Tolkien Gateway - User contributions [en]

https://tolkiengateway.net/w/api.php?action=feedcontributions&feedformat=atom&user=94.65.203.67 Tolkien Gateway - User contributions [en] 2026-06-11T00:34:18Z User contributions MediaWiki 1.41.1 https://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=Mannish&diff=74444 Mannish 2008-12-29T11:45:20Z

<p>94.65.203.67: /* Schematic */</p> <hr /> <div>A term to refer to the languages of [[Men]], as opposed to the [[Elvish]] tongues, or those of the other races of [[Middle-earth]]. By far the most prominent Mannish languageis [[Westron]], also called the [[Common Speech]].<br /> ==History==<br /> Languages of Men started in [[Hildórien]]. When the [[Edain]] divided to migrate to the west. The groups that would eventually be known as [[House of Bëor]] and [[House of Marach]], used [[Taliska|one language]]. The third tribe, that wold be later known as the [[House of Haleth]], used an unrelated tongue. <br /> <br /> During the march, the tribes left behind various descendants in [[Eriador]] who continued their languages. In [[Beleriand]] the House of Beor quickly adopted [[Sindarin]]. However the language of Hador retained and was influenced by [[Khuzdul]]<ref>"Of Dwarves and Men", in: The Peoples of Middle earth</ref><br /> <br /> The language of the [[House of Hador]] during the [[Second Age]] evolved into [[Adûnaic]]. <ref>[[Notion Club Papers]]</ref> Meanwhile the descendants of the First Age in the Westlands became the [[Éothéod]] from whom ultimately derives the [[Rohirric]] language. The language of the House of Haleth also left descendants that were known as [[Pre-Númenórean]] languages.<ref name="Drú">[[J.R.R. Tolkien]], [[Christopher Tolkien]] (ed.), ''[[Unfinished Tales]]'', "[[The Drúedain]]"</ref><ref name="AppF"/><br /> <br /> Early Adûnaic mingled with many words of the languages of lesser men and became a Common Speech that spread thence along the coasts among all that had dealings with Westernesse<ref name="ApF">Appendix F in: The Return of the King</ref>. <br /> <br /> After the Downfall, the faithful considered Sindarin their mother tongue and used the Common Speech in their dealings with other folk and in the government of their wide realms; but they enlarged the language and enriched it with many words drawn from the Elven-tongues.<ref name="ApF"/>.<br /> <br /> ==Schematic==<br /> Note that many all showed influence by Avarin tongues as well as [[Khuzdul]]:<br /> *Languages of the First and Third Houses of the [[Atanatári]]<br /> **[[Taliska]] (two dialects; Beor and Hador)<br /> ***[[Adûnaic]]<br /> ****Black Adûnaic of [[Black Númenóreans]]<br /> ****[[Westron]] or "Common Speech" (influenced by [[Sindarin]], and languages of [[Eriador]])<br /> *****[[Hobbit]]ish (influenced by languages of [[Northmen]])<br /> **Languages of Men of [[Eriador]] during the [[Second Age]]<br /> **Languages of [[Northmen]]<br /> ***[[Dalish]]<br /> ***[[Rohirric]]<br /> *Language of the Second House of the Atanatári (see [[Pre-Númenórean]])<br /> **[[Haladin]] language<br /> **[[Dunlending]]<br /> *[[Drûg]] languages<br /> **Language of the Drúedain of [[Brethil]]<br /> **Language of the Woses of [[Drúadan forest]]<br /> *Many [[Harad]]rim languages<br /> *Many tongues of [[Easterlings]]<br /> <br /> ==Translation==<br /> Tolkien used real-life languages and names to present Mannish. The most known example is Westron, which is always replaced with modern English. <br /> <br /> This logic went one step further by also presenting all languages akin to Westron in languages related to English, so that their "understandability" by the protagonists is simulated to the English reader. Since English belongs to the germanic family, most names Tolkien uses are germanic (Norse, Gothic etc) with some celtic exceptions. <br /> <br /> *[[Rohirric]], the language of the [[Rohirrim]] was replaced by Anglo-Saxon, as Rohirric is an archaic relative of Westron, much as Anglo-Saxon is an archaic relative of English; <br /> *The tongue of [[Dale]] (from which came the names of the [[Dwarves]] of [[Durin's Folk]]), was translated into Old Norse, a language related to Anglo-Saxon and modern English as Dalish was related to Rohirric and Westron; <br /> *The hobbit names of the [[Stoors]], [[Buckland]] as well as some [[Bree-land]] names are Celtic; <br /> *Few "heathen" names related to [[Rhovanion]] (such as "[[Vidugavia]]") are Gothic, indicating a relationship to Dalish but not recognisable by Westron.<br /> <br /> Mannish languages unrelated to Westron that sounded alien to the protagonists, were left in their "genuine" form.<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> *[http://folk.uib.no/hnohf/mannish.htm Various Mannish languages] in [[Ardalambion]] (discusses their genuine forms)<br /> *[http://lalaith.vpsurf.de/Tolkien/Fr_Atani.html Etymologies of Atani languages] - a list of [[Adûnaic]]/Mannish roots and their derivatives inspired by the ''[[Etymologies]]''.<br /> [[Category:Languages]]</div>

94.65.203.67 https://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=Mannish&diff=74443 Mannish 2008-12-29T11:04:53Z

<p>94.65.203.67: /* History */</p> <hr /> <div>A term to refer to the languages of [[Men]], as opposed to the [[Elvish]] tongues, or those of the other races of [[Middle-earth]]. By far the most prominent Mannish languageis [[Westron]], also called the [[Common Speech]].<br /> ==History==<br /> Languages of Men started in [[Hildórien]]. When the [[Edain]] divided to migrate to the west. The groups that would eventually be known as [[House of Bëor]] and [[House of Marach]], used [[Taliska|one language]]. The third tribe, that wold be later known as the [[House of Haleth]], used an unrelated tongue. <br /> <br /> During the march, the tribes left behind various descendants in [[Eriador]] who continued their languages. In [[Beleriand]] the House of Beor quickly adopted [[Sindarin]]. However the language of Hador retained and was influenced by [[Khuzdul]]<ref>"Of Dwarves and Men", in: The Peoples of Middle earth</ref><br /> <br /> The language of the [[House of Hador]] during the [[Second Age]] evolved into [[Adûnaic]]. <ref>[[Notion Club Papers]]</ref> Meanwhile the descendants of the First Age in the Westlands became the [[Éothéod]] from whom ultimately derives the [[Rohirric]] language. The language of the House of Haleth also left descendants that were known as [[Pre-Númenórean]] languages.<ref name="Drú">[[J.R.R. Tolkien]], [[Christopher Tolkien]] (ed.), ''[[Unfinished Tales]]'', "[[The Drúedain]]"</ref><ref name="AppF"/><br /> <br /> Early Adûnaic mingled with many words of the languages of lesser men and became a Common Speech that spread thence along the coasts among all that had dealings with Westernesse<ref name="ApF">Appendix F in: The Return of the King</ref>. <br /> <br /> After the Downfall, the faithful considered Sindarin their mother tongue and used the Common Speech in their dealings with other folk and in the government of their wide realms; but they enlarged the language and enriched it with many words drawn from the Elven-tongues.<ref name="ApF"/>.<br /> <br /> ==Schematic==<br /> Note that many all showed influence by Avarin tongues as well as [[Khuzdul]]:<br /> *Languages of the First and Third Houses of the [[Atanatári]]<br /> **[[Taliska]] (two dialects; Beor and Hador)<br /> ***[[Adûnaic]]<br /> ****[[Westron]] or "Common Speech" (influenced by [[Sindarin]], and languages of [[Eriador]])<br /> *****[[Hobbit]]ish (influenced by languages of [[Northmen]])<br /> ****Black Adûnaic of [[Black Númenóreans]]<br /> **Languages of Men of [[Eriador]] during the [[Second Age]]<br /> **Languages of [[Northmen]]<br /> ***[[Dalish]]<br /> ***[[Rohirric]]<br /> *Language of the Second House of the Atanatári<br /> **[[Haladin]] language<br /> **[[Dunlending]]<br /> *[[Drûg]] languages<br /> **Language of the Drúedain of [[Brethil]]<br /> **Language of the Woses of [[Drúadan forest]]<br /> *Many [[Harad]]rim languages<br /> *Many tongues of [[Easterlings]]<br /> <br /> ==Translation==<br /> Tolkien used real-life languages and names to present Mannish. The most known example is Westron, which is always replaced with modern English. <br /> <br /> This logic went one step further by also presenting all languages akin to Westron in languages related to English, so that their "understandability" by the protagonists is simulated to the English reader. Since English belongs to the germanic family, most names Tolkien uses are germanic (Norse, Gothic etc) with some celtic exceptions. <br /> <br /> *[[Rohirric]], the language of the [[Rohirrim]] was replaced by Anglo-Saxon, as Rohirric is an archaic relative of Westron, much as Anglo-Saxon is an archaic relative of English; <br /> *The tongue of [[Dale]] (from which came the names of the [[Dwarves]] of [[Durin's Folk]]), was translated into Old Norse, a language related to Anglo-Saxon and modern English as Dalish was related to Rohirric and Westron; <br /> *The hobbit names of the [[Stoors]], [[Buckland]] as well as some [[Bree-land]] names are Celtic; <br /> *Few "heathen" names related to [[Rhovanion]] (such as "[[Vidugavia]]") are Gothic, indicating a relationship to Dalish but not recognisable by Westron.<br /> <br /> Mannish languages unrelated to Westron that sounded alien to the protagonists, were left in their "genuine" form.<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> *[http://folk.uib.no/hnohf/mannish.htm Various Mannish languages] in [[Ardalambion]] (discusses their genuine forms)<br /> *[http://lalaith.vpsurf.de/Tolkien/Fr_Atani.html Etymologies of Atani languages] - a list of [[Adûnaic]]/Mannish roots and their derivatives inspired by the ''[[Etymologies]]''.<br /> [[Category:Languages]]</div>

94.65.203.67 https://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=Mannish&diff=74442 Mannish 2008-12-29T11:00:15Z

<p>94.65.203.67: /* Schematic */</p> <hr /> <div>A term to refer to the languages of [[Men]], as opposed to the [[Elvish]] tongues, or those of the other races of [[Middle-earth]]. By far the most prominent Mannish languageis [[Westron]], also called the [[Common Speech]].<br /> ==History==<br /> Languages of Men started in [[Hildórien]]. When the [[Edain]] divided to migrate to the west. The groups that would eventually be known as [[House of Bëor]] and [[House of Marach]], used [[Taliska|one language]]. The third tribe, that wold be later known as the [[House of Haleth]], used an unrelated tongue. <br /> <br /> During the march, the tribes left behind various descendants in [[Eriador]] who continued their languages. In [[Beleriand]] the House of Beor quickly adopted [[Sindarin]]. However the language of Hador retained and was influenced by [[Khuzdul]]<ref>"Of Dwarves and Men", in: The Peoples of Middle earth</ref><br /> <br /> The language of the [[House of Hador]] during the [[Second Age]] evolved into [[Adûnaic]]. <ref>[[Notion Club Papers]]</ref> Meanwhile the descendants of the First Age in the Westlands became the [[Éothéod]] from whom ultimately derives the [[Rohirric]] language. The language of the House of Haleth also left descendants such as [[Dunlandish]].<br /> <br /> Early Adûnaic mingled with many words of the languages of lesser men and became a Common Speech that spread thence along the coasts among all that had dealings with Westernesse<ref name="ApF">Appendix F in: The Return of the King</ref>. <br /> <br /> After the Downfall, the faithful considered Sindarin their mother tongue and used the Common Speech in their dealings with other folk and in the government of their wide realms; but they enlarged the language and enriched it with many words drawn from the Elven-tongues.<ref name="ApF"/>. <br /> ==Schematic==<br /> Note that many all showed influence by Avarin tongues as well as [[Khuzdul]]:<br /> *Languages of the First and Third Houses of the [[Atanatári]]<br /> **[[Taliska]] (two dialects; Beor and Hador)<br /> ***[[Adûnaic]]<br /> ****[[Westron]] or "Common Speech" (influenced by [[Sindarin]], and languages of [[Eriador]])<br /> *****[[Hobbit]]ish (influenced by languages of [[Northmen]])<br /> ****Black Adûnaic of [[Black Númenóreans]]<br /> **Languages of Men of [[Eriador]] during the [[Second Age]]<br /> **Languages of [[Northmen]]<br /> ***[[Dalish]]<br /> ***[[Rohirric]]<br /> *Language of the Second House of the Atanatári<br /> **[[Haladin]] language<br /> **[[Dunlending]]<br /> *[[Drûg]] languages<br /> **Language of the Drúedain of [[Brethil]]<br /> **Language of the Woses of [[Drúadan forest]]<br /> *Many [[Harad]]rim languages<br /> *Many tongues of [[Easterlings]]<br /> <br /> ==Translation==<br /> Tolkien used real-life languages and names to present Mannish. The most known example is Westron, which is always replaced with modern English. <br /> <br /> This logic went one step further by also presenting all languages akin to Westron in languages related to English, so that their "understandability" by the protagonists is simulated to the English reader. Since English belongs to the germanic family, most names Tolkien uses are germanic (Norse, Gothic etc) with some celtic exceptions. <br /> <br /> *[[Rohirric]], the language of the [[Rohirrim]] was replaced by Anglo-Saxon, as Rohirric is an archaic relative of Westron, much as Anglo-Saxon is an archaic relative of English; <br /> *The tongue of [[Dale]] (from which came the names of the [[Dwarves]] of [[Durin's Folk]]), was translated into Old Norse, a language related to Anglo-Saxon and modern English as Dalish was related to Rohirric and Westron; <br /> *The hobbit names of the [[Stoors]], [[Buckland]] as well as some [[Bree-land]] names are Celtic; <br /> *Few "heathen" names related to [[Rhovanion]] (such as "[[Vidugavia]]") are Gothic, indicating a relationship to Dalish but not recognisable by Westron.<br /> <br /> Mannish languages unrelated to Westron that sounded alien to the protagonists, were left in their "genuine" form.<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> *[http://folk.uib.no/hnohf/mannish.htm Various Mannish languages] in [[Ardalambion]] (discusses their genuine forms)<br /> *[http://lalaith.vpsurf.de/Tolkien/Fr_Atani.html Etymologies of Atani languages] - a list of [[Adûnaic]]/Mannish roots and their derivatives inspired by the ''[[Etymologies]]''.<br /> [[Category:Languages]]</div>

94.65.203.67 https://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=Mannish&diff=74441 Mannish 2008-12-29T10:58:15Z

<p>94.65.203.67: </p> <hr /> <div>A term to refer to the languages of [[Men]], as opposed to the [[Elvish]] tongues, or those of the other races of [[Middle-earth]]. By far the most prominent Mannish languageis [[Westron]], also called the [[Common Speech]].<br /> ==History==<br /> Languages of Men started in [[Hildórien]]. When the [[Edain]] divided to migrate to the west. The groups that would eventually be known as [[House of Bëor]] and [[House of Marach]], used [[Taliska|one language]]. The third tribe, that wold be later known as the [[House of Haleth]], used an unrelated tongue. <br /> <br /> During the march, the tribes left behind various descendants in [[Eriador]] who continued their languages. In [[Beleriand]] the House of Beor quickly adopted [[Sindarin]]. However the language of Hador retained and was influenced by [[Khuzdul]]<ref>"Of Dwarves and Men", in: The Peoples of Middle earth</ref><br /> <br /> The language of the [[House of Hador]] during the [[Second Age]] evolved into [[Adûnaic]]. <ref>[[Notion Club Papers]]</ref> Meanwhile the descendants of the First Age in the Westlands became the [[Éothéod]] from whom ultimately derives the [[Rohirric]] language. The language of the House of Haleth also left descendants such as [[Dunlandish]].<br /> <br /> Early Adûnaic mingled with many words of the languages of lesser men and became a Common Speech that spread thence along the coasts among all that had dealings with Westernesse<ref name="ApF">Appendix F in: The Return of the King</ref>. <br /> <br /> After the Downfall, the faithful considered Sindarin their mother tongue and used the Common Speech in their dealings with other folk and in the government of their wide realms; but they enlarged the language and enriched it with many words drawn from the Elven-tongues.<ref name="ApF"/>. <br /> ==Schematic==<br /> Note that many all showed influence by Avarin tongues as well as [[Khuzdul]]:<br /> #*Languages of forefathers of the First and Third Houses of the [[Atanatári]]<br /> #**[[Taliska]] (two dialects)<br /> #***[[Adûnaic]]<br /> #****[[Westron]] or "Common Speech" (influenced by [[Sindarin]], and languages of [[Eriador]])<br /> #*****[[Hobbit]]ish (influenced by languages of [[Northmen]])<br /> #****Black Adûnaic of [[Black Númenóreans]]<br /> #**Languages of Men of [[Eriador]] during the [[Second Age]]<br /> #**Languages of [[Northmen]]<br /> #***[[Dalish]]<br /> #***[[Rohirric]]<br /> #*Language of forefathers of the Second House of the Atanatári<br /> #**[[Haladin]] language<br /> #**[[Dunlending]]<br /> #*[[Drûg]] languages<br /> #**Language of the Drúedain of [[Brethil]]<br /> #**Language of the Woses of [[Drúadan forest]]<br /> #*Many [[Harad]]rim languages<br /> #*Many tongues of [[Easterlings]]<br /> ==Translation==<br /> Tolkien used real-life languages and names to present Mannish. The most known example is Westron, which is always replaced with modern English. <br /> <br /> This logic went one step further by also presenting all languages akin to Westron in languages related to English, so that their "understandability" by the protagonists is simulated to the English reader. Since English belongs to the germanic family, most names Tolkien uses are germanic (Norse, Gothic etc) with some celtic exceptions. <br /> <br /> *[[Rohirric]], the language of the [[Rohirrim]] was replaced by Anglo-Saxon, as Rohirric is an archaic relative of Westron, much as Anglo-Saxon is an archaic relative of English; <br /> *The tongue of [[Dale]] (from which came the names of the [[Dwarves]] of [[Durin's Folk]]), was translated into Old Norse, a language related to Anglo-Saxon and modern English as Dalish was related to Rohirric and Westron; <br /> *The hobbit names of the [[Stoors]], [[Buckland]] as well as some [[Bree-land]] names are Celtic; <br /> *Few "heathen" names related to [[Rhovanion]] (such as "[[Vidugavia]]") are Gothic, indicating a relationship to Dalish but not recognisable by Westron.<br /> <br /> Mannish languages unrelated to Westron that sounded alien to the protagonists, were left in their "genuine" form.<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> *[http://folk.uib.no/hnohf/mannish.htm Various Mannish languages] in [[Ardalambion]] (discusses their genuine forms)<br /> *[http://lalaith.vpsurf.de/Tolkien/Fr_Atani.html Etymologies of Atani languages] - a list of [[Adûnaic]]/Mannish roots and their derivatives inspired by the ''[[Etymologies]]''.<br /> [[Category:Languages]]</div>

94.65.203.67 https://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=Mannish&diff=74440 Mannish 2008-12-29T10:53:59Z

<p>94.65.203.67: </p> <hr /> <div>A term to refer to the languages of [[Men]], as opposed to the [[Elvish]] tongues, or those of the other races of [[Middle-earth]]. By far the most prominent Mannish languageis [[Westron]], also called the [[Common Speech]].<br /> ==History==<br /> Languages of Men started in [[Hildórien]]. When the [[Edain]] divided to migrate to the west. The groups that would eventually be known as [[House of Bëor]] and [[House of Marach]], used related languages. The third tribe, that wold be later known as the [[House of Haleth]], used an unrelated tongue. <br /> <br /> During the march, the tribes left behind various descendants in [[Eriador]] who continued their languages. In [[Beleriand]] the House of Beor quickly adopted [[Sindarin]]. However the language of Hador retained and was influenced by [[Khuzdul]]<ref>"Of Dwarves and Men", in: The Peoples of Middle earth</ref><br /> <br /> The language of the [[House of Hador]] during the [[Second Age]] evolved into [[Adûnaic]]. <ref>[[Notion Club Papers]]</ref> Meanwhile the descendants of the First Age in the Westlands became the [[Éothéod]] from whom ultimately derives the [[Rohirric]] language. The language of the House of Haleth also left descendants such as [[Dunlandish]].<br /> <br /> Early Adûnaic mingled with many words of the languages of lesser men and became a Common Speech that spread thence along the coasts among all that had dealings with Westernesse<ref name="ApF">Appendix F in: The Return of the King</ref>. <br /> <br /> After the Downfall, the faithful considered Sindarin their mother tongue and used the Common Speech in their dealings with other folk and in the government of their wide realms; but they enlarged the language and enriched it with many words drawn from the Elven-tongues.<ref name="ApF"/>. <br /> ==Translation==<br /> Tolkien used real-life languages and names to present Mannish. The most known example is Westron, which is always replaced with modern English. <br /> <br /> This logic went one step further by also presenting all languages akin to Westron in languages related to English, so that their "understandability" by the protagonists is simulated to the English reader. Since English belongs to the germanic family, most names Tolkien uses are germanic (Norse, Gothic etc) with some celtic exceptions. <br /> <br /> *[[Rohirric]], the language of the [[Rohirrim]] was replaced by Anglo-Saxon, as Rohirric is an archaic relative of Westron, much as Anglo-Saxon is an archaic relative of English; <br /> *The tongue of [[Dale]] (from which came the names of the [[Dwarves]] of [[Durin's Folk]]), was translated into Old Norse, a language related to Anglo-Saxon and modern English as Dalish was related to Rohirric and Westron; <br /> *The hobbit names of the [[Stoors]], [[Buckland]] as well as some [[Bree-land]] names are Celtic; <br /> *Few "heathen" names related to [[Rhovanion]] (such as "[[Vidugavia]]") are Gothic, indicating a relationship to Dalish but not recognisable by Westron.<br /> <br /> Mannish languages unrelated to Westron that sounded alien to the protagonists, were left in their "genuine" form.<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> *[http://folk.uib.no/hnohf/mannish.htm Various Mannish languages] in [[Ardalambion]] (discusses their genuine forms)<br /> *[http://lalaith.vpsurf.de/Tolkien/Fr_Atani.html Etymologies of Atani languages] - a list of [[Adûnaic]]/Mannish roots and their derivatives inspired by the ''[[Etymologies]]''.<br /> [[Category:Languages]]</div>

94.65.203.67 https://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=Mannish&diff=74439 Mannish 2008-12-29T10:53:00Z

<p>94.65.203.67: </p> <hr /> <div>A term to refer to the languages of [[Men]], as opposed to the [[Elvish]] tongues, or those of the other races of [[Middle-earth]]. By far the most prominent Mannish languageis [[Westron]], also called the [[Common Speech]].<br /> ==History==<br /> Languages of Men started in [[Hildórien]]. When the [[Edain]] divided to migrate to the west. The groups that would eventually be known as [[House of Bëor]] and [[House of Marach]], used related languages. The third tribe, that wold be later known as the [[House of Haleth]], used an unrelated tongue. <br /> <br /> During the march, the tribes left behind various descendants in [[Eriador]] who continued their languages. In [[Beleriand]] the House of Beor quickly adopted [[Sindarin]]. However the language of Hador retained and was influenced by [[Khuzdul]]<ref>"Of Dwarves and Men", in: The Peoples of Middle earth</ref><br /> <br /> The language of the [[House of Hador]] during the [[Second Age]] evolved into [[Adûnaic]]. <ref>[[Notion Club Papers]]</ref> Meanwhile the descendants of the First Age in the Westlands became the [[Éothéod]] from whom ultimately derives the [[Rohirric]] language. The language of the House of Haleth also left descendants such as [[Dunlandish]].<br /> <br /> Early Adûnaic mingled with many words of the languages of lesser men and became a Common Speech that spread thence along the coasts among all that had dealings with Westernesse<ref name="1">Appendix F in: The Return of the King</ref>. <br /> <br /> After the Downfall, the faithful considered Sindarin their mother tongue and used the Common Speech in their dealings with other folk and in the government of their wide realms; but they enlarged the language and enriched it with many words drawn from the Elven-tongues.<ref name="1"/>. <br /> ==Translation==<br /> Tolkien used real-life languages and names to present Mannish. The most known example is Westron, which is always replaced with modern English. <br /> <br /> This logic went one step further by also presenting all languages akin to Westron in languages related to English, so that their "understandability" by the protagonists is simulated to the English reader. Since English belongs to the germanic family, most names Tolkien uses are germanic (Norse, Gothic etc) with some celtic exceptions. <br /> <br /> *[[Rohirric]], the language of the [[Rohirrim]] was replaced by Anglo-Saxon, as Rohirric is an archaic relative of Westron, much as Anglo-Saxon is an archaic relative of English; <br /> *The tongue of [[Dale]] (from which came the names of the [[Dwarves]] of [[Durin's Folk]]), was translated into Old Norse, a language related to Anglo-Saxon and modern English as Dalish was related to Rohirric and Westron; <br /> *The hobbit names of the [[Stoors]], [[Buckland]] as well as some [[Bree-land]] names are Celtic; <br /> *Few "heathen" names related to [[Rhovanion]] (such as "[[Vidugavia]]") are Gothic, indicating a relationship to Dalish but not recognisable by Westron.<br /> <br /> Mannish languages unrelated to Westron that sounded alien to the protagonists, were left in their "genuine" form.<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> *[http://folk.uib.no/hnohf/mannish.htm Various Mannish languages] in [[Ardalambion]] (discusses their genuine forms)<br /> *[http://lalaith.vpsurf.de/Tolkien/Fr_Atani.html Etymologies of Atani languages] - a list of [[Adûnaic]]/Mannish roots and their derivatives inspired by the ''[[Etymologies]]''.<br /> [[Category:Languages]]</div>

94.65.203.67 https://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=Mannish&diff=74438 Mannish 2008-12-29T10:48:54Z

<p>94.65.203.67: </p> <hr /> <div>A term to refer to the languages of [[Men]], as opposed to the [[Elvish]] tongues, or those of the other races of [[Middle-earth]]. By far the most prominent Mannish languageis [[Westron]], also called the [[Common Speech]].<br /> ==History==<br /> Languages of Men started in [[Hildórien]]. When the [[Edain]] divided to migrate to the west. The groups that would eventually be known as [[House of Bëor]] and [[House of Marach]], used related languages. The third tribe, that wold be later known as the [[House of Haleth]], used an unrelated tongue. <br /> <br /> During the march, the tribes left behind various descendants in [[Eriador]] who continued their languages. In [[Beleriand]] the House of Beor quickly adopted [[Sindarin]]. However the language of Hador retained and was influenced by [[Khuzdul]]<ref>"Of Dwarves and Men", in: The Peoples of Middle earth</ref><br /> <br /> The language of the [[House of Hador]] during the [[Second Age]] evolved into [[Adûnaic]]. <ref>[[Notion Club Papers]]</ref> Meanwhile the descendants of the First Age in the Westlands became the [[Éothéod]] from whom ultimately derives the [[Rohirric]] language. The language of the House of Haleth also left descendants such as [[Dunlandish]].<br /> <br /> Early Adûnaic mingled with many words of the languages of lesser men and became a Common Speech that spread thence along the coasts among all that had dealings with Westernesse<ref name="1">Appendix F in: The Return of the King</ref>. <br /> <br /> After the Downfall, the faithful considered Sindarin their mother tongue and used the Common Speech in their dealings with other folk and in the government of their wide realms; but they enlarged the language and enriched it with many words drawn from the Elven-tongues.<ref 1>. <br /> ==Translation==<br /> Tolkien used real-life languages and names to present Mannish. The most known example is Westron, which is always replaced with modern English. <br /> <br /> This logic went one step further by also presenting all languages akin to Westron in languages related to English, so that their "understandability" by the protagonists is simulated to the English reader. Since English belongs to the germanic family, most names Tolkien uses are germanic (Norse, Gothic etc) with some celtic exceptions. <br /> <br /> *[[Rohirric]], the language of the [[Rohirrim]] was replaced by Anglo-Saxon, as Rohirric is an archaic relative of Westron, much as Anglo-Saxon is an archaic relative of English; <br /> *The tongue of [[Dale]] (from which came the names of the [[Dwarves]] of [[Durin's Folk]]), was translated into Old Norse, a language related to Anglo-Saxon and modern English as Dalish was related to Rohirric and Westron; <br /> *The hobbit names of the [[Stoors]], [[Buckland]] as well as some [[Bree-land]] names are Celtic; <br /> *Few "heathen" names related to [[Rhovanion]] (such as "[[Vidugavia]]") are Gothic, indicating a relationship to Dalish but not recognisable by Westron.<br /> <br /> Mannish languages unrelated to Westron that sounded alien to the protagonists, were left in their "genuine" form.<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> *[http://folk.uib.no/hnohf/mannish.htm Various Mannish languages] in [[Ardalambion]] (discusses their genuine forms)<br /> *[http://lalaith.vpsurf.de/Tolkien/Fr_Atani.html Etymologies of Atani languages] - a list of [[Adûnaic]]/Mannish roots and their derivatives inspired by the ''[[Etymologies]]''.<br /> [[Category:Languages]]</div>

94.65.203.67 https://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=Westron&diff=74437 Westron 2008-12-29T10:25:34Z

<p>94.65.203.67: /* External links */</p> <hr /> <div>The '''Westron''' or '''Common Speech''' is the closest thing to a universal [[Languages|Language]], at least at the time during the [[War of the Ring]]. Westron is a translation of the original name '''Adûni''', and "Common Speech" translates the Westron term '''Sôval Phârë''', of identical meaning. In [[Sindarin]] the language was called '''Annúnaid''' (Westron), or '''Falathren''' (Shore-language). <br /> <br /> ==History==<br /> The Westron speech is derived from the [[Adûnaic]] tongue of [[Númenor]], and originated as a creole language on the western coastlands of the continent of Middle-earth, when the Númenorians established trade outposts and forts there. From there, it spread to most of the westlands, with the notable exception of [[Mordor]].<br /> <br /> ==Translation==<br /> According to Tolkien's fiction, Westron was the language spoken and understod by the protaginists of ''The Hobbit'' and ''The Lord of the Rings''. Many names of characters and places, in the book's "reality", were in Westron.<br /> <br /> However Tolkien, mentions that Westron was presented as having been completely replaced by English in the text. This had certain important implications: first of all, proper names with derivations understandable or evident to speakers of Westron had been translated, to preserve the effect to the English reader. Thus, names like ''Baggins'', ''Bagshot Row'', ''Peregrin'', ''Rivendell'' et cetera, are not the ''actual'' names as spoken by the characters but are presented as ''translations''. <br /> <br /> Outside the context of the story, it is clear that most of the "original" forms in Westron or other languages were devised by Tolkien long after the English "translations" were chosen. <br /> <br /> [[Rivendell]] ("cloven valley") was actually called ''Karningul'', and [[Bag End]] was actually called ''Labin-nec'', after ''Labingi'', the real form of [[Baggins]]. In some cases the explanations became quite involved, such as the river Brandywine (Sindarin [[Baranduin]], "golden-brown river") was actually called ''Branda-nîn'', a punning Westron name meaning "border-water", which was later punned again as ''Bralda-hîm'' meaning "heady ale".<br /> <br /> This logic went one step further by also presenting all languages akin to Westron in languages related to English, so that their "understandability" by the protagonists be simulated to the English reader. For further information cf. the article about ''[[Mannish]]''.<br /> <br /> This utter replacement of Westron by English was taken so far that some sources that should give actual Westron have been turned to English too. For instance, in Moria, an illustration of the runic text on Balin's gravestone is given. The text is said to be written in both Khuzdûl and Westron. But while the first part of the inscription seems to really be a bit of Khuzdûl, the second part is actually plain English, just written in [[cirth]]. <br /> <br /> Several of the Westron forms given above were not published in Tolkien's lifetime. Tolkien never worked out Westron to the same extent as [[Quenya]] and [[Sindarin]] or even Adûnaic.<br /> <br /> ==Corpus==<br /> The corpus of Westron is small; the majority of the words come from [[Appendix F]] and the creation of it in ''[[The Peoples of Middle-earth]]''. Additional information was published in Tyalië Tyelelliéva 17, in [[2001]]. Even now, the corpus is very small.<br /> ==External links==<br /> *[http://www.uib.no/people/hnohf/westron.htm Analysis of Westron] in [[Ardalambion]]<br /> *[http://docs.google.com/Doc?id=dc25cq9n_7hnn4g7n8 Wordlist of attested genuine Westron words] (contains more entries that the link above)<br /> <br /> [[Category:Languages]]<br /> [[de:Westron]]<br /> [[fi:Westron]]</div>

94.65.203.67 https://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=Mannish&diff=74436 Mannish 2008-12-29T10:14:31Z

<p>94.65.203.67: /* External links */</p> <hr /> <div>A term to refer to the languages of [[Men]], as opposed to the [[Elvish]] tongues, or those of the other races of [[Middle-earth]]. By far the most prominent Mannish languageis [[Westron]], also called the [[Common Speech]].<br /> ==Translation==<br /> Tolkien used real-life languages and names to present Mannish. The most known example is Westron, which is always replaced with modern English. <br /> <br /> This logic went one step further by also presenting all languages akin to Westron in languages related to English, so that their "understandability" by the protagonists is simulated to the English reader. Since English belongs to the germanic family, most names Tolkien uses are germanic (Norse, Gothic etc) with some celtic exceptions. <br /> <br /> *[[Rohirric]], the language of the [[Rohirrim]] was replaced by Anglo-Saxon, as Rohirric is an archaic relative of Westron, much as Anglo-Saxon is an archaic relative of English; <br /> *The tongue of [[Dale]] (from which came the names of the [[Dwarves]] of [[Durin's Folk]]), was translated into Old Norse, a language related to Anglo-Saxon and modern English as Dalish was related to Rohirric and Westron; <br /> *The hobbit names of the [[Stoors]], [[Buckland]] as well as some [[Bree-land]] names are Celtic; <br /> *Few "heathen" names related to [[Rhovanion]] (such as "[[Vidugavia]]") are Gothic, indicating a relationship to Dalish but not recognisable by Westron.<br /> <br /> Mannish languages unrelated to Westron that sounded alien to the protagonists, were left in their "genuine" form.<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> *[http://folk.uib.no/hnohf/mannish.htm Various Mannish languages] in [[Ardalambion]] (discusses their genuine forms)<br /> *[http://lalaith.vpsurf.de/Tolkien/Fr_Atani.html Etymologies of Atani languages] - a list of [[Adûnaic]]/Mannish roots and their derivatives inspired by the ''[[Etymologies]]''.<br /> [[Category:Languages]]</div>

94.65.203.67 https://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=Mannish&diff=74435 Mannish 2008-12-29T10:09:09Z

<p>94.65.203.67: </p> <hr /> <div>A term to refer to the languages of [[Men]], as opposed to the [[Elvish]] tongues, or those of the other races of [[Middle-earth]]. By far the most prominent Mannish languageis [[Westron]], also called the [[Common Speech]].<br /> ==Translation==<br /> Tolkien used real-life languages and names to present Mannish. The most known example is Westron, which is always replaced with modern English. <br /> <br /> This logic went one step further by also presenting all languages akin to Westron in languages related to English, so that their "understandability" by the protagonists is simulated to the English reader. Since English belongs to the germanic family, most names Tolkien uses are germanic (Norse, Gothic etc) with some celtic exceptions. <br /> <br /> *[[Rohirric]], the language of the [[Rohirrim]] was replaced by Anglo-Saxon, as Rohirric is an archaic relative of Westron, much as Anglo-Saxon is an archaic relative of English; <br /> *The tongue of [[Dale]] (from which came the names of the [[Dwarves]] of [[Durin's Folk]]), was translated into Old Norse, a language related to Anglo-Saxon and modern English as Dalish was related to Rohirric and Westron; <br /> *The hobbit names of the [[Stoors]], [[Buckland]] as well as some [[Bree-land]] names are Celtic; <br /> *Few "heathen" names related to [[Rhovanion]] (such as "[[Vidugavia]]") are Gothic, indicating a relationship to Dalish but not recognisable by Westron.<br /> <br /> Mannish languages unrelated to Westron that sounded alien to the protagonists, were left in their "genuine" form.<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> *[http://folk.uib.no/hnohf/mannish.htm Various Mannish languages] in [[Ardalambion]] (discusses their genuine forms)<br /> [[Category:Languages]]</div>

94.65.203.67 https://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=Mannish&diff=74434 Mannish 2008-12-29T10:05:42Z

<p>94.65.203.67: /* Translation */</p> <hr /> <div>A term to refer to the languages of [[Men]], as opposed to the [[Elvish]] tongues, or those of the other races of [[Middle-earth]]. By far the most prominent Mannish languageis [[Westron]], also called the [[Common Speech]].<br /> ==Translation==<br /> Most Mannish names are presented by Tolkien with real-life languages. The most known example is Westron, which is always replaced by modern English. <br /> <br /> This logic went one step further by also presenting all languages akin to Westron in languages related to English, so that their "understandability" by the protagonists is simulated to the English reader. Since English belongs to the germanic family, most names Tolkien uses are germanic (Norse, Gothic etc) with some celtic exceptions. <br /> <br /> *[[Rohirric]], the language of the [[Rohirrim]] was replaced by Anglo-Saxon, as Rohirric is an archaic relative of Westron, much as Anglo-Saxon is an archaic relative of English; <br /> *The tongue of [[Dale]] (from which came the names of the [[Dwarves]] of [[Durin's Folk]]), was translated into Old Norse, a language related to Anglo-Saxon and modern English as Dalish was related to Rohirric and Westron; <br /> *The hobbit names of the [[Stoors]], [[Buckland]] as well as some [[Bree-land]] names are Celtic; <br /> *Few "heathen" names related to [[Rhovanion]] (such as "[[Vidugavia]]") are Gothic, indicating a relationship to Dalish.<br /> <br /> Mannish languages unrelated to Westron that sounded alien to the protagonists, were left in their "genuine" form.<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> *[http://folk.uib.no/hnohf/mannish.htm Various Mannish languages] in [[Ardalambion]] (discusses their genuine forms)<br /> [[Category:Languages]]</div>

94.65.203.67 https://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=Mannish&diff=74433 Mannish 2008-12-29T10:01:51Z

<p>94.65.203.67: /* Translation */</p> <hr /> <div>A term to refer to the languages of [[Men]], as opposed to the [[Elvish]] tongues, or those of the other races of [[Middle-earth]]. By far the most prominent Mannish languageis [[Westron]], also called the [[Common Speech]].<br /> ==Translation==<br /> Most Mannish names are presented by Tolkien in real-life languages. The most known example is Westron, which is always translated into modern English. <br /> <br /> This logic went one step further by also presenting all languages akin to Westron in languages related to English, so that their "understandability" by the protagonists be simulated to the English reader.<br /> <br /> *[[Rohirric]], the language of the [[Rohirrim]] was translated by Anglo-Saxon, as Rohirric is an archaic relative of Westron, much as Anglo-Saxon is an archaic relative of English; <br /> *The tongue of [[Dale]] (from which came the names of the [[Dwarves]] of [[Durin's Folk]]), was translated into Old Norse, a language related to Anglo-Saxon and modern English as Dalish was related to Rohirric and Westron; <br /> *The hobbit names of the [[Stoors]], [[Buckland]] as well as some [[Bree-land]] names are Celtic; <br /> *Few "heathen" names related to [[Rhovanion]] (such as "[[Vidugavia]]") are Gothic, indicating a relationship to Dalish.<br /> <br /> Mannish languages unrelated to Westron, were left in their "genuine" form.<br /> ==External links==<br /> *[http://folk.uib.no/hnohf/mannish.htm Various Mannish languages] in [[Ardalambion]] (discusses their genuine forms)<br /> [[Category:Languages]]</div>

94.65.203.67 https://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=Mannish&diff=74432 Mannish 2008-12-29T09:59:11Z

<p>94.65.203.67: </p> <hr /> <div>A term to refer to the languages of [[Men]], as opposed to the [[Elvish]] tongues, or those of the other races of [[Middle-earth]]. By far the most prominent Mannish languageis [[Westron]], also called the [[Common Speech]].<br /> ==Translation==<br /> Most Mannish names are presented by Tolkien in real-life languages. The most known example is Westron, which is always translated into modern English. <br /> <br /> This logic went one step further by also presenting all languages akin to Westron in languages related to English, so that their "understandability" by the protagonists be simulated to the English reader.<br /> <br /> *[[Rohirric]], the language of the [[Rohirrim]] was translated by Anglo-Saxon, as Rohirric is an archaic relative of Westron, much as Anglo-Saxon is an archaic relative of English; <br /> *[[Dalish]], the tongue of [[Dale]] (from which came the names of the [[Dwarves]] of [[Durin's Folk]]), was translated into Old Norse, a language related to Anglo-Saxon and modern English as Dalish was related to Rohirric and Westron; <br /> *The hobbit names of the [[Stoors]], [[Buckland]] as well as some [[Bree-land]] names are Celtic; <br /> *Few "heathen" names related to [[Rhovanion]] (such as "[[Vidugavia]]") are Gothic, indicating a relationship to Dalish<br /> [[Category:Languages]]</div>

94.65.203.67 https://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=Westron&diff=74431 Westron 2008-12-29T09:54:35Z

<p>94.65.203.67: </p> <hr /> <div>The '''Westron''' or '''Common Speech''' is the closest thing to a universal [[Languages|Language]], at least at the time during the [[War of the Ring]]. Westron is a translation of the original name '''Adûni''', and "Common Speech" translates the Westron term '''Sôval Phârë''', of identical meaning. In [[Sindarin]] the language was called '''Annúnaid''' (Westron), or '''Falathren''' (Shore-language). <br /> <br /> ==History==<br /> The Westron speech is derived from the [[Adûnaic]] tongue of [[Númenor]], and originated as a creole language on the western coastlands of the continent of Middle-earth, when the Númenorians established trade outposts and forts there. From there, it spread to most of the westlands, with the notable exception of [[Mordor]].<br /> <br /> ==Translation==<br /> According to Tolkien's fiction, Westron was the language spoken and understod by the protaginists of ''The Hobbit'' and ''The Lord of the Rings''. Many names of characters and places, in the book's "reality", were in Westron.<br /> <br /> However Tolkien, mentions that Westron was presented as having been completely replaced by English in the text. This had certain important implications: first of all, proper names with derivations understandable or evident to speakers of Westron had been translated, to preserve the effect to the English reader. Thus, names like ''Baggins'', ''Bagshot Row'', ''Peregrin'', ''Rivendell'' et cetera, are not the ''actual'' names as spoken by the characters but are presented as ''translations''. <br /> <br /> Outside the context of the story, it is clear that most of the "original" forms in Westron or other languages were devised by Tolkien long after the English "translations" were chosen. <br /> <br /> [[Rivendell]] ("cloven valley") was actually called ''Karningul'', and [[Bag End]] was actually called ''Labin-nec'', after ''Labingi'', the real form of [[Baggins]]. In some cases the explanations became quite involved, such as the river Brandywine (Sindarin [[Baranduin]], "golden-brown river") was actually called ''Branda-nîn'', a punning Westron name meaning "border-water", which was later punned again as ''Bralda-hîm'' meaning "heady ale".<br /> <br /> This logic went one step further by also presenting all languages akin to Westron in languages related to English, so that their "understandability" by the protagonists be simulated to the English reader. For further information cf. the article about ''[[Mannish]]''.<br /> <br /> This utter replacement of Westron by English was taken so far that some sources that should give actual Westron have been turned to English too. For instance, in Moria, an illustration of the runic text on Balin's gravestone is given. The text is said to be written in both Khuzdûl and Westron. But while the first part of the inscription seems to really be a bit of Khuzdûl, the second part is actually plain English, just written in [[cirth]]. <br /> <br /> Several of the Westron forms given above were not published in Tolkien's lifetime. Tolkien never worked out Westron to the same extent as [[Quenya]] and [[Sindarin]] or even Adûnaic.<br /> <br /> ==Corpus==<br /> The corpus of Westron is small; the majority of the words come from [[Appendix F]] and the creation of it in ''[[The Peoples of Middle-earth]]''. Additional information was published in Tyalië Tyelelliéva 17, in [[2001]]. Even now, the corpus is very small.<br /> ==External links==<br /> *[http://www.uib.no/people/hnohf/westron.htm Analysis of Westron] in [[Ardalambion]]<br /> *[http://docs.google.com/View?docID=dc25cq9n_7hnn4g7n8&revision=_latest&hgd=1 Wordlist of attested genuine Westron words] (contains more entries that the link above)<br /> <br /> [[Category:Languages]]<br /> [[de:Westron]]<br /> [[fi:Westron]]</div>

94.65.203.67 https://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=Westron&diff=74430 Westron 2008-12-29T09:48:10Z

<p>94.65.203.67: /* Translation */</p> <hr /> <div>The '''Westron''' or '''Common Speech''' is the closest thing to a universal [[Languages|Language]], at least at the time during which ''[[The Lord of the Rings]]'' is set. ''Westron'' is an English word, derived from ''West'', not a word from the language itself. Westron is a translation of the original name '''Adûni''', and "Common Speech" translates the Westron term '''Sôval Phârë''', of identical meaning. In [[Sindarin]] the language was called '''Annúnaid''' (Westron), or '''Falathren''' (Shore-language). <br /> <br /> ==History==<br /> The Westron speech is derived from the [[Adûnaic]] tongue of [[Númenor]], and originated as a creole language on the western coastlands of the continent of Middle-earth, when the Númenorians established trade outposts and forts there. From there, it spread to most of the lands through which the action of ''[[The Hobbit]]'' and ''The Lord of the Rings'' passes, with the notable exception of [[Mordor]].<br /> <br /> ==Translation==<br /> According to Tolkien's fiction, Westron was the language spoken and understod by the protaginists of ''The Hobbit'' and ''The Lord of the Rings''. Many names of characters and places, in the book's "reality", were in Westron.<br /> <br /> However Tolkien, mentions that Westron was presented as having been completely replaced by English in the text. This had certain important implications: first of all, proper names with derivations understandable or evident to speakers of Westron had been translated, to preserve the effect to the English reader. Thus, names like ''Baggins'', ''Bagshot Row'', ''Peregrin'', ''Rivendell'' et cetera, are not the ''actual'' names as spoken by the characters but are presented as ''translations''. <br /> <br /> Outside the context of the story, it is clear that most of the "original" forms in Westron or other languages were devised by Tolkien long after the English "translations" were chosen. <br /> <br /> [[Rivendell]] ("cloven valley") was actually called ''Karningul'', and [[Bag End]] was actually called ''Labin-nec'', after ''Labingi'', the real form of [[Baggins]]. In some cases the explanations became quite involved, such as the river Brandywine (Sindarin [[Baranduin]], "golden-brown river") was actually called ''Branda-nîn'', a punning Westron name meaning "border-water", which was later punned again as ''Bralda-hîm'' meaning "heady ale".<br /> <br /> This logic went one step further by also presenting all languages akin to Westron in languages related to English, so that their "understandability" by the protagonists be simulated to the English reader: [[Rohirric]], the language of the [[Rohirrim]] was translated by Anglo-Saxon, as Rohirric is an archaic relative of Westron, much as Anglo-Saxon is an archaic relative of English; [[Dalish]], the tongue of [[Dale]] (from which came the names of the [[Dwarves]] of [[Durin's Folk]]), was translated into Old Norse, a language related to Anglo-Saxon and modern English as Dalish was related to Rohirric and Westron; the names of the [[Stoors]] as well as some [[Breeland]] names are Celtic.<br /> <br /> This utter replacement of Westron by English was taken so far that some sources that should give actual Westron have been turned to English too. For instance, in Moria, an illustration of the runic text on Balin's gravestone is given. The text is said to be written in both Khuzdûl and Westron. But while the first part of the inscription seems to really be a bit of Khuzdûl, the second part is actually plain English, just written in [[cirth]]. <br /> <br /> Several of the Westron forms given above were not published in Tolkien's lifetime. Tolkien never worked out Westron to the same extent as [[Quenya]] and [[Sindarin]] or even Adûnaic.<br /> <br /> ==Corpus==<br /> The corpus of Westron is small; the majority of the words come from [[Appendix F]] and the creation of it in ''[[The Peoples of Middle-earth]]''. Additional information was published in Tyalië Tyelellié 17, in [[2001]]. Even now, the corpus is very small.<br /> <br /> [[Category:Languages]]<br /> [[de:Westron]]<br /> [[fi:Westron]]</div>

94.65.203.67 https://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=Westron&diff=74429 Westron 2008-12-29T09:39:59Z

<p>94.65.203.67: /* Translation */</p> <hr /> <div>The '''Westron''' or '''Common Speech''' is the closest thing to a universal [[Languages|Language]], at least at the time during which ''[[The Lord of the Rings]]'' is set. ''Westron'' is an English word, derived from ''West'', not a word from the language itself. Westron is a translation of the original name '''Adûni''', and "Common Speech" translates the Westron term '''Sôval Phârë''', of identical meaning. In [[Sindarin]] the language was called '''Annúnaid''' (Westron), or '''Falathren''' (Shore-language). <br /> <br /> ==History==<br /> The Westron speech is derived from the [[Adûnaic]] tongue of [[Númenor]], and originated as a creole language on the western coastlands of the continent of Middle-earth, when the Númenorians established trade outposts and forts there. From there, it spread to most of the lands through which the action of ''[[The Hobbit]]'' and ''The Lord of the Rings'' passes, with the notable exception of [[Mordor]].<br /> <br /> ==Translation==<br /> According to Tolkien's fiction, Westron was the language spoken and understod by the protaginists of ''The Hobbit'' and ''The Lord of the Rings''. Many names of characters and places, in the book's "reality", were in Westron.<br /> <br /> However Tolkien, mentions that Westron was presented as having been completely replaced by English in the text. This had certain important implications: first of all, proper names with derivations understandable or evident to speakers of Westron had been translated, to preserve the effect to the English reader. Thus, names like ''Baggins'', ''Bagshot Row'', ''Peregrin'', ''Rivendell'' et cetera, are not the ''actual'' names as spoken by the characters but are presented as ''translations''. <br /> <br /> [[Rivendell]] ("cloven valley") was actually called ''Karningul'', and [[Bag End]] was actually called ''Labin-nec'', after ''Labingi'', the real form of [[Baggins]]. In some cases the explanations became quite involved, such as the river Brandywine (Sindarin [[Baranduin]], "golden-brown river") was actually called ''Branda-nîn'', a punning Westron name meaning "border-water", which was later punned again as ''Bralda-hîm'' meaning "heady ale".<br /> <br /> The translation went one step further by also changing all languages akin to Westron. [[Rohirric]], the language of the [[Rohirrim]] was translated by Anglo-Saxon, as Rohirric is an archaic relative of Westron (since the Edain from whose speech Westron is derived were related to the ancestors of the Rohirrim) much as Anglo-Saxon is an archaic relative of English. Similarly, the tongue of [[Dale]], from which came the names of the [[Dwarves]] of [[Durin's Folk]], was translated by Old Norse, a language related to Anglo-Saxon and modern English as Dalish was related to Rohirric and Westron.<br /> <br /> This utter translation of Westron by English was taken so far that some sources that should give actual Westron have been turned to English too. For instance, in Moria, an illustration of the runic text on Balin's gravestone is given. The text is said to mean "Balin Son of Fundin, Lord of Moria" in both Khuzdûl and Westron. But while the first part of the inscription seems to really be a bit of Khuzdûl (Moria is rendered as "Khazad-dûm"), the second part is actually plain English, just written in [[cirth]]. <br /> <br /> Outside the context of the story, it is clear that most of the "original" forms in Westron or other languages were devised by Tolkien long after the English "translations" were chosen. Several of the Westron forms given above were not published in Tolkien's lifetime. Tolkien never worked out Westron to the same extent as [[Quenya]] and [[Sindarin]] or even Adûnaic.<br /> <br /> ==Corpus==<br /> The corpus of Westron is small; the majority of the words come from [[Appendix F]] and the creation of it in ''[[The Peoples of Middle-earth]]''. Additional information was published in Tyalië Tyelellié 17, in [[2001]]. Even now, the corpus is very small.<br /> <br /> [[Category:Languages]]<br /> [[de:Westron]]<br /> [[fi:Westron]]</div>

94.65.203.67 https://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=William&diff=74428 William 2008-12-29T09:32:48Z

<p>94.65.203.67: /* Name */</p> <hr /> <div>'''William Huggins''' also known as '''Bill''', was with [[Tom]] and [[Bert]], one of the three trolls encountered by [[Bilbo]] and the [[Dwarves]] on their eastward journey to the [[Lonely Mountain]]. He seems to have been the leader of the troll-band - at least, it was he who led them to the woodlands of [[Trollshaws]], according to his companions. It was William's pocket that [[Bilbo]] tried to pick as his first act of 'burglary', an attempt that brought the entire expedition close to disaster. Luckily, [[Gandalf]] was able to trick William and his two companions into arguing together until sunrise, whereupon they all turned to stone.<br /> ==Name==<br /> There was a real historical figure named William Huggins, a pioneering astronomer of the mid-nineteenth century, though there is no apparent reason that Tolkien based his foul-mouthed troll on this noted scientist<br /> <br /> According to Tolkien's usage of modern names (as with the names of [[Hobbits]], [[Dwarves]], [[Rohirrim]] and so on), logically "William Huggins" should be a "translation" of the Troll's 'real' name; the fact that it is recognisably English suggests that the Troll's original name was [[Westron]], or at least from a [[Mannish]] language, recognisable by a hobbit.<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> * [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Huggins William Huggins the famous astronomer]<br /> <br /> [[Category:Trolls]]<br /> [[Category:Characters in The Hobbit]]<br /> [[de:Bill Huggins]]<br /> [[fi:Viljami (peikko)]]</div>

94.65.203.67 https://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=William&diff=74427 William 2008-12-29T09:29:58Z

<p>94.65.203.67: </p> <hr /> <div>'''William Huggins''' also known as '''Bill''', was with [[Tom]] and [[Bert]], one of the three trolls encountered by [[Bilbo]] and the [[Dwarves]] on their eastward journey to the [[Lonely Mountain]]. He seems to have been the leader of the troll-band - at least, it was he who led them to the woodlands of [[Trollshaws]], according to his companions. It was William's pocket that [[Bilbo]] tried to pick as his first act of 'burglary', an attempt that brought the entire expedition close to disaster. Luckily, [[Gandalf]] was able to trick William and his two companions into arguing together until sunrise, whereupon they all turned to stone.<br /> ==Name==<br /> There was a real historical figure named William Huggins, a pioneering astronomer of the mid-nineteenth century, though there is no apparent reason that Tolkien based his foul-mouthed troll on this noted scientist<br /> <br /> According to Tolkien's usage of modern names, logically "William Huggins" should be a "translation" of the troll's 'real' name, as with the names of [[Hobbits]], [[Dwarves]], [[Rohirrim]] and so on; the fact that it is recognisably English suggests that the Troll's original name was from a [[Mannish]] language, recognisable by a [[Westron]] speaker.<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> * [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Huggins William Huggins the famous astronomer]<br /> <br /> [[Category:Trolls]]<br /> [[Category:Characters in The Hobbit]]<br /> [[de:Bill Huggins]]<br /> [[fi:Viljami (peikko)]]</div>

94.65.203.67