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	<id>https://tolkiengateway.net/w/api.php?action=feedcontributions&amp;feedformat=atom&amp;user=70.249.162.61</id>
	<title>Tolkien Gateway - User contributions [en]</title>
	<link rel="self" type="application/atom+xml" href="https://tolkiengateway.net/w/api.php?action=feedcontributions&amp;feedformat=atom&amp;user=70.249.162.61"/>
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	<updated>2026-06-04T09:12:04Z</updated>
	<subtitle>User contributions</subtitle>
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	<entry>
		<id>https://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=Dwarf_realms&amp;diff=14587</id>
		<title>Dwarf realms</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=Dwarf_realms&amp;diff=14587"/>
		<updated>2006-04-04T20:40:39Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;70.249.162.61: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;Throughout the history of [[Middle earth]], their have been many &#039;&#039;&#039;Dwarf realms&#039;&#039;&#039;.  They were: &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;[[Khazad-dum]]&#039;&#039;&#039;.  The most famous and greatest of all the others was Located in the [[Misty mountains]] it was the home of the [[Longbeards]].  It prospered for thousands of years until the Dwarves awoke the [[Balrog]] which drove them from Khazad-dum, it was then renamed &amp;quot;[[Moria]]&amp;quot; meaning &amp;quot;black pit&amp;quot; by the [[Elves]]. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
 [[Nogrod]] and [[Belegost]]. located in the [[Ered Luin]] Nogrod, being the home of the [[Firebeards]] and Belegost, being the home to the [[Broadbeams]].  Nogrod was totally destroyed during the [[War of Wrath]] and Belegost being ruined, leaving the firebeards and the Broadbeams to rebuild their halls and as many did, move to Khazad-dum. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Kingdoms in the [[Ered Mithrin]].&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;[[Erebor]]&#039;&#039;&#039;.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The [[Iron Hills]].&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Aglarond]].&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The [[Orocarni]].&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Article Under construction&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>70.249.162.61</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=Dwarf_realms&amp;diff=14586</id>
		<title>Dwarf realms</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=Dwarf_realms&amp;diff=14586"/>
		<updated>2006-04-04T20:40:09Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;70.249.162.61: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;Throughout the history of [[Middle earth]], their have been many &#039;&#039;&#039;Dwarf realms&#039;&#039;&#039;.  They were: &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;[[Khazad-dum]]&#039;&#039;&#039;.  The most famous and greatest of all the others was Located in the [[Misty mountains]] it was the home of the [[Longbeards]].  It prospered for thousands of years until the Dwarves awoke the [[Balrog]] which drove them from Khazad-dum, it was then renamed &amp;quot;[[Moria]]&amp;quot; meaning &amp;quot;black pit&amp;quot; by the [[Elves]]. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
 [[Nogrod]] and [[Belegost]]. located in the [[Ered Luin]] Nogrod, being the home of the [[Firebeards]] and Belegost, being the home to the [[Broadbeams]].  Nogrod was totally destroyed during the [[War of Wrath]] and Belegost being ruined, leaving the firebeards and the Broadbeams to rebuild their halls and as many did, move to Khazad-dum. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Kingdoms in the [[Ered Mithrin]].&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;[[Erebor]]&#039;&#039;&#039;.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The [[Iron Hills]].&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Aglarond]].&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The [[Orocarni]].&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Under construction&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>70.249.162.61</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=Dwarf_realms&amp;diff=14447</id>
		<title>Dwarf realms</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=Dwarf_realms&amp;diff=14447"/>
		<updated>2006-04-03T21:19:34Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;70.249.162.61: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;Throughout the history of [[Middle earth]], their have been many &#039;&#039;&#039;Dwarf realms&#039;&#039;&#039;.  They were: &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;[[Khazad-dum]]&#039;&#039;&#039;.  The most famous and greatest of all the others was Located in the [[Misty mountains]] it was the home of the [[Longbeards]].  It prospered for thousands of years until the Dwarves awoke the [[Balrog]] which drove them from Khazad-dum, it was then renamed &amp;quot;[[Moria]]&amp;quot; meaning &amp;quot;black pit&amp;quot; by the [[Elves]]. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
 [[Nogrod]] and [[Belegost]]. located in the [[Ered Luin]] Nogrod, being the home of the [[Firebeards]] and Belegost, being the home to the [[Broadbeams]].  Nogrod was totally destroyed during the [[War of Wrath]] and Belegost being ruined, leaving the firebeards and the Broadbeams to rebuild their halls and as many did, move to Khazad-dum. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Kingdoms in the [[Ered Mithrin]].&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;[[Erebor]]&#039;&#039;&#039;.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The [[Iron Hills]].&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Aglarond]].&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The [[Orocarni]].&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>70.249.162.61</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=Dwarf_realms&amp;diff=14446</id>
		<title>Dwarf realms</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=Dwarf_realms&amp;diff=14446"/>
		<updated>2006-04-03T21:18:26Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;70.249.162.61: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;Throughout the history of [[Middle earth]], their have been many &#039;&#039;&#039;Dwarf realms&#039;&#039;&#039;.  They were: &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;[[Khazad-dum]]&#039;&#039;&#039;.  The most famous and greatest of all the others was Located in the [[Misty mountains]] it was the home of the [[Longbeards]].  It prospered for thousands of years until the Dwarves awoke the [[Balrog]] which drove them from Khazad-dum, it was then renamed &amp;quot;[[Moria]]&amp;quot; meaning &amp;quot;black pit&amp;quot; by the [[Elves]]. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
 &#039;&#039;&#039;[[Nogrod]]&#039;&#039;&#039;]] and &#039;&#039;&#039;[[Belegost]]&#039;&#039;&#039;. located in the [[Ered Luin]] Nogrod, being the home of the [[Firebeards]] and Belegost, being the home to the [[Broadbeams]].  Nogrod was totally destroyed during the [[War of Wrath]] and Belegost being ruined, leaving the firebeards and the Broadbeams to rebuild their halls and as many did, move to Khazad-dum. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Kingdoms in the [[Ered Mithrin]].&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;[[Erebor]]&#039;&#039;&#039;.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The [[Iron Hills]].&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Aglarond]].&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The [[Orocarni]].&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>70.249.162.61</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=Dwarf_realms&amp;diff=14445</id>
		<title>Dwarf realms</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=Dwarf_realms&amp;diff=14445"/>
		<updated>2006-04-03T21:17:37Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;70.249.162.61: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;Throughout the history of [[Middle Earth]], their have been many &#039;&#039;&#039;Dwarf realms&#039;&#039;&#039;.  They were: &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;[[Khazad-dum]]&#039;&#039;&#039;.  The most famous and greatest of all the others was Located in the [[Misty mountains]] it was the home of the [[Longbeards]].  It prospered for thousands of years until the Dwarves awoke the [[Balrog]] which drove them from Khazad-dum, it was then renamed &amp;quot;[[Moria]]&amp;quot; meaning &amp;quot;black pit&amp;quot; by the [[Elves]]. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
 &#039;&#039;&#039;[[Nogrod]]&#039;&#039;&#039;]] and &#039;&#039;&#039;[[Belegost]]&#039;&#039;&#039;. located in the [[Ered Luin]] Nogrod, being the home of the [[Firebeards]] and Belegost, being the home to the [[Broadbeams]].  Nogrod was totally destroyed during the [[War of Wrath]] and Belegost being ruined, leaving the firebeards and the Broadbeams to rebuild their halls and as many did, move to Khazad-dum. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Kingdoms in the [[Ered Mithrin]].&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;[[Erebor]]&#039;&#039;&#039;.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The [[Iron Hills]].&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Aglarond]].&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The [[Orocarni]].&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>70.249.162.61</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=The_Mines_of_Moria_(disambiguation)&amp;diff=14433</id>
		<title>The Mines of Moria (disambiguation)</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=The_Mines_of_Moria_(disambiguation)&amp;diff=14433"/>
		<updated>2006-04-03T20:47:26Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;70.249.162.61: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;A name given to [[Khazad-dum]], the greatest of the [[Dwarf realms]].&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>70.249.162.61</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=The_Mines_of_Moria_(disambiguation)&amp;diff=14432</id>
		<title>The Mines of Moria (disambiguation)</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=The_Mines_of_Moria_(disambiguation)&amp;diff=14432"/>
		<updated>2006-04-03T20:47:07Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;70.249.162.61: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;A name given to [[Khazad-dum]], the greatest of the [[Dwarf-Realms]].&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>70.249.162.61</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=The_Mines_of_Moria_(disambiguation)&amp;diff=14431</id>
		<title>The Mines of Moria (disambiguation)</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=The_Mines_of_Moria_(disambiguation)&amp;diff=14431"/>
		<updated>2006-04-03T20:46:52Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;70.249.162.61: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;A name given to [[Khazad-dum]], the greatest of the [[Dwarf-realms]].&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>70.249.162.61</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=Thorin_III&amp;diff=14430</id>
		<title>Thorin III</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=Thorin_III&amp;diff=14430"/>
		<updated>2006-04-03T20:44:16Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;70.249.162.61: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;&#039;&#039;&#039;Thorin III&#039;&#039;&#039;, also known as Thorin Stonehelm, was the son of [[Dain II Ironfoot]], [[King under the Mountain]].  In 3019 [[Third Age|T.A]] King Dain was killed by [[Easterlings]] in the in the [[Battle of Dale]] during [[War of the Ring]] and Thorin then became the [[King of Erebor]].  After several days news reached them that [[the Ring]] was destroyed and the [[Dwarves]] and [[Men]] who had barricaded themselves in the Mountain, went out and routed the Easterlings from [[Dale]] and were victorious.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
At [[Aragorn]]&#039;s coronation, Thorin sent a envoy to represent the [[Dwarves of Erebor]].&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>70.249.162.61</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=Thorin_III&amp;diff=14429</id>
		<title>Thorin III</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=Thorin_III&amp;diff=14429"/>
		<updated>2006-04-03T20:43:43Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;70.249.162.61: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;&#039;&#039;&#039;Thorin III&#039;&#039;&#039;, also known as Thorin Stonehelm, was the son of [[Dain II Ironfoot]], [[King under the Mountain]].  In 3019 [[Third Age|T.A]] King Dain was killed by [[Easterlings]] in the in the [[Battle of Dale]] during [[War of the Ring]] and Thorin then became the [[King of Erebor]].  After several days news reached them that [[the Ring]] was destroyed and the [[Dwarves]] and [[Men]] who had barricaded themselves in the Mountain, went out and routed the Easterlings from [[Dale]] and were victorious.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
At [[Aragorn]]&#039;s coronation, Thorin sent a envoy to represent the Dwarves of Erebor.&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>70.249.162.61</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=Thorin_III&amp;diff=14428</id>
		<title>Thorin III</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=Thorin_III&amp;diff=14428"/>
		<updated>2006-04-03T20:42:33Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;70.249.162.61: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;&#039;&#039;&#039;Thorin III&#039;&#039;&#039;, also known as Thorin Stonehelm, was the son of [[Dain II Ironfoot]], [[King under the Mountain]].  In 3019 [[Third Age|T.A]] King Dain was killed by [[Easterlings]] in the in the [[Battle of Dale]] during [[War of the Ring]] and Thorin then became the [[King of Erebor]].  After several days news reached them that [[the Ring]] was destroyed and the [[Dwarves]] and [[Men]] who had barricaded themselves in the Mountain, went out and routed the Easterlings from [[Dale]] and were victorious.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
At [[King Elessar]]&#039;s coronation, Thorin sent a envoy to represent the Dwarves of Erebor.&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>70.249.162.61</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=Thorin_III&amp;diff=14427</id>
		<title>Thorin III</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=Thorin_III&amp;diff=14427"/>
		<updated>2006-04-03T20:42:17Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;70.249.162.61: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;&#039;&#039;&#039;Thorin III&#039;&#039;&#039;, also known as Thorin Stonehelm, was the son of [[Dain II Ironfoot]], [[King under the Mountain]].  In 3019 [[Third Age|T.A]] King Dain was killed by [[Easterlings]] in the in the [[Battle of Dale]] during [[War of the Ring]] and Thorin then became the [[King of Erebor]].  After several days news reached them that [[the Ring]] was destroyed and the [[Dwarves]] and [[Men]] who had barricaded themselves in the Mountain, went out and routed the Easterlings from [[Dale]] and were victorious.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
At [[King Elassar]]&#039;s coronation, Thorin sent a envoy to represent the Dwarves of Erebor.&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>70.249.162.61</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=Durin_the_Deathless&amp;diff=14090</id>
		<title>Durin the Deathless</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=Durin_the_Deathless&amp;diff=14090"/>
		<updated>2006-03-31T02:11:09Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;70.249.162.61: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;&#039;&#039;&#039;Durin the Deathless&#039;&#039;&#039; was a title given to [[Durin I]].&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>70.249.162.61</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=Th%C3%A9oden&amp;diff=14034</id>
		<title>Théoden</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=Th%C3%A9oden&amp;diff=14034"/>
		<updated>2006-03-30T22:40:15Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;70.249.162.61: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;&#039;&#039;&#039;Théoden&#039;&#039;&#039; was the seventeenth [[King of Rohan]], and last of the Second Line.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Théoden was the oldest son of [[Thengel]], and became king after the death of his father in [[Third Age|T.A.]] 2980. Théoden spoke [[Sindarin]] and [[Westron]] rather than [[Rohirric]], and in his youth spent time in [[Gondor]].&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
His sister [[Théodwyn]] lived with him in [[Edoras]], and after she and her husband both died he adopted her children [[Éomer]] and [[Éowyn]] as his own. He had a son, [[Théodred]], whose mother [[Elfhild]] died in childbirth.  In one of Tolkien&#039;s early drafts, Théoden also had a daughter by the name of Idis, but she was eventually removed when her character was eclipsed by that of Éowyn.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
By the time of the [[War of the Ring]], Théoden had been king for nearly 30 years, and was getting old and tired. He was increasingly misled by his chief advisor [[Gríma Wormtongue|Gríma]] (or &#039;&#039;Wormtongue&#039;&#039; as most others in the [[Mark]] called him), who was secretly in the employ of [[Saruman|Saruman the White]]; Gríma may even have been poisoning his lord. He also had a minstrel called [[Gleowine]].&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In the last years before the War of the Ring, Théoden let his rule slip out of his hands, and Gríma became increasingly powerful. Rohan was troubled again by [[Orcs]] and [[Dunlendings]], who operated under the will of Saruman, ruling from [[Isengard]].&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
When Théodred was mortally wounded at a [[Battles of the Fords of Isen|battle at the Fords of Isen]] with the Orcs of Saruman, his nephew Éomer became his heir. Éomer was out of favour with Wormtongue, however, and was eventually arrested. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
When [[Gandalf the White]] and [[Aragorn]] appeared before him, Théoden initially rebuffed Gandalf&#039;s advice to ride out against Saruman, but after being healed by the [[Wizards|wizard]], he restored his nephew, took up his [[Herugrim|sword]], and led the [[Rohirrim|Riders of Rohan]] into [[Battle of the Hornburg|battle at Helm&#039;s Deep]]. After this he became known as &#039;&#039;&#039;Théoden Ednew&#039;&#039;&#039;, the Renewed, because he had thrown off the yoke of Saruman.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
He led the Rohirrim to the aid of Gondor at the [[Battle of the Pelennor Fields]]. In that battle he challenged the [[Witch-king of Angmar|Witch-King]] of the Nine [[Nazgûl|Ringwraiths]], and died when his horse [[Snowmane]] fell upon him after being frightened by the Ringwraith&#039;s [[Fell beasts|Fell beast]]. He was immediately avenged by Éowyn and the [[Hobbit]] [[Meriadoc Brandybuck]], both of whom had ridden to war in secret.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In Tolkien&#039;s fictional etymology, the name &#039;&#039;Théoden&#039;&#039; is a translation of the original Rohirric &#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;Tûrac&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;, an old word for King, showing influence from the [[Elvish]] stem &#039;&#039;tur-&#039;&#039; (&amp;quot;power/mastery&amp;quot;), also present in [[Turgon]] and related names. The name is probably taken from the Anglo-Saxon word &amp;quot;þeoden&amp;quot;, meaning &amp;quot;lord&amp;quot;.  It is related to the Old Norse word &#039;&#039;þjóðann&#039;&#039;, meaning &amp;quot;leader of the people&amp;quot; (i.e. &amp;quot;King&amp;quot;). Théoden&#039;s sword was called &#039;&#039;Herugrim&#039;&#039;.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Portrayal in adaptations==&lt;br /&gt;
In [[Ralph Bakshi]]&#039;s 1978 animated version of &#039;&#039;[[Ralph Bakshi&#039;s The Lord of the Rings|The Lord of the Rings]]&#039;&#039;, the voice of Théoden was provided by Philip Stone.  Théoden also appears in [[Rankin/Bass]]&#039;s attempt to complete the story left unfinished by Bakshi in their television adaptation of &#039;&#039;[[Rankin/Bass&#039; The Return of the King|The Return of the King]]&#039;&#039;, but does not speak; his death is narrated by [[John Huston]] as Gandalf.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In the 1981 BBC Radio 4 [[The Lord of the Rings (1981 radio series)|version of &#039;&#039;The Lord of the Rings&#039;&#039;]] , Théoden&#039;s death is described in song rather than dramatised conventionally, which tends to lessen its impact. In this adaption he is voiced by [[Jack May]] of &#039;&#039;The Archers&#039;&#039; fame.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Peter Jackson&#039;s The Two Towers]] (2002) film deviates from Tolkien&#039;s story by having Théoden (played by [[Bernard Hill]]) actually possessed by Saruman rather than simply deceived by Gríma. He then goes to [[Helm&#039;s Deep]] to take his people to safety rather than to make a stand against the enemy.  In [[Peter Jackson&#039;s The Return of the King]] (2003), Théoden is aware of Éowyn&#039;s presence at his death, whereas in the book he says his farewells to Merry and does not know that Éowyn is also there.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Rohirrim]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Men]]&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>70.249.162.61</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=User:Dwarf_Lord&amp;diff=14033</id>
		<title>User:Dwarf Lord</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=User:Dwarf_Lord&amp;diff=14033"/>
		<updated>2006-03-30T22:30:31Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;70.249.162.61: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;I am Dwarf Lord AKA Goldfinger on the Barrowdowns.com message board.  I&#039;m a teenager from Missouri.  I&#039;m a born-again Christian.  I first started reading The Hobbit in 2002 and fell love with Tolkien&#039;s works and read the Lord of the Rings.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
I discovered this forum through Tuckborough.net and was very impressed by it but I noticed alot of holes  and errors, so I desided to join and do my part.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
I have learned alot about Middle Earth and it&#039;s history through encyclopedias like this one and am glad I could be of service to this Wiki.&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>70.249.162.61</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=Book_of_Mazarbul&amp;diff=14017</id>
		<title>Book of Mazarbul</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=Book_of_Mazarbul&amp;diff=14017"/>
		<updated>2006-03-30T19:13:42Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;70.249.162.61: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;The record of [[Balin]]&#039;s return to [[Moria]] with a group of Longbeard [[Dwarves]] in [[Third Age|T.A.]] 2989. It recounted a battle with the [[Orcs]] that inhabited the old halls of [[Khazad-dûm]], in which [[Balin]]&#039;s Dwarves were victorious. They settled in the Twenty-first Hall, above the East-gate, and Balin himself ruled his new domain from the old Chamber of Records, also called the Chamber of Mazarbul. Over the next five years, the [[Dwarves]] seem to have settled quite successfully into their new home, exploring under the Mountains as far as the West-gate, and recovering [[Durin I|Durin]]&#039;s Axe and apparently other priceless items made of mithril. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The Lordship of Balin was short-lived. [[Ori]], who was with him in Moria, recorded in the last pages of the Book how an army of Orcs came unexpectedly out of the east, slaying Balin outside the East-gate. The Dwarves defended themselves, but they were beleaguered from the the east by the Orcs, and from the west by the mysterious [[Watcher in the Water]]. Their last stand was in the [[Chamber of Mazarbul]], where the Orcs eventually overcame and destroyed them. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The victorious Orcs seem not to have understood the significance of the Book, so that rather than carrying it off or destroying it, they left it to rot in the Chamber. There it was found twenty-four years later by the [[Company of the Ring]], burned, slashed and blood-stained, but still readable in some parts. [[Gandalf]] passed it to [[Gimli]] to return to King [[Dáin II Ironfoot|Dáin]], after which we hear no more about it. If Gimli was able to keep it through the battles that followed, and didn&#039;t discard it with his gear at [[Parth Galen]], it is possible that he carried it throughout his travels in [[Middle-earth]], returning it at last to Dáin&#039;s heir [[Thorin III Stonehelm|Thorin III]] in [[Erebor]].&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>70.249.162.61</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=Book_of_Mazarbul&amp;diff=14016</id>
		<title>Book of Mazarbul</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=Book_of_Mazarbul&amp;diff=14016"/>
		<updated>2006-03-30T19:13:28Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;70.249.162.61: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;The record of [[Balin]]&#039;s return to [[Moria]] with a group of Longbeard [[Dwarves]] in [[Third Age|T.A.]] 2989. It recounted a battle with the [[Orcs]] that inhabited the old halls of [[Khazad-dûm]], in which [[Balin]]&#039;s Dwarves were victorious. They settled in the Twenty-first Hall, above the East-gate, and Balin himself ruled his new domain from the old Chamber of Records, also called the Chamber of Mazarbul. Over the next five years, the [[Dwarves]] seem to have settled quite successfully into their new home, exploring under the Mountains as far as the West-gate, and recovering [[Durin I|Durin]]&#039;s Axe and apparently other priceless items made of mithril. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The Lordship of Balin was short-lived. [[Ori]], who was with him in Moria, recorded in the last pages of the Book how an army of Orcs came unexpectedly out of the east, slaying Balin outside the East-gate. The Dwarves defended themselves, but they were beleaguered from the the east by the Orcs, and from the west by the mysterious [[Watcher in the Water]]. Their last stand was in [[Chamber of Mazarbul]], where the Orcs eventually overcame and destroyed them. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The victorious Orcs seem not to have understood the significance of the Book, so that rather than carrying it off or destroying it, they left it to rot in the Chamber. There it was found twenty-four years later by the [[Company of the Ring]], burned, slashed and blood-stained, but still readable in some parts. [[Gandalf]] passed it to [[Gimli]] to return to King [[Dáin II Ironfoot|Dáin]], after which we hear no more about it. If Gimli was able to keep it through the battles that followed, and didn&#039;t discard it with his gear at [[Parth Galen]], it is possible that he carried it throughout his travels in [[Middle-earth]], returning it at last to Dáin&#039;s heir [[Thorin III Stonehelm|Thorin III]] in [[Erebor]].&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>70.249.162.61</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=Mickleburg&amp;diff=14007</id>
		<title>Mickleburg</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=Mickleburg&amp;diff=14007"/>
		<updated>2006-03-30T18:53:29Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;70.249.162.61: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;&#039;Great City&#039;, a [[Mannish]] rendering of &#039;[[Belegost]]&#039;, the name of one of the two great [[Dwarf-cities]] of the ancient [[Blue Mountains]].&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>70.249.162.61</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=Ages&amp;diff=14006</id>
		<title>Ages</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=Ages&amp;diff=14006"/>
		<updated>2006-03-30T18:50:57Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;70.249.162.61: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;The times of [[Middle-earth]] were divided into &#039;&#039;&#039;Ages&#039;&#039;&#039;.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* [[First Age]]&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Second Age]]&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Third Age]]&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Fourth Age]]&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>70.249.162.61</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=Angbor_the_Fearless&amp;diff=14005</id>
		<title>Angbor the Fearless</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=Angbor_the_Fearless&amp;diff=14005"/>
		<updated>2006-03-30T18:50:23Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;70.249.162.61: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;The [[Lord of Lamedon]] at the time of the [[War of the Ring]]. Famed for his fearlessness in the face of the [[Grey Company]], he aided [[Aragorn]] in his march to [[Minas Tirith]]. He marshalled a force from the southern lands, and rode to garrison the City of [[Gondor]] after the departure of [[Aragorn]] and the [[Captains of the West]].&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>70.249.162.61</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=Angbor_the_Fearless&amp;diff=14004</id>
		<title>Angbor the Fearless</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=Angbor_the_Fearless&amp;diff=14004"/>
		<updated>2006-03-30T18:49:53Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;70.249.162.61: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;The [[Lord of Lamedon]] at the time of the [[War of the Ring]]. Famed for his fearlessness in the face of the [[Grey company]], he aided [[Aragorn]] in his march to [[Minas Tirith]]. He marshalled a force from the southern lands, and rode to garrison the City of [[Gondor]] after the departure of [[Aragorn]] and the [[Captains of the West]].&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>70.249.162.61</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=Mordor&amp;diff=14002</id>
		<title>Mordor</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=Mordor&amp;diff=14002"/>
		<updated>2006-03-30T18:43:39Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;70.249.162.61: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;&#039;&#039;&#039;Mordor&#039;&#039;&#039; is the dwelling place of [[Sauron]], in the southeast of Middle-earth to the East of Anduin, the great river. [[Frodo Baggins|Frodo]] and [[Samwise Gamgee|Sam]] went there to destroy the [[One Ring]]. Mordor was unique because of the three enormous mountain ridges surrounding it, from the North, from the West and from the South, that protected this land from an unexpected invasion by any of the people living in those directions.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Geography ==&lt;br /&gt;
Mordor was protected from three sides by mountain ranges, arranged roughly rectangularly: [[Ered Lithui]] in the north, [[Ephel Dúath]] in the west, and an unnamed (or possibly still called Ephel Dúath) range in the south.  In the northwest corner of Mordor the deep valley of [[Udûn]] was the only entrance for large armies, and that is where Sauron built the Black Gate of Mordor.  In front of the [[Morannon]] lay the [[Dagorlad]] or the &#039;&#039;Battle Plain&#039;&#039;. Sauron&#039;s main fortress [[Barad-dûr]] was at the foothills of [[Ered Lithui]].  To southwest of Barad-dûr lay the arid plateau of [[Gorgoroth]] and [[Mount Doom]]; to the east lay the plain of [[Lithlad]].  A narrow pass led through Ephel Dúath and the fortress of [[Minas Morgul]] (earlier [[Minas Ithil]]) was guarding that; an even more difficult pass was guarded by the giant spider [[Shelob]] and the fortress of [[Cirith Ungol]].  Another known fortress was [[Durthang]] in northern Ephel Dúath.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The southern part of Mordor, [[Nurn]], was slighly more fertile, and moist enough to carry the inland [[sea of Núrnen]].  Nurn was made somewhat fertile because the ash blown from Mount Doom left its soil nutrient rich, thus allowing dry-land farming.  Unfortunately, the inland sea of Núrn was salty, not freshwater.  &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
To the west of Mordor was the narrow land of [[Ithilien]] with the city of [[Osgiliath]] and the great river [[Anduin]], to the northeast [[Rhûn]], and to the southeast, [[Khand]].&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Formation ==&lt;br /&gt;
Mordor was a relic of the devastating works of [[Morgoth]], apparently formed by massive volcanic eruptions. It was given the name Mordor already before Sauron settled there, because of its volcano [[Orodruin]] and its eruptions. Sauron however was the first to settle there.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== History ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;See also:&#039;&#039;&#039; [[Timeline]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== Early history ===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Sauron settled in Mordor 1,000 years after the end of the First Age, and it remained the pivot of his evil contemplations for the whole of the [[Second Age|Second]] and Third Ages of Middle-earth. In the north-western corner of this land stood Mount Doom or [[Orodruin]], where Sauron had forged the [[One Ring]]. Near Orodruin stood Sauron&#039;s stronghold [[Barad-dûr]]. After this time, Sauron was known as the [[Dark Lord|Dark Lord of Mordor]].&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
For two and a half thousand years, Sauron ruled Mordor uninterruptedly. Having wrought the Ring, it was from there that he launched the attack upon the Elves of [[Eregion]]. He was repelled by the Men of [[Númenor]]. He fought against the Men again, almost a thousand years later; that time, he was captured by the Númenóreans and brought to their island kingdom, eventually causing its destruction (see &#039;&#039;[[Akallabêth]]&#039;&#039;). Immediately after [[Númenor]]&#039;s destruction, Sauron returned to Mordor as a spirit and resumed his rule.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== The Last Alliance and Third Age===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Sauron&#039;s rule was interrupted yet again when his efforts to overthrow the surviving Men and Elves failed, and they fought their way back to their foe&#039;s domain. After several years of siege, forces of the Last Alliance of Elves and Men came into Mordor. Sauron was defeated in a final battle on the slopes of Orodruin.  For about a thousand years, Mordor was guarded by [[Gondor]] in order to prevent any evil forces from breaking out.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
However Gondor had failed in the long run, and deprived of guard, Mordor began to fill with evil things again. [[Minas Ithil]] was conquered by the Nine [[Ringwraiths]]; other fortifications that were supposed to defend Gondor from the menace inside Mordor were turned into a means of shielding Mordor. By the time Sauron returned into Mordor after his false defeat in [[Dol Guldur]] (in the events that took place at the time of [[Bilbo Baggins]]&#039;s [[The Hobbit|quest]]), Mordor was protected too well to be captured by any military might that was available in Middle-earth at the end of the Third Age. In the north of Mordor during the War of the Ring were the great garrisons and forges of war, while surrounding the bitter inland Sea of Núrnen to the south lay the vast fields tended for the provision of the armies by hordes of slaves brought in from lands to the east and south.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== War of the Ring ===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
During the War of the Ring, Sauron gathered all his forces to Mordor. After the [[Battle of the Pelennor Fields]], a Host of the West went to the Black Gate. Sauron sent his army to destroy the Men of Gondor and Rohan, but then [[Frodo Baggins]] destroyed the One Ring and Mordor fell. The Dark Tower, the Black Gate and the Towers of Teeth collapsed to ruin. Mount Doom exploded. Both Sauron and his Ringwraiths were apparently destroyed.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
After the ultimate defeat of Sauron, Mordor became mostly empty again as the [[Orcs]] inside it fled or were killed. Crippled by thousands of years of abuse and neglect, but capable of sustaining life, the land of Mordor was given to the defeated foes of Gondor as a consolation, as well as to the freed slaves of Nurn who were formerly forced to farm there to feed the armies of Mordor.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Naming ==&lt;br /&gt;
Mordor actually has two meanings: &amp;quot;The Black Land&amp;quot; in Tolkien&#039;s contrived language [[Sindarin]], and &amp;quot;The Land of Shadow&amp;quot; in [[Quenya]]. The root &#039;&#039;mor&#039;&#039; (&amp;quot;dark&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;black&amp;quot;) also appears in [[Moria]]. &#039;&#039;Dor&#039;&#039; (&amp;quot;land&amp;quot;) also appears in &#039;&#039;Gondor&#039;&#039; (&amp;quot;stone-land&amp;quot;) and &#039;&#039;[[Doriath]]&#039;&#039; (&amp;quot;fenced land&amp;quot;). The Quenya word for Shadow is &amp;quot;mordo&amp;quot;.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
A proposed etymology out of the context of Middle-earth is [[Old English]] &#039;&#039;morthor&#039;&#039;, which means &amp;quot;mortal sin&amp;quot; or &amp;quot;murder&amp;quot;. (The latter are descended from the former.) It is not uncommon for names in Tolkien&#039;s fiction to have relevant meanings in several languages, both those invented by Tolkien, and &amp;quot;real&amp;quot; ones, but this of course happens with any two languages. &#039;&#039;Mordor&#039;&#039; is also a name cited in some [[Nordic mythology|Nordic mythologies]] referring to a land where its citizens practise evil without knowing it, imposed on themselves by the society long created for that purpose.  This quite fits with Tolkien&#039;s Mordor.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
----&lt;br /&gt;
In &#039;&#039;[[The Atlas of Middle-earth]]&#039;&#039;, [[Karen Wynn Fonstad]] assumed that the lands of Mordor, [[Khand]], and [[Rhûn]] lay where the inland [[Sea of Helcar]] had been, and that the [[Sea of Rhûn]] and [[Sea of Núrnen]] were its remnants. The atlas was however published before &#039;&#039;[[The Peoples of Middle-earth]]&#039;&#039;, where it turned out that the [[Sea of Rhûn]] and Mordor existed already in the First Age.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;Compare:&#039;&#039;&#039; [[Moria]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
----&lt;br /&gt;
It is also the name of a [http://www.mordor.freeurl.com metal band].&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
----&lt;br /&gt;
It is also the name of a series of [[MUDs]], originally inspired by [[Scepter of Goth]].&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>70.249.162.61</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=Red_Mountains&amp;diff=14001</id>
		<title>Red Mountains</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=Red_Mountains&amp;diff=14001"/>
		<updated>2006-03-30T18:42:06Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;70.249.162.61: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;The &#039;&#039;&#039;Red Mountains&#039;&#039;&#039; were a great mountain range created with the rest of [[Middle-earth]] before the [[First Age]].  It is also known as the [[Orocarni]] &amp;quot;Mountains of the East&amp;quot;.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Mountains]]&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>70.249.162.61</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=Thangorodrim&amp;diff=14000</id>
		<title>Thangorodrim</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=Thangorodrim&amp;diff=14000"/>
		<updated>2006-03-30T18:39:38Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;70.249.162.61: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;&#039;&#039;&#039;Thangorodrim&#039;&#039;&#039; (&amp;quot;oppression mountain group&amp;quot;, pronounced {{IPA|/&amp;amp;#952;a&amp;amp;#331;.g&amp;amp;#596;&amp;amp;#712;r&amp;amp;#596;d.rim/}}) was a group of three volcanic mountains in the [[Iron Mountains]] in the north of [[Middle-earth]] during the [[First Age]]. The highest peaks of Middle-earth, they were raised by [[Morgoth]], who delved his fortress of [[Angband]] beneath them, and far back into the Iron Mountains.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Thangorodrim was said to have been the piles of slag from Morgoth&#039;s furnaces and rubble from the delving of Angband, but at the same time they were solid enough to form sheer precipices; [[Maedhros]] was nailed to a cliff of Thangorodrim, and [[Húrin]] imprisoned on a high terrace.  The tops of Thangorodrim perpetually smoked, and sometimes spewed forth lava. The three peaks of Thangorodrim functioned as furnaces for Morgoth&#039;s great smithies deep in Angband.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
For a time the [[Eagles]] lived on Thangorodrim, but at some time during the First Age they removed to the [[Crissaegrim]] near [[Gondolin]].&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
At the base of the south face of the middle peak was the Great Gate of Angband, a deep canyon leading into the mountain, lined with towers and forts.  There were also a number of secret gates scattered around the sides of the mountain group, from which Morgoth&#039;s hosts could issue forth and surprise their foes.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The position and size of Thangorodrim are unclear. One drawing by Tolkien, if to scale, would have made Thangorodrim 35,000 ft high, and the statement that it lay 150 leagues (450 [[Númenórean]] miles) north of [[Menegroth]] puts it too far away for some of the action in &#039;&#039;[[The Silmarillion]]&#039;&#039; to make sense; a distance of 150-200 miles would have been more consistent. It is possible that with the higher figure Tolkien was not referring to &#039;as the eagle flies&#039;, but rather &#039;as the wolf runs&#039;: the plateau of [[Dorthonion]] forced a long detour which added the extra 200, 250 miles to the distance.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Along with [[Beleriand]] and the entire west of Middle-earth, Thangorodrim was destroyed in the [[War of Wrath]] at the end of the First Age.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Reference ==&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;[[The Atlas of Middle-earth]]&#039;&#039; (1991) by [[Karen Wynn Fonstad]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Mountains]]&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>70.249.162.61</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=Walls_of_Moria&amp;diff=13999</id>
		<title>Walls of Moria</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=Walls_of_Moria&amp;diff=13999"/>
		<updated>2006-03-30T18:38:40Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;70.249.162.61: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;At the height of [[Eregion]]&#039;s power, a road ran out of that land towards the western [[Misty Mountains]]. At the [[Stair Falls]], it led over a small cliff, and then down a shallow valley running eastward, and led towards a wall of immense, unclimbable cliffs: the Walls of Moria. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
At the road&#039;s end was the [[West-gate of Moria]], which at that time would have been kept open most of the time, guarded by [[Dwarf doorwards]]. In the middle of the [[Second Age]], the [[War of the Elves and Sauron]]  saw Eregion laid waste, and the West-gate was shut. By the craft of its makers, the doorway blended into the Walls of Moria, and could only be opened again by one who knew the password.&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>70.249.162.61</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=Accursed_Years&amp;diff=13998</id>
		<title>Accursed Years</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=Accursed_Years&amp;diff=13998"/>
		<updated>2006-03-30T18:37:25Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;70.249.162.61: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;The &#039;&#039;&#039;Accursed Years&#039;&#039;&#039;, also known as the [[Dark Years]] is the period extending throughout most of the [[Second Age]]. It begins at approximately the 1000st year, when [[Sauron]] took up home in [[Mordor]] and built [[Barad-dûr]], as well as forged the [[One Ring]] and created the [[Nazgûl]]. This era is when Sauron won the [[War of the Elves and Sauron]] as well as when he conquered large sections of [[Middle-earth]] and enslaved numerous of its inhabitants. The end of the Accursed Years was when the [[Last Alliance of Elves and Men|Last Alliance]] conquered him and [[Isildur]] took up the [[One Ring]].&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>70.249.162.61</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=Category:Images_of_Entwives&amp;diff=13997</id>
		<title>Category:Images of Entwives</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=Category:Images_of_Entwives&amp;diff=13997"/>
		<updated>2006-03-30T18:35:06Z</updated>

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&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;This category contains images of the [[Entwives]] of [[Middle-earth]].&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>70.249.162.61</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=And%C3%BAni%C3%AB&amp;diff=13996</id>
		<title>Andúnië</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=And%C3%BAni%C3%AB&amp;diff=13996"/>
		<updated>2006-03-30T18:34:26Z</updated>

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&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;[[Image:Felix Sotomayor - Andunie.jpg|thumb|200px|Image of &#039;&#039;Andúnië&#039;&#039; by [[Felix Sotomayor]].]]&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;Andúnië&#039;&#039;&#039; was an important city and port in the realm of [[Númenor]], located on the [[Bay of Andúnië]] in the [[Andustar]] region, Andúnie was initially the chief city of [[Númenor]], as it was the haven where the [[Eldar]] of [[Tol Eressëa]] would most often visit the [[Elf-friends]].&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Andúnië was home to the [[:Category:Lords of Andúnië|Lords of Andúnië]] descented by [[Valandil]], the highest nobles of [[Númenor]], who were leaders of the [[Elf-friends]] (also known as &#039;&#039;The Faithful&#039;&#039;) who advocated continued friendship with the [[Elves]] and obedience to the [[Valar]]. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
However, as [[the Shadow]] was falling above [[Númenor]], [[Armenelos]] became larger and more important than Andúnië. By the close of the [[Second Age]], many of the Faithful from Andúnië were labelled as dissidents by the [[King&#039;s Men]] and deported to the haven of [[Rómenna]] and other eastern regions.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Amandil]], the last of them, was the ancestor of the Kings of the [[Dúnedain]] in [[Middle-earth]].&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{Pronounce|Andunie.mp3|Ardamir}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Locations]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Pronounced articles]]&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>70.249.162.61</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=Inzilad%C3%BBn&amp;diff=13991</id>
		<title>Inziladûn</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=Inzilad%C3%BBn&amp;diff=13991"/>
		<updated>2006-03-30T18:25:26Z</updated>

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&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;The son of King [[Ar-Gimilzôr]] of [[Númenor]] and his consort [[Inzilbêth]]. Inziladûn was secretly raised by his mother in the ways of the [[Faithful]], that party of the Númenórean people who remembered their years of friendship with the [[Elves]] and respect for the [[Valar]]. When Inziladûn succeeded his father to the [[Sceptre]], he attempted to return Númenor to those old ways, halting the oppression of the Faithful, and recommencing the tradition of the [[Three Prayers]] that had long been abandoned. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
As a reforming King, Inziladûn took the Sceptre in the name of [[Tar-Palantir]], meaning &#039;The Farsighted&#039;, but his younger brother [[Gimilkhâd]] was of quite different mind. The strife between them was such that [[Tale of Years]] describes Tar-Palantir&#039;s reign as &#039;civil war&#039;. Inziladûn&#039;s restoration of the old ways did not last long: after his death, his daughter [[Míriel]] was forcibly taken as wife by Gimilkhâd&#039;s son [[Pharazôn]], who thus usurped the Kingship and began Númenor&#039;s final decline.&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>70.249.162.61</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=Angband&amp;diff=13990</id>
		<title>Angband</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=Angband&amp;diff=13990"/>
		<updated>2006-03-30T18:24:38Z</updated>

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&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;{{Pronounce|Angband.mp3|Ardamir}}&lt;br /&gt;
Angband was a mighty fortified citadel originally constructed by [[Melkor]] in the earliest days of the world as an outlying fortress to his northern stronghold of [[Utumno]]. [[Utumno]] was destroyed by the [[Valar]], and [[Melkor]] imprisoned in [[Valinor]] for three ages, but on his return to [[Middle-earth]], he took Angband as the seat of his power, and raised the towers of [[Thangorodrim]] above its gates.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Angband was beseiged by the [[Noldor]] during the early part of the [[First Age]], but the Siege of Angband was broken at the [[Dagor Bragollach]]. It was finally destroyed by the forces of the [[Valar]] at the end of the [[First Age]], in the [[War of Wrath]]. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Origins and History==&lt;br /&gt;
[[Melkor]] built Angband during the [[Years of the Trees]], originally as an outlying fortress and armoury to his great northern citadel at [[Utumno]]. It was commanded from its first construction by Sauron, the chief of [[Melkor]]&#039;s servants. Angband was built near the northwestern shores of the [[Great Sea]] in the range of the [[Iron Mountains]], as a first defence against any attack on Melkor&#039;s realm from the Valar in Aman.&lt;br /&gt;
When the [[Valar]] captured [[Melkor]] and took him in chains back to [[Valinor]], Angband was largely destroyed and lay in ruins for many thousands of years, although beneath the ruins lay many hidden chambers in which some of Melkor&#039;s servants escaped the Valar&#039;s assault. Sauron was one of these, and the Balrogs lay hid with him in Angband&#039;s deepest vaults.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Angband re-entered history when [[Melkor]] escaped [[Valinor]] with the stolen [[Silmarils]]: he chose the ruined fortress as his new capital, and rebuilt the [[Hells of Iron]] as a base for the dark reign he intended for the lands of [[Middle-earth]].&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Soon after the Return of the [[Noldor]] to [[Beleriand]], [[Morgoth]] took [[Maedhros]] [[Fëanor]]&#039;s son by deceit and trickery, and hung him by the wrist from the towers of [[Thangorodrim]] above Angband. He was rescued by [[Fingon]] and [[Thorondor]], but lost his right hand.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The third of the great battles in the [[Wars of Beleriand]], the [[Dagor Aglareb]], had profound consequences for Angband. Until that time (about the year 75 of the [[First Age]]) [[Morgoth]] sent out hosts of [[Orcs]] in the hope of taking the [[Noldor]] by surprise. The [[Noldor]], though, chased these [[Orcs]] back to the very gates of Angband, and slew them to the last creature. From then until the [[Dagor Bragollach]] in I 455, a period of almost 400 years, Angband was surrounded by the [[Noldor]]; this is the time known as the Siege of Angband.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Appearance and Construction==&lt;br /&gt;
Angband was primarily an underground fortress, at least after its initial destruction by the [[Valar]] in the [[Years of the Trees]]. Like its prototype, [[Utumno]], it had many hidden underground chambers and vaults far beneath the earth. Its main features above ground were the three peaks of the [[Thangorodrim]], mighty towers of ash and slag raised above Angband&#039;s gates.&lt;br /&gt;
The peaks of [[Thangorodrim]] were hollow, and from them channels and chimneys ran down to the deepest pits of Angband. So, [[Morgoth]] could produce poisonous clouds and vapours, as indeed he sent against the [[Noldor]] in [[Mithrim]] during the first days after their Return.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Citadels]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Pronounced articles]]&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>70.249.162.61</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=Thorin_III&amp;diff=13988</id>
		<title>Thorin III</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=Thorin_III&amp;diff=13988"/>
		<updated>2006-03-30T18:20:25Z</updated>

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&lt;div&gt;&#039;&#039;&#039;Thorin III&#039;&#039;&#039;, also known as Thorin Stonehelm, was the son of [[Dain II Ironfoot]], [[King under the Mountain]].  In 3019 [[T.A]] King Dain was killed by [[Easterlings]] in the in the [[Battle of Dale]] during [[War of the Ring]] and Thorin then became the [[King of Erebor]].  After several days news reached them that [[the Ring]] was destroyed and the [[Dwarves]] and [[Men]] who had barricaded themselves in the Mountain, went out and routed the Easterlings from [[Dale]] and were victorious.&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>70.249.162.61</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=Thorin_III&amp;diff=13987</id>
		<title>Thorin III</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=Thorin_III&amp;diff=13987"/>
		<updated>2006-03-30T18:19:55Z</updated>

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&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;&#039;&#039;&#039;Thorin III&#039;&#039;&#039;, also known as Thorin Stonehelm, was the son of [[Dain II Ironfoot]], [[King under the Mountain]].  In 3019 [[T.A]] King Dain was killed by [[Easterlings]] in the in the [[Battle of Dale]] during [[War of the Ring]] and Thorin then became the [[King of Erebor]].  After several days news reached them that [[the Ring]] was destroyed and the [[Dwarves]] and [[Men]] who had barricaded themselves in the Mountain, went out and routed the Easterlings from Dale and were victorious.&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>70.249.162.61</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=Thorin_III&amp;diff=13986</id>
		<title>Thorin III</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=Thorin_III&amp;diff=13986"/>
		<updated>2006-03-30T18:18:46Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;70.249.162.61: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;&#039;&#039;&#039;Thorin III&#039;&#039;&#039;, also known as Thorin Stonehelm, was the son of [[Dain II Ironfoot]], [[King under the Mountain]].  In 3019 [[T.A]] King Dain was killed by [[Easterlings]] in the in the [[Battle of Dale]] during [[War of the Ring]] and Thorin then became the [[King of Erebor]].  After several days news reached them that the [[Ring]] was destroyed and the [[Dwarves]] and [[Men]] who had barricaded themselves in the Mountain, went out and routed the Easterlings from Dale and were victorious.&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>70.249.162.61</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=Thorin_III&amp;diff=13985</id>
		<title>Thorin III</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=Thorin_III&amp;diff=13985"/>
		<updated>2006-03-30T18:18:08Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;70.249.162.61: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;&#039;&#039;&#039;Thorin III&#039;&#039;&#039;, also known as Thorin Stonehelm, was the son of [[Dain II Ironfoot]], [[King under the Mountain]].  In 3019 [[T.A.]] King Dain was killed by [[Easterlings]] in the in the [[Battle of Dale]] during [[War of the Ring]] and Thorin then became the [[King of Erebor]].  After several days news reached them that the [[Ring]] was destroyed and the [[Dwarves]] and [[Men]] who had barricaded themselves in the Mountain, went out and routed the Easterlings from Dale and were victorious.&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>70.249.162.61</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=Thorin_III&amp;diff=13984</id>
		<title>Thorin III</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=Thorin_III&amp;diff=13984"/>
		<updated>2006-03-30T18:17:42Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;70.249.162.61: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;&#039;&#039;&#039;Thorin III&#039;&#039;&#039;, also known as Thorin Stonehelm, was the son of [[Dain Ironfoot]], [[King under the mountain]].  In 3019 [[T.A.]] King Dain was killed by [[Easterlings]] in the in the [[Battle of Dale]] during [[War of the Ring]] and Thorin then became the [[King of Erebor]].  After several days news reached them that the [[Ring]] was destroyed and the [[Dwarves]] and [[Men]] who had barricaded themselves in the Mountain, went out and routed the Easterlings from Dale and were victorious.&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>70.249.162.61</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=Rangers_of_the_North&amp;diff=13981</id>
		<title>Rangers of the North</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=Rangers_of_the_North&amp;diff=13981"/>
		<updated>2006-03-30T17:54:51Z</updated>

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&lt;div&gt;&#039;&#039;&#039;Rangers of the North&#039;&#039;&#039; were the northern people more commonly known simply as the [[Rangers]], the last remnant of the [[Dúnedain]] who had once peopled the [[North-kingdom]] of [[Arnor]]. They were led by a line of [[Chieftains]], each of whom could trace his descent back to [[Isildur]] himself. At the time of the [[War of the Ring]], the [[Chieftain of the Dúnedain]] was [[Aragorn]], but the people he led were scattered and diminished. When [[Halbarad Dúnedain]] led a troop of the Rangers into the south to Aragorn&#039;s aid in the War, he could muster no more than thirty for the ride. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The term &#039;Rangers of the North&#039; was used most often by those who lived in the southern lands of [[Rohan]] and [[Gondor]], perhaps to distinguish this people from their distant cousins, the [[Rangers of Ithilien]]. Like the Rangers of the North, these were also Dúnedain, but they belonged to the [[South-kingdom]] of [[Gondor]], and their ancestors had been divided from the Northern Dúnedain for some three thousand years.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Rangers]]&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>70.249.162.61</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=The_Lord_of_the_Rings&amp;diff=13980</id>
		<title>The Lord of the Rings</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=The_Lord_of_the_Rings&amp;diff=13980"/>
		<updated>2006-03-30T17:53:14Z</updated>

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&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;The Lord of the Rings&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039; is an epic fantasy story by [[J.R.R. Tolkien]], a sequel to his earlier work, &#039;&#039;[[The Hobbit]]&#039;&#039;.  It was published in three volumes in 1954 and 1955.  Three movie productions have been made, the first, by animator [[Ralph Bakshi]] was released in 1978 (as part one of what was originally to be a two-part adaptation of the story), the second being a 1980 television special, and the third being director [[Peter Jackson&#039;s The Lord of the Rings]] released in 2001, 2002, and 2003.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The story&#039;s titular character is the Dark Lord [[Sauron]] of [[Mordor]].  The primary villain of the work, he created the One Ring to control nineteen other Rings of Power, and is thus the &amp;quot;Lord of the Rings.&amp;quot; Sauron, in turn, was the servant of an earlier Dark Lord, [[Morgoth]] (Melkor), who is prominent in Tolkien&#039;s &#039;&#039;[[The Silmarillion]]&#039;&#039;, the history of Middle-earth.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Books and volumes==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Writing===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Tolkien did not originally intend to write a sequel to &#039;&#039;[[The Hobbit]]&#039;&#039;, and instead wrote several other children&#039;s tales, including &#039;&#039;[[Roverandom]]&#039;&#039; and &#039;&#039;[[Farmer Giles of Ham]]&#039;&#039;. As his main work, Tolkien began to outline the history of [[Arda]], telling tales of the [[Silmarils]], and many other stories of how the races and situations that we read about in the Lord of the Rings trilogy came to be.  Tolkien died before he could complete and put together &#039;&#039;[[The Silmarillion]]&#039;&#039;, but his son [[Christopher Tolkien]] edited his father&#039;s work, filled in gaps and published in 1977.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Tolkien had a deep desire to write a mythology for England, especially after his horrific experiences during the First World War. He was also influenced by the effects of continued industralisation, where he saw much of the England he loved passing away and became aware of the immense evil in the world.  Thus to understand his writings we must be aware of how Tolkien the scholar influences Tolkien the author.  His writing of this mythology emerges as an Oxford philologist well acquainted with Northern European Medieval Literature including the great mythic works such as the [[Hervarar saga]], the [[Völsunga saga]], the influential [[Beowulf]] as well as other Old Norse, Old and Middle English Texts. He was also inspired by non-Germanic works such as the Finnish epic [[Kalevala]]. A man who had created his first language by the age of seven, he was driven by a desire to write a mythology for England influenced by his exposure and expertise of these ancient traditions.  The need for such a myth was often a topic of conversation in his meetings with the [[Inklings]], fellow Oxford scholars who have been described as Christian Romantics, meeting weekly and discussing Icelandic myths and their own unpublished compositions. Tolkien agreed with one of the other members of the group, [[C.S. Lewis]], that if there were no adequate myths for England then they would have to write their own. Tolkien&#039;s work has been commonly interpreted in this light.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Persuaded by his publishers, he started &#039;a new hobbit&#039; in December 1937.  After several false starts, the story of the One Ring soon emerged, and the book mutated from being a sequel to the Hobbit, to being, in theme, more a sequel to the unpublished &#039;&#039;[[The Silmarillion|Silmarillion]]&#039;&#039;.  The idea of the first chapter (&#039;&#039;A Long-Expected Party&#039;&#039;) arrived fully-formed, although the reasons behind Bilbo&#039;s disappearance, and the significance of the Ring did not arrive, along with the title &#039;&#039;The Lord of the Rings&#039;&#039; until spring 1938. Originally he was going to write another story in which Bilbo had used up all his treasure and was looking for another adventure to gain more; however he remembered the ring and the powers it had and decided to write about that instead. He started to write it with Bilbo as the main character but decided that the story was too serious to use the fun loving Hobbit so Tolkien looked to use a member of Bilbo&#039;s family. He thought about using Bilbo&#039;s son but this generated some difficult questions &amp;amp;mdash; Where was his wife?  How could Bilbo let his son go into that kind of danger? &amp;amp;mdash; so he looked for an alternate character to carry the ring.  In Greek legend, it was a hero&#039;s nephew that gained the item of power, and so into existence came the Hobbit Frodo. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Writing was slow due to Tolkien&#039;s perfectionism, and was frequently interrupted by his obligations as an examiner, and other academic duties.  In fact, the first sentence of &#039;&#039;[[The Hobbit]]&#039;&#039; was written on a blank page a student had left on an exam paper that Tolkien was grading &amp;amp;mdash; &amp;quot;In a hole in the ground there lived a Hobbit&amp;quot;.  He seems to have abandoned the book during most of 1943 and only re-started it in April 1944.  This effort was written as a serial for [[Christopher Tolkien]] and [[C.S. Lewis]] &amp;amp;mdash; the former would be sent copies of chapters as they were written while he was serving in [[Africa]] in the [[Royal Air Force]].  He made another push in 1946, and showed a copy of the manuscript to his publishers in 1947.  The story was effectively finished the next year, but Tolkien did not finish revising earlier parts of the work until 1949.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
A dispute with his publishers, [[Allen &amp;amp; Unwin]], led to the book being offered to [[Collins]] in 1950.  He intended &#039;&#039;the Silmarillion&#039;&#039; (itself largely unrevised at this point) to be published along with &#039;&#039;The Lord of the Rings&#039;&#039;, but A&amp;amp;U were unwilling to do this.  After his contact at Collins, Milton Waldman, expressed the belief that &#039;&#039;The Lord of the Rings&#039;&#039; itself &#039;urgently needed cutting&#039;, he eventually demanded that they publish the book in 1952.  They did not do so, and so Tolkien wrote to Allen and Unwin, saying &amp;quot;I would gladly consider the publication of any part of the stuff&amp;quot;.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Publication===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
For publication, due largely to post-war paper shortages, but also to keep the price of the first volume down, the book was divided into three volumes (&#039;&#039;[[The Fellowship of the Ring]]&#039;&#039;: Books I and II; &#039;&#039;[[The Two Towers]]&#039;&#039;: Books III and IV; and &#039;&#039;[[The Return of the King]]&#039;&#039;: Books V and VI, 6 appendices).  Delays in producing appendices and maps led to these being published later than originally hoped &amp;amp;mdash; on the 29 July and 11 November 1954 and 20 October 1955 in the United Kingdom, slightly later in the United States.  &#039;&#039;The Return of the King&#039;&#039; was especially delayed.  He did not, however, much like the title &#039;&#039;The Return of the King&#039;&#039;, believing it gave away too much of the storyline. He had originally suggested &#039;&#039;[[The War of the Ring]]&#039;&#039; which was dismissed by his publishers.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The books were published under a &#039;profit-sharing&#039; arrangement, where Tolkien would not receive an advance or royalties until the books had broken even, but after then take a large share of the profits.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
An index to the entire 3-volume set at the end of third volume was promised in the first volume.  However, this proved impractical to compile in a reasonable timescale.  Later, in 1966, four indices which were not compiled by Tolkien were added to &#039;&#039;The Return of the King&#039;&#039;.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Because the three-volume binding was so widely distributed, the work is usually referred to as the &#039;&#039;Lord of the Rings&#039;&#039; &amp;quot;trilogy&amp;quot;.  Tolkien himself made use of the term &amp;quot;trilogy&amp;quot; for the work, though he did at other times consider this incorrect, as it was written and conceived as a single novel.  &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
A 1999 (Millennium Edition) British (ISBN 0-261-10387-3) 7-volume box set followed the six-book division authored by Tolkien, but with the Appendices from the end of Book VI bound as a separate volume. The letters of &#039;&#039;Tolkien&#039;&#039; appear on the spines of the boxed set which includes a CD.&lt;br /&gt;
The individual names for books in this series were decided posthumously, based on a combination of suggestions Tolkien had made during his lifetime, title of the volumes, and whole cloth&amp;lt;!--whole cloth?--&amp;gt; &amp;amp;mdash; viz:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* T Book I:   &#039;&#039;The Ring Sets Out&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* O Book II:  &#039;&#039;The Ring Goes South&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* L Book III: &#039;&#039;The Treason of Isengard&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* K Book IV:  &#039;&#039;The Ring Goes East&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* I Book V:   &#039;&#039;The War of the Ring&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* E Book VI:  &#039;&#039;The End of the Third Age&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* N Appendices&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The name of the complete work is often abbreviated to &#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;LotR&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;, &#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;LOTR&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;, or simply &#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;LR&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;, and the three volumes as FR, FOTR, or FotR (The &#039;&#039;&#039;F&#039;&#039;&#039;ellowship &#039;&#039;&#039;o&#039;&#039;&#039;f &#039;&#039;&#039;t&#039;&#039;&#039;he &#039;&#039;&#039;R&#039;&#039;&#039;ing), TT or TTT (&#039;&#039;&#039;T&#039;&#039;&#039;he &#039;&#039;&#039;T&#039;&#039;&#039;wo &#039;&#039;&#039;T&#039;&#039;&#039;owers), and RK, ROTK, or RotK (The &#039;&#039;&#039;R&#039;&#039;&#039;eturn &#039;&#039;&#039;o&#039;&#039;&#039;f &#039;&#039;&#039;t&#039;&#039;&#039;he &#039;&#039;&#039;K&#039;&#039;&#039;ing).&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Note that the three titles &#039;&#039;The Return of the Shadow&#039;&#039;, &#039;&#039;The Treason of Isengard&#039;&#039; and &#039;&#039;The War of the Ring&#039;&#039; were used by [[Christopher Tolkien]] in [[The History of The Lord of the Rings]].&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Some locations and characters were inspired by Tolkien&#039;s childhood in [[Sarehole]], then a [[Warwickshire]] village, now part of [[Birmingham]], and in Birmingham itself.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Publication history ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The three parts were first published by [[Allen &amp;amp;amp; Unwin]] in 1954&amp;amp;ndash;1955 several months apart. They were later reissued many times by multiple publishers, as one, three, six or seven volumes. Two current printings are ISBN 0-618-34399-7 (one-volume) and ISBN 0-618-34624-4 (three volume set).&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In the early 1960s, Donald A. Wollheim, science fiction editor of the paperback publisher [[Ace Books]], realized that &#039;&#039;The Lord of the Rings&#039;&#039; was not protected in the United States under American copyright law because the US hardcover edition had been bound from pages printed in the UK for the British edition. Ace Books proceeded to publish an edition, unauthorized by Tolkien and without compensation to him. Tolkien made this plain to US fans who wrote to him.  Grass-roots pressure became so great that Ace books withdrew their edition and made a nominal payment to Tolkien, well below what he might have been due in an appropriate publication. However, this poor beginning was overshadowed when an authorized edition followed from [[Ballantine Books]] to tremendous commercial success. By the mid-1960s the books, due to their wide exposure on the American public stage, had become a true cultural phenomenon.  The Second Edition of the Lord of the Rings dates from this time &amp;amp;mdash; Tolkien undertook various textual revisions to produce a version of the book that would have a valid U.S. copyright.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The books have been translated, with various degrees of success, into dozens of other languages.  &lt;br /&gt;
Tolkien, an expert in philology, examined many of these translations, and had comments on each that illuminate both the translation process and his work.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The enormous popular success of Tolkien&#039;s epic saga greatly expanded the demand for fantasy fiction. Largely thanks to &#039;&#039;The Lord of the Rings&#039;&#039;, the genre flowered throughout the 1960s. Many well-written books of this genre were published (comparable works include the &#039;&#039;Earthsea&#039;&#039; books of Ursula K. Le Guin, the &#039;&#039;Thomas Covenant&#039;&#039; novels of Stephen R. Donaldson, and in the case of the &#039;&#039;Gormenghast&#039;&#039; books by Mervyn Peake, and &#039;&#039;The Worm Ourobouros&#039;&#039; by E. R. Eddison, rediscovered. It also strongly influenced the role playing game industry that achieved popularity in the 1970s with &#039;&#039;Dungeons &amp;amp; Dragons&#039;&#039; which featured many creatures that could be found in Tolkien&#039;s books.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
As in all artistic fields, a great many lesser derivatives of the more prominent works appeared. The term &amp;quot;Tolkienesque&amp;quot; is used in the genre to refer to the oft-used and abused storyline of &#039;&#039;The Lord of the Rings&#039;&#039;: a group of adventurers embarking on a quest to save a magical fantasy world from the armies of an evil &amp;quot;[[Dark Lord|dark lord]]&amp;quot;, and is a testament to how much the popularity of these books has increased, since many critics initially decried Lord of the Rings as being &amp;quot;[[Richard Wagner| Wagner]] for children&amp;quot; (a reference to the [[Ring Cycle]]) &amp;amp;mdash; a specially interesting commentary in light of a possible interpretation of The Lord of The Rings as a Christian response to Wagner, for exemple following [http://atimes.com./atimes/others/spengler.html ATimes&#039; pseudo-Oswald Spengler].&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== The books ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;The Lord of the Rings&#039;&#039; began as a personal exploration by Tolkien of his interests in philology, religion (particularly Roman Catholicism); fairy tales, and Norse and Celtic mythology.&lt;br /&gt;
Tolkien detailed his creation to an astounding extent; he created a complete mythology for his realm of Middle-earth, including genealogies of characters, languages, [[runes]], calendars and histories.&lt;br /&gt;
Some of this supplementary material is detailed in the appendices to &#039;&#039;The Lord of the Rings&#039;&#039;, and the mythological history was woven into a large, biblically-styled volume entitled &#039;&#039;[[The Silmarillion]]&#039;&#039;.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
J. R. R. Tolkien once described &#039;&#039;The Lord of the Rings&#039;&#039; as &amp;quot;&#039;&#039;a fundamentally religious and Catholic work&#039;&#039;&amp;quot; he wrote to his friend, the English Jesuit Father Robert Murray, &amp;quot;&#039;&#039;unconsciously so at first, but consciously in the revision.&#039;&#039;&amp;quot;(&#039;&#039;[[The Letters of J.R.R. Tolkien]]&#039;&#039;, 142).  There are many theological themes underlying the narrative, the battle of good versus evil, the triumph of humility over pride, the activity of grace, Death and Immortality, Resurrection, Salvation, Repentance, Self-Sacrifice, Free Will, Humility, Justice, Fellowship, Authority and Healing.&lt;br /&gt;
In it the great virtues of Mercy and Pity (shown by Bilbo and Frodo towards Gollum) win the day and the message from the Lord&#039;s Prayer &amp;quot;And lead us not into temptation, but deliver us from evil&amp;quot; was very much on Tolkien&#039;s mind as Frodo struggled against the power of the One Ring (&#039;&#039;Letters&#039;&#039;, 181 and 191).&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Religious motifs other than Christian can be discerned as strong influences in Tolkien&#039;s Middle Earth. The pantheon of the Valar and Maiar (greater and lesser gods/angels) responsible for the creation and maintenance of everything from skies (Manwe) and seas (Ulmo), to dreams (Lorien) and dooms (Mandos) suggest a pre-Christian mythology in style, albeit that these Valar and Maiar are themselves creations of a monotheistic entity &amp;amp;mdash; Illuvatar or Eru, &amp;quot;The One&amp;quot;. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Other pre-Christian mythological references can be seen in the representations of: a &amp;quot;Green Man&amp;quot; &amp;amp;mdash; Tom Bombadil, wise-men &amp;amp;mdash; the Istari (commonly referred to as the Wizards, perhaps more of angels), shapechangers &amp;amp;mdash; Beorn, undead spirits &amp;amp;mdash; Barrow Wights, Oathbreakers, sentient nonhumans &amp;amp;mdash; Dwarves, Elves, Hobbits, and, of course, Ents. Magic is utilised freely in Middle Earth, and may be found not only in the incantations of Wizards, but in the weapons and tools of warriors and craftspeople, in the perceptions and abilities of heroes, and in the natural world itself.  &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Tolkien did repeatedly insist that his works were not an allegory of any kind, and even though his thoughts on the matter are mentioned in the introduction of the book, there has been heavy speculation about the Ruling Ring being an allegory for the atom bomb. However, Tolkien had already completed most of the book, and planned the ending in entirety, before the first atom bombs were made public to the world during the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki in August 1945.  However there is a strong theme of despair in front of new mechanized warfare that Tolkien himself had experienced in the trenches of World War One.  The development of a specially bred orc army, and the destruction of the environment to aid this have modern resonances. Nevertheless, the author&#039;s own opinion on the matter of allegories was that he disliked them, and it would be irresponsible to dismiss such direct statements on these matters lightly.  &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The plot of &#039;&#039;The Lord of the Rings&#039;&#039; builds from his earlier book &#039;&#039;[[The Hobbit]]&#039;&#039; and more obliquely from the history in &#039;&#039;[[The Silmarillion]]&#039;&#039;, which contains events to which the characters of &#039;&#039;The Lord of the Rings&#039;&#039; look back upon in the book.&lt;br /&gt;
The [[hobbit]]s become embroiled in great events that threaten their entire world, as [[Sauron]], an evil spirit, attempts to regain the lost [[One Ring]] which will restore him to full potency.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== The Verse of the One Ring ===&lt;br /&gt;
:&#039;&#039;Three Rings for the Elven-kings under the sky,&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
:&#039;&#039;&amp;amp;nbsp;&amp;amp;nbsp;&amp;amp;nbsp;Seven for the Dwarf-lords in their halls of stone,&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
:&#039;&#039;Nine for Mortal Men doomed to die,&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
:&#039;&#039;&amp;amp;nbsp;&amp;amp;nbsp;&amp;amp;nbsp;One for the Dark Lord on his dark throne&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
:&#039;&#039;In the Land of Mordor where the Shadows lie.&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
:&#039;&#039;&amp;amp;nbsp;&amp;amp;nbsp;&amp;amp;nbsp;One Ring to rule them all, One Ring to find them,&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
:&#039;&#039;&amp;amp;nbsp;&amp;amp;nbsp;&amp;amp;nbsp;One Ring to bring them all and in the darkness bind them&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
:&#039;&#039;In the Land of Mordor where the Shadows lie.&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The lines :&lt;br /&gt;
:&#039;&#039;&amp;amp;nbsp;&amp;amp;nbsp;&amp;amp;nbsp;One Ring to rule them all, One Ring to find them,&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
:&#039;&#039;&amp;amp;nbsp;&amp;amp;nbsp;&amp;amp;nbsp;One Ring to bring them all and in the darkness bind them&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
are inscribed in the language of Sauron and Mordor (the Black Speech) on the One Ring itself. Phonetically it would be:&lt;br /&gt;
:&#039;&#039;Ash nazg durbatul&amp;amp;ucirc;k, ash nazg gimbatul, ash nazg thrakatul&amp;amp;ucirc;k agh burzum-ishi krimpatul&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== The storyline ===&lt;br /&gt;
See the articles on &#039;&#039;[[The Fellowship of the Ring]]&#039;&#039;, &#039;&#039;[[The Two Towers]]&#039;&#039;, and &#039;&#039;[[The Return of the King]]&#039;&#039; for plot summaries.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== Criticism ===&lt;br /&gt;
The book was characterized as &amp;quot;juvenile balderdash&amp;quot; by American critic [[Edmund Wilson]] in his essay &amp;quot;[http://www.jrrvf.com/sda/critiques/The_Nation.html Oo, those awful Orcs]&amp;quot;, and in 1961 [[Philip Toynbee]] wrote, somewhat prematurely, that it had &amp;quot;passed into a merciful oblivion&amp;quot; [http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/film/1695926.stm]. Although she had never read &#039;&#039;The Lord of the Rings&#039;&#039;, [[Germaine Greer]] wrote &amp;quot;it has been my nightmare that Tolkien would turn out to be the most influential writer of the twentieth century. The bad dream has materialized.&amp;quot; &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[W.H. Auden]] also criticized the book in a 1968 &#039;&#039;Critical Quarterly&#039;&#039; article, &amp;quot;Good and evil in &#039;&#039;The Lord of the Rings&#039;&#039;,&amp;quot; objecting to Tolkien&#039;s conception of sentient species that are intrinsically evil without possibility of redemption.&amp;lt;!-- an actual quote from this article would be nice--&amp;gt;  (This is a criticism often directed at [[Dungeons and Dragons]]-like fantasy worlds as well as at fantasy literature in general, and a criticism that Tolkien himself increasingly struggled with during his last years.)  On the other hand, in  a 1956 &#039;&#039;New York Times&#039;&#039; book review, &amp;quot;At the end of the Quest, Victory,&amp;quot; Auden also called the book &amp;quot;a masterpiece of its genre&amp;quot; that &amp;quot;succeeded where [[John Milton|Milton]] failed&amp;quot; in depicting an epic battle between good and evil, and wrote that it &amp;quot;never violated&amp;quot; the &amp;quot;reader&#039;s sense of the credible.&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Science-fiction author [[David Brin]] has criticized the books for unquestioning devotion to a traditional elitist social structure, their positive depiction of the slaughter of the opposing forces, and their romantic backward-looking worldview [http://www.davidbrin.com/tolkienarticle1.html].&lt;br /&gt;
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Another notable SF writer Michael Moorcock wrote a long and piercing critique of the book under the title Epic Pooh advancing the thesis that it was simply a child&#039;s tale written in the language of epic myth.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
China Mieville, a modern fantasy writer, criticised Tolkien&#039;s works as &amp;quot;reactionary.&amp;quot;  Mieville is also a detractor of later fantasy which draws heavily upon Tolkien&#039;s work, based on the idea that such work is cliche.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Praise===&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;quot;The English-speaking world is divided into those who have read &#039;&#039;The Lord of the Rings&#039;&#039; and &#039;&#039;The Hobbit&#039;&#039; and those who are going to read them.&amp;quot; &amp;amp;mdash; &#039;&#039;Sunday Times&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;quot;Among the greatest works of imaginative fiction of the twentieth century.&amp;quot; &amp;amp;mdash; &#039;&#039;Sunday Telegraph&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;quot;Here are the beauties which pierce like swords or burn like cold iron.&amp;quot; &amp;amp;mdash; C.S. Lewis&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;quot;J.R.R. Tolkien&#039;s epic trilogy remains the ultimate quest, the ultimate battle between good and evil, the ultimate chronicle of stewardship of the earth.  Endlessly imitated, it never has been surpassed.&amp;quot; &amp;amp;mdash; &#039;&#039;Kansas City Star&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
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&amp;quot;A story magnificently told, with every kind of colour and movement and greatness.&amp;quot; &amp;amp;mdash; &#039;&#039;New Statesman&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Peter Jackson said, &amp;quot;&amp;amp;hellip;it is as if Tolkien found some secret scroll about the real history of earth&amp;amp;hellip;&amp;quot;.&lt;br /&gt;
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== &#039;&#039;The Lord of the Rings&#039;&#039; on film ==&lt;br /&gt;
===Early efforts===&lt;br /&gt;
There were plans for [[the Beatles]] to do a version of &#039;&#039;The Lord of the Rings&#039;&#039; but they came to nothing. It was even said that Stanley Kubrick had looked into the possibility of filming the story, but he abandoned the idea as too &amp;quot;immense&amp;quot; to be made into a movie. In the mid-1970s, renowned film director [[John Boorman]] collaborated with film rights holder and producer [[Saul Zaentz]] to do a live action picture, but the project proved too expensive to finance at that time.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In 1978, [[Rankin/Bass]] studios produced the first real film adaptation of any &#039;&#039;Lord of the Rings&#039;&#039; related material with an animated television version of &#039;&#039;[[The Hobbit]]&#039;&#039;, which was a precursor to &#039;&#039;The Lord of the Rings&#039;&#039;.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Shortly after, Saul Zaentz picked up where Rankin-Bass left off by producing an animated adaptation of &#039;&#039;The Fellowship of the Ring&#039;&#039; and part of &#039;&#039;The Two Towers&#039;&#039; in 1978.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;[[Ralph Bakshi&#039;s The Lord of the Rings|The Lord of the Rings]]&#039;&#039;, originally released by [[United Artists]] was directed by [[Ralph Bakshi]] and used an animation technique called rotoscoping in which footage of live actors was filmed and then traced over.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The film was part one of what was originally to be a two-part adaptation of Tolkien&#039;s story, Part I ending after the battle of Helm&#039;s Deep, but before Sam, Frodo and Gollum traverse the [[Dead Marshes]], and Part II picking up from where the first film left off. Made for a minimal budget of $8 million dollars, the film earned $30 million dollars at the box office. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
United Artists viewed the film as a flop, and refused to fund a Part II (covering the rest of the story), leaving the door open for Rankin-Bass to do the work for him with the 1980 animated television version of &#039;&#039;[[Rankin/Bass&#039; The Return of the King|The Return of the King]]&#039;&#039;.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
However, the Rankin-Bass film picked up from where the book began, and not from where Bakshi&#039;s film left off. Additionally, the change in style and character design was quite noticeable. &lt;br /&gt;
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Since this film was targeted to a younger audience, adult enthusiasts have complained that much of the depth and darkness of the book was discarded.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===The New Line Cinema films===&lt;br /&gt;
[[Miramax]] Films developed a full-fledged live-action adaptation of &#039;&#039;The Lord of the Rings&#039;&#039;, with [[Peter Jackson]] as director. Eventually, with Miramax becoming increasingly uneasy with the sheer scope of the proposed project, [[Peter Jackson]] was given the opportunity to find another studio to take over.  In 1998, [[New Line Cinema]] assumed production responsibility (while Miramax executives [[Bob Weinstein]] and [[Harvey Weinstein]] retained on-screen credits as executive producers on the films).&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The three live action films (supplemented with extensive computer-generated imagery, for example in the major battle scenes, using the &amp;quot;[[Massive]]&amp;quot; software) were filmed simultaneously. &#039;&#039;[[Peter Jackson&#039;s The Fellowship of the Ring|The Fellowship of the Ring]]&#039;&#039; was released on December 19, 2001. &#039;&#039;[[Peter Jackson&#039;s The Two Towers|The Two Towers]]&#039;&#039; was released on December 18, 2002 and &#039;&#039;[[Peter Jackson&#039;s The Return of the King|The Return of the King]]&#039;&#039; was released worldwide on December 17, 2003. All three films won the Hugo Award for Best (Long-form) Dramatic Presentation in their respective years.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Although some have criticized these films because they have altered the story somewhat and, arguably, have a noticeably different tone from Tolkien&#039;s original vision, others have hailed them as remarkable achievements. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Peter Jackson]]&#039;s film adaptations garnered seventeen Oscars (four for &#039;&#039;The Fellowship of the Ring&#039;&#039;, two for &#039;&#039;The Two Towers&#039;&#039;, and eleven for &#039;&#039;The Return of the King&#039;&#039;); these cover many of the awards categories (in fact, &#039;&#039;The Return of the King&#039;&#039; won all of the eleven awards for which it was nominated, including Best Picture).  With 30 total nominations, the trilogy also became the most-nominated in the Academy&#039;s history, surpassing the &#039;&#039;Godfather&#039;&#039; series (28).&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;The Return of the King&#039;&#039;&amp;lt;nowiki&amp;gt;&#039;&amp;lt;/nowiki&amp;gt;s Oscar sweep is widely seen as a proxy award for the entire trilogy. &#039;&#039;The Return of the King&#039;&#039;&amp;lt;nowiki&amp;gt;&#039;&amp;lt;/nowiki&amp;gt;s 11 Oscars at the 2004 Academy Awards tied it for most awards won for one film with &#039;&#039;Titanic&#039;&#039; six years earlier and the 1959 version of &#039;&#039;Ben-Hur&#039;&#039;.  It also broke the previous &amp;quot;sweep&amp;quot; record, beating &#039;&#039;Gigi&#039;&#039; and &#039;&#039;The Last Emperor&#039;&#039; (which had gone 9 for 9).&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The visual-effects work has been groundbreaking, particularly the creation of the emotionally versatile digital character [[Gollum]].&lt;br /&gt;
The scale of the production alone &amp;amp;mdash; three films shot and edited back to back over a period of little more than three years &amp;amp;mdash; is unprecedented.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The films have also proven to be substantial box office successes. The premiere of &#039;&#039;The Return of the King&#039;&#039; took place in [[Wellington]], [[New Zealand]], on December 1, 2003 and was surrounded by fan celebrations and official promotions (the production of the films having contributed significantly to the New Zealand economy). It has made movie history as the largest Wednesday opening ever. &#039;&#039;The Return of the King&#039;&#039; was also the second movie in history (after &#039;&#039;Titanic&#039;&#039;) to earn over 1 billion $US (worldwide).  Note, however, that these numbers are all unadjusted for inflation, making their significance questionable.  Adjusted for inflation, as of 24 March 2005, the three films rank (in order of release) as the 71st, 56th, and 48th highest-grossing films in the United States [http://www.boxofficemojo.com/alltime/adjusted.htm].&lt;br /&gt;
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Fanatics of the films have also flocked to the locations where the trilogy was filmed in New Zealand, with many tour companies being totally devoted to taking fans to and from the filming locations that Director Peter Jackson chose for the adaption of Tolkien&#039;s  epic trilogy.[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journey_Of_The_Ring]&lt;br /&gt;
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== &#039;&#039;The Lord of the Rings&#039;&#039; on radio ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The BBC produced a 13-part radio adaptation of &#039;&#039;The Lord of the Rings&#039;&#039; in 1956, and a 6-part version of &#039;&#039;The Hobbit&#039;&#039; in 1966.&lt;br /&gt;
It is uncertain whether Tolkien ever heard either series. No recording of the 1956 series is known to exist, but &#039;&#039;The Hobbit&#039;&#039; has survived.&lt;br /&gt;
It is a very faithful adaptation, incorporating some passing references to &#039;&#039;The Lord of the Rings&#039;&#039; and the [[Silmarillion]].&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
A 1979 dramatization was broadcast in the USA and subsequently issued on tape and CD. No cast or credits appear on the audio packaging.&lt;br /&gt;
Each of the actors was apparently recorded separately and then the various parts were edited together.&lt;br /&gt;
Thus, unlike a BBC recording session where the actors are recorded together, none of the cast are actually interacting with each other and the performances suffer badly as a result.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In 1981 the BBC broadcast a new, ambitious dramatization of &#039;&#039;The Lord of the Rings&#039;&#039; in 26 half-hour instalments. See: &#039;&#039;[[The Lord of the Rings (1981 radio series)]]&#039;&#039;.&lt;br /&gt;
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== &#039;&#039;The Lord of the Rings&#039;&#039; on stage ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Ed Mirvish|Mirvish Productions]] has started rehearsals for a three-hour stage musical adaptation of &#039;&#039;The Lord of the Rings&#039;&#039; that will have a cast of over 65 actors and cost C$27 million (£11.5 million).  The show will be written by Shaun McKenna and Matthew Warchus with music by [[A. R. Rahman]] and [[Värttinä]], collaborating with [[Christopher Nightingale]] and will be directed by [[Matthew Warchus]].  It will open on March 23 2006 at Toronto&#039;s Princess of Wales Theatre, with preview performances from February 2 until March 22. It is planned to premiere in London in autumn 2006 and New York City within two years.&lt;br /&gt;
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The director explained his vision of the play’s format by saying, &amp;quot;We have not attempted to pull the novel towards the standard conventions of musical theatre, but rather to expand those conventions so that they will accommodate Tolkien&#039;s material. As a result, we will be presenting a hybrid of text, physical theatre, music and spectacle never previously seen on this scale. To read the novel is to experience the events of Middle-earth in the mind’s eye; to watch the films is to view Middle-earth as though through a giant window. Only in the theatre are we actually plunged into the events as they happen. The environment surrounds us. We participate. We are in Middle-earth.&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
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== Pop culture references to &#039;&#039;The Lord of the Rings&#039;&#039; ==&lt;br /&gt;
*In an episode of the sitcom &#039;&#039;Friends&#039;&#039;, Ross and Chandler speak about a university friend, called &#039;Gandalf (-the Party Wizard)&#039;. When Joey asks why they call him Gandalf they reply &#039;Didn&#039;t you read the Lord of the Rings in high-school?&#039; to which they get &#039;No, I had sex in high-school&#039;.&lt;br /&gt;
*In addition to spoofing elements of LOTR &amp;quot;South Park&amp;quot; has a nurse with a conjoined twin fetus on her head called Nurse Gollum&lt;br /&gt;
* The music CD &amp;quot;Journey of the Ring&amp;quot; features an hour of music inspired by Tolkien&#039;s novel. The music follows the story chapter by chapter. Called &amp;quot;the unofficial sound track to the books&amp;quot; by fans! http://www.musicforthesoul.net/JourneyOfTheRing.html also  http://www.cdbaby.com/cd/jpeters3 &lt;br /&gt;
* [[Leonard Nimoy]]&#039;s music: &amp;quot;[[The Ballad of Bilbo Baggins]]&amp;quot; (1968) is based around this series (in particular &#039;&#039;[[The Hobbit]]&#039;&#039;).&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Led Zeppelin]]&#039;s music: &amp;quot;Ramble On&amp;quot; (1969) refers to [[Gollum]] and [[Mordor]], &amp;quot;[[Misty Mountain Hop]]&amp;quot; (1971) is named after Tolkien&#039;s [[Misty Mountains]], and &amp;quot;[[The Battle of Evermore]]&amp;quot; (1971) is an actual allegory from the &amp;quot;[[Battle of the Pelennor Fields]]&amp;quot; from &#039;&#039;The Return of the King&#039;&#039;.&lt;br /&gt;
* Swedish musician [[Bo Hansson]] has made an entire concept album titled &#039;&#039;The Lord of the Rings&#039;&#039; (1972).&lt;br /&gt;
* Genesis&#039; song &amp;quot;Stagnation&amp;quot; (from &#039;&#039;Trespass&#039;&#039;, 1970) was about Gollum. The most direct references being &amp;quot;&#039;&#039;And I will wait for ever, beside the silent mirror. And fish for bitter minnows amongst the weeds and slimy water.&#039;&#039;&amp;quot; and &amp;quot;&#039;&#039;To take all the dust and the dirt from my throat,To wash out the filth that is deep in my guts.&#039;&#039;&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
* Rush has a song called &amp;quot;Rivendell&amp;quot; (1975) on their &#039;&#039;Fly by Night&#039;&#039; album.&lt;br /&gt;
* Styx has a song called &amp;quot;Lords of the Ring&amp;quot; on their &#039;&#039;Pieces of Eight&#039;&#039; album (1978).&lt;br /&gt;
* The Austrian musician Gandalf (Heinz Stobl) chose his name with reference to the hobbits&#039; wizard friend. He has composed several pieces of music which deal with themes and characters originating from &#039;&#039;The Lord of the Rings&#039;&#039;, some of which can be found on his second album, &#039;&#039;Visions&#039;&#039; (1981).&lt;br /&gt;
*Terry Pratchett&#039;s novel Witches Abroad features an encounter with a Gollum-like creature, which jumps on to the main character&#039;s boat and proclaims &amp;quot;It&#039;ssss my birthday.&amp;quot; Granny Weatherwax then hits the creature with an oar.&lt;br /&gt;
* There are various references to &#039;&#039;The Lord of the Rings&#039;&#039;, e.g. to the Ents, in &#039;&#039;The Talisman&#039;&#039; (1984), a novel by Stephen King and Peter Straub. There are also references to &#039;&#039;The Lord of the Rings&#039;&#039; in several of Stephen King&#039;s other novels.&lt;br /&gt;
* The Wargames Research Group set of fantasy miniatures rules, &#039;&#039;[[Hordes of the Things]]&#039;&#039; (HotT), was first published in 1991.&lt;br /&gt;
* The German power metal band [[Blind Guardian]] has a song called &amp;quot;Lord of the Rings&amp;quot; on the album &#039;&#039;[[Tales from the Twilight World]]&#039;&#039; (1991). On their &#039;&#039;[[Somewhere far beyond]]&#039;&#039; (1992) there is a song called &#039;&#039;In the Forest - Hobbit&#039;&#039;. They also released an album based on &#039;&#039;The Silmarillon&#039;&#039; called &#039;&#039;[[Nightfall in Middle-Earth]]&#039;&#039; (1998), including songs like &#039;&#039;The Curse of Féanor&#039;&#039;, and &#039;&#039;Into The Storm&#039;&#039;, retelling the struggle [[Middle earth]] endured when the [[Two Trees]] were destroyed. Some of their other works also contain references to Tolkien&#039;s creations.&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Enya]] recorded the song &amp;quot;Lothlórien&amp;quot; in 1991 and also performed the songs &amp;quot;May It Be&amp;quot; and &amp;quot;Aníron&amp;quot; for the soundtrack of [[Peter Jackson]]&#039;s movie &#039;&#039;[[Peter Jackson&#039;s The Fellowship of the Ring|The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring]]&#039;&#039;.&lt;br /&gt;
* Some songs by the celtic metal band Cruachan, such as &amp;quot;The Fall of Gondolin&amp;quot; (1992&amp;lt;!--- Tape self-release; the album is 1995 ---&amp;gt;), have been inspired by &#039;&#039;The Lord of the Rings&#039;&#039;.&lt;br /&gt;
* The progressive rock group [[Glass Hammer]] has numerous Tolkien-influenced songs, including &amp;quot;Nimrodel&amp;quot;, and a CD entitled &#039;&#039;Journey of the Dúnadan&#039;&#039; (1993) which is a loose interpretation of the &#039;&#039;Lord of the Rings&#039;&#039; trilogy, and a CD entitled &#039;&#039;The Middle-earth Album&#039;&#039; (2001) which contains several songs recorded &amp;quot;live at the Prancing Pony in Bree&amp;quot;.&lt;br /&gt;
* The TV show &#039;&#039;Babylon 5&#039;&#039; (1993-1998) includes occasional homages to &#039;&#039;The Lord of the Rings&#039;&#039;, as well as epic themes drawn from similar mythological roots.  &#039;&#039;See [[Babylon 5 influences]] for a more detailed exploration&#039;&#039;.&lt;br /&gt;
* The TV show Gilmore Girls often has references to The Lord of the Rings in various episodes.&lt;br /&gt;
* The Finnish musicians [[Nightwish]] have a song called &amp;quot;Elvenpath&amp;quot; on their album &#039;&#039;Angels Fall First&#039;&#039; (1997) which features a Lord of the Rings sample.&lt;br /&gt;
* The [[Tolkien Ensemble]] has created &#039;&#039;An Evening in Rivendell&#039;&#039; (1997), &#039;&#039;A Night in Rivendell&#039;&#039; (2000) and &#039;&#039;At Dawn in Rivendell&#039;&#039; (2003), composing original music to practically all the songs and poems in &#039;&#039;The Lord of the Rings&#039;&#039;. A fourth CD is planned.&lt;br /&gt;
* The modern-era hero in Neal Stephenson&#039;s &#039;&#039;Cryptonomicon&#039;&#039; (1999) views himself as a dwarf, his grandfather the cryptanalyst as an elf, an ex-Navy Seal as one of the race of Men, and refers to his nemesis (a psychotic lawyer) as &#039;&#039;[[Gollum]]&#039;&#039;. He recognizes [[Enoch Root|Enoch the Red]] as a wizard and, true to form, Enoch appears in the [[Baroque Cycle]] as well.&lt;br /&gt;
* The group [[Nickel Creek]] has a song called &amp;quot;The House of Tom Bombadil&amp;quot; (&#039;&#039;Nickel Creek&#039;&#039;, 2000).&lt;br /&gt;
* The [[Brobdingnagian Bards]] have named one of their tracks &amp;quot;Tolkien&amp;quot; (2001), and the remix &amp;quot;The Lord of the Rings&amp;quot;.&lt;br /&gt;
* The band [[Lorien]] is named after the forest Lothlórien in the novel.&lt;br /&gt;
* The Spanish metal band [[Lorien]] released an album in 2002 entitled &#039;&#039;Secrets of the Eldar&#039;&#039; with such songs as &amp;quot;The Voice of Saruman&amp;quot;.&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Alan Horvath]] started writing the songs for &#039;&#039;The &#039;Rings Project&#039;&#039; (2004) in 1972.&lt;br /&gt;
* Australian band Soundestiny released the album &#039;Shadow Rising&#039; in 2004; this was inspired by The Lord of The Rings, but made no actual mentions of Tolkien character-names or place-names. The CD is Part One of a projected Two-album &#039;RingLord&#039; concept, the second album being &#039;Winds of Change&#039; intended for release in 2006.&lt;br /&gt;
* There are various metal bands owing their names to Tolkien&#039;s fictional languages, such as Aglarond (Mexico), Akallabêth (Sweden), Amon Amarth (Sweden), Almáriel (Russia), Amon Din (Serbia), Anarion (Australia), Arda (Austria), Avatar (Belgium), Azaghal (Finland), Azrael (Spain), Burzum (Norway), Cirith Gorgor (Netherlands), Cirith Ungol (US), Dol Amroth (Greece), Izengard (India), Fangorn (Germany) and many more.&lt;br /&gt;
* Robert Jordan has an inn called &amp;quot;The Nine Rings&amp;quot; in The Great Hunt, and when Rand reads the sign in front of the inn, the book states, &#039;Rand swung down with a smile and tied Red to one of the hitching posts out front. &amp;quot;The Nine Rings&amp;quot; had been one of his favorite adventure stories when he was a boy; he supposed it still was.&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* The Swedish New Frontier band Machinae Supremacy uses a blend of two samples, one from &#039;&#039;[[Peter Jackson&#039;s The Fellowship of the Ring|The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring]]&#039;&#039; that features Australian actor [[Hugo Weaving]], the other from &#039;&#039;The Matrix&#039;&#039; (which has the same actor in it), as the introduction to their song &#039;Hybrid&#039; (the same song also features sounds from a SidStation, a synthesizer that re-creates original C64 sounds).&lt;br /&gt;
* The symphonic rock band Marillion was named after the Silmarillion&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The &#039;&#039;Lord of the Rings&#039;&#039; books were one of the main original inspirations for the &#039;&#039;[[Dungeons &amp;amp; Dragons]]&#039;&#039; role-playing game, and hence continue to be a major influence on the entire field of role-playing and computer games having fantasy epic themes. Several games have been based directly on &#039;&#039;The Lord of the Rings&#039;&#039; and related works, including, amongst many, [[SPI]]&#039;s &#039;&#039;War of the Ring&#039;&#039; (1977), [[Iron Crown Enterprises]]&#039; (ICE&#039;s) [[Middle-earth Role Playing]] game (MERP, 1982-1999) and [[Middle-earth Collectible Card Game]] (MECCG, 1995-1999), the &#039;&#039;Lord of the Rings&#039;&#039; series of board games by [[Reiner Knizia]] (2000 onward), a variant of Risk (2002) as well as [[The Lord of the Rings Trading Card Game]] (2001) made by [[Decipher, Inc.|Decipher]].&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== Satire and parody based on &#039;&#039;The Lord of the Rings&#039;&#039; ===&lt;br /&gt;
*An independent film company in South Carolina released [http://west2productions.com/LOTRparody.htm this treatment] as a college humor project.&lt;br /&gt;
* A soft core porn comedy entitled &amp;quot;Lord of the G-Strings&amp;quot;.&lt;br /&gt;
* The Harvard Lampoon satire &#039;&#039;[[Bored of the Rings]]&#039;&#039;, and its prequel &#039;&#039;[[The Soddit]]&#039;&#039;.&lt;br /&gt;
* A little-known BBC Radio series, &#039;&#039;Hordes of the Things&#039;&#039; (1980) attempted to parody heroic fantasy in the style of &#039;&#039;The Hitchhiker&#039;s Guide to the Galaxy&#039;&#039;.&lt;br /&gt;
* A German resynchronization of the &#039;&#039;Fellowship&#039;&#039;&#039;s first twenty minutes, called &#039;&#039;[http://www.bpk-entertainment.de Lord of the Weed - Sinnlos in Mittelerde]&#039;&#039;, portrays the characters as highly drug addicted.&lt;br /&gt;
* Quickbeam and Bombadil, &#039;&#039;[http://www.lordsoftherhymes.com/ the Lords of the Rhymes]&#039;&#039;, mix Tolkien&#039;s fantasy world with hip-hop.&lt;br /&gt;
* Two New York City based authors, Jessica and Chris, parody Tolkien&#039;s work in combination with [[Buffy the Vampire Slayer]] in &#039;&#039;[http://omwh.com/ Once More With Hobbits]&#039;&#039;.&lt;br /&gt;
* Several former members of Mystery Science Theater 3000 created &#039;&#039;[http://www.scifi.com/edwardtheless/ Edward the Less]&#039;&#039; which parodies the trilogy.&lt;br /&gt;
* The episode of South Park entitled &amp;quot;The Return of the Lord of the Rings to the Two Towers&amp;quot; spoofs Peter Jackson&#039;s version of the trilogy. A few elements from Jackson&#039;s &#039;&#039;The Return of the King&#039;&#039; appear in the episode &amp;quot;Best Friends Forever&amp;quot;.&lt;br /&gt;
* The first chapter of &#039;&#039;The Woad To Wuin&#039;&#039; by Peter David is entitled &amp;quot;Lord of the Thing&amp;quot;.&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;[http://flyingmoose.org/tolksarc/book/book.htm The Lord Of The... whatever]&#039;&#039;, a &amp;quot;transcribed electronic text version&amp;quot;, written by the Tolkien fans of the rec.arts.books.tolkien newsgroup as a reply to those who ask where can they download an electronic copy of the book. It has lots of fan in-jokes, like whether Balrogs have wings or not, a long-standing debate in the Tolkien fandom.&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Flight of the Conchords]] claim that their parody &#039;&#039;Frodo&#039;&#039; was rejected as a theme song for Peter Jackson&#039;s movies. Incidentally, Bret McKenzie (one half of the band) played an elf in the &#039;&#039;Fellowship&#039;&#039;, and his character (now known as [[Figwit]]) has become an unusual web celebrity, attracting [http://www.figwitlives.net/ fan sites] and even a [http://www.geocities.com/figwit_is_evil/Evil_figwit.html hate site].&lt;br /&gt;
* [[The Ring Thing]] - a Swiss parody of [[Peter Jackson&#039;s The Lord of the Rings]], however it has received mixed reviews.&lt;br /&gt;
* MADtv spoofed the series with &#039;&#039;The Lords of the Bling&#039;&#039;, with various actors/actresses portraying characters as Gandalf, Frodo, Legolas, etc.&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;[http://www.lysator.liu.se/~ekman/en/article1.html Kingdom O&#039; Magic]&#039;&#039;, by Fergus McNeill. He became famous during the eighties for games such as &#039;&#039;Bored of the Rings&#039;&#039; (influenced by, but not adapted from, the Harvard Lampoon book) and &#039;&#039;The Boggit&#039;&#039;.&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;[http://www.miami.com/mld/miamiherald/living/columnists/dave_barry/5023564.htm Why can&#039;t they just lose the ring in the sink?]&#039;&#039;, humour columnist Dave Barry&#039;s satire.&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;Dead Ringers&#039;&#039;, BBC Radio/TV satirical comedy show regularly features Lord of the Rings-themed sketches, usually with the characters of Gandalf, Saruman and Frodo.&lt;br /&gt;
* Bobo, a very popular Serbian voice-over video on scene from the first film, which features Boromir and Frodo as gay lovers. It spawned many other voice-overs.&lt;br /&gt;
* British Comedy duo [[French &amp;amp; Saunders]] have also satired and spoofed in detail Peter Jackson&#039;s &#039;&#039;The Fellowship of the Ring&#039;&#039; in a BBC 2002 Easter Special entitled &amp;quot;The Egg&amp;quot;.&lt;br /&gt;
* A parody entitled &#039;&#039;teh l0rd of teh Ringz0r&#039;&#039; has done the rounds of bulletin boards systems. Based on the Counter-Strike indebted &#039;1337 speak&#039; it retells scenes, primarily from the Peter Jackson films, in the style of a &#039;1337 hax0r&#039; or online gamer.&lt;br /&gt;
* A Spanish voice-over video of Gollum debating about which is the best football (soccer) video game.&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;[http://www.onemanstarwars.com/lotr.html One Man Lord of the Rings]&#039;&#039; A one man show by [[Charles Ross]], reciting and parodying the three films in an hour.&lt;br /&gt;
*In an episode of The Simpsons, The Simpsons go on a picnic with someone named Cookie. When they have finished, Marge asks Cookie what to do with their garbage. Cookie says to leave it for &#039;Cleany&#039;. On hearing his name, Cleany comes out and wraps up their garbage in their picnic rug, saying Gollum&#039;s tagline &#039;My Precious&#039;. Cleany was voiced by Andy Serkis (the voice of Gollum in the Lord of the Rings).&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;[http://www.recstudios.net/Videos/LOTR/FOTR.wmv REC Studios&#039; Fellowship of the Ring]&#039;&#039; A parody starring four people portraying multiple characters each and condensing the first third of the story to under a quarter of an hour.&lt;br /&gt;
*In another episode of The Simpsons, Principal Skinner announced to Springfield Elementary School that they are going to have school medieval festival.  Class bully Nelson excitedly asks, &amp;quot;You mean like The Lord of the Rings?!&amp;quot;, and Skinner replies, &amp;quot;No! Nothing like The Lord of the Rings!&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
* MTV produced the [[Lord of the Piercing]], a parody with Sarah Michelle Gellar about the [[Council of Elrond]], in which [[Frodo]] uses the [[One Ring]] in a piercing. The 4 minute episode comes as a hidden extra in the first DVD of the 4-disc set of [[Peter Jackson&#039;s The Fellowship of the Ring|The Fellowship of the Ring]].&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Fellowship!]] - A musical parody of The Lord of the Rings&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>70.249.162.61</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=Dark_Mountains&amp;diff=13979</id>
		<title>Dark Mountains</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=Dark_Mountains&amp;diff=13979"/>
		<updated>2006-03-30T17:46:02Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;70.249.162.61: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;The original name for the range of deeply forested hills that ran through the northern part of [[Greenwood the Great]], whose name is a translation of the Elvish Emyn Duir. When the shadow of [[Dol Guldur]] fell on the forest, it was renamed &#039;[[Mirkwood]]&#039;, and this range of high hills came to be called the [[Mountains of Mirkwood]]. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Mountains]]&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>70.249.162.61</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=Enthor&amp;diff=13978</id>
		<title>Enthor</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=Enthor&amp;diff=13978"/>
		<updated>2006-03-30T17:44:07Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;70.249.162.61: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;&#039;&#039;&#039;Enthor&#039;&#039;&#039; was the third son of [[Meleth]] and [[Agathor]]. His birth and death are unknown but he had a younger brother, [[Hunthor]], and a younger sister, [[Manthor]]. He married [[Hiril]] the daughter of [[Halmir]]. In [[First Age|F.A.]] 500 Enthor was captain of the guards near [[Brithiach]] and when news came that [[Hurin]] was released from [[Angband]] he sent messages to his brother Manthor that Hurin might cross over Brithiach into [[Brethil]].&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Men]]&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>70.249.162.61</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=Fl%C3%B3i&amp;diff=13977</id>
		<title>Flói</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=Fl%C3%B3i&amp;diff=13977"/>
		<updated>2006-03-30T17:41:45Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;70.249.162.61: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;&#039;&#039;&#039;Floi&#039;&#039;&#039;, a Dwarf of the [[Lonely Mountain]], was one of the companions who went with [[Balin]] to reclaim [[Moria]] in 2989.  When they reached Moria, they found [[Goblins]] and there was a battle fought near the [[Mirrormere]].  He killed a great enemy before he to was killed by a Goblin arrow.  &#039;&#039;Floi&#039;&#039; was buried under the grass near the Mirrormere.  His death was recorded in the [[Book of Mazarbul]].&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>70.249.162.61</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=Fl%C3%B3i&amp;diff=13976</id>
		<title>Flói</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=Fl%C3%B3i&amp;diff=13976"/>
		<updated>2006-03-30T17:40:46Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;70.249.162.61: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;&#039;&#039;&#039;Floi&#039;&#039;&#039;, a Dwarf of the [[Lonely Mountain]], was one of the companions who accompanied [[Balin]] to reclaim [[Moria]] in 2989.  When they reached Moria, they found [[Goblins]] and there was a battle fought near the [[Mirrormere]].  He killed a great enemy before he to was killed by a Goblin arrow.  &#039;&#039;Floi&#039;&#039; was buried under the grass near the Mirrormere.  His death was recorded in the [[Book of Mazarbul]].&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>70.249.162.61</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=Fl%C3%B3i&amp;diff=13975</id>
		<title>Flói</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=Fl%C3%B3i&amp;diff=13975"/>
		<updated>2006-03-30T17:37:14Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;70.249.162.61: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;A [[Dwarf]] of the [[Lonely Mountain]], he accompanied [[Balin]] to reclaim [[Moria]] in 2989.  When they reached Moria, they found [[Goblins]] and there was a battle fought near the [[Mirrormere]].  He killed a great enemy before he to was killed by a Goblin arrow.  &#039;&#039;Floi&#039;&#039; was buried under the grass near the Mirrormere.  His death was recorded in the [[Book of Mazarbul]].&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>70.249.162.61</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=Witch_King&amp;diff=13973</id>
		<title>Witch King</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=Witch_King&amp;diff=13973"/>
		<updated>2006-03-30T17:11:07Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;70.249.162.61: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;One of the names given to the [[Witch-king of Angmar]].&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>70.249.162.61</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=Witch_King&amp;diff=13971</id>
		<title>Witch King</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=Witch_King&amp;diff=13971"/>
		<updated>2006-03-30T17:10:39Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;70.249.162.61: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;One of the names given to the [[Witch-King of Angmar]].&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>70.249.162.61</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=Witch_King&amp;diff=13970</id>
		<title>Witch King</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=Witch_King&amp;diff=13970"/>
		<updated>2006-03-30T17:10:16Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;70.249.162.61: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;One of the names given to  the[[Witch-King of Angmar]].&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>70.249.162.61</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=Witch_King&amp;diff=13969</id>
		<title>Witch King</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=Witch_King&amp;diff=13969"/>
		<updated>2006-03-30T17:09:29Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;70.249.162.61: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;One of the names given to [[the Witch-King of Angmar]].&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>70.249.162.61</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=Witch_King&amp;diff=13968</id>
		<title>Witch King</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=Witch_King&amp;diff=13968"/>
		<updated>2006-03-30T17:08:14Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;70.249.162.61: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;One of the names given to [[the Witch King of Angmar]].&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>70.249.162.61</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=Witch_King&amp;diff=13967</id>
		<title>Witch King</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=Witch_King&amp;diff=13967"/>
		<updated>2006-03-30T17:07:16Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;70.249.162.61: &lt;/p&gt;
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&lt;div&gt;One of the names given to the [[Witch King of Angmar]].&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>70.249.162.61</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=Morgoth&amp;diff=13966</id>
		<title>Morgoth</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=Morgoth&amp;diff=13966"/>
		<updated>2006-03-30T17:03:22Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;70.249.162.61: &lt;/p&gt;
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&lt;div&gt;&#039;&#039;&#039;Morgoth&#039;&#039;&#039; (meaning &amp;quot;The Dark Enemy&amp;quot;) was originally named &#039;&#039;&#039;[[Melkor]]&#039;&#039;&#039; (&amp;quot;He Who Arises in Might&amp;quot;). The name &#039;&#039;&#039;Morgoth&#039;&#039;&#039; is the more common version of &#039;&#039;&#039;[[Morgoth Bauglir]]&#039;&#039;&#039;. At the creation of [[Eä]], he was the most powerful of the [[Ainur]] (angelic beings). He contended with [[Eru]] (the Creator) in the [[Music of the Ainur]], increasingly attempting to alter the music to his own design, but only ended up perverting its harmony. Melkor was incarnated into Middle-earth as the first to bear the title &#039;&#039;the [[Dark Lord]]&#039;&#039; and is the principal antagonist in the book &#039;&#039;[[The Silmarillion]]&#039;&#039;. As a fallen &amp;quot;angelic&amp;quot; being, he is largely based on Christian teachings about Satan (Satan is a seraph, the most powerful servants of God, and the Ainur also are the most powerful servants of [[Eru]]). Morgoth drew about him an army of [[Balrogs]] and other assorted [[demons]], who were [[Maiar]] whom he managed to trick or corrupt, and made war on Middle-earth and the [[Children of Ilúvatar]], but was defeated by the [[Valar]] and was overthrown. He was first taken away in chains, and later cast out of the circles of [[Arda]] after being weakened by dispersing his essence into the fabric of the world, marring it permenantly.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== History == &lt;br /&gt;
Even before [[Arda]] was created Melkor was jealous of his creator, and he wanted to be king of other wills himself. He spent a long time looking for the &#039;&#039;[[Secret Fire]]&#039;&#039;, either unaware or uncomprehending that this was a quality exclusive to Eru and his servants through him. During his search, which took him far away from Eru and his brethren, his thoughts gradually became less and less in harmony with their own, and this was the beginning of his downfall. During the Music of the Ainur Melkor directly competed with Eru&#039;s theme, and managed to draw many lesser Ainur to him. Melkor&#039;s competition with the themes of Eru only enriched the creation; however, when [[Ulmo]] thought of water Melkor tried to destroy it with immense heat and then immense cold, only achieving clouds and ice. When Eru revealed the results of their song to the [[Ainur]] (the material world, called Arda), Melkor was one of the first to enter it, mainly from this desire.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Melkor fought with the other Valar for a long time for the control of Arda. While he was the single most powerful Vala, he was not able to stand up to the might of all other Valar combined. However, these were busy ordering the new world, creating the mountains, the sky, the earth, the waters, and were desperate to create order among Melkor&#039;s chaos &amp;amp;mdash; so the fight was not even.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Melkor was held at bay by the aid of [[Tulkas]], who arrived late in Arda only to fight him, and the Valar ordered Arda to their pleasing. Melkor was only biding his time, however, so when the Valar finally rested, he and his followers (downfallen Ainur) attacked and destroyed the [[Two Lamps]] (precursors to the [[Two Trees]] and the [[Sun]] and [[Moon]]). In the process, Arda was plunged into darkness, and [[Almaren]], the home of the Valar, was destroyed.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The Valar then retired to [[Valinor]] in the West, and Melkor held dominion over [[Beleriand]] from his fortress of [[Utumno]] in the North. Melkor at this time began diluting himself all throughout Arda: he managed to taint all matter with his essence, in essence marring all of the world. However, this weakened him so that he became in essence far less powerful. Melkor&#039;s reign ended after Eru awoke the [[Elves]] in the East of Beleriand, and the Valar resolved to rescue them from him. They made immediate and devastating war on him, and he was brought to Valinor in chains to serve a term in the [[Halls of Mandos]] for three [[Ages]]. During this war much of the north of Beleriand was destroyed. Unknown to the Valar, Melkor had already begun capturing Elves, turning them into [[Orcs]] &amp;amp;mdash; a process which continued during his capture under his servant [[Sauron]].&lt;br /&gt;
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It was after this sentence was ended, and he used his newfound freedom to corrupt the [[Noldor]] (a people of the Elves who had relocated to Valinor) and steal the [[Silmarils]], that [[Fëanor]] of the Noldor first named him the &#039;&#039;&#039;Morgoth&#039;&#039;&#039;, &amp;quot;The Dark Enemy of the World&amp;quot;. With the aid of [[Ungoliant]] he also managed to kill [[Finwë]], [[Fëanor]]&#039;s father and High king of the Ñoldor, destroy the [[Two Trees]], and bring darkness to Valinor, before he fled.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Back in Beleriand, he took up his reign in the North again, this time in [[Angband]], which had not been destroyed as thoroughly by the Valar as Utumno had. This time however, there were Elves and after a time also [[Men]] and [[Dwarves]] who resisted him, so he was not the sole ruler of Beleriand. Melkor had also become weakened because of his dilution throughout Arda, and as Morgoth, although by far overpowering the might of Elves, Men, and Dwarves combined, he could no longer achieve the deeds of which he had once been capable.&lt;br /&gt;
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However, after building his strength (mainly enforced through his Orcs, which by now outnumbered the Ñoldor and [[Sindar]]), he soon dispatched his enemies, one by one, through violence or treachery, until only isolated pockets of resistance remained (such as the strongholds of the Dwarves in the [[Blue Mountains]], and minor refuges at the [[Mouths of Sirion]] and the [[Isle of Balar]]). His mastery was again complete.&lt;br /&gt;
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But it was not to last. [[Eärendil]], descended from Elves, Maiar, and Men, managed to plead with the Valar until they agreed to send an army to vanquish Morgoth. This time, the Valar themselves did not go, in fear of destroying even more of Middle-earth in a devastating war, but many of the [[Maiar]] went, and most of the [[Calaquendi]] (Elves living in Valinor) ferried over into Middle-earth by the ships of the [[Teleri]] (a people of the Elves akin to the Sindar). &lt;br /&gt;
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During the ensuing [[War of Wrath]], [[Beleriand]] and much of the north of Middle-earth was destroyed, but at the end Morgoth was utterly defeated, and his punishment was final. Because he had weakened himself so he could no longer resist the Valar. Melkor/Morgoth was executed, and his [[Fëa and hröa|fëa]] was shut outside the gates of the world forever. Shut off from Arda where most of his essence remained he was unable to ever return (or at least until the rumored [[Final Battle]] when he supposedly returns to fight a united army of Valar, Maiar, Elves and Men). Morgoth&#039;s evil, however, remained in Arda Marred.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
One legend of Middle-earth suggests that in the Last Battle, Morgoth will be slain by [[Túrin Turambar]], who will return from the dead to defeat him.  This legend was included in one of Tolkien&#039;s many notes on &#039;&#039;The Silmarillion,&#039;&#039; and it was published in &#039;&#039;The Shaping of Middle-earth&#039;&#039; (Book 4 of the &#039;&#039;History of Middle-earth&#039;&#039; series).&lt;br /&gt;
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== Characteristics ==&lt;br /&gt;
Melkor initially could take any shape, and at first had a fair appearance, like his fellow Valar. However after he had succeeded in alienating the Ñoldor from Valinor and stealing the Silmarils, he descended in the pits of Angband, and his shape eventually became that of the Dark Lord, &#039;&#039;the Morgoth&#039;&#039;: gigantic and terrible to behold. During this time he lost the ability to change shape, and in effect became bound to this one, terrible form. His hands had been burned by the theft of the Silmarils, and never healed. During the one time he emerged to fight the High King [[Fingolfin]], he was stabbed in the foot, and had a limp ever after. That battle also saw [[Thorondor]], the great [[Eagles|Eagle]], swoop down and scar the face of Melkor with his talons, a wound which also never healed. In battle he wielded [[Grond]], the Hammer of the Underworld. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Melkor&#039;s powers were originally immense, at the very least equivalent to those of his brother [[Manwë]]&#039;s, and possibly greater. He shared a part of the power of all other Valar, but unlike them used this for his own gain. However, as Morgoth he dispersed his power over all of Middle-earth, tainting the very fabric of Arda itself with his will, and thereby lost most of his personal power. (This was later emulated in miniature by his servant [[Sauron]], by creating the [[One Ring]].) When, at the end of the [[First Age]], Morgoth was dragged out of Angband in chains, he could not even resist the army of Valinor.&lt;br /&gt;
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Morgoth was very greedy and selfish, and he would destroy all that did not serve him if he thought that they were a threat to him. pity was beyond his understanding, as was courage, for he alone of the Valar knew fear.&lt;br /&gt;
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== Politics ==&lt;br /&gt;
As the mightiest dweller in Arda, Morgoth&#039;s chief servants were certain Maiar he corrupted: Sauron, later the Dark Lord of [[Mordor]] and his Chief Lieutenant; [[Gothmog]], the Lord of [[Balrogs]] and High-Captain of Angband; [[Glaurung]], the Father of [[Dragons]]; and [[Ancalagon]] the Black, greatest of the Winged Dragons. Morgoth did not trust any of them and considered them all his inferiors.&lt;br /&gt;
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Unlike the later Dark Lord Sauron, Morgoth&#039;s goal was not to dominate all of Arda, but rather to destroy it: because he could not control all of it, he wished to eliminate it completely. He saw the Children of [[Ilúvatar]] (Men and Elves) as a direct threat, since they were independent souls he could not easily dominate.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
At some point during the formation of Arda, Morgoth either had an alliance with or had as a servant the spider-shaped entity [[Ungoliant]], and during the [[Darkening of Valinor]] he formed an unholy alliance with her to destroy the [[Two Trees]].&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
When the race of Men came about, Morgoth is hinted to have temporarily left his caves of Angband, and dwelled amongst them: ancient legends the [[Atanatári]] (Fathers of Men) tried to forget spoke of a Dark Lord who led men to worship him, banning Ilúvatar from their hearts. The Atanatári were those Men who repented and fled, but Morgoth ever after had many legions of fallen Men at his service. ([[Morgoth&#039;s Ring]]: &amp;quot;Tale of Adanel&amp;quot;)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Morgoth even betrayed his own servants: after the Ñoldor were defeated, he bound all Men in his service to the lands of [[Hithlum]], forbidding them to stray from there. It seems that, once victorious, he would have destroyed them as he intended to destroy those whom they fought for him.&lt;br /&gt;
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== Accomplishments ==&lt;br /&gt;
Morgoth played a large role in the creation of Arda: from the start he fought his fellow Valar, even if all his schemes backfired. His unleashing of terrible cold on the waters of [[Ulmo]] brought about ice and snow; his horrible fires could not burn the seas, but created the clouds.&lt;br /&gt;
Yet he was partially victorious: he destroyed the [[Two Lamps]], and distorted the original symmetry of Arda.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Morgoth also begat the race of the Orcs by twisting and distorting Elves, and bred the [[Dragons]], and he also originated the [[Trolls]] in perverted mockery of the [[Ents]].  His evil could only ruin and destroy, never create.  His servants were always wretched shadows of the noble creations of the other Valar.  He corrupted many of the Maiar to his service, among them the spirits of fire which would become known as the [[Valaraukar]], or Balrogs.&lt;br /&gt;
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Perhaps his greatest evil was creating the rebellion of the Ñoldor against Valinor, and the destruction of the [[Two Trees]] and the theft of the [[Silmarils]]. This led to the disastrous Oath of [[Fëanor]], which all but annihilated the entire house of the Ñoldor in Middle-Earth.&lt;br /&gt;
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Legends amongst Men also blame him for their Fall, which stripped them of their immortality, although this cannot be clearly proven.  The Elves claim that death is the Gift of Eru to the [[Atani]].  Certainly, Morgoth created the fear of night and death in Men.&lt;br /&gt;
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Because Morgoth dispersed his essence all over Arda, it is said that all of Arda outside of the [[Valinor|Blessed Realm]] has some evil in it, this being the Morgoth-element.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Perhaps the most long-lasting and direct of all his accomplishments was the corruption of Sauron, originally a Maia of [[Aulë]].  Sauron was to become Morgoth&#039;s greatest servant, and in ages after his master&#039;s fall, would arise as a new Dark Lord, following the same terrible path, and completing the estrangement of Men and Elves which Morgoth had begun.&lt;br /&gt;
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==Names and titles==&lt;br /&gt;
His name among the Ainur (used by both servant and enemy) was recorded as &#039;&#039;&#039;Melkor&#039;&#039;&#039;, in an old form &#039;&#039;Melkórë&#039;&#039;, which is actually [[Quenya]] for &amp;quot;he who arises in might&amp;quot;. His original [[Valarin]] name is not recorded. The [[Sindarin]] form of this name was &#039;&#039;Belegur&#039;&#039;, which was never used except in the altered form &#039;&#039;Belegurth&#039;&#039;, meaning &#039;&#039;Great Death&#039;&#039;. The oldest name known, from [[Common Eldarin]], was *&#039;&#039;mbelekôro&#039;&#039;.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
After the Darkening of Valinor he was by the Elves never again called by his old name, but always called &#039;&#039;&#039;the Morgoth&#039;&#039;&#039;, the Dark Enemy. Other titles given to him were  the Dark Lord, the Great Enemy, the Dark Power of the North, the Black Foe, and &#039;&#039;the Lord of the Dark&#039;&#039;. His oldest name among them was &#039;&#039;the Dark Hunter&#039;&#039;, a name from legend given when he captured Elves, to create the race of Orcs, and tried to discredit [[Oromë]].&lt;br /&gt;
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Men called him &#039;&#039;the Dark King of Angband&#039;&#039; or &#039;&#039;the Dark King&#039;&#039;. The Dwarves&#039; name for him is unknown, and the [[Hobbit]]s do not seem to be aware of his existence.&lt;br /&gt;
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&#039;&#039;&#039;Morgoth&#039;&#039;&#039; and &#039;&#039;&#039;The Morgoth&#039;&#039;&#039; differed in meaning: &amp;quot;The Morgoth&amp;quot; was a term given to the person of Melkor in his complete power over the matter of Arda: therefore Dragons, Trolls, Orcs, and even Angband were in a way part of &amp;quot;The Morgoth&amp;quot;, but not part of Morgoth. &amp;quot;The Morgoth&amp;quot; still held all the power Melkor had held of old, and was by far the most powerful being in all of Arda, but the &#039;&#039;incarnated&#039;&#039; Morgoth had lost so much power that he had almost become an equal of the greatest of the Elves: whereas Melkor would have been able to destroy [[Fingolfin]] without effort, Morgoth actually had to duel with the Elf-lord. While Melkor/Morgoth was eventually exiled by the Valar, the only way to destroy &amp;quot;The Morgoth&amp;quot; would be to completely destroy all of Arda and render it anew: a task the Valar could not do without also destroying the Children of Ilúvatar and therefore unthinkable.&lt;br /&gt;
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== Other versions of the legendarium ==&lt;br /&gt;
Previous versions of his name in early Tolkien&#039;s writings (see: &#039;&#039;[[The History of Middle-earth]]&#039;&#039;) are &#039;&#039;&#039;Melko&#039;&#039;&#039;, &#039;&#039;&#039;Belcha&#039;&#039;&#039;, &#039;&#039;&#039;Melegor&#039;&#039;&#039;, &#039;&#039;&#039;Meleko&#039;&#039;&#039; and others.&lt;br /&gt;
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In the early stories, Melkor was much less powerful.  He is described as being equal in power to Manwe.  His power increased in later revisions of the story until he became the most powerful of the Valar, and then (in a late essay), more powerful than all of the Valar combined.  In addition, late essays make Melkor the source of all evil and corruption in Arda.  The published &#039;&#039;[[Silmarillion]]&#039;&#039; represents an earlier conception of Melkor&#039;s power:  there is hardly any trace of Morgoth&#039;s marring of all Arda by diluting himself throughout it.&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>70.249.162.61</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=Rohirrim&amp;diff=13965</id>
		<title>Rohirrim</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=Rohirrim&amp;diff=13965"/>
		<updated>2006-03-30T17:01:16Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;70.249.162.61: &lt;/p&gt;
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&lt;div&gt;The &#039;&#039;&#039;Rohirrim&#039;&#039;&#039; were a horse people, settling in the land of [[Rohan]], named after them. The name is [[Sindarin]] for &#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;People of the Horse-lords&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039; (sometimes translated simply as &#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;Horse-lords&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;) and was mostly used by outsiders: the name they had for themselves was &#039;&#039;&#039;Eorlingas&#039;&#039;&#039;, after their king [[Eorl the Young]] who had first brought them to Rohan.&lt;br /&gt;
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The Rohirrim were descended from the [[Éothéod]], a race of [[Men]] that lived in the vales of the Great River [[Anduin]], but that removed to [[Calenardhon]] which was granted them in perpetuity by the [[Stewards of Gondor|Ruling Steward]] of [[Gondor]], [[Cirion]] in reward for the assistance that they offered Gondor at a time of great need.&lt;br /&gt;
At that time Calenardhon was renamed Rohan (&#039;&#039;Horse-land&#039;&#039;) after their many horses. By the Rohirrim themselves Rohan was usually called &#039;&#039;&#039;[[The Mark]]&#039;&#039;&#039;.&lt;br /&gt;
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The terms &#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;Riders of Rohan&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039; and &#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;Riders of the Mark&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039; are commonly used and refer specifically to their mounted soldiers. The former is a chapter title in &#039;&#039;[[The Two Towers]]&#039;&#039;. The &#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;King&#039;s Riders&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039; were specifically the Riders who formed the bodyguard of the King.&lt;br /&gt;
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The Rohirrim were tall, blonde, and mostly had blue eyes. They prized their horses more than anything, and their entire culture was based around these. They had few cities, but lived in many villages on the plains of Rohan. &lt;br /&gt;
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:&#039;&#039;They are proud and wilful, but they are true-hearted, generous in thought and deed; bold but not cruel; wise but unlearned, writing no books but singing many songs, after the manner of the children of Men before the Dark Years. &#039;&#039; &amp;amp;#8212; [[The Lord of the Rings]]: The Two Towers&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The [[Dúnedain]] of Gondor believed that the Rohirrim were distantly related to them (having descended from the [[Atanatári]] of the [[First Age]]) and described them as &#039;&#039;Middle Men&#039;&#039;, that being inferior to the [[Númenor|Númenóreans]] in both culture and descent, but superior to the &#039;&#039;Men of Darkness&#039;&#039; who had worshipped and served [[Sauron]]. However J. R. R. Tolkien calls this a piece of Númenórean fiction meant to satisfy the national pride of the people of Gondor for the surrender of the territory of Calenardhon -- in reality there had been no common ancestry between the people of Rohan and of Gondor.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The Rohirrim had had contacts with [[Elves]] in their ancient history, and knew of [[Eru Ilúvatar|Eru]], but like the Dúnedain they did not worship him in any temples. They seem to have valued the [[Valar|Vala]] [[Oromë]] the Hunter highly, whom they called Bema. &lt;br /&gt;
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They were ruled by a line of kings descended from Eorl the Young, who had first brought them to Rohan, and in time of war every able men rode to meet the Muster of Rohan. &lt;br /&gt;
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&#039;&#039;Rohirrim&#039;&#039; is a collective noun and should be used with the definite article (i.e. &#039;&#039;the Rohirrim&#039;&#039;). It should not be used as an adjective. (The correct adjective is &#039;&#039;Rohirric&#039;&#039;.)&lt;br /&gt;
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==See also==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Kings of Rohan]]&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>70.249.162.61</name></author>
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