Tolkien Gateway - User contributions [en]

User:Morgan/Collection

2011-11-03T12:44:16Z

78.70.27.129: /* Books & Booklets */

If you don't have access to a specific source and need to check a reference in any of the material I have on Tolkien, I would be glad to assist you - just drop me a line on my [[User talk:Morgan|talk page]]!
==Books==
===Works by [[J.R.R. Tolkien]]===
* ''[[The Hobbit]]'' (HarperCollins''Publishers'' 1999; paperback)
* ''[[The Hobbit]]'' (Unwin Paperbacks 1980)
* [[The Lord of the Rings (50th Anniversary Edition)|''The Lord of the Rings'' (50th Anniversary Edition)]]. HarperCollins, 2004. Hardcover.
* ''[[The Lord of the Rings]]'' (Houghton Mifflin, 2001(?). One-volume ed., paperback. ISBN:0618129022.)
* ''The Lord of the Rings'' (HarperCollins 1991; illustrated by [[Alan Lee]])
* ''[[Farmer Giles of Ham]]'' (50th Anniv. Ed., HarperCollins)
* ''[[Farmer Giles of Ham]]'' (HarperCollins 1994; illustrated by [[Roger Garland]])
* ''[[The Road Goes Ever On (book)|The Road Goes Ever On]]'' (with [[Donald Swann]]), 3rd edition.
* ''The Road Goes Ever On'', 1st edition, George Allen and Unwin (Fourth Impression, 1974).
* ''The Road Goes Ever On'', 1st American edition, Ballantine Books 1967.
* ''[[Mr. Bliss]]''
* ''[[Tales from the Perilous Realm]]''
* ''[[Tree and Leaf]]''
* ''[[Bilbo's Last Song]]''
* ''[[Finn and Hengest]]'' (edited by [[Alan Bliss]])
* ''[[Letters from Father Christmas]]''
* ''[[The Annotated Hobbit: Revised and Expanded Edition]]'' (edited by [[Douglas A. Anderson]])
* ''[[Tolkien On Fairy-stories]]'' (edited by [[Verlyn Flieger]] and [[Douglas A. Anderson]])
* [[Smith of Wootton Major|''Smith of Woottoon Major: Extended Edition'']] (edited by [[Verlyn Flieger]])
* ''[[The Tolkien Reader]]'' (Ballantine, 1984)
* ''Tree and Leaf, Smith of Wootton Major, The Homecoming of Beorhtnoth'' (Unwin Paperbacks, 1977)
* ''[[Sir Gawain and the Green Knight (edition)|Sir Gawain & The Green Knight]]'' (Oxford, 1952)
* ''[[Om Beowulfsagan]]''
* ''[[Oliphaunt (book)|Oliphaunt]]'' (2011; The Child's World)

===Edited by [[Christopher Tolkien]]===
* ''[[The Silmarillion]]'' (George Allen & Unwin, 1977; 1st ed., 2nd impr.)
* ''The Silmarillion'' (HarperCollins, 1998)
* ''[[Unfinished Tales]]''
* ''[[The Letters of J.R.R. Tolkien]]'' (with [[Humphrey Carpenter]])
* ''[[The Monsters and the Critics]]''
* ''[[The History of Middle-earth]]'':
:#''[[The Book of Lost Tales Part One]]''
:#''[[The Book of Lost Tales Part Two]]''
:#''[[The Lays of Beleriand]]''
:#''[[The Shaping of Middle-earth]]''
:#''[[The Lost Road and Other Writings]]''
:#''[[The Return of the Shadow]]''
:#''[[The Treason of Isengard]]''
:#''[[The War of the Ring]]''
:#''[[Sauron Defeated]]'' (& [[The End of the Third Age]])
:#''[[Morgoth's Ring]]''
:#''[[The War of the Jewels]]''
:#''[[The Peoples of Middle-earth]]''
:#''[[The History of Middle-earth Index|Index]]''
* ''[[Sir Gawain and the Green Knight, Pearl and Sir Orfeo]]'' (Unwin Paperbacks, 1979)
* ''[[The Children of Húrin]]''
* ''[[The Legend of Sigurd and Gudrún]]''

===Other works, alphabetically===
====Books & Booklets====
* [[Erik Andersson|Andersson, Erik]]: ''[[Översättarens anmärkningar]]''
* Arvidsson, Stefan: ''[[Draksjukan]]''
* Becker, Alida (ed): ''[[The Tolkien Scrapbook|A Tolkien Treasury]]''
* Becker, Alida (ed): ''[[A Tolkien Treasury (miniature edition)]]''
*[[Henry N. Beard|Beard, Henry N.]] and [[Douglas C. Kenney|Kenney, Douglas C.]]: [[Bored of the Rings (book)|''Bored of the Rings'']] (Sept. 1969; 1st ed.)
*[[Cor Blok|Blok, Cor]]: ''[[A Tolkien Tapestry]]''
* Borroff, Marie: ''Sir Gawain and the Green Knight: A New Verse Translation'' (W.W. Norton, 1967)
* [[Jan Broberg|Broberg, Jan]]: ''[[I fantasins världar]]''
* Campbell, Liam: ''[[The Ecological Augury in the Works of JRR Tolkien]]''
* [[Humphrey Carpenter|Carpenter, Humphrey]]: ''[[The Inklings (book)|The Inklings]]''
* [[Humphrey Carpenter|Carpenter, Humphrey]]: ''[[J.R.R. Tolkien: A Biography]]''
* [[Lin Carter|Carter, Lin]]: ''[[The Young Magicians]]''
* Coren, Michael: ''[[J.R.R. Tolkien: The Man Who Created the Lord of the Rings]]''
* [[David Day|Day, David]]: ''[[A Tolkien Bestiary]]''
* [[L. Sprague de Camp|De Camp, L. Sprague]]: ''[[Literary Swordsmen and Sorcerers|Literary Swordsmen and Sorcerers: The Makers of Heroic Fantasy]]''
* [[Jason Fisher|Fisher, Jason]] (ed): ''[[Tolkien and the Study of His Sources]]''
* [[Jude Fisher|Fisher, Jude]]: ''Sagan om Ringen: En bildberättelse'' (transl. of ''[[The Fellowship of the Ring Visual Companion]]'')
* [[John Garth|Garth, John]]: ''[[Tolkien and the Great War]]''
*Gilbert, Douglas R. and [[Clyde S. Kilby|Kilby, Clyde S.]]: ''C.S. Lewis: Images of His World''
* Peter Gilliver, Edmund Weiner and Jeremy Marshall: ''[[The Ring of Words|The Ring of Words: Tolkien and the Oxford English Dictionary]]''
* [[Ida Gordon|Gordon, Ida]]: [[The Seafarer (I.L. Gordon)|''The Seafarer'']] (1st ed., 1960, & 1996 ed.)
* Greenberg, Martin H. (ed): ''[[After the King|After the King: Stories In Honor of J.R.R. Tolkien]]''
* [[Daniel Grotta|Grotta, Daniel]]: ''[[J.R.R. Tolkien: Architect of Middle-earth]]''
* Haber, Karen: ''[[Meditations on Middle-earth]]''
* [[Wayne G. Hammond|Hammond, Wayne G.]] and [[Christina Scull|Scull, Christina]]: ''[[The Art of The Hobbit]]''
* [[Wayne G. Hammond|Hammond, Wayne G.]] and [[Christina Scull|Scull, Christina]]: ''[[J.R.R. Tolkien: Artist and Illustrator]]''
* [[Wayne G. Hammond|Hammond, Wayne G.]] and [[Christina Scull|Scull, Christina]]: ''[[The J.R.R. Tolkien Companion and Guide]]''
* [[Wayne G. Hammond|Hammond, Wayne G.]] and [[Christina Scull|Scull, Christina]]: ''[[The Lord of the Rings: A Reader's Companion]]''
* [[Randel Helms|Helms, Randel]]: ''[[Myth, Magic and Meaning in Tolkien's World]]''
* Hidal, Sten: ''[[Kelter, dystre domprosten och Tolkien]]''
* Isaacs, Neil D. and Zimbardo, Rose A. (eds), [[Tolkien and the Critics|''Tolkien and the Critics: Essays on J.R.R. Tolkien's'' The Lord of the Rings]]
* Izzo, David Garrett (ed): ''[[W.H. Auden: A Legacy]]''
* [[Clyde S. Kilby|Kilby, Clyde S.]]: ''[[Tolkien and The Silmarillion]]''
*[[Stuart D. Lee|Lee, Stuart D.]] and [[Elizabeth Solopova|Solopova, Elizabeth]]: ''[[The Keys of Middle-earth]]''
* [[Andrew H. Morton|Morton, Andrew H.]]: ''[[Tolkien's Bag End]]''
* [[Andrew H. Morton|Morton, Andrew H.]]: ''[[Tolkien's Gedling]]''
* [[Åke Ohlmarks|Ohlmarks, Åke]]: ''[[Sagan om Tolkien]]''
* [[Åke Ohlmarks|Ohlmarks, Åke]]: ''[[Stora frågesportboken]]''
* [[Åke Ohlmarks|Ohlmarks, Åke]]: ''[[Tolkien-lexikon]]''
* [[Åke Ohlmarks|Ohlmarks, Åke]]: ''[[Tolkiens arv]]''
* [[Åke Ohlmarks|Ohlmarks, Åke]]: ''[[Tolkien och den svarta magin]]''
* Opie, Iona and Peter: ''[[The Lore and Language of Schoolchildren]]''
* Perumov, Nick: ''[[Elfijskij Klinok|Mörkrets ring: Alvklingan]]''
* [[Anne C. Petty|Petty, Anne C.]]: ''[[One Ring to Bind Them All: Tolkien's Mythology]]'' (1979)
* [[Carl Phelpstead|Phelpstead, Carl]]: ''[[Tolkien and Wales|Tolkien and Wales: Language, Literature and Identity]]''
* [[John D. Rateliff|Rateliff, John D.]] (ed): ''[[The History of The Hobbit]]'': ''One-volume Edition'' (hardcover)
* [[John D. Rateliff|Rateliff, John D.]] (ed): ''[[The History of The Hobbit]]'': ''Part 1: Mr. Baggins'' (paperback)
* [[John D. Rateliff|Rateliff, John D.]] (ed): ''[[The History of The Hobbit]]'': ''Part 2: Return to Bag End'' (paperback)
* Ratulangie, Dorine (ed.): ''[[Lembas Extra: Proceedings of the 5th Unquendor Lustrum]]''
* [[Gary Russell|Russell. Gary]]: ''Bildvärlden i Sagan om Ringen'' (transl. of ''[[The Art of The Fellowship of the Ring]]'')
* Ryding, Erik: ''[[Djävulens nya kläder]]''
* [[Tom Shippey|Shippey, Tom]]: ''[[The Road to Middle-earth]]''
* ''[[Some Moseley Personalities: Volume I]]''
* [[Barbara Strachey|Strachey, Barbara]]: ''[[Journeys of Frodo]]''
* Svensson, Ingvar: ''[[Tolkiens Midgård]]''
* [[Hilary Tolkien|Tolkien, Hilary]] and [[Angela Gardner|Gardner, Angela]], ''[[Black and White Ogre Country]]''
*[[John Tolkien|Tolkien, John]] and [[Priscilla Tolkien|Tolkien, Priscilla]]: ''[[The Tolkien Family Album]]''
* Thun, Nils: ''The Malignant Elves''
* Tunberger, Pernilla: ''[[Böckernas mat]]''
* [[J.E.A. Tyler|Tyler, J.E.A.]]: ''[[The Tolkien Companion]]''
*[[Richard C. West|West, Richard C. West]]: ''[[Tolkien Criticism: An Annotated Checklist]]''
* Westin, Boel: ''[[Tove Jansson: Ord, bild, liv]]''
* White, William Luther: ''[[The Image of Man in C.S. Lewis]]'' (1st ed.)
* Woods, Paul A. (ed.): ''[[Peter Jackson: From Gore to Mordor]]''
* [[Arne Zettersten|Zettersten, Arne]]: ''[[Tolkien - min vän Ronald och hans världar]]''

====Journals & Magazines====
* [[Amon Hen 70|''Amon Hen'' 70]], [[Amon Hen 113|''Amon Hen'' 113]]
* ''[[Arda (annual)|Arda]]'': Vol. II, [[Arda 1984/1985|Vol. IV-V]], [[Arda 1986|Vol. VI]], Vol. VII, Vol. VIII-XI
* [[Gandalf (fanzine)|''Gandalf: Tidsskrift for fantasi'']] (several issues)
* [[Interzone 174|''Interzone'' 174]]
*''[[Mallorn (journal)|Mallorn]]'': [[Mallorn 17|#17]]
* ''[[Parma Eldalamberon]]'' [[Parma Eldalamberon 6|6]], [[Parma Eldalamberon 7|7]], [[Parma Eldalamberon 11|11]], [[Parma Eldalamberon 12|12]], [[Parma Eldalamberon 14|14]], [[Parma Eldalamberon 15|15]], [[Parma Eldalamberon 16|16]], [[Parma Eldalamberon 17|17]], [[Parma Eldalamberon 18|18]], [[Parma Eldalamberon 19|19]]
* ''[[Quettar]]'': ''Back Issues Collection'', Volume II
* ''[[SEVEN|SEVEN: An Anglo-American Literary Review]]'': [[SEVEN 17|vol. 17]], [[SEVEN 27|vol. 27]]
* ''[[Tolkien Studies]]'': [[Tolkien Studies: Volume 5|Vol. 5]], [[Tolkien Studies: Volume 7|Vol. 7]]
* ''[[Vinyar Tengwar]]'', complete 1-49.

====Auction catalogues====
*''[[Sotheby's Literature and Illustration 11-12 July 2002]]''
*''[[Sotheby's English Literature, History, Children's Books, and Illustrations 16 December 2004]]''

==Miscellaneous==
*''[[A Tolkien Book of Days]]''
* [[Lin Carter|Carter, Lin]] and [[David T. Wenzel|Wenzel, David T.]]: ''[[Middle Earth: The World of Tolkien Illustrated]]''
* [[Michael Green|Green, Michael]]: ''[[A Hobbit's Journal]]''
* [[Michael Green|Green, Michael]]: ''[[A Hobbit's Travels]]''
* [[Ruth Lacon|Lacon, Ruth]]: "Queen Beruthiel Cast Adrift" (card illustration)
* [[Brian Sibley|Sibley, Brian]] & [[John Howe|Howe, John]]: ''[[The Maps of Tolkien's Middle-earth]]''
*[[David T. Wenzel|Wenzel, David T.]]: ''[[The Hobbit (comic book)]]''
*''[[J.R.R. Tolkien's The Lord of the Rings Fotonovel]]''
*''The Lord of the Rings Symphony Programme''
*''[[The Lord of the Rings (Super Cinema Card)]]''
*Calendars
**[[The J.R.R Tolkien Calendar 1974 (George Allen and Unwin)|''The J.R.R Tolkien Calendar 1974'' (George Allen and Unwin)]]
**''[[Tolkien Calendar 1997]]''
**''[[Tolkien Calendar 1998]]''
**''Tolkien Official Calendar 2011''

==Adaptations==
===Films===
* ''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring]]'', theatrical and extended
* ''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Two Towers]]'', theatrical and extended
* ''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King]]'', theatrical and extended
* ''[[The Lord of the Rings (1978 film)]]''
===Documentaries===
* ''[[J.R.R.T.: A Film Portrait of J.R.R. Tolkien]]''
* ''[[J.R.R. Tolkien: Master of the Rings]]''
* ''[[Creating The Lord of the Rings Symphony]]''
===Audio CDs===
* ''[[Complete Songs and Poems|Complete Songs & Poems: The Lord of the Rings]]'' (The Tolkien Ensemble and Christopher Lee)
* ''[[In Elven Lands]]''
* ''[[The Spoken Word: British Writers]]''
===Games===
====[[Decipher]]====
*''[[The Fellowship of the Ring Sourcebook]]''
*''[[The Lord of the Rings Roleplaying Game - Core Book]]''
*''[[The Lord of the Rings Roleplaying Game: Moria]]''
*''[[The Lord of the Rings Roleplaying Adventure Game]]''
*''[[Maps of Middle-earth: Cities and Strongholds]]''
*''[[The Two Towers Sourcebook]]''
====[[Games Workshop]]====
*[[The Lord of the Rings Strategy Battle Game|LOTRSBG]] supplements
**''[[The Battle of Pelennor Fields]]''
**''[[The Lord of the Rings Strategy Battle Game: The Return of the King]]''
**[[Mines of Moria (2005 boxed set)|''The Mines of Moria'' sourcebook ]]
**''[[Mordor (book)|Mordor]]''
**''[[The Return of the King: The Best of White Dwarf Magazine]]''
**''[[Shadow and Flame|Shadow & Flame]]''
**''[[The Scouring of the Shire (book)|The Scouring of the Shire]]''
*''[[White Dwarf]]''
**Issues 267-269, 271-274, 280, 284, 285, 288-291, 294, 301, 307, 311, 321, 371

====[[Iron Crown Enterprises|ICE]]====
*[[Middle-earth Role Playing|MERP]]
**''[[A Campaign and Adventure Guidebook for Middle-earth]]''
**''[[Angus McBride's Characters of Middle-earth]]''
**''[[Assassins of Dol Amroth]]''
**''[[Dagorlad and the Dead Marshes]]''
**''[[Denizens of the Dark Wood]]''
**''[[Dunland and the Southern Misty Mountains]]''
**''[[Elves (book)|Elves]]''
**''[[Far Harad: The Scorched Land]]''
**''[[Gates of Mordor (book)|Gates of Mordor]]''
**''[[Ghost Warriors]]''
**''[[Goblin-gate and Eagle's Eyrie]]
**''[[Isengard and Northern Gondor]]''
**''[[Hands of the Healer]]''
**''[[Hazards of the Harad Wood]]''
**''[[The Kin-strife]]''
**''[[Lake-town (book)|Lake-town]]''
**''[[Lords of Middle-earth: Vol. I]]''
**''[[Lords of Middle-earth: Vol. II]]
**''[[Lords of Middle-earth: Vol. III]]''
**''[[Lórien and the Halls of the Elven Smiths]]''
**''[[Middle-earth: The Role-playing Game set in J.R.R. Tolkien's World]]''
**[[Middle-earth Role Playing (boxed set)|''Middle-earth Role Playing'' (boxed set)]]
**[[Middle-earth Role Playing (2nd edition, softcover)|''Middle-earth Role Playing'' (2nd edition, softcover)]]
**[[Minas Tirith (1988 book)|''Minas Tirith'' (1988)]]
**[[Mount Gundabad (book)|''Mount Gundabad'']]
**''[[Nazgûl's Citadel]]''
**[[Northern Mirkwood (1984)|''Northern Mirkwood'']]
**''[[Northwestern Middle-earth Map Set]]''
**''[[Perils on the Sea of Rhûn]]''
**''[[Pirates of Pelargir]]''
**''[[Riders of Rohan (1985 book)|Riders of Rohan]]''
**[[The Shire (book)|''The Shire'']]
**[[Teeth of Mordor (book)|''Teeth of Mordor'']]
**''[[Thieves of Tharbad]]''
**''[[Valar and Maiar]]''
**''[[Warlords of the Desert]]''
**''[[Woses of the Black Wood]]''

*Other
**''[[A Long-Expected Party: MECCG Sites and Scenarios]]''
**[[Mines of Moria (Middle-earth Quest book)]]
**[[A Spy In Isengard| A Spy In Isengard (Middle-earth Quest book)]] (+ Swedish translation: ''En spion i Isengård'')
**[[MEP: An Unexpected Party]]

====Other games====
*''[[The Hobbit Adventure Boardgame]]''
*''[[J.R.R. Tolkien's Lord of the Rings|J.R.R. Tolkien's Sagan om Ringen Familjespelet]]
*''[[J.R.R. Tolkien's War in Middle Earth]]''
*Instruction booklet for ''[[J.R.R. Tolkien's The Lord of the Rings, Vol. I (SNES)]]''
*''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Card Game]]'' (core set)
*''[[Lord of the Rings Trivia Game]]''
*''[[Risk: The Lord of the Rings: Gondor and Mordor]]'' (Swedish edition)
*''[[The Two Towers: The Set of Four Games|The Lord of the Rings: The Two Towers: The Set of Four Games]]''
*[[The Lord of the Rings Online: Shadows of Angmar|''The Lord of the Rings Online: Shadows of Angmar'' (Gold Edition)]]

[[Category:Collections]]

Orcs

2011-10-13T14:04:16Z

78.70.27.129: /* Goblins */

{{rewrite}}{{sources}}
{{race
| image=[[Image:John Howe - In Mordor.jpg|250px]]
| name= Orcs
| dominions=[[Mordor]], [[Angband]], [[Misty Mountains]], [[Mount Gundabad]], [[Angmar]], [[Utumno]]
| languages= [[Black Speech]]; numerous [[Orkish]] languages of their own
| height= probably just above 5'{{fact}}
| length=
| skincolor= Sallow, Green, Brown, Grey
| haircolor=
| feathers=
| distinctions= Short, sallow
| lifespan=
| members= [[Gothmog, Lieutenant of Morgul|Gothmog]], [[Othrod]], [[Azog]], [[Gorbag]]
|}}
'''Orcs''' (also called '''[[Orcs#Orcs and Goblins|Goblins]]''') were the footsoldiers of evil overlords - [[Morgoth]], [[Sauron]] and the [[Witch-king]] of [[Angmar]].

==History==
===Origins and early Years===

The Orcs were bred by [[Morgoth|Melkor]] in mockery of the [[Elves]], sometime during the [[The Darkness#The Great Darkness|Great Darkness]].<ref>{{S|3}}</ref><ref>{{TT|III4}}</ref>

[[Image:Warren Mahy-Orc Archer.jpg|thumb|200px|right|Orc by [[Warren Mahy]]]]

It is unclear when exactly Orcs were created, but it certainly happened before the [[War for Sake of the Elves]] in his stronghold of Utumno. If the Orcs where at this time a capable fighting force against the host of Valinor is not known. But at least some of them survived this war, probably hidden in the deep vaults of [[Angband]] and multiplied, waiting for their master.

When Melkor (now known as [[Morgoth]]) returned to Middle-earth he created new hordes of Orcs and invaded [[Beleriand]], where the [[First Battle of Beleriand]] took place. Orcs fought also in [[Dagor-nuin-Giliath]].

===First Age===
Orcs appear in the [[First Age]] as the core force of [[Morgoth]]. Hundreds of thousands of Orcs were bred in [[Angband]] to participate in the [[Battles of Beleriand]], which lasted 587 years.

Orcs first appear in the [[First Age]] in the [[Battle of the Lammoth]], where they were defeated by [[Fingolfin]] and his [[Noldor]]. Orcs participated in battles such as the [[Dagor Aglareb]], [[Dagor Bragollach]], [[Nirnaeth Arnoediad]], [[Fall of the Falas]], and finally in the [[War of Wrath]], were they were almost extinguished. Those that survived the defeat fled eastwards and hid probably in the Mountains of [[Angmar]] and the [[Ered Mithrin]].

===Second Age===
At around the year thousand Sauron reappeared, took the land of [[Mordor]] as his realm and started the construction of [[Barad-dûr]]. It is likely that most of his servants where Orcs at this time that he had gathered under his command. Still for a long time Sauron's foul servants did not play an important role, for the Dark Lord had chosen a more subtle way to overthrow the free people by creating the [[Rings of Power]].

During the [[War of the Elves and Sauron]], in [[Second Age 1700|S.A.1700]] Orcs formed the main power of Sauron's host. Despite the immeasurable number of Orcs, Sauron was defeated by the united hosts of Elves and [[Númenóreans]]. Still Sauron was powerful east of the [[Misty Mountains]] and the inlands and the Orcs that inhabited the mountains multiplied.

The [[Orcs of the Misty Mountains]] started a war against the [[Dwarves]], resulting in the [[First Sack of Gundabad]] and its occupation by the Orcs. Finally, Orcs were the core force of [[Sauron]] during the [[War of the Last Alliance]], and fought in great battles such as the [[Battle of Dagorlad]] and the [[Siege of Barad-dûr]].

===Third Age===
During the [[Third Age]], Orcs were the standard troops of the [[Witch-king]] of [[Angmar]] and [[Sauron]] (both in [[Mordor]] and in [[Dol Guldur]]).

In [[Angmar]], Orcs fought in the [[Angmar War]]. Years later, they invaded [[Eriador]] under the leadership of the [[Necromancer]].

The [[Orcs of the Misty Mountains]], one of the few (more or less) independent Orcish societies, and their leader [[Azog]] started out the [[War of the Dwarves and Orcs]], and after their defeat they retreated in their caves. They appeared again in [[Third Age 2941|T.A. 2941]], when the [[Battle of Five Armies]] took place.

The [[Orcs of Mordor]] fought in major battles during the [[War of the Ring]], such as the [[Battle of the Pelennor Fields]], but the entire [[Mordor]] force was destroyed in the [[Battle of the Morannon]].

The Orcs in [[Dol Guldur]] remained in [[Mirkwood]] until the [[Fall of Dol Guldur]], one of the last battles of the War of the Ring.

===Fourth Age and beyond===
Although the entire force of [[Sauron]] was destroyed after the [[War of the Ring]], it is assumed that many Orcs continued to live beneath the [[Misty Mountains]] and caused little trouble.{{fact}}

==Characteristics==

===Culture===

It is certain all Orcs were dependent on the Dark Lord in various ways: after their leader was defeated, the Orcs were confused and dismayed, and easily scattered by their enemies. In the millennia after Morgoth's defeat and banishment from Arda, they were without a leader they degenerated to small, quarrelsome tribes hiding in the [[Misty Mountains]]. Only when Sauron returned to power did they begin to reclaim some of their old power. The same happened after Sauron's defeat by the [[Last Alliance of Elves and Men]]: only when Sauron returned as the Necromancer of [[Mirkwood]] did the Orcs become a real danger for Middle-earth again.

It is interesting to note that to an extent, Tolkien did not regard Orcs as evil in their own right, but only as tools of Melkor and Sauron. He wrote once that "we were all orcs in the [[World War I|Great War]]".{{fact}}

===Lifespan===

It is unknown if the Orcs were immortal like the Elves. There is, in any case, a hint for a long livespan in the story of two of the most famous Orc-chieftains: [[Azog]] and [[Bolg]]. Bolg, being the son of Azog, was the chieftain of the Orcs who attacked Erebor in the Battle of Five Armies in {{TA|2941}}. Azog himself was killed in the Battle of Azanulbizar in {{TA|2799}}, so Bolg was aproximately 150 years old.

===Appearance===

In Tolkien's writing, Orcs are described as humanoid, roughly human-sized, ugly and filthy. Although not dim-witted, they are portrayed as dull and miserable beings, who corrupt words and are only able to destroy, not to create. They had sour black blood.{{fact}}

===Kinds of Orcs===

Tolkien loosely implies that there are actually several different breeds of Orcs, not simply in the wide variety in clans, but strains of Orc that were specifically bred for certain tasks.

The Fellowship usually encounters the large soldier-Orcs bred for war, and sometimes the "snaga" variety which were more geared towards being labourers. However, a strong hint at the variety of Orc breeds is when Frodo and Sam are in Mordor, and realize that they are being followed by two Orcs, then hide to observe them. One of the Orcs is a normal soldier-Orc, but the other is described as a "Snuffler", a breed specifically geared towards being a tracker. This tracker-Orc was, compared to the soldier-Orc, physically unimposing, but had vastly overdeveloped sensory organs, particularly a single giant nostril. While physically weak compared to the soldier-Orc, the "snuffler" was able to skilfully kill the soldier-orc when they got into a disagreement.

*[[Snaga]]
*[[Orcs of Mordor]]
*[[Orcs of the Misty Mountains]]
*[[Half-Orcs]] (and [[Goblin-men]])
*[[Uruk-hai]]
*[[Hobgoblins]]

===Orcs and Goblins===

The term ''goblin'' was used primarily in ''[[The Hobbit]]'' but also in ''[[The Lord of the Rings]]'' where it is used synonymously with "Orc".<ref>{{TT|III1}}</ref><ref>{{HM|RC}}, p. 24</ref>

"Goblin" is an English word, whereas "Orcs" is Old English, the language used by Tolkien to represent Rohirric.<ref>{{App|F1iv}}</ref> Thus, there is no difference between Orcs and Goblins, and the two names of different languages have much the same relationship as ''dog'' (English) and ''hund'' (German).

The original edition of ''The Hobbit'' and early drafts of ''The Lord of the Rings'' first used "goblin" everywhere and used "[[Hobgoblins|hobgoblin]]" for larger, more evil goblins: when goblins were replaced with Orcs Tolkien invented the term Uruk-hai for his more evil Orcs.

==Etymology==
===Orc===
The word '''''Orc''''' is said to be the "''form of the name that other races had for this foul people as it was in the [[Rohirric|language of Rohan]]''".<ref name=App|F1iv/>

In his late, post-''Lord of the Rings'' writings, Tolkien preferred the spelling '''''Ork'''''.<ref>{{HM|PM}}</ref> This was evidently mainly to avoid the form ''Orcish'', which would be naturally pronounced with the c as /s/ instead of /k/. (In [[Languages|Tolkien's languages]] the letter ''c'' was always pronounced /k/.) It is also possible that the word is a Common Tongue Version of 'orch', the [[Sindarin]] word for Orc. The original sense of the word seems to be "bogey", "bogeyman", that is, something that provokes fear, as seen in the Quenya cognate ''urko'', pl. ''urqui''.{{fact}}

Tolkien derived the word ''orc'' from [[Old English]] believing it refers to a kind of evil spirits,<ref name=L144/><ref>[[J.R.R. Tolkien]], "[[Gene Wolfe 7 November 1966]]" (letter)</ref> which in turn derives from Latin ''Orcus'' "Hades". He also thought it survives in the modern language for sea-beasts,<ref>{{HM|N}}, p. 762</ref> such as the [[Wikipedia:Orca Whale|Orca Whale]].

''Orc'' is an [[Old English]] word that refers mainly to a kind of metal cup (from Latin ''Urceus'').<ref group="note">The word ''Orc'' occurs twice in ''[[Beowulf]]''.</ref> However, in a 11th century glossary, this entry was conflated with another entry which refers to evil giants such as ''[[Wikipedia:Jötunn|þyrs]]'' and other monsters, also glossed in Latin as ''Orcus''. This merge of the two entries made many philologists of the previous centuries, like Tolkien, to believe that ''Orc'' was an actual Old English word that refers to any kind of evil creature from the underworld.<ref>Bosworth and Toller's ''An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary'' (1898), corrected in later editions</ref>

The word ''Orcnéas'' is once found only in ''[[Beowulf]]'' (lines 112-113) and is cited as an example of the word "Orc" in Old English text. Actually its meaning is not clear, and it is thought to refer to corpses (''néas'') from the Underworld.

However, it is also mentioned that the word ''Orc'' is Anglo-Saxon for "Foreigner, Monster, Demon" and was used to refer to the Normans invading the Anglish in 1066.<ref>"[http://www.imdb.com/title/tt1329539/ 1066 The Battle for Middle Earth]" 2009 (documentary)</ref>
==="Orcs" in Tolkien's languages===
Tolkien said that one of the reason of choosing "Orc" over "Goblin" was the similarity with his fictional languages.<ref name=WJAC>{{WJ|AC}}, pp. 389-91</ref> Indeed most [[Elvish]], [[Mannish]] and other words for Orc, are similar to the English word.

The basic [[Primitive Quendian]] [[Sundocarme|root]], from which the words for Orc derive, is [[RUKU]] (said to refer to any "bogey" that scared the Elves)<ref name=WJAC/>:

*[[Quenya]] '''''orco'''''<ref name=PE17_47/> (pl. '''''Orkor'''''<ref>{{GA|27}}, p. 12</ref><ref>{{HM|MR}}, pp. 74, 194</ref>); [[Exilic Quenya]] '''''urko''''' (pl. '''''orkor''''' and '''''orqui''''')<ref name=WJAC/>
*[[Sindarin]]: '''''orch'''''/'''''Orch''''' (pl. '''''yrch'''''/'''''Yrch''''', class pl. '''''Orchoth'''''/'''''orchoth'''''<ref group="note">''Orchoth'' is likely a compound of ''orch'' + ''[[hoth]]''.</ref>)<ref name=WJAC/><ref name=L144/><ref name=PE17_52-4/><ref name=PE17_47/><ref name=App|F1iv/>; '''''[[glamhoth]]'''''
*[[Nandorin]]: '''''ūriʃ'''''<ref name=PE17_52-4>{{PE|17}}, pp. 52-4</ref>

*[[Adûnaic]]: '''''urku''''', '''''urkhu'''''<ref name=WJAC/>
*[[Westron]]: '''''orka'''''<ref name=PE17_47>{{PE|17}}, p. 47</ref>
*[[Black Speech]]: '''''[[Uruk-hai#Etymology|uruk]]'''''<ref name=App|F1iv>{{App|F1iv}}</ref><ref name=WJAC/><ref name=L144>{{L|144}}</ref><ref name=PE17_47/>
*[[Khuzdul]]: '''''Rukhs''''' (pl. '''''Rakhās'''''), possibly derived from an unknown [[Avarin]] word of the same meaning<ref name=WJAC/><ref group="note">''Rukhs'' appears to contain the radical R-Kh-S.</ref>
*[[Drúadan language]]: '''''gorgûn''''' ("orc-folk"; the form ''gorgûn'' is perhaps plural of an unknown singular form)<ref name=PE17_99>{{PE|17}}, p. 99</ref><ref>{{RK|V5}}</ref><ref name=WJAC/>

In the earliest versions of [[Qenya]], Tolkien had words such as "'''Ork (orq-)''' pl. '''Orqi''' and fem. "'''orqindi'''".{{fact}}

In [[Noldorin]], the earlier version of Sindarin, the word for Orc is the same: ''orch'' (pl ''yrch'').<ref name=LR379>{{LR|Etymologies}}, p. 379 (entry for ÓROK)</ref><ref>{{MR|P3I7}}, p. 195</ref><ref>{{MC|Secret}}, p. 217</ref> The [[Gnomish]] word for "one of a tribe of the orcs. a goblin" is said to be '''''Gong'''''.<ref>{{PE|11}}, p. 41</ref>

*''See also: [[Entish]] ''[[burárum]]''
===Goblin===
''[[Wiktionary:Goblin|Goblin]]'' is a folk word which according to ''The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Current English'' is probably derived from the Anglo-French ''[[Wiktionary:gobelin|gobelin]]'' a diminutive of ''gobel'' (cf. ''[[Wiktionary:kobold|kobold]]''). William D.B. Loos notes that ''goblin'' is a Romance-derived word, unlike other Germanic words preferred by [[J.R.R. Tolkien|Tolkien]].<ref>William D.B. Loos, [http://tolkien.slimy.com/tfaq/EnemyMisc.html#Orcs Enemies and Miscellaneous: What was the relationship between Orcs and Goblins?] at [http://tolkien.slimy.com/tfaq/ The Tolkien Frequently Asked Questions List] (accessed 3 July 2011)</ref>

==="Goblin" in Tolkien's languages===

In the [[The Etymologies|''Etymologies'']], the Elvish names used to translate "goblin" derive from root [[RUKU#Other versions|ÓROK]] and are:<ref name=LR379>{{LR|Etymologies}}, p. 379 (entry for ÓROK)</ref>

*[[Quenya]]: '''''orko''''' (pl. '''''orqi''''')
*[[Noldorin]]: ''orch'' (pl ''yrch'', archaic ''yrchy''<ref>{{VT|46a}}, p. 7</ref>)
*[[Nandorin|Danian]]: '''''urc''''' (pl. '''''yrc''''')
*[[Doriathrin]]: '''''urch''''' (pl. '''''urchin''''')

In an early linguistic writing, Tolkien translated the [[Gnomish]] word ''Gong'' as "one of a tribe of the orcs. a goblin."<ref>{{PE|11}}, p. 41</ref>

==Other Versions of the Lengendarium==
===Origin===
According to the oldest "theory" proposed by Tolkien, Orcs were made of stone and slime through the sorcery of Morgoth. But, Tolkien later changed the legendarium so that Morgoth could no longer produce life on his own.

While Tolkien originally saw all Orcs as descended from tortured Elves, later comments of his indicate, according to [[Christopher Tolkien]] in ''Morgoth's Ring'' ("Myths Transformed, text X"), that he began to feel uncomfortable with the theory that orcs were descending from Elves. However, Tolkien died before he could complete his upheaval of the cosmology, and in the published version of ''The Silmarillion'', the Elf origin of Orcs was adopted. It does not appear that the elder Tolkien ever decided on a definitive answer.

The origin of Orcs is an open question. In Tolkien's writings, evil is not capable of independent creation, making it unlikely that the [[Valar|Vala]] [[Morgoth|Melkor]], who was obviously the first to produce them, could do that ''ex nihilo''. In the ''[[The Silmarillion]]'' is mentioned that the Orcs were transformed from Elves — the purest form of life on [[Arda]] (the Earth) — by means of torture and mutilation; and this "theory" would then become the most popular. There are hints in the ''[[The History of Middle-earth|History of Middle-earth]]'' series of books, (especially in ''[[Morgoth's Ring]]'' in the section "Myths Transformed"), that some Orc leaders, such as the First Age's [[Boldog]], or the [[Great Goblin]] encountered by [[Bilbo Baggins|Bilbo]] and the Dwarves, may in fact have been fallen [[Maiar]] which had taken Orc form.

Yet other Orcs may have begun as animals of vaguely humanoid shapes, empowered by the will of the Dark Lord (first [[Morgoth]], later Sauron): this may explain the references to their "beaks and feathers"{{fact}} in Tolkien's writings.

: ''The Orcs were beasts of humanized shape (…).'' ('Morgoth's Ring', "Myths transformed", text VIII')

==Controversy==
Tolkien's Orcs have ''allegedly'' been a subject of criticism of [[racism]]. Tolkien described Orcs as "squat, broad, flat-nosed, sallow-skinned, with wide mouths and slant eyes: in fact degraded and repulsive versions of the (to Europeans) least lovely Mongol-types".<ref>{{L|210}}</ref> Another possible offensive theme present in orcs (though not necessarily racist), is the fact that when the orcs talk, they often use the same phrases and accents that the English working-class is known to use.{{fact}}

==Portrayal in Adaptations==
===Orcs===
{{stub}}
===Goblins===
'''2003: ''[[The Lord of the Rings: War of the Ring]]'':'''
:Goblins have been made clearly distinct from Orcs.

'''2006: ''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Battle for Middle-earth II]]'':'''
:Goblins have been made clearly distinct from Orcs.

'''2007: ''[[The Lord of the Rings Online]]'':'''
:Goblins are a separate race and can be found in [[Evendim]], [[the Shire]], [[Ered Luin]], [[Bree-land]], [[Lone-lands|Lone lands]], [[North Downs]], [[Misty Mountains]], [[Angmar]] and [[Moria]]. They are small in stature; a little shorter than [[Hobbits]]. In contrast, Orcs are about the size of [[Men]]. Goblins are also weaker than the orcs.

==See also==
*[[:Category:Images of Orcs|Images of Orcs]]
*[[:Category:Images of Goblins|Images of Goblins]]

{{references|note}}
[[Category:Orcs| ]]
[[Category:Races]]
[[de:Orks]]
[[fr:encyclo/peuples/orques/orques]]
[[fi:Örkit]]

Orcs

2011-10-13T14:03:30Z

78.70.27.129: /* Goblins */

{{rewrite}}{{sources}}
{{race
| image=[[Image:John Howe - In Mordor.jpg|250px]]
| name= Orcs
| dominions=[[Mordor]], [[Angband]], [[Misty Mountains]], [[Mount Gundabad]], [[Angmar]], [[Utumno]]
| languages= [[Black Speech]]; numerous [[Orkish]] languages of their own
| height= probably just above 5'{{fact}}
| length=
| skincolor= Sallow, Green, Brown, Grey
| haircolor=
| feathers=
| distinctions= Short, sallow
| lifespan=
| members= [[Gothmog, Lieutenant of Morgul|Gothmog]], [[Othrod]], [[Azog]], [[Gorbag]]
|}}
'''Orcs''' (also called '''[[Orcs#Orcs and Goblins|Goblins]]''') were the footsoldiers of evil overlords - [[Morgoth]], [[Sauron]] and the [[Witch-king]] of [[Angmar]].

==History==
===Origins and early Years===

The Orcs were bred by [[Morgoth|Melkor]] in mockery of the [[Elves]], sometime during the [[The Darkness#The Great Darkness|Great Darkness]].<ref>{{S|3}}</ref><ref>{{TT|III4}}</ref>

[[Image:Warren Mahy-Orc Archer.jpg|thumb|200px|right|Orc by [[Warren Mahy]]]]

It is unclear when exactly Orcs were created, but it certainly happened before the [[War for Sake of the Elves]] in his stronghold of Utumno. If the Orcs where at this time a capable fighting force against the host of Valinor is not known. But at least some of them survived this war, probably hidden in the deep vaults of [[Angband]] and multiplied, waiting for their master.

When Melkor (now known as [[Morgoth]]) returned to Middle-earth he created new hordes of Orcs and invaded [[Beleriand]], where the [[First Battle of Beleriand]] took place. Orcs fought also in [[Dagor-nuin-Giliath]].

===First Age===
Orcs appear in the [[First Age]] as the core force of [[Morgoth]]. Hundreds of thousands of Orcs were bred in [[Angband]] to participate in the [[Battles of Beleriand]], which lasted 587 years.

Orcs first appear in the [[First Age]] in the [[Battle of the Lammoth]], where they were defeated by [[Fingolfin]] and his [[Noldor]]. Orcs participated in battles such as the [[Dagor Aglareb]], [[Dagor Bragollach]], [[Nirnaeth Arnoediad]], [[Fall of the Falas]], and finally in the [[War of Wrath]], were they were almost extinguished. Those that survived the defeat fled eastwards and hid probably in the Mountains of [[Angmar]] and the [[Ered Mithrin]].

===Second Age===
At around the year thousand Sauron reappeared, took the land of [[Mordor]] as his realm and started the construction of [[Barad-dûr]]. It is likely that most of his servants where Orcs at this time that he had gathered under his command. Still for a long time Sauron's foul servants did not play an important role, for the Dark Lord had chosen a more subtle way to overthrow the free people by creating the [[Rings of Power]].

During the [[War of the Elves and Sauron]], in [[Second Age 1700|S.A.1700]] Orcs formed the main power of Sauron's host. Despite the immeasurable number of Orcs, Sauron was defeated by the united hosts of Elves and [[Númenóreans]]. Still Sauron was powerful east of the [[Misty Mountains]] and the inlands and the Orcs that inhabited the mountains multiplied.

The [[Orcs of the Misty Mountains]] started a war against the [[Dwarves]], resulting in the [[First Sack of Gundabad]] and its occupation by the Orcs. Finally, Orcs were the core force of [[Sauron]] during the [[War of the Last Alliance]], and fought in great battles such as the [[Battle of Dagorlad]] and the [[Siege of Barad-dûr]].

===Third Age===
During the [[Third Age]], Orcs were the standard troops of the [[Witch-king]] of [[Angmar]] and [[Sauron]] (both in [[Mordor]] and in [[Dol Guldur]]).

In [[Angmar]], Orcs fought in the [[Angmar War]]. Years later, they invaded [[Eriador]] under the leadership of the [[Necromancer]].

The [[Orcs of the Misty Mountains]], one of the few (more or less) independent Orcish societies, and their leader [[Azog]] started out the [[War of the Dwarves and Orcs]], and after their defeat they retreated in their caves. They appeared again in [[Third Age 2941|T.A. 2941]], when the [[Battle of Five Armies]] took place.

The [[Orcs of Mordor]] fought in major battles during the [[War of the Ring]], such as the [[Battle of the Pelennor Fields]], but the entire [[Mordor]] force was destroyed in the [[Battle of the Morannon]].

The Orcs in [[Dol Guldur]] remained in [[Mirkwood]] until the [[Fall of Dol Guldur]], one of the last battles of the War of the Ring.

===Fourth Age and beyond===
Although the entire force of [[Sauron]] was destroyed after the [[War of the Ring]], it is assumed that many Orcs continued to live beneath the [[Misty Mountains]] and caused little trouble.{{fact}}

==Characteristics==

===Culture===

It is certain all Orcs were dependent on the Dark Lord in various ways: after their leader was defeated, the Orcs were confused and dismayed, and easily scattered by their enemies. In the millennia after Morgoth's defeat and banishment from Arda, they were without a leader they degenerated to small, quarrelsome tribes hiding in the [[Misty Mountains]]. Only when Sauron returned to power did they begin to reclaim some of their old power. The same happened after Sauron's defeat by the [[Last Alliance of Elves and Men]]: only when Sauron returned as the Necromancer of [[Mirkwood]] did the Orcs become a real danger for Middle-earth again.

It is interesting to note that to an extent, Tolkien did not regard Orcs as evil in their own right, but only as tools of Melkor and Sauron. He wrote once that "we were all orcs in the [[World War I|Great War]]".{{fact}}

===Lifespan===

It is unknown if the Orcs were immortal like the Elves. There is, in any case, a hint for a long livespan in the story of two of the most famous Orc-chieftains: [[Azog]] and [[Bolg]]. Bolg, being the son of Azog, was the chieftain of the Orcs who attacked Erebor in the Battle of Five Armies in {{TA|2941}}. Azog himself was killed in the Battle of Azanulbizar in {{TA|2799}}, so Bolg was aproximately 150 years old.

===Appearance===

In Tolkien's writing, Orcs are described as humanoid, roughly human-sized, ugly and filthy. Although not dim-witted, they are portrayed as dull and miserable beings, who corrupt words and are only able to destroy, not to create. They had sour black blood.{{fact}}

===Kinds of Orcs===

Tolkien loosely implies that there are actually several different breeds of Orcs, not simply in the wide variety in clans, but strains of Orc that were specifically bred for certain tasks.

The Fellowship usually encounters the large soldier-Orcs bred for war, and sometimes the "snaga" variety which were more geared towards being labourers. However, a strong hint at the variety of Orc breeds is when Frodo and Sam are in Mordor, and realize that they are being followed by two Orcs, then hide to observe them. One of the Orcs is a normal soldier-Orc, but the other is described as a "Snuffler", a breed specifically geared towards being a tracker. This tracker-Orc was, compared to the soldier-Orc, physically unimposing, but had vastly overdeveloped sensory organs, particularly a single giant nostril. While physically weak compared to the soldier-Orc, the "snuffler" was able to skilfully kill the soldier-orc when they got into a disagreement.

*[[Snaga]]
*[[Orcs of Mordor]]
*[[Orcs of the Misty Mountains]]
*[[Half-Orcs]] (and [[Goblin-men]])
*[[Uruk-hai]]
*[[Hobgoblins]]

===Orcs and Goblins===

The term ''goblin'' was used primarily in ''[[The Hobbit]]'' but also in ''[[The Lord of the Rings]]'' where it is used synonymously with "Orc".<ref>{{TT|III1}}</ref><ref>{{HM|RC}}, p. 24</ref>

"Goblin" is an English word, whereas "Orcs" is Old English, the language used by Tolkien to represent Rohirric.<ref>{{App|F1iv}}</ref> Thus, there is no difference between Orcs and Goblins, and the two names of different languages have much the same relationship as ''dog'' (English) and ''hund'' (German).

The original edition of ''The Hobbit'' and early drafts of ''The Lord of the Rings'' first used "goblin" everywhere and used "[[Hobgoblins|hobgoblin]]" for larger, more evil goblins: when goblins were replaced with Orcs Tolkien invented the term Uruk-hai for his more evil Orcs.

==Etymology==
===Orc===
The word '''''Orc''''' is said to be the "''form of the name that other races had for this foul people as it was in the [[Rohirric|language of Rohan]]''".<ref name=App|F1iv/>

In his late, post-''Lord of the Rings'' writings, Tolkien preferred the spelling '''''Ork'''''.<ref>{{HM|PM}}</ref> This was evidently mainly to avoid the form ''Orcish'', which would be naturally pronounced with the c as /s/ instead of /k/. (In [[Languages|Tolkien's languages]] the letter ''c'' was always pronounced /k/.) It is also possible that the word is a Common Tongue Version of 'orch', the [[Sindarin]] word for Orc. The original sense of the word seems to be "bogey", "bogeyman", that is, something that provokes fear, as seen in the Quenya cognate ''urko'', pl. ''urqui''.{{fact}}

Tolkien derived the word ''orc'' from [[Old English]] believing it refers to a kind of evil spirits,<ref name=L144/><ref>[[J.R.R. Tolkien]], "[[Gene Wolfe 7 November 1966]]" (letter)</ref> which in turn derives from Latin ''Orcus'' "Hades". He also thought it survives in the modern language for sea-beasts,<ref>{{HM|N}}, p. 762</ref> such as the [[Wikipedia:Orca Whale|Orca Whale]].

''Orc'' is an [[Old English]] word that refers mainly to a kind of metal cup (from Latin ''Urceus'').<ref group="note">The word ''Orc'' occurs twice in ''[[Beowulf]]''.</ref> However, in a 11th century glossary, this entry was conflated with another entry which refers to evil giants such as ''[[Wikipedia:Jötunn|þyrs]]'' and other monsters, also glossed in Latin as ''Orcus''. This merge of the two entries made many philologists of the previous centuries, like Tolkien, to believe that ''Orc'' was an actual Old English word that refers to any kind of evil creature from the underworld.<ref>Bosworth and Toller's ''An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary'' (1898), corrected in later editions</ref>

The word ''Orcnéas'' is once found only in ''[[Beowulf]]'' (lines 112-113) and is cited as an example of the word "Orc" in Old English text. Actually its meaning is not clear, and it is thought to refer to corpses (''néas'') from the Underworld.

However, it is also mentioned that the word ''Orc'' is Anglo-Saxon for "Foreigner, Monster, Demon" and was used to refer to the Normans invading the Anglish in 1066.<ref>"[http://www.imdb.com/title/tt1329539/ 1066 The Battle for Middle Earth]" 2009 (documentary)</ref>
==="Orcs" in Tolkien's languages===
Tolkien said that one of the reason of choosing "Orc" over "Goblin" was the similarity with his fictional languages.<ref name=WJAC>{{WJ|AC}}, pp. 389-91</ref> Indeed most [[Elvish]], [[Mannish]] and other words for Orc, are similar to the English word.

The basic [[Primitive Quendian]] [[Sundocarme|root]], from which the words for Orc derive, is [[RUKU]] (said to refer to any "bogey" that scared the Elves)<ref name=WJAC/>:

*[[Quenya]] '''''orco'''''<ref name=PE17_47/> (pl. '''''Orkor'''''<ref>{{GA|27}}, p. 12</ref><ref>{{HM|MR}}, pp. 74, 194</ref>); [[Exilic Quenya]] '''''urko''''' (pl. '''''orkor''''' and '''''orqui''''')<ref name=WJAC/>
*[[Sindarin]]: '''''orch'''''/'''''Orch''''' (pl. '''''yrch'''''/'''''Yrch''''', class pl. '''''Orchoth'''''/'''''orchoth'''''<ref group="note">''Orchoth'' is likely a compound of ''orch'' + ''[[hoth]]''.</ref>)<ref name=WJAC/><ref name=L144/><ref name=PE17_52-4/><ref name=PE17_47/><ref name=App|F1iv/>; '''''[[glamhoth]]'''''
*[[Nandorin]]: '''''ūriʃ'''''<ref name=PE17_52-4>{{PE|17}}, pp. 52-4</ref>

*[[Adûnaic]]: '''''urku''''', '''''urkhu'''''<ref name=WJAC/>
*[[Westron]]: '''''orka'''''<ref name=PE17_47>{{PE|17}}, p. 47</ref>
*[[Black Speech]]: '''''[[Uruk-hai#Etymology|uruk]]'''''<ref name=App|F1iv>{{App|F1iv}}</ref><ref name=WJAC/><ref name=L144>{{L|144}}</ref><ref name=PE17_47/>
*[[Khuzdul]]: '''''Rukhs''''' (pl. '''''Rakhās'''''), possibly derived from an unknown [[Avarin]] word of the same meaning<ref name=WJAC/><ref group="note">''Rukhs'' appears to contain the radical R-Kh-S.</ref>
*[[Drúadan language]]: '''''gorgûn''''' ("orc-folk"; the form ''gorgûn'' is perhaps plural of an unknown singular form)<ref name=PE17_99>{{PE|17}}, p. 99</ref><ref>{{RK|V5}}</ref><ref name=WJAC/>

In the earliest versions of [[Qenya]], Tolkien had words such as "'''Ork (orq-)''' pl. '''Orqi''' and fem. "'''orqindi'''".{{fact}}

In [[Noldorin]], the earlier version of Sindarin, the word for Orc is the same: ''orch'' (pl ''yrch'').<ref name=LR379>{{LR|Etymologies}}, p. 379 (entry for ÓROK)</ref><ref>{{MR|P3I7}}, p. 195</ref><ref>{{MC|Secret}}, p. 217</ref> The [[Gnomish]] word for "one of a tribe of the orcs. a goblin" is said to be '''''Gong'''''.<ref>{{PE|11}}, p. 41</ref>

*''See also: [[Entish]] ''[[burárum]]''
===Goblin===
''[[Wiktionary:Goblin|Goblin]]'' is a folk word which according to ''The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Current English'' is probably derived from the Anglo-French ''[[Wiktionary:gobelin|gobelin]]'' a diminutive of ''gobel'' (cf. ''[[Wiktionary:kobold|kobold]]''). William D.B. Loos notes that ''goblin'' is a Romance-derived word, unlike other Germanic words preferred by [[J.R.R. Tolkien|Tolkien]].<ref>William D.B. Loos, [http://tolkien.slimy.com/tfaq/EnemyMisc.html#Orcs Enemies and Miscellaneous: What was the relationship between Orcs and Goblins?] at [http://tolkien.slimy.com/tfaq/ The Tolkien Frequently Asked Questions List] (accessed 3 July 2011)</ref>

==="Goblin" in Tolkien's languages===

In the [[The Etymologies|''Etymologies'']], the Elvish names used to translate "goblin" derive from root [[RUKU#Other versions|ÓROK]] and are:<ref name=LR379>{{LR|Etymologies}}, p. 379 (entry for ÓROK)</ref>

*[[Quenya]]: '''''orko''''' (pl. '''''orqi''''')
*[[Noldorin]]: ''orch'' (pl ''yrch'', archaic ''yrchy''<ref>{{VT|46a}}, p. 7</ref>)
*[[Nandorin|Danian]]: '''''urc''''' (pl. '''''yrc''''')
*[[Doriathrin]]: '''''urch''''' (pl. '''''urchin''''')

In an early linguistic writing, Tolkien translated the [[Gnomish]] word ''Gong'' as "one of a tribe of the orcs. a goblin."<ref>{{PE|11}}, p. 41</ref>

==Other Versions of the Lengendarium==
===Origin===
According to the oldest "theory" proposed by Tolkien, Orcs were made of stone and slime through the sorcery of Morgoth. But, Tolkien later changed the legendarium so that Morgoth could no longer produce life on his own.

While Tolkien originally saw all Orcs as descended from tortured Elves, later comments of his indicate, according to [[Christopher Tolkien]] in ''Morgoth's Ring'' ("Myths Transformed, text X"), that he began to feel uncomfortable with the theory that orcs were descending from Elves. However, Tolkien died before he could complete his upheaval of the cosmology, and in the published version of ''The Silmarillion'', the Elf origin of Orcs was adopted. It does not appear that the elder Tolkien ever decided on a definitive answer.

The origin of Orcs is an open question. In Tolkien's writings, evil is not capable of independent creation, making it unlikely that the [[Valar|Vala]] [[Morgoth|Melkor]], who was obviously the first to produce them, could do that ''ex nihilo''. In the ''[[The Silmarillion]]'' is mentioned that the Orcs were transformed from Elves — the purest form of life on [[Arda]] (the Earth) — by means of torture and mutilation; and this "theory" would then become the most popular. There are hints in the ''[[The History of Middle-earth|History of Middle-earth]]'' series of books, (especially in ''[[Morgoth's Ring]]'' in the section "Myths Transformed"), that some Orc leaders, such as the First Age's [[Boldog]], or the [[Great Goblin]] encountered by [[Bilbo Baggins|Bilbo]] and the Dwarves, may in fact have been fallen [[Maiar]] which had taken Orc form.

Yet other Orcs may have begun as animals of vaguely humanoid shapes, empowered by the will of the Dark Lord (first [[Morgoth]], later Sauron): this may explain the references to their "beaks and feathers"{{fact}} in Tolkien's writings.

: ''The Orcs were beasts of humanized shape (…).'' ('Morgoth's Ring', "Myths transformed", text VIII')

==Controversy==
Tolkien's Orcs have ''allegedly'' been a subject of criticism of [[racism]]. Tolkien described Orcs as "squat, broad, flat-nosed, sallow-skinned, with wide mouths and slant eyes: in fact degraded and repulsive versions of the (to Europeans) least lovely Mongol-types".<ref>{{L|210}}</ref> Another possible offensive theme present in orcs (though not necessarily racist), is the fact that when the orcs talk, they often use the same phrases and accents that the English working-class is known to use.{{fact}}

==Portrayal in Adaptations==
===Orcs===
{{stub}}
===Goblins===
'''2003: ''[[The Lord of the Rings: War of the Ring]]'':'''
:Goblins have been made clearly distinct from Orcs.

'''2006: ''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Battle for Middle-earth II]]'':'''
:Goblins have been made clearly distinct from Orcs.

'''2007: ''[[The Lord of the Rings Online]]'':'''
:Goblins are a seperate race and can be found in [[Evendim]], [[the Shire]], [[Ered Luin]], [[Bree-land]], [[Lone-lands|Lone lands]], [[North Downs]], [[Misty Mountains]], [[Angmar]] and [[Moria]]. They are small in stature; a little shorter than [[Hobbits]]. In contrast, Orcs are about the size of [[Men]]. Goblins are also weaker than the orcs.

==See also==
*[[:Category:Images of Orcs|Images of Orcs]]
*[[:Category:Images of Goblins|Images of Goblins]]

{{references|note}}
[[Category:Orcs| ]]
[[Category:Races]]
[[de:Orks]]
[[fr:encyclo/peuples/orques/orques]]
[[fi:Örkit]]

Mordor

2011-09-28T05:39:09Z

78.70.27.129: Undo revision 171760 by Dwarf Lord (talk) Need a source for that

{{disambig-more|Mordor|[[Mordor (disambiguation)]]}}
{{kingdom
| image = [[Image:Ted Nasmith - Across Gorgoroth.jpg|250px]]
| name = Mordor
| meaning = The Black Land
| type = Dictatorship
| headofstate = [[Sauron]]
| executive =
| legislative =
| judicial =
| capital = [[Barad-dûr]]
| language = [[Black Speech]]
| location = East of [[Gondor]], South of [[Rhûn]]
| populous= [[Orcs]], [[Trolls]], [[Nurn]] slaves
| currency =
| religious =
| holiday =
| anthem =
| formed =
| established = c. [[Second Age 1000|S.A. 1000]]
| fragmented = [[Second Age 3441|S.A. 3441]]
| reorganized = [[Third Age 2943|T.A. 2943]]
| dissolved = [[Third Age 3019|T.A. 3019]]

}}
'''Mordor''' was the dwelling place of [[Sauron]], in the southeast of Middle-earth to the East of Anduin, the great river. [[Frodo Baggins|Frodo]] and [[Samwise Gamgee|Sam]] went there to destroy [[the One Ring]]. Mordor was unique because of the three enormous mountain ridges surrounding it, from the North, from the West and from the South, that protected this land from an unexpected invasion by any of the people living in those directions.

== Geography ==
Mordor was protected from three sides by mountain ranges, arranged roughly rectangularly: [[Ered Lithui]] in the north, [[Ephel Dúath]] in the west, and an unnamed (or possibly still called Ephel Dúath) range in the south. A narrow pass led through Ephel Dúath and the fortress of [[Minas Morgul]] (earlier [[Minas Ithil]]) was guarding that; an even more difficult pass was guarded by the giant spider [[Shelob]] and the fortress of [[Cirith Ungol]]. Another known fortress was [[Durthang]] in northern Ephel Dúath.

In the northwest corner of Mordor the deep valley of [[Udûn (valley)|Udûn]] was the only entrance for large armies, and that is where Sauron built the Black Gate of Mordor. In front of the [[Morannon]] lay the [[Dagorlad]] or the ''Battle Plain''. Sauron's main fortress [[Barad-dûr]] was at the foothills of [[Ered Lithui]]. To southwest of Barad-dûr lay the arid plateau of [[Gorgoroth]] and [[Mount Doom]]; to the east lay the plain of [[Lithlad]]. The land in the western parts of Mordor were largely infertile, producing only sparse [[Brambles of Mordor|brambles]].

The southern part of Mordor, [[Nurn]], was slighly more fertile, and moist enough to carry the inland [[sea of Núrnen]]. Nurn was made somewhat fertile because the ash blown from Mount Doom left its soil nutrient rich, thus allowing dry-land farming. Unfortunately, the inland sea of Núrn was salty, not freshwater.

To the west of Mordor was the narrow land of [[Ithilien]] with the city of [[Osgiliath]] and the great river [[Anduin]], to the northeast [[Rhûn]], and to the southeast, [[Khand]].

== Formation ==
Mordor was a relic of the devastating works of [[Morgoth]], apparently formed by massive volcanic eruptions. It was given the name Mordor already before Sauron settled there, because of its volcano [[Orodruin]] and its eruptions. Sauron however was the second to settle there, just after [[Shelob]].

== History ==

'''See also:''' [[Timeline]]

=== Early history ===

Sauron settled in Mordor 1,000 years after the end of the First Age, and it remained the pivot of his evil contemplations for the whole of the [[Second Age|Second]] and Third Ages of Middle-earth. In the north-western corner of this land stood Mount Doom or [[Orodruin]], where Sauron had forged [[the One Ring]]. Near Orodruin stood Sauron's stronghold [[Barad-dûr]]. After this time, Sauron was known as the [[Dark Lord|Dark Lord of Mordor]].

For two and a half thousand years, Sauron ruled Mordor uninterruptedly. Having wrought the Ring, it was from there that he launched the attack upon the Elves of [[Eregion]]. He was repelled by the Men of [[Númenor]]. He fought against the Men again, almost a thousand years later; that time, he was captured by the Númenóreans and brought to their island kingdom, eventually causing its destruction (see ''[[Akallabêth]]''). Immediately after [[Númenor]]'s destruction, Sauron returned to Mordor as a spirit and resumed his rule.

=== The Last Alliance and Third Age===

Sauron's rule was interrupted yet again when his efforts to overthrow the surviving Men and Elves failed, and they fought their way back to their foe's domain. After several years of siege, forces of the Last Alliance of Elves and Men came into Mordor. Sauron was defeated in a final battle on the slopes of Orodruin. For about a thousand years, Mordor was guarded by [[Gondor]] in order to prevent any evil forces from breaking out.

However Gondor had failed in the long run, and deprived of guard, Mordor began to fill with evil things again. [[Minas Ithil]] was conquered by the Nine [[Nazgûl|Ringwraiths]]; other fortifications that were supposed to defend Gondor from the menace inside Mordor were turned into a means of shielding Mordor. By the time Sauron returned into Mordor after his false defeat in [[Dol Guldur]] (in the events that took place at the time of [[Bilbo Baggins]]'s [[The Hobbit|quest]]), Mordor was protected too well to be captured by any military might that was available in Middle-earth at the end of the Third Age. In the north of Mordor during the War of the Ring were the great garrisons and forges of war, while surrounding the bitter inland Sea of Núrnen to the south lay the vast fields tended for the provision of the armies by hordes of slaves brought in from lands to the east and south.

=== War of the Ring ===

During the War of the Ring, Sauron gathered all his forces to Mordor. After the [[Battle of the Pelennor Fields]], a Host of the West went to the Black Gate. Sauron sent his army to destroy the Men of Gondor and Rohan, but then [[Frodo Baggins]] destroyed the One Ring and Mordor fell. The Dark Tower, the Black Gate and the Towers of Teeth collapsed to ruin. Mount Doom exploded. Both Sauron and his Ringwraiths were apparently destroyed.

After the ultimate defeat of Sauron, Mordor became mostly empty again as the [[Orcs]] inside it fled or were killed. Crippled by thousands of years of abuse and neglect, but capable of sustaining life, the land of Mordor was given to the defeated foes of Gondor as a consolation, as well as to the freed slaves of Nurn who were formerly forced to farm there to feed the armies of Mordor.

== Etymology ==
The term ''Mordor'' translates to "The Black Land" or "The Dark Land" in [[Sindarin]]. [[mor]] = "dark, black", [[dôr]] = "land" ([[The Silmarillion]], Appendix - Elements in Quenya and Sindarin Names). ''Mordor'' is also coincidentally [[Quenya]] for "shadows" (plural), though the direct calque of Sindarin ''Mordor'' was ''Morinórë'' or ''Morinor'', a name also used for the [[Dark Land]].

==Inspiration==
It is not uncommon for names in Tolkien's fiction to have relevant meanings in several languages, both those invented by Tolkien, and "real" ones, but this of course happens with any two languages.

*A proposed etymology is [[Old English]] ''morðor'', which means "mortal sin" and later "murder".
*''Mordor'' is also a name cited in some Nordic mythologies referring to a land where its citizens practice evil without knowing it, imposed on themselves by the society long created for that purpose.

Tolkien is reported to have identified Mordor with the volcano of [[Stromboli]] off Sicily.<ref>[[Clyde S. Kilby]], [[Dick Plotz]] ([[1968]]), "Many Meetings with Tolkien: An Edited Transcript of Remarks at the December 1966 [[Mythopoeic Society|TSA Meeting]]", ''Niekas'' (Niekas Publications, New Hampshire, USA) (19): 39–40 Referred to at tolkienguide.com and by another publication of the Niekas editor. Referred to at [http://www.tolkienguide.com/modules/wordpress/?p=3 tolkienguide.com ] and by [http://efanzines.com/ERM/veh36.htm another publication of the Niekas editor].</ref>

==Portrayals==
In ''[[The Atlas of Middle-earth]]'', [[Karen Wynn Fonstad]] assumed that the lands of Mordor, [[Khand]], and [[Rhûn]] lay where the inland [[Sea of Helcar]] had been, and that the [[Sea of Rhûn]] and [[Sea of Núrnen]] were its remnants. The atlas was however published before ''[[The Peoples of Middle-earth]]'', where it turned out that the [[Sea of Rhûn]] and Mordor existed already in the First Age.

The close proximity of Mount Doom and Barad-dûr in [[The Lord of the Rings: The Motion Picture Trilogy]] is non-canonical.

==See also==
* [[Sauron]]
* [[Barad-dûr]]
* [[Orodruin]]
* [[Black Gate]]

{{references}}
[[Category:Mordor| ]]
[[Category:Regions]]
[[Category:Sindarin Locations]]
[[de:Mordor]]
[[fr:encyclo/geographie/regions/mordor]]
[[fi:Mordor]]

The Road to Middle-earth

2010-05-26T11:26:35Z

78.70.27.129:

{{book|
title=The Road to Middle-earth|
image=[[Image:The Road to Middle-earth.jpg|225px]]|
author=[[Tom Shippey]]|
isbn=0618257608|
publisher=[[Houghton Mifflin]]|
date=June 24, 2003|
format=Paperback|
pages= 416|
amazon=http://www.amazon.com/Road-Middle-earth-Revised-Expanded/dp/0618257608/ref=pd_bbs_2/105-2987979-0667618?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1172947463&sr=8-2|
amazonprice=$10.20
}}
==From the publisher==
The Road to Middle-earth, [[Tom Shippey]]'s classic work, now revised in paperback, explores [[J.R.R. Tolkien]]'s creativity and the sources of his inspiration. Shippey shows in detail how Tolkien's professional background led him to write [[The Hobbit]] and how he created a timeless charm for millions of readers. Examining the foundation of Tolkien's most popular work, [[The Lord of the Rings]], Shippey also discusses the contribution of [[The Silmarillion]] and [[Unfinished Tales]] to Tolkien's great myth cycle, showing how Tolkien's more "difficult" books can be fully appreciated. He goes on to examine the remarkable twelve-volume [[The History of Middle-earth|History of Middle-earth]], written by Tolkien's son and literary heir [[Christopher Tolkien]], which traces the creative and technical processes by which [[Middle-earth]] evolved.

[[Category:Scholarly books|Road to Middle-earth]]
[[Category:Books by Tom Shippey|Road to Middle-earth]]
[[CATEGORY:Publications by title|Road to Middle-earth]]

29 March

2010-05-07T10:38:19Z

78.70.27.129: /* On Earth */

<noinclude>
{{month|March}}
Events which occurred on {{PAGENAME}}.
</noinclude>
==On Earth==
* '''[[1939]]''' - [[J.R.R. Tolkien]] does the third and final day of his training with the top-secret Government Code and Cypher School (GCCS) at their London headquarters.
* '''[[1981]]''' - The fourth episode of the [[The Lord of the Rings (1981 radio series)|radio adaptation of ''The Lord of the Rings'']] is aired on [[BBC|BBC 4]].
* '''[[2000]]''' - ''[[Tyalie Tyelellieva]]'' issue 14 is published.

==In Arda==
* [[Third Age 3018|T.A. 3018]]:
**[[Gandalf]] leaves [[Mirkwood]] for the [[Shire]].
* [[Third Age 3019|T.A. 3019]]:
**{{Cal Rest-Frodo}}

[[Category:Dates]]

28 March

2010-05-07T10:35:01Z

78.70.27.129: /* On Earth */

<noinclude>
{{month|March}}
Events which occurred on {{PAGENAME}}.
</noinclude>
==On Earth==
* '''[[1939]]''' - [[J.R.R. Tolkien]] does the second day of his training with the top-secret Government Code and Cypher School (GCCS) at their London headquarters.
* '''[[1972]]''' – At Buckingham Palace, [[J.R.R. Tolkien]] receives his [[wikipedia:Order of the British Empire|CBE]] from Queen Elisabeth II.
* '''[[1989]]''' - Actor [[Lockwood West]] dies.

==In Arda==
* [[Third Age 3019|T.A. 3019]]:
**[[Celeborn]] crosses the [[Anduin]] and takes [[Dol Guldur]] within a few days. After the battle [[Galadriel]] throws down its walls and lays bare its pits.
**{{Cal Rest-Frodo}}
[[Category:Dates]]

27 March

2010-05-07T10:29:51Z

78.70.27.129: /* On Earth */

<noinclude>
{{month|March}}
Events which occurred on {{PAGENAME}}.
</noinclude>
==On Earth==
* '''[[1939]]''' - [[J.R.R. Tolkien]] does the first of his three days' training with the top-secret Government Code and Cypher School (GCCS) at their London headquarters.
* '''[[1972]]''' – [[Rayner Unwin]] organizes a party in celebration of [[J.R.R. Tolkien]]’s CBE the [[March 28|following day]].

==In Arda==
* [[Third Age 3019|T.A. 3019]]:
**[[Bard II]] and [[Thorin III Stonehelm]] drive the enemy from [[Dale]].
**{{Cal Rest-Frodo}}

[[Category:Dates]]

1939

2010-05-07T10:21:34Z

78.70.27.129: /* March */

{{year-header}}
==January==
* '''23''' - [[The Brothers Hildebrandt]] are born.
==February==
* '''1''' - [[Wolfgang Krege]], German translator, is born.
* '''2''' - [[J.R.R. Tolkien]] writes [[Letter 35]].
* '''10''' - [[J.R.R. Tolkien]] writes [[Letter 36]].
==March==
* '''1''' - [[David Weatherley]], who would play [[Barliman Butterbur]] in ''[[Peter Jackson's The Fellowship of the Ring]]'', is born.
* '''8''' - Tolkien delivers his lecture "[[On Fairy-Stories]]" at St. Andrew's University, Scotland.
*'''27'''-'''29''' - [[J.R.R. Tolkien]] completes three days' training with the top-secret Government Code and Cypher School (GCCS) at their London headquarters.

==April==
* '''20''' - Writer and screenwriter [[Peter S. Beagle]] is born.
==May==
* '''25''' - [[Ian McKellen]], who would play [[Gandalf]] in ''[[Peter Jackson's The Lord of the Rings]]'', is born.
==September==
* '''6''' - [[Gordon Reid]], who would provide the voices of several characters in [[The Lord of the Rings (1981 radio series)|''The Lord of the Rings'' radio series]], is born.
==December==
* '''19''' - [[J.R.R. Tolkien]] writes [[letter 37]].
* '''24''' - [[Father Christmas]] writes a [[Letters from Father Christmas|letter]] to [[J.R.R. Tolkien]]'s children.

{{Years|1936|1937|1938|1939|1940|1941|1942|1942|}}

[[Category:Years]]

Books by year

2010-04-23T12:17:48Z

78.70.27.129: /* Writings on J.R.R. Tolkien */

{| align="right"
| __TOC__
|}
== Writings by J.R.R. Tolkien ==

This is an attempt to list all the published writings of [[J.R.R. Tolkien]] (hereafter, JRRT) in books, journals, newspapers, etc., in chronological order.<ref>Main works consulted for the compilation of this list has been (1) the bibliography of ''[[The J.R.R. Tolkien Companion and Guide]]'', (2) the bibliography of the ''[http://tolkienlibrary.com Tolkien Library]'', (3) ''[http://www.tolkienbooks.net An Illustrated Tolkien Bibliography]'', (4) ''[http://www.forodrim.org/bibliography/tbchron.html A Chronological Bibliography of the Writings of J.R.R. Tolkien]''.</ref> The list is extended to also include all published media by Tolkien, such as pieces of art and interviews (audio/video). For a list of his major books, see the bibliography section on the JRRT page.

*''Note: The list does not include reprints''.

=== Publications during Tolkien's Lifetime ===
====1910's====
*[[1910]] - [[The King Edward's School Chronicle]]. n.s.25, n°183. Contains '''[[Debating Society Report]]''', pp.67-71.
*[[1910]] - [[The King Edward's School Chronicle]]. n.s.25, n°184. Contains '''[[Debating Society Report]]''', pp.94-95.
*[[1911]] - [[The King Edward's School Chronicle]]. n.s.26, n°185. Contains '''[[Debating Society Report]]''', pp.5-9.
*[[1911]] - [[The King Edward's School Chronicle]]. n.s.26, n°186. Contains '''[[The Battle of the Eastern Field]]''', pp. 22-26, and '''[[Acta Senatus]]''', pp. 26-27.
*[[1911]] - [[The King Edward's School Chronicle]]. n.s.26, n°187. Contains 'Editorial', pp.33-34, and 'Debating Society Report', pp.42-45.
*[[1911]] - [[The King Edward's School Chronicle]]. n.s.26, n°188. Contains 'Editorial', pp.53-54.
*[[1913]] - [[The Stapeldon Magazine|Stapeldon Magazine]]. Exeter college. Oxford. 4, n°20. Contains '''[[From the many-willow'd margin of the immemorial Thames]]''', p.11.
*[[1913]] - [[Exeter College Smoker]]. Cover artwork by JRRT.
*[[1915]] - [[Oxford Poetry]] 1915. Ed. G.D.H. Cole & T.W. Earp. B.H. Blackwell. Contains '''[[Goblin Feet]]''', pp.64-65.
*[[1917]] - [[Oxford Poetry]] 1914-1916. Ed. G.D.H. Cole & W.S.V. B.H. Blackwell. Contains '''[[Goblin Feet]]''', p.120.
*[[1918]] - ''[[A Spring Harvest]]''. Contains a 'Preface' by JRRT.
====1920's====
*[[1920]] - [[The Stapeldon Magazine|Stapeldon Magazine]]. 5, n°26. Contains '''[[The Happy Mariners]]''', pp.69-70.
*[[1921]] - ''[[Fourteenth Century Verse and Prose]]''. Ed. Kenneth Sisam. Oxford University Press. Includes '''Middle English Vocabulary'''.
*[[1922]] - '''''[[A Middle English Vocabulary]]'''''. Oxford at The Clarendon Press.
*[[1922]] - [[Gryphon]]. Leeds University. n.s.4, n°3. Contains '''[[The Clerke's Compleinte]]''', p.95.
*[[1923]] - [[Gryphon]]. Leeds University. n.s.4, n°4. Contains '''[[Iumonna Gold Galdre Bewunden]]''', p.130.
*[[1923]] - Microcosm. Leeds, 8, n°1. Ed. Dorothy Una Ratcliffe. Contains '''[[The City of the Gods]]''', p.8.
*[[1923]] - Times Literary Supplement. London, 26 april 1923. Contains '''[[Holy Maidenhood]]''', p.281.
*[[1923]] - Bulletin of the Modern Humanities Research Association. Contains obituary '''[[Henry Bradley, 3 Dec. 1845-23 May 1923]]''', pp.4-5.
*[[1923]] - Yorkshire Poetry. Leeds, 2 n°19. Contains '''[[The Cat and the Fiddle|The cat and the fiddle: A nursery-rhyme undone and its scandalous secret unlocked]]''', p.1-3.
*[[1923]] - ''[[A Northern Venture]]''. Leeds University English School Association. Swan Press.
*[[1924]] - ''[[Leeds University Verse 1914-1924]]''. Leeds University English School Association. Swan Press.
*[[1924]] - ''[[The Year's Work in English Studies 1923]]''. Ed. Lee & Boas. The English Association. Oxford University Press. Review - Philology.
*[[1925]] - '''''[[Sir Gawain and the Green Knight]]'''''. Oxford University Press.
*[[1925]] - Review of English Studies. London, 1, n°2. Contains '''[[Some Contributions to Middle-English Lexicography]]''', pp.210-215.
*[[1925]] - Review of English Studies, 1, n°3. Contains '''[[The Devil's Coach-Horses]]''', pp.331-336.
*[[1925]] - [[Gryphon]]. n.s.6, n°6. Contains '''[[Light as Leaf on Lindentree]]''', p.217.
*[[1926]] - ''[[The Year's Work in English Studies 1924]]''. Ed. Boas & Hereford. The English Association. Oxford University Press. Review - Philology.
*[[1927]] - ''[[Realities: An Anthology of Verse]]''. Ed. Gwendoline S.Tancred. Swan Press/Gay & Hancock Ltd. Contains '''[[The Nameless Land]]'''.
*[[1927]] - ''[[The Year's Work in English Studies 1925]]''. Ed. Boas & Herford. The English Association. Oxford University Press. Review - Philology.
*[[1927]] - [[The Stapeldon Magazine|Stapeldon Magazine]], 7, n°40. Contains '''[[Adventures in Unnatural History and Medieval Metres, being the Freaks of Fisiogus]]''', pp.123-127.
*[[1928]] - ''[[A New Glossary of the Dialect of the Huddersfield District]]''. Walter E. Haigh. F.R. Hist.S. Oxford University Press. Contains a 'Foreword' by JRRT.
*[[1929]] - ''[[Essays and Studies (1929)|Essays and Studies]]''. Ed. H.W. Gerrod. The English Association. Oxford University Press.vContains '''[[Ancrene Wisse and Hali Meiðhad]]'''.
====1930's====
*[[1930]] - Oxford Magazine, 48, n°21. Contains ‘'''[[The Oxford English School]]'''’, pp.778-782.
*[[1931]] - Oxford Magazine, 50, n°1. Contains '''[[Progress in Bimble Town]]''', p.22.
*[[1932]] - ''[[Report on Excavation of the Prehistoric, Roman and Post Roman Site in Lydney Park, Gloucestershire]]''. Wheeler & Wheeler. Oxford University Press. Contains essay, Appendix I: '''[[The Name "Nodens"]]''', pp.132-7.
*[[1932]] - [[Medium Ævum]]. Oxford, 1, n°3. Contains essay on Old English '''[[Sigelwara Land (Part 1)]]''', pp.183-196.
*[[1933]] - Oxford Magazine. 52, n°5. Contains the poem '''[[Errantry]]''', p.180.
*[[1934]] - Chronicle, Convent of the Sacred Heart, Roehampton, 4. Contains the poem '''[[Firiel (poem)|Firiel]]''', pp.30-32.
*[[1934]] - Oxford Magazine. 52, n°9. Contains the poem '''[[Looney]]''', p.340.
*[[1934]] - Oxford Magazine. 52, n°13. Contains the poem '''[[The Adventures of Tom Bombadil (poem)|The Adventures of Tom Bombadil]]''', pp.464-465.
*[[1934]] - [[Medium Ævum]]. 3, n°2. Contains the poem '''[[Sigelwara Land (Part 2)]]''', pp.95-111.
*[[1934]] - Transactions of the Philological Society. David Nutt. Stephen Austin and Sons. Contains '''[[Chaucer as a Philologist: The Reeve's Tale]]''', pp.70.
*[[1936]] - ''[[Liflade ant te Passiun of Seinte Iuliene]]''. S.R.T.O. d'Ardenne. University of Liege.
*[[1936]] - ''[[Songs for the Philologists]]''. Department of English at University College. J.R.R.Tolkien, E.V.Gordon & others. Contains 13 poems by JRRT.
*[[1937]] - Oxford Magazine. 55, n°11. Contains the poem '''[[The Dragon's Visit]]''', p.342.
*[[1937]] - Oxford Magazine. 55, n°13. Contains the poem '''[[Knocking at the Door]]''': Lines induced by sensations when waiting for an answer at the Door of an Exalted Academic Person, p.403.
*[[1937]] - Oxford Magazine. 55 n°15. Contains the poem '''[[Iumonna Gold Galdre Bewunden]]''', p.473.
*[[1937]] - ''[[Beowulf: The Monsters and The Critics]]''. Oxford University Press.
*[[1937]] - '''''[[The Hobbit]]'''''. George Allen & Unwin.
*[[1938]] - ''[[The Oxford Book of Greek Verse in Translation]]''. Ed. T.F. Higham & C.M. Bowra. Oxford University Press.
*[[1939]] - The Reeve's Tale - Version Prepared for Summer Diversions, Oxford.
====1940's====
*[[1940]] - ''[[Beowulf and the Finnesburg Fragment]]''. John R. Clark Hall & C.L.Wrenn. George Allen & Unwin. Contains '''[[Prefatory Remarks on Prose Translation of "beowulf"]]''', pp.viii-xli.
*[[1940]] - ''[[Viga-Glums Saga]]''. Ed. G. Turville-Petre. Oxford University Press / Oxford English Monographs.
*[[1944]] - ''[[Sir Orfeo]]''. The Academic Copying Office.
*[[1945]] - Catholic Herald. Contains '[[The Name Coventry]]' - Letter to the editor.
*[[1945]] - Dublin Review. London, January 1945. Contains the story '''Leaf by Niggle''', pp.46-61.
*[[1945]] - Welsh Review. Cardiff, 4, n°4. Contains '''[[The Lay of Aotrou and Itroun]]''', pp.254-266.
*[[1947]] - ''[[English Studies]]''. Amsterdam, 28, n°6. In collaboration with S.R.T.O. d'Ardenne. Contains '''[["ipplen" in Sawles Warde]]''', pp. 168-170.
*[[1947]] - ''[[Essays Presented to Charles Williams]]''. Oxford University Press. Contains '''[[On Fairy-Stories]]''', pp.38-39.
*[[1947]]-[[1948]]. ''[[Studia Neophilologica]]''. Uppsala, 20, n°s 1-2. In collaboration with S.R.T.O. d'Ardenne. Contains '[[MS. Bodley 34: A Re-Collation of a Collation]]', pp.65-72.
*[[1949]] - '''''[[Farmer Giles of Ham]]'''''. George Allen & Unwin.
====1950's====
*[[1951]] - ''[[Elizabethan Acting]]''. Ed. B.L.Joseph. Oxford University Press / Oxford English Monographs.
*[[1952]] - ''[[torgils Saga ok Hafli ta]]''. Ed. Ursula Brown. Oxford University Press / Oxford English Monographs.
*[[1953]] - ''[[Essais de Philologie Moderne]]''. University Of Liege. Contains '''[[Middle English "Losenger"]]'''.
*[[1953]] - ''[[Essays and Studies]]''. Ed. Geoffrey Bullough. The English Association. John Murray. Contains '''[[The Homecoming of Beorhtnoth, Beorhthelm's Son]]''', pp.1-18.
*[[1953]] - Radio Times. London, 4 December 1953. Contains '''[[A Fourteenth-Century Romance]]''', p.9. 
*[[1953]] - [[Pearl]]. Ed. E.V.Gordon. Oxford University Press. 
*[[1954]] - [[Sir Orfeo]]. Ed. A.J. Bliss. Oxford University Press / Oxford English Monographs.
*[[1954]]-[[1955]] - '''''[[The Lord of the Rings]]'''''.
*[[1955]] - ''[[The Ancrene Riwle]]''. M.B. Salu. Burns & Oates. Contains a 'Preface' by JRRT.
*[[1955]] - Time and Tide. London, 3 December 1955. Contains the poem '''[[Imram]]''', p.1561.
*[[1958]] - ''[[The Old English Apollonius of Tyre]]''. Ed. Peter Goolden. Oxford University Press / Oxford English Monographs. Contains 'Prefatory Note', p. iii. 
*[[1958]] - The Peterborough Chronicle 1070-1154. Ed. Cecily Clark. Oxford University Press / Oxford English Monographs. 
====1960's====
*[[1960]] - The Seafarer. London. Ed. Gordon. Methuen. 
*[[1960]] - Triode. Contains a letter to the editor - Comments to Arthur R. Weir, "No Monroe in Lothlorien!".
*[[1961]] - ''[[A Short History of English Poetry]]''. Includes Stanza 32 from the poem '''Sir Gawain and the Green Knight'''.
*[[1962]] - '''''[[Ancrene Wisse (book)|Ancrene Wisse]]'''''. The Early English Text Society by the Oxford University Press.
*[[1962]] - '''''[[The Adventures of Tom Bombadil]]'''''. George Allen & Unwin.
*[[1963]] - ''[[Angles and Britons]]''. University of Wales Press. Contains '''[[English and Welsh]]''', pp. 1-41.
*[[1964]] - '''''[[Tree and Leaf]]'''''. George Allen & Unwin.
*[[1965]] - [[Winter's Tales for Children 1]]. Contains '''[[Once Upon a Time]]''' and '''[[The Dragon's Visit]]'''.
*[[1966]] - ''[[The Tolkien Reader]]''. Ballantine Books. Contains ''The homecoming of Beortnoth Beorthelm's Son'', ''Tree and Leaf'', ''Farmer Giles of Ham'' and ''The Adventures of Tombombadil''.
*[[1966]] - '''''[[The Jerusalem Bible]]'''''. Darton, Longman & Todd.
*[[1966]] - Diplomat. New York, October 1966. Contains the article '''[[Tolkien on Tolkien]]''', p.39.
*[[1967]] - The Road Goes Ever On, a Song Cycle. Houghton Mifflin Company 
*[[1967]] - ''[[Shenandoah: A Tribute to Wystan Hugh Auden on his Sixtieth Birthday]]''. Contains the poem '''[[For W.H.A.]]'''.
*[[1967]] - '''''[[Smith of Wootton Major]]'''''. George Allen & Unwin. 
*[[1968]] - '''''[[The Road Goes Ever On]]'''''. George Allen & Unwin. 
*[[1969]] - Smith of Wootton Major and Farmer Giles of Ham. Ballentine Books.
*[[1969]] - [[Orcrist 4|Orcrist no.4, Tolkien Journal]]. Includes various extracts from letters.
====1970's====
*[[1971]] - ''[[Attacks of Taste]]''. Eds. Byrne & Penzler. Gotham Book Mart. Includes one-paragraph statement by JRRT, p.43. 
*[[1972]] - Daily Telegraph. Contains '''[[Beautiful Place because Trees are Loved]]''' - Letter to the editor in response to an editorial. 

=== Posthumous Publications ===
====1970's====
*[[1974]] - '''''[[Bilbo's Last Song]]'''''. London: George Allen & Unwin.
*[[1975]] - Farmer Giles of Ham and The Adventures of Tom Bombadil. Unwin Books.
*[[1975]] - Tree and Leaf, Smith of Wootton Major and The Homecoming of Beorhtnoth Beorthhelm's Son. Unwin Books.
*[[1975]] - Sir Gawain and the Green Knight, Pearl and Sir Orfeo. George Allen & Unwin.
*[[1975]] - ''[[A Tolkien Compass]]''. Ed. Jared Lobdell. Open Court. Contains '''[[Guide to the Names in The Lord of the Rings]]''', pp. 153-201.
*[[1975]] - [[Mythlore 10]]. Contains a [[Herbert Schiro 17 November 1957|letter dated 17 November 1957 to Dr. Herbert Schiro]].
*[[1976]] - '''''[[The Father Christmas Letters]]'''''. George Allen & Unwin.
*[[1976]] - [[Drawings by Tolkien (exhibition catalogue)|Drawings by Tolkien]]. Exhibition catalogue. Ashmolean Museum.
*[[1977]] - '''''[[The Silmarillion]]'''''. George Allen & Unwin.
*[[1977]] - ''[[J.R.R. Tolkien: A Biography]]''. Ed. Humphrey Carpenter. Allen & Unwin Ltd. Includes excerpts of letters, poetry and prose by JRRT.
*[[1978]] - ''[[The Inklings (book)|The Inklings]]''. Ed. Humphrey Carpenter. George Allen & Unwin. Includes excerpts from letters, diaries and manuscripts by JRRT.
*[[1979]] - '''''[[Pictures by J.R.R. Tolkien]]'''''. George Allen & Unwin.
*[[1979]] - ''[[J.R.R. Tolkien: Scholar and Storyteller]]''. Contains '''[[English and Welsh|Valedictory Address to the University of Oxford, 5 june 1959]]''', pp.16-32.
*[[1979]] - [[Minas Tirith Evening-Star Vol.8, No.2]]. Contains '''[[An Interview with J.R.R.T.]]'''.
====1980's====
*[[1980]] - '''''[[Poems and Stories]]'''''. George Allen & Unwin.
*[[1980]] - '''''[[Unfinished Tales]]'''''. George Allen & Unwin.
*[[1981]] - '''''[[The Letters of J.R.R. Tolkien]]'''''.
*[[1982]] - '''''[[The Old English Exodus]]'''''. Ed. Joan Turville-Petre. Oxford University Press. Text, translation and commentary by JRRT.
*[[1982]] - '''''[[Finn and Hengest]]'''''. Ed. Alan Bliss. George Allen & Unwin.
*[[1982]] - [[The Return of Tolkien]]. Article illustrated by JRRT.
*[[1982]] - '''''[[Mr. Bliss]]'''''. George Allen & Unwin.
*[[1983]] - '''''[[The Monsters and the Critics and Other Essays]]'''''. George Allen & Unwin.
*[[1983]] - Smith of Wootton Major and Leaf by Niggle. Unwin Paperbacks.
*[[1983]] - ''[[The History of Middle-earth]] vol. 1'': '''''[[The Book of Lost Tales 1|The Book of Lost Tales, Part One]]'''''.
*[[1984]] - ''[[The History of Middle-earth]]'' vol. 2: '''''[[The Book of Lost Tales 2|The Book of Lost Tales, Part Two]]'''''.
*[[1984]] - Catalogue of the Manuscripts of JRRT. Exhibition catalogue. Marquette University.
*[[1985]] - ''[[The History of Middle-earth]] vol. 3'': '''''[[The Lays of Beleriand]]'''''.
*[[1985]] - '''''[[J.R.R. Tolkien's Letters to Rhona Beare]]'''''.
*[[1986]] - ''[[The History of Middle-earth]] vol. 4'': '''''[[The Shaping of Middle-earth]]'''''.
*[[1987]] - ''[[The History of Middle-earth]] vol. 5'': '''''[[The Lost Road and Other Writings]]'''''.
*[[1987]] - J.R.R. Tolkien: The Hobbit Drawings, Watercolors, and Manuscripts. Marquette University.
*[[1987]] - Drawings for 'The Hobbit' by J.R.R. Tolkien. Exhibition catalogue. Bodleian Library.
*[[1987]] - Tolkien and the Spirit of the Age: Papers as Presented at the First Lustrum Celebration of the Dutch Tolkien Society Unquendor. Contains '''[[Progress in Bimble Town]]''', p22.
*[[1987]] - ''[[The Tale of Gondolin]]''.
*[[1988]] - ''[[The History of Middle-earth]] vol. 6'': '''''[[The Return of the Shadow]]'''''.
*[[1988]] - [[Arda 1984]]. Contains '''[[The Clerke's Compleinte]]'''.
*[[1989]] - ''[[The History of Middle-earth]] vol. 7'': '''''[[The Treason of Isengard]]'''''.
*[[1989]] - '''''[[Oliphaunt (book)|Oliphaunt]]'''''. Contemporary Books/Calico.
*[[1989]] - [[Beyond Bree]], March 1989. Includes '''[[The Plotz Declension]]'''.
*[[1989]] - [[Vinyar Tengwar 6]]. Includes '''[[The Plotz Declension]]''', '''[[Narqelion]]''', and a [[Jane T. Sibley 30 May 1964|letter to Jane Sibley]].
====1990's====
*[[1990]] - ''[[The History of Middle-earth]] vol. 8'': '''''[[The War of the Ring]]'''''.
*[[1991]] - ''[[Leaves from the Tree|Leaves from the Tree: J.R.R. Tolkien's Shorter Fiction. The Proceedings of the 4th Tolkien Society Workshop]]''. Includes an extract from the unpublished '''[[Lecture on Dragons]]'''.
*[[1992]] - ''[[The History of Middle-earth]] vol. 9'': '''''[[Sauron Defeated]]'''''.
*[[1992]] - Tolkien: Life and Legend. Exhibition catalogue. Bodleian Library.
*[[1993]] - ''[[The History of Middle-earth]] vol. 10'': '''''[[Morgoth's Ring]]'''''.
*[[1994]] - ''[[The History of Middle-earth]] vol. 11'': '''''[[The War of the Jewels]]'''''.
*[[1994]] - [[Vinyar Tengwar 36]]. Includes '''The Entu, Ensi, Enta Declension'''.
*[[1995]] - ''[[J.R.R. Tolkien: Artist and Illustrator]]''. Contains ca. 100 previously unpublished pictures. Among writings not appearing elsewhere might be mentioned a quote on p. 53 from an essay on dragons (see [[Lecture on Dragons]]) and quotations from unpublished '''[[notes on Elvish heraldry]]'''.
*[[1995]] - [[Parma Eldalamberon 11|Parma Eldalamberon issue 11]]. Includes '''I-Lam na-Ngoldathon: The Grammar and Lexicon of the Gnomish Tongue'''.
*[[1995]] - [[Vinyar Tengwar 37]]. Includes '''The Túrin Prose Fragments'''.
*[[1996]] - ''[[The History of Middle-earth]] vol. 12'': '''''[[The Peoples of Middle-earth]]'''''.
*[[1997]] - ''[[A Question of Time|A Question of Time: J.R.R. Tolkien's Road to Faërie]]''. Includes quotes from the unpublished '''[[Elvish time]]''' and '''[[Essay concerning Smith of Wootton Major]]'''.
*[[1997]] - '''''[[Tales from the Perilous Realm]]'''''. Harper Collins.
*[[1998]] - '''''[[Roverandom]]'''''. Harper Collins.
*[[1998]] - [[Vinyar Tengwar 39]]. Includes '''From Quendi and Eldar, Appendix D''' and '''Ósanwe-kenta'''.
*[[1998]] - [[Parma Eldalamberon 12|Parma Eldalamberon issue 12]]. Includes '''Qenyaqetsa: The Qenya Phonology and Lexicon'''.
====2000's====
*[[2000]] - [[Vinyar Tengwar 41]]. Includes '''Etymological Notes on the Ósanwe-kenta''', '''From The Shibboleth of Fëanor''', and '''Notes on Óre'''.
*[[2001]] - [[Parma Eldalamberon 13|Parma Eldalamberon issue 13]]. Includes '''The Alphabet of Rúmil & Early Noldorin Fragments'''.
*[[2001]] - [[Vinyar Tengwar 42]]. Includes '''The Rivers and Beacon-hills of Gondor'''.
*[[2001]] - [[Tyalië Tyelelliéva 18]]. Includes the prayers '''Átaremma''' and '''Aia María'''.
*[[2001]] - Interzone magazine, December issue. Includes a transcription of a [[Gene Wolfe 7 November 1966|letter to Gene Wolfe from November 7th, 1966]].
*[[2002]] - ''''[[Beowulf and the Critics]]'''''.
*[[2002]] - '''''[[The Annotated Hobbit: Revised and Expanded Edition]]'''''. Includes several hard-to-find poems and '''[[Elvish Song in Rivendell]]''', '''[[The Quest of Erebor]]''', and '''[[Glip]]'''.
*[[2002]] - [[Vinyar Tengwar 43]]. Includes '''Words of Joy: Five Catholic Prayers - Part One'''.
*[[2002]] - [[Vinyar Tengwar 44]]. Includes '''Words of Joy: Five Catholic Prayers - Part Two''', '''Ae Adar Nín''', and '''Alcar mi Tarmenel na Erun'''.
*[[2003]] - ''[[Tolkien and the Great War]]''. Includes numerous quotes from unpublished correspondence, diaries, poetry and notebooks.
*[[2003]] - [[Vinyar Tengwar 45]]. Includes '''Addenda and Corrigenda to the Etymologies - Part One'''.
*[[2003]] - [[Parma Eldalamberon 14|Parma Eldalamberon issue 14]]. Contains '''Early Qenya and The Valmaric Script'''.
*[[2004]] - [[Vinyar Tengwar 46]]. Contains '''Addenda and Corrigenda to the Etymologies - Part Two'''.
*[[2004]] - [[Parma Eldalamberon 15|Parma Eldalamberon issue 15]]. Contains '''Sí Qente Feanor and Other Elvish Writings'''.
*[[2005]] - ''[[The Lord of the Rings: A Reader's Companion]]''. Includes '''[[The Nomenclature of The Lord of the Rings]]''', a [[Milton Waldman 1951|1951 letter to Milton Waldman]], and a reproduction of a manuscript page showing a synoptic time scheme used by JRRT while writing ''The Lord of the Rings''.
*[[2005]] - ''[[The Keys of Middle-earth]]''. Includes previously unpublished extracts from Tolkien's academic writings held at the [[University of Oxford|Bodleian Library]].
*[[2005]] - [[Vinyar Tengwar 47]]. Contains '''Eldarin Hands, Fingers & Numerals and Related Writings — Part One'''.
*[[2005]] - [[Vinyar Tengwar 48]]. Contains '''Eldarin Hands, Fingers & Numerals and Related Writings — Part Two'''.
*[[2005]] - ''[[The Ruins of Osgiliath]]''.
*[[2006]] - [[Parma Eldalamberon 16|Parma Eldalamberon issue 16]]. Contains '''Early Elvish Poetry and Pre-Fëanorian Alphabets'''.
*[[2006]] - ''[[The Ring of Words]]''. Includes a [[Kenneth Sisam 16 March 1933|letter to Kenneth Sisam, dated 16 March 1933]].
*[[2006]] - ''[[The J.R.R. Tolkien Companion and Guide]]''. Includes numerous extracts from diaries, papers in various archives and libraries, and from other unpublished or hard to find sources.
*[[2007]] - [[Parma Eldalamberon 17|Parma Eldalamberon issue 17]]. Contains '''Words, Phrases and Passages in Various Tongues in The Lord of the Rings'''.
*[[2007]] - [[Vinyar Tengwar 49]]. Contains '''Eldarin Hands, Fingers & Numerals and Related Writings — Part Three'''.
*[[2007]] - '''''[[The Children of Húrin]]'''''. Harper Collins.
*[[2007]] - '''''[[The History of The Hobbit]]'''''. Harper Collins.
*[[2007]] - [[Tolkien Studies: Volume 4]]. Includes '''[[The Name "Nodens"]]'''.
*[[2008]] - '''''[[On Fairy-stories (expanded edition)]]'''''. HarperCollins.
*[[2009]] - [[Parma Eldalamberon 18|Parma Eldalamberon issue 18]]. Contains '''Tengwesta Qenderinwa''' and '''Pre-Fëanorian Alphabets Part 2'''.
*[[2009]] - '''''[[The Legend of Sigurd and Gudrún]]'''''.
*[[2009]] - ''[[Black and White Ogre Country]]''. Includes unpublished photographs and [[Hilary Tolkien 1971|a letter to Hilary Tolkien]].
====2010's====
*[[2010]] - ''[[Wheelbarrows at Dawn|Wheelbarrows at Dawn: The Memories of Hilary Tolkien]]''.

==Writings on J.R.R. Tolkien==

This is an attempt to chronologically list all published writings relating to [[J.R.R. Tolkien]] and his works. The list is focused on publication of books, but major journals and important newspaper articles will also be listed (non-scholarly journals and game book series will generally only be listed when they first appear).<ref>Main works consulted for the compilation of this list has been (1) [http://acunix.wheatonma.edu/mdrout/TolkienBiblio/ ''A Bibliography of Scholarly Studies of J.R.R. Tolkien and His Works''] ([[Michael D.C. Drout]] et al.), (2) [http://www.forodrim.org/bibliography/tolklist.html ''A Chronological Bibliography of Books About Tolkien''] ([[Åke Bertenstam]]), and (3) ''[[The J.R.R. Tolkien Companion and Guide]]''.</ref> Non-English titles will be added when these have a description in English on Tolkien Gateway.

=== 1930's ===

*[[1938]]: ''[[The Horn Book Magazine]]''

=== 1940's ===

=== 1950's ===
*[[1959]]: [[The Art of Beowulf|''The Art of'' Beowulf]]

=== 1960's ===

*[[1961]]: ''[[Men, Halflings and Hero Worship]]''
*[[1961]]: ''[[Djävulens nya kläder: essäer]]'' (The Devil's New Clothes: Essays)

*[[1962]]: ''[[English and Medieval Studies Presented to J.R.R. Tolkien on the Occasion of his Seventieth Birthday]]''
*[[1962]]: ''[[Books With Men Behind Them]]''
*[[Twelve Beowulf Papers, 1940-1960: With Additional Comments|''Twelve'' Beowulf ''Papers, 1940-1960: With Additional Comments'']]
*[[1962]]: ''[[Sprightly Running: Part of an Autobiography]]''
*[[1962]]: ''[[The Strength to Dream: Literature and the Imagination]]''

*[[1965]]: ''[[The Bit Between my Teeth: A Literary Chronicle of 1950-1965]]''

*[[1966]]: ''[[C.S.: Letters of C.S. Lewis]]''
*[[1966]]: ''[[A Library of Literary Criticism: Modern British Literature]]''
*[[1966]]: ''[[The Precincts of Felicity: The Augustinian City of the Oxford Christians]]''

*[[1967]]: ''[[The Poetry of J.R.R. Tolkien]]''
*[[1967]]: ''[[Samotni wobec historii]]''
*[[1967]]: ''[[The Tolkien Papers: Ten Papers Prepared for the Tolkien Festival at Mankato State College, October 28 and 29, 1966]]''

*[[1968]]: [[Choice in The Lord of the Rings|''Choice in'' The Lord of the Rings]]
*[[1968]]: ''[[Perspectives in Contemporary Criticism: A Collection of Recent Essays by American, English and European Literary Critics]]''
*[[1968]]: ''[[The Tolkien Relation]]''
*[[1968]]: [[Tolkien and the Critics: Essays on J.R.R. Tolkien's The Lord of the Rings|''Tolkien and the Critics: Essays on J.R.R. Tolkien's'' The Lord of the Rings]]

*[[1969]]: ''[[An Afternoon in Middle Earth]]''
*[[1969]]: ''[[A Look Behind The Lord of the Rings]]''
*[[1969]]: ''[[The King]]''
*[[1969]]: ''[[Tolkien: Cult or Culture?]]''
*[[1969]]: ''[[Shadows of Imagination: The Fantasies of C.S. Lewis, J.R.R. Tolkien, and Charles Williams]]''
*[[1969]]: ''[[J.R.R. Tolkien (by Catherine Stimpson)|J.R.R. Tolkien]]''

=== 1970's ===

*[[1970]]: ''[[Admirations]]''
*[[1970]]: ''[[Good News from Tolkien's Middle-earth: Two Essays on the Applicability of The Lord of the Rings]]''
*[[1970]]: ''[[Beyond Words: Mystical Fancy in Children's Literature]]''
*[[1970]]: ''[[Narnia Conference Proceedings]]''
*[[1970]]: ''[[The Lord of the Rings and other Bookbindings]]''
*[[1970]]: ''[[Tolkien Criticism: An Annotated Checklist]]''
*[[1970]]: ''[[Słowa, rzeczy, krajobrazy]]''

*[[1971]]: ''[[A Guide to Middle-Earth]]''
*[[1971]]: ''[[Imagination and the Spirit: Essays in Literature and the Christian Faith Presented to Clyde S. Kilby]]''
*[[1971]]: ''[[Introduction to the Essay]]''
*[[1971]]: ''[[Music Drama in Schools]]''
*[[1971]]: ''[[Mythcon I Proceedings]]''
*[[1971]]: ''[[The Lord of the Rings, The Hobbit: Notes]]''
*[[1971]]: ''[[Romantic Religion: A Study of Barfield, Lewis, and Tolkien]]''
*[[1971]]: ''[[Shadows of Heaven: Religion and Fantasy in the Writing of C.S. Lewis, Charles Williams, and J.R.R. Tolkien]]''
*[[1971]]: ''[[The Universe Makers: Science Fiction Today]]''

*[[1972]]: ''[[A Glossary of the Eldarin Tongues]]''
*[[1972]]: ''[[Thomas Hardy and British Poetry]]''
*[[1972]]: ''[[J.R.R. Tolkien (by Robley Evans)|J.R.R. Tolkien]]''
*[[1972]]: ''[[Master of Middle-earth|Master of Middle-earth: The Fiction of J.R.R. Tolkien]]''
*[[1972]]: ''[[J.R.R. Tolkien: A Bibliography]]''
*[[1972]]: ''[[Mythcon II Proceedings]]''
*[[1972]]: ''[[Reading - Today and Tomorrow: Readings]]''
*[[1972]]: ''[[Sagan om Tolkien]]''

*[[1973]]: ''[[Imaginary Worlds: The Art of Fantasy]]''
*[[1973]]: ''[[Tales From Eternity: The World of Fairytales and the Spiritual Search]]''
*[[1973]]: ''[[Myth, Symbol and Religion in The Lord of the Rings]]''
*[[1973]]: ''[[An Atlas of Fantasy]]''
*[[1973]]: ''[[Funeral Customs in The Lord of the Rings Trilogy]]''
*[[1973]]: ''[[Modern Heroism: Essays on D.H. Lawrence, William Empson and J.R.R. Tolkien]]''
*[[1973]]: ''[[Tree by Tolkien]]''

*[[1974]]: ''[[C.S. Lewis: A Biography (by Green and Hooper)|C.S. Lewis: A Biography]]''
*[[1974]]: ''[[Tolkien's World (by Randel Helms)|Tolkien's World]]''
*[[1974]]: ''[[Inside Middle Earth: The Myth of the Underground in The Lord of the Rings]]''
*[[1974]]: ''[[The Way of Women, Ancient and Modern]]''
*[[1974]]: ''[[Mithrandir (book)|Mithrandir]]''
*[[1974]]: ''[[Myth, Allegory and Gospel: An Interpretation of J.R.R. Tolkien/C.S. Lewis/G.K. Chesterton/Charles Williams]]''
*[[1974]]: ''[[Mythcon III Proceedings]]''
*[[1974]]: ''[[The Languages of Middle Earth]]''
*[[1974]]: ''[[Perspectives of Roman Poetry: A Classics Symposium]]''
*[[1974]]: ''[[Lord of the Elves and Eldils: Fantasy and Philosophy in C.S. Lewis and J.R.R. Tolkien]]''
*[[1974]]: ''[[Science Fiction Today and Tomorrow: A Discursive Symposium]]''
*[[1974]]: ''[[New Directions in Bookbinding]]''
*[[1974]]: ''[[Symboliek van Tolkien's In de ban van de ring]]''

*[[1975]]: ''[[Kreacje Świata sensów|Kreacje Świata sensów: szkice o współczesnej powieści angielskiej]]''
*[[1975]]: [[An Extrapolation on The Silmarillion|''An Extrapolation on'' The Silmarillion]]
*[[1975]]: [[The Lord of the Rings and the Signs of the Times|The Lord of the Rings ''and the Signs of the Times'']]
*[[1975]]: [[Beowulf: The Appeal of a Poem|Beowulf: ''The Appeal of a Poem'']]
*[[1975]]: ''[[Modern Fantasy: Five Studies]]''
*[[1975]]: ''[[Middle Earth: A World in Conflict]]''
*[[1975]]: ''[[Dżentelmeni i poeci|Dżentelmeni i poeci: Eseje z literatury angielskiej]]''
*[[1975]]: ''[[A Tolkien Compass]]''

*[[1976]]: ''[[Drawings by Tolkien]]''
*[[1976]]: ''[[Literary Swordsmen and Sorcerers: The Makers of Heroic Fantasy]]''
*[[1976]]: ''[[J.R.R. Tolkien: Architect of Middle-earth|J.R.R. Tolkien: Architect of Middle Earth: A Biography]]''
*[[1976]]: ''[[Myth, Magic and Meaning in Tolkien's World]]''
*[[1976]]: ''[[The Game of the Impossible: A Rhetoric of Fantasy]]''
*[[1976]]: ''[[Tolkien and The Silmarillion|Tolkien & The Silmarillion]]''
*[[1976]]: ''[[Tolkien-lexikon]]''
*[[1976]]: ''[[J.R.R. Tolkien's The Fellowship of the Ring]]''
*[[1976]]: ''[[Visions of Paradise in The Lord of the Rings]]''
*[[1976]]: ''[[La infancia recuperada]]''
*[[1976]]: ''[[Suitable for Children? Controversies in Children's Literature]]''
*[[1976]]: ''[[The Tolkien Companion]]''

*[[1977]]: ''[[A Speculation on The Silmarillion|''A Speculation on'' The Silmarillion]]''
*[[1977]]: ''[[Theology and Fantasy]]''
*[[1977]]: ''[[J.R.R. Tolkien: A Biography]]''
*[[1977]]: ''[[Cliffs Notes on Tolkien's The Lord of the Rings and The Hobbit]]''
*[[1977]]: ''[[The Renaissance of Wonder in Children's Literature]]''
*[[1977]]: ''[[The Trees, the Jewels and the Rings: A Discursive Enquiry into Things Little Known on Middle-earth]]''
*[[1977]]: ''[[The Mythology of Middle-earth]]''
*[[1977]]: ''[[The Silmarillion, by J.R.R. Tolkien: A Brief Account of the Book and its Making]]''
*[[1977]]: ''[[Tolkiens Midgård]]''
*[[1977]]: ''[[Towards a Poetics of Fiction]]''

*[[1978]]: ''[[The Inklings (book)|The Inklings: C. S. Lewis, J.R.R. Tolkien, Charles Williams, and Their Friends]]''
*[[1978]]: ''[[Eglerio! In Praise of Tolkien]]''
*[[1978]]: ''[[The Complete Guide to Middle-earth: from The Hobbit to The Silmarillion]]''
*[[1978]]: ''[[The Biography of J.R.R. Tolkien: Architect of Middle-earth]]''
*[[1978]]: ''[[An Introduction to Elvish and to Other Tongues and Proper Names and Writing Systems of the Third Age of the Western Lands of Middle-Earth as Set Forth in the Published Writings of Professor John Ronald Reuel Tolkien]]''
*[[1978]]: ''[[Lightning from a Clear Sky: Tolkien, the Trilogy and The Silmarillion|''Lightning from a Clear Sky: Tolkien, the Trilogy and'' The Silmarillion]]''
*[[1978]]: ''[[Obituaries from The Times (1971-1975)|''Obituaries from'' The Times ''(1971-1975)'']]''
*[[1978]]: ''[[Tolkiens arv]]''
*[[1978]]: ''[[The Fantasy Book: An Illustrated History from Dracula to Tolkien]]''
*[[1978]]: ''[[Vølve: Scandinavian Views on Science Fiction: Selected Papers from the Science Fiction Festival 1977]]''
*[[1978]]: ''[[The Tolkien Scrapbook]]''
*[[1978]]: ''[[Tolkien in Oxford: The Tolkien Society Guide]]''
*[[1978]]: ''[[A Hobbit's Travels]]''

*[[1979]]: ''[[The Tolkien Quiz Book (by Bart Andrews)|The Tolkien Quiz Book: 1,001 Questions about Tolkien's Tales of Middle-earth and Other Fantasies]]''
*[[1979]]: ''[[Notes From the Shire Records: A Bibliography of Books About J.R.R. Tolkien and his Works]]''
*[[1979]]: ''[[The Middle-earth Quiz Book]]''
*[[1979]]: ''[[Comburg Papers in English Studies]]''
*[[1979]]: ''[[A Tolkien Bestiary]]''
*[[1979]]: ''[[J.R.R. Tolkien, Scholar and Storyteller: Essays in Memoriam]]''
*[[1979]]: ''[[The Unacknowledged Legislators: Ausgewählte Aufsätze zur englischen Literatur]]''
*[[1979]]: ''[[Six Modern Authors and Problems of Belief]]''
*[[1979]]: ''[[The Language of the Night: Essays on Fantasy and Science Fiction]]''
*[[1979]]: ''[[The Mankato Papers]]''
*[[1979]]: ''[[John Ronald Reuel Tolkien manuscript collection, ca. 1930-: 20 boxes and oversize material comprising 9.8 cubic feet]]''
*[[1979]]: ''[[Magiske verdener|Magiske verdener: Fantasilitteraturen fra Gilgamesj til Richard Adams]]''
*[[1979]]: ''[[Tolkien's Art: 'A Mythology for England']]''
*[[1979]]: ''[[The Individuated Hobbit|The Individuated Hobbit: Jung, Tolkien and the Archetypes of Middle-earth]]''
*[[1979]]: ''[[One Ring to Bind Them All: Tolkien's Mythology]]''
*[[1979]]: ''[[An Atlas of Fantasy]]''
*[[1979]]: ''[[Romantropologie|Romantropologie: Essays over antropologie en literatuur]]''
*[[1979]]: ''[[Shadows of Imagination: The Fantasies of C.S. Lewis, J.R.R. Tolkien, and Charles Williams]]''
*[[1979]]: ''[[Il superuomo e i suoi simboli nelle letterature moderne, VI]]''
*[[1979]]: ''[[The New Tolkien Companion]]''
*[[1979]]: ''[[Breaking the Magic Spell: Radical Theories of Folk and Fairy Tales]]''
*[[1979]]: ''[[A Hobbit's Journal]]''

=== 1980's ===
*[[1981]]: ''[[J.R.R. Tolkien (by Katharyn W. Crabbe)|J.R.R. Tolkien]]''
*[[1981]]: ''[[Fantasy: The Literature of Subversion]]''
*[[1982]]: ''[[The Road to Middle-earth]]''
*[[1982]]: [[Iron Crown Enterprises]] launches its series of game books set in J.R.R. Tolkien's legendarium.
*[[1984]]: ''[[Kansas Quarterly 16]]''
*[[1984]]: ''[[Seven 5]]''
*[[1984]]: ''[[Popular Fiction and Social Change]]''
*[[1984]]: ''[[Fantasy and Mimesis: Responses to Reality in Western Literature]]''
*[[1984]]: ''[[The Fantasts: Studies in J.R.R. Tolkien, Lewis Caroll, Mervyn Peake, Nikolay Gogol and Kenneth Grahame]]''
*[[1984]]: ''[[J.R.R. Tolkien: Myth, Morality, and Religion]]''
*[[1984]]: ''[[Journal of Popular Culture 17]]''
*[[1984]]: ''[[Inklings: Jahrbuch für Literatur und Asthetik 2]]''
*[[1984]]: ''[[In Defence of Fantasy: A Study of the Genre in English and American Literature since 1945]]''
*[[1985]]: ''[[Inklings: Jahrbuch für Literatur und Asthetik 3]]''
*[[1985]]: ''[[The Transcendent Adventure|The Transcendent Adventure: Studies of Religion in Science Fiction/Fantasy]]''
*[[1985]]: ''[[Supernatural Fiction Writers: Fantasy and Horror]]''
*[[1985]]: ''[[The Scope of the Fantastic: Theory, Technique]]''
*[[1985]]: ''[[Names 33]]''
*[[1985]]: ''[[Death and the Serpent: Immortality in Science Fiction and Fantasy]]''
*[[1985]]: ''[[Seven 6]]''
*[[1985]]: ''[[The Comedy of the Fantastic: Ecological Perspectives on the Fantasy Novel]]''
*[[1985]]: ''[[Literature & History-Third Series 11]]''
*[[1985]]: ''[[The Song of Middle-earth: J.R.R. Tolkien's Themes, Symbols and Myth]]''
*[[1985]]: ''[[Discovering Modern Horror Fiction]]''
*[[1985]]: ''[[Sources and Relations: Studies in Honour of J.E. Cross]]''
*[[1985]]: ''[[The Scope of the Fantastic: Culture, Biography, Themes, Children's Literature]]''
*[[1985]]: ''[[Touchstones: Reflections on the Best in Children's Literature]]''
*[[1986]]: ''[[Aspects of Fantasy: Selected Essays from the Second International Conference on the Fantastic in Literature and Film]]''
*[[1986]]: ''[[Approaches to Teaching Sir Gawain and the Green Knight]]''
*[[1986]]: ''[[Diakonia: Studies in Honor of Robert T. Meyer]]''
*[[1986]]: ''[[Florilegium 8]]''
*[[1986]]: ''[[J.R.R. Tolkien: Six Decades of Criticism]]''
*[[1986]]: ''[[Tolkien Bibliography 1911-1980: Writings by and about J.R.R. Tolkien]]''
*[[1986]]: ''[[The Evocation of Virgil in Tolkien's Art: Geritol for the Classics]]''
*[[1986]]: ''[[Inklings: Jahrbuch für Literatur und Asthetik 4]]''
*[[1986]]: ''[[Seven 7]]''
*[[1987]]: ''[[The Fantastic in World Literature and the Arts]]''
*[[1987]]: ''[[Csl: the Bulletin of the New York C. S. Lewis Society 18]]''
*[[1987]]: ''[[Webs and Wardrobes: Humanist and Religious World Views in Children's Literature]]''
*[[1987]]: ''[[Seven 8]]''
*[[1987]]: ''[[Inklings: Jahrbuch für Literatur und Asthetik 5]]''
*[[1987]]: ''[[Wizardry and Wild Romance: A Study of Epic Fantasy]]''
*[[1987]]: ''[[Modern Fiction Studies 33]]''
*[[1987]]: ''[[Science Fiction Chronicle 8]]''
*[[1987]]: ''[[Children's Literature Association Quarterly 11 (1986-1987)]]''
*[[1988]]: ''[[The Annotated Hobbit]]''
*[[1988]]: ''[[The Taste of the Pineapple: Essays on C.S. Lewis as Reader, Critic, and Imaginative Writer]]''
*[[1988]]: ''[[Spectrum of the Fantastic]]''
*[[1988]]: ''[[Kentucky Philological Review 3]]''
*[[1988]]: ''[[San Jose Studies 14]]''
*[[1988]]: ''[[Seven 9]]''
*[[1988]]: ''[[Children's Literature Association Quarterly 13]]''
*[[1988]]: ''[[Writers for Children: Critical Studies of Major Authors Since the Seventeenth Century]]''
*[[1988]]: ''[[Inklings: Jahrbuch für Literatur und Asthetik 6]]''
*[[1988]]: ''[[J.R.R. Tolkien: Man of Fantasy]]''
*[[1988]]: ''[[Charles Lamb Bulletin 64]]''
*[[1989]]: ''[[A Tolkien Treasury]]''
*[[1989]]: ''[[Children and Their Books: A Celebration of the Work of Iona and Peter Opie]]''
*[[1989]]: ''[[Inklings: Jahrbuch für Literatur und Asthetik 7]]''
*[[1989]]: ''[[The Figure of Merlin in the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries]]''
*[[1989]]: ''[[Journal of the Fantastic in the Arts 2]]''
*[[1989]]: ''[[Twentieth-Century Children's Writers]]''

=== 1990's ===
*[[1990]]: ''[[The Shape of the Fantastic]]''
*[[1990]]: ''[[A Tolkien Thesaurus]]''
*[[1990]]: ''[[Pacific Coast Philology 25.2]]''
*[[1990]]: ''[[Beowulf (Twayne's English Authors Series)|Beowulf]]''
*[[1990]]: ''[[Return of the Heroes: The Lord of the Rings, Star Wars and Contemporary Culture]]''
*[[1990]]: ''[[The Literary Fantastic: From Gothic to Postmodernism]]''
*[[1990]]: ''[[Jabberwocky 19]]''
*[[1990]]: ''[[The Magical World of the Inklings: J.R.R. Tolkien, C.S. Lewis, Charles Williams, Owen Barfield]]''
*[[1990]]: ''[[Reality and the Vision]]''
*[[1990]]: ''[[Modern Age 33]]''
*[[1990]]: ''[[Inklings: Jahrbuch für Literatur und Asthetik 8]]''
*[[1991]]: ''[[Studies in Medievalism 3]]''
*[[1991]]: ''[[Tolkien: The Illustrated Encyclopedia]]''
*[[1991]]: ''[[The Atlas of Middle-earth]]''
*[[1991]]: ''[[Riverside Quarterly 8]]''
*[[1991]]: ''[[Oxford Observed]]''
*[[1991]]: ''[[Twentieth-Century Science-Fiction Writers]]''
*[[1991]]: ''[[Children's Literature in Education 22]]''
*[[1992]]: ''[[Strategies of Fantasy]]''
*[[1992]]: ''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Mythology of Power]]''
*[[1992]]: ''[[The Thomas Hardy Journal 8]]''
*[[1992]]: ''[[J.R.R. Tolkien: Master of Fantasy]]''
*[[1992]]: ''[[Inklings: Jahrbuch für Literatur und Asthetik 10]]''
*[[1992]]: ''[[The Tolkien and Middle-earth Handbook]]''
*[[1992]]: ''[[Scepticism and Hope in Twentieth Century Fantasy Literature]]''
*[[1992]]: ''[[Unisa English Studies 30]]''
*[[1992]]: ''[[A Tribute to J.R.R. Tolkien]]''
*[[1992]]: ''[[Twentieth-Century Fantasists: Essays on Culture, Society and Belief in Twentieth-Century Mythopoeic Literature]]''
*[[1992]]: ''[[English Studies in Canada 18]]''
*[[1992]]: ''[[The Celebration of the Fantastic: Selected Papers from the Tenth Anniversary International Conference on the Fantastic in the Arts]]''
*[[1992]]: ''[[Village Voice Literary Supplement 102]]''
*[[1992]]: ''[[J.R.R. Tolkien: Life and Legend. An Exhibition to Commemorate the Centenary of the Birth of J.R.R. Tolkien (1892-1973)]]''
*[[1992]]: ''[[Tolkien's Birmingham]]''
*[[1992]]: ''[[Tolkien: A Critical Assessment]]''
*[[1992]]: ''[[J.R.R. Tolkien (by Carol D. and David Stevens)|J.R.R. Tolkien]]''
*[[1992]]: ''[[The Making of The Lord of the Rings]]''
*[[1992]]: ''[[The Tolkien Family Album]]''
*[[1993]]: ''[[Comitatus 24]]''
*[[1993]]: ''[[The Tolkien Companion]]''
*[[1993]]: ''[[J.R.R. Tolkien: A Descriptive Bibliography]]''
*[[1993]]: ''[[The Tolkien Collector 2]]''
*[[1993]]: ''[[The Tolkien Collector 3]]''
*[[1993]]: ''[[The Tolkien Collector 4]]''
*[[1993]]: ''[[The Tolkien Collector 5]]''
*[[1993]]: ''[[History of European Ideas 16]]''
*[[1993]]: ''[[Comparative Literature Studies 30]]''
*[[1993]]: ''[[Quadrant 37]]''
*[[1993]]: ''[[Zeitschrift für Literaturwissenschaft und Linguistik 92]]''
*[[1994]]: ''[[The Tolkien Collector 6]]''
*[[1994]]: ''[[Tolkien's Ring]]''
*[[1994]]: ''[[Journal of the Fantastic in the Arts 3]]''
*[[1994]]: ''[[The Hobbit: A Journey into Maturity]]''
*[[1994]]: ''[[Children's Literature Association Quarterly 19]]''
*[[1994]]: ''[[Germano-Slavica 8]]''
*[[1994]]: ''[[Fantasy, the Bomb, and the Greening of Britain: Romantic Protest, 1945-1980]]''
*[[1994]]: ''[[Studies in Weird Fiction 15]]''
*[[1995]]: ''[[Proceedings of the J.R.R. Tolkien Centenary Conference]]''
*[[1995]]: ''[[Australian Folklore 10]]''
*[[1995]]: ''[[J.R.R. Tolkien: Artist and Illustrator]]''
*[[1995]]: ''[[Seven 12]]''
*[[1995]]: ''[[New York Review of Science Fiction 8]]''
*[[1995]]: ''[[Functions of the Fantastic: Selected Essays from the 13th International Conference on the Fantastic in the Arts]]''
*[[1995]]: ''[[Germanic Notes & Reviews 26]]''
*[[1995]]: ''[[Stephen R. Donaldson's Chronicles of Thomas Covenant: Variations on the Fantasy Tradition]]''
*[[1995]]: ''[[Aspects and Issues in the History of Children's Literature]]''
*[[1996]]: ''[[e Lyfe ant †e Auncestrye 3]]''
*[[1996]]: ''[[Adventures of Sword and Sorcery 2]]''
*[[1996]]: ''[[Saga: Best New Writings on Mythology]]''
*[[1996]]: ''[[Mythmaker: J.R.R. Tolkien]]''
*[[1996]]: ''[[Explicator 54]]''
*[[1996]]: ''[[Dragon 21.1]]''
*[[1996]]: ''[[Proverbium 13]]''
*[[1996]]: ''[[Journal of the Fantastic in the Arts 7]]''
*[[1996]]: ''[[Seven by Seven: Interviews with American Science Fiction Writers of the West and Southwest]]''
*[[1997]]: ''[[News from the Shire and Beyond: Studies on Tolkien]]''
*[[1997]]: ''[[Extrapolation 38]]''
*[[1997]]: ''[[Defending Middle-earth: Tolkien, Myth, and Modernity]]''
*[[1997]]: "Why Tolkien is for the Real Grownups." New Statesman 31 Jan 1997: 47
*[[1997]]: ''[[Journal of the Fantastic in the Arts 8]]''
*[[1997]]: ''[[A Question of Time|A Question of Time: J.R.R. Tolkien's Road to Faërie]]''
*[[1997]]: ''[[Semiotics around the World: Synthesis in Diversity]]''
*[[1997]]: ''[[J.R.R. Tolkien (by Charles Moseley)|J.R.R. Tolkien]]''
*[[1998]]: ''[[Journal of the Fantastic in the Arts 9]]''
*[[1998]]: ''[[The Lion & the Unicorn 22]]''
*[[1998]]: ''[[English Studies in Canada 24]]''
*[[1998]]: ''[[Tolkien: Man and Myth|Tolkien: Man and Myth. A Literary Life]]''
*[[1999]]: ''[[Root and Branch: Approaches towards Understanding Tolkien]]''
*[[1999]]: ''[[Children's Literature in Education 30]]''
*[[1999]]: ''[[Jahrbuch fur Literatur und Asthetik 17]]''
*[[1999]]: ''[[Journal of the Fantastic in the Arts 10]]''
*[[1999]]: ''[[Tolkien: A Celebration: Collected Writings on a Literary Legacy]]''
*[[1999]]: ''[[Interdigitations: Essays for Irmengard Rauch]]''

=== 2000's ===
*[[2000]]: [[Tolkien's Legendarium|''Tolkien's'' Legendarium: ''Essays on the'' History of Middle-earth]]
*[[2000]]: ''[[J.R.R. Tolkien and His Literary Resonances: Views of Middle-earth]]''
*[[2000]]: ''[[Readings on J.R.R. Tolkien]]''
*[[2000]]: ''[[Medieval Perspectives 15]]''
*[[2001]]: ''[[J.R.R. Tolkien: Author of the Century]]''
*[[2008]]: ''[[Tolkien - min vän Ronald och hans världar]]''
*[[2008]]: ''[[Tolkien's Gedling|Tolkien's Gedling - 1914: The Birth Of A Legend]]''

=== 2010's ===

*[[2010]]: ''[[A Tolkien English Glossary]]''
*[[2010]]: ''[[J.R.R. Tolkien: Pocket Guide]]''
*[[2010]]: ''[[War of the Fantasy Worlds|War of the Fantasy Worlds: C.S. Lewis and J.R.R. Tolkien on Art and Imagination]]''
*[[2010]]: [[Lembas Extra 2009: Tolkien in Poetry and Song|''Tolkien in Poetry and Song'' (Lembas Extra 2009)]]

{{references}}

[[Category:Books]]

Tolkien - min vän Ronald och hans världar

2010-04-22T10:48:13Z

78.70.27.129:

{{book|
title=Tolkien - min vän Ronald och hans världar|
image=[[Image:tolkien_min.jpg|225px]]|
author=[[Arne Zettersten]]|
isbn=978-91-7353-194-8|
publisher=Atlantis|
date=[[April 28|28 April]] [[2008]]|
format=Hardcover|
pages= 376|
amazon=|
amazonprice=
}}
'''Tolkien - min vän Ronald och hans världar''' (Swedish: ''Tolkien - My Friend Ronald and his Worlds'') is a Swedish-language book by [[Arne Zettersten]] which investigates the sources of [[J.R.R. Tolkien]]'s legendarium. The book is noteworthy for the reminiscences of Tolkien by Zettersten.

*Note: The book is expected to be released in English on [[November 23]], [[2010]], with the title: ''[[J.R.R. Tolkien's Double Worlds and Creative Process]]''.

== From the back cover ==

Most people know that J.R.R. Tolkien has been voted for being ''the'' author of the 20th century and is considered to be the creator of the modern fantasy literature. It is less known that a Swedish linguist, professor Arne Zettersten, worked with Tolkien in a project of publishing medieval texts during the 1960s and 1970s in Oxford.

The book on "my friend Ronald" provides a fresh reading of the greatly visualized fantasy fiction of Tolkien, in relation to his scientific works on linguistics and his unique life-experiences. Arne Zettersten recollects his memories of the linguistic equilibrist Tolkien, who spoke, wrote and reconstructed living, dead and invented languages.

The book centers around the communicative ability of Tolkien, as well as the relationship between his informal, scientific, and fictive worlds.

[Freely translated from Swedish]

[[CATEGORY:Swedish books]]