor had invented the [[Cirth]] [[Runes]], but these were only used for inscriptions, and otherwise replaced by the Tengwar, except among the [[Dwarves]].

An important source of Middle-earth linguistic scholarship is [[Pengolodh]] of Gondolin who wrote in Quenya. He is the author of ''[[Quendi and Eldar]]'', the ''[[Lhammas]]'' and ''[[Ósanwe-kenta]]''.

==List of languages==

#[[Elvish]]:
#*[[Primitive Quendian]]
#**[[Avarin]] languages (at least six languages)
#**[[Common Eldarin]]
#***[[Quenya]]
#****[[Vanyarin]]
#****[[Quenya|Noldorin Quenya]]
#****[[Telerin]] of [[Valinor]] (from [[Common Telerin]] but influenced by Quenya)
#***[[Common Telerin]]
#****[[Telerin]] of [[Valinor]] (considered a dialect of [[Quenya]])
#****[[Sindarin]] (at least three dialects)
#****[[Nandorin]] languages (influenced by Avarin)
#[[Mannish]] languages (all showed influence by Avarin tongues as well as [[Khuzdul]]):
#*Languages of forefathers of the First and Third Houses of the [[Atanatári]] ("Northern Mannish")
#**[[Taliska]] (two dialects)
#***[[Adûnaic]]
#****[[Westron]] (influenced by [[Sindarin]], and languages of Eriador)
#*****[[Hobbitish]] (dialect of Westron, influenced by languages of Northmen)
#****Black Adûnaic of [[Black Númenóreans]]
#**Languages of Men of [[Eriador]] during the [[Second Age]]
#**Languages of [[Northmen]]
#***[[Dale|Dalish]]
#***[[Rohirric]]
#*Language of forefathers of the Second House of the Atanatari ("Southern Mannish")
#**[[Haladin]] language
#**[[Dunlendish|Dunlending language]]
#*[[Drúedain|Drûg]] languages
#**Language of the Drúedain of [[Brethil]]
#**Language of the Woses of [[Drúadan Forest]]
#*Many [[Haradrim]] languages
#*Many tongues of [[Easterlings]]
#*Language of the [[Lossoth]]
#Languages of [[Dwarves]]:
#*[[Khuzdul]]
#*[[Iglishmêk]] (sign language)
#Languages of the [[Ents]]
#*Old Entish.
#*"New" Entish
#Languages of the [[Ainur]] ([[Valar]] and [[Maiar]])
#*[[Valarin]]
#**[[Black Speech]], created by [[Sauron]]

==Other versions of the Legendarium==
Tolkien's conceptions of the languages, like his mythology itself, changed through time. For older linguistic concepts see [[The Tree of Toungues]], [[Oromean]], [[Aulean]], [[Goldogrin]], [[Kornoldorin]], [[Noldorin]], [[Qenya]], [[Ilkorin]], [[Doriathrin]], [[Nandorin]] and [[Taliska]].

==Inspiration==
In discussing the languages [[J.R.R. Tolkien|Tolkien]] invented, it is necessary to consider two aspects: their "primary world" history, namely their literal development by Tolkien as a linguist, and their "[[secondary world]]" history, namely their imagined historical development in the history of Middle-earth.

Tolkien was a professional linguist and a specialist in the Old English language. He was also interested in many languages outside his field and developed a particular love for the Finnish language (he described the finding of a Finnish grammar book as "entering a complete wine-cellar filled with bottles of an amazing wine of a kind and flavour never tasted before".<ref>{{L|214}}</ref>

Finnish morphology (particularly its rich system of inflection) in part gave rise to [[Quenya]]. Another of Tolkien's favorites was [[Welsh]] — and features of Welsh phonology found their way to [[Sindarin]]. Numerous words were borrowed from existing languages, but less and less obviously as Tolkien progressed. Words that are an exact match with existing Welsh words can be found in the early drafts of Tolkien’s manuscripts published as ''[[The History of Middle-earth]]'',<ref>[[Mark T. Hooker]], ''[[Tolkien and Welsh]]'', p. viii</ref> but attempts to match a source to a particular Elvish word or name in works published during his lifetime are often very dubious.

Language-making was Tolkien's hobby for most of his life. He is known to have constructed his first languages (Animalic and Nevbosh) at a little over thirteen and he continued to ponder upon his creations up until his death more than sixty-five years later. Language invention had always been tightly connected to the mythology that Tolkien developed, as he found that a language could not be complete without the history of the people who spoke it, just as these people could never be fully realistic if imagined only through the English and as speaking English. Tolkien therefore took the stance of a translator and adaptor rather than that of the original author of his works.

Although the [[Elvish]] languages [[Sindarin]] and [[Quenya]] are the most famous and the most mature languages of those that Tolkien invented for his mythology, they are by no means the only ones. They belong to a family of Elvish dialects, that originate in [[Common Eldarin]], the language common to all [[Eldar]], which in turn originates in [[Primitive Quendian]], the common root of [[Eldar]]in and [[Avari]]n languages. In addition to that, there is a separate language family that is spoken by Men, the most prominent member of which was [[Westron]] (derived from the [[Númenóreans|Númenórean]] speech [[Adûnaic]]) or the "Common speech" of the peoples of ''[[The Lord of the Rings]]''. Most Mannish tongues showed influences by Elvish, as well as some [[Dwarvish]] influences. Several independent languages were drafted as well, for example the [[Khuzdul]] language of the Dwarves. Other languages are [[Valarin]] (the tongue of the [[Valar]]), and the [[Black Speech]] created by [[Sauron]] during the Second Age.

==Elvish scholarship==
{{quote|Indeed it would be the only fitting monument to a man who had to invent a whole world just to have a place where people could greet one another with the words ''Elen síla lúmenn' omentielvo''.|[[Helge Fauskanger]], [http://folk.uib.no/hnohf/vice.htm Tolkien's Not-So-Secret Vice]}}
Although the study of Tolkien's languages is as a rule not taken seriously by mainstream linguistics, a number of serious scholars have worked on compiling all that can be recovered about their histories and grammars.

An early book dedicated to Tolkien's languages is ''[[An Introduction to Elvish]]'' by [[Jim Allan]] (published by Bran's Head Books), written before the publication of ''[[The Silmarillion]]'' in 1977 and therefore mostly outdated.

There are several journals dedicated to the subject:
*[[Quettar]], Bulletin of the Linguistic Fellowship of The Tolkien Society, edited by Julian C. Bradfield, the oldest Eldarin publication.
*[[Vinyar Tengwar]] and [[Parma Eldalamberon]] are published by the [[Elvish Linguistic Fellowship]].
*[[Tyalie Tyelellieva]] is published by [[Lisa Star]].
*[[Mythlore]] is published by the [[Mythopoeic Society]].
*[[Beyond Bree]] is published by [[Nancy Martsch]].

[[Tolklang]], [[Elfling]] and [[Lambengolmor]] are mailing lists dedicated to Tolkien linguistics.

==External links and references==
*[http://www.uib.no/People/hnohf/ Ardalambion] A site containing much knowledge about Tolkien's languages and questions surrounding them.
*[http://www.elvish.org/ The Elvish Linguistic Fellowship]
*[http://www.dcs.ed.ac.uk/misc/local/TolkLang/ the Tolkien language mailing list]
*[http://www.lotrlibrary.com/ The Lord of the Rings Fanatics Library]
*[http://www.jerekdain.com/tolkien.html Tolkien information: Languages, Elves, the Ainur, and the Valar]
*[http://www.elvish.org/gwaith/language.htm Fellowship of the Word-smiths] With language courses, links, translations, and much more
*[http://www.abo.fi/~jolin/tolkien/ Tolkien's Pronunciation Recordings] Ardamir's Tolkien Homepage

{{References}}

[[Category:Languages| ]]
[[de:Sprachen]]
[[fr:langues/langues]]

Forest Road

2012-10-02T05:15:26Z

173.2.197.76:

The '''Forest Road''' was the road that ran down from the [[High Pass]], crossed the River [[Anduin]] and then plunged among the trees of [[Mirkwood|Greenwood the Great]] (later called [[Mirkwood]]). It followed a nearly straight course through the central parts of the forest, somewhat to the south of the [[Mountains of Mirkwood]], and emerged on the banks of the River [[River Running|Running]]. In ancient times the road was actually extended all the way up to the [[Iron Hills]], but after a while the road fell into disrepair, and the [[Dwarves of the Iron Hills]] lost contact with the capital of [[Khazad-dûm]].

The original route planned for the [[Quest of Erebor]] was to cross Mirkwood using the Forest Road. However, the Dwarves had been dwelling in the [[Blue Mountains]] in the west for many decades and were not well informed of recent developments in the area. When the company arrived at the house of [[Beorn]], however, he informed them that the eastern portions of the road had fallen into such bad disrepair that the route was impassible. Instead, Beorn advised them of a secret path made by the Elves of the Woodland Realm that ran across northern Mirkwood.

[[Category:Rhovanion]]
[[Category:Roads and streets]]

Thorin Stonehelm

2012-10-02T05:04:19Z

173.2.197.76: /* History */

{{sources}}
{{disambig-more|Thorin|[[Thorin (disambiguation)]]}}
{{dwarves infobox
| image=[[Image:ThorinIIIdecipher.jpg|250px]]
| name=Thorin III
| othernames=Thorin III Stonehelm
| life=[[Third Age 2866]] - [[Fourth Age]] ????
| realm=[[Lonely Mountain]]
| parentage=[[Dáin Ironfoot|Dáin II Ironfoot]]
| lineage=[[Durin's line]]
| hood=
| gender=Male
|}}
'''Thorin III Stonehelm''' ([[Third Age]] 2866 – [[Fourth Age]]) was the son and heir of [[Dáin Ironfoot|Dáin II Ironfoot]] of [[Durin's folk]], who was king of the [[Dwarves of Erebor]] and the [[Iron Hills]] in [[Wilderland]].
==History==
During the [[Lord of the Iron Hills|Lordship]] of his father, Thorin was more than likely born in the [[Iron Hills]] to Dáin II Ironfoot. During his younger years he saw his people able to finally return to the Lonely Mountain after many years of further exile, and wandering. He himself became a prince with the rise of his father as [[King under the Mountain]], and over all the [[Longbeards]].

It is unknown if Thorin Stonehelm participated in the [[Battle of Five Armies]], in which his father led a contingent of five hundred Dwarves from the Iron Hills. Thorin Stonehelm would have been 86 years old at the time (Third Age 2941), so it is not implausible.

During the [[War of the Ring]] at the age of one hundred fifty-three, Thorin fought the [[Easterlings]] in the [[Battle of Dale]], and took refuge in Erebor after his father was killed at its gates, along with [[Brand]] [[King of Dale|king]] of [[Dale]]. Thorin then became [[King under the Mountain]].

When the news of the Sauron's [[Battle of the Morannon|defeat in the South]] came to the ears of the enemy, they became dismayed and the Dwarves and Men came forth from the mountain and routed them driving them back of the river [[Carnen]], never troubling them again.<ref name="Chief">{{App|Chief}}</ref>

Under Thorin's leadership Erebor and Dale were rebuilt along with Dale's new king [[Bard II]], son of Brand, and once again both their people prospered, and their realms became close allies with the [[Reunited Kingdom]] of [[Arnor]] and [[Gondor]] of King [[Aragorn|Aragorn II]].

During his rule [[Gimli]], son of [[Glóin]], led a number of Dwarves South to [[Aglarond]], where a new colony was settled. Also during his rule mining for [[mithril]] in [[Moria]] slowly began again, although Moria was not yet permanently settled.

Thorin III had a descendant who was held to be the reincarnation of [[Durin|Durin the Deathless]], and would rule as [[Durin VII]] the Last.

==Etymology==

Thorin's name is one from the ''[[Völuspá|Dvergatal]]''. It means "Bold".<ref>Chester Nathan Gould, "Dwarf-Names: A Study in Old Icelandic Religion", published in ''Publications of the Modern Language Association of America'', Vol 44 (1929), issue #4, pp. 939-967</ref>

The origins of the name "Stonehelm" are mysterious: [[J.R.R. Tolkien|Tolkien]] doesn't provide us with any account that would shed light on its meaning.

== Genealogy ==
{{familytree/start}}
{{familytree| | | | | ERE | | | | | | IRN |ERE=[[Dwarves of Erebor|DWARVES OF EREBOR]]|IRN=[[Dwarves of the Iron Hills|DWARVES OF THE IRON HILLS]]}}
{{familytree| | | | | |F|~|~|~|~|~|~|~|7| |}}
{{familytree| | | | | |:| | | | | | | |:| |}}
{{familytree| | | | | THO | | | | | | GRO |THO=[[Thrór]]|GRO=[[Grór]]}}
{{familytree| | | | | |!| | | | | | | |!| |}}
{{familytree| | | | | THR | | | | | | NAI |THR=[[Thráin II]]|NAI=[[Náin son of Grór|Náin]]}}
{{familytree| |,|-|-|-|+|-|-|-|.| | | |!| |}}
{{familytree| TH2 | | FRE | | DIS | | DAI |TH2=[[Thorin|Thorin II Oakenshield]] †|FRE=[[Frerin]]|DIS=[[Dís]]|DAI=[[Dáin Ironfoot|Dáin II Ironfoot]]}}
{{familytree| | | | | |,|-|-|-|(| | | |!| |}}
{{familytree| | | | | FIL | | KIL | | TH3 |FIL=[[Fíli|Fíli]] †|KIL=[[Kíli|Kíli]] †|TH3='''THORIN STONEHELM'''}}
{{familytree/end}}

<center>† End of the royal line of the Dwarves of Erebor</center>

{{seq-start}}
{{seq-head
| race=dwarf
| house=[[Durin's Folk|House of Durin]]
| born={{TA|2866}}
| died=
}}
{{seq
| prev=[[Dáin Ironfoot|Dáin II Ironfoot]]
| prow=2
| list=[[Kings of Durin's Folk|King of Durin's Folk]]
| dates={{TA|3019}} - Unknown
| nvac=Unknown
| next=Eventually [[Durin VII]]
}}
{{seq
| list=[[King under the Mountain]]
| dates={{TA|3019}} - Unknown
| next=Unknown
}}
{{seq-end}}

{{references}}

[[Category:Dwarves]]
[[Category:Longbeards]]
[[de:Thorin III.]]
[[fr:encyclo/personnages/nains/3a/thorin_iii]]
[[fi:Thorin III Kivikypäri]]

Hobbitish

2012-09-15T16:18:36Z

173.2.197.76: /* Parallels */

{{sources}}
{{cleanup}}
'''Hobbitish''' was the term given for the sub-dialect of [[Westron]] (Common Speech) that was spoken by the [[Hobbits]] of [[the Shire]].
==History==
The original language of the Hobbits is lost to history, as their specific origins. The earliest known historical location of the Hobbits is in the [[Vales of Anduin|upper vales]] of [[Anduin]] and while there, they must have had some contact with the [[Éothéod]], who lived in the same area. Thus the earliest known Hobbit-language must have been a [[northern Mannish]] tongue learned from the Éothéod. Eventually, due to the increasing danger from [[Mirkwood|Greenwood]], the Éothéod migrated south to [[Calenardhon]] and the Hobbits migrated West starting their "[[Wandering Days]]".

The name ''[[Kuduk]]'' (Hobbit) itself for example is believed to be derived from the Northern ''[[kûd-dûkan]]'' (Holbytlan; hole builders) .

A small number of [[Stoors]] would move briefly to the [[Angle of Eriador]] where they had some contact with the [[Dunlendings]], picking up a few [[Dunlendish]] words. When the Stoors later moved to [[the Shire]] with the rest of their kin, they quickly adopted the language as spoken in the Shire at the time, but no doubt their Dunlending background resulted to several regional peculiarities in regions that [[Stoors]] mostly settled in (eg. [[Buckland]] and the [[Marish]]).

In any case, by the time of the [[War of the Ring]], the [[Rohirric]] language and Hobbitish possessed many linguistic similarities which were obvious even to a non-linguist like [[Meriadoc Brandybuck]]; because of their Northern Mannish background from the Vales of Anduin, Hobbitish retained some archaic elements that didn't exist in Westron. Simply hearing parts of the language of the Rohirrim, Merry noticed several words which clearly sounded like old words used in the Shire.

Merry would in his later years author a book of linguistic study on the relationship, "''[[Old Place Names in the Shire]]''".

==Grammatical differences==
Hobbitish was a regional dialect spoken in a rustic agricultural region. As such, it was not as "refined" as the true form of the language as spoken eg. in [[Gondor]] or [[Rivendell]]. It contained many simplifications and archaisms.

===Familiar pronoun===
Hobbit society was made up almost entirely of farmers and with barely any "government" to speak of, much less a noble class. As a result, Hobbitish possesses only the "familiar" pronoun of Westron but not the [[wikipedia:T-V distinction|deferential pronoun]]; except in scattered parts of the [[Westfarthing]] where is was used more as a light-hearted term of endearment.

This prominent peculiarity in actual grammatical structure is what [[Gondorians|Gondorian]]s are referring to when they repeatedly remark that Hobbit-speech sounds strange.

It was most obvious when [[Peregrin Took]] was speaking to [[Denethor|Denethor II]], [[Steward]] and ruler of Gondor, while he was at court in [[Minas Tirith]]; unintentionally, Pippin was addressing Denethor using the very informal and personalized familiar language, as with a close friend or social equal. Denethor seemed to react with some bemusement but this astonished his servants, and probably gave strength to the rumor that Pippin was of very high social rank within his own country, the "[[Ernil i Pheriannath]]".

==Names==
Personal names of Hobbit individuals are varied. Some of them are Hobbitish but many are archaic with forgotten meaning.

Peasants and tradesmen like the [[Gamgee]]s or the [[Hornblower]]s used short archaic names, akin to that of the [[Éothéod]] (cf. [[Fastred]], [[Erling]]).

Members of old aristocratic families such as the [[Took]]s and the [[Bolger]]s, had names taken mostly from legends of the past. They often had names which referred to weapons, battles and bravery (cf. [[Isengar Took|Isengar]], [[Hildifons Took|Hildifons]]).

[[Bucklanders]] such as the [[Brandybuck]]s wore peculiar names apparently derived from the former southern [[Stoorish]].

Hobbit women also wore names of flowers and jewels. Notably, noble Took and Brandybuck women had names of exotic and mythical plants (cf. [[Amaranth Brandybuck|Amaranth]], [[Belladonna Took|Belladonna]]), compared to ordinary names of the Bagginses or Gamgees ([[Marigold Gamgee|Marigold]], [[Poppy Chubb-Baggins|Poppy]]). Jewel names were peculiar to higher class, such as the Tooks, or women marrying into the Took family, and then Boffins, Bolgers and Gardners ([[Adamanta Took|Adamanta]], [[Berylla Boffin|Berylla]], [[Ruby Bolger|Ruby]]).

The most common names were worn by the middle class, such as the [[Baggins]]es of the late Third Age; they were short and meaningless, perhaps derived from the above legendary names. Male names ended in -a while females ended in -o or -e.

==Vocabulary peculiarities==

The major difference between Hobbitish and more proper forms of Westron are many archaic words that Hobbits retained in their vocabulary from whatever languages they spoke in ancient times. Examples would include:

*''[[Hobbits|Hobbit]]'' (''[[kuduk]]'') - the word Hobbits called themselves. It is thought to derive from the name the [[Northmen]] gave to them in the [[Vales of Anduin]].
*''[[Smial]]'' (''[[trân]]'') - "large excavated hole used as a home" (i.e. [[Bag End]], [[Brandy Hall]], or [[Great Smials]] of the Tooks).
*''[[Mathom]]'' (''[[kast]]'') - "old thing which you no longer have a use for but don't want to throw away; a knick-nack; an antique" (i.e. the [[Mathom-house]] is a museum)
*''[[Thain]]'' - the title of the ruler of the Shire after the loss of [[Arvedui]].
*''[[Withywindle]]'' - river name, peculiar to the language of the Shire.
*''[[Swertings]]'' - a word referring to the [[Swarthy Men]].
*''[[Oliphaunts]]'' - archaic name of the gigantic beasts, also known as [[Elephants]].
*''Goblin'' - the evil race properly termed "[[Orcs]]" in Common Speech were referred to as "''Goblins''" by the Hobbits. This is apparently some local colloquialism of uncertain origin. However, while this originated as a Hobbit "slang term" for Orcs, due to the presence of the Shire on the major trade route of the Great East Road, over the centuries this term was actually picked up by members of other races (much as how smoking [[Pipe-weed]] was). The term actually gained a high degree of popularity throughout Middle-earth. The term "Goblin" came to more often be used when referring to smaller Orcs, of the type Hobbits were more likely to see (rare roving bands like that led by [[Golfimbul]]). Larger soldier-Orcs bred for war were less likely to be referred to as "Goblins", because they never really encountered them, thus larger breeds of Orcs would often simply be called "Orcs".

:''Note: Tolkien's conception of what "Orcs" and "Goblins" were exactly fluctuated over time, and ''[[The Hobbit]]'' was written when these ideas had not solidified in his mind, and as such in that book he uses the two terms rather interchangeably. Later on, he more fully set down that "Orcs" was the proper term for the entire race, with "Goblins" being a colloquial Hobbit-invented term for Orcs.''

The highest concentration of unique "Hobbitish" words are of course in the surnames of old families, place names, and calender words such as names for months, days, seasons, et cetera.

==Real-world background==
Αll of this ties into the fact that "Westron" as it appears in the books written by J.R.R. Tolkien functions under the conceit that "Common Speech" is really a separate foreign language which Tolkien "translated" into English. For example, the name "Meriadoc Brandybuck" is "translated" into English from the "genuine Westron" name ''[[Kalimac]] [[Brandagamba]]'' (which would make it, actually "genuine Hobbitish")

In order to mirror the peculiar and rustic dialect of Hobbits, Tolkien invented new words by "modernizing" obsolete archaic [[Old English]] ones that had not survived in modern language; such examples are [[Thain]] from ''þegn'', [[mathom]] from ''māþum'' and [[smial]] from ''smygel''.

The most obvious linguistic parallel between the "Hobbitish" dialect and language of the Rohirrim is in the name "Hobbit" itself: according to [[Théoden]] of Rohan, there are a few legends among the Rohirrim about Hobbit-like creatures that they call the ''[[Holbytlan]]'' in Rohirric. Rohirric is actually "translated" into Old English in the books just as Westron is into English, because it is an archaic form of Westron. "Holbytlan" in Old English means "Hole-builders", an apt name for the Hobbits. However, in "genuine Westron", the word translated into English as "Hobbit", is actually "''[[Kuduk]]''". The corresponding "genuine Rohirric" word from which it evolved is "''[[Kûd-dûkan]]''".
===Parallels===
As Tolkien did with the Mannish languages which he rendered with Germanic names, various regional Hobbitish names are usually rendered with variant forms.
*Westron = Modern English
*"Middle Westron" (of the [[Yellowskin Book]]) = Middle English
*"Old Marish-hobbitish" = (Old) Welsh
*[[Fallohides|Fallohide]] names = Frankish (a variety of Old High German)
*"[[Bree-land]]ish" = Eastern Brythonic (the variety of the British [[Celtic]] language spoken in Logria, before it became "England")
*"[[Buckland]]-ish" = Celtic influence, due to the high concentration of Stoor-Hobbit blood. The Stoors used to live near the [[Dunlendings]] and had some linguistic influence from them.

A few hobbit names of Elvish origin are translated as Latin or Frenchified Latin names, such as [[Gerontius Took]], [[Paladin Took]], and [[Peregrin Took]].

==Portrayal in adaptations==
'''1955: ''[[The Lord of the Rings (1956 radio series)|BBC Radio's The Lord of the Rings]]'':'''
:Adapter [[Terence Tiller]] briefly corresponded with Tolkien about what accents should be used. It is unknown if he followed Tolkien's advice.

'''1978: ''[[The Lord of the Rings (1978 film)]]'':'''
:There seems to be little contrast in style, other than the rural portrayal of [[Samwise Gamgee]].

'''1981: ''[[The Lord of the Rings (1981 radio series)|BBC Radio's The Lord of the Rings]]'':'''
:Any dialectical difference is completely removed. Sam talks the same English as the other Hobbits.

'''1992: ''[[Tales from the Perilous Realm (1992 radio series)|BBC Radio's Tales from the Perilous Realm]]'':'''
:In the two episodes of "The Adventures of Tom Bombadil", [[Jonathan Adams]]' portrayal of Sam Gamgee is close to over-the-top rustic. He speaks in a grumbling, low voice.

'''2001: ''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Motion Picture Trilogy]]'':'''
: Considerable attention was paid to the dialects characters speak with and cast members trained extensively with dialogue coaches. Hobbits in the films speak with basically an English Midlands accent, because Tolkien said that the Shire was based largely on his boyhood home in the Midlands. Of the main Hobbit characters:
*Sam Gamgee speaks with the working-class rustic Midlands accent which was used as the standard for all the other minor Hobbit characters.
*[[Bilbo Baggins|Bilbo]] and [[Frodo Baggins]], because they are both book-educated, speak with a slightly more refined and less pronounced accent.
*The actor who played [[Peregrin Took|Pippin]], [[Billy Boyd]], is Scottish, and originally he was supposed to speak like the others, but eventually it was decided that it was adversely affecting his comic timing. The production team then invented the [[wikipedia:Canon_(fiction)#Nature of fictional canons|justification]] that the [[Took Family|Took]] region of the Shire is described as very hilly, so much so that when [[Saruman]]'s [[ruffians]] take over the rest of the Shire they are successfully repulsed from Took-land due to its rough terrain, and thus is it loosely analogous to Scotland. Thus, it was decided that Tooks should speak with a Scottish accent as well, and Boyd was allowed to use his normal Scottish accent when portraying Pippin for the entire trilogy of films.
*Meriadoc Brandybuck is described as being the linguistic "oddball" of the group: he was not from any of the four farthings of the Shire, but a Brandybuck from Buckland, and thus is from a region apart. To reflect this, his accent is noticeably distinct from the other Hobbits seen on-screen, something of an invention between actor [[Dominic Monaghan]] and the dialect coaches, to reflect his unique origin.

[[Category:Hobbitish| ]]

Hobbitish

2012-09-15T16:18:13Z

173.2.197.76: /* Parallels */ I'm not sure which kind of celtic it is

{{sources}}
{{cleanup}}
'''Hobbitish''' was the term given for the sub-dialect of [[Westron]] (Common Speech) that was spoken by the [[Hobbits]] of [[the Shire]].
==History==
The original language of the Hobbits is lost to history, as their specific origins. The earliest known historical location of the Hobbits is in the [[Vales of Anduin|upper vales]] of [[Anduin]] and while there, they must have had some contact with the [[Éothéod]], who lived in the same area. Thus the earliest known Hobbit-language must have been a [[northern Mannish]] tongue learned from the Éothéod. Eventually, due to the increasing danger from [[Mirkwood|Greenwood]], the Éothéod migrated south to [[Calenardhon]] and the Hobbits migrated West starting their "[[Wandering Days]]".

The name ''[[Kuduk]]'' (Hobbit) itself for example is believed to be derived from the Northern ''[[kûd-dûkan]]'' (Holbytlan; hole builders) .

A small number of [[Stoors]] would move briefly to the [[Angle of Eriador]] where they had some contact with the [[Dunlendings]], picking up a few [[Dunlendish]] words. When the Stoors later moved to [[the Shire]] with the rest of their kin, they quickly adopted the language as spoken in the Shire at the time, but no doubt their Dunlending background resulted to several regional peculiarities in regions that [[Stoors]] mostly settled in (eg. [[Buckland]] and the [[Marish]]).

In any case, by the time of the [[War of the Ring]], the [[Rohirric]] language and Hobbitish possessed many linguistic similarities which were obvious even to a non-linguist like [[Meriadoc Brandybuck]]; because of their Northern Mannish background from the Vales of Anduin, Hobbitish retained some archaic elements that didn't exist in Westron. Simply hearing parts of the language of the Rohirrim, Merry noticed several words which clearly sounded like old words used in the Shire.

Merry would in his later years author a book of linguistic study on the relationship, "''[[Old Place Names in the Shire]]''".

==Grammatical differences==
Hobbitish was a regional dialect spoken in a rustic agricultural region. As such, it was not as "refined" as the true form of the language as spoken eg. in [[Gondor]] or [[Rivendell]]. It contained many simplifications and archaisms.

===Familiar pronoun===
Hobbit society was made up almost entirely of farmers and with barely any "government" to speak of, much less a noble class. As a result, Hobbitish possesses only the "familiar" pronoun of Westron but not the [[wikipedia:T-V distinction|deferential pronoun]]; except in scattered parts of the [[Westfarthing]] where is was used more as a light-hearted term of endearment.

This prominent peculiarity in actual grammatical structure is what [[Gondorians|Gondorian]]s are referring to when they repeatedly remark that Hobbit-speech sounds strange.

It was most obvious when [[Peregrin Took]] was speaking to [[Denethor|Denethor II]], [[Steward]] and ruler of Gondor, while he was at court in [[Minas Tirith]]; unintentionally, Pippin was addressing Denethor using the very informal and personalized familiar language, as with a close friend or social equal. Denethor seemed to react with some bemusement but this astonished his servants, and probably gave strength to the rumor that Pippin was of very high social rank within his own country, the "[[Ernil i Pheriannath]]".

==Names==
Personal names of Hobbit individuals are varied. Some of them are Hobbitish but many are archaic with forgotten meaning.

Peasants and tradesmen like the [[Gamgee]]s or the [[Hornblower]]s used short archaic names, akin to that of the [[Éothéod]] (cf. [[Fastred]], [[Erling]]).

Members of old aristocratic families such as the [[Took]]s and the [[Bolger]]s, had names taken mostly from legends of the past. They often had names which referred to weapons, battles and bravery (cf. [[Isengar Took|Isengar]], [[Hildifons Took|Hildifons]]).

[[Bucklanders]] such as the [[Brandybuck]]s wore peculiar names apparently derived from the former southern [[Stoorish]].

Hobbit women also wore names of flowers and jewels. Notably, noble Took and Brandybuck women had names of exotic and mythical plants (cf. [[Amaranth Brandybuck|Amaranth]], [[Belladonna Took|Belladonna]]), compared to ordinary names of the Bagginses or Gamgees ([[Marigold Gamgee|Marigold]], [[Poppy Chubb-Baggins|Poppy]]). Jewel names were peculiar to higher class, such as the Tooks, or women marrying into the Took family, and then Boffins, Bolgers and Gardners ([[Adamanta Took|Adamanta]], [[Berylla Boffin|Berylla]], [[Ruby Bolger|Ruby]]).

The most common names were worn by the middle class, such as the [[Baggins]]es of the late Third Age; they were short and meaningless, perhaps derived from the above legendary names. Male names ended in -a while females ended in -o or -e.

==Vocabulary peculiarities==

The major difference between Hobbitish and more proper forms of Westron are many archaic words that Hobbits retained in their vocabulary from whatever languages they spoke in ancient times. Examples would include:

*''[[Hobbits|Hobbit]]'' (''[[kuduk]]'') - the word Hobbits called themselves. It is thought to derive from the name the [[Northmen]] gave to them in the [[Vales of Anduin]].
*''[[Smial]]'' (''[[trân]]'') - "large excavated hole used as a home" (i.e. [[Bag End]], [[Brandy Hall]], or [[Great Smials]] of the Tooks).
*''[[Mathom]]'' (''[[kast]]'') - "old thing which you no longer have a use for but don't want to throw away; a knick-nack; an antique" (i.e. the [[Mathom-house]] is a museum)
*''[[Thain]]'' - the title of the ruler of the Shire after the loss of [[Arvedui]].
*''[[Withywindle]]'' - river name, peculiar to the language of the Shire.
*''[[Swertings]]'' - a word referring to the [[Swarthy Men]].
*''[[Oliphaunts]]'' - archaic name of the gigantic beasts, also known as [[Elephants]].
*''Goblin'' - the evil race properly termed "[[Orcs]]" in Common Speech were referred to as "''Goblins''" by the Hobbits. This is apparently some local colloquialism of uncertain origin. However, while this originated as a Hobbit "slang term" for Orcs, due to the presence of the Shire on the major trade route of the Great East Road, over the centuries this term was actually picked up by members of other races (much as how smoking [[Pipe-weed]] was). The term actually gained a high degree of popularity throughout Middle-earth. The term "Goblin" came to more often be used when referring to smaller Orcs, of the type Hobbits were more likely to see (rare roving bands like that led by [[Golfimbul]]). Larger soldier-Orcs bred for war were less likely to be referred to as "Goblins", because they never really encountered them, thus larger breeds of Orcs would often simply be called "Orcs".

:''Note: Tolkien's conception of what "Orcs" and "Goblins" were exactly fluctuated over time, and ''[[The Hobbit]]'' was written when these ideas had not solidified in his mind, and as such in that book he uses the two terms rather interchangeably. Later on, he more fully set down that "Orcs" was the proper term for the entire race, with "Goblins" being a colloquial Hobbit-invented term for Orcs.''

The highest concentration of unique "Hobbitish" words are of course in the surnames of old families, place names, and calender words such as names for months, days, seasons, et cetera.

==Real-world background==
Αll of this ties into the fact that "Westron" as it appears in the books written by J.R.R. Tolkien functions under the conceit that "Common Speech" is really a separate foreign language which Tolkien "translated" into English. For example, the name "Meriadoc Brandybuck" is "translated" into English from the "genuine Westron" name ''[[Kalimac]] [[Brandagamba]]'' (which would make it, actually "genuine Hobbitish")

In order to mirror the peculiar and rustic dialect of Hobbits, Tolkien invented new words by "modernizing" obsolete archaic [[Old English]] ones that had not survived in modern language; such examples are [[Thain]] from ''þegn'', [[mathom]] from ''māþum'' and [[smial]] from ''smygel''.

The most obvious linguistic parallel between the "Hobbitish" dialect and language of the Rohirrim is in the name "Hobbit" itself: according to [[Théoden]] of Rohan, there are a few legends among the Rohirrim about Hobbit-like creatures that they call the ''[[Holbytlan]]'' in Rohirric. Rohirric is actually "translated" into Old English in the books just as Westron is into English, because it is an archaic form of Westron. "Holbytlan" in Old English means "Hole-builders", an apt name for the Hobbits. However, in "genuine Westron", the word translated into English as "Hobbit", is actually "''[[Kuduk]]''". The corresponding "genuine Rohirric" word from which it evolved is "''[[Kûd-dûkan]]''".
===Parallels===
As Tolkien did with the Mannish languages which he rendered with Germanic names, various regional Hobbitish names are usually rendered with variant forms.
*Westron = Modern English
*"Middle Westron" (of the [[Yellowskin Book]]) = Middle English
*"Old Marish-hobbitish" = (Old) Welsh
*[[Fallohides|Fallohide]] names = Frankish (a variety of Old High German)
*"[[Bree-land]]ish" = Eastern Brythonic (the variety of the British [[Celtic]] language spoken in Logria, before it became "England")
*"[[Buckland]]-ish = Celtic influence, due to the high concentration of Stoor-Hobbit blood. The Stoors used to live near the [[Dunlendings]] and had some linguistic influence from them.

A few hobbit names of Elvish origin are translated as Latin or Frenchified Latin names, such as [[Gerontius Took]], [[Paladin Took]], and [[Peregrin Took]].

==Portrayal in adaptations==
'''1955: ''[[The Lord of the Rings (1956 radio series)|BBC Radio's The Lord of the Rings]]'':'''
:Adapter [[Terence Tiller]] briefly corresponded with Tolkien about what accents should be used. It is unknown if he followed Tolkien's advice.

'''1978: ''[[The Lord of the Rings (1978 film)]]'':'''
:There seems to be little contrast in style, other than the rural portrayal of [[Samwise Gamgee]].

'''1981: ''[[The Lord of the Rings (1981 radio series)|BBC Radio's The Lord of the Rings]]'':'''
:Any dialectical difference is completely removed. Sam talks the same English as the other Hobbits.

'''1992: ''[[Tales from the Perilous Realm (1992 radio series)|BBC Radio's Tales from the Perilous Realm]]'':'''
:In the two episodes of "The Adventures of Tom Bombadil", [[Jonathan Adams]]' portrayal of Sam Gamgee is close to over-the-top rustic. He speaks in a grumbling, low voice.

'''2001: ''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Motion Picture Trilogy]]'':'''
: Considerable attention was paid to the dialects characters speak with and cast members trained extensively with dialogue coaches. Hobbits in the films speak with basically an English Midlands accent, because Tolkien said that the Shire was based largely on his boyhood home in the Midlands. Of the main Hobbit characters:
*Sam Gamgee speaks with the working-class rustic Midlands accent which was used as the standard for all the other minor Hobbit characters.
*[[Bilbo Baggins|Bilbo]] and [[Frodo Baggins]], because they are both book-educated, speak with a slightly more refined and less pronounced accent.
*The actor who played [[Peregrin Took|Pippin]], [[Billy Boyd]], is Scottish, and originally he was supposed to speak like the others, but eventually it was decided that it was adversely affecting his comic timing. The production team then invented the [[wikipedia:Canon_(fiction)#Nature of fictional canons|justification]] that the [[Took Family|Took]] region of the Shire is described as very hilly, so much so that when [[Saruman]]'s [[ruffians]] take over the rest of the Shire they are successfully repulsed from Took-land due to its rough terrain, and thus is it loosely analogous to Scotland. Thus, it was decided that Tooks should speak with a Scottish accent as well, and Boyd was allowed to use his normal Scottish accent when portraying Pippin for the entire trilogy of films.
*Meriadoc Brandybuck is described as being the linguistic "oddball" of the group: he was not from any of the four farthings of the Shire, but a Brandybuck from Buckland, and thus is from a region apart. To reflect this, his accent is noticeably distinct from the other Hobbits seen on-screen, something of an invention between actor [[Dominic Monaghan]] and the dialect coaches, to reflect his unique origin.

[[Category:Hobbitish| ]]

Bifur

2012-09-10T23:58:42Z

173.2.197.76: /* Portrayal in adaptations */

__NOTOC__
{{dwarves infobox
| image=[[File:Angelo Montanini - Bifur.jpg|250px]]
| name=Bifur
| othernames=
| life=Late [[Third Age]]
| realm=[[Thorin's Halls]], [[Lonely Mountain|Erebor]]
| parentage=
| lineage=
| hood=Yellow
| gender=Male
}}
'''Bifur''' most likely lived in the [[Blue Mountains]] with [[Thorin]] after the loss of [[Thráin II]].<ref name="Durin">{{App|Durin}}</ref> Bifur was one of the thirteen [[Dwarves]] of [[Thorin and Company|Thorin's company]] who journeyed to [[Lonely Mountain|Erebor]] to challenge the [[Dragons|dragon]] [[Smaug]]. After the death of Smaug, Bifur lived at the Lonely Mountain.<ref name="Meetings">{{FR|II1}}</ref>

==History==
Bifur's parentage is unknown; the only familial connections mentioned are that the brothers [[Bombur]] and [[Bofur]]<ref name="Flies">{{H|Flies}}</ref> are his cousins.<ref name="Inside">{{H|Inside}}</ref> He was not of Durin's line although he was descended from Dwarves of [[Moria]].<ref name="Durin"/> His birth year is also unknown. However, from [[Bilbo Baggins]]' account of the quest to Erebor it is known that the brothers [[Fíli]] and [[Kíli]] were the youngest of the thirteen "by some fifty years"<ref name="Hill">{{H|Hill}}</ref> and that after Thorin had been captured, [[Balin]] was "the eldest left".<ref>{{H|Barrels}}</ref> Since Fíli was born in {{TA|2859}} and Balin was born in {{TA|2763|n}},<ref name="Durin"/> this would put Bifur's birth between {{TA|2809|n}} and {{TA|2763|n}}, and he would have been between 132 and 178 years old during the quest to Erebor.

===The Quest of Erebor===
In {{TA|2941}}, Bifur was one of the four Dwarves in the fifth group to arrive at [[Bag End]], wearing a yellow hood. He asked for raspberry jam and apple-tart. During the evening when Thorin called for music, Bifur (along with [[Bofur]]) played a clarinet.<ref name="Party">{{H|Party}}</ref>

In the wolves' glade Bifur shared a pine tree with Bofur, [[Bombur]], and Thorin.<ref>{{H|Pan}}</ref>

When [[Gandalf]] was telling the story of the company's adventures to [[Beorn]], Bifur, Bofur, and Bombur were the last of the Dwarves to show up.<ref>{{H|Queer}}</ref>

After the barrel ride down the [[River Running]] both Bifur and Bofur came out fairly dry and not very knocked about, but they lay down and refused to do anything.<ref>{{H|Welcome}}</ref>

On the doorstep on the side of the Lonely Mountain, when Thorin commented that the next day was the beginning of the last week of autumn, Bifur pointedly added, "And winter comes after autumn".<ref>{{H|Doorstep}}</ref>

Bifur fought in and survived the [[Battle of Five Armies]]. He was given his share of the treasure by [[Dáin Ironfoot]], and made his home in Erebor.<ref>{{H|Return}}</ref>

===Later life===
By {{TA|3019}} Bifur was living in Erebor, as [[Glóin]] told [[Frodo Baggins]] at [[Rivendell]].<ref name="Meetings"/>

==Etymology==
The name of ''Bívurr'' originates in the ''[[Völuspá|Dvergatal]]''. It is of Old Frisian origin, meaning "Beaver" or, by extension, "Hard Worker".<ref>Chester Nathan Gould, "Dwarf-Names: A Study in Old Icelandic Religion", published in ''Publications of the Modern Language Association of America'', Vol 44 (1929), issue #4, pp. 939-967</ref>

==Other versions of the legendarium==
In one of the earliest manuscript fragments of ''The Hobbit'', Bifur and Bofur went into the hall and came back with their walking sticks, which they ''turned into'' clarinets.<ref>{{HH|Bladorthin}}, p. 36</ref> In the published text the two Dwarves came back from the hall with clarinets that they ''had left'' with their walking sticks.<ref name="Party"/> [[John Rateliff]] (author of ''[[The History of The Hobbit]]'') said that in the earliest phase Tolkien had added fairy tale touches of Dwarven magic to emphasize the uncanny, other-worldly nature of the Dwarves as opposed to Bilbo.<ref>{{HH|Bladorthin}}, (iii) ''Dwarven Magic'', p. 54</ref>

Originally, when Bombur needed propping up in [[Mirkwood]] after being cut from the spiders' webbing, it was ''his cousins'' Bifur and Bofur who provided support.<ref>{{HH|Mirkwood}}, p. 313</ref> In the published story this was changed to Bombur's cousin Bifur and brother Bofur.<ref name="Flies"/> Also, in the earlier version, when [[Smaug]] first came out and the Dwarves in the valley had to be hauled up to the [[Back Door]], Bifur cried out to save Bombur and Bofur, who were both his ''brothers''.<ref>{{HH|Conversations}}</ref> In the published text Bifur cried out for his two ''cousins''.<ref name="Inside"/>

In Tolkien's unfinished [[1960]] rewrite of ''The Hobbit'', Bifur, Bofur and Bombur were Thorin's attendants.<ref>{{HH|5}}, "[[A Well-Planned Party]]", p. 774</ref> [[John D. Rateliff]] assumes this made them either courtiers or honor-guard.<ref>{{HH|5}}, "[[Arrival in Rivendell]]", note 32</ref>

==Notes==
In the earliest partial manuscript of ''The Hobbit'' more of the dialog later assigned to a few of the Dwarves is more evenly distributed. In the opinion of [[John Rateliff]] (author of ''[[The History of The Hobbit]]'') this streamlining strengthened the story through simplification, but at the cost of relegating some of the Dwarves to obscurity since they barely speak at all. Bifur is one of these "silenced" members of the company.<ref>{{HH|Pryftan}}, (i) ''The Lost Opening'', p. 14</ref>

==Portrayal in adaptations==
[[File:New Line Cinema - Bifur 2.png|200px|thumb|[[William Kircher]] as Bifur in [[The Hobbit films|The Hobbit: An Unexpected Journey]].]]

'''1966: [[The Hobbit (1966 film)|''The Hobbit'' (1966 film)]]:'''
:Bifur is omitted. [[Thorin Oakenshield]] only travels with an unnamed guard and the princess of Dale.<ref name="Deitch">{{webcite|articleurl=http://www.youtube.com/watch?feature=player_detailpage&v=UBnVL1Y2src|articlename=The Hobbit.mp4|dated=5 January 2012|website=YouTube|accessed=10 January 2012}}</ref>

'''1968: [[The Hobbit (1968 radio series)|''The Hobbit'' (1968 radio series)]]:'''
:Bifur is played by [[Brian Haines]].

'''1977: [[The Hobbit (1977 film)|''The Hobbit'' (1977 film)]]:'''
:No actor is specified for the role of Bifur.

'''1979: [[The Hobbit (1979 radio series)|''The Hobbit'' (1979 radio series)]]:'''
:No actor is specified for the role of Bifur.

'''1982: [[The Hobbit (1982 video game)|''The Hobbit'' (1982 video game)]]:'''
:Bifur is omitted; Thorin is the only companion of the player, [[Bilbo Baggins]].<ref>''[http://www.worldofspectrum.org/showmag.cgi?mag=ZXComputing/Issue8304/Pages/ZXComputing830400076.jpg ZX Computing]'', 8304 (April/May 1983), p. 76, accessed [[24 April|April 24]] [[2011]]</ref>
'''2003: ''[[The Hobbit (2003 video game)]]'':'''
:No actor is credited for the role of Bifur.

'''2012-3: [[The Hobbit films|''The Hobbit'' films]]:'''
:Bifur will be played by [[William Kircher]].<ref name="PJCasting">{{webcite|author=[[Peter Jackson]]|articleurl=http://www.facebook.com/note.php?note_id=10150168211921558|articlename=Production begins in New Zealand on The Hobbit|dated=20-March-2011|website=[http://www.facebook.com/ Facebook]|accessed=23-Dec-2011}}</ref>

:Bifur's character and backstory has been somewhat changed. He was badly wounded by a blow to the head from an Orc-axe. The axehead was so deeply embedded in his skull that any attempt to remove it would have killed him; therefore the rusting piece of metal protrudes from his forehead to this day. This grievous injury has let Bifur with some brain damage, leaving him unable to speak any language other than Dwarvish. Thus he must communicate with non-Dwarves using hand-signs.<ref>{{webcite|author=[[Warner Bros.]]|articleurl=http://itunes.apple.com/us/app/hobbit-movies/id545808528|articlename=Hobbit Movies|dated=7-September-2012|website=[http://itunes.apple.com/ Apple iPhone/iPad App]|accessed=9-September-2012}}</ref>

{{References}}
{{Thorin and Company}}
[[Category:Characters in The Hobbit]]
[[Category:Dwarves]]
[[de:Bifur]]
[[fr:encyclo:personnages:nains:3a:bifur]]
[[fi:Bifur]]

Battle of Dale

2012-09-09T19:44:51Z

173.2.197.76: /* Portrayal in Adaptations */

{{battle
|name=Battle of Dale
|image=[[Image:Jan Pospisil - Dale units vs. Rhun.jpg|300px]]
|conflict=[[War of the Ring]]
|date=[[17 March|March 17]]th - [[27 March|March 27]]th, {{TA|3019}}
|place=Outside [[Dale]] and then the [[Lonely Mountain]]
|result=Easterlings were driven out of Dale after a long siege.
|side1=[[Men]] of Dale and [[Lake-town|Esgaroth]], [[Dwarves]] of Erebor and [[Iron Hills]]
|side2=[[Easterlings]]
|commanders1=* [[Brand]] †
* [[Dáin Ironfoot]] †
* [[Bard II]]
* [[Thorin Stonehelm|Thorin III Stonehelm]]
|commanders2=* Unknown Easterling commander
|forces1=
|forces2=
|casual1=[[Brand]], [[Dáin Ironfoot]], and many Dwarves and Men
|casual2=Thousands, virtually entire force
}}{{wotr}}
{{quote|When you think of the great [[Battle of Pelennor Fields|Battle of the Pelennor]], do not forget the battles in Dale and the valour of Durin's Folk. Think of what might have been. Dragon-fire and savage swords in [[Eriador]]! There might be no [[Arwen|Queen]] in [[Gondor]].|[[Gandalf]]<ref name="Durin">{{App|Durin}}</ref>}}
The '''Battle of Dale''' and the subsequent '''Siege of Erebor''' were decisive battles in the northern theatre of the [[War of the Ring]]. Even though it cost the lives of Kings [[Dáin Ironfoot]] and [[Brand|Brand of Dale]], it was a decisive victory for the [[Free peoples]].
==History==
=== Prelude===
The [[Dwarves]] of the [[Lonely Mountain]] and the [[Men]] of [[Dale]] refused to acknowledge the overlordship and alliance of Sauron.<ref>{{FR|Council}}</ref> While his southern armies menaced Gondor, the Dark Lord sent an army north to extend his dominion to prevent the armies of his enemies joining together under one banner, which could have proved disastrous for [[Mordor]].

=== The Battle ===
On [[17 March]] {{TA|3019|n}}, [[Sauron]] sent a large contingent of [[Easterlings]] to attack Dale. The combined forces of the Men of Dale under King [[Brand]] and the Dwarves of the Lonely Mountain under King [[Dáin Ironfoot]] marched out to meet the Easterlings in battle. After three days of heavy close-quarters fighting, they were forced to retreat towards the Lonely Mountain.<ref name="B3">{{App|B3}}</ref>

The armies fought bravely before the [[Gate of Erebor]], which was not taken. In the end, Dáin was killed as he stood defending the body of his ally Brand.<ref name="Durin"/> Meanwhile, the defenders of the Mountain were able to withstand the siege.<ref name="B3"/>

However, the forces of [[Gondor]] and Rohan defeated the main power of Sauron in the Morannon theatre on [[25 March]], causing the northern army to lose hope. Seeing the morale of their foes being sapped by news of victory in the south, the Army of Dale under the new Kings - [[Bard II]] and [[Thorin Stonehelm|Thorin III Stonehelm]] - managed to lift the siege on [[27 March]] and drove the Easterlings out of Dale.<ref>{{App|B4}}</ref>

=== Aftermath and Repercussions ===
The battle was incredibly important in the course of the [[War of the Ring]]: if Sauron's Easterling armies had beaten the Dwarves and Men of Dale, they would have been able to join up with Sauron's forces from [[Dol Guldur]] in their attacks on the [[Woodland Realm]] of [[Mirkwood]] and [[Lothlórien]], tipping the scales in favor of Mordor. This would have enabled Mordor's armies to flank the forces of Gondor and Rohan from the North and rear. [[Gandalf]] himself commented that had the Battle of Dale been lost in this way, the forces of the West would have been crushed regardless of the victory at the [[Battle of the Pelennor Fields]].<ref name="Durin"/>

==Portrayal in Adaptations==

'''2003: ''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King]]'':'''
:In the Extended Edition, while the army of Rohan is mustering at Edoras, Gimli comments to Legolas that he wishes they had a legion of Dwarves to help. Legolas responds that the Dwarves of Lonely Mountain and Elves of Mirkwood cannot march south to war against Mordor, for he fears that war is already marching upon their own lands. In the DVD commentary, Peter Jackson explained that this brief exchange was a nod to the Battle of Dale, as well as Sauron's attacks on the Woodland Elves and Lothlorien in the northern theatre of the war. However, Jackson explained that while he wished to show these other battles and that the War of the Ring was a truly global conflict, they simply didn't have the resources or time to construct entirely new sets and film more expansive battle scenes. Reluctantly Jackson could not show these events, but wanted to somehow acknowledge why the Elves and Dwarves aren't coming to aid the besieged Minas Tirith.

'''[[2006]]: ''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Battle for Middle-earth II]]'':'''
:The Siege of Erebor is the penultimate level of the good campaign. The forces are Mordor are led by the [[Mouth of Sauron]], and originate from [[Dol Guldur]] rather than the [[Rhûn|East]]. Groups of [[Corsairs]] and [[Haradrim]] first attack Dale, before the main host attacks. The first of three waves is led by a horsed [[Ringwraith]], and the third (made up almost entirely of trolls and siege weapons) by a Ringwraith on a [[Fell beast]]. After the third wave is broken, the [[Mouth of Sauron]] enters Erebor via a hidden entrance, and has to be killed. Almost simultaneously, [[Glorfindel]], [[Glóin]] and [[Thranduil]] arrive with reinforcements from Mirkwood. At the level's conclusion, they are credited with defeating the enemy.<ref>''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Battle for Middle-earth II]]'', "Erebor"</ref>

{{references}}

[[Category:Conflicts of the War of the Ring]]
[[Category:Sieges]]
[[de:Schlacht von Thal]]
[[fr:encyclo:evenements:3a:guerres:bataille_de_dale]]
[[fi:Laakson taistelu]]

Galadriel

2012-09-09T19:38:26Z

173.2.197.76: /* Portrayal in Adaptations */

{{sources}}
{{noldor infobox
| image=[[Image:Sylvia Polster - Galadriel.jpg|250px]]
| name=Galadriel
| othernames=''[[#Names|Artanis]]'' ([[Quenya|Q]], [[Father-name|fn]]), ''[[Nerwen]]'' ([[Quenya|Q]], [[Amilessë|mn]]) ''[[Galadriel#Names|Alatáriel]]'' ([[Telerin|T]], [[epessë]])
| titles= Lady of [[Lothlórien]], Lady of Light, Lady of the Wood, Lady of the [[Galadhrim]]
| position=
| realm=[[Tirion]]; [[Lindon]]; [[Eregion]]; [[Lothlórien]]
| affiliation=[[White Council]]
| language=[[Quenya]], [[Sindarin]] and [[Silvan Elvish]]
| birth={{YT|1364}}
| birthlocation=[[Tirion]]
| rule=
| death=
| deathlocation=Sailed [[Aman|West]], {{TA|3021}}
| age=
| house=[[House of Finarfin]]
| parentage=[[Finarfin]] and [[Eärwen]]
| siblings=[[Finrod]], [[Angrod]] and [[Aegnor]]
| spouse=[[Celeborn]]
| children=[[Celebrían]]
| gender=Female
| height=6 feet, 4 inches (193cm)
| hair=Radiant gold-silver
| eyes=
| clothing=White robes
| weapons=
| steed=
}}{{Pronounce|Galadriel.mp3|Ardamir}}
{{quote|Very tall [Galadriel and Celeborn] were, and the Lady no less tall than the Lord; and they were grave and beautiful. They were clad wholly in white; and the hair of the Lady was of deep gold… but no sign of age was upon them, unless it were in the depths of their eyes; for these were keen as lances in the starlight, and yet profound, the wells of deep memory.|''[[The Lord of the Rings]]'', "[[The Mirror of Galadriel]]"}}
'''Galadriel''' ([[Sindarin|S]], pron. {{IPA|[ɡaˈladri.el]}}) was a [[Noldo]], one of the [[Calaquendi]], and arguably the most famous and powerful elf of the [[Third Age]]. She was one of the bearers of the [[Three Rings]], of [[Nenya]], and with it kept her realm of [[Lothlórien]] free of stain.

==History==
===Fostering and Life in Aman===

When a fourth child was born to [[Finarfin]], prince of the Noldor, and [[Eärwen]], princess of the [[Teleri]], her father named her '''[[Artanis]]''', which is "noble woman". She was unusually tall and strong as she grew, and so Eärwen’s name for her was '''[[Nerwen]]''', "man-maiden". But the most distinctive thing about her was her hair, which was of a rare silver-gold color, and dazzlingly bright. Her hair reflected her unusually diverse heritage, being half [[Teleri]]n (typified by silver hair), a quarter [[Noldor]]in (typified by dark hair), and a quarter [[Vanyar]]in (typified by golden hair). Despite her mixed blood, she was identified as a princess of the Noldor, as her father was the third son of [[Finwë]], [[High King of the Noldor]]. Yet according to [[J.R.R. Tolkien|Tolkien]]’s later accounts she lived with her Telerin relatives in [[Alqualondë]].

It was in Alqualondë that she met [[Celeborn|Teleporno]], a young Telerin prince probably the son or grandson of [[Olwë]] (which would make him Artanis’s uncle or cousin)[[Galadriel#Other Versions of the Legendarium|*]]. They eventually fell in love, and he called her in his own [[Telerin]] tongue '''''[[Galadriel#Names|Alatáriel]]''''' (later [[Sindarin]]ized as '''Galadriel''' and semi-[[Quenya]]rized as '''[[Altáriel]]'''). She had another admirer as well: her half-uncle, [[Fëanor]]. Fëanor, being a lover of beauty and brilliance, noted her shining hair. He may have been inspired by her tresses to make the [[Silmarils]], both being said to capture the light of the [[Two Trees]]. He begged her to spare him some of her hair, but she refused him a single hair three times and he gave up. She had unusually strong powers of mental perception, and when she looked into his mind, she saw only darkness, hinting at Fëanor's evil nature.

During the [[Darkening of Valinor]], she was just as fiery and visionary as Fëanor, although she despised him. During the troubles that followed she took no part in the atrocities against the Teleri during the [[Kinslaying of Alqualondë]], but urged Teleporno her beloved to sail across the [[Belegaer|Sea]] to [[Middle-earth]] by her side. He agreed for her sake, and so they both came under the [[Ban of the Valar]]. Their crossing to Middle-earth by ship was the exception—Fëanor and [[Sons of Fëanor|his sons]] had sailed ''stolen'' Telerin ships, while the vast majority of the other Noldor under [[Fingolfin]] crossed the [[Helcaraxë]] on foot.

===First Age===

Once in [[Beleriand]] they were welcomed by King [[Thingol]] of [[Doriath]], as both were Telerin in origin. Thingol knew nothing of what had happened to his brother [[Olwë]] and the [[Calaquendi]], and they brought news. But they said nothing about the Kinslaying. Teleporno was Sindarinized as ''[[Celeborn]]'', and Artanis adopted Teleporno’s pet name for her, ''Alatáriel'', in its Sindarin form: ''Galadriel''. [[Image:Donato Giancola - Galadriel and the mirror.jpg|right|thumb|''Galadriel and the mirror'' by [[Donato Giancola]] ]]
After the rest of the Noldor arrived in Beleriand and the great [[Dagor-nuin-Giliath]] was fought, Galadriel re-established contact with her brothers, though her hate for the orphaned sons of Fëanor was still strong. She learned much from [[Melian]] during her days in Doriath, and occasionally spent time in [[Nargothrond]] with her eldest brother [[Finrod|Finrod Felagund]]. She and Melian became friends, speaking often to one another about Valinor. Melian was eager to learn of the happenings of the Exile, but Galadriel would tell her nothing of what occurred after the death of the Trees. Eventually, however, as Melian’s guesses became more shrewd and accurate, Galadriel told her more, except for that of the death of Finwë, the Kinslaying, and the [[burning of the Ships]] at [[Losgar]]. Melian was able to discern some, and the rest came in rumors to Thingol’s ears. At last, egged on by the accusing words of Thingol, Angrod told all. Galadriel escaped being removed from Doriath by Thingol’s sympathy to the houses of Finarfin and [[Fingolfin]] for the wrongs they had suffered. All the same, she moved for a time to Nargothrond to live with Finrod. By {{FA|300}}, however, she had gone back to live in Doriath. Presumably, her husband lived with her there in peace.

Precisely where the twain were during the [[Sack of Nargothrond|destruction of Nargothrond]] in {{FA|495}} and [[Sack of Doriath|Doriath]] in {{FA|503}}/{{FA|506}} is unknown; perhaps they were there during the sacks and escaped one or both. It is not unlikely that after the destruction of the latter they went either to the [[Havens of Sirion]] or with their Telerin kin to the [[Isle of Balar]] with [[Círdan]]. If the former, they escaped the [[Third Kinslaying]] there, and either went into hiding in Beleriand or, more probably, went to the Isle of Balar. During the [[War of Wrath]], given the choice whether to stay in Middle-earth or not, they surprisingly decided to remain. Galadriel was still very proud, even arrogant, and refused to accept the pardon of the [[Valar]]. Either Celeborn felt the same way, or stayed for the sake of his wife.

===Second Age===

Galadriel and her husband stayed in [[Lindon]], the kingdom of Galadriel’s grandnephew [[Gil-galad]]. There they stayed for a while, ruling over a fiefdom of Noldor. Eventually they established or moved to [[Eregion]]. Celebrimbor lived there, and gradually grew in importance among the smiths. Perhaps because of Galadriel’s detestation (Celebrimbor being the last of the [[House of Fëanor]] except for [[Maglor]],{{fact}} though Celebrimbor had refused and forsaken them for their evil deeds), Celeborn and Galadriel made contact with the [[Nandor]] of [[Amdír]], who dwelt in a forest realm called [[Lórinand]]. They eventually crossed the [[Misty Mountains|Hithaeglir]] through [[Khazad-dûm]] and relocated to there, becoming great among the Wood-elves.

Though Galadriel urged Celebrimbor against it, the Noldo collaborated with [[Annatar]] on the great process of making [[Rings of Power]]. By Annatar’s help, the Elves of Eregion created many rings, but both Celebrimbor and Annatar created greater rings of their own in secret. Celebrimbor wrought the [[Three Rings]] of the Elves, which were far more powerful than the lesser rings. Annatar, however, wrought [[the One Ring]]. When he placed it on his finger, the Elves were aware of his treachery, and took off their rings. Celebrimbor, afraid for his life but even more for the safety of the Three Rings, sent them to two of the [[Wise]]: [[Narya]] and [[Vilya]] for Gil-galad (who eventually gave Narya to Círdan), and [[Nenya]] for Galadriel. Very few even of the [[Eldar]] knew who hid each of these Rings. Celebrimbor was slain by [[Sauron]] not long after, and Eregion was laid waste. But the Three Rings were safe.

[[Image:Angus McBride - Galadriel.gif|thumb|left|250px|''Galadriel'' by [[Angus McBride]]]]In time Amdír, King of Lórinand, was slain in the [[Battle of Dagorlad]] during the [[War of the Last Alliance]]. Celeborn may have participated in the war, but the greatest effect it had on the twain (and Lórinand) was the destruction of Sauron and the loss of [[the One Ring]]. Galadriel was now free to use her ring. With Nenya, the Ring of Water, Galadriel made the realm of Lórinand even greater. With the power of her ring, she protected it from the intrusion of evils throughout the [[Third Age]].

===Third Age===

When [[Amroth]] son of Amdír perished, Celeborn and Galadriel ruled Lórinand (now known as [[Lothlórien]] or Lórien) jointly, and were called the [[Lord and Lady]]. Lothlórien blossomed, and Galadriel planted the [[mallorn]] seeds brought with her from Lindon, the only mallorns east of the Sea. They established [[Caras Galadhon]], and the realm of Lothlórien was one of light and life. It was during their days of power and glory in Lothlórien (either before or after the deaths of Amdír and Amroth) that Galadriel bore her first and only child: a daughter exceedingly fair named [[Celebrían]]. She married [[Elrond]], a close friend of Galadriel’s and bearer of [[Vilya]] after the death of Gil-galad during the Alliance. Celeborn and Galadriel had three grandchildren by her, one of whom, [[Arwen]], they were especially close to. But Celebrían was waylaid and tortured by [[Orcs]] in {{TA|2509}}, and passed West over the sea.

In {{TA|2463}} the [[White Council]] was formed. Galadriel, being one of the [[Wise]] and the greatest threat to Sauron alive, was one of the members. Celeborn may have been as well, but this is not known for sure. She was a good friend of [[Gandalf]], and recommended that he be made head of the Council. But this distinction fell instead to [[Saruman]], whom she distrusted.

[[Image:Billy Mosig - The Mirror of Galadriel.jpg|thumb|right|250px|''The Mirror of Galadriel'' by [[Billy Mosig]]]]During the [[War of the Ring]], Galadriel met the [[Fellowship of the Ring]] in {{TA|3019}}. She especially was attentive to the [[Hobbits|Hobbit]] [[Frodo Baggins]], who was the bearer of [[the One Ring]]. She showed him Nenya, and let him gaze into her [[Mirror of Galadriel|mirror]] of seeing. He offered her the One Ring, and despite the extreme temptation, she resisted it successfully. She sent the Fellowship off on their quest furnished with [[Gifts_of_Galadriel|gifts]]. The two most important gifts she gave were to [[Aragorn]], whom she knew well and liked, and a [[Dwarves|dwarf]] named [[Gimli]]. To Aragorn she gave the [[Elfstone]], which she and her daughter Celebrían had worn. She was unsure as to what to give Gimli, and asked what he wanted. After complimenting her beauty, he requested a single strand of her hair. Galadriel remembered the posing of a similar question by Fëanor, but had searched Gimli’s heart and knew that his intentions were pure. She rewarded him with three strands, which he was later to put into an imperishable crystal in memory of her.

Not long after the departure of the Fellowship she received the resurrected Gandalf. She reclothed and refurnished him, giving him a new staff. After Gandalf left, Lothlórien was subjected to three successive attacks by armies coming out of [[Dol Guldur]]. By the power of her Ring they were thrice repulsed. Celeborn then led [[Fall of Dol Guldur|an attack on Dol Guldur]] itself. Once the dark fortress was in the hands of the Galadhrim, Galadriel came, threw down its walls, and purified it of its evil. It was her last act of power, for the One Ring was destroyed, and the strength of Nenya waned and eventually vanished almost completely.

===Return to Valinor===

Galadriel attended the wedding of Aragorn with Arwen, then returned to Lothlórien. But in {{TA|3021}}, two years later, she bade farewell to Celeborn her husband and went West to Valinor. With her went the other two bearers of the Rings, Gandalf and Elrond, and Frodo and Bilbo Baggins who had borne the One Ring. They passed West, and came never again to Middle-earth. There in Valinor Galadriel must have tried to heal Frodo of his spiritual wounds. Whether she was successful or not is unknown. But sometime later during the [[Fourth Age]] she received Celeborn, her husband. And in {{FoA|120}}, it is said, she received Gimli her admirer, who died in Valinor.

==Characteristics==

Galadriel was very beautiful, her hair being the most notable feature about her. It reminded the Eldar of the light of the [[Two Trees]]. Galadriel, at least in her earlier years, was of a somewhat proud and rebellious nature. She was free-spirited, and during her time in Aman had many dreams of wide unexplored lands. Her favorite brother was Finrod, for he, too, shared this vision. She could explore the minds and hearts of others, and her gaze was seeing. It may be because of her unusual beauty and power that she became proud.

But by the Third Age she is also seen to act with wisdom and gentleness. In ''[[The Lord of the Rings]]'', she appears very gentle, firm, and wise. She was revered even more than Celeborn by the Galadhrim and all who met her.

==Etymology==

''[[Galadriel]]'' is a [[Sindarin]] name translated by [[J.R.R. Tolkien|Tolkien]] as "glittering garland",<ref>{{L|345}}, p. 423</ref> "Maiden crowned with gleaming hair",<ref>{{L|348}}, p. 428</ref> and "maiden crowned with a radiant garland".<ref name=SApp>{{S|Appendix}}</ref><ref>{{HM|RC}}, pp. 44-45</ref> It has been suggested that ''Galadriel'' consists of ''[[galad]]'' ("light, radiance") + ''[[rî]]'' ("crown") + ''[[iell]]'' ("daughter").<ref>[http://www.tolkiendil.com/langues/english/i-lam_arth/compound_sindarin_names#g Compound Sindarin Names] at [http://www.tolkiendil.com/ Tolkiendil.com] (accessed 19 June 2011)</ref> Tolkien notes that the element ''galad'' had no relation to Sindarin ''[[galadh]]'' ("tree", or Silvan ''galad'' "tree"), but that such a connexion often was made and her name then became ''Galadhriel''.<ref name=SApp/><ref>{{MR|P3I5}}, p. 182 (commentary to §42)</ref>

==Names==

'''''Alatáriel''''' was the [[Telerin]] [[Quenya]] name given to Galadriel by [[Celeborn]], meaning "Maiden Crowned with Radiant Garland", which referred to her hair.{{fact}}

'''''Artanis''''' ([[Quenya|Q]], pron. {{IPA|[ˈartanis]}}, stem ''Artaniss-'') was Galadriel's [[father-name]]: it means "Noble Woman" in [[Quenya]] from ''[[arta]]'' and ''[[nís]]''.{{fact}}

'''''Galadhriel''''' was a name occasionally, and incorrectly, used of [[Galadriel]] after she became [[Lady of Lórien]], and meaning 'tree-garland'. As the [[Lady of the Galadhrim]], whose capital was at [[Caras Galadhon]], it is perhaps understandable that her name should have become confused with the [[Elvish]] word galadh, meaning 'tree'. Nonetheless, this usage was mistaken — her true name ''Galadriel'' actually derived from the word ''galad'' ("radiant"), and the false variant ''Galadhriel'' was never used in her own country of [[Lórien in Middle-earth|Lórien]].<ref>{{S|Appendix}}, ''kal-''</ref>

==Other Versions of the Legendarium==
There is a bit of befuddlement and confusion in the story of Galadriel, which Tolkien revised multiple times. Originally, and in the published ''[[The Silmarillion|Silmarillion]]'', Galadriel supported Fëanor and even fought at Alqualondë.<ref>{{S|Flight}}</ref> Then she met Celeborn in [[Doriath]], for Celeborn was one of the Sindar.<ref>{{S|Return}}</ref> This earlier account explains the difficulty of Celeborn and Galadriel being so closely related (the Eldar did not marry that close). Though it's possible that Galadriel and Celeborn rebelliously defied the customs and laws, it is primarily because of this difficulty that the earlier account has some veracity.

The later account is the one used here, being written and used later than other accounts. It is found in ''[[The Peoples of Middle-earth]]''.

In some versions, Galadriel and Celeborn had two children, of which one was [[Amroth]].<ref>{{UT|Galadriel}}</ref>

== Genealogy ==
{{familytree/start}}
{{familytree | | | | | | | FNF |y| EAR | | | | | | | | | | |FNF=[[Finarfin]]|EAR=[[Eärwen]]}}
{{familytree | |,|-|-|-|v|-|-|-|^|-|-|-|v|-|-|-|.| | | | | |}}
{{familytree | FIN | | ANG |y| ELD | | AEG | | GAL |y| CEL |FIN=[[Finrod]]|ANG=[[Angrod]]|ELD=[[Eldalótë]]|AEG=[[Aegnor]]|GAL='''GALADRIEL'''|CEL=[[Celeborn]]}}
{{familytree | | | | | | | |!| | | | | | | | | | | |!| | | |}}
{{familytree | | | | | | | ORO | | | | | | ELR |y| CLB |ORO=[[Orodreth]]|ELR=[[Elrond]]|CLB=[[Celebrían]]}}
{{familytree | | | | | |,|-|^|-|.| | | | | | | |!| | | | | |}}
{{familytree | | | | | GIL | | FDL | | ARA |~| ARW | | | | |GIL=[[Gil-galad]]|FDL=[[Finduilas]]|ARA=[[Aragorn|Aragorn Elessar]]|ARW=[[Arwen]]}}
{{familytree/end}}
== Portrayal in Adaptations ==
<gallery>
File:Ralph Bakshi's Galadriel.jpg|Galadriel as portrayed in [[The Lord of the Rings (1978 film)|''The Lord of the Rings'' (1978 film)]].
File:Peter Jackson's Galadriel.jpg|[[Cate Blanchett]] as Galadriel in ''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Motion Picture Trilogy]]''.
File:Galadriel lotr fotr.JPG|Galadriel as portrayed in [[The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring (video game)|Vivendi's ''The Fellowship of the Ring'']].
File:Galadriel.jpg|Galadriel in ''[[The Lord of the Rings Online]]''.
File:New Line Cinema - Galadriel 1.png|[[Cate Blanchett]] as Galadriel in ''[[The Hobbit: An Unexpected Journey]]''.
</gallery>

'''1978: ''[[The Lord of the Rings (1978 film)]]'':'''
:Galadriel is voiced by [[Annette Crosbie]].

'''1981: ''[[The Lord of the Rings (1981 radio series)|BBC Radio's The Lord of the Rings]]'':'''
:The voice of Galadriel is provided by [[Marian Diamond]].

'''2001: ''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring]]'':'''
:Galadriel is played by [[Cate Blanchett]]. Galadriel narrates the Prologue, explaining the creation of the Rings of Power and the War of the Last Alliance. Earlier plans considered were to have either Frodo or Gandalf narrate the Prologue, but this was dropped: Frodo was not alive until thousands of years after these events happened, and although Gandalf was alive, he was not present in Middle-earth at the time; the Wizards came some one thousand years after the Prologue ends. Thus Galadriel narrates the Prologue, because she had first-hand accounts of this history and actively participated in its events.

'''2002: ''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring (video game)|Vivendi's The Fellowship of the Ring]]'':'''
:Galadriel, voiced by [[Jennifer Hale]], is the narrator of the Prologue and the Epilogue, and appears in Lothlórien.

'''2002: ''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Two Towers]]'':'''
:Galadriel frequently seems to be consulting telepathically with Elrond; there is some indication from the books that the two were able to communicate in some way, but the specific instances in the movies have no direct counterparts in the books. Further, the notion that Galadriel would send her warriors to assist at [[Helm's Deep]] is practically unthinkable in the context of the books, where [[Lothlórien]] was itself under threat of attack at the time. Galadriel sending a force of Elves to Helm's Deep is essentially an ''extreme'' condensation of Sauron's attack on Lothlorien with the attack on Helm's Deep. In the DVD commentary, Peter Jackson and his fellow writers explain that they worried audiences would wonder why the Elves don't seem to be helping in the war, while at the same time, they felt that actually inserting an entire separate battle scene at Lothlorien would take up too much screentime and resources.

'''2003: ''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King]]'':'''
:An spiritual apparition of Lady Galadriel appears to provide Frodo strength following his passage through Shelob's Lair, soon after he uses the Phial that she gave him. She is later seen leaving Middle-Earth along with other Ring-Bearers, but in film version her husband Celeborn departs with her at the same time.

'''2006: ''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Battle for Middle-earth II]]'':'''
:Galadriel is the strongest of "Hero" units available to the Free Peoples. If a player's army manages to spot [[Gollum]] on the battlefield, take The One Ring from him and deliver it to their forces, the option to "summon" Galadriel unlocks for a large amount of resources. Thus, Lady Galadriel is represented as succumbing to corruption of The Ring, similar to the respective scene in the ''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring]]'' movie.

'''2007: ''[[The Lord of the Rings Online]]'':'''
:Galadriel is a non-playable character, who narrates cutscenes and instances throughout the second Volume of the Epic story. Introduced in [[The Lord of the Rings Online: Mines of Moria]] Book VI: [[The Shadowy Abyss]], she usually resides on a [[talan]] at [[Caras Galadhon]].

'''2012-13: ''[[The Hobbit films]]'':'''
: Cate Blanchett will reprise her role as Galadriel in [[Peter Jackson|Peter Jackson's]] adaptation of The Hobbit.<ref name="PJCasting">{{webcite|author=[[Peter Jackson]]|articleurl=http://www.facebook.com/note.php?note_id=10150168211921558|articlename=Production begins in New Zealand on The Hobbit|dated=20-March-2011|website=[http://www.facebook.com/ Facebook]|accessed=23-Dec-2011}}</ref>

== See Also ==
* [[:Category:Images of Galadriel|Images of Galadriel]]
{{references}}
[[Category:Characters in The Lord of the Rings]]
[[Category:Characters in The Silmarillion]]
[[Category:House of Finarfin]]
[[Category:House of Olwë]]
[[Category:Sindarin names]]
[[de:Galadriel]]
[[fa:گالادریل]]
[[fr:encyclo/personnages/elfes/noldor/galadriel]]
[[fi:Galadriel]]

Galadriel

2012-09-09T19:36:51Z

173.2.197.76: /* Portrayal in Adaptations */

{{sources}}
{{noldor infobox
| image=[[Image:Sylvia Polster - Galadriel.jpg|250px]]
| name=Galadriel
| othernames=''[[#Names|Artanis]]'' ([[Quenya|Q]], [[Father-name|fn]]), ''[[Nerwen]]'' ([[Quenya|Q]], [[Amilessë|mn]]) ''[[Galadriel#Names|Alatáriel]]'' ([[Telerin|T]], [[epessë]])
| titles= Lady of [[Lothlórien]], Lady of Light, Lady of the Wood, Lady of the [[Galadhrim]]
| position=
| realm=[[Tirion]]; [[Lindon]]; [[Eregion]]; [[Lothlórien]]
| affiliation=[[White Council]]
| language=[[Quenya]], [[Sindarin]] and [[Silvan Elvish]]
| birth={{YT|1364}}
| birthlocation=[[Tirion]]
| rule=
| death=
| deathlocation=Sailed [[Aman|West]], {{TA|3021}}
| age=
| house=[[House of Finarfin]]
| parentage=[[Finarfin]] and [[Eärwen]]
| siblings=[[Finrod]], [[Angrod]] and [[Aegnor]]
| spouse=[[Celeborn]]
| children=[[Celebrían]]
| gender=Female
| height=6 feet, 4 inches (193cm)
| hair=Radiant gold-silver
| eyes=
| clothing=White robes
| weapons=
| steed=
}}{{Pronounce|Galadriel.mp3|Ardamir}}
{{quote|Very tall [Galadriel and Celeborn] were, and the Lady no less tall than the Lord; and they were grave and beautiful. They were clad wholly in white; and the hair of the Lady was of deep gold… but no sign of age was upon them, unless it were in the depths of their eyes; for these were keen as lances in the starlight, and yet profound, the wells of deep memory.|''[[The Lord of the Rings]]'', "[[The Mirror of Galadriel]]"}}
'''Galadriel''' ([[Sindarin|S]], pron. {{IPA|[ɡaˈladri.el]}}) was a [[Noldo]], one of the [[Calaquendi]], and arguably the most famous and powerful elf of the [[Third Age]]. She was one of the bearers of the [[Three Rings]], of [[Nenya]], and with it kept her realm of [[Lothlórien]] free of stain.

==History==
===Fostering and Life in Aman===

When a fourth child was born to [[Finarfin]], prince of the Noldor, and [[Eärwen]], princess of the [[Teleri]], her father named her '''[[Artanis]]''', which is "noble woman". She was unusually tall and strong as she grew, and so Eärwen’s name for her was '''[[Nerwen]]''', "man-maiden". But the most distinctive thing about her was her hair, which was of a rare silver-gold color, and dazzlingly bright. Her hair reflected her unusually diverse heritage, being half [[Teleri]]n (typified by silver hair), a quarter [[Noldor]]in (typified by dark hair), and a quarter [[Vanyar]]in (typified by golden hair). Despite her mixed blood, she was identified as a princess of the Noldor, as her father was the third son of [[Finwë]], [[High King of the Noldor]]. Yet according to [[J.R.R. Tolkien|Tolkien]]’s later accounts she lived with her Telerin relatives in [[Alqualondë]].

It was in Alqualondë that she met [[Celeborn|Teleporno]], a young Telerin prince probably the son or grandson of [[Olwë]] (which would make him Artanis’s uncle or cousin)[[Galadriel#Other Versions of the Legendarium|*]]. They eventually fell in love, and he called her in his own [[Telerin]] tongue '''''[[Galadriel#Names|Alatáriel]]''''' (later [[Sindarin]]ized as '''Galadriel''' and semi-[[Quenya]]rized as '''[[Altáriel]]'''). She had another admirer as well: her half-uncle, [[Fëanor]]. Fëanor, being a lover of beauty and brilliance, noted her shining hair. He may have been inspired by her tresses to make the [[Silmarils]], both being said to capture the light of the [[Two Trees]]. He begged her to spare him some of her hair, but she refused him a single hair three times and he gave up. She had unusually strong powers of mental perception, and when she looked into his mind, she saw only darkness, hinting at Fëanor's evil nature.

During the [[Darkening of Valinor]], she was just as fiery and visionary as Fëanor, although she despised him. During the troubles that followed she took no part in the atrocities against the Teleri during the [[Kinslaying of Alqualondë]], but urged Teleporno her beloved to sail across the [[Belegaer|Sea]] to [[Middle-earth]] by her side. He agreed for her sake, and so they both came under the [[Ban of the Valar]]. Their crossing to Middle-earth by ship was the exception—Fëanor and [[Sons of Fëanor|his sons]] had sailed ''stolen'' Telerin ships, while the vast majority of the other Noldor under [[Fingolfin]] crossed the [[Helcaraxë]] on foot.

===First Age===

Once in [[Beleriand]] they were welcomed by King [[Thingol]] of [[Doriath]], as both were Telerin in origin. Thingol knew nothing of what had happened to his brother [[Olwë]] and the [[Calaquendi]], and they brought news. But they said nothing about the Kinslaying. Teleporno was Sindarinized as ''[[Celeborn]]'', and Artanis adopted Teleporno’s pet name for her, ''Alatáriel'', in its Sindarin form: ''Galadriel''. [[Image:Donato Giancola - Galadriel and the mirror.jpg|right|thumb|''Galadriel and the mirror'' by [[Donato Giancola]] ]]
After the rest of the Noldor arrived in Beleriand and the great [[Dagor-nuin-Giliath]] was fought, Galadriel re-established contact with her brothers, though her hate for the orphaned sons of Fëanor was still strong. She learned much from [[Melian]] during her days in Doriath, and occasionally spent time in [[Nargothrond]] with her eldest brother [[Finrod|Finrod Felagund]]. She and Melian became friends, speaking often to one another about Valinor. Melian was eager to learn of the happenings of the Exile, but Galadriel would tell her nothing of what occurred after the death of the Trees. Eventually, however, as Melian’s guesses became more shrewd and accurate, Galadriel told her more, except for that of the death of Finwë, the Kinslaying, and the [[burning of the Ships]] at [[Losgar]]. Melian was able to discern some, and the rest came in rumors to Thingol’s ears. At last, egged on by the accusing words of Thingol, Angrod told all. Galadriel escaped being removed from Doriath by Thingol’s sympathy to the houses of Finarfin and [[Fingolfin]] for the wrongs they had suffered. All the same, she moved for a time to Nargothrond to live with Finrod. By {{FA|300}}, however, she had gone back to live in Doriath. Presumably, her husband lived with her there in peace.

Precisely where the twain were during the [[Sack of Nargothrond|destruction of Nargothrond]] in {{FA|495}} and [[Sack of Doriath|Doriath]] in {{FA|503}}/{{FA|506}} is unknown; perhaps they were there during the sacks and escaped one or both. It is not unlikely that after the destruction of the latter they went either to the [[Havens of Sirion]] or with their Telerin kin to the [[Isle of Balar]] with [[Círdan]]. If the former, they escaped the [[Third Kinslaying]] there, and either went into hiding in Beleriand or, more probably, went to the Isle of Balar. During the [[War of Wrath]], given the choice whether to stay in Middle-earth or not, they surprisingly decided to remain. Galadriel was still very proud, even arrogant, and refused to accept the pardon of the [[Valar]]. Either Celeborn felt the same way, or stayed for the sake of his wife.

===Second Age===

Galadriel and her husband stayed in [[Lindon]], the kingdom of Galadriel’s grandnephew [[Gil-galad]]. There they stayed for a while, ruling over a fiefdom of Noldor. Eventually they established or moved to [[Eregion]]. Celebrimbor lived there, and gradually grew in importance among the smiths. Perhaps because of Galadriel’s detestation (Celebrimbor being the last of the [[House of Fëanor]] except for [[Maglor]],{{fact}} though Celebrimbor had refused and forsaken them for their evil deeds), Celeborn and Galadriel made contact with the [[Nandor]] of [[Amdír]], who dwelt in a forest realm called [[Lórinand]]. They eventually crossed the [[Misty Mountains|Hithaeglir]] through [[Khazad-dûm]] and relocated to there, becoming great among the Wood-elves.

Though Galadriel urged Celebrimbor against it, the Noldo collaborated with [[Annatar]] on the great process of making [[Rings of Power]]. By Annatar’s help, the Elves of Eregion created many rings, but both Celebrimbor and Annatar created greater rings of their own in secret. Celebrimbor wrought the [[Three Rings]] of the Elves, which were far more powerful than the lesser rings. Annatar, however, wrought [[the One Ring]]. When he placed it on his finger, the Elves were aware of his treachery, and took off their rings. Celebrimbor, afraid for his life but even more for the safety of the Three Rings, sent them to two of the [[Wise]]: [[Narya]] and [[Vilya]] for Gil-galad (who eventually gave Narya to Círdan), and [[Nenya]] for Galadriel. Very few even of the [[Eldar]] knew who hid each of these Rings. Celebrimbor was slain by [[Sauron]] not long after, and Eregion was laid waste. But the Three Rings were safe.

[[Image:Angus McBride - Galadriel.gif|thumb|left|250px|''Galadriel'' by [[Angus McBride]]]]In time Amdír, King of Lórinand, was slain in the [[Battle of Dagorlad]] during the [[War of the Last Alliance]]. Celeborn may have participated in the war, but the greatest effect it had on the twain (and Lórinand) was the destruction of Sauron and the loss of [[the One Ring]]. Galadriel was now free to use her ring. With Nenya, the Ring of Water, Galadriel made the realm of Lórinand even greater. With the power of her ring, she protected it from the intrusion of evils throughout the [[Third Age]].

===Third Age===

When [[Amroth]] son of Amdír perished, Celeborn and Galadriel ruled Lórinand (now known as [[Lothlórien]] or Lórien) jointly, and were called the [[Lord and Lady]]. Lothlórien blossomed, and Galadriel planted the [[mallorn]] seeds brought with her from Lindon, the only mallorns east of the Sea. They established [[Caras Galadhon]], and the realm of Lothlórien was one of light and life. It was during their days of power and glory in Lothlórien (either before or after the deaths of Amdír and Amroth) that Galadriel bore her first and only child: a daughter exceedingly fair named [[Celebrían]]. She married [[Elrond]], a close friend of Galadriel’s and bearer of [[Vilya]] after the death of Gil-galad during the Alliance. Celeborn and Galadriel had three grandchildren by her, one of whom, [[Arwen]], they were especially close to. But Celebrían was waylaid and tortured by [[Orcs]] in {{TA|2509}}, and passed West over the sea.

In {{TA|2463}} the [[White Council]] was formed. Galadriel, being one of the [[Wise]] and the greatest threat to Sauron alive, was one of the members. Celeborn may have been as well, but this is not known for sure. She was a good friend of [[Gandalf]], and recommended that he be made head of the Council. But this distinction fell instead to [[Saruman]], whom she distrusted.

[[Image:Billy Mosig - The Mirror of Galadriel.jpg|thumb|right|250px|''The Mirror of Galadriel'' by [[Billy Mosig]]]]During the [[War of the Ring]], Galadriel met the [[Fellowship of the Ring]] in {{TA|3019}}. She especially was attentive to the [[Hobbits|Hobbit]] [[Frodo Baggins]], who was the bearer of [[the One Ring]]. She showed him Nenya, and let him gaze into her [[Mirror of Galadriel|mirror]] of seeing. He offered her the One Ring, and despite the extreme temptation, she resisted it successfully. She sent the Fellowship off on their quest furnished with [[Gifts_of_Galadriel|gifts]]. The two most important gifts she gave were to [[Aragorn]], whom she knew well and liked, and a [[Dwarves|dwarf]] named [[Gimli]]. To Aragorn she gave the [[Elfstone]], which she and her daughter Celebrían had worn. She was unsure as to what to give Gimli, and asked what he wanted. After complimenting her beauty, he requested a single strand of her hair. Galadriel remembered the posing of a similar question by Fëanor, but had searched Gimli’s heart and knew that his intentions were pure. She rewarded him with three strands, which he was later to put into an imperishable crystal in memory of her.

Not long after the departure of the Fellowship she received the resurrected Gandalf. She reclothed and refurnished him, giving him a new staff. After Gandalf left, Lothlórien was subjected to three successive attacks by armies coming out of [[Dol Guldur]]. By the power of her Ring they were thrice repulsed. Celeborn then led [[Fall of Dol Guldur|an attack on Dol Guldur]] itself. Once the dark fortress was in the hands of the Galadhrim, Galadriel came, threw down its walls, and purified it of its evil. It was her last act of power, for the One Ring was destroyed, and the strength of Nenya waned and eventually vanished almost completely.

===Return to Valinor===

Galadriel attended the wedding of Aragorn with Arwen, then returned to Lothlórien. But in {{TA|3021}}, two years later, she bade farewell to Celeborn her husband and went West to Valinor. With her went the other two bearers of the Rings, Gandalf and Elrond, and Frodo and Bilbo Baggins who had borne the One Ring. They passed West, and came never again to Middle-earth. There in Valinor Galadriel must have tried to heal Frodo of his spiritual wounds. Whether she was successful or not is unknown. But sometime later during the [[Fourth Age]] she received Celeborn, her husband. And in {{FoA|120}}, it is said, she received Gimli her admirer, who died in Valinor.

==Characteristics==

Galadriel was very beautiful, her hair being the most notable feature about her. It reminded the Eldar of the light of the [[Two Trees]]. Galadriel, at least in her earlier years, was of a somewhat proud and rebellious nature. She was free-spirited, and during her time in Aman had many dreams of wide unexplored lands. Her favorite brother was Finrod, for he, too, shared this vision. She could explore the minds and hearts of others, and her gaze was seeing. It may be because of her unusual beauty and power that she became proud.

But by the Third Age she is also seen to act with wisdom and gentleness. In ''[[The Lord of the Rings]]'', she appears very gentle, firm, and wise. She was revered even more than Celeborn by the Galadhrim and all who met her.

==Etymology==

''[[Galadriel]]'' is a [[Sindarin]] name translated by [[J.R.R. Tolkien|Tolkien]] as "glittering garland",<ref>{{L|345}}, p. 423</ref> "Maiden crowned with gleaming hair",<ref>{{L|348}}, p. 428</ref> and "maiden crowned with a radiant garland".<ref name=SApp>{{S|Appendix}}</ref><ref>{{HM|RC}}, pp. 44-45</ref> It has been suggested that ''Galadriel'' consists of ''[[galad]]'' ("light, radiance") + ''[[rî]]'' ("crown") + ''[[iell]]'' ("daughter").<ref>[http://www.tolkiendil.com/langues/english/i-lam_arth/compound_sindarin_names#g Compound Sindarin Names] at [http://www.tolkiendil.com/ Tolkiendil.com] (accessed 19 June 2011)</ref> Tolkien notes that the element ''galad'' had no relation to Sindarin ''[[galadh]]'' ("tree", or Silvan ''galad'' "tree"), but that such a connexion often was made and her name then became ''Galadhriel''.<ref name=SApp/><ref>{{MR|P3I5}}, p. 182 (commentary to §42)</ref>

==Names==

'''''Alatáriel''''' was the [[Telerin]] [[Quenya]] name given to Galadriel by [[Celeborn]], meaning "Maiden Crowned with Radiant Garland", which referred to her hair.{{fact}}

'''''Artanis''''' ([[Quenya|Q]], pron. {{IPA|[ˈartanis]}}, stem ''Artaniss-'') was Galadriel's [[father-name]]: it means "Noble Woman" in [[Quenya]] from ''[[arta]]'' and ''[[nís]]''.{{fact}}

'''''Galadhriel''''' was a name occasionally, and incorrectly, used of [[Galadriel]] after she became [[Lady of Lórien]], and meaning 'tree-garland'. As the [[Lady of the Galadhrim]], whose capital was at [[Caras Galadhon]], it is perhaps understandable that her name should have become confused with the [[Elvish]] word galadh, meaning 'tree'. Nonetheless, this usage was mistaken — her true name ''Galadriel'' actually derived from the word ''galad'' ("radiant"), and the false variant ''Galadhriel'' was never used in her own country of [[Lórien in Middle-earth|Lórien]].<ref>{{S|Appendix}}, ''kal-''</ref>

==Other Versions of the Legendarium==
There is a bit of befuddlement and confusion in the story of Galadriel, which Tolkien revised multiple times. Originally, and in the published ''[[The Silmarillion|Silmarillion]]'', Galadriel supported Fëanor and even fought at Alqualondë.<ref>{{S|Flight}}</ref> Then she met Celeborn in [[Doriath]], for Celeborn was one of the Sindar.<ref>{{S|Return}}</ref> This earlier account explains the difficulty of Celeborn and Galadriel being so closely related (the Eldar did not marry that close). Though it's possible that Galadriel and Celeborn rebelliously defied the customs and laws, it is primarily because of this difficulty that the earlier account has some veracity.

The later account is the one used here, being written and used later than other accounts. It is found in ''[[The Peoples of Middle-earth]]''.

In some versions, Galadriel and Celeborn had two children, of which one was [[Amroth]].<ref>{{UT|Galadriel}}</ref>

== Genealogy ==
{{familytree/start}}
{{familytree | | | | | | | FNF |y| EAR | | | | | | | | | | |FNF=[[Finarfin]]|EAR=[[Eärwen]]}}
{{familytree | |,|-|-|-|v|-|-|-|^|-|-|-|v|-|-|-|.| | | | | |}}
{{familytree | FIN | | ANG |y| ELD | | AEG | | GAL |y| CEL |FIN=[[Finrod]]|ANG=[[Angrod]]|ELD=[[Eldalótë]]|AEG=[[Aegnor]]|GAL='''GALADRIEL'''|CEL=[[Celeborn]]}}
{{familytree | | | | | | | |!| | | | | | | | | | | |!| | | |}}
{{familytree | | | | | | | ORO | | | | | | ELR |y| CLB |ORO=[[Orodreth]]|ELR=[[Elrond]]|CLB=[[Celebrían]]}}
{{familytree | | | | | |,|-|^|-|.| | | | | | | |!| | | | | |}}
{{familytree | | | | | GIL | | FDL | | ARA |~| ARW | | | | |GIL=[[Gil-galad]]|FDL=[[Finduilas]]|ARA=[[Aragorn|Aragorn Elessar]]|ARW=[[Arwen]]}}
{{familytree/end}}
== Portrayal in Adaptations ==
<gallery>
File:Ralph Bakshi's Galadriel.jpg|Galadriel as portrayed in [[The Lord of the Rings (1978 film)|''The Lord of the Rings'' (1978 film)]].
File:Peter Jackson's Galadriel.jpg|[[Cate Blanchett]] as Galadriel in ''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Motion Picture Trilogy]]''.
File:Galadriel lotr fotr.JPG|Galadriel as portrayed in [[The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring (video game)|Vivendi's ''The Fellowship of the Ring'']].
File:Galadriel.jpg|Galadriel in ''[[The Lord of the Rings Online]]''.
File:New Line Cinema - Galadriel 1.png|[[Cate Blanchett]] as Galadriel in ''[[The Hobbit: An Unexpected Journey]]''.
</gallery>

'''1978: ''[[The Lord of the Rings (1978 film)]]'':'''
:Galadriel is voiced by [[Annette Crosbie]].

'''1981: ''[[The Lord of the Rings (1981 radio series)|BBC Radio's The Lord of the Rings]]'':'''
:The voice of Galadriel is provided by [[Marian Diamond]].

'''2001: ''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring]]'':'''
:Galadriel is played by [[Cate Blanchett]]. Galadriel narrates the Prologue, explaining the creation of the Rings of Power and the War of the Last Alliance. Earlier plans considered were to have either Frodo or Gandalf narrate the Prologue, but this was dropped: Frodo was not alive until thousands of years after these events happened, and although Gandalf was alive, he was not present in Middle-earth at the time; the Wizards came some one thousand years after the Prologue ends. Thus Galadriel narrates the Prologue, because she had first-hand accounts of this history and actively participated in its events.

'''2002: ''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring (video game)|Vivendi's The Fellowship of the Ring]]'':'''
:Galadriel, voiced by [[Jennifer Hale]], is the narrator of the Prologue and the Epilogue, and appears in Lothlórien.

'''2002: ''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Two Towers]]'':'''
:Galadriel frequently seems to be consulting telepathically with Elrond; there is some indication from the books that the two were able to communicate in some way, but the specific instances in the movies have no direct counterparts in the books. Further, the notion that Galadriel would send her warriors to assist at [[Helm's Deep]] is practically unthinkable in the context of the books, where [[Lothlórien]] was itself under threat of attack at the time. Galadriel sending a force of Elves to Helm's Deep is essentially an ''extreme'' condensation of Sauron's attack on Lothlorien with the attack on Helm's Deep. In the DVD commentary, Peter Jackson and his fellow writers explain that they worried audiences would wonder why the Elves don't seem to be helping in the war, while at the same time, they felt that actually inserting an entire separate battle scene at Lothlorien would take up too much screentime and resources.

'''2003: ''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King]]'':'''
:An spiritual apparition of Lady Galadriel appears to provide Frodo strength following his passage through Shelob's Lair. She is later seen leaving Middle-Earth along with other Ring-Bearers, but in film version her husband Celeborn departs with her at the same time.

'''2006: ''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Battle for Middle-earth II]]'':'''
:Galadriel is the strongest of "Hero" units available to the Free Peoples. If a player's army manages to spot [[Gollum]] on the battlefield, take The One Ring from him and deliver it to their forces, the option to "summon" Galadriel unlocks for a large amount of resources. Thus, Lady Galadriel is represented as succumbing to corruption of The Ring, similar to the respective scene in the ''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring]]'' movie.

'''2007: ''[[The Lord of the Rings Online]]'':'''
:Galadriel is a non-playable character, who narrates cutscenes and instances throughout the second Volume of the Epic story. Introduced in [[The Lord of the Rings Online: Mines of Moria]] Book VI: [[The Shadowy Abyss]], she usually resides on a [[talan]] at [[Caras Galadhon]].

'''2012-13: ''[[The Hobbit films]]'':'''
: Cate Blanchett will reprise her role as Galadriel in [[Peter Jackson|Peter Jackson's]] adaptation of The Hobbit.<ref name="PJCasting">{{webcite|author=[[Peter Jackson]]|articleurl=http://www.facebook.com/note.php?note_id=10150168211921558|articlename=Production begins in New Zealand on The Hobbit|dated=20-March-2011|website=[http://www.facebook.com/ Facebook]|accessed=23-Dec-2011}}</ref>

== See Also ==
* [[:Category:Images of Galadriel|Images of Galadriel]]
{{references}}
[[Category:Characters in The Lord of the Rings]]
[[Category:Characters in The Silmarillion]]
[[Category:House of Finarfin]]
[[Category:House of Olwë]]
[[Category:Sindarin names]]
[[de:Galadriel]]
[[fa:گالادریل]]
[[fr:encyclo/personnages/elfes/noldor/galadriel]]
[[fi:Galadriel]]

House of Durin

2012-09-09T19:09:44Z

173.2.197.76:

The '''House of Durin''' was the line of the descendants of [[Durin|Durin the Deathless]], eldest of the seven [[Fathers of the Dwarves]]. The kingship of the line continued even when those with the title were in exile.<ref name="Durin">{{App|Durin}}</ref>

==The Family Tree of the House of Durin ==
Showing the descendants of Durin. All information in the tree is from ''[[The Lord of the Rings]]'', Appendix A, "Durin’s Folk"<ref name="Durin"/> unless otherwise specified. The figures after the names are those of birth and death where recorded (when only one figure is shown it is the date of birth). A dagger symbol, '†' signifies those who did not die of old age. A name preceded by '*' indicates one of the [[Kings of Durin's Folk]]; an ''italicized'' name denotes one of the companions of [[Thorin]] on the quest of [[Lonely Mountain|Erebor]]. A dashed line indicates a line of descent with some members missing.
<div style="overflow-x: scroll; overflow-y: hidden; border: 1px solid #AAAAAA; padding: 3px; background: #EEEEEE;">
{{familytree/start}}
{{familytree |boxstyle=white-space:;background-color:#FFFFFF;| | | | | | | | | | | | |DUR| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |DUR=* [[Durin|Durin I]] the Deathless ''(First Age)''}}
{{familytree | | | | | | | | | | | | | |:| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |}}
{{familytree |boxstyle=white-space:;background-color:#FFFFFF;| | | | | | | | | | | | |DUI| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |DUI=* [[Durin II]]}}
{{familytree | | | | | | | | | | | | | |:| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |}}
{{familytree |boxstyle=white-space:;background-color:#FFFFFF;| | | | | | | | | | | | |DUN| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |DUN=* [[Durin III]] ''c. S.A. 1500''<ref group="note">Durin III received the first of the [[Seven Rings]].</ref>}} {{familytree | | | | | | | | | | | | | |:| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |}}
{{familytree |boxstyle=white-space:;background-color:#FFFFFF;| | | | | | | | | | | | |DRI| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |DRI=* [[Durin IV]]}}
{{familytree | | | | | | | | | | | | | |:| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |}}
{{familytree |boxstyle=white-space:;background-color:#FFFFFF;| | | | | | | | | | | | |DRN| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |DRN=* [[Durin V]]}}
{{familytree | | | | | | | | | | | | | |:| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |}}
{{familytree |boxstyle=white-space:;background-color:#FFFFFF;| | | | | | | | | | | | |DIN| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |DIN=* [[Durin VI]] ''1731-1980'' †<ref group="note">Durin VI was killed by [[Durin's Bane]].</ref>}}
{{familytree | | | | | | | | | | | | | |!| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |}}
{{familytree |boxstyle=white-space:;background-color:#FFFFFF;| | | | | | | | | | | | |NAI| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |NAI=* [[Náin I]] ''1832-1981'' †<ref group="note">Náin I was also killed by [[Durin's Bane]].</ref>}}
{{familytree | | | | | | | | | | | | | |!| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |}}
{{familytree |boxstyle=white-space:;background-color:#FFFFFF;| | | | | | | | | | | | |THR| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |THR=* [[Thráin I]] ''1934-2190''<ref group="note">Thráin I founded the kingdom of [[Lonely Mountain|Erebor]] in {{TA|1999|n}}.</ref>}}
{{familytree | | | | | | | | | | | | | |!| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |}}
{{familytree |boxstyle=white-space:;background-color:#FFFFFF;| | | | | | | | | | | | |THO| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |THO=* [[Thorin I]] ''2035-2289''<ref group="note">Thorin I removed to the [[Grey Mountains]] in {{TA|2210|n}}.</ref>}}
{{familytree | | | | | | | | | | | | | |!| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |}}
{{familytree |boxstyle=white-space:;background-color:#FFFFFF;| | | | | | | | | | | | |OIN| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |OIN=* [[Óin]] ''2238-2488''}}
{{familytree | | | | | | | | | | | | | |!| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |}}
{{familytree |boxstyle=white-space:;background-color:#FFFFFF;| | | | | | | | | | | | |NAN| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |NAN=* [[Náin II]] ''2338-2585''}}
{{familytree | | | | | | | | | | | | | |)|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|.| | | | | | | |}}
{{familytree |boxstyle=white-space:;background-color:#FFFFFF;| | | | | | | | | | | | |DAI| | | | | | | |BOR| | | | | | |DAI=* [[Dáin I]] ''2440-2589'' †<ref group="note">Dáin I was slain by a great [[Cold-drake|cold-drake]].</ref>|BOR=[[Borin]] ''2450-2711''}}
{{familytree | | | | | |,|-|-|-|v|-|-|-|(| | | | | | | | | |!| | | | | | | |}}
{{familytree |boxstyle=white-space:;background-color:#FFFFFF;| | | | |THR| |FRO| |GRO| | | | | | | |FAR| | | | | | |THR=* [[Thrór]] ''2542-2790'' † <ref group="note">Thrór was forced out of Erebor by [[Smaug]]; later he was murdered by [[Azog]] the Orc.</ref>|FRO=[[Frór]] ''2552-2589'' † <ref group="note">Frór was slain along side of his father.</ref>|GRO=[[Grór]] ''2563-2805''|FAR=[[Farin]] ''2560-2803''}}
{{familytree | | | | | |!| | | | | | | |!| | | | | |,|-|-|-|^|-|-|-|.| | | |}}
{{familytree |boxstyle=white-space:;background-color:#FFFFFF;| | | | |THN| | | | | |NIN| | | |FUN| | | | | |GRN| | |THN=* [[Thráin II]] ''2644-2850'' † <ref group="note">Thráin II died in [[Dol Guldur]].</ref>|NIN=[[Náin]] ''2665-2799'' †<ref group="note">Náin died in the [[Battle of Azanulbizar]].</ref>|FUN=[[Fundin]] ''2662-2799'' † <ref group="note">Fundin died in the Battle of Azanulbizar.</ref>|GRN=[[Gróin]] ''2671-2923''}}
{{familytree | |,|-|-|-|+|-|-|-|.| | | |!| | | |,|-|^|-|.| | | |,|-|^|-|.| |}}
{{familytree |boxstyle=white-space:;background-color:#FFFFFF;|TOS| |FRE| |DIS| |DIF| |BAL| |DWA| |OIN| |GLO|TOS=* ''[[Thorin|Thorin II Oakenshield]]'' ''2746-2941'' † <ref group="note">Thorin II Oakenshield died in the [[Battle of Five Armies]].</ref>|FRE=[[Frerin]] ''2751-2799'' † <ref group="note">Frerin died in the Battle of Azanulbizar.</ref>|DIS=[[Dís]] (daughter) ''2760''|DIF=* [[Dáin Ironfoot|Dáin II Ironfoot]] ''2767-3019'' † <ref group="note">Dáin II Ironfoot died in the [[Battle of Dale]].</ref>|BAL=''[[Balin]]'' ''2763-2994'' † <ref group="note">Balin went to Khazad-dûm in {{TA|2989|n}} and died there in {{TA|2994|n}}.</ref>|DWA=''[[Dwalin]]'' ''2772-FoA 91''|OIN=''[[Óin]]'' ''2774-2994'' † <ref group="note">Óin went with Balin to Khazad-dûm and also died there.</ref>|GLO=''[[Glóin]]'' ''2783-FoA 15''}}
{{familytree | | | | | |,|-|-|-|(| | | |!| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |!| |}}
{{familytree |boxstyle=white-space:;background-color:#FFFFFF;| | | | |FIL| |KIL| |TSH| | | | | | | | | | | | | |GEF|FIL=''[[Fíli]]'' ''2859-2941'' † <ref group="note">Fíli died in the Battle of Five Armies.</ref>| KIL=''[[Kíli]]'' ''2859-2941'' † <ref group="note">Kíli died in the Battle of Five Armies.</ref>|TSH=* [[Thorin Stonehelm| Thorin III Stonehelm]] ''2866-early Fourth Age''|GEF=[[Gimli|Gimli Elf-friend]] ''2879-FoA 100'' <ref group="note"> Gimli passed over the sea in {{FoA|120}}.</ref>}}
{{familytree | | | | | | | | | | | | | |:| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |}}
{{familytree |boxstyle=white-space:;background-color:#FFFFFF;| | | | | | | | | | | | |DAL| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |DAL=* [[Durin VII]] and Last}}
{{familytree/end}}
</div>
===Family Tree Notes===
<references group="note"/>
==Additional Note==
Of the other companions of Thorin Oakenshield in the quest of Erebor, ''Ori'', ''Nori'', and ''Dori'' were also of the House of Durin, but were more remote kinsman. ''Bifur'', ''Bofur'', and ''Bombur'' were descended from Dwarves of Khazad-dûm but not of Durin's line.<ref name="Durin"/>
==See Also==
* [[Kings of Durin's Folk]]
* [[Durin's Folk]]
{{References}}
[[Category:Dwarves]]
[[Category:Longbeards]]

Dwalin

2012-09-09T19:05:57Z

173.2.197.76: /* Portrayal in Adaptations */

{{dwarves infobox
| image=[[File:Angelo Montanini - Dwalin.jpg|250px]]
| name=Dwalin
| othernames=
| life={{TA|2772}} - {{FoA|91}} (aged c. 340)
| realm=[[Thorin's Halls]] [[Lonely Mountain|Erebor]]
| parentage=[[Fundin]]
| lineage=[[House of Durin]]
| hood=Dark green
| gender=Male
}}
'''Dwalin''' ({{TA|2772}} – {{FoA|91}}<ref name="Line">{{App|Durin}}, The Line of the Dwarves of Erebor</ref>) was a [[Dwarves|Dwarf]] of the [[House of Durin]]. He was, along with his brother [[Balin]], a member of [[Thorin and Company|Thorin's company]] which took part in the quest for [[Lonely Mountain|Erebor]]. Dwalin survived the adventure and lived well into the [[Fourth Age]].

==History==
Dwalin's place of birth is unknown – two years before he was born the [[Dragons|dragon]] [[Smaug]] had come to Erebor<ref name="TA">{{App|TA}}</ref> and destroyed King [[Thrór]]'s kingdom. Thrór, his son [[Thráin II|Thráin]], and a small group of kinsmen and followers headed south while other Dwarves escaped to the [[Iron Hills]].<ref name="Durin">{{App|Durin}}</ref> After the [[Battle of Azanulbizar]], Thráin II and [[Thorin]] settled in the southern [[Blue Mountains|Ered Luin]]<ref name="TA"/> and at some point Dwalin joined them.

===King Thráin's Expedition===
Dwalin, his brother [[Balin]], and a few others accompanied [[Thráin II]] in {{TA|2841}} when he left the Ered Luin to visit Erebor. The small party was dogged by the emissaries of [[Sauron]]. In {{TA|2845|n}} Thráin was captured one night when he and his companions sheltered under the eaves of [[Mirkwood]] from a black rain. After a fruitless search for their leader the Dwarves gave up and returned to Thorin.<ref name="Durin"/>

===The Quest for Erebor===
Dwalin was the first Dwarf to arrive, alone, at [[Bag End]] when the unexpected party began at Bilbo's hobbit hole. Dwalin's beard was blue and tucked into a golden belt. He was wearing a dark-green hood and walked in as if expected, which greatly surprised Bilbo. Soon Balin arrived and he and Dwalin sat talking while Bilbo kept answering the door for the arrival of more and more Dwarves. Later, when Bilbo griped aloud in his kitchen about the lack of help in setting out refreshments, Dwalin and Balin were the first (followed by [[Fíli]] and [[Kíli]]) to lend a hand. Later still, when the Dwarves filled Bag End with music, Dwalin played on a viol as big as himself.<ref name="Party">{{H|Party}}</ref>

When the company rushed up into trees to escape the [[wargs]], Dwalin and Balin managed to swarm up a tall slender fir that had few branches for sitting.<ref>{{H|Pan}}</ref> The next day, when the company arrived at [[Beorn]]'s hall, Dwalin and Balin were the third pair of Dwarves to appear during Gandalf's story.<ref>{{H|Queer}}</ref>

At the [[Enchanted River]] in Mirkwood, Dwalin was in the last boatload to cross. He exited the boat just before the deer charged down the path and caused [[Bombur]] to fall in the water. Later, after the Dwarves had been captured by the [[spiders]] and rescued by Bilbo, it was Dwalin who first realized that Thorin was missing.<ref name="Flies">{{H|Flies}}</ref>

At the opening of the barrels after the escape from the halls of the [[Thranduil|Elvenking]], Dwalin and Balin were two of the most unhappy Dwarves and did nothing to help pull out other Dwarves.<ref>{{H|Welcome}}</ref>

When the last week of autumn arrived it was Dwalin who complained the most about Bilbo's inactivity. He felt that Bilbo, with his "invisible ring", ought to go through the [[Front Gate]] of Erebor and spy things out.<ref>{{H|Doorstep}}</ref>

Dwalin fought in and survived the [[Battle of Five Armies]]. Afterwards he received his fourteenth share and chose to live in Erebor under [[Dáin Ironfoot]].<Ref>{{H|Return}}</ref>

===Later Life===
Dwalin was one of seven of the ten Dwarves of Thorin's company who were still living in Erebor when [[Frodo Baggins|Frodo]] came to [[Rivendell]], as reported by [[Glóin]].<ref>{{FR|II1}}</ref> Dwalin lived until {{FoA|91}}, later than any other known date of death for others of the company.<Ref>{{App|Durin}}</ref>

== Genealogy ==
Dwalin was of Durin's line.<ref name="Line"/>
{{familytree/start}}
{{familytree| | | | | | | FAR | | | | | | |FAR=[[Farin]]}}
{{familytree| | | |,|-|-|-|^|-|-|-|.| | | |}}
{{familytree| | | FUN | | | | | | GRO | | |FUN=[[Fundin]]|GRO=[[Gróin]]}}
{{familytree| |,|-|^|-|.| | | |,|-|^|-|.| |}}
{{familytree| BAL | | DWA | | OIN | | GLO |BAL=[[Balin]]|DWA='''DWALIN'''|OIN=[[Óin son of Gróin|Óin]]|GLO=[[Glóin son of Gróin|Glóin]]}}
{{familytree/end}}

==Etymology==
In Norse mythology, ''Dvalinn'' is a chief Dwarf.<ref>Snorri Sturlusson, ''Edda'', "[[wikipedia:Skaldskaparmal|Skaldskaparmal]]"</ref> The origin of the name is uncertain; suggested etymologies are "one lying in a trance",<ref>[[Ruth S. Noel]], ''[[The Languages of Tolkien's Middle-earth]]'', page 32</ref> "numb" and "dawdler".<ref>Henry A. Bellows (ed.), ''Völuspá'', "[http://cybersamurai.net/Mythology/nordic_gods/LegendsSagas/Edda/PoeticEdda/Voluspo.htm Poetic Edda]"</ref> Both words, ''dvalen'' ("to sleep") ''dvelja'' ("to delay") derive from the same root.<ref>Chester Nathan Gould, "Dwarf-Names: A Study in Old Icelandic Religion", published in ''Publications of the Modern Language Association of America'', Vol 44 (1929), issue #4, pp. 939-967</ref>

==Other Versions of the Legendarium==
In the early version of ''[[The Hobbit]]'' it was Dwalin rather than Balin who spotted the Trolls' fire in the woods (and it was stated that Dwalin was always the Dwarves' look-out).<ref>{{HH|Trolls}}, p. 91</ref> This contradicted the fact that Balin was the Dwarf who was looking for Bilbo at the inn at the start of the adventure<ref>{{HH|Trolls}}, p. 89</ref> and Tolkien eventually made Balin the permanent look-out. However, Dwalin remained the first Dwarf to arrive at Bag End<ref name="Party"/> (what would be expected of the Company's look-out). Dwalin was also the first to notice that Thorin was missing after the battle with the spiders,<ref name="Flies"/> a testament to his observational abilities.

==Portrayal in Adaptations==
{{Gallery
|title=Pictures of Dwalin in Adaptations
|height=150
|width=200
|lines=2
|File:The Hobbit (2003) Dwalin.JPG|Bilbo speaking to Dwalin in [[The Hobbit (2003 video game)|''The Hobbit'' (2003 video game)]]
|File:New Line Cinema - Dwalin 2.png|[[Graham McTavish]] as Dwalin in [[The Hobbit films|''The Hobbit: An Unexpected Journey'']]
}}
'''1966: [[The Hobbit (1966 film)|''The Hobbit'' (1966 film)]]:'''
:Dwalin is omitted. [[Thorin Oakenshield]] only travels with an unnamed guard and the princess of Dale.<ref name="Deitch">{{webcite|articleurl=http://www.youtube.com/watch?feature=player_detailpage&v=UBnVL1Y2src|articlename=The Hobbit.mp4|dated=5 January 2012|website=YouTube|accessed=10 January 2012}}</ref>

'''1968: [[The Hobbit (1968 radio series)|''The Hobbit'' (1968 radio series)]]:'''
:[[Lockwood West]] plays the role of Dwalin.

'''1977: [[The Hobbit (1977 film)|''The Hobbit'' (1977 film)]]:'''
:The part of Dwalin was voiced by [[Paul Frees]]. He does not have a blue beard, but a white one.

'''1979: [[The Hobbit (1979 radio series)|''The Hobbit'' (1979 radio series)]]:'''
:[[Carl Hague]] is uncredited as the voice of Dwalin.{{fact}}

'''1982: [[The Hobbit (1982 video game)|''The Hobbit'' (1982 video game)]]:'''
:Dwalin is omitted; Thorin is the only companion of the player, [[Bilbo Baggins]].<ref>''[http://www.worldofspectrum.org/showmag.cgi?mag=ZXComputing/Issue8304/Pages/ZXComputing830400076.jpg ZX Computing]'', 8304 (April/May 1983), p. 76, accessed [[24 April|April 24]] [[2011]]</ref>

'''2003: [[The Hobbit (2003 video game)|''The Hobbit'' (2003 video game)]]:'''
:Dwalin is a blue-bearded Dwarf, who is not seen in the game (other than cut-scenes) until [[Lake-town]].

'''2007: ''[[The Lord of the Rings Online]]'':'''
:Dwalin is a non-playable character who is king of [[Thorin's Halls|Thorin's Hall]]. The player can find him sitting on a throne north of the gates into Thorin's Hall.

'''2012-3: [[The Hobbit films|''The Hobbit'' films]]:'''
:Dwalin will be played by [[Graham McTavish]].<ref name="PJCasting">{{webcite|author=[[Peter Jackson]]|articleurl=http://www.facebook.com/note.php?note_id=10150168211921558|articlename=Production begins in New Zealand on The Hobbit|dated=20-March-2011|website=[http://www.facebook.com/ Facebook]|accessed=23-Dec-2011}}</ref> In the adaptation, Dwalin sports many Dwarvish tattoos. The ones across his balding head are repetitions of the crystaline motif also used in Dwarf architecture. However, Dwalin's other tattoos spell out actual words using the [[Cirth]] runes. The tattoos across Dwalin's hands are the famous Dwarf battle-cry, "Baruk Khazad! Khazad ai-menu!"

==See also==
*[[:Category:Images of Dwalin|Images of Dwalin]]

{{References}}

{{Thorin and Company}}

[[Category:Characters in The Hobbit]]
[[Category:Dwarves]]
[[Category:Longbeards]]

[[de:Dwalin]]
[[fr:encyclo:personnages:nains:3a:dwalin]]
[[fi:Dwalin]]

Bifur

2012-09-09T18:54:38Z

173.2.197.76: /* Portrayal in Adaptations */

__NOTOC__
{{dwarves infobox
| image=[[File:Angelo Montanini - Bifur.jpg|250px]]
| name=Bifur
| othernames=
| life=Late [[Third Age]]
| realm=[[Thorin's Halls]], [[Lonely Mountain|Erebor]]
| parentage=
| lineage=
| hood=Yellow
| gender=Male
}}
'''Bifur''' most likely lived in the [[Blue Mountains]] with [[Thorin]] after the loss of [[Thráin II]].<ref name="Durin">{{App|Durin}}</ref> Bifur was one of the thirteen [[Dwarves]] of [[Thorin and Company|Thorin's company]] who journeyed to [[Lonely Mountain|Erebor]] to challenge the [[Dragons|dragon]] [[Smaug]]. After the death of Smaug, Bifur lived at the Lonely Mountain.<ref name="Meetings">{{FR|II1}}</ref>

==History==
Bifur's parentage is unknown; the only familial connections mentioned are that the brothers [[Bombur]] and [[Bofur]]<ref name="Flies">{{H|Flies}}</ref> are his cousins.<ref name="Inside">{{H|Inside}}</ref> He was not of Durin's line although he was descended from Dwarves of [[Moria]].<ref name="Durin"/> His birth year is also unknown. However, from [[Bilbo Baggins]]' account of the quest to Erebor it is known that the brothers [[Fíli]] and [[Kíli]] were the youngest of the thirteen "by some fifty years"<ref name="Hill">{{H|Hill}}</ref> and that after Thorin had been captured, [[Balin]] was "the eldest left".<ref>{{H|Barrels}}</ref> Since Fíli was born in {{TA|2859}} and Balin was born in {{TA|2763|n}},<ref name="Durin"/> this would put Bifur's birth between {{TA|2809|n}} and {{TA|2763|n}}, and he would have been between 132 and 178 years old during the quest to Erebor.

===The Quest of Erebor===
In {{TA|2941}}, Bifur was one of the four Dwarves in the fifth group to arrive at [[Bag End]], wearing a yellow hood. He asked for raspberry jam and apple-tart. During the evening when Thorin called for music, Bifur (along with [[Bofur]]) played a clarinet.<ref name="Party">{{H|Party}}</ref>

In the wolves' glade Bifur shared a pine tree with Bofur, [[Bombur]], and Thorin.<ref>{{H|Pan}}</ref>

When [[Gandalf]] was telling the story of the company's adventures to [[Beorn]], Bifur, Bofur, and Bombur were the last of the Dwarves to show up.<ref>{{H|Queer}}</ref>

After the barrel ride down the [[River Running]] both Bifur and Bofur came out fairly dry and not very knocked about, but they lay down and refused to do anything.<ref>{{H|Welcome}}</ref>

On the doorstep on the side of the Lonely Mountain, when Thorin commented that the next day was the beginning of the last week of autumn, Bifur pointedly added, "And winter comes after autumn".<ref>{{H|Doorstep}}</ref>

Bifur fought in and survived the [[Battle of Five Armies]]. He was given his share of the treasure by [[Dáin Ironfoot]], and made his home in Erebor.<ref>{{H|Return}}</ref>

===Later Life===
By {{TA|3019}} Bifur was living in Erebor, as [[Glóin]] told [[Frodo Baggins]] at [[Rivendell]].<ref name="Meetings"/>

==Etymology==
The name of ''Bívurr'' originates in the ''[[Völuspá|Dvergatal]]''. It is of Old Frisian origin, meaning "Beaver" or, by extension, "Hard Worker".<ref>Chester Nathan Gould, "Dwarf-Names: A Study in Old Icelandic Religion", published in ''Publications of the Modern Language Association of America'', Vol 44 (1929), issue #4, pp. 939-967</ref>

== Other Versions of the Legendarium ==
In one of the earliest manuscript fragments of ''The Hobbit'', Bifur and Bofur went into the hall and came back with their walking sticks, which they ''turned into'' clarinets.<ref>{{HH|Bladorthin}}, p. 36</ref> In the published text the two Dwarves came back from the hall with clarinets that they ''had left'' with their walking sticks.<ref name="Party"/> [[John Rateliff]] (author of ''[[The History of The Hobbit]]'') said that in the earliest phase Tolkien had added fairy tale touches of Dwarven magic to emphasize the uncanny, other-worldly nature of the Dwarves as opposed to Bilbo.<ref>{{HH|Bladorthin}}, (iii) ''Dwarven Magic'', p. 54</ref>

Originally, when Bombur needed propping up in [[Mirkwood]] after being cut from the spiders' webbing, it was ''his cousins'' Bifur and Bofur who provided support.<ref>{{HH|Mirkwood}}, p. 313</ref> In the published story this was changed to Bombur's cousin Bifur and brother Bofur.<ref name="Flies"/> Also, in the earlier version, when [[Smaug]] first came out and the Dwarves in the valley had to be hauled up to the [[Back Door]], Bifur cried out to save Bombur and Bofur, who were both his ''brothers''.<ref>{{HH|Conversations}}</ref> In the published text Bifur cried out for his two ''cousins''.<ref name="Inside"/>

In Tolkien's unfinished [[1960]] rewrite of ''The Hobbit'', Bifur, Bofur and Bombur were Thorin's attendants.<ref>{{HH|5}}, "[[A Well-Planned Party]]", p. 774</ref> [[John D. Rateliff]] assumes this made them either courtiers or honor-guard.<ref>{{HH|5}}, "[[Arrival in Rivendell]]", note 32</ref>

==Notes==
In the earliest partial manuscript of ''The Hobbit'' more of the dialog later assigned to a few of the Dwarves is more evenly distributed. In the opinion of [[John Rateliff]] (author of ''[[The History of The Hobbit]]'') this streamlining strengthened the story through simplification, but at the cost of relegating some of the Dwarves to obscurity since they barely speak at all. Bifur is one of these "silenced" members of the company.<ref>{{HH|Pryftan}}, (i) ''The Lost Opening'', p. 14</ref>

==Portrayal in Adaptations==
[[File:New Line Cinema - Bifur 2.png|200px|thumb|[[William Kircher]] as Bifur in [[The Hobbit films|The Hobbit: An Unexpected Journey]].]]

'''1966: ''[[The Hobbit (1966 film)]]'':'''
:Bifur is omitted. [[Thorin Oakenshield]] only travels with an unnamed guard and the princess of Dale.<ref name="Deitch">{{webcite|articleurl=http://www.youtube.com/watch?feature=player_detailpage&v=UBnVL1Y2src|articlename=The Hobbit.mp4|dated=5 January 2012|website=YouTube|accessed=10 January 2012}}</ref>

'''1968: ''[[The Hobbit (1968 radio series)]]'':'''
:Bifur is played by [[Brian Haines]].

'''1977: ''[[The Hobbit (1977 film)]]'':'''
:No actor is specified for the role of Bifur.

'''1979: ''[[The Hobbit (1979 radio series)]]'':'''
:No actor is specified for the role of Bifur.

'''1982: ''[[The Hobbit (1982 video game)]]'':'''
:Bifur is omitted; Thorin is the only companion of the player, [[Bilbo Baggins]].<ref>''[http://www.worldofspectrum.org/showmag.cgi?mag=ZXComputing/Issue8304/Pages/ZXComputing830400076.jpg ZX Computing]'', 8304 (April/May 1983), p. 76, accessed [[24 April|April 24]] [[2011]]</ref>
'''2003: ''[[The Hobbit (2003 video game)]]'':'''
:No actor is credited for the role of Bifur.

'''2012-3: ''[[The Hobbit films]]'':'''
:Bifur will be played by [[William Kircher]].<ref name="PJCasting">{{webcite|author=[[Peter Jackson]]|articleurl=http://www.facebook.com/note.php?note_id=10150168211921558|articlename=Production begins in New Zealand on The Hobbit|dated=20-March-2011|website=[http://www.facebook.com/ Facebook]|accessed=23-Dec-2011}}</ref> In the adaptation, Bifur's character and backstory has been somewhat changed: he was badly wounded by a blow to the head from an Orc-axe. The axehead was so deeply embedded in his skull that any attempt to remove it would have killed him, so the rusting piece of metal protrudes from his forehead to this day. This grievous injury has let Bifur with some brain damage, leaving him unable to speak any language other than Khuzdul. Thus he must communicate with non-Dwarves using hand-signs.

{{references}}
{{Thorin and Company}}
[[Category:Characters in The Hobbit]]
[[Category:Dwarves]]
[[de:Bifur]]
[[fr:encyclo:personnages:nains:3a:bifur]]
[[fi:Bifur]]

Battle of Five Armies

2012-06-05T04:05:24Z

173.2.197.76: YOU WILL RELEGATE SUCH ADAPTATION MATERIAL TO RELEVANT PAGES. Do not use it for such serious articles.

{{Countdown}}
{{disambig-more|Battle of Five Armies|[[Battle of Five Armies (disambiguation)]]}}
{{battle
|image=[[File:Matt Stewart - The Battle Under the Mountain.jpg|300px]]|
name=Battle of Five Armies
|conflict=Battle of Five Armies
|date=[[23 November|November 23]], {{TA|2941}} (speculative)<ref name="KWF99">[[Karen Wynn Fonstad]], ''[[The Atlas of Middle-earth]]'' (second edition), page 99</ref>
|place=the slopes of Erebor, and the Valley and ruins of Dale
|result=Victory for the Elves, Men, and Dwarves
|side1=[[Elves]], [[Men]], [[Dwarves]], and [[Eagles]]
|side2=[[Orcs|Goblins]], [[Wargs]], [[Bats]]
|commanders1=
*[[Gandalf]]
*[[Thranduil]]
*[[Bard|Bard the Bowman]]
*[[Dáin Ironfoot|Dáin]]
*[[Thorin|Thorin]] †
*[[Gwaihir]]
|commanders2=
*[[Bolg]] †
|forces1=Over 1,000 Elf spearmen and archers, est. 2-300 Lake-Men, over 500 Dwarves from the Iron Hills,<ref name="Thief">{{H|Thief}}</ref> many Eagles, Thorin's 12 Dwarf companions, and [[Beorn]]
|forces2="innumberable" Goblins and Wargs; possibly 6-15,000 or more
|casual1=Many
|casual2=Annihilated, not one survived
}}

The '''Battle of Five Armies''' was an important battle waged in [[Third Age 2941]].<ref>{{App|TA}}</ref> The five warring parties were the [[Orcs|Goblins]] and the [[Wargs]] against [[Men]], [[Elves]] and [[Dwarves]] on and near the [[Lonely Mountain]].

==History==
=== Prelude ===

Thorin and Company, including the "master-thief" [[Bilbo Baggins]] trying to
recapture the heirloom of their fathers' (and possibly to kill Smaug, too, and thus to recapture the whole Kingdom) had camped without at [[Erebor]] for some weeks. Bilbo had already done some exploration of the old hallways using the [[Back Door]] and had stolen a golden cup from the treasure. By this deed and by Bilbo's bold speech Smaug's anger was kindled.

Erroneously believing, due to some remarks Bilbo had made during his conversation with Smaug,<ref name="Inside">{{H|Inside}}</ref> that some scheme of the Men of [[Lake-town|Esgaroth]] was the reason for the Dwarves' (and Bilbo's) presence, Smaug flew to Esgaroth to show them who is "the true [[King under the Mountain]]".<ref name="Inside">{{H|Inside}}</ref> Smaug's fires burned down the whole town, but the dragon was killed by [[Bard|Bard the Bowman]]. The [[Elves of Mirkwood]] soon learned that Smaug had been killed and thus set forth to claim the treasure, believing there was no one left, who had a claim on it. Having heard of the disaster that had struck the befriended men, the Elven host turned aside to offer any help that could be provided. Some day after the Elves had arrived at the [[Long Lake]] a united host of Men and Elves set forth towards Erebor, believing that the Dwarves had been among the first casualties of Smaug's wrath. To their surprise they found Thorin and Company quite alive, the gate to the halls beneath Erebor barred by a wall and themselves treated as foes, coming armed towards the gates.<ref name="Fire">{{H|Fire}}</ref>

For several reasons Bard, being heir of [[Girion]], Lord of [[Dale]], claimed one twelfth of the treasure: first, he was the dragonslayer and without him, the Dwarves could never have reclaimed their old home. Second, a great deal of Dale's treasure had been robbed by Smaug and thus belonged rightfully to Bard and not the Dwarves. Third, the men of Esgaroth had helped the Dwarves on their journey and now had suffered severely; their whole city burned to the ground and their stocks being destroyed by Smaug, whose anger in the end was only risen by the Dwarves alone. Therefore they demanded compensation and Bard intended to pay it from the part of the treasure he claimed.<ref name="Gathering">{{H|Gathering}}</ref>

Yet Thorin had become proud and bewitch by the gold and rebuked these claims. He would not fulfill any of the conditions as long as an armoured Elven host camped near Erebor. For the Elves did not have any claims on the treasure and Thorin himself had been imprisoned by the Elves.<ref name="Gathering">{{H|Gathering}}</ref>

As a result of Thorin's refusal to share any of the treasure, [[Thorin and Company|the dwarves]] were trapped in a bloodless siege, with [[Thranduil]] and Bard hoping to wait him out.<ref name="Gathering">{{H|Gathering}}</ref> However, Thorin had sent messages of his plight to his relatives using as messengers talking [[Ravens]] that lived on the Lonely Mountain. These reached [[Dáin II|Dáin II Ironfoot]] of the nearby Iron Hills, and he marched to Erebor with 500 heavily armed Dwarves, most of them skilled veterans of the [[War of the Dwarves and Orcs]]<ref name="Thief">{{H|Thief}}</ref>. When Dain's forces arrived, battle was almost joined between the two sides (now ''three'' armies were on the field) but at the last moment [[Gandalf]] intervened between the two and revealed that while they were bickering amongst themselves, the Orcs of the [[Misty Mountains]] and [[Grey Mountains]] under [[Bolg]] were using the opportunity to march against them. They had been incited by Gandalf's earlier slaying of the Great Goblin, but had now mobilized for a full-scale attack after hearing news of the death of the Dragon and the now relatively unguarded treasure hoard.<ref name=Burst>{{H|Burst}}</ref>

=== The Battle ===

The three commanders agreed that the Goblins were the enemies of all and previous grievances between them were put on hold in face of the greater threat. They arranged their forces on the two spurs of the Mountain that lined the valley leading to the now-sealed off great [[Gate of Erebor]]; the only entrance to the Mountain that remained unblocked (any others had been destroyed by Smaug long before). The 500 Dwarves and 200 or so Lake-men formed up on one spur and over 1000 Elves on the other, while a light rear-guard lined across the mouth of the valley to lure the Goblins between the two spurs of the mountain, and thus destroy them. [[Bilbo Baggins]] tried to sit out the battle on [[Raven Hill]] which was held by the Elves and where also Gandalf had withdrawn to.<ref name=Burst>{{H|Burst}}</ref>

Soon the Goblins and Wargs arrived (and now the ''fourth'' and ''fifth'' army were on the field), and at first the plan worked: they were lured into the chokepoint and took heavy losses. However, due to their superior numbers, the allied Free people's did not hold the advantage long. The second wave was even worse than the first, and due to their sheer number now many Goblins scaled the mountain from the opposite side, and began to attack the arrayed forces from above and behind, as the main wave pressed forward. The battle raged across the Mountain, and then a great noise was heard: Thorin and his 12 Dwarf companions inside the mountain had thrown down a section of the stone wall they had erected across the mouth of the gates, killing many Goblins. Thorin and Company emerged, covered in the best armour and armed with the best weapons in Erebor. Then Thorin cried, "''Rally to me my kinsfolk''," and charged down into the valley to join the battle with many Dwarves and many Men and Elves joining them. Thorin advanced through the Goblins' ranks all the way up to the gigantic Goblins that formed the Bodyguard of Bolg, but could not get past them. Also his battle-line was too short, the flanks unprotected and thus his attack soon crumbled, Thorin and many others were cut off and hard beset by Bolg's bodyguard. The battle degenerated into a chaotic close quarters melee, no quarter asked or given.<ref name=Burst>{{H|Burst}}</ref>

As the battle was turning fully against the Free Folk, a large army of Giant [[Eagles]] of the Misty Mountains arrived, led by [[Gwaihir]] the Windlord. Bilbo was the first to spot their entrance on the scene and began shouting that "the Eagles are coming!", a shout that was then continued among the other troops of the Free Folk. At this point Bilbo was knocked in the head by a large stone thrown by a Goblin from above on the Mountain, and he was knocked out.<ref name="Burst">{{H|Burst}}</ref> With the support of the Giant Eagles, the Goblins that had scaled Erebor were driven off. The tide was eventually turned, when [[Beorn]] himself arrived at the battle, apparently having heard news that a large army of Goblins was on the move. This time he did not appear in his former shape of a giant Man, but in that of a gigantic Bear. Beorn drove through the Goblin lines, but paused to carry the wounded Thorin out of the battle with his paw. Beorn then returned to the battle with even greater wrath and smashed the ranks of the Bodyguard of [[Bolg]], ultimately killing Bolg. The Goblins panicked and scattered, to be picked off by hunting forces from the victors later.<ref name="Return">{{H|Return}}</ref>

=== Aftermath ===

[[Thorin]] had been mortally wounded on the field, and his nephews [[Fíli]] and [[Kíli]] died defending him as he lay on the ground with shield and body. Thorin died soon after the battle, after he had met Bilbo one last time and had taken back the harsh words he had spoken before.

After defeating the Goblins and Wargs, the victors divided the treasure. Bard took [[Bilbo Baggins|Bilbo]]'s fourteenth share of the gold and silver in return for the [[Arkenstone]], whereupon he shared his reward with the [[Master of Lake-town]] and gave the Elvenking [[Thranduil]] the emeralds of [[Girion]]. Bilbo, despite having forfeited his share, was offered a rich reward by [[Dáin Ironfoot]] but refused to take more than two small chests of gold and silver.

It is said that three quarters of the Goblin warriors of the North were killed on that day.<ref name="Return"/>

==Other versions of the Legendarium==
In its first versions, the conflict around Erebor ended after the Siege. While Bard and the Elvenking laid siege, Gandalf would arrive and negotiate a peace treaty. The actual Battle, dubbed by [[John D. Rateliff]] the "Battle of Anduin Vale", would be on the return journey, in what would later be known as the [[Vales of Anduin]]. There, Goblins and Wargs would waylay Bilbo. The Five armies in this incarnation were the Goblins, the Wargs, the Woodelves, the Woodmen, and [[Beorn|Beorn Medwed]] leading a troop of bears.<ref name=TBo5A">[[J.R.R. Tolkien]], [[John D. Rateliff]] (ed.), ''[[The History of The Hobbit|The History of The Hobbit: Return to Bag-End]]'', pages 713-4</ref>

==Portrayal in adaptations==
'''1966: ''[[The Hobbit (1966 film)]]'':'''
:The battle is completely omitted. Bilbo kills the dragon, and returns home.<ref name="Deitch">{{webcite|articleurl=http://www.youtube.com/watch?feature=player_detailpage&v=UBnVL1Y2src|articlename=The Hobbit.mp4|dated=5 January 2012|website=YouTube|accessed=10 January 2012}}</ref>

'''1977: ''[[The Hobbit (1977 film)]]'':'''
:The "Five Armies" are the Elves, the Men, the Dwarves, the Orcs (and Wolves) and the Eagles. Bilbo estimates the force of the Men and Elves on 10,000, but this may not be an accurate estimate. The number of dwarves of Thorin and Company to have died is eight, but only Bombur and Thorin are named among the dead. Only Óin and Glóin are shown as having survived the battle.<ref name="RBH"/>

'''2003: ''[[The Hobbit (2003 video game)]]'':'''
:The battle takes up most of the last chapter. Because Bilbo is the main character, his role in the battle is much expanded. After leaving Thranduil, he has to fight his way to Balin, [[Lianna]], [[Corwin]], Gandalf, Beorn, and ultimately Bolg.

{{references}}

[[Category:Conflicts of the Third Age]]
[[Category:Sieges]]
[[de:Schlacht der Fünf Heere]]
[[fr:encyclo:evenements:3a:guerres:bataille_des_cinq_armees]]
[[fi:Viiden Armeijan Taistelu]]

Frodo Baggins

2012-05-30T22:45:26Z

173.2.197.76: /* Portrayal in Adaptations */

{{Cleanup}}
{{expansion}}
{{disambig-two|the Ring-bearer|the son of [[Samwise Gamgee]]|[[Frodo Gardner]]}}
{{Hobbit
| image = [[Image:Natalia Volodeva - Frodo Baggins.jpg|250px]]
| name = Frodo Baggins
| othernames = See ''[[#Names|Names]]'' below
| birth = [[22 September|September 22]], [[Third Age 2968|T.A. 2968]]
| death = Date unknown, [[Valinor]]
| parentage = [[Drogo Baggins]] and [[Primula Brandybuck]]
| location=[[Bag End]], [[Hobbiton]], [[Valinor]]
| race = [[Hobbits]]
| gender = Male
| height =Taller than most Hobbits
| hair = Brown
}}
'''Frodo Baggins''' was a [[Hobbits|Hobbit]] of the [[Third Age]], the most famous of all Hobbits in the histories for his leading role in the [[Quest of the Ring]]. During this epic quest, he bore [[the One Ring]] to [[Mount Doom]] and there destroyed it, giving him renown like no other [[Hobbits|Halfling]] throughout [[Middle-earth]]. He is also peculiar for being, as a [[Ring-bearers|Ring-bearer]], one of the three Hobbits who sailed from Middle-earth to [[Aman]], there to die in peace.

==History==
''Main Article: [[History of Frodo Baggins]]''

Frodo was born to [[Drogo Baggins]] and [[Primula Brandybuck]] on September 22nd, [[Third Age 2968]]. He spent much of his youth at [[Brandy Hall]] in [[Buckland]], the home of his mother's family. He was considered something of a rascal, particularly by [[Farmer Maggot]] from whom Frodo stole mushrooms. In 2980, when Frodo was only twelve years old, he lost both his parents who took a boat out onto the [[Brandywine River]] and drowned. With no siblings, Frodo was taken in by the [[Brandybuck Family|Brandybucks]] to live at [[Brandy Hall]] until his cousin, [[Bilbo Baggins]], adopted him and made Frodo his heir.

===War of the Ring===
[[Image:Rob Alexander - Lure of Expedience.jpg|thumb|left|275px|''Lure of Expedience'' by [[Rob Alexander]].]]Frodo was entrusted with the keeping of [[the One Ring]] when Bilbo left for [[Rivendell]] after the [[Bilbo's Farewell Party|celebration]] of his 111th birthday. [[Gandalf]] warned Frodo that the Ring must never be used and should be kept secret. (At the time, he was not yet certain that it was a [[Rings of Power|Ring of Power]].) Frodo kept the Ring hidden for seventeen years, until T.A. 3018, when Gandalf returned to confirm that it was indeed [[the One Ring]]. Gandalf sent him away with [[Samwise Gamgee|Sam Gamgee]], who was Frodo's gardener and eventually his dearest friend. Frodo pretended to go live at a new house at Crickhollow, to make his going away seem more legitimate. It was there that his friends Peregrin Took (also called Pippin) and Meriadoc Brandybuck (also called Merry) forced Frodo to allow them to go along with him. The hobbits went into the Old Forest, where they got lost. However, a man named Tom Bombadil rescued them and brought them to his son, later sending them along the right road again. The hobbits made it to Bree, where they met a man named [[Aragorn|Strider]], who seemed to know more about the danger they were in then they did themselves. The Ringwraiths, servants of the Dark Lord Sauron, caught up with the group at Weathertop, where Frodo was stabbed by a Morgul blade. Frodo almost faded and became a servant of the Dark Lord, but he was brought to [[Rivendell|House of Elrond]], Elrond healed him. There, at Elrond's Council, it was decided that the Ring must be destroyed by casting it into the [[Crack of Doom]]. A [[Fellowship of the Ring|Fellowship]] was formed to protect Frodo as the [[Ring-bearer]]. His quest to destroy the Ring forms a large portion of ''[[The Lord of the Rings]]''. Eventually, he succeeded in reaching [[Orodruin]], where, at the last moment, he attempted to claim the Ring, whose power had grown too great for him. However, at that moment he was attacked by [[Gollum]], who seized the Ring and then fell into the fire with it, thus destroying the Ring.

Two years after the destruction of the Ring, still troubled by the wounds he received during the War of the Ring, Frodo and Bilbo as Ring-bearers were given the right to travel to [[Valinor]] where, though remaining mortal, they might rest and be healed, together with [[Gandalf]], [[Elrond]] and [[Galadriel]]. They boarded a ship from the [[Grey Havens]] and passed over the sea on September 29, T.A. 3021. Having no children of his own, Frodo left his estate and passed on the [[Red Book of Westmarch|Red Book]] to [[Samwise Gamgee]] who followed Frodo across the sea 61 years later, following the death of his wife [[Rose Cotton|Rose (nee) Cotton]].

== Frodo's Struggles ==
[[Image:Olanda Fong-Surdenas - Corruption.jpg|thumb|''Corruption'' by [[Olanda Fong-Surdenas]].]]
Frodo Baggins never actually killed anything in the course of his Quest. He did, however, stand up to fight against some formidable adversaries. He foolishly attempted to fight the [[Nazgûl]] at [[Weathertop]], and he stabbed a [[troll]] in the foot in [[Moria]] to keep it from forcing open a door.

Frodo was wounded several times in his Quest. The first came when he tried to fight the Nazgul at Weathertop and was stabbed with a [[Morgul blade]]. He was later knocked out by an orc's thrown spear in Moria, but the [[mithril]] armor [[Bilbo Baggins]] had given him saved his life. He was poisoned by [[Shelob]] in the pass of [[Cirith Ungol]] and later questioned (and whipped) by orcs in the tower. Finally, [[Gollum]] bit off his finger to obtain [[the One Ring]] as they struggled inside [[Mount Doom]].

==Description and Equipment==
The only real description of Frodo's appearance is given only once by Gandalf in his letter to Barliman Butterbur, in which he is declared a "stout fellow with red cheeks, taller than some [hobbits], and fairer [more light-haired]than most", with a cleft chin, a bright eye, and a perky personality.

Frodo carried a small Elven sword (actually a dagger) called [[Sting]] and wore a coat of Dwarven chainmail made of [[Mithril]] under his clothes, both given to him by Bilbo. At [[Lothlórien]], [[Galadriel]] gave him an Elven cloak that blends him in with the natural surroundings and a phial carrying the light of the star [[Eärendil]] to aid him on his quest.

Before Frodo went back to the Shire (after the Quest of the Ring was completed), Arwen Evenstar, wife of Aragorn and daughter of Elrond, gave Frodo a white stone to wear around his neck.

==Etymology and Translations==
The name ''Frodo Baggins'' is an English translation of his [[Westron]] name '''[[Maura]] [[Baggins Family|Labingi]]'''. The name ''Maura'' has the element ''maur-'' (wise, experienced), which Tolkien equivalated to the Germanic element ''frod-'' of the same meaning. Frodo's name in [[Sindarin]] was '''''[[Iorhael]]''''' ("old-wise") although in some instance he is mentioned as '''Daur''' (probably [[lenition|lenited]] form of ''[[taur]]'').

In the German translation he is called ''Frodo Beutlin'', in Spanish, ''Frodo Bolsón'', in French, ''Frodon Sacquet'', in Norwegian, ''Frodo Lommelun'', in Danish, ''Frodo Sækker'', in Faroese, ''Fróði Pjøkin'' in Finnish, ''Frodo Reppuli'' and in Dutch, ''Frodo Balings''. In one of three Polish translations he is called ''Frodo Bagosz'', but he keeps his original name in the other two.
===Names and epithets===
* Frodo Baggins - ''fród'' means "wise by experience" in [[Old English]]. Baggins may have been a reference to [[Bag End]] or may come from "bagging" which means "eating between meals" in northern England.
* [[Ring-bearer]] - he bore [[the One Ring]] to [[Mount Doom]].
* [[Elf-friend]] - given to him by [[Gildor|Gildor Inglorion]].
* [[Mr. Underhill]] - used during his stay in the [[Prancing Pony]] to conceal his identity.
* [[The Halfling]] - a name used for him from [[Boromir]]'s dream.
* [[Master]] - given to Frodo by both [[Samwise Gamgee]] as Sam was his gardener, and [[Gollum]], as Frodo was the Master of the Precious.
* Nine-fingered Frodo\Frodo of the Nine Fingers - given to Frodo after Gollum bit off his finger.
* Deputy Mayor of [[Michel Delving]] - he was the Deputy from November 3019 through Mid-Year's Day in 3020
* [[Taur|Daur]] - which translates to "noble" and was given to Frodo at the [[Field of Cormallen]].
* [[Iorhael]] - the [[Sindarin]] name for Frodo which comes from [[ior]] meaning "old" and [[hael]] meaning "wise,"
* [[Maura]] [[Baggins Family|Labingi]] - the Hobbit name for Frodo.

* [[Bingo Baggins]] - Frodo's name in the early drafts of [[The Lord of the Rings]].
* Bronwe athan Harthad - a name given to Frodo by Gandalf in an early version of [[The Lord of the Rings]], revealed in [[The History of Middle-earth]]. It means "Endurance beyond Hope".

==The Line of Frodo==
{{familytree/start}}
{{familytree| | |BAL|y|BER| |BAL=[[Balbo Baggins]]|BER=[[Berylla Baggins|Berylla Boffin]]}}
{{familytree| |,|-|-|-|^|-|.| |}}
{{familytree|MUN| | | |LAR|y|TAN|MUN=[[Mungo Baggins]](grandfather of Bilbo)|LAR=[[Largo Baggins]]|TAN=[[Tanta Hornblower]]}}
{{familytree| | | | |,|-|-|-|v|^|-|-|-|-|-|-|.| |}}
{{familytree| | | |DOR| |DRO|y|PRI| |DUD|DOR=[[Dora Baggins]]|DRO=[[Drogo Baggins]]|PRI=[[Primula Brandybuck]]|DUD=[[Dudo Baggins]]}}
{{familytree| | | | | | | | | | |!| | | | | |!|}}
{{familytree| | | | | | | | | |FRO| | | |DAI|~|GRI|FRO='''Frodo Baggins'''|DAI=[[Daisy Baggins]]|GRI=[[Griffo Boffin]]}}
{{familytree/end}}

==Portrayal in Adaptations ==
<center><gallery>
Image:Frodo.png|Frodo in ''[[The Lord of the Rings (1978 film)]]''
Image:Frodo Rankin Bass.png|Frodo in ''[[The Return of the King (1980 film)]]''
Image:Frodo Elijah Wood.png|Frodo in ''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Motion Picture Trilogy]]''
Image:Frodo One Ring viv lotr.JPG|Frodo in ''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring (video game)]]''
Image:Lego LOTR logo.png|Frodo as a ''[[Lego]]'' minifigure
</gallery></center>
'''1955: ''[[The Lord of the Rings (1955 radio series)|BBC Radio's The Lord of the Rings]]'':'''
:[[Oliver Burt]] provided the voice of Frodo.
'''1978: ''[[The Lord of the Rings (1978 film)]]'':'''
:Frodo was voiced by [[Christopher Guard]]. [[Sharon Baird]] was the model for Frodo in the live-action recordings Bakshi used for rotoscoping.

'''1979: ''[[The Lord of the Rings (1979 radio series)|Mind's Eye's The Lord of the Rings]]'':'''
:The voice of Frodo is provided by [[James Arrington]].

'''1980: ''[[The Return of the King (1980 film)]]'':'''
:Frodo was voiced by [[Orson Bean]], who had previously played Bilbo in ''[[The Hobbit (1977 film)]]''.

'''1981: ''[[The Lord of the Rings (1981 radio series)|BBC Radio's The Lord of the Rings]]'':'''
:Frodo is voiced by [[Ian Holm]].

'''1992: ''[[Tales from the Perilous Realm (1992 radio series)|BBC Radio's Tales from the Perilous Realm]]'':'''
:In two episodes telling of the meeting of Frodo and [[Tom Bombadil]], [[Nigel Planer]] provided the voice of Frodo.

'''2001-3: ''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Motion Picture Trilogy]]'':'''
:Frodo is played by [[Elijah Wood]]. He is portrayed as slightly younger than his character in the book. He is also depicted with black hair, though the one (very brief) description of Frodo in the books said that he had fairer hair than most Hobbits (i.e. from light brown to dirty blonde).

'''2002: ''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring (video game)|Vivendi's The Fellowship of the Ring]]'':'''
:Frodo is one of the playable characters, his story doesn't significantly differ from the book. He is voiced by [[Steve Staley]].

'''2003: ''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King (video game)]]'':'''
:Frodo is present in all missions from Sam's perspective: escape from [[Osgiliath]], Shelob's Lair, Cirith Ungol and the Crack of Doom. Completing the game allows to replay those missions from Frodo's perspective.

'''2004: ''[[The Lord of the Rings: War of the Ring]]'':'''
:Frodo is a "Hero" unit of the Free People, his ability to use the Ring and turn invisible make him ideal for scout missions.

'''2004: ''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Battle for Middle-earth]]'':'''
:Unlike most other characters, Frodo and Sam make no appearance in Skirmish battles - they only appear in the storyline campaign.

'''2006: ''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Battle for Middle-earth II]]'':'''
:Frodo and other Hobbits are no longer permanent units, they are now a temporary power boost available to Free People forces.

'''2007: ''[[The Lord of the Rings Online]]'':'''
:Frodo can be first met in Rivendell, preparing for departure. Later, he is found on Cerin Amroth in Lothlorien, weary from the loss of Gandalf. As a notable event, a Hobbit actor portrays Frodo Baggins in a Hobbit-made theater play "The Disappearance of Mad Baggins".

'''2011: ''[[The Lord of the Rings: War in the North]]'':'''
:Frodo is mentioned as '''"Frodo the Ringbearer"''', one of the much honored heroes of the [[War of the Ring]], in the introduction of the game. In [[The Prancing Pony]] [[Aragorn]] tells that he is waiting on a [[Hobbits|Hobbit]] with [[One Ring|an important burden]], this refers to Frodo and the One Ring.<ref>[[The Lord of the Rings: War in the North]], ''Prologue''</ref>
:Latter in the game, Frodo appears in [[Rivendell]], but interactions with him do not affect the main plot.

'''2012-3: ''[[The Hobbit films]]'':'''
:[[Elijah Wood]] will reprise his role as Frodo Baggins.<ref name="PJCasting">{{webcite|author=[[Peter Jackson]]|articleurl=http://www.facebook.com/note.php?note_id=10150168211921558|articlename=Production begins in New Zealand on The Hobbit|dated=20-March-2011|website=[http://www.facebook.com/ Facebook]|accessed=23-Dec-2011}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[:Category:Images of Frodo Baggins|Images of Frodo Baggins]]
*[[Timeline of Frodo Baggins]]
{{sequence
|prev=[[Bilbo Baggins]]
|next=[[Samwise Gamgee]]
|list=[[Ring-bearer]] [[22 September|September 22]], [[Third Age 3001|T.A. 3001]] - [[13 March|March 13]], [[Third Age 3019|3019]]}} 
{{sequence
|prev=[[Samwise Gamgee]]
|next=[[Gollum]]
|list=[[Ring-bearer]] [[14 March|March 14]], 3019 - [[25 March|March 25]], 3019}}{{fellowship}}

{{References}}

[[Category:Baggins]]
[[Category:Characters in The Silmarillion]]
[[Category:Characters in The Lord of the Rings]]
[[Category:Hobbits]]
[[Category:Ring-bearers]]

[[de:Frodo Beutlin]]
[[fa:فرودو بگینز]]
[[fr:encyclo:personnages:hobbits:sacquet:frodo_sacquet]]
[[fi:Frodo Reppuli]]

Frodo Baggins

2012-05-30T22:43:27Z

173.2.197.76: /* Description and Equipment */

{{Cleanup}}
{{expansion}}
{{disambig-two|the Ring-bearer|the son of [[Samwise Gamgee]]|[[Frodo Gardner]]}}
{{Hobbit
| image = [[Image:Natalia Volodeva - Frodo Baggins.jpg|250px]]
| name = Frodo Baggins
| othernames = See ''[[#Names|Names]]'' below
| birth = [[22 September|September 22]], [[Third Age 2968|T.A. 2968]]
| death = Date unknown, [[Valinor]]
| parentage = [[Drogo Baggins]] and [[Primula Brandybuck]]
| location=[[Bag End]], [[Hobbiton]], [[Valinor]]
| race = [[Hobbits]]
| gender = Male
| height =Taller than most Hobbits
| hair = Brown
}}
'''Frodo Baggins''' was a [[Hobbits|Hobbit]] of the [[Third Age]], the most famous of all Hobbits in the histories for his leading role in the [[Quest of the Ring]]. During this epic quest, he bore [[the One Ring]] to [[Mount Doom]] and there destroyed it, giving him renown like no other [[Hobbits|Halfling]] throughout [[Middle-earth]]. He is also peculiar for being, as a [[Ring-bearers|Ring-bearer]], one of the three Hobbits who sailed from Middle-earth to [[Aman]], there to die in peace.

==History==
''Main Article: [[History of Frodo Baggins]]''

Frodo was born to [[Drogo Baggins]] and [[Primula Brandybuck]] on September 22nd, [[Third Age 2968]]. He spent much of his youth at [[Brandy Hall]] in [[Buckland]], the home of his mother's family. He was considered something of a rascal, particularly by [[Farmer Maggot]] from whom Frodo stole mushrooms. In 2980, when Frodo was only twelve years old, he lost both his parents who took a boat out onto the [[Brandywine River]] and drowned. With no siblings, Frodo was taken in by the [[Brandybuck Family|Brandybucks]] to live at [[Brandy Hall]] until his cousin, [[Bilbo Baggins]], adopted him and made Frodo his heir.

===War of the Ring===
[[Image:Rob Alexander - Lure of Expedience.jpg|thumb|left|275px|''Lure of Expedience'' by [[Rob Alexander]].]]Frodo was entrusted with the keeping of [[the One Ring]] when Bilbo left for [[Rivendell]] after the [[Bilbo's Farewell Party|celebration]] of his 111th birthday. [[Gandalf]] warned Frodo that the Ring must never be used and should be kept secret. (At the time, he was not yet certain that it was a [[Rings of Power|Ring of Power]].) Frodo kept the Ring hidden for seventeen years, until T.A. 3018, when Gandalf returned to confirm that it was indeed [[the One Ring]]. Gandalf sent him away with [[Samwise Gamgee|Sam Gamgee]], who was Frodo's gardener and eventually his dearest friend. Frodo pretended to go live at a new house at Crickhollow, to make his going away seem more legitimate. It was there that his friends Peregrin Took (also called Pippin) and Meriadoc Brandybuck (also called Merry) forced Frodo to allow them to go along with him. The hobbits went into the Old Forest, where they got lost. However, a man named Tom Bombadil rescued them and brought them to his son, later sending them along the right road again. The hobbits made it to Bree, where they met a man named [[Aragorn|Strider]], who seemed to know more about the danger they were in then they did themselves. The Ringwraiths, servants of the Dark Lord Sauron, caught up with the group at Weathertop, where Frodo was stabbed by a Morgul blade. Frodo almost faded and became a servant of the Dark Lord, but he was brought to [[Rivendell|House of Elrond]], Elrond healed him. There, at Elrond's Council, it was decided that the Ring must be destroyed by casting it into the [[Crack of Doom]]. A [[Fellowship of the Ring|Fellowship]] was formed to protect Frodo as the [[Ring-bearer]]. His quest to destroy the Ring forms a large portion of ''[[The Lord of the Rings]]''. Eventually, he succeeded in reaching [[Orodruin]], where, at the last moment, he attempted to claim the Ring, whose power had grown too great for him. However, at that moment he was attacked by [[Gollum]], who seized the Ring and then fell into the fire with it, thus destroying the Ring.

Two years after the destruction of the Ring, still troubled by the wounds he received during the War of the Ring, Frodo and Bilbo as Ring-bearers were given the right to travel to [[Valinor]] where, though remaining mortal, they might rest and be healed, together with [[Gandalf]], [[Elrond]] and [[Galadriel]]. They boarded a ship from the [[Grey Havens]] and passed over the sea on September 29, T.A. 3021. Having no children of his own, Frodo left his estate and passed on the [[Red Book of Westmarch|Red Book]] to [[Samwise Gamgee]] who followed Frodo across the sea 61 years later, following the death of his wife [[Rose Cotton|Rose (nee) Cotton]].

== Frodo's Struggles ==
[[Image:Olanda Fong-Surdenas - Corruption.jpg|thumb|''Corruption'' by [[Olanda Fong-Surdenas]].]]
Frodo Baggins never actually killed anything in the course of his Quest. He did, however, stand up to fight against some formidable adversaries. He foolishly attempted to fight the [[Nazgûl]] at [[Weathertop]], and he stabbed a [[troll]] in the foot in [[Moria]] to keep it from forcing open a door.

Frodo was wounded several times in his Quest. The first came when he tried to fight the Nazgul at Weathertop and was stabbed with a [[Morgul blade]]. He was later knocked out by an orc's thrown spear in Moria, but the [[mithril]] armor [[Bilbo Baggins]] had given him saved his life. He was poisoned by [[Shelob]] in the pass of [[Cirith Ungol]] and later questioned (and whipped) by orcs in the tower. Finally, [[Gollum]] bit off his finger to obtain [[the One Ring]] as they struggled inside [[Mount Doom]].

==Description and Equipment==
The only real description of Frodo's appearance is given only once by Gandalf in his letter to Barliman Butterbur, in which he is declared a "stout fellow with red cheeks, taller than some [hobbits], and fairer [more light-haired]than most", with a cleft chin, a bright eye, and a perky personality.

Frodo carried a small Elven sword (actually a dagger) called [[Sting]] and wore a coat of Dwarven chainmail made of [[Mithril]] under his clothes, both given to him by Bilbo. At [[Lothlórien]], [[Galadriel]] gave him an Elven cloak that blends him in with the natural surroundings and a phial carrying the light of the star [[Eärendil]] to aid him on his quest.

Before Frodo went back to the Shire (after the Quest of the Ring was completed), Arwen Evenstar, wife of Aragorn and daughter of Elrond, gave Frodo a white stone to wear around his neck.

==Etymology and Translations==
The name ''Frodo Baggins'' is an English translation of his [[Westron]] name '''[[Maura]] [[Baggins Family|Labingi]]'''. The name ''Maura'' has the element ''maur-'' (wise, experienced), which Tolkien equivalated to the Germanic element ''frod-'' of the same meaning. Frodo's name in [[Sindarin]] was '''''[[Iorhael]]''''' ("old-wise") although in some instance he is mentioned as '''Daur''' (probably [[lenition|lenited]] form of ''[[taur]]'').

In the German translation he is called ''Frodo Beutlin'', in Spanish, ''Frodo Bolsón'', in French, ''Frodon Sacquet'', in Norwegian, ''Frodo Lommelun'', in Danish, ''Frodo Sækker'', in Faroese, ''Fróði Pjøkin'' in Finnish, ''Frodo Reppuli'' and in Dutch, ''Frodo Balings''. In one of three Polish translations he is called ''Frodo Bagosz'', but he keeps his original name in the other two.
===Names and epithets===
* Frodo Baggins - ''fród'' means "wise by experience" in [[Old English]]. Baggins may have been a reference to [[Bag End]] or may come from "bagging" which means "eating between meals" in northern England.
* [[Ring-bearer]] - he bore [[the One Ring]] to [[Mount Doom]].
* [[Elf-friend]] - given to him by [[Gildor|Gildor Inglorion]].
* [[Mr. Underhill]] - used during his stay in the [[Prancing Pony]] to conceal his identity.
* [[The Halfling]] - a name used for him from [[Boromir]]'s dream.
* [[Master]] - given to Frodo by both [[Samwise Gamgee]] as Sam was his gardener, and [[Gollum]], as Frodo was the Master of the Precious.
* Nine-fingered Frodo\Frodo of the Nine Fingers - given to Frodo after Gollum bit off his finger.
* Deputy Mayor of [[Michel Delving]] - he was the Deputy from November 3019 through Mid-Year's Day in 3020
* [[Taur|Daur]] - which translates to "noble" and was given to Frodo at the [[Field of Cormallen]].
* [[Iorhael]] - the [[Sindarin]] name for Frodo which comes from [[ior]] meaning "old" and [[hael]] meaning "wise,"
* [[Maura]] [[Baggins Family|Labingi]] - the Hobbit name for Frodo.

* [[Bingo Baggins]] - Frodo's name in the early drafts of [[The Lord of the Rings]].
* Bronwe athan Harthad - a name given to Frodo by Gandalf in an early version of [[The Lord of the Rings]], revealed in [[The History of Middle-earth]]. It means "Endurance beyond Hope".

==The Line of Frodo==
{{familytree/start}}
{{familytree| | |BAL|y|BER| |BAL=[[Balbo Baggins]]|BER=[[Berylla Baggins|Berylla Boffin]]}}
{{familytree| |,|-|-|-|^|-|.| |}}
{{familytree|MUN| | | |LAR|y|TAN|MUN=[[Mungo Baggins]](grandfather of Bilbo)|LAR=[[Largo Baggins]]|TAN=[[Tanta Hornblower]]}}
{{familytree| | | | |,|-|-|-|v|^|-|-|-|-|-|-|.| |}}
{{familytree| | | |DOR| |DRO|y|PRI| |DUD|DOR=[[Dora Baggins]]|DRO=[[Drogo Baggins]]|PRI=[[Primula Brandybuck]]|DUD=[[Dudo Baggins]]}}
{{familytree| | | | | | | | | | |!| | | | | |!|}}
{{familytree| | | | | | | | | |FRO| | | |DAI|~|GRI|FRO='''Frodo Baggins'''|DAI=[[Daisy Baggins]]|GRI=[[Griffo Boffin]]}}
{{familytree/end}}

==Portrayal in Adaptations ==
<center><gallery>
Image:Frodo.png|Frodo in ''[[The Lord of the Rings (1978 film)]]''
Image:Frodo Rankin Bass.png|Frodo in ''[[The Return of the King (1980 film)]]''
Image:Frodo Elijah Wood.png|Frodo in ''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Motion Picture Trilogy]]''
Image:Frodo One Ring viv lotr.JPG|Frodo in ''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring (video game)]]''
Image:Lego LOTR logo.png|Frodo as a ''[[Lego]]'' minifigure
</gallery></center>
'''1955: ''[[The Lord of the Rings (1955 radio series)|BBC Radio's The Lord of the Rings]]'':'''
:[[Oliver Burt]] provided the voice of Frodo.
'''1978: ''[[The Lord of the Rings (1978 film)]]'':'''
:Frodo was voiced by [[Christopher Guard]]. [[Sharon Baird]] was the model for Frodo in the live-action recordings Bakshi used for rotoscoping.

'''1979: ''[[The Lord of the Rings (1979 radio series)|Mind's Eye's The Lord of the Rings]]'':'''
:The voice of Frodo is provided by [[James Arrington]].

'''1980: ''[[The Return of the King (1980 film)]]'':'''
:Frodo was voiced by [[Orson Bean]], who had previously played Bilbo in ''[[The Hobbit (1977 film)]]''.

'''1981: ''[[The Lord of the Rings (1981 radio series)|BBC Radio's The Lord of the Rings]]'':'''
:Frodo is voiced by [[Ian Holm]].

'''1992: ''[[Tales from the Perilous Realm (1992 radio series)|BBC Radio's Tales from the Perilous Realm]]'':'''
:In two episodes telling of the meeting of Frodo and [[Tom Bombadil]], [[Nigel Planer]] provided the voice of Frodo.

'''2001-3: ''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Motion Picture Trilogy]]'':'''
:Frodo is played by [[Elijah Wood]]. He is portrayed as slightly younger than his character in the book.

'''2002: ''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring (video game)|Vivendi's The Fellowship of the Ring]]'':'''
:Frodo is one of the playable characters, his story doesn't significantly differ from the book. He is voiced by [[Steve Staley]].

'''2003: ''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King (video game)]]'':'''
:Frodo is present in all missions from Sam's perspective: escape from [[Osgiliath]], Shelob's Lair, Cirith Ungol and the Crack of Doom. Completing the game allows to replay those missions from Frodo's perspective.

'''2004: ''[[The Lord of the Rings: War of the Ring]]'':'''
:Frodo is a "Hero" unit of the Free People, his ability to use the Ring and turn invisible make him ideal for scout missions.

'''2004: ''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Battle for Middle-earth]]'':'''
:Unlike most other characters, Frodo and Sam make no appearance in Skirmish battles - they only appear in the storyline campaign.

'''2006: ''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Battle for Middle-earth II]]'':'''
:Frodo and other Hobbits are no longer permanent units, they are now a temporary power boost available to Free People forces.

'''2007: ''[[The Lord of the Rings Online]]'':'''
:Frodo can be first met in Rivendell, preparing for departure. Later, he is found on Cerin Amroth in Lothlorien, weary from the loss of Gandalf. As a notable event, a Hobbit actor portrays Frodo Baggins in a Hobbit-made theater play "The Disappearance of Mad Baggins".

'''2011: ''[[The Lord of the Rings: War in the North]]'':'''
:Frodo is mentioned as '''"Frodo the Ringbearer"''', one of the much honored heroes of the [[War of the Ring]], in the introduction of the game. In [[The Prancing Pony]] [[Aragorn]] tells that he is waiting on a [[Hobbits|Hobbit]] with [[One Ring|an important burden]], this refers to Frodo and the One Ring.<ref>[[The Lord of the Rings: War in the North]], ''Prologue''</ref>
:Latter in the game, Frodo appears in [[Rivendell]], but interactions with him do not affect the main plot.

'''2012-3: ''[[The Hobbit films]]'':'''
:[[Elijah Wood]] will reprise his role as Frodo Baggins.<ref name="PJCasting">{{webcite|author=[[Peter Jackson]]|articleurl=http://www.facebook.com/note.php?note_id=10150168211921558|articlename=Production begins in New Zealand on The Hobbit|dated=20-March-2011|website=[http://www.facebook.com/ Facebook]|accessed=23-Dec-2011}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[:Category:Images of Frodo Baggins|Images of Frodo Baggins]]
*[[Timeline of Frodo Baggins]]
{{sequence
|prev=[[Bilbo Baggins]]
|next=[[Samwise Gamgee]]
|list=[[Ring-bearer]] [[22 September|September 22]], [[Third Age 3001|T.A. 3001]] - [[13 March|March 13]], [[Third Age 3019|3019]]}} 
{{sequence
|prev=[[Samwise Gamgee]]
|next=[[Gollum]]
|list=[[Ring-bearer]] [[14 March|March 14]], 3019 - [[25 March|March 25]], 3019}}{{fellowship}}

{{References}}

[[Category:Baggins]]
[[Category:Characters in The Silmarillion]]
[[Category:Characters in The Lord of the Rings]]
[[Category:Hobbits]]
[[Category:Ring-bearers]]

[[de:Frodo Beutlin]]
[[fa:فرودو بگینز]]
[[fr:encyclo:personnages:hobbits:sacquet:frodo_sacquet]]
[[fi:Frodo Reppuli]]

Frodo Baggins

2012-05-30T22:43:09Z

173.2.197.76: /* Description and Equipment */

{{Cleanup}}
{{expansion}}
{{disambig-two|the Ring-bearer|the son of [[Samwise Gamgee]]|[[Frodo Gardner]]}}
{{Hobbit
| image = [[Image:Natalia Volodeva - Frodo Baggins.jpg|250px]]
| name = Frodo Baggins
| othernames = See ''[[#Names|Names]]'' below
| birth = [[22 September|September 22]], [[Third Age 2968|T.A. 2968]]
| death = Date unknown, [[Valinor]]
| parentage = [[Drogo Baggins]] and [[Primula Brandybuck]]
| location=[[Bag End]], [[Hobbiton]], [[Valinor]]
| race = [[Hobbits]]
| gender = Male
| height =Taller than most Hobbits
| hair = Brown
}}
'''Frodo Baggins''' was a [[Hobbits|Hobbit]] of the [[Third Age]], the most famous of all Hobbits in the histories for his leading role in the [[Quest of the Ring]]. During this epic quest, he bore [[the One Ring]] to [[Mount Doom]] and there destroyed it, giving him renown like no other [[Hobbits|Halfling]] throughout [[Middle-earth]]. He is also peculiar for being, as a [[Ring-bearers|Ring-bearer]], one of the three Hobbits who sailed from Middle-earth to [[Aman]], there to die in peace.

==History==
''Main Article: [[History of Frodo Baggins]]''

Frodo was born to [[Drogo Baggins]] and [[Primula Brandybuck]] on September 22nd, [[Third Age 2968]]. He spent much of his youth at [[Brandy Hall]] in [[Buckland]], the home of his mother's family. He was considered something of a rascal, particularly by [[Farmer Maggot]] from whom Frodo stole mushrooms. In 2980, when Frodo was only twelve years old, he lost both his parents who took a boat out onto the [[Brandywine River]] and drowned. With no siblings, Frodo was taken in by the [[Brandybuck Family|Brandybucks]] to live at [[Brandy Hall]] until his cousin, [[Bilbo Baggins]], adopted him and made Frodo his heir.

===War of the Ring===
[[Image:Rob Alexander - Lure of Expedience.jpg|thumb|left|275px|''Lure of Expedience'' by [[Rob Alexander]].]]Frodo was entrusted with the keeping of [[the One Ring]] when Bilbo left for [[Rivendell]] after the [[Bilbo's Farewell Party|celebration]] of his 111th birthday. [[Gandalf]] warned Frodo that the Ring must never be used and should be kept secret. (At the time, he was not yet certain that it was a [[Rings of Power|Ring of Power]].) Frodo kept the Ring hidden for seventeen years, until T.A. 3018, when Gandalf returned to confirm that it was indeed [[the One Ring]]. Gandalf sent him away with [[Samwise Gamgee|Sam Gamgee]], who was Frodo's gardener and eventually his dearest friend. Frodo pretended to go live at a new house at Crickhollow, to make his going away seem more legitimate. It was there that his friends Peregrin Took (also called Pippin) and Meriadoc Brandybuck (also called Merry) forced Frodo to allow them to go along with him. The hobbits went into the Old Forest, where they got lost. However, a man named Tom Bombadil rescued them and brought them to his son, later sending them along the right road again. The hobbits made it to Bree, where they met a man named [[Aragorn|Strider]], who seemed to know more about the danger they were in then they did themselves. The Ringwraiths, servants of the Dark Lord Sauron, caught up with the group at Weathertop, where Frodo was stabbed by a Morgul blade. Frodo almost faded and became a servant of the Dark Lord, but he was brought to [[Rivendell|House of Elrond]], Elrond healed him. There, at Elrond's Council, it was decided that the Ring must be destroyed by casting it into the [[Crack of Doom]]. A [[Fellowship of the Ring|Fellowship]] was formed to protect Frodo as the [[Ring-bearer]]. His quest to destroy the Ring forms a large portion of ''[[The Lord of the Rings]]''. Eventually, he succeeded in reaching [[Orodruin]], where, at the last moment, he attempted to claim the Ring, whose power had grown too great for him. However, at that moment he was attacked by [[Gollum]], who seized the Ring and then fell into the fire with it, thus destroying the Ring.

Two years after the destruction of the Ring, still troubled by the wounds he received during the War of the Ring, Frodo and Bilbo as Ring-bearers were given the right to travel to [[Valinor]] where, though remaining mortal, they might rest and be healed, together with [[Gandalf]], [[Elrond]] and [[Galadriel]]. They boarded a ship from the [[Grey Havens]] and passed over the sea on September 29, T.A. 3021. Having no children of his own, Frodo left his estate and passed on the [[Red Book of Westmarch|Red Book]] to [[Samwise Gamgee]] who followed Frodo across the sea 61 years later, following the death of his wife [[Rose Cotton|Rose (nee) Cotton]].

== Frodo's Struggles ==
[[Image:Olanda Fong-Surdenas - Corruption.jpg|thumb|''Corruption'' by [[Olanda Fong-Surdenas]].]]
Frodo Baggins never actually killed anything in the course of his Quest. He did, however, stand up to fight against some formidable adversaries. He foolishly attempted to fight the [[Nazgûl]] at [[Weathertop]], and he stabbed a [[troll]] in the foot in [[Moria]] to keep it from forcing open a door.

Frodo was wounded several times in his Quest. The first came when he tried to fight the Nazgul at Weathertop and was stabbed with a [[Morgul blade]]. He was later knocked out by an orc's thrown spear in Moria, but the [[mithril]] armor [[Bilbo Baggins]] had given him saved his life. He was poisoned by [[Shelob]] in the pass of [[Cirith Ungol]] and later questioned (and whipped) by orcs in the tower. Finally, [[Gollum]] bit off his finger to obtain [[the One Ring]] as they struggled inside [[Mount Doom]].

==Description and Equipment==
The only real description of Frodo's description is given only once by Gandalf in his letter to Barliman Butterbur, in which he is declared a "stout fellow with red cheeks, taller than some [hobbits], and fairer [more light-haired]than most", with a cleft chin, a bright eye, and a perky personality.

Frodo carried a small Elven sword (actually a dagger) called [[Sting]] and wore a coat of Dwarven chainmail made of [[Mithril]] under his clothes, both given to him by Bilbo. At [[Lothlórien]], [[Galadriel]] gave him an Elven cloak that blends him in with the natural surroundings and a phial carrying the light of the star [[Eärendil]] to aid him on his quest.

Before Frodo went back to the Shire (after the Quest of the Ring was completed), Arwen Evenstar, wife of Aragorn and daughter of Elrond, gave Frodo a white stone to wear around his neck.

==Etymology and Translations==
The name ''Frodo Baggins'' is an English translation of his [[Westron]] name '''[[Maura]] [[Baggins Family|Labingi]]'''. The name ''Maura'' has the element ''maur-'' (wise, experienced), which Tolkien equivalated to the Germanic element ''frod-'' of the same meaning. Frodo's name in [[Sindarin]] was '''''[[Iorhael]]''''' ("old-wise") although in some instance he is mentioned as '''Daur''' (probably [[lenition|lenited]] form of ''[[taur]]'').

In the German translation he is called ''Frodo Beutlin'', in Spanish, ''Frodo Bolsón'', in French, ''Frodon Sacquet'', in Norwegian, ''Frodo Lommelun'', in Danish, ''Frodo Sækker'', in Faroese, ''Fróði Pjøkin'' in Finnish, ''Frodo Reppuli'' and in Dutch, ''Frodo Balings''. In one of three Polish translations he is called ''Frodo Bagosz'', but he keeps his original name in the other two.
===Names and epithets===
* Frodo Baggins - ''fród'' means "wise by experience" in [[Old English]]. Baggins may have been a reference to [[Bag End]] or may come from "bagging" which means "eating between meals" in northern England.
* [[Ring-bearer]] - he bore [[the One Ring]] to [[Mount Doom]].
* [[Elf-friend]] - given to him by [[Gildor|Gildor Inglorion]].
* [[Mr. Underhill]] - used during his stay in the [[Prancing Pony]] to conceal his identity.
* [[The Halfling]] - a name used for him from [[Boromir]]'s dream.
* [[Master]] - given to Frodo by both [[Samwise Gamgee]] as Sam was his gardener, and [[Gollum]], as Frodo was the Master of the Precious.
* Nine-fingered Frodo\Frodo of the Nine Fingers - given to Frodo after Gollum bit off his finger.
* Deputy Mayor of [[Michel Delving]] - he was the Deputy from November 3019 through Mid-Year's Day in 3020
* [[Taur|Daur]] - which translates to "noble" and was given to Frodo at the [[Field of Cormallen]].
* [[Iorhael]] - the [[Sindarin]] name for Frodo which comes from [[ior]] meaning "old" and [[hael]] meaning "wise,"
* [[Maura]] [[Baggins Family|Labingi]] - the Hobbit name for Frodo.

* [[Bingo Baggins]] - Frodo's name in the early drafts of [[The Lord of the Rings]].
* Bronwe athan Harthad - a name given to Frodo by Gandalf in an early version of [[The Lord of the Rings]], revealed in [[The History of Middle-earth]]. It means "Endurance beyond Hope".

==The Line of Frodo==
{{familytree/start}}
{{familytree| | |BAL|y|BER| |BAL=[[Balbo Baggins]]|BER=[[Berylla Baggins|Berylla Boffin]]}}
{{familytree| |,|-|-|-|^|-|.| |}}
{{familytree|MUN| | | |LAR|y|TAN|MUN=[[Mungo Baggins]](grandfather of Bilbo)|LAR=[[Largo Baggins]]|TAN=[[Tanta Hornblower]]}}
{{familytree| | | | |,|-|-|-|v|^|-|-|-|-|-|-|.| |}}
{{familytree| | | |DOR| |DRO|y|PRI| |DUD|DOR=[[Dora Baggins]]|DRO=[[Drogo Baggins]]|PRI=[[Primula Brandybuck]]|DUD=[[Dudo Baggins]]}}
{{familytree| | | | | | | | | | |!| | | | | |!|}}
{{familytree| | | | | | | | | |FRO| | | |DAI|~|GRI|FRO='''Frodo Baggins'''|DAI=[[Daisy Baggins]]|GRI=[[Griffo Boffin]]}}
{{familytree/end}}

==Portrayal in Adaptations ==
<center><gallery>
Image:Frodo.png|Frodo in ''[[The Lord of the Rings (1978 film)]]''
Image:Frodo Rankin Bass.png|Frodo in ''[[The Return of the King (1980 film)]]''
Image:Frodo Elijah Wood.png|Frodo in ''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Motion Picture Trilogy]]''
Image:Frodo One Ring viv lotr.JPG|Frodo in ''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring (video game)]]''
Image:Lego LOTR logo.png|Frodo as a ''[[Lego]]'' minifigure
</gallery></center>
'''1955: ''[[The Lord of the Rings (1955 radio series)|BBC Radio's The Lord of the Rings]]'':'''
:[[Oliver Burt]] provided the voice of Frodo.
'''1978: ''[[The Lord of the Rings (1978 film)]]'':'''
:Frodo was voiced by [[Christopher Guard]]. [[Sharon Baird]] was the model for Frodo in the live-action recordings Bakshi used for rotoscoping.

'''1979: ''[[The Lord of the Rings (1979 radio series)|Mind's Eye's The Lord of the Rings]]'':'''
:The voice of Frodo is provided by [[James Arrington]].

'''1980: ''[[The Return of the King (1980 film)]]'':'''
:Frodo was voiced by [[Orson Bean]], who had previously played Bilbo in ''[[The Hobbit (1977 film)]]''.

'''1981: ''[[The Lord of the Rings (1981 radio series)|BBC Radio's The Lord of the Rings]]'':'''
:Frodo is voiced by [[Ian Holm]].

'''1992: ''[[Tales from the Perilous Realm (1992 radio series)|BBC Radio's Tales from the Perilous Realm]]'':'''
:In two episodes telling of the meeting of Frodo and [[Tom Bombadil]], [[Nigel Planer]] provided the voice of Frodo.

'''2001-3: ''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Motion Picture Trilogy]]'':'''
:Frodo is played by [[Elijah Wood]]. He is portrayed as slightly younger than his character in the book.

'''2002: ''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring (video game)|Vivendi's The Fellowship of the Ring]]'':'''
:Frodo is one of the playable characters, his story doesn't significantly differ from the book. He is voiced by [[Steve Staley]].

'''2003: ''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King (video game)]]'':'''
:Frodo is present in all missions from Sam's perspective: escape from [[Osgiliath]], Shelob's Lair, Cirith Ungol and the Crack of Doom. Completing the game allows to replay those missions from Frodo's perspective.

'''2004: ''[[The Lord of the Rings: War of the Ring]]'':'''
:Frodo is a "Hero" unit of the Free People, his ability to use the Ring and turn invisible make him ideal for scout missions.

'''2004: ''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Battle for Middle-earth]]'':'''
:Unlike most other characters, Frodo and Sam make no appearance in Skirmish battles - they only appear in the storyline campaign.

'''2006: ''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Battle for Middle-earth II]]'':'''
:Frodo and other Hobbits are no longer permanent units, they are now a temporary power boost available to Free People forces.

'''2007: ''[[The Lord of the Rings Online]]'':'''
:Frodo can be first met in Rivendell, preparing for departure. Later, he is found on Cerin Amroth in Lothlorien, weary from the loss of Gandalf. As a notable event, a Hobbit actor portrays Frodo Baggins in a Hobbit-made theater play "The Disappearance of Mad Baggins".

'''2011: ''[[The Lord of the Rings: War in the North]]'':'''
:Frodo is mentioned as '''"Frodo the Ringbearer"''', one of the much honored heroes of the [[War of the Ring]], in the introduction of the game. In [[The Prancing Pony]] [[Aragorn]] tells that he is waiting on a [[Hobbits|Hobbit]] with [[One Ring|an important burden]], this refers to Frodo and the One Ring.<ref>[[The Lord of the Rings: War in the North]], ''Prologue''</ref>
:Latter in the game, Frodo appears in [[Rivendell]], but interactions with him do not affect the main plot.

'''2012-3: ''[[The Hobbit films]]'':'''
:[[Elijah Wood]] will reprise his role as Frodo Baggins.<ref name="PJCasting">{{webcite|author=[[Peter Jackson]]|articleurl=http://www.facebook.com/note.php?note_id=10150168211921558|articlename=Production begins in New Zealand on The Hobbit|dated=20-March-2011|website=[http://www.facebook.com/ Facebook]|accessed=23-Dec-2011}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[:Category:Images of Frodo Baggins|Images of Frodo Baggins]]
*[[Timeline of Frodo Baggins]]
{{sequence
|prev=[[Bilbo Baggins]]
|next=[[Samwise Gamgee]]
|list=[[Ring-bearer]] [[22 September|September 22]], [[Third Age 3001|T.A. 3001]] - [[13 March|March 13]], [[Third Age 3019|3019]]}} 
{{sequence
|prev=[[Samwise Gamgee]]
|next=[[Gollum]]
|list=[[Ring-bearer]] [[14 March|March 14]], 3019 - [[25 March|March 25]], 3019}}{{fellowship}}

{{References}}

[[Category:Baggins]]
[[Category:Characters in The Silmarillion]]
[[Category:Characters in The Lord of the Rings]]
[[Category:Hobbits]]
[[Category:Ring-bearers]]

[[de:Frodo Beutlin]]
[[fa:فرودو بگینز]]
[[fr:encyclo:personnages:hobbits:sacquet:frodo_sacquet]]
[[fi:Frodo Reppuli]]