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Westlands

2024-11-01T08:52:09Z

Adûnâi: Grammar corrected (begun > began)

{{disambig-two|the Westlands of Middle-earth|Westlands of [[Númenor]]|[[Andustar]]}}
{{Sources}}
[[Image:John Howe - The Map of Middle-earth.jpg|thumb|The Westlands of Middle-earth. Art by [[John Howe]]]]
'''Westlands''' was a large part of [[Middle-earth]], perhaps referring to the entire north-western region of the wide continent.<ref>{{App|Durin}}, p. 1080</ref><ref>{{App|Languages}}, p. 1127</ref>

Occasionally it may also be used more specifically as a name of [[Eriador]].<ref>{{FR|Hobbits}}, p. 4</ref><ref>{{App|SA}}, entry for the year 1701, p. 1083</ref>

==Geography==
The Westlands were the most well known and documented part of Middle-earth, the north-western part of the continent facing [[Belegaer]]. It consisted of huge regions of land, such as [[Beleriand]]/[[Lindon]], [[Eriador]], [[Rhovanion]], [[Gondor]], and [[Mordor]]. The most extreme regions of the Westlands (that perhaps did not belong to them) were alien lands such as [[Rhûn]], [[Harad]], and [[Khand]]. Beyond them, unknown lands lay to the [[East]] and [[South (disambiguation)|South]].{{Fact}}

Of the Westlands, the western portion called Beleriand was drowned at the end of the First Age, and survivors relocated to Lindon and Eriador. Eriador, now the westernmost part of Middle-earth, was bordered by the [[Misty Mountains]] to the East which stretched down south to the [[White Mountains]] and the [[Bay of Belfalas]].{{Fact}}

Across the Misty Mountains from Eriador was another region of the Westlands, Rhovanion. It extended east to the [[Sea of Rhûn]]. Within Rhovanion, there were the great forest of [[Mirkwood]], [[Fangorn Forest]], and [[Lothlórien]]. To the south was the region of Mordor, encircled on three sides by mountains. To the far north of Rhovanion and Eriador alike was the icy [[Forodwaith (lands)|Forodwaith]].{{Fact}}

The southern part of the Westlands was around the Bay of Belfalas, including the area of Gondor.{{Fact}}

==History==
In the [[Elder Days]], most of the Westlands were covered by an immense forest.<ref>{{FR|Council}}; "Time was once when a squirrel could carry a nut from tree to tree from Rivendell to the Great Sea..."</ref>

The Westlands were populated by almost all known races of Middle-earth: [[Elves]] ([[Eldar]]) and [[Men]] who stayed behind on their way to the [[West]], and who later escaped the destruction of [[Beleriand]]. [[Dwarves]], [[Orcs]] and [[Ents]] also made their realms all over the Westlands.{{Fact}}

During the [[Second Age]], many [[Númenóreans]] came and established their settlements. It was then when the huge forests begen to shrink as trees were used to build their ships.<ref>{{UT|Aldarion}}</ref> The [[Fangorn Forest]] and the [[Old Forest]] were the remnants of those days.{{Fact}}

The Númenórean Realms in Exile, [[Arnor]] and [[Gondor]], dominated the Westlands during the Second and [[Third Age]]s. Eventually, most of the Mannish peoples of the Westlands were brought together under the [[Reunited Kingdom]]. Their first King, [[Aragorn|Elessar]], was titled "Lord of the Westlands" in the [[Fourth Age]].<ref name=KL/>

==Other names==
In the [[Sindarin]] [[King's Letter]], the term "Westlands" is translated as '''''i Mbair Annui'''''.<ref name=KL>{{SD|XI}}, pp. 128-9</ref>

==Bays and islands==
* [[Tol Morwen]]
* [[Tol Fuin]]
* [[Himling]]
* [[Tolfalas]], in the Bay of Belfalas
* [[Icebay of Forochel]]
* [[Gulf of Lune]]
* [[Bay of Belfalas]]
==Portrayal in adaptations==
'''1989: ''[[J.R.R. Tolkien's War in Middle Earth]]'':'''
[[File:War in Middle-earth-Main map.png|thumb|The Westlands in the game (Commodore 64 version)]]
:A map of the Westlands is the main interface of the game where the player moves their units.
:The game package also provides a redesigned map of the Westlands as a poster.
'''2001: ''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring]]'':'''
:During the [[Prologue: One Ring to Rule Them All...|Prologue]] to the film accompanied by [[Galadriel]]'s narration, [[Sauron]]'s power is seen expanding over a map of the Westlands during the [[Dark Years]].
:[[Daniel Reeve]] was the artist who designed the map and other props for the trilogy and related merchantise, such as ''[[The Lord of the Rings Roleplaying Game]]''.
'''2002: ''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Two Towers]]'':'''
:In [[Henneth Annûn]], [[Irolas]] unfolds a map of the Westlands for [[Faramir]] to tell him the development of the [[War of the Ring]]; pointing at several locations on the map, he mentions the [[Battle of the Hornburg]], and [[Easterlings]]'s movements from [[Morannon]] to the south.
{{references}}
[[Category:Middle-earth]]
[[Category:Regions]]

Dorwinion

2024-05-24T22:46:43Z

Adûnâi: Punctuation corrected (a comma removed

{{location infobox
| name=Dorwinion
| image=[[File:InDeepBlue - The Great Gardens of Dorwinion.jpg|225px]]
| caption="The Great Gardens of Dorwinion" by [[:Category:Images by InDeepBlue|InDeepBlue]]
| pronun={{respell|dor|win|i-on}}
| othernames=
| location=North-western shores of the [[Sea of Rhûn]]
| type=Region
| description=Land of vineyards
| regions=
| towns=
| inhabitants=Possibly [[Elves]] ([[Nandor]] and/or [[Avari]]) or [[Men]]
| created=Long before {{TA|2941}}
| destroyed=
| events=
}}

'''Dorwinion''' was a land which lay on the north-western shores of the [[Sea of Rhûn]] south of the [[River Running]].<ref name=Map>{{webcite|website=TS|articleurl=http://www.tolkiensociety.org/2015/11/tolkiens-annotated-map-of-middle-earth-transcribed|articlename=Tolkien’s annotated map of Middle-earth transcribed|dated=10 November 2015|accessed=11 November 2015}}</ref><ref>{{HM|Map}}</ref> In Dorwinion a heady wine was made, which was strong enough to let even [[Elves]] get drunk and fall asleep.

==History==
In the [[Third Age]] [[King of Gondor|King]] [[Turambar (King of Gondor)|Turambar]] of [[Gondor]] defeated the [[Easterlings]] and conquered a large territory in the [[East]], so the lands that were or would be Dorwinion probably became part of [[Gondor]].<ref>{{App|Gondor}}, entry for King Turambar, p. 1044</ref> By the time of [[Hyarmendacil I]] Gondor had reached its greatest extent in all its history and extended east to the Sea of Rhûn.<ref>{{App|Gondor}}, entry for King Ciryaher, p. 1045</ref> In {{TA|1248}} King [[Minalcar]] and [[Vidugavia]] of the [[Northmen]] also campaigned in the lands between Rhovanion and the Sea of Rhûn.<ref>{{App|Gondor}}, entry for King Minalcar, p. 1046</ref> In the following centuries the [[Great Plague]] had hit those lands,<ref name=Northmen>{{UT|Northmen}}</ref> although it is not known how much Dorwinion was affected.

During the [[Wainrider/Balchoth War|war]] with the [[Wainriders]] ({{TA|1856|n}}), Gondor abandoned its territories east of the river [[Anduin]],<ref>{{App|Gondor}}, entry for King Narmacil II, pp. 1048-9</ref><ref name=Northmen/> thus possibly excluding Dorwinion from its withdrawing borders. It is possible that Gondor continued to no longer extend east of the Anduin to the Sea of Rhûn, because Steward [[Cirion]] of Gondor sent scouts and spies to the area between [[Mirkwood]] and [[Dagorlad]] and put a few men in the old forts along the Anduin, because he was always concerned about the threat of invasion from the North via the wide lands from the [[Brown Lands]] to the Sea of Rhûn.<ref>{{UT|Ride}}</ref><ref>{{App|Stewards}}, entry for Steward Cirion, p. 1053</ref>

By {{TA|2941}} the heady wine for the feasts of [[Thranduil]] came from the great gardens of Dorwinion.<ref name=Barrels>{{H|Barrels}}</ref>

==Inhabitants==
Despite its location in the outskirts of [[Rhûn]], the [[Sindarin]] name Dorwinion for the country indicated that it had been given this name by Elves or [[Gondorians]] whose influence reached as far north as the lands between the River Running and the river [[Carnen]].<ref name=Atani>{{PM|Atani}}</ref>

[[File:Lori Deitrick - Men of Dorwinion.jpg|thumb|200px|left|''Men of Dorwinion'' by [[:Category:Images by Lori Deitrick|Lori Deitrick]]]]
It is not known who inhabited Dorwinion. It is possible that it was inhabited by [[Men]]. Since the late [[First Age]], many Men wandered or settled the empty lands between the [[Iron Hills]], the [[Greenwood]] and the Sea of Rhûn.<ref name=Atani/> The wine of the great gardens of Dorwinion for the Elves of the [[Woodland Realm]], especially for their king and other goods were brought from far away from their kinsfolk in the South or from the vineyards of Men in distant lands.<ref name=Barrels/> Dorwinion was located a long distance away from the Woodland Realm south of the River Running where the River Running flowed into the Sea of Rhûn.<ref name=Map/> Trade goods came up the River Running and were carted past the falls at the southern end of the [[Long Lake]] and Men came from the South to the shoreward end of the bridge that connected [[Lake-town]] with the shore of the Long Lake to take some empty barrels that had been returned by the Elves with them or to fill some with goods to be transported back up the [[Forest River]] to the [[Elvenking's Halls]].<ref name=Welcome>{{H|Welcome}}</ref> Dorwinion was located south of Lake-town so Men that came from the South may have come from Dorwinion.

It is also possible that it was inhabited by [[Nandor]] or [[Avari]] [[Elves]] who had later learned the cultivation of vines from people who spoke [[Sindarin]], because its name was a testimony to the spread of Sindarin and the cultivation of vines was originally not known to the Nandor or Avari<ref name=PE17>{{PE|17}}, entry S '''yrch''', p. 54</ref> and because the Nandor were a group of the [[Teleri]] who stayed long on the shores of the Sea of Rhûn<ref>{{PM|Last}}, Notes, note 29</ref>. However, in the beginning of the [[Second Age]] before the building of [[Barad-dûr]] many of the [[Sindar]] left [[Lindon]] and went eastwards and some founded realms in the forests far away where their people were mostly [[Silvan Elves]],<ref>{{App|SA}}, p. 1082</ref> but there is no forest in Dorwinion<ref name=Map/>.

==Etymology==
{{Pronounce|Dorwinion.mp3|Ardamir}}
''Dorwinion'' is a [[Sindarin]] name, which means "Young-land country" or "Land of Gwinion".<ref name=PE17/> [[Paul Strack]] suggests that it is a combination of ''[[dôr]]'' ("country") and ''Gwinion'' ("Young-land")<ref>{{webcite|author=Paul Strack|articleurl=https://www.eldamo.org/content/words/word-1249511953.html|articlename=S. ''Dorwinion'' loc.|website=Eldamo|accessed=30 March 2023}}</ref> and that the latter is a combination of ''gwain'' ("young") and the suffix ''-ion'' ("land").<ref>{{webcite|author=Paul Strack|articleurl=https://www.eldamo.org/content/words/word-554627243.html|articlename=S. ''Gwinion'' loc.|website=Eldamo|accessed=30 March 2023}}</ref>

[[J.R.R. Tolkien]] commented that its "Sindarin name" was "a testimony to the spread of Sindarin: in this case expectable since the cultivation of vines was not known originally to the Nandor or Avari".<ref name=PE17/>

==Other versions of the legendarium==
''Dor'''v'''inion'' or ''Dor-Winion'' is mentioned in the ''[[The Lay of the Children of Húrin]]''; its wine was famous among the [[Dwarves of Nogrod]] and [[Menegroth]]. It is said there to lie in the "Burning south" (of [[Beleriand]])<ref>{{LB|1b}} lines 223, 425</ref>, which might suggest it was a different "Dorwinion", or may just have referred to the fact it came from the more southern lands of [[Rhovanion]] by way of the [[Dwarf-road of Beleriand]].

While writing the [[Quenta Silmarillion]], Tolkien once mentioned Dorwinion as a location of [[Tol Eressëa]].<ref>{{LR|Quenta}}, p. 338</ref> Tolkien reused the name and the wines in ''[[The Hobbit]]'', establishing thus that it is somewhere in or near [[Rhovanion|Wilderland]].

In annotations to [[Pauline Baynes]], Tolkien suggested the name ''Mildor'' meaning "Land of wines", and it was struck out.<ref>{{webcite|author=Daniel Helen|articleurl=https://www.tolkiensociety.org/2015/11/tolkiens-annotated-map-of-middle-earth-transcribed/|articlename=Tolkien’s annotated map of Middle-earth transcribed|dated=10 November 2015|website=The Tolkien Society|accessed=24 March 2018}}</ref>

==Inspiration==
Based on the meaning of its name, [[John Rateliff]] suggests that the name is a reference to the Irish legend of [[Wikipedia:Tír na nÓg|Tír na nÓg]] "Land of the Young". However this similarity rather applies to the earlier phase where Dorwinion was mentioned as a part of Tol Eressea.<ref>{{HH|Halls}}, (v) ''The Wine of Dorwinion''</ref>

==Portrayal in adaptations==
'''2007: ''[[The Lord of the Rings Online]]'':'''
:While Dorwinion itself does not appear in the game, [[Easterlings]] from that land are encountered as refugees in the [[Dale]]-lands. The Men of Dorwinion are said to have fled from a disaster in the East that occurred following the downfall of [[Sauron]]. They are notably more friendly towards the Westlands than other Easterling tribes and have had trade relations in the past with Dale and the Woodland Realm. No explanation is given for Dorwinion's Sindarin name or whether Elves also live in the region.

==External links==
*[http://middle-earth.xenite.org/2011/10/19/was-dorwinion-an-elf-kingdom/ Was Dorwinion an Elf-kingdom?] by [[Michael Martinez]]
*[http://web.archive.org/web/20160405213604/http://www.jrrvf.com/hisweloke/site3/articles.php?lng=fr&pg=36 Dorwinion, pays de cépages] by [[Didier Willis]] and Bertrand Bellet

{{references}}
[[Category:Regions]]
[[Category:Rhovanion]]
[[Category:Rhûn]]

[[de:Dorwinion]]
[[fi:Dorwinion]]

Neo-Elvish

2023-11-07T07:08:15Z

Adûnâi: Punctuation corrected (a comma between a subject and a predicate removed

[[File:Parma Eldalamberon 10.jpg|thumb|Cover of [[Parma Eldalamberon 10]], illustrated by [[Patrick H. Wynne]]. The left part is occupied by a [[Tengwar]] text describing the death of [[Glorfindel]] (''[[The Book of Lost Tales Part Two]]'', p.194) translated into Quenya.]]
'''Neo-[[Quenya]]''' and/or '''Neo-[[Sindarin]]''' (collectively also called '''Neo-[[Elvish]]''') represent attempts of post-Tolkien use of the Elvish languages. The attempts include a productive standardization, regularization and even reconstruction of [[J.R.R. Tolkien]]'s languages with the intent to be taught, studied and be used in [[fanfic]] compositions or even in dialogue. The terms Neo- arose so as to distinguish those attempts from the [[canon]]ical creations by Tolkien.

It must be noted that Neo-Elvish does not refer to original ''a priori'' creations; Neo-Elvish forms and grammar emerge from comparative and reconstructive methods from the canonical sources, albeit with varying arbitrarity.

==Overview of the problem==
In his youth, Tolkien composed a grammar on the language called [[Goldogrin]]. He also attempted to compose an [[Adûnaic]] grammar which he left unfinished. Other than these, he did not leave behind a definite set of rules for his later languages (which we would accept as "canonical") because he did not intend to create them with the purpose to be usable. As a result, the information gathered posthumously from his notes might seem like fluid and fragmentary to someone who seeks to see a possible 'whole picture'. The absence of a final, canonical Quenya or Sindarin has the consequence that anyone attempting to compile a grammar would eventually create a conventional and subjective grammar.

In order to 'fill the gaps', such a person would rely on speculation, personal instinct and widely subjective interpretation. Coping with Tolkien's continuous mutually exclusive revisions, the student would be forced to become selective and follow some priorities; this usually means a tendecy to reject Tolkien's older, temporary or 'anomalous' conceptions in favor of those that (for whatever reason) seem most stable and plausibly canonical.

For example, [[Helge Fauskanger]]'s grammar of Quenya, being such an attempt, is described as a: "''synthetic and regularized form of Quenya formed by the selective piecing-together of evidences from across decades of Tolkien's successive versions and elaborations of Quenya''".<ref name="resources">[http://www.elvish.org/resources.html Resources for Tolkienian linguistics] at [http://www.elvish.org/ The Elvish Linguistic Fellowship] (accessed 16 June 2011)</ref>

==History==
Attempts to study or write in [[Elvish]] date back to at least the 1970s. An example composition of that era is ''Valinorenna'' by [[Björn Fromén]], published in the fanzine ''[[Palantiren]]'' 3 in [[1973]], using vocabulary only from words found in ''[[The Lord of the Rings]]''.<ref>{{webcite|author=Björn Fromén|articleurl=http://www.forodrim.org/daeron/md_vali.html |articlename=''Valinorenna'': Celebrían’s Farewell to Elrond|dated=2012|website=Forod|accessed=7 December 2019}}</ref> Attempts continued the following decades, thanks to the publication of more of Tolkien's works, including the ''[[History of Middle-earth]]'' series, with most importantly, ''[[The Etymologies]]'' ([[1987]]), and the work of the [[Elvish Linguistic Fellowship]].

Such publications allowed the students to infer some grammar rules from Tolkien's writings, and also made known the etymological-derivational mechanics in which the Elvish languages work. It was thus made possible to create Sindarin words from Quenya cognates or artificially derive new words from related ones, or from [[Proto-Quendian]] [[root]]s.
[[Image:David Salo.jpg|thumb|[[David Salo]] has made attempts for the standardization of Sindarin and is often cited as an example of neo-Elvish proponents.]]
Attempts to write in Tolkien's languages include [[fanfiction]], tattoos or creations written in [[Tengwar]], translations of Tolkien's works into Elvish,<ref>Cf. [http://www.elvish.org/gwaith/silmarillion_project.htm Quenta Silmarillion Eldalambenen Project]</ref> translation of pre-existing literature such as Biblical passages, Christian prayers, original short poems and stories etc. Linguistic plays included the composition of (Neo-)Quenya poems without containing the very frequent vowel ''a''<ref>{{webcite|author=Ales Bican and [[Helge Fauskanger]]|articleurl=http://www.elvish.org/elm/aplay.html|articlename=''A play''|dated=|website=[http://www.elvish.org/elm/index2.html ELM]|accessed=7 December 2019}}</ref> or the translation of ''[[Namárië]]'' to (Neo-)[[Telerin]]<ref>{{webcite|author=Vicente S. Velasco|articleurl=http://www.elvish.org/gwaith/telerin_velasco.htm|articlename=''Alatarielo Nainie'': Galadriel's Lament in Telerin|dated=|website=ELF|accessed=7 December 2019}}</ref> or (Neo-)Sindarin<ref>{{webcite|author=[[Ryszard Derdziński]]|articleurl=http://www.elvish.org/gwaith/navaer.htm|articlename=''Naergon Galadriel'': Galadriel's Lament in Sindarin|dated=|website=ELF|accessed=7 December 2019}}</ref>.

Of course, the resulting 'literature' by no means represents a universal homogeneous consensus on Neo-Elvish. Each work reflects the personal understanding and preferences of its author at the time of writing and the conventions used can be mutually exclusive among authors.

Similar attempts were made to reconstruct Elvish grammar rules, such as inferring a full working pronominal system based on Primitive Quendian evidence;<ref>{{webcite|author=[[Ryszard Derdziński]]|articleurl=http://www.elvish.org/gwaith/language.htm|articlename=''Elvish Pronouns''|dated=|website=ELF|accessed=7 December 2019}}</ref> a system according to which the Sindarin verbs are possibly conjugated;<ref>{{webcite|author=[[Helge Fauskanger]] |articleurl=http://folk.uib.no/hnohf/sverb-rec.htm|articlename=Reconstructing the Sindarin Verb System|dated=|website=Arda|accessed=7 December 2019}}</ref> or the usage of [[Noldorin]] language of ''The Etymologies'' to create Sindarin forms. Such interpretations were partially obsoleted by later publications of Tolkien's papers, but offered a framework at their time.

The most prominent appearance of Neo-Elvish was in [[Peter Jackson's The Lord of the Rings|Peter Jackson's ''The Lord of the Rings'']] movie trilogy, which made use of linguist [[David Salo]]'s reconstructions. The movie also featured original lyrics in (Neo-)Elvish, (Neo-)[[Khuzdul]], (Neo-)[[Black Speech]] and other languages. However, the scarcity of information on these languages necessitated wholly original ''[[Wikipedia:A priori (languages)|a priori]]'' creation of vocabulary and grammar rules.

The release of the films also boosted a temporary interest in studying and using Elvish.

==Criticism==
While the understanding of [[Tolkien]]'s languages is a direct result of serious study and [[Tolkienology]] and is solely based on canonical linguistic evidence, the quest for Neo-Elvish borders to [[fanon]]; critics speak about the "''problematic and illusory nature of [Neo-Elvish] as anything other than an approximation and introduction to the study of Tolkien's own linguistic inventions''"<ref name="resources"/>.

Critics say that Tolkien's intention did not move much further than simple creativity and experimentation and his languages are fluid in their very nature; standardizing or enriching them would only result in new original creations. They even claim that, since finalization was never a goal of Tolkien, uncovering the full range of variation in Tolkien's conception of his languages will only make a complete, definite form less rather than more achievable.

Other common fields of criticism have to do with
*subjective conventions which eventually are presented and passed over and finally adopted as facts by newcomers to the field;
*the arbitrary distinction of canon; a preference towards "mature Elvish" and rejection of early [[Qenya]] and [[Noldorin]] (whereas Tolkien never specifically divided the continuity of his languages as such);
*the "artificial" distinction between "valid", LotR-style forms vs "obsolete", inconsistent early forms.
*the simultaneous adoption of those very same Qenya and Noldorin sources to supplement the (Neo-)Quenya and Sindarin arsenal;
*sources that 'promote' Neo-Elvish, are usually criticized for providing inadequate references; making no distinction between proper Quenya/Sindarin sources; selective or artificial normalizations; selective imports from early Elvish; not making clear the points where the author made personal interpretations. Thus, these sources deprive the reader of the whole image.

As an example, ''[[A Gateway to Sindarin]]'' was a recent target of criticism for attempting to present a standard ("fabricated") Sindarin, yet being subject to the above failures. Among others, the book describes a plural form of Sindarin gerunds, while such a function was never described or appeared in Tolkien's writings.<ref>See "Elvish as She is Spoke" in the External links</ref>
==Vocabulary==
As mentioned earlier neo-Elvish vocabulary is not ''a priori'', but it is derived from the existing canon by means of reconstruction or analogy. Methods to create a needed word is:

''(Neo-Elvish words are marked with a #)''
*Analyse the etymology of a compound word and isolate the words it is composed of.
::Examples are #''hantale'' "thanksgiving" from ''[[Eruhantale]]'', which can further be analysed to derive from #''hanta-'' "to thank" (cf. ''maptale'' "seizure" from ''mapta-'' "to seize"<ref>{{PE|13}}, p.163</ref>. Another example is #''[[corma]]'' "ring" from the compound ''[[corma|Cormacolindor]]'' "[[Ring-bearer]]s".<ref>[[Helge Fauskanger]]'s ''[http://folk.uib.no/hnohf/quen-eng.htm Quettaparma Quenyallo]''</ref>

*Combine a known word-stem with a known [[:Category:affixes|affix]].
::For example the early #''tyelpea'' Q "silver (adj)" from ''[[tyelpe]]'' and the common adjectival ending ''-ea'' (cf. ''[[laurea]]'' "golden")<ref>[[Anthony Appleyard]], ''[http://tolklang.quettar.org/articles/Appleyard.Quenya Quenya Grammar Reexamined]'' PREFACE, Vinyakaarie</ref>. The word has been superceded by canonical ''telpina'' and ''telemna''<ref>{{LR|Etymologies}}, entry KYELEP/TELEP</ref>

*Create a meaningful compound from existing Elvish words.
::An example is Q #''lapselunga'' for "pregnant" (lit. "baby-heavy"); compound of ''lapse'' "babe" and ''lunga'' "heavy"<ref name="newwords">[http://www.elvish.org/elm/newwords.html Newwords] list compiled by [[Ales Bican]]</ref>

*Borrow words from earlier versions of the languages ([[Qenya]], [[Gnomish]], [[Noldorin]]) and "update" them according to (mostly) regular changes made by Tolkien in the process.
::The Q word #''vandil'' for "staff", from early Quenya ''vandl''<ref>{{HM|LT1}}, p.264</ref> since no word can end in ''-dl'' in canonical Quenya. This is based on the Qenya word ''findl'', later updated by Tolkien as ''[[findil]]''.
::The [http://www.jrrvf.com/hisweloke/sindar/online/english.html Sindarin Dictionary] maintained by [[Didier Willis]] includes a version containing Noldorin words from the ''[[Etymologies]]'' "normalized" to Sindarin according to how similar words appear in ''LotR'' or post-''LotR'' texts. For example such Noldorin words as ''bein, bui, bior, camland, rhoeg'' have been updated to Sindarin as ''#bain, #boe, #bŷr, #cae, #camlann, #raeg'' although they haven't been confirmed so by published Tolkien texts.

*Translate or derive a cognate from Sindarin to Quenya or vice-versa and create supposed cognates.
::The ''[[King's Letter]]'' contains the Sindarin word ''egor'' "or". Some authors have derived ''egor'' from possible [[Old Sindarin]] *''(h)ekr(a)''. This word could have the supposed Quenya reflex #''ecar'' or #''herca''.<ref name="newwords"/> Note however that the word has been superceded by the canonical ''hya''<ref>{{VT|49a}}, p. 14</ref> which is unrelated

*Derive a word from a [[Primitive Elvish]] root and [[:Category:affixes|affixes]].
::An example is #''yungwa'' for "appliance", supposed derivative of PE *#''yukmā'' from the attested root YUK "use" and the frequent nominative affix ''[[-ma]]''<ref>[http://www.elvish.org/gwaith/ppq.htm Parma Penyane Quettaron] - Word coined by Petri Tikka</ref>. The word mirrors the canonical Quenya process ''km'' > ''ngw'' as in the word ''[[tengwa]]'' (from PE ''tekmā'').

Around [[2000]], some wordlists of already established neo-vocabulary have been compiled online in order to facilitate authors who might need useful words for newer compositions, and likewise establish a fan "canon" or word repository.<ref>[http://www.elvish.org/gwaith/ppq_intro.htm Preface] to the Parma Penyane Quettaron</ref>

==See also==
*[[Carl F. Hostetter]]
*[[A Gateway to Sindarin]]
*[[David Salo]]
*[[Helge Fauskanger ]]
*[[Fiona Jallings]]
*[[A Fan's Guide to Neo-Sindarin]]
*[[Grelvish]]
*[[Elvish#Other_Elvish_languages]]
{{references}}

==External links==
*[http://web.archive.org/web/20190126115532/https://midgardsmal.com/ Midgardsmal on Web Archive] - David Salo's blog concerning [[neo-Elvish]] in [[Peter Jackson]]'s movies.
*[http://www.realelvish.net Merin Essi ar Quenteli] - Lists of words, names, phrases and tutorials, intended for writers of fan fiction and RPGamers.
*[[Thorsten Renk]]'s [http://www.phy.duke.edu/~trenk/elvish/rogue.html A rogue's guide to Sindarin reconstruction] - Inquiry on the creation of Neo-Sindarin words, with examples of deriving one from Primitive Quendian.
*[http://www.elvish.org/gwaith/language.htm Gwaith-i-Pethdain] - Page with essays, reconstructions, Neo-Elvish wordlists and a big list of Neo-Elvish texts.
**[http://www.elvish.org/gwaith/movie_news.htm Language in the ''Lord of the Rings'' movie] - analysis of the Elvish dialogues and texts featured in [[The Lord of the Rings (film series)|''The Lord of the Rings'' (film series)]].
*[http://www.elvish.org/elm/newwords.html Newwords] - sample of Neo-Elvish vocabulary
*[http://www.elvish.org/gwaith/ppq.htm Parma Penyane Quettaron] - More expanded Neo-Elvish vocabulary, maintained by [[Boris Shapiro]] until 2003
*[http://www.elvish.org/elm/others.html List of Neo-Elvish compositions]
*[http://folk.uib.no/hnohf/ Ardalambion] - Apart from a resource for Tolkien's languages, it also contains some original 'post-Tolkien' compositions (poems and Biblical fragments), essays like "The Quest for Standard Sindarin" and "Suggested Conjugation" and a (Neo-)Quenya course.

===Critical===
*[http://www.elvish.org/FAQ.html Elvish.org FAQ] — Article by [[Carl F. Hostetter]]. Presents a succinct counterpoint citing Tolkien's own views of the purpose, completeness and usability of his languages.
*"[http://www.elvish.org/articles/EASIS.pdf Elvish as She Is Spoke]" — Article by Carl F. Hostetter. A thorough examination of Tolkien's purposes in inventing his Elvish languages and his practices in describing them, their consequent nature, and the inherent pitfalls in any attempt to "speak Elvish". Republished with permission from ''[[The Lord of the Rings 1954-2004|The Lord of the Rings 1954-2004: Scholarship in Honor of Richard E. Blackwelder]]'' ([[Marquette]], [[2006]]), ed. [[Wayne G. Hammond]] and [[Christina Scull]].
*"[http://www.elvish.org/Tengwestie/editorials/20040404.phtml Are Goldogrin and Qenya “primitive”?]" by [[Patrick H. Wynne]] - criticizing the usual selectivity of "LotR-style" Elvish over early forms of "immature" Elvish.
[[Category:fanon]][[Category:fandom]][[Category:linguistics]]

Talk:Main Page

2022-09-19T08:13:30Z

Adûnâi: /* My feedback contra the recent redesign of TolkienGateway */ new section

'''This Talk page is for discussing the Main Page and general comments. To discuss the development of Tolkien Gateway itself, please see [[Forums:Council]].'''

==Good Ideas==

As my knowledge of all things [[J.R.R. Tolkien|Tolkien]] is far inferior to that of some things [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wiki Wiki], I want to suggest some things...

First of all: Page titles such as [[Barahir grandson of Faramir]] should be avoided as much as possible. Only when there are more than one [[Barahir]]s should this be used. If you have to do this, do it this way: '''Barahir (grandson of Faramir)''' so you don't forget whether or not you added that dratted comma...

Further it might be an idea to add a sort of "pub" for this kind of discussions. - [[User:Bokkie|Bokkie]] 18:04, 3 Sep 2005 (EDT)

Great points. Barahir is one of those names that are used quite frequently, i.e. [[Barahir son of Bregor]], [[Barahir son of Hador]], [[Barahir grandson of
Faramir]], etc. In the beginning I was debating whether to do the parenthesis or not, but now that you bring it up, it is most likely something that we need to use.

A portal for discussion other than the main page is a good idea too, I'll try and think of a good name for something, although [[Portal]] might work, heh.

Thanks for your comments. --[[User:Hyarion|Hyarion]] 16:45, 5 Sep 2005 (EDT)

:A good idea we could do to make sure all of the pages ( well at least most of them ) is we go to random pages and if that page does not have much information on it and you don't know much about what the page is about read about it, and not on other wed sites what J. R. R. Tolkien has to say about them, in his books and letters. [[User:Vaire|Vaire]]

::That approach is, as the option suggests, random. Better to clean up by category. --{{User:Ederchil/sig}} 21:20, 26 June 2012 (UTC)

Hey we coould post the LOTR soundtracks so you can listen or download the soundtracks. {{Unsigned|Hobbit25}}

:That would be nice, but illegal.--{{User:KingAragorn/sig}} 14:25, 12 July 2012 (UTC)

==Feedback==
Very intresting wiki site!... Thanx! --[[User:213.228.84.66|213.228.84.66]] 18:31, 15 October 2005 (EDT)

: Thanks for the compliment :) It's people like you who keep me motivated. --[[User:Hyarion|Hyarion]] 18:45, 15 October 2005 (EDT)

I've got to second this user's enthusiasim. I've recently gone back into the Silmarillion and stumbled upon this wiki. It's amazing. Far better than others I've seen. I especially appreciate the panoply of images. It really gives a kick to a 300 word article on some third string elf who died in the First Age. I also want to compliment you people on the new skin. It's both more stylized and more functional than the previous one. This just keeps getting better and better. Thanks a million. --[[User:Kosure|Kosure]] 14:25, 27 August 2008 (UTC)

:Hi Kosure, thanks for your feedback, it is statements like yours which bring a smile to our face and encourage us to improve the wiki even more, as we still have so far to go. We look forward to seeing you around in the future. --[[User:Hyarion|Hyarion]] 16:25, 27 August 2008 (UTC)

== license? ==
Is the content here GFDL? [[User:Gimli|Gimli]] 07:18, 6 March 2006 (EST)

:What do you mean? --[[User:Earendilyon|Earendilyon]] 07:36, 6 March 2006 (EST)

::I mean is it available under the http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNU_Free_Documentation_License - can it be copied to other sites under the provisions of that licence? Also if content has been copied from wikipedia, shouldnt it be acknowledged? [[User:Gimli|Gimli]] 08:30, 6 March 2006 (EST)

:::Hello [[User:Gimli|Gimli]], yes our content is under the same license, GNU FDL as [http://www.wikipedia.org Wikipedia]. Any articles derived from Wikipedia will be rewritten so we have no plans to add an acknowledgement on the articles at this time. [http://lotr.wikicities Wikicities] is free to copy our content but it is disappointing to see so many wikis working against eachother. --[[User:Hyarion|Hyarion]] 10:26, 6 March 2006 (EST)

::::Hi Hyarion, I was doing alot of work on the [http://lotr.wikicities.com/wiki lotr wiki] without realising this site existed until a few days ago. now Im not sure what to do since the lotr wikicities community is going fairly well but has nowhere near as many articles as here. not sure if its worth trying to copy or what - perhaps there could be some way we could agree to format/arrange articles differently to justify having 2 tolkien wikis [[User:Gimli|Gimli]] 19:47, 6 March 2006 (EST)

:::::Ya I'm not really sure either. There's also [http://www.thetolkienwiki.org The Tolkien Wiki] and a couple other wikis out there too. I honestly can't think of any aspects the two wikis would differ on off the top of my head but let me know if you think of anything. I know Robin from the lotr wiki said he was going to concentrate on [[The Lord of the Rings]] and since we cover more than just that they didn't want to merge. Competition is always nice but I just don't like watching us waste our time doing the same things. Let me know what I can do. --[[User:Hyarion|Hyarion]] 20:39, 6 March 2006 (EST)

::::::That sounds alright to me especially since I am not very familiar with [[The Silmarillion]] related things - I guess just because of the wikis names wikicities could focus on LOTR and you on JRR Tolkien himself? [[User:Gimli|Gimli]] 02:53, 9 March 2006 (EST)

::::::: Heh, unfortunately that would leave us with around 100 articles :p. Our goal since we started has been to focus on everything related to [[J.R.R. Tolkien]], including his works, non-canon material, secondary material, collectibles, languages, films, the fans, etc. As we've devoted so much time to this already I think we will be continuing on this path, sorry. --[[User:Hyarion|Hyarion]] 11:36, 9 March 2006 (EST)

== Main page redesign ==

I'm trying to redesign the main page a bit so as to not scare off any visitors. If you have any suggestions just let me know and I'll add them. The introduction text should probably be rewritten, possibly shorter. I also think instead of a featured image and a featured article we could showcase a featured article with an image from that article, and a bit more text directly from the article. --[[User:Hyarion|Hyarion]] 16:12, 23 April 2006 (EDT)

:IMO, the link to '''Welcome''' in the opening sentence is unnecessary, as the welcome message is just below it. Coupling the featured picture to the featured article is a sound idea if you'd ask me; gives the page some more coherence *thumbs up*. --[[User:Earendilyon|Earendilyon]] 17:04, 23 April 2006 (EDT)

::Hm, good point I can take it off for now, eventually I'd like to remove the welcome statement from the main page and add it to the welcome page, and then also add a [[Tolkien Gateway]] page with information about the site if the welcome is not enough (and link to that as well). Then we can focus on news / featured articles / navigation links, hopefully it will be self-explanatory enough that people won't get confused, though I doubt many even read the paragraph. I'll try and get a Featured article page rotation going so people can submit possible featured articles, vote on them, and move them onto the main page a bit faster, as now it's just random. --[[User:Hyarion|Hyarion]] 17:10, 23 April 2006 (EDT)

:::Personnally, I've no problem with a randomly chosen featured article. Why complicate things with voting and stuff? It also will point people to lesser know articles. If it's really a daily new featured article, it will liven things up a bit. Why not make it an hourly featured article, will pace the rotations circle a bit up (by a factor of 24, to be precise)! --[[User:Earendilyon|Earendilyon]] 17:16, 23 April 2006 (EDT)

::::Hehe, hm, definitely a thought. I'll see if I can rig something to do it automatically but we might have to change it manually. What we could do is have [[Featured article/April 23 2006]] and the main page could have <nowiki>[[:Featured article/{{CURRENTDAY}}]]</nowiki>. I think one reason people do vote for Featured articles as it allows competition for users to rewrite and tidy up articles in hopes that their work would be featured on the main page. And if we did this we could also have an Improvement center where we post articles that need to be improved. But combining the two by doing random featured articles would work great too. --[[User:Hyarion|Hyarion]] 17:22, 23 April 2006 (EDT)

== Purpose of site? ==

This is going to come across badly, I'm sure, so I apologize in advance for my skepticism. But, er, what exactly is the purpose of the Tolkien Gateway as opposed to the various other Tolkien wikis online (or, for that matter, Wikipedia itself)? In particular, it looks like a number of the articles here are at least currently based on the corresponding entries from Wikipedia. What was the argument for branching them off to form a separate site rather than simply improving them in place? (Not that I object to the impulse to create one's own site, mind you! But I feel some level of concern about fragmentation of effort.) [http://tolkien.slimy.com/ Steuard] --[[User:128.135.152.14|128.135.152.14]] 12:24, 31 May 2006 (EDT)

===Hyarion's response===
''Adding my own header as it looks like I've gone off and written a novel''

Hello Steuard, what an honor to have you here, make yourself at home :) Don't worry, your question doesn't come across badly as why we are here is an important question.

Your first question is why should we be here when there are other Tolkien wikis, good question. We’ve been around for over 3 years now, well before much of the hype surrounding wikis and when everyone and their grandmother decided to have one. With almost 4,500 articles we are currently the largest and most active Tolkien-related wiki or encyclopedia for that matter. With hundreds of updates a day, we are really growing fast and it becomes much more than one person could do on their own.

There are a couple other wikis that I have knowledge of, [http://www.thetolkienwiki.org The Tolkien Wiki] being one. I’m not a fan of that particular engine and unfortunately the activity is minimal but Walter is a great guy. Then there is [http://lotr.wikia.com lotr.wikia.com] which started later and though at first they stated they were concentrating on [[The Lord of the Rings]] it seems they have since changed and now have MERP related articles, I'm not sure where they are heading to be honest (not to sound rude I hope as I honestly don't). They also have advertisements and are a for-profit company, I don’t think the Tolkien Estate will be very pleased. There’s also a few non-English Tolkien wikis, [http://ardapedia.herr-der-ringe-film.de/index.php/Hauptseite Ardapedia] and [http://kontu.merri.net/wiki/Etusivu Kontu Wiki], I actually convinced Merri to start the Finnish wiki and he has done a great job with it. We are also considering expanding into other languages as well but we will probably concentrate on English for the next few years before trying to expand.

Wikipedia is a great project but unfortunately they can only concentrate on the major Tolkien-related articles. While we focus on ''everything'', including essays, reviews, music, publications, collectibles, images, etc. [http://starwars.wikia.com Wookieepedia] is an example of where we are heading as they have well over 30,000 articles, by far too many for any environment not specializing on the subject.

You will notice that some articles have roots from Wikipedia, yes. When we started out we borrowed some content from them as is allowed with the GNU FDL. However we have greatly improved on those articles and have been rewriting them from the ground up constantly. You will find many of our editors on the site still contribute to the Tolkien articles on Wikipedia and we are by no means trying to mimic what they do.

It seems the above still doesn’t create a convincing answer so here are some raw projects that we are working on that we would not be able to accomplish on Wikipedia:
* We are listing '''all''' Amon Hen, Mallorn, Beyond Bree, Orcrist, LotR Fan Club, Tolkien Journal, Parma Nole, Lembas Extra, Arda, etc. journals and putting their contents and cover page on their own articles. The article will of course contain links to purchase the back issue as well as the official site of the publication.
* We also received the rights this week to store all of the [[Fraud of the Rings]] comics, this is something not even freely available on the official site.

* The {{Redlink|[[Tolkien Google logo petition]]}} is something else Wikipedia would not condone.
* Screenplays for purists and The Hobbit are other projects we currently are working on.
* We also are trying to have an article for every single Tolkien-related game.
* Archiving any and all Tolkien imagery
* Listing any and all Tolkien-inspired music
* Listing all collectibles related to Tolkien and his works
* Listing all books related to the Professor and his works
[[Tolkien Gateway:Projects|etc.]]

This being said our main goal is focusing on the legendarium and the Tolkien-inspired items are only a secondary objective.

It is probably better to look at Tolkien Gateway as a community more so than simply a wiki. We also run [http://tolkiennews.net TolkienNews.net] and host sites such the [http://www.herenistarion.org North East Tolkien Society], [http://www.shirepost.com ShirePost.com], and a few more on the horizon. We also run the Tolkien IRC Network which averages 20-30 users in the main lobby and hosts sites such as [http://www.minastirith.com minastirith.com], [http://www.ancanar.com ancanar.com], [http://www.herenistarion.org herenistarion.org], [http://www.imladris.dk imladris.dk], [http://www.lotrosource.com lotrosource.com], [http://www.ardapost.com ardapost.com], etc.

Now that just looks like one big advertisement…sorry about that. If you need me to be more specific on something please let me know. We are always very open to new ideas and if you have any suggestions please let us know.

One thing I’ve been meaning to talk to you about is linking to your FAQ as well as the newsgroups. What we’ve been doing with Tolkien forums is when there is a specific topic being discussed, such as the whereabouts of the [[Entwives]], we link our article to their thread. I’d like to do this with both the Meta-FAQ and newsgroups so for example on our article on [[the Shire]] we could link to your FAQ on whether the Shire was meant to be England, etc.

Thanks for dropping by as it means a lot to us, and keep up the great work on your sites! --[[User:Hyarion|Hyarion]] 14:05, 31 May 2006 (EDT)

:Good answer. :) It does sound like you'll be much freer to add information on "minor" topics here than you would be on a broad site like Wikipedia; I think you've convinced me that it's a good idea. I hope that some level of cross-fertilization goes on between the community here and the community there.

:As for my Meta-FAQ (and related work), you are of course welcome to link to any bits of it that you think would be useful. (That's something else that some folks might have a problem with on Wikipedia, come to think of it.) I've always wished that I had time to track down the best Usenet newsgroup threads to link to for each of my FAQ topics, but real life keeps me too busy these days to consider such a major project. It would have been much easier if, like you, I'd started keeping track of the threads at the same time that I started writing the FAQ! In any case, best wishes with the site, and many thanks for your detailed answer to my question. [http://tolkien.slimy.com/ Steuard] --[[User:128.135.152.14|128.135.152.14]] 16:23, 31 May 2006 (EDT)

:Great answer, Hyarion! I applaud your ringing defense and statement of purpose of this fine Wiki. You really covered a lot of ground here. I joined up a year to make some solid contributions to a developing LOTR wiki, and I have some humble contribs. Hopefully I'll be making more in the future. All power to the Gateway!--[[User:Theoden1|Theoden1]] 15:30, 24 April 2008 (EDT)

== Quotes ==

Some wikis (namely the Star Wars wiki) use quotes to describe articles. i.e. "''A demon of the ancheint world. This foe is beyond any of you.''" -[[Gandalf]] would describe the [[Balrogs|Balrog]]. Could we start doing this? -[[User:Lord Aragorn1414|Lord Aragorn1414]] 14:31, 17 July 2006 (EDT)

:Hello Lord Vad...Aragorn, we like to think of Wookieepedia as our sister wiki as we tend to borrow quite a few ideas from them. Quotes at the top of articles to describe the character/place/item/etc are one of these ideas. We haven't fully implemented all the articles but some such as [[Hobbits]] or [[The Silmarillion]] or [[Dragons]], etc. display this idea. This is something we definitely wish to expand on and if you have any quotes you would like to use feel free to do so. --[[User:Hyarion|Hyarion]] 14:40, 17 July 2006 (EDT)
::Okay then, thank you! You like to play on my name alot don't you? That's okay, though. ;) -[[User:Lord Aragorn1414|Lord Aragorn1414]] 14:46, 17 July 2006 (EDT)

== Canon and other things ==

First off, I'm wondering what "canon" this encyclopedia will use. As of now, it's inconsistent: for example, there are two [[Glorfindel]]s, but has Orodreth, not Fingon, as Gil-galad's father.

Secondly, all the non-movie art is very nice, since I don't care much for the Jackson films having, in general, "supremacy" through images (quite irritating in Wikipedia, though the editors have lately arranged adaptation pictures in tables - gives equal treatment to ''all'', not just the Jackson ones). Ideally, all appropriate articles should have artworks before film images.

Finally, could someone make a ''[[The Lord of the Rings: Weapons and Warfare]]'' article, so we can cut it up (i.e. point out some total inventions) for the non-book readers? Info from that book has been inserted in Wikipedia articles; thankfully they were deleted. [[User:Rog|Rog]] 22:49, 15 August 2006 (EDT)

:Hello Rog, I've addressed the first issue at [[Forums:Canon scale]] so I'll reply to the other two. I'm glad you are a fan of the illustrations, as am I. We try and bring new images to the reader's eyes by putting the illustrations first but I think there are some circumstances where the film images are more accurate and will have to be put first. Accuracy vs. Beauty of the illustration is yet another difficult topic.

:Great idea on the Weapons and Warfare article, I'll try and have one up by tomorrow. --[[User:Hyarion|Hyarion]] 23:15, 15 August 2006 (EDT)

==Top Editors==

Hyarion, I'd like to suggest that you change the Top Editors list again. Dwarf Lord at least should be added, being the fourth highest, and still picking up speed. --[[User:Narfil Palùrfalas|Narfil Palùrfalas]] 09:01, 19 September 2006 (EDT)

:Thanks Narfil, [[Main Page]] has been updated. Maybe I'll work on having the page grab the top 5 dynamically. --[[User:Hyarion|Hyarion]] 11:49, 19 September 2006 (EDT)

== A-Z List ==

I've moved the A-Z list up closer to the top as I have a feeling a lot of people were not noticing it there at the bottom, I'm still not 100% satisfied with its current position but I think it will at least get noticed more. If you guys think otherwise just let me know. --[[User:Hyarion|Hyarion]] 17:41, 27 June 2007 (EDT)

:I think it's fine there. I admit I had hardly noticed it before. At least it's more visible. --[[User:Narfil Palùrfalas|Narfil Palùrfalas]] 17:46, 27 June 2007 (EDT)

==Featured Quote on Main Page==
Hi, wouldn't it be good, if at least once a month a new quote would appear here? The current one is from the last year, i think. ;-) - {{unsigned|Eldarion Telcontar}}

:It definitely is about time we have both a new quote and a new featured article. The lack of new quotes stems from various long-lasting discussions on whether to use a random quote from a pool of Tolkien quotes, or to weekly/monthly/etc vote on a specific quote. We're also working on a website dedicated to quotes which we hoped to grab randomly from there but I'd rather not wait until that project is finished. I think a good time to start a new quote will be once we launch our new skin. --[[User:Hyarion|Hyarion]] 01:35, 17 March 2008 (EDT)

:As we are starting a new '''featured''' era, it would be a good idea to change '''Past Featured Articles''' to '''Featured Articles'''. It's more accurate. --[[User:Theoden1|Theoden1]] 21:03, 12 May 2008 (EDT)

:I agree, the Featured Article Project is coming along nicely, now its time to focus on quotes. What needs to be done exactly? Do we need need more quotes written down, or is there some fancy code that needs to be entered to generate the quotes? As Ive said many times before, not a big tech guy, but I'll be glad to help where I can.--[[User:Quidon88|Quidon88]] 21:05, 28 July 2008 (EDT)

::There is this one {{redlink|[[Main Page/Quote]]}} page, that has a random quote generator, but unfortunately, all are unlinked. -- [[User:Ederchil|Ederchil]] 23:53, 28 July 2008 (EDT)

:::There is a [[Tolkien Gateway:Featured quotes/Nominations|Nominations]] page for quotes also. Maybe we could nominate them ourselves? The good/relevant/preferred ones? ~~ [[User:Þelma|Þelma]] 03:05, 29 July 2008 (EDT)

:::[[User:Þelma|Þelma]], the Featured Quote era has begun. Click on the link on the main page and take a look at the current quote nominated.--[[User:Theoden1|Theoden1]] 13:03, 4 August 2008 (EDT)

::::[[User:Theoden1|Theoden1]], you make it sound like an world event. :) And far from me to contradict that ;) I will take a look. ~~ [[User:Þelma|Þelma]] 13:28, 4 August 2008 (EDT)

:::::Shouldn't '''Past Featured quotes''' be changed into '''Featured quotes''' like it was done with the Featured Articles? The Past Featured Quotes are to find at [[Tolkien Gateway:Featured quotes/History|Featured quotes/History]] now. -- [[User:Eldarion Telcontar|Eldarion Telcontar]] 16:40, 13 August 2008 (EDT)

::::::Thanks, fixed :) --[[User:Hyarion|Hyarion]] 17:28, 13 August 2008 (EDT)

==Featured Article on Main Page==
I'm just wondering why "[[Aragorn|Aragorn II]]" is still "Today's featured article". Maybe i'm mistaken but isn't "[[Witch-king]] of [[Angmar]]" already sucessfully elected and hasn't "[[Gandalf]]" already five "Agree"s? Wouldn't it be about time to change the Featured Article after so many months? -- [[User:Eldarion Telcontar|Eldarion Telcontar]] 15:12, 4 April 2009 (UTC)
==Elvish Word of the Day==
What do you think? is it feasible? [[User:Sage|Sage]] 21:23, 28 May 2009 (UTC)

:I favour just "word of the day"; also give minor languages some screentime. -- {{User:Ederchil/sig}} 21:44, 28 May 2009 (UTC)
::Of course. Can it be done? How? And by whom? [[User:Sage|Sage]] 08:27, 29 May 2009 (UTC)

:::We probably need a stash of them, and select 30 at the beginning of each month. With subpages, it can be done. But I don't know where exactly on the main page this can fit...-- {{User:Ederchil/sig}} 09:08, 29 May 2009 (UTC)

==News==
What happened to the news? -- {{User:Ederchil/sig}} 22:17, 9 July 2009 (UTC)

:Hm, news on the [[Main Page]] seems to be working for me, is it not showing up over there? --[[User:Hyarion|Hyarion]] 03:33, 10 July 2009 (UTC)

::It didn't show last night, but it does now. -- {{User:Ederchil/sig}} 08:25, 10 July 2009 (UTC)

:::For my it doesn't appear to. --[[User:Amroth|Amroth]] 12:15, 24 March 2010 (UTC)

== .pdf ==

Hi, could somebody add .PDF as permitted files. Then I can upload my Tolkien Essays about [[Gothmog (Lieutenant of Morgul)|Gothmog]], [[Blue Wizards]] and...uhm...The Troops of [[Gondor]].

:As far as I know, you can't upload PDF's. The file upload function of mediawiki was made for image files and movie clips. -- {{User:Ederchil/sig}} 16:06, 24 March 2010 (UTC)

:: You can do it, see link:

[http://nl.tolkien-online.wikia.com/wiki/Bestand:Tolkien_Names-Namen.pdf Tolkien Names: English-Dutch]

sorry, forget my sign --[[User:Amroth|Amroth]] 16:17, 24 March 2010 (UTC)

::: I'll put it on my list to mail to Hyarion. He's the code guy. -- {{User:Ederchil/sig}} 16:25, 24 March 2010 (UTC)

:::: Okay, I hope it works --[[User:Amroth|Amroth]] 15:32, 26 March 2010 (UTC)

==Updates==

I have noticed that Hyarion has added a new entry to [[Tolkien Gateway:Updates]] but that it doesn't appear on the Main Page because the updates are included as plain text there. Could somebody replace the plain text updates on the Main Page with the following line?

<nowiki>{{:Tolkien Gateway:Updates}}</nowiki>

Thus the latest updates from the Updates Page are included automatically and only [[Tolkien Gateway:Updates]] has to be updated in order to let the news appear on the Main Page and the Community Page as well.

-- [[User:Eldarion Telcontar|Eldarion Telcontar]] 10:57, 17 July 2010 (UTC)

== Header Background ==

For some reason the background colour for the 'On this day...' header is green, when it should be blue like the 'Featured Quote' header. --{{User:KingAragorn/sig}} 18:28, 20 September 2010 (UTC)

==The Hobbit==
When I was on the new channel the other day they said that Peter Jackson thinks the 2 Hobbit movies are going to so good that he's going to make a 3rd hobbit movie. [[User:Vaire|Vaire]] 01:51, 2 August 2012 (UTC)

:Indeed! --{{User:Mith/sig}} 07:54, 2 August 2012 (UTC)

== Countdown ==

We'll need to do something about the countdown tomorrow.--{{User:KingAragorn/sig}} 11:34, 12 December 2012 (UTC)

:You won't get it until tomorrow? I just returned. Awe. Some. --{{User:Ederchil/sig}} 16:26, 12 December 2012 (UTC)

::Good! Yep, it's not released until tomorrow here (I'm going in the afternoon), although the London première is tonight ([[User:Mith|Mith]] is going!). Incidentally, I've just realised that the countdown has been counting down to the 13th and not the 14th - oh well!--{{User:KingAragorn/sig}} 16:41, 12 December 2012 (UTC)

:Can you change the Main Page please?--{{User:KingAragorn/sig}} 12:17, 14 December 2012 (UTC)

== My feedback contra the recent redesign of TolkienGateway ==

I used to advocate TolkienGateway as a shining example of good web-design (alongside English Wikipedia). Clean, simple, concise,, tasteful, artful. No more? Apparently, it has been uglified to the most extreme degree, all for the sake of the phones. Sticky header? Check. Disparate, widely removed column? There. Pop ups instead of neat buttons that are always there? Of course. Feels like a [[Letter_195|long defeat]] to fight against this change. It's just really sad that new generations won't see how good it used to look and to read.--[[User:Adûnâi|Adûnâi]] ([[User talk:Adûnâi|talk]]) 08:13, 19 September 2022 (UTC)

Thain's Book

2019-07-15T21:55:07Z

Adûnâi: Punctuation corrected (commas added)

{{object infobox
| name=Thain's Book
| image=
| caption=
| pronun=
| othernames=
| location=[[Great Smials]]
| owner=[[Took Family]]
| type=Manuscript
| appearance=Several volumes bound in leather
| creator=[[Bilbo Baggins]], [[Frodo Baggins]], [[Findegil]], [[Barahir (grandson of Faramir)|Barahir]]
| created=
| createdlocation=
| destroyer=
| destroyed=
| destroyedlocation=
| notablefor=
}}
The '''Thain's Book''' was a copy of the [[Red Book of Westmarch]] made in [[the Shire]] and later augmented with additions made in [[Minas Tirith]].

==History==
The contents of the Thain's Book had various authors. The oldest material came from the diary of [[Bilbo Baggins]], which he took with him to [[Rivendell]]<ref name="Records">{{FR|Records}}</ref> after {{TA|3001}}. In {{TA|3019|n}}<ref>{{App|TA}}</ref> [[Frodo Baggins]] brought Bilbo's writings with him back to the Shire, and between {{TA|3020|n}} and {{TA|3021|n}} he added account of the [[War of the Ring]]. All of this material was contained in four large red leather volumes; in [[Westmarch]] a fifth volume of commentaries, genealogies, and other [[Hobbits|Hobbit]] matters were added. At this point these writings were referred to as the [[Red Book of Westmarch]].

The actual Thain's Book was a copy of the Red Book that was produced in [[Gondor]]. [[Thain]] [[Peregrin Took]] retired to Gondor in {{FoA|63}} and took with him a copy of the Red Book as requested by King [[Aragorn|Elessar]]. In [[Minas Tirith]], this book received many annotations and corrections (particularly of Elvish names, words, and quotations). It was also enhanced with an abbreviated version of "[[The Tale of Aragorn and Arwen]]", written by [[Barahir (grandson of Faramir)|Barahir]], the grandson of [[Faramir]]. In {{FoA|172}}, the [[King's Writer]], [[Findegil]], made an exact copy of the book in Minas Tirith, which was returned to the Shire at the request of the great-grandson of Peregrin and kept in the [[Great Smials]]. The copy written by Findegil was of special interest in that it alone preserved Bilbo's "[[Translations from the Elvish]]", written between {{TA|3003}} and {{TA|3018|n}} that used sources available in Rivendell.<ref name="Records"/>

{{references}}
[[Category:Books and documents within the legendarium]]
[[de:Buch des Thains]]
[[fr:encyclo/arts/livres/livre_du_thain]]
[[fi:Thainin kirja]]

Talk:Ephel Dúath

2019-07-15T12:43:53Z

Adûnâi: Number in Sindarin

==The Etymology section==
''Ephel Dúath'' (pron. {{IPA|[ˈefːel ˈduˑ.aθ]}}) is [[Sindarin]] for "outer fences of shadow", from ''[[ephel]]'' ("outer fence" or "encircling fence")
Is it correct to use plural (outer fences) when ephel is singular (outer fence)? Or am I missing something about the grammar and translation of Sindarin? Because it is the same for ered, I admit.--[[User:Adûnâi|Adûnâi]] 12:43, 15 July 2019 (UTC)

Ephel Dúath

2019-07-15T12:41:48Z

Adûnâi: The wording in the Etymology section improved and standardized

__NOTOC__
{{disambig-two|the mountain range of [[Mordor]]|mountains of [[Beleriand]]|[[Ered Wethrin]]}}
[[Image:Rob Alexander - Mountains of Shadow.jpg|thumb|''Mountains of Shadow'' by [[Rob Alexander]]]]
The '''Ephel Dúath''', or the '''Mountains of Shadow''', were a range of mountains that guarded [[Mordor]]'s western and southern borders.

==Geography==
The mountain range met the [[Ered Lithui]] at the [[Black Gate|Morannon]], so that between them the mountain systems effectively sealed off Mordor from invasion on three sides.<ref>{{RK|Map}}</ref>

There were only two known passes through them: the "Nameless Pass" that ran between [[Minas Morgul]] and Mordor, and the nearby Pass of [[Cirith Ungol]]. The Morannon was the only pass through Mordor's outer mountain chains through which large armies could easily move, but apparently small amounts of troops were able to slowly funnel through the Nameless Pass. However, the Pass of Cirith Ungol was extremely inaccessible, involving climbing up or down the section called the [[Straight Stair]], and then the [[Winding Stair]], making it practically impossible for easy travel of large numbers of troops, much less horses and wagons.<ref>{{TT|IV8}}</ref>

==History==
On [[10 March]] {{TA|3019}}, [[Frodo Baggins]], [[Samwise Gamgee]], and [[Gollum]] began their ascent of the stairs to [[Shelob's Lair]]. The hobbits, abandoned by Gollum, entered the lair on [[12 March]] and Frodo was captured by [[Orcs]] the next day. On [[14 March]], Sam helped Frodo to escape from the [[Tower of Cirith Ungol]] and thus they completed their harrowing passage of the Ephel Dúath.<ref>{{App|Great}}</ref>

==Etymology==
''Ephel Dúath'' (pron. {{IPA|[ˈefːel ˈduˑ.aθ]}}) is [[Sindarin]] for "outer fences of shadow", from ''[[ephel]]'' ("outer fence" or "encircling fence") and ''[[dúath]]'' ("shadow").

{{references}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Ephel Duath}}
[[Category:Mountain ranges]]
[[Category:Mordor]]
[[Category:Sindarin locations]]
[[de:Ephel Dúath]]
[[fr:encyclo/geographie/reliefs/mordor/ephel_duath]]
[[fi:Ephel Dúath]]

Ephel Dúath

2019-07-15T12:37:21Z

Adûnâi: Cases of tautology removed (ranges > systems, pass > move), a preposition removed, spaces removed

__NOTOC__
{{disambig-two|the mountain range of [[Mordor]]|mountains of [[Beleriand]]|[[Ered Wethrin]]}}
[[Image:Rob Alexander - Mountains of Shadow.jpg|thumb|''Mountains of Shadow'' by [[Rob Alexander]]]]
The '''Ephel Dúath''', or the '''Mountains of Shadow''', were a range of mountains that guarded [[Mordor]]'s western and southern borders.

==Geography==
The mountain range met the [[Ered Lithui]] at the [[Black Gate|Morannon]], so that between them the mountain systems effectively sealed off Mordor from invasion on three sides.<ref>{{RK|Map}}</ref>

There were only two known passes through them: the "Nameless Pass" that ran between [[Minas Morgul]] and Mordor, and the nearby Pass of [[Cirith Ungol]]. The Morannon was the only pass through Mordor's outer mountain chains through which large armies could easily move, but apparently small amounts of troops were able to slowly funnel through the Nameless Pass. However, the Pass of Cirith Ungol was extremely inaccessible, involving climbing up or down the section called the [[Straight Stair]], and then the [[Winding Stair]], making it practically impossible for easy travel of large numbers of troops, much less horses and wagons.<ref>{{TT|IV8}}</ref>

==History==
On [[10 March]] {{TA|3019}}, [[Frodo Baggins]], [[Samwise Gamgee]], and [[Gollum]] began their ascent of the stairs to [[Shelob's Lair]]. The hobbits, abandoned by Gollum, entered the lair on [[12 March]] and Frodo was captured by [[Orcs]] the next day. On [[14 March]], Sam helped Frodo to escape from the [[Tower of Cirith Ungol]] and thus they completed their harrowing passage of the Ephel Dúath.<ref>{{App|Great}}</ref>

==Etymology==
''Ephel Dúath'' (pron. {{IPA|[ˈefːel ˈduˑ.aθ]}}) is [[Sindarin]]. It means "outer fences of shadow", from ''[[ephel]]'', "outer fence" or "encircling fence", and ''[[dúath]]'', "shadow".

{{references}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Ephel Duath}}
[[Category:Mountain ranges]]
[[Category:Mordor]]
[[Category:Sindarin locations]]
[[de:Ephel Dúath]]
[[fr:encyclo/geographie/reliefs/mordor/ephel_duath]]
[[fi:Ephel Dúath]]

Ered Lithui

2019-07-15T12:30:42Z

Adûnâi: Grammar number corrected (was > were, it > they), punctuation corrected (commas added)

{{location infobox
| name=Ered Lithui
| image=[[File:Kevin Ward - Ash Mountains.jpg|250px]]
| caption="Ash Mountains" by Kevin Ward
| pronun={{respell|eh|red}} {{respell|lith|oo-ee}}
| othernames=Ash Mountains
| location=Boundary between [[Mordor]] and [[Rhovanion]]
| type=Mountain range
| description=Barren, rugged, grey mountains
| regions=
| towns=
| inhabitants=
| created=
| destroyed=
| events=[[Wainriders]] sudden assault upon King [[Ondoher]]
}}
The '''Ered Lithui''', or the '''Ash Mountains''', were a mountain range on the northern border of [[Mordor]] which separated it from [[Rhovanion]]. They ran about 500 miles from east to west. One south-western ridge divided the [[Plateau of Gorgoroth]] from [[Lithlad]]. A shorter southern spur within Gorgoroth ended at [[Barad-dûr]]. The west end of the Ash Mountains met the [[Ephel Dúath|Mountains of Shadow]]. Between the Mountains of Shadow and the Ash Mountains was [[Udûn (valley)|Udûn]].<ref>{{UT|Map}}</ref>

The Ered Lithui were rugged and forbidding, described as being composed of "broken peaks and barren ridges". Its rocks were coloured grey as ash.<ref name="Gate">{{TT|IV3}}</ref>

==History==
In {{TA|1944}},<ref>{{App|TA}}</ref> King [[Ondoher]] of [[Gondor]] was leading an army to [[Dagorlad]] to challenge the [[Wainriders]]. It was expected that the enemy would assault them from the north or northeast, but the Wainriders came directly from the east, using the cover of the Ered Lithui to conceal their approach.<ref>{{UT|Cirion}}, (i) ''The Northmen and the Wainriders''</ref> The Wainriders were greatly speeded by a long-neglected road that ran from the [[Morannon]] fifty miles to the east.<ref>{{UT|Cirion}},note 15</ref>

On [[5 March]] {{TA|3019|n}},<ref name="Great">{{App|Great}}</ref> [[Frodo Baggins|Frodo]], [[Samwise Gamgee|Sam]], and [[Gollum]] looked upon the Ered Lithui before turning aside to journey to [[Ithilien]].<ref name="Gate"/> From [[19 March]] through [[22 March]],<ref name="Great"/> Frodo and Sam crawled slowly east on the road from [[Cirith Gorgor]] to Barad-dûr that hugged the slopes of the Ered Lithui.<ref>{{RK|VI3}}</ref>

==Name and etymology==
''Ered Lithui'' is [[Sindarin]] for "Mountains of Ash", consisting of the words ''[[ered]]'' and ''lithui''. The name "Mountains of Ash", or "Ashy Mountains", were likely taken from their ash-grey hue.<ref name="Nomen">{{HM|N}}, p. 765</ref>

{{references}}
[[Category:Mordor]]
[[Category:Mountain ranges]]
[[Category:Sindarin locations]]
[[de:Aschengebirge]]
[[fi:Tuhkavuoret]]

Talk:Legolas

2019-06-03T02:37:26Z

Adûnâi: /* The first section's name */ new section

The current links in this redirect lead to articles named "Legolas of Mirkwood" and "Legolas of Gondolin". Shouldn't it, in compliance with the standards, be "Legolas (Elf of Mirkwood)" and "Legolas (Elf of Gondolin)"? Also, I've noticed [[Legolas|Legolas Greenleaf]] redirects to the Mirkwood one, but the Gondolin one was also called Greenleaf, so shouldn't that redirect here as well? -- [[User:Ederchil|Ederchil]] 09:26, 19 August 2008 (EDT)

:"In this <strike>redirect</strike>" disambig, yes? (Making sure I understood you correctly) If so, it is the same situation in [[Ecthelion]]'s case and for all the articles attached to it. Or [[Míriel]]'s. And there are more like them. It seems that, whatever the standars may be in the case of same name articles, we have more examples against the rule, than following it... ~~ [[User:Þelma|Þelma]] 10:49, 19 August 2008 (EDT)

::Those don't break the (non-existent) rule. It's just that both Legolas'ses do have an epithet - but it's the same, and nowhere are they referred to as "Legolas of Mirkwood" (unless "Legolas of the Woodland Realm" qualifies) or "Legolas of Gondolin". Hence the [[Beregond (soldier of Gondor)|renaming]]. -- [[User:Ederchil|Ederchil]] 11:14, 19 August 2008 (EDT)

==Legolas' Age==

The article lists a conjectural age for Legolas as 500-700 years old, and I quote, " It can be assumed despite his suggested age of 500-700 that he had never before come near to the Sea." Is there a reference for this? I've never seen a birth-date given for Legolas in canon. [[User:Corsair Caruso|Corsair Caruso]] 05:47, 2 November 2013 (UTC)

:Nope, speculation. Removing it. --{{User:Ederchil/sig}} 22:55, 2 November 2013 (UTC)

== The first section's name ==

Currently, the first section is called "History". Why? Biography would make more sense... if the entire article wouldn't be it already. So what should it be?--[[User:Adûnâi|Adûnâi]] 02:37, 3 June 2019 (UTC)

User:Adûnâi

2019-06-03T02:13:29Z

Adûnâi: Now I do

Why didn't I have a user page? Now I do.--[[User:Adûnâi|Adûnâi]] 02:13, 3 June 2019 (UTC)

Talk:Mannish

2019-06-03T02:02:49Z

Adûnâi: Khuzdul and Avarin

==Khuzdul and Avarin==
1. Khuzdul is mentioned quite awkwardly - it says "the language of Hador" (wait, is that even a correct expression?) retained Khuzdul - the awkward part is that the article has not mention of Khuzdul before.

2. Avarin is not mentioned at all, yet from what I remember, it did play a part in forming Mannish, too. Right? But I can't reference.--[[User:Adûnâi|Adûnâi]] 02:02, 3 June 2019 (UTC)

Mannish

2019-06-03T01:59:10Z

Adûnâi: Punctuation corrected (a comma added), capitalization corrected (faithful > Faithful)

{{sources}}
'''Mannish''' is a term used to refer to the languages of [[Men]], as opposed to the [[Elvish]] tongues, or those of the other races of [[Middle-earth]]. By far the most prominent Mannish language was [[Westron]].
==History==
Languages of Men started in [[Hildórien]]. When the [[Edain]] divided to migrate to the west. The groups that would eventually be known as [[House of Bëor]] and [[House of Hador|House of Marach]], used [[Taliska|one language]]. The third tribe, that would be later known as the [[House of Haleth]], used an unrelated tongue.

During the march, the tribes left behind various descendants in [[Eriador]] who continued their languages. In [[Beleriand]], the House of Bëor quickly adopted [[Sindarin]]. However the language of Hador retained and was influenced by [[Khuzdul]].<ref>{{PM|Dwarves}}</ref>

The language of the [[House of Hador]] during the [[Second Age]] evolved into [[Adûnaic]].<ref>{{SD|Notion}}</ref> Meanwhile the descendants of the First Age in the Westlands became the [[Éothéod]] from whom ultimately derives the [[Rohan language|Rohirric]] language. The language of the House of Haleth also left descendants that were known as [[Pre-Númenórean]] languages.<ref name="Drú">{{UT|Druedain}}</ref><ref name="AppF"/>

Early Adûnaic mingled with many words of the languages of lesser men and became a Common Speech that spread thence along the coasts among all that had dealings with Westernesse<ref name="AppF">{{App|F}}</ref>.

After the Downfall, the Faithful considered Sindarin their mother tongue and used the Common Speech in their dealings with other folk and in the government of their wide realms; but they enlarged the language and enriched it with many words drawn from the Elven-tongues.<ref name="AppF"/>

==Schematic==
*Languages of the First and Third Houses of the [[Atanatári]]
**[[Taliska]] (two dialects; [[House of Bëor|Bëor]] and [[House of Hador|Hador]])
***[[Adûnaic]]
****Black Adûnaic of [[Black Númenóreans]]
****[[Westron]] or "Common Speech" (influenced by [[Sindarin]], and languages of [[Eriador]])
*****[[Hobbitish]] (influenced by languages of [[Northmen]])
**Languages of [[Middle Men]] of [[Eriador]] during the [[Second Age]]
**Languages of [[Northmen]]
***[[Dalish]]
***[[Rohan language|Rohirric]]
*Language of the Second House of the Atanatári (see [[Pre-Númenórean]])
**[[Haladin]] language
**[[Dunlendish]]
*[[Drúedain|Drûg]] languages
**Language of the Drúedain of [[Brethil]]
**Language of the Woses of [[Drúadan Forest]]
*Many [[Haradrim|Haradric]] languages
*Many tongues of [[Easterlings]]

==Translation==
Tolkien used real-life languages and names to present Mannish. The most known example is Westron, which is always replaced with modern English.

This logic went one step further by also presenting all languages akin to Westron in languages related to English, so that their "understandability" by the protagonists is simulated to the English reader. Since English belongs to the Germanic family, most names Tolkien used are Germanic ([[Norse]], [[Gothic]], et cetera) with some Celtic exceptions.

*Ancient names related to ''' [[Rhovanion]]''' (such as "[[Vidugavia]]") are '''[[Gothic]],'''' indicating a relationship to Dalish but not recognizable by Westron.
*'''[[Rohirric]]''', the language of the [[Rohirrim]] was replaced by '''[[Old English]]''', as Rohirric is an archaic relative of Westron, much as Anglo-Saxon is an archaic relative of English;
*The '''[[Dalish]]''', the tongue of [[Dale]] (from which came the names of the [[Dwarves]] of [[Durin's Folk]]), was translated into '''Old Norse''', a language related to Anglo-Saxon and modern English as Dalish was related to Rohirric and Westron;
*The '''[[hobbitish]]''' names of the [[Stoors]], [[Buckland]] as well as some [[Bree-land]] names are '''[[Celtic]]''';

Mannish languages unrelated to Westron that sounded alien to the protagonists (such as [[Dunlendish]]), were left in their "genuine" form.

==Other versions of the Legendarium==
In ''[[The Book of Lost Tales]]'', Men awoke as dumb creatures, and they were taught speech by [[Nuin]] the "Father of Speech", an Elf of the [[Hisildi]] who awoke them.<ref>{{LT1|Xn}}</ref>

In the 1930s ''[[The Tree of Tongues]]'', a schematic belonging to a later phase of the mythology, the "Tongues of Man" is derived from [[Lemberin]] ([[Avarin]]) and [[Khuzdul]], as in the later legendarium, but also from "[[Orcish]] languages".<ref>{{LR|P2V}}</ref>
==External links==
*[[Helge Fauskanger]], "[http://folk.uib.no/hnohf/mannish.htm Various Mannish languages]", [[Ardalambion]]
*[[Andreas Möhn]], "[http://web.archive.org/web/20130308120545/http://lalaith.vpsurf.de/Tolkien/Fr_Atani.html Etymologies of Atani languages]", Lalaith's Science Pages
{{references}}
{{languages}}
[[Category:Mannish| ]]
[[fr:langues/langues humaines]]

Talk:Edain

2019-06-03T01:57:40Z

Adûnâi: A few questions

==A few questions==

1. There is this passage. It mentions the Men of Bree as friends of the Númenóreans. But they were a part of Dunlendings who the Númenóreans were hostile to! I'm not too sure, maybe the issue is that it covers both the Second and the Third Ages in one sentence and it comes off as awkward. Also, did Bree even exist in the middle of the Second Age?

''When the Númenóreans returned to [[Middle-earth]] in the [[Second Age]], they encountered many Men who were obviously related to the Atani: they classified these Men as ''[[Middle Men]]'', and established friendly relations with them. Examples are the [[Northmen]] or the [[Men of Bree]].<ref name=atani/>''

2. ''they mingled by the disasters of the War of the Jewels and intermarriage'' - would I be correct to call this sentence awkwardly worded?

3. ''although their native language was Mannish with elements from Avarin after their first contact with the Dark Elves'' - I have added the mention of Khuzdul, with a reference to The Peoples after Khuzdul.

4. ''The Sindarin word Edain, singular Adan (Quenya Atani, Atan), literally meant'' - I have added the last comma. Was I right?--[[User:Adûnâi|Adûnâi]] 01:57, 3 June 2019 (UTC)

Edain

2019-06-03T01:55:31Z

Adûnâi: A reference moved

{{cleanup}}
{{people infobox
| name=Edain
| image=[[File:Wouter Florusse - The Edain.jpg|250px]]
| caption="[[:File:Wouter Florusse - The Edain.jpg|The Edain]]" by Wouter Florusse
| pronun={{respell|eh|deyen}}
| othernames=Atanatári, Atani, Fathers of the [[Númenóreans]]
| origin=[[Men]] who crossed into [[Beleriand]]
| location=[[Beleriand]], [[Middle-earth]], [[Númenor]]
| affiliation=
| rivalry=
| language=[[Mannish]], [[Sindarin]]
| members=[[Húrin]], [[Túrin]], [[Tuor]], [[Beren]], [[Barahir]], [[Andreth]], [[Morwen]], [[Bëor]]
| lifespan=c. 90<ref>{{HM|Guide}}, p. 106, entry "Edain"</ref>
| distinctions=
| height=
| hair=
| skin=
| clothing=
| weapons=
}}
{{pronounce|Sindarin - Edain.mp3|Gilgamesh}}
{{quote|We have looked on the faces that have seen the [[Light of Valinor|Light]], and heard the voices that have spoken with [[Manwe]].|[[Húrin Thalion]]<ref>{{UT|Words}}</ref>}}
The '''Edain''' were those [[Men]] of the [[First Age]] who made their way into [[Beleriand]] during the [[Siege of Angband]] and became close allies of the [[Elves]]. The Edain were the ancestors of the [[Númenóreans]], the High Men of the [[Second Age]].
==History==
The ancestors of the Edain were those Men who fled [[Hildórien]] seeking to reach the [[Two Trees|Light]] of the [[West (disambiguation)|West]]. They were divided in at least 3 tribes.

The tribe that followed the northern road were at war with the [[Men of Darkness|Men]] who fell under the [[Shadow]], and were pursued by them.<ref name=DM/> In the northern [[Rhûn]] they met some [[Dwarves]].<ref>{{WJ|Dwarves}}</ref> At the shores of the [[Sea of Rhûn]] the tribes separated. The [[House of Bëor|Lesser Folk]] got there first and dwelt at the feet of the nearby hills, while the [[House of Hador|Greater Folk]] came later in the north-east woods near the shores. They crafted boats and could sail the sea, but they didn't meet often, and their languages soon diverged.<ref>{{PM|Ros}}</ref> The Greater Folk seemed to had been related to the ancestors of the [[Northmen]].<ref>{{UT|Cirion}}</ref> In Eriador, some Men stayed behind and were scattered.<ref name=DM/>
[[File:Steamey - Men met Dark Elves.jpg|thumb|left|Steamey - ''Men met Dark Elves'']]
During their wanderings the Lesser Folk had extensive contact with the [[Moriquendi|Dark Elves]], they adopted "many words and devices" that influenced their language.<ref>{{S|17}}</ref>

The tribe that followed the southern road was different from the two Folk of the north and spoke an unrelated language. Those settled the valleys of the [[White Mountains]] and were joined by the [[Drúedain]] when they resumed their way to the west.<ref>{{UT|Druedain}}</ref> but also some remained behind, in [[Minhiriath]] and [[Eriador]]; those were the ancestors of the [[Gwathuirim]], the [[Dunlendings]] and the [[Bree-landers]].<ref name=DM>{{PM|Dwarves}}</ref>

The Lesser Folk of the north moved on earlier and a team of them, led by [[Bëor]], entered Beleriand around the fourth century of the First Age. The next year the vanguard of the southern tribe followed and made contact with the Elves, followed by the Greater Folk of the north.

These Men therefore spoke two different languages, one of them being divided in at least two dialects. They already had met Dwarves and [[Avari]] in the East and had adopted some of their speech.

The Edain who did not participate in the [[Wars of Beleriand]] remained in Estolad or fled from Beleriand and the power of Morgoth.

The term Edain does not refer to other groups of Men who entered Beleriand later in the First Age, such as the [[Easterlings (First Age)|Easterlings]] who were noted as being swarthier than the Edain and a large portion of whom would later betray the Elves.

== The Three Houses ==
[[File:Ted Nasmith - Felagund Among Bëor’s Men.jpg|thumb|[[Ted Nasmith]] - ''Felagund Among Bëor’s Men'']]
The tribes of Men became [[Elf-friends]], they entered the service of the [[Eldar]] and were ennobled and consisted of the Three Mannish noble Houses:

# The '''[[House of Bëor]]''': these descended from the Lesser Folk, they were dark-haired and stoutly built, and most resembled the [[Noldor|Ñoldor]] of all Elves. They were first discovered by [[Finrod|Finrod Felagund]], Lord of [[Nargothrond]], and under his guidance later made their way to the lands of the Ñoldorin lord [[Amrod]], in a place later known as [[Estolad]], the Encampment. They remained loyal to the House of [[Finarfin]], and later settled in the lands of [[Dorthonion]].
# The Second House, later known as the '''[[Haladin]]''' or the '''House of [[Haleth]]'''. They were a reclusive folk, dark-haired but smaller in stature than the Bëorians. They were unrelated to the other two Houses and kept separate from the other Men, and later received permission to settle in the [[Forest of Brethil]], part of [[Doriath]]. They mostly kept out of the wars.
# The '''House of Marach''', later best known as the '''[[House of Hador]]'''. They descended from the Greater Folk and thus were related to the First House. They were tall and golden-haired, and most resembled the [[Vanyar]] of all Elves. They were a very numerous and war-like tribe, and the [[Green-elves]] of [[Ossiriand]] feared them. They later settled in [[Hithlum]] by way of [[Estolad]]. They were loyal to [[Fingolfin]] and to his son [[Fingon]].

A fourth kind of Men came with the Second House, and called themselves ''[[Drúedain|Drûg]]''. They were a strange people, living with the Haladin in the forest of [[Brethil]], some even apparently made it to [[Númenor]], but they died out or had left before the [[Downfall of Númenor|Fall]]. In the [[Third Age]], their far kin were known as the ''Woses'' of [[Drúadan Forest]].

During and after the [[Nirnaeth Arnoediad]], the Edain suffered heavy losses.
The House of Bëor was nearly wiped out by [[Morgoth]], and the remainder of its people merged with the remaining Hadorians to become the [[Númenóreans]]. It would seem that the Haladin of Beleriand were completely wiped out, or at least disappeared as a separate people. [[Earendil]], of the House of Hador, who had blood from all three Houses, sailed to [[Valinor]] prior to the [[War of Wrath]].

== Later History ==
After the [[War of Wrath]], the Edain were honoured and blessed by [[Eönwë]] in body and mind. They were granted the island of [[Númenor]] by the [[Valar]] as a gift for their fight during the [[Wars of Beleriand]], their loyalty to the Elves and their suffering.<ref>{{S|Akallabeth}}</ref> Those of the Folk of Hador settled most of the island, while those of Bëor settled mostly to the western part, maintaining their Sindarin tongue.<ref name=atani>{{PM|Atani}}</ref>{{rp|329}}<ref>{{UT|Numenor}}</ref> Few (if any) of the dwindling Folk of Haleth had survived the ruin of Beleriand.<ref>{{PM|Ros}}, n.2 and n.17</ref> Thus the Edain's descendants became a race far greater than all other men in Middle-earth, living within sight of the blessed realm.

Some of the Edain could have fled the disaster of the War to [[Eriador]] in the east, and their descendants remembered rumours of the deluge of the land beyond the [[Blue Mountains]] and feared to look upon the [[Sea]].<ref name=atani>{{PM|Atani}}</ref>

When the Númenóreans returned to [[Middle-earth]] in the [[Second Age]], they encountered many Men who were obviously related to the Atani: they classified these Men as ''[[Middle Men]]'', and established friendly relations with them. Examples are the [[Northmen]] or the [[Men of Bree]].<ref name=atani/>

Other Men, such as the [[Dunlendings]], were not recognised as Middle Men because they were related to the Haladin rather than Bëorians or Marachians, and they were hostile to Númenor.

==Appearance, traits and culture==
The Edain were noble in spirit, and their appearances differed between houses, although during the progress of the First Age, they mingled by the disasters of the [[War of the Jewels]] and intermarriage, so their differences became less marked.<ref name=atani/> Those of the First House were for the most part dark-haired and stocky, with grey or brown eyes and skin ranging from fair to swarthy. Little is known of the characteristics of the Second House, save for that they were dark of hair. Those of the Third House were golden-haired and tall, with fair skin and blue eyes.<ref name=atani/>{{rp|308}}

Upon their arrival to Beleriand, they were taught much lore and wisdom by the [[Eldar]] and their manners and arts were enhanced.<ref name=atani/> They were loyal to their benefactors, strong and fierce in battle. Their lifespan approached 90, probably quite more than of their ancestors, although that was the case only in peaceful times.<ref>{{HM|Guide}}, p. 106, entry "Edain"</ref>

Their descendants, the Númenóreans, were further blessed and ennobled. Their first [[King of Númenor|King]] [[Elros]] the [[Half-elven]] was a descendant of two unions between the Edain and the Eldar.

In Beleriand, most of the Edain adopted the [[Sindarin]] tongue, although their native language was [[Mannish]] with elements from [[Avarin]] and [[Khuzdul]]<ref>{{PM|Dwarves}}</ref> after their first contact with the [[Dark Elves]] and [[Dwarves]], respectively. The language of the survivors of the First and Third Houses was the ancestor of [[Adûnaic]]; the language of the Second House was unrelated to them. (See also: [[Taliska]].)

== Etymology ==
'''edain''' is the plural of ''[[adan]]'', "man" in [[Sindarin]].

The [[Sindarin]] word ''Edain'', singular ''Adan'' (Quenya ''Atani'', ''Atan''), literally meant ''Second People'', and originally referred to all Men, but later it only applied to the Men of Beleriand and their descendants. The [[Quenya]] term ''Atani'' kept its old meaning.

The noble Edain were also known as '''Atanatari''' which means '''Fathers of Men'''.
{{references}}
[[Category:Edain| ]]
[[Category:Sindarin demonyms]]
[[de:Edain]]
[[fr:encyclo:peuples:hommes:edain]]
[[fi:Edain]]

Edain

2019-06-03T01:54:39Z

Adûnâi: Khuzdul mentioned

{{cleanup}}
{{people infobox
| name=Edain
| image=[[File:Wouter Florusse - The Edain.jpg|250px]]
| caption="[[:File:Wouter Florusse - The Edain.jpg|The Edain]]" by Wouter Florusse
| pronun={{respell|eh|deyen}}
| othernames=Atanatári, Atani, Fathers of the [[Númenóreans]]
| origin=[[Men]] who crossed into [[Beleriand]]
| location=[[Beleriand]], [[Middle-earth]], [[Númenor]]
| affiliation=
| rivalry=
| language=[[Mannish]], [[Sindarin]]
| members=[[Húrin]], [[Túrin]], [[Tuor]], [[Beren]], [[Barahir]], [[Andreth]], [[Morwen]], [[Bëor]]
| lifespan=c. 90<ref>{{HM|Guide}}, p. 106, entry "Edain"</ref>
| distinctions=
| height=
| hair=
| skin=
| clothing=
| weapons=
}}
{{pronounce|Sindarin - Edain.mp3|Gilgamesh}}
{{quote|We have looked on the faces that have seen the [[Light of Valinor|Light]], and heard the voices that have spoken with [[Manwe]].|[[Húrin Thalion]]<ref>{{UT|Words}}</ref>}}
The '''Edain''' were those [[Men]] of the [[First Age]] who made their way into [[Beleriand]] during the [[Siege of Angband]] and became close allies of the [[Elves]]. The Edain were the ancestors of the [[Númenóreans]], the High Men of the [[Second Age]].
==History==
The ancestors of the Edain were those Men who fled [[Hildórien]] seeking to reach the [[Two Trees|Light]] of the [[West (disambiguation)|West]]. They were divided in at least 3 tribes.

The tribe that followed the northern road were at war with the [[Men of Darkness|Men]] who fell under the [[Shadow]], and were pursued by them.<ref name=DM/> In the northern [[Rhûn]] they met some [[Dwarves]].<ref>{{WJ|Dwarves}}</ref> At the shores of the [[Sea of Rhûn]] the tribes separated. The [[House of Bëor|Lesser Folk]] got there first and dwelt at the feet of the nearby hills, while the [[House of Hador|Greater Folk]] came later in the north-east woods near the shores. They crafted boats and could sail the sea, but they didn't meet often, and their languages soon diverged.<ref>{{PM|Ros}}</ref> The Greater Folk seemed to had been related to the ancestors of the [[Northmen]].<ref>{{UT|Cirion}}</ref> In Eriador, some Men stayed behind and were scattered.<ref name=DM/>
[[File:Steamey - Men met Dark Elves.jpg|thumb|left|Steamey - ''Men met Dark Elves'']]
During their wanderings the Lesser Folk had extensive contact with the [[Moriquendi|Dark Elves]], they adopted "many words and devices" that influenced their language.<ref>{{S|17}}</ref>

The tribe that followed the southern road was different from the two Folk of the north and spoke an unrelated language. Those settled the valleys of the [[White Mountains]] and were joined by the [[Drúedain]] when they resumed their way to the west.<ref>{{UT|Druedain}}</ref> but also some remained behind, in [[Minhiriath]] and [[Eriador]]; those were the ancestors of the [[Gwathuirim]], the [[Dunlendings]] and the [[Bree-landers]].<ref name=DM>{{PM|Dwarves}}</ref>

The Lesser Folk of the north moved on earlier and a team of them, led by [[Bëor]], entered Beleriand around the fourth century of the First Age. The next year the vanguard of the southern tribe followed and made contact with the Elves, followed by the Greater Folk of the north.

These Men therefore spoke two different languages, one of them being divided in at least two dialects. They already had met Dwarves and [[Avari]] in the East and had adopted some of their speech.

The Edain who did not participate in the [[Wars of Beleriand]] remained in Estolad or fled from Beleriand and the power of Morgoth.

The term Edain does not refer to other groups of Men who entered Beleriand later in the First Age, such as the [[Easterlings (First Age)|Easterlings]] who were noted as being swarthier than the Edain and a large portion of whom would later betray the Elves.

== The Three Houses ==
[[File:Ted Nasmith - Felagund Among Bëor’s Men.jpg|thumb|[[Ted Nasmith]] - ''Felagund Among Bëor’s Men'']]
The tribes of Men became [[Elf-friends]], they entered the service of the [[Eldar]] and were ennobled and consisted of the Three Mannish noble Houses:

# The '''[[House of Bëor]]''': these descended from the Lesser Folk, they were dark-haired and stoutly built, and most resembled the [[Noldor|Ñoldor]] of all Elves. They were first discovered by [[Finrod|Finrod Felagund]], Lord of [[Nargothrond]], and under his guidance later made their way to the lands of the Ñoldorin lord [[Amrod]], in a place later known as [[Estolad]], the Encampment. They remained loyal to the House of [[Finarfin]], and later settled in the lands of [[Dorthonion]].
# The Second House, later known as the '''[[Haladin]]''' or the '''House of [[Haleth]]'''. They were a reclusive folk, dark-haired but smaller in stature than the Bëorians. They were unrelated to the other two Houses and kept separate from the other Men, and later received permission to settle in the [[Forest of Brethil]], part of [[Doriath]]. They mostly kept out of the wars.
# The '''House of Marach''', later best known as the '''[[House of Hador]]'''. They descended from the Greater Folk and thus were related to the First House. They were tall and golden-haired, and most resembled the [[Vanyar]] of all Elves. They were a very numerous and war-like tribe, and the [[Green-elves]] of [[Ossiriand]] feared them. They later settled in [[Hithlum]] by way of [[Estolad]]. They were loyal to [[Fingolfin]] and to his son [[Fingon]].

A fourth kind of Men came with the Second House, and called themselves ''[[Drúedain|Drûg]]''. They were a strange people, living with the Haladin in the forest of [[Brethil]], some even apparently made it to [[Númenor]], but they died out or had left before the [[Downfall of Númenor|Fall]]. In the [[Third Age]], their far kin were known as the ''Woses'' of [[Drúadan Forest]].

During and after the [[Nirnaeth Arnoediad]], the Edain suffered heavy losses.
The House of Bëor was nearly wiped out by [[Morgoth]], and the remainder of its people merged with the remaining Hadorians to become the [[Númenóreans]]. It would seem that the Haladin of Beleriand were completely wiped out, or at least disappeared as a separate people. [[Earendil]], of the House of Hador, who had blood from all three Houses, sailed to [[Valinor]] prior to the [[War of Wrath]].

== Later History ==
After the [[War of Wrath]], the Edain were honoured and blessed by [[Eönwë]] in body and mind. They were granted the island of [[Númenor]] by the [[Valar]] as a gift for their fight during the [[Wars of Beleriand]], their loyalty to the Elves and their suffering.<ref>{{S|Akallabeth}}</ref> Those of the Folk of Hador settled most of the island, while those of Bëor settled mostly to the western part, maintaining their Sindarin tongue.<ref name=atani>{{PM|Atani}}</ref>{{rp|329}}<ref>{{UT|Numenor}}</ref> Few (if any) of the dwindling Folk of Haleth had survived the ruin of Beleriand.<ref>{{PM|Ros}}, n.2 and n.17</ref> Thus the Edain's descendants became a race far greater than all other men in Middle-earth, living within sight of the blessed realm.

Some of the Edain could have fled the disaster of the War to [[Eriador]] in the east, and their descendants remembered rumours of the deluge of the land beyond the [[Blue Mountains]] and feared to look upon the [[Sea]].<ref name=atani>{{PM|Atani}}</ref>

When the Númenóreans returned to [[Middle-earth]] in the [[Second Age]], they encountered many Men who were obviously related to the Atani: they classified these Men as ''[[Middle Men]]'', and established friendly relations with them. Examples are the [[Northmen]] or the [[Men of Bree]].<ref name=atani/>

Other Men, such as the [[Dunlendings]], were not recognised as Middle Men because they were related to the Haladin rather than Bëorians or Marachians, and they were hostile to Númenor.

==Appearance, traits and culture==
The Edain were noble in spirit, and their appearances differed between houses, although during the progress of the First Age, they mingled by the disasters of the [[War of the Jewels]] and intermarriage, so their differences became less marked.<ref name=atani/> Those of the First House were for the most part dark-haired and stocky, with grey or brown eyes and skin ranging from fair to swarthy. Little is known of the characteristics of the Second House, save for that they were dark of hair. Those of the Third House were golden-haired and tall, with fair skin and blue eyes.<ref name=atani/>{{rp|308}}

Upon their arrival to Beleriand, they were taught much lore and wisdom by the [[Eldar]] and their manners and arts were enhanced.<ref name=atani/> They were loyal to their benefactors, strong and fierce in battle. Their lifespan approached 90, probably quite more than of their ancestors, although that was the case only in peaceful times.<ref>{{HM|Guide}}, p. 106, entry "Edain"</ref>

Their descendants, the Númenóreans, were further blessed and ennobled. Their first [[King of Númenor|King]] [[Elros]] the [[Half-elven]] was a descendant of two unions between the Edain and the Eldar.

In Beleriand, most of the Edain adopted the [[Sindarin]] tongue, although their native language was [[Mannish]] with elements from [[Avarin]] and [[Khuzdul]] after their first contact with the [[Dark Elves]] and [[Dwarves]], respectively.<ref>{{PM|Dwarves}}</ref> The language of the survivors of the First and Third Houses was the ancestor of [[Adûnaic]]; the language of the Second House was unrelated to them. (See also: [[Taliska]].)

== Etymology ==
'''edain''' is the plural of ''[[adan]]'', "man" in [[Sindarin]].

The [[Sindarin]] word ''Edain'', singular ''Adan'' (Quenya ''Atani'', ''Atan''), literally meant ''Second People'', and originally referred to all Men, but later it only applied to the Men of Beleriand and their descendants. The [[Quenya]] term ''Atani'' kept its old meaning.

The noble Edain were also known as '''Atanatari''' which means '''Fathers of Men'''.
{{references}}
[[Category:Edain| ]]
[[Category:Sindarin demonyms]]
[[de:Edain]]
[[fr:encyclo:peuples:hommes:edain]]
[[fi:Edain]]

Edain

2019-06-03T01:41:17Z

Adûnâi: Punctuation corrected (commas added), spelling corrected (Eonwe > Eönwë, rumor > rumour, durng > during, beame > became, Adunaic > Adûnaic), capitalization corrected (elves > Elves)

{{cleanup}}
{{people infobox
| name=Edain
| image=[[File:Wouter Florusse - The Edain.jpg|250px]]
| caption="[[:File:Wouter Florusse - The Edain.jpg|The Edain]]" by Wouter Florusse
| pronun={{respell|eh|deyen}}
| othernames=Atanatári, Atani, Fathers of the [[Númenóreans]]
| origin=[[Men]] who crossed into [[Beleriand]]
| location=[[Beleriand]], [[Middle-earth]], [[Númenor]]
| affiliation=
| rivalry=
| language=[[Mannish]], [[Sindarin]]
| members=[[Húrin]], [[Túrin]], [[Tuor]], [[Beren]], [[Barahir]], [[Andreth]], [[Morwen]], [[Bëor]]
| lifespan=c. 90<ref>{{HM|Guide}}, p. 106, entry "Edain"</ref>
| distinctions=
| height=
| hair=
| skin=
| clothing=
| weapons=
}}
{{pronounce|Sindarin - Edain.mp3|Gilgamesh}}
{{quote|We have looked on the faces that have seen the [[Light of Valinor|Light]], and heard the voices that have spoken with [[Manwe]].|[[Húrin Thalion]]<ref>{{UT|Words}}</ref>}}
The '''Edain''' were those [[Men]] of the [[First Age]] who made their way into [[Beleriand]] during the [[Siege of Angband]] and became close allies of the [[Elves]]. The Edain were the ancestors of the [[Númenóreans]], the High Men of the [[Second Age]].
==History==
The ancestors of the Edain were those Men who fled [[Hildórien]] seeking to reach the [[Two Trees|Light]] of the [[West (disambiguation)|West]]. They were divided in at least 3 tribes.

The tribe that followed the northern road were at war with the [[Men of Darkness|Men]] who fell under the [[Shadow]], and were pursued by them.<ref name=DM/> In the northern [[Rhûn]] they met some [[Dwarves]].<ref>{{WJ|Dwarves}}</ref> At the shores of the [[Sea of Rhûn]] the tribes separated. The [[House of Bëor|Lesser Folk]] got there first and dwelt at the feet of the nearby hills, while the [[House of Hador|Greater Folk]] came later in the north-east woods near the shores. They crafted boats and could sail the sea, but they didn't meet often, and their languages soon diverged.<ref>{{PM|Ros}}</ref> The Greater Folk seemed to had been related to the ancestors of the [[Northmen]].<ref>{{UT|Cirion}}</ref> In Eriador, some Men stayed behind and were scattered.<ref name=DM/>
[[File:Steamey - Men met Dark Elves.jpg|thumb|left|Steamey - ''Men met Dark Elves'']]
During their wanderings the Lesser Folk had extensive contact with the [[Moriquendi|Dark Elves]], they adopted "many words and devices" that influenced their language.<ref>{{S|17}}</ref>

The tribe that followed the southern road was different from the two Folk of the north and spoke an unrelated language. Those settled the valleys of the [[White Mountains]] and were joined by the [[Drúedain]] when they resumed their way to the west.<ref>{{UT|Druedain}}</ref> but also some remained behind, in [[Minhiriath]] and [[Eriador]]; those were the ancestors of the [[Gwathuirim]], the [[Dunlendings]] and the [[Bree-landers]].<ref name=DM>{{PM|Dwarves}}</ref>

The Lesser Folk of the north moved on earlier and a team of them, led by [[Bëor]], entered Beleriand around the fourth century of the First Age. The next year the vanguard of the southern tribe followed and made contact with the Elves, followed by the Greater Folk of the north.

These Men therefore spoke two different languages, one of them being divided in at least two dialects. They already had met Dwarves and [[Avari]] in the East and had adopted some of their speech.

The Edain who did not participate in the [[Wars of Beleriand]] remained in Estolad or fled from Beleriand and the power of Morgoth.

The term Edain does not refer to other groups of Men who entered Beleriand later in the First Age, such as the [[Easterlings (First Age)|Easterlings]] who were noted as being swarthier than the Edain and a large portion of whom would later betray the Elves.

== The Three Houses ==
[[File:Ted Nasmith - Felagund Among Bëor’s Men.jpg|thumb|[[Ted Nasmith]] - ''Felagund Among Bëor’s Men'']]
The tribes of Men became [[Elf-friends]], they entered the service of the [[Eldar]] and were ennobled and consisted of the Three Mannish noble Houses:

# The '''[[House of Bëor]]''': these descended from the Lesser Folk, they were dark-haired and stoutly built, and most resembled the [[Noldor|Ñoldor]] of all Elves. They were first discovered by [[Finrod|Finrod Felagund]], Lord of [[Nargothrond]], and under his guidance later made their way to the lands of the Ñoldorin lord [[Amrod]], in a place later known as [[Estolad]], the Encampment. They remained loyal to the House of [[Finarfin]], and later settled in the lands of [[Dorthonion]].
# The Second House, later known as the '''[[Haladin]]''' or the '''House of [[Haleth]]'''. They were a reclusive folk, dark-haired but smaller in stature than the Bëorians. They were unrelated to the other two Houses and kept separate from the other Men, and later received permission to settle in the [[Forest of Brethil]], part of [[Doriath]]. They mostly kept out of the wars.
# The '''House of Marach''', later best known as the '''[[House of Hador]]'''. They descended from the Greater Folk and thus were related to the First House. They were tall and golden-haired, and most resembled the [[Vanyar]] of all Elves. They were a very numerous and war-like tribe, and the [[Green-elves]] of [[Ossiriand]] feared them. They later settled in [[Hithlum]] by way of [[Estolad]]. They were loyal to [[Fingolfin]] and to his son [[Fingon]].

A fourth kind of Men came with the Second House, and called themselves ''[[Drúedain|Drûg]]''. They were a strange people, living with the Haladin in the forest of [[Brethil]], some even apparently made it to [[Númenor]], but they died out or had left before the [[Downfall of Númenor|Fall]]. In the [[Third Age]], their far kin were known as the ''Woses'' of [[Drúadan Forest]].

During and after the [[Nirnaeth Arnoediad]], the Edain suffered heavy losses.
The House of Bëor was nearly wiped out by [[Morgoth]], and the remainder of its people merged with the remaining Hadorians to become the [[Númenóreans]]. It would seem that the Haladin of Beleriand were completely wiped out, or at least disappeared as a separate people. [[Earendil]], of the House of Hador, who had blood from all three Houses, sailed to [[Valinor]] prior to the [[War of Wrath]].

== Later History ==
After the [[War of Wrath]], the Edain were honoured and blessed by [[Eönwë]] in body and mind. They were granted the island of [[Númenor]] by the [[Valar]] as a gift for their fight during the [[Wars of Beleriand]], their loyalty to the Elves and their suffering.<ref>{{S|Akallabeth}}</ref> Those of the Folk of Hador settled most of the island, while those of Bëor settled mostly to the western part, maintaining their Sindarin tongue.<ref name=atani>{{PM|Atani}}</ref>{{rp|329}}<ref>{{UT|Numenor}}</ref> Few (if any) of the dwindling Folk of Haleth had survived the ruin of Beleriand.<ref>{{PM|Ros}}, n.2 and n.17</ref> Thus the Edain's descendants became a race far greater than all other men in Middle-earth, living within sight of the blessed realm.

Some of the Edain could have fled the disaster of the War to [[Eriador]] in the east, and their descendants remembered rumours of the deluge of the land beyond the [[Blue Mountains]] and feared to look upon the [[Sea]].<ref name=atani>{{PM|Atani}}</ref>

When the Númenóreans returned to [[Middle-earth]] in the [[Second Age]], they encountered many Men who were obviously related to the Atani: they classified these Men as ''[[Middle Men]]'', and established friendly relations with them. Examples are the [[Northmen]] or the [[Men of Bree]].<ref name=atani/>

Other Men, such as the [[Dunlendings]], were not recognised as Middle Men because they were related to the Haladin rather than Bëorians or Marachians, and they were hostile to Númenor.

==Appearance, traits and culture==
The Edain were noble in spirit, and their appearances differed between houses, although during the progress of the First Age, they mingled by the disasters of the [[War of the Jewels]] and intermarriage, so their differences became less marked.<ref name=atani/> Those of the First House were for the most part dark-haired and stocky, with grey or brown eyes and skin ranging from fair to swarthy. Little is known of the characteristics of the Second House, save for that they were dark of hair. Those of the Third House were golden-haired and tall, with fair skin and blue eyes.<ref name=atani/>{{rp|308}}

Upon their arrival to Beleriand, they were taught much lore and wisdom by the [[Eldar]] and their manners and arts were enhanced.<ref name=atani/> They were loyal to their benefactors, strong and fierce in battle. Their lifespan approached 90, probably quite more than of their ancestors, although that was the case only in peaceful times.<ref>{{HM|Guide}}, p. 106, entry "Edain"</ref>

Their descendants, the Númenóreans, were further blessed and ennobled. Their first [[King of Númenor|King]] [[Elros]] the [[Half-elven]] was a descendant of two unions between the Edain and the Eldar.

In Beleriand, most of the Edain adopted the [[Sindarin]] tongue, although their native language was [[Mannish]] with elements from [[Avarin]] after their first contact with the [[Dark Elves]]. The language of the survivors of the First and Third Houses was the ancestor of [[Adûnaic]]; the language of the Second House was unrelated to them. (See also: [[Taliska]].)

== Etymology ==
'''edain''' is the plural of ''[[adan]]'', "man" in [[Sindarin]].

The [[Sindarin]] word ''Edain'', singular ''Adan'' (Quenya ''Atani'', ''Atan''), literally meant ''Second People'', and originally referred to all Men, but later it only applied to the Men of Beleriand and their descendants. The [[Quenya]] term ''Atani'' kept its old meaning.

The noble Edain were also known as '''Atanatari''' which means '''Fathers of Men'''.
{{references}}
[[Category:Edain| ]]
[[Category:Sindarin demonyms]]
[[de:Edain]]
[[fr:encyclo:peuples:hommes:edain]]
[[fi:Edain]]

Fangorn Forest

2019-04-14T12:16:49Z

Adûnâi: Spaces removed, punctuation corrected (a comma moved, an equal sign removed)

{{claimed|[[User:Holdwine Meriadoc|Holdwine Meriadoc]]}}
{{expansion}}
{{disambig-more|Fangorn|[[Fangorn (disambiguation)]]}}
{{location infobox
| name=Fangorn Forest
| image=[[File:Ted Nasmith - Fangorn Forest.jpg|250px]]
| caption="Fangorn Forest" by [[Ted Nasmith]]
| pronun=
| othernames="Entwood" "Tauremorna" "Ambaróna" "Aldalómë"
| location=North of Rohan, east of the southern tip of the [[Misty Mountains]]
| type=Forest
| description=Dense, dark woodland
| regions=
| towns=
| inhabitants=[[Ents]], [[Huorns]], [[Trees]]
| created=
| destroyed=
| events=
}}
{{quote|All that lies north of [[Rohan]] is now to us so far away that fancy can wander freely there|[[Boromir]]<ref name="Farewell">{{FR|II8}}</ref>}}

'''Fangorn Forest''' was a deep, dark woodland that grew beneath the southern [[Misty Mountains]], under the eastern flanks of that range. It gained notoriety as the habitat of the [[Ents]] in the [[Third Age]]. The forest, known as '''Entwood''' in [[Rohan]], was named after the oldest Ent, [[Treebeard|Fangorn]]. Fangorn Forest was the oldest part of Treebeard's realm, and here the Ents retreated. Fangorn was within the borders of [[Gondor]], but centuries passed without any [[Gondorian]] visiting it to prove or disprove the legends around it.

==Description==
[[Legolas]] described Fangorn as "old, very old...and full of memory",<ref>{{TT|White}}</ref> and the [[Hobbits|Hobbit]] [[Peregrin Took]] described it as "very dim, and stuffy", comparing it to the [[Old Took|Old Took's]] room in the [[Great Smials]]. [[Meriadoc Brandybuck]] contrasted the forest with [[Bilbo Baggins|Bilbo's]] description of the pitch-dark [[Mirkwood]], saying, "This is just dim, and frightfully tree-ish."<ref name="Treebeard">{{TT|III4}}</ref>

==History==
===First and Second Age===
Fangorn Forest was the easternmost survivor of the immense forest that spanned all of [[Eriador]] and [[Calenardhon]] in the [[First Age]] and early [[Second Age]], but which was destroyed by the [[Númenóreans]] and [[Sauron]].

===Third Age===
[[Saruman]] often used to walk in Fangorn and talk with Treebeard, if he met him, and was always eager to listen to anything the old Ent told him about the forest. However, he never repaid Treebeard in the same way. <ref name="Treebeard"/> Saruman used this knowledge of the forest's secrets for his own advantage.

Beginning in {{TA|2953}} Saruman started fortifying [[Isengard]]<ref>{{App|TA}}</ref> and eventually his [[Orcs]] started abusing and harassing the forest, its trees and Ents, for his fortifications and war machines.

====War of the Ring====
On [[28 February]] of {{TA|3019}}, [[Éomer]]'s [[Éored]] attacked and slaughtered the band of [[Uruk-hai]] of [[Uglúk]] under the eaves of Fangorn.<ref>{{TT|Riders}}</ref> This allowed [[Meriadoc Brandybuck]] and [[Peregrin Took]] to escape the [[Orcs]] and pass into the forest. There they met Treebeard and informed him of the danger that [[Saruman]] posed to the Ents and their forest. Following the [[Entmoot]] the rest of the Ents finally agreed to march against [[Isengard]], taking Merry and Pippin with them and sending [[Huorns]] to [[Helm's Deep]] to deal with the [[Orcs]] there. Part of the reason was that [[Saruman]]'s Orcs had been chopping down the trees at the south and west side of the forest, which angered the Ents.

On [[1 March|March 1]], {{TA|3019}}, [[Aragorn]], [[Gimli]] and [[Legolas]] entered the forest in search of Merry and Pippin. Rather than the two young hobbits, they encountered the White Wizard. At first they believed it to be [[Saruman]] before realising that it was [[Gandalf]], returned from death.

==Etymology==
''Fangorn'' is a [[Sindarin]] word that translates as "Treebeard" (from ''[[fang]]'' = "beard" and ''[[orn]]'' = "tree"). Entwood is a modernization of [[Old English]] ''Entwudu'' (''wudu'' "wood"), so modernised because it was recognisable by speakers of [[Westron]]. [[Gondorians]] used that name, assimilated to their own language.<ref name="Nomen">{{HM|N}}, pp. 769-70</ref>

==See also==
*[[:Category:Images of Fangorn Forest|Images of Fangorn Forest]]

{{References}}
{{FellowshipRoute}}
[[Category:Entish realms]]
[[Category:Forests]]
[[de:Fangorn (Wald)]]
[[fi:Fangornin Metsä]]
[[fr:/encyclo/geographie/forets/fangorn]]

Authorities

2019-04-14T12:13:03Z

Adûnâi: A space removed

{{quote|The Authorities, it is true, differ whether this last question was a mere ‘question’ and not a ‘riddle’ according to the strict rules of the Game.|<ref>{{FR|Finding}}</ref>}}
The '''Authorities''' are a group mentioned fleetingly in [[The Lord of the Rings Prologue]], regarding the [[Riddle-game]] between [[Bilbo Baggins]] and [[Gollum]].

Considering that the rules of the Game were sacred, it's possible that the Authorities was another name for the [[Valar]].<ref>{{webcite|articleurl=http://middle-earth.xenite.org/2012/09/28/are-there-any-christian-themes-in-the-hobbit/|articlename =Are There Any Christian Themes in The Hobbit?|website=
Middle-earth and J.R.R. Tolkien News & Articles
|author=[[Michael Martinez]]}}; note that the reference is wrong, as the Authorities aren't mentioned in ''[[Riddles in the Dark]]''.</ref><ref>{{HM|Guide}}, entry "Authorities", according to information from [[Dick Plotz]].</ref>
{{references}}
[[Category:Enigmas]]
[[Category:Organizations]]

Anguirel

2018-04-13T12:39:56Z

Adûnâi: Wording improved

{{object infobox
| name=Anguirel
| image=[[File:María Lombide Ezpeleta - Eöl's Swords.jpg|250px]]
| caption="Eöl's Swords" by María Lombide Ezpeleta
| pronun=
| othernames=
| location=[[Nan Elmoth]], [[Gondolin]]
| owner=[[Eöl]], [[Maeglin]]
| type=Weapon
| appearance=A glowing black blade that could slice through iron; forged from a meteorite
| creator=[[Eöl]]
| created=[[First Age]]
| createdlocation=[[Nan Elmoth]]
| destroyer=
| destroyed=
| destroyedlocation=
| notablefor=
}}
'''Anguirel''' was one of a pair of iron-cutting swords forged by [[Eöl]], the [[Dark Elf]], from an iron meteorite. Anguirel's mate was [[Anglachel]], which [[Eöl]] gave to [[Thingol]] in payment for leave to dwell in [[Nan Elmoth]].<ref>{{CH|5}}, p. 97</ref>

==Fate==
Anguirel's history is far more mysterious. The only specific detail we have is that [[Eöl]] kept it for himself, but it was stolen by his son [[Maeglin]]. This must have happened when Maeglin and his mother [[Aredhel]] fled [[Nan Elmoth]] for [[Gondolin]], so presumably the sword was taken to [[Turgon]]'s hidden city. What became of it after that is unknown.

==Etymology==
The etymology of ''Anguirel'' is not as clear as that of its mate. It might mean "Iron of the Eternal Star", from ''[[ang]]'' "iron", ''[[uir]]'' "eternal" and ''[[elen|el]]'' "star".

{{References}}
{{Weapons}}

[[Category:Sindarin names]]
[[Category:Swords]]
[[de:Anguirel]]
[[fr:encyclo/artefacts/armes/anguirel]]
[[fi:Anguirel]]

Westlands

2018-03-14T06:09:03Z

Adûnâi: Multiple important corrections and improvements, grammar corrected

{{disambig-two|the Westlands of Middle-earth|Westlands of [[Númenor]]|[[Andustar]]}}[[Image:John Howe - The Map of Middle-earth.jpg|thumb|"The Westlands of Middle-earth"]]'''Westlands''' ([[Sindarin]]: '''i Mbair Annui'''<ref name=KL>{{SD|XI}}</ref>) is a large part of [[Middle-earth]], perhaps referring to the entire north-western region of the continent.

Occasionally it may also be used more specifically as a name of [[Eriador]].
==Geography==
The Westlands were the most well known and documented part of Middle-earth, the north-western part of the continent facing [[Belegaer]]. It consisted of huge regions of land, such as [[Beleriand]]/[[Lindon]], [[Eriador]] and [[Rhovanion]]. The most extreme regions of the Westlands (that perhaps did not belong to them) were alien lands such as [[Rhûn]], [[Mordor]], [[Harad]] and [[Khand]]. Beyond them, unknown lands lay to the [[East]] and [[South (disambiguation)|South]].

Of the Westlands, the western portion called Beleriand was drowned at the end of the First Age, and survivors relocated to Lindon and Eriador. Eriador, now the westernmost part of Middle-earth, was bordered by the [[Misty Mountains]] to the East which stretched down south to the [[White Mountains]] and the [[Bay of Belfalas]].

Across the Misty Mountains from Eriador was another region of the Westlands, [[Rhovanion]]. It extended east to the [[Sea of Rhûn]] and the vast lands beyond. Within Rhovanion, there were the great forest of [[Mirkwood]], the forest of Fangorn, and the many-rivered area that would become known as Gondor. To the east was the region of Mordor, encircled on three sides by mountains. To the far north of Rhovanion was the icy [[Forodwaith (lands)|Forodwaith]].

The southern part of the Westlands was around a large bay, including Belfalas, the area of Gondor, and [[Near Harad]] (Near South).

==History==
In the [[Elder Days]], most of the Westlands were covered by an immense forest.<ref>{{FR|Council}}; "Time was once when a squirrel could carry a nut from tree to tree from Rivendell to the Great Sea..."</ref>

The Westlands were populated by almost all known races of Middle-earth: [[Elves]] ([[Eldar]]) and [[Men]] who stayed behind on their way to the [[West]], and who later escaped the destruction of [[Beleriand]]. [[Dwarves]], [[Orcs]] and [[Ents]] also made their realms all over the Westlands.

During the [[Second Age]], many [[Númenóreans]] came and established their settlements. It was then when the huge forests begun to shrink as trees were used to build their ships.<ref>{{UT|Aldarion}}</ref> The [[Fangorn Forest]] and the [[Old Forest]] were the remnants of those days.

The Númenórean Realms in Exile, [[Arnor]] and [[Gondor]], dominated the Westlands during the Second and [[Third Age]]s. Eventually, most of the Mannish peoples of the Westlands were brought together under the [[Reunited Kingdom]]. Their first King, [[Aragorn|Elessar]], was titled "Lord of the Westlands" in the [[Fourth Age]].<ref name=KL/>

==Bays and islands==
* [[Tol Morwen]]
* [[Tol Fuin]]
* [[Himling]]
* [[Tolfalas]], in the Bay of Belfalas
* [[Icebay of Forochel]]
* [[Gulf of Lune]]
* [[Bay of Belfalas]]

{{references}}
[[Category:Middle-earth]]
[[Category:Regions]]

Elf-friends

2017-08-18T22:26:45Z

Adûnâi: Punctuation corrected (a comma removed), spaces added and removed

{{sources}}
{{cleanup}}
{{quote|And though all the mighty elf-friends of old, [[Hador]], and [[Húrin]], and [[Túrin]], and [[Beren]] himself were assembled together, your seat should be among them.|Elrond to Frodo Baggins<ref>{{FR|Council}}</ref>}}
The '''Elf-friends''' were those, usually among [[Men]], who were recognised by the [[Elves]] as providing special aid or alliance to their efforts. Elf-friend was given as title or epithet.<ref>{{HM|Guide}}, entry "Elf-friends"</ref>

==Notable Elf-friends==
* The [[Edain]] in general<ref>{{S|17}}</ref>
* [[Hador]]
** [[Beren|Beren Erchamion]]
** [[Húrin|Húrin Thalion]]
** [[Túrin|Túrin Turambar]]
* [[Elrond]]<ref>{{H|Rest}}</ref>
* [[Elendil]]
* [[Bilbo Baggins]]
* [[Frodo Baggins]]
* [[Gimli]]

==Other uses==
The [[Quenya]] terms were technically ''[[Eldandil]]'' ("Devoted to the [[Eldar]]"), or ''[[Quendil]]'' ("Devoted to the [[Quendi]]") or ''[[Elesser]]''.

Among the [[Edain]] and [[Dúnedain]], the Elvish words for "Elf" and "[[stars|star]]" were often confused, since they sounded similar. Thus ''[[Elendil]]'' or ''[[Elvellon]]'' was used by them to mean "Elf-friend", though it actually signifies "Devoted to the Stars".

The plural form ''[[Elendili]]'' was one of the names for the [[Faithful]] [[Númenóreans]].

==Inspiration==
The concept of the "Elf-friend" is recurrent in Tolkien's legendarium, both in meaning and in name. The name [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ælfwine Ælfwine/Elfwine] is an actual [[Old English]] personal name that means "Elf-friend" and has survived in modern times as [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alboin_%28disambiguation%29 Alboin] or Alwin/Elwin. This word has been the basis for several characters and terms:
* [[Elendil]]
* [[Nimruzîr]]
* [[Elvellon]]
* [[Elfwine]] son of [[Éomer]]
* [[Ælfwine]] of England (also known as [[Eriol]])
* [[Alwin Lowdham]]
* [[Alboin]]

==See also==
* [[Edennil]]
[[Category:Men]]
[[fi:Haltiamielet]]

{{references}}

Nirnaeth Arnoediad

2017-03-08T21:49:53Z

Adûnâi: Grammar corrected

{{battle
| name=''Nirnaeth Arnoediad''
| image=[[File:Abe Papakhian - Day Shall Come Again.jpg|300px]]
| conflict=[[The War of the Jewels|War of the Jewels]] (Fifth Battle of the [[Wars of Beleriand]])
| date={{FA|472}}
| place=[[Anfauglith]]
| result=Decisive victory for Morgoth, partly due to [[Treachery of Men|treachery]]: depopulation of [[Hithlum]] with replacement by [[Easterlings (First Age)|Easterlings]], occupation of much of [[Beleriand]]
| side1=The [[Union of Maedhros]], consisting of an alliance of the [[Noldor]], [[Edain]], [[Easterlings (First Age)|Easterlings]], and [[Dwarves]]
| side2=Creatures of Morgoth, [[Glaurung]], [[Gothmog (balrog)|Gothmog]], [[Easterlings]]
| commanders1=
{{Maedhros blazon}}
{{Fingon blazon|died}}
[[File:Måns Björkman - Turgon device.gif|30px|left]][[Turgon]]{{clear}}
* [[Húrin|Húrin Thalion]]
* [[Huor]] †
* [[Haldir (Chieftain of the Haladin)|Haldir]] †
* [[Azaghâl|Azaghâl of Belegost]] †
* [[Bór]] †
| commanders2={{Morgoth blazon}}
* [[Gothmog (balrog)|Gothmog]]
* [[Glaurung]]
* [[Ulfang the Black]] †
* [[Uldor]] †
| forces1=Noldor and [[Edain]] warriors of [[Dor-lómin]], 10,000 [[Gondolindrim]] under Turgon<ref name="NA">{{S|Fifth}}</ref>, a company of Elves from [[Nargothrond]], company of the [[people of Haleth]] from [[Brethil]], Dwarves of Belegost, Easterlings from the House of Bór
| forces2=Multiple hosts consisting of [[Balrogs]], [[Orcs]], and [[trolls]]; supplemented by turncoat [[Easterlings (First Age)|Easterlings]]
| casual1=Huge and crippling to the Noldor, Men of Dor-lómin wiped out except Húrin, thousands of captives
| casual2=Moderate
}}The '''Nirnaeth Arnoediad''' or '''Battle of Unnumbered Tears''' was the disastrous Fifth Battle in the [[Wars of Beleriand]]. Its name was taken from the first words of the [[Doom of Mandos]]: "Tears unnumbered ye shall shed..."

== Background ==
{{main|Union of Maedhros}}
In the almost two decades since their defeat in the [[Dagor Bragollach]], the Noldor had lost control over the entire north of Beleriand, and were for the most part reduced to refugees dwelling in [[Hithlum]] and [[Nargothrond]]. [[Gondolin]] was shut up and unknown.

In the year {{FA|473}}, [[Maedhros]] decided that taking the offense against [[Angband]] might help the [[Noldor]] regain their former lands.

=== Opposing Forces and Strategy ===

Under the [[Union of Maedhros]] all the [[Elves]] of Beleriand, as well as the [[Edain]], [[Dwarves]], and the newly arrived [[Easterlings (First Age)|Easterlings]] were invited to combine in arms and fight Morgoth. The Union first cleared Beleriand and Dorthonion of Orcs, and then gathered to assault [[Thangorodrim]].

The plan was for Maedhros's host in the east to assault and draw out the army of Angband, after which Fingon's host would attack from the [[Ered Wethrin]], taking the offensive in the west, crushing Morgoth's forces between them.

Under [[Maedhros]] in the east were gathered the remainder of the [[sons of Fëanor]], the Elves and Men of [[Himring]] under Maedhros and [[Bór]], and the men of Amon Ereb under [[Caranthir]] and [[Ulfang]].

Under [[Fingon]] in the west were gathered the Elves and Men of [[Hithlum]], the Elves of the [[Falas]], the [[Haladin]] of Brethil and the companies sent from [[Nargothrond]] and the two elves of [[Doriath]], [[Beleg]] and [[Mablung]].

Because of the evil deeds of [[Celegorm]] and [[Curufin]], two of Maedhros's brothers, Nargothrond would send only a small company of Elves under [[Gwindor]]. From Doriath, where [[Thingol]] had sworn never to fight beside any son of Fëanor, came only [[Mablung]] and [[Beleg]], who did not wish to remain behind. However, [[Turgon]] unexpectedly came forth with over ten thousand Elves from [[Gondolin]], doubling the force of the west.

== The Battle ==
[[File:Alan Lee - The Battle of Unnumbered Tears.jpg|left|thumb|[[Alan Lee]] - ''The Battle of Unnumbered Tears'']]
But Morgoth through his spies had learned of the battle plan, and his spy [[Ulfang]], who betrayed the Noldor, delayed [[Maedhros]]' attack. A small host of Orcs sallied forth from [[Angband]] to provoke the Western host to attack. Within sight of the [[Ered Wethrin]], Gwindor's brother Gelmir, captured during the Dagor Bragollach, was brought forth, and brutally slain. Enraged, [[Gwindor]] broke ranks, and with him most of Fingon's troops. The Orcs was swiftly defeated, and the sudden charge of Fingon's army nearly foiled Morgoth's plans; the forces of Gwindor and Fingon pushed forth, reaching Angband itself.

It is said that Morgoth trembled on this throne as Gwindor's company pounded at his gates. They burst through, and slew the guards on the steps of Angband. They were then ambushed with hidden forces set about Angband; all of Gwindor's company was slain and Gwindor himself was captured. From clandestine gates around Angband thousands of Orcs erupted suddenly, repulsing the host of Fingon from the walls. The Elven army was driven back in great slaughter, and many [[Haladin]] fell fighting in the rearguard.
[[File:Joona Kujanen - The Fall of Azaghal.jpg|thumb|left|Joona Kujanen - The Fall of Azaghâl]]
[[Turgon]], who had withheld his host from the reckless charge, now came upon the Orc host. The phalanx of Turgon broke through the Angband lines, and met with the guard of Fingon.

Finally Maedhros arrived, but before he could make junction with Fingon and Turgon, [[Glaurung]] the dragon and [[Gothmog (balrog)|Gothmog]] lord of [[Balrogs|Balrog]]s intercepted him. Union forces could yet have prevailed, but [[Uldor]], son of Ulfang and a traitor, turned ranks and attacked Maedhros in the rear, while more of his kin came down from the mountains and attacked from the east. [[Maglor]] slew Uldor in single combat, but could not turn the tide of the battle. Under assault from three sides, the eastern host was scattered, and only the valour of the [[Dwarves]] of [[Belegost]] helped them escape, as their lord [[Azaghâl]] and his forces held off Glaurung, allowing the [[sons of Fëanor]] to escape into Ossiriand.

[[Azaghâl]] and his army fought with fierce iron masks on, and they were able to resist the fire far better than any Elf or Man. Then Glaurung trampled Azaghâl beneath his feet, but Azaghâl ran a dagger through Glaurung's stomach, and the dragon fled in pain. Many of Morgoth's forces retreated with him. In a solemn ceremony the Dwarves picked up their fallen leader, abandoning the battle, and marched him home in a great procession. Their wrath was so great that none troubled them.

All this had not helped the western host, who were attacked by many Orcs under Gothmog. Gothmog cut a path to Fingon and fought him in single combat. Fingon fell under his might, and [[Húrin]] begged Turgon to retreat back to Gondolin. [[Huor]] and Húrin and the remaining [[Men of Dor-lómin]] formed a living wall across the [[Fen of Serech]], buying time for Turgon to escape with most of the surviving Elves of the north. Acting as a rearguard, these Men were almost all slain – Huor fell when his eye was pierced by a poisoned arrow. His brother Húrin fought ferociously to buy his allies time to escape, fighting until his axe withered away. Morgoth had ordered him to be taken alive, however; he killed no fewer than seventy Orcs and Trolls before he became pinned under their corpses, and was later taken prisoner by Gothmog.

=== Aftermath and Repercussions ===

[[Image:Jenny Dolfen - Nirnaeth Arnoediad - Unnumbered Tears.jpg|thumb|left|[[Jenny Dolfen]] - ''Nirnaeth Arnoediad - Unnumbered Tears'']]
Morgoth's victory was near complete, as he had destroyed all the people of Hithlum and had scattered the sons of Fëanor away from Himring. Morgoth's Orcs razed all of [[Beleriand]] except for [[Doriath]], which was still protected by the Girdle of [[Melian]], and sacked the havens of the [[Falas]].
[[File:Ted Nasmith - The Hill of Slain.jpg|thumb|[[Ted Nasmith]] - ''The Hill of Slain'']]
Morgoth betrayed his servants the [[Easterlings (First Age)|Easterlings]], shutting them in [[Hithlum]] under penalty of death, and denied to them the fertile lands of [[Beleriand]]. Morgoth's destruction was not entirely complete, however, for Turgon, now High King of the Ñoldor after the death of Fingon, had evaded capture, and his city Gondolin was still unknown to Morgoth. While the Union's attack inflicted fairly heavy losses on Morgoth's forces, this was largely irrelevant compared to how utterly Morgoth had broken the power of so many of his enemies in the battle. His armies would take time to regain their former strength, however, and thus he remained dormant once more for some time, seeking out the hidden city of Gondolin and the last bastion of his enemies. Gwindor himself was one of few prominent survivors of the battle, and was enslaved in Morgoth's mines for fourteen years before finally escaping. He returned and warned the [[King of Nargothrond]] that [[Ulmo]] had advised against fighting open war with Morgoth; the King did not heed his advice, however, and at the [[Battle of Tumhalad]], followed by the [[Sack of Nargothrond]], the Elves there were completely eradicated.

The Ñoldor ultimately recovered from the battle, but remained hidden within Gondolin away from Morgoth's wrath, where they stayed clandestine and defensively rebuilt their forces. It wasn't until some 38 years after Nirnaeth Arnoediad that Morgoth obtained the location of Gondolin, and [[Fall of Gondolin|besieged it]] in order to finalize his annihilation of the Ñoldor and to cement his domination of Middle-earth.

Morgoth had personally laid waste to Ard-galen, turning it into a dust-choked wasteland of fire and poisonous gas, known from then on as [[Anfauglith]]. It was here that many Elves and Men were slain and thrown into great piles on a hill in the midst of the desolate landscape; referred to as the [[Hill of Slain]] by the Elves, grass grew on that hill long after the battle but nowhere else in Anfauglith.

==Etymology==
''Nirnaeth ''(or ''Nírnaeth'')'' Arnoediad ''(or ''Arnediad'') is [[Sindarin]] for "Tears Uncountable".<ref>{{WJ|Index}}</ref><ref>{{S|Index}}</ref>

Note that the "oe" of "Arnoediad" is not the Sindarin diphthong "oe", but rather the single [[i-affection|umlaut]] vowel "œ", better represented with a digraph.<ref>{{LR|Etymologies}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[:Category:Images of Nirnaeth Arnoediad|Images of Nirnaeth Arnoediad]]

{{warsofbeleriand}}
{{references}}
[[Category:Conflicts of the First Age]]
[[de:Nirnaeth Arnoediad]]
[[fr:encyclo/evenements/1a/guerres/nirnaeth_arnoediad]]
[[fi:Nirnaeth Arnoediad]]

Umbar

2017-03-02T03:21:18Z

Adûnâi: Punctuation corrected, grammar corrected

{{disambig-two|the Haven of Umbar|Quenya word|[[Umbar (word)|umbar]]}}
{{location
| image=[[File:Turner Mohan - Umbar.jpg|250px]]
| name=Haven of Umbar
| type=City/Port
| location=Southern [[Middle-earth]], west of [[Harad]]
| inhabitants=[[Men]] ([[Black Númenóreans]], [[Corsairs]], [[Haradrim]])
| realms=[[Umbar]] [[Gondor]] [[Reunited Kingdom]]
| description=natural harbour of enclosing rock, with a stronghold and a port located within it
| othernames=
| etymology=native word, meaning "fate" in [[Quenya|Quenya]]
| events=
| references=
|}}
'''Umbar''' was a great haven to the far south of [[Gondor]] in [[Middle-earth]].

==History==
===Foundation and Númenórean Rule===
Umbar was located south of the outflow of [[Anduin]] at the [[Bay of Belfalas]] in a convenient, useful natural haven. The great cape and land-locked firth formed the port. The natives called it "Umbar" and the Númenóreans who discovered it, adopted its name.

Like the earlier [[Lond Daer Ened|New Haven]] in [[Enedwaith]], and the later [[Pelargir]] on the [[Anduin]], Umbar was one of the trading ports at the southern coast of [[Middle-earth]], which became a base from which Númenórean influence spread over Middle-earth. In {{SA|2280}} it was made into a great fortress as a reaction to the growing threat of Sauron<ref>{{App|SA}}</ref> and became the strongest and most important.

During the dissension arising when the Shadow fell on [[Númenor]], Umbar was the northernmost settlement of the [[King's Men]]; [[Sauron]], after trying to break the waxing Númenórean grip by instigation, attempted to attack the Númenórean havens and forts, invaded their coastlands, but Umbar resisted.<ref>{{PM|Second}}</ref><ref>{{PM|Akallabeth}}</ref>

It was at Umbar that [[Ar-Pharazôn]] the Golden landed in {{SA|3261}} to challenge Sauron and journeyed 7 days with banner and trumpet.<ref name="Ak">{{S|Akallabeth}}</ref> Umbar remained a symbol of Númenórean pride ever after.

While Sauron was in Númenor and the Shadow and dissidence became greater, Umbar was one of the fortresses and dwellings upon the coasts, inhabited by the [[King's Men]] and servants in Middle-earth to his will; these evil lords concentrated mostly to the south, far from the dominion of [[Gil-galad]].<ref name="Ak"/> Umbar must have been an important point of deportation of slaves and taxes to Númenor.

After the Downfall of Númenor, Umbar remained in the hands of the Númenóreans, in essence a realm-in-exile alongside [[Arnor]] and [[Gondor]]. But unlike these others, Umbar had been used by the [[Black Númenóreans]], who were not friendly to the [[Elves]] or to their fellow [[Faithful]] Númenórean survivors.

Two Black Númenórean lords, [[Herumor]] and [[Fuinur]], were probably from Umbar, as at the end of [[Second Age]] they became very powerful amongst the [[Haradrim]], a neighbouring people. No doubt, Númenóreans of Umbar were enlisted with Sauron in {{SA|3429}}. Their fate is unknown, but they likely shared Sauron's defeat at the hands of the [[Last Alliance of Elves and Men]].

The rulers of Umbar retained much influence over the [[Haradwaith]] well into [[Third Age]]. Other southern settlements were absorbed by the native cultures of [[Harad]].<ref>{{UT|Istari}}</ref>

Gondor's power, however, eclipsed that of Umbar as the Third Age progressed, and at one point, perhaps around the time of [[Tarannon Falastur]], Umbar acknowledged the sway of Gondor.<ref>{{TT|Window}}</ref> Tarannon had a diplomatic marriage to [[Berúthiel]], a Black Númenórean, perhaps from Umbar. During his reign, Tarannon extended the sway of Gondor along the southern shore-lands.

in {{TA|933}} Gondor's King [[Eärnil I]] captured Umbar in a [[Surprise Attack on Umbar|Surprise Attack]] after a siege by sea and land, although this was "at great cost." It became a great harbour and fortress of the power of Gondor. Ironically, it was outside Umbar where Eärnil with his ships and men perished in a great storm ({{TA|936}}).

===Umbar as part of Gondor===
For the following 500 years, Umbar was an important Gondorian city: not only as a major sea-port, but as the site of the submission of Sauron to Ar-Pharazôn, and so served as a proud reminder of the might of the Dúnedain of old.<ref name="Elendil">{{PM|Elendil}}</ref>

Many Black Númenóreans had fled Umbar from the assault of {{TA|933}} to their subjects in [[Near Harad]] and prevented Gondor to take lands south of Harnen; [[Third Age 1015|82 years later]], in a vain attempt to recapture it, they came up with great power against the stronghold. This great power availed the Men Of Harad little, however, for despite investing and besieging the fortress of Umbar for 35 years, they failed to take it, as its supply was easily maintained "because of the sea-power of Gondor." In {{TA|1050}}, the late King Earnil's son [[Ciryandil]] defeated the [[Haradrim]] force by sending troops by land, crossing Harnen, and by sea.<ref name="annals">{{App|Gondor}}</ref> All land south of Belfalas up to Harnen and the borders of Near Harad and coast-lands up to Umbar belonged to Gondor.

It was during this occupation when the Gondorians built a monument to Ar-Pharazôn on the highest hill above the Haven: a great [[white pillar]] crowned with a globe of crystal which shone as a star with the rays of the Sun or Moon.

Umbar and the southern provinces experienced a rebellion during the [[Kin-strife|civil war]] of Gondor; together with the people of [[Pelargir]], Umbar supported the usurper [[Castamir]]. When the war had ended, Castamir's sons and their supporters left Pelargir and established themselves at Umbar; from that point on, Umbar remained an enemy of the King.<ref name="annals"/>

===Corsairs of Umbar===
[[Image:John Howe - Corsairs of Umbar.jpg|thumb|right|170px|[[John Howe]] - ''Corsair Ship'']]
Since {{TA|1448}}, the fleets of the secessionists established under the descendants of Castamir became known as the '"[[Corsairs of Umbar]]"', an independent realm; thus Gondor lost both its southern province and its naval power and came in constant war against the line of Castamir. Within two following centuries, Umbar attacked Gondorian ships and raided its coast at every opportunity, threatening the coastlands and all traffic on the sea and contested the possession of [[Harondor]].<ref name="Elendil"/>

Umbar would welcome exiles from Gondor who were suspected for treason or conspiring against the King.<ref name="annals"/> Umbar would also take to its side and absorb tributaries to Gondor in Harad.<ref name="Elendil"/> In {{TA|1540}}, King [[Aldamir]] fought with the rebelling kings of Harad.<ref name="Elendil"/>. The latter were defeated by his son [[Hyarmendacil II]] [[Third Age 1551|years later]].<ref>{{App|B2}}</ref>

In {{TA|1634}}, Castamir's great-grandsons [[Angamaitë]] and [[Sangahyando]] raided [[Pelargir]], from Umbar, killing King [[Minardil]]; his heir [[Telemnar]] prepared a fleet against Umbar<ref name="Elendil"/> but could not retaliate as the kingdom was ravaged by the [[Great Plague]] of {{TA|1636}}.

Vengeance, if not swift, was certainly devastating; by 78 years later the Corsairs raided as far as [[Anfalas]], and Minardil's great-grand nephew [[Telumehtar]] punished them. In an attack he destroyed the fortress and haven of the Corsairs and drove them out. After this victory he renamed himself [[Umbardacil]] but left Umbar unsettled and ruined, apparently with a protective garrison.

In the meantime, the Haradrim were "engaged in wars and feuds of their own" and threatened by the [[Wainriders]]' empire from [[Rhûn]].<ref>{{UT|Cirion}}</ref> But Umbar still fell when enemies invaded Gondor from the east and south in {{TA|1944}}, preventing Gondor to use it to support its forces from the sea; [[Eärnil II|Eärnil]]'s [[Southern Army]] vanquished the invaders, however.

Umbar had been reclaimed by the Haradrim, rebuilt and occupied and for the rest of the [[Third Age]]. It became a home for a new generation of 'Corsairs of Umbar', who must have been closely related to the Haradrim, if not even merely Southrons themselves. These new Corsairs were cruel slavers who often raided the coasts of [[Belfalas]] and [[Anfalas]] in Gondor: in {{TA|2746}}, for example, [[Amrothos]], the 15th Prince of [[Dol Amroth]] fell defending [[Dor-en-Ernil]] against them.

In {{TA|2758}}, Umbar joined a massive co-ordinated attack with the Men of the Harad and even of [[Dunland]] against Gondor and the new realm of [[Rohan]].<ref name="annals"/> In {{TA|2885}}, Umbar supported the Haradrim who claimed Harondor, although this had long "been a debatable land between the Corsairs and the Kings", and when Sauron declared himself openly in {{TA|2951}}, Umbar declared its allegiance to him, and the great monument commemorating Ar-Pharazôn's triumph at Umbar was thrown down.

Umbar's fleet was largely destroyed 29 years later, when [[Thorongil]] ([[Aragorn]] Elessar, as it later turned out) in the service of the [[Steward of Gondor]] [[Ecthelion II]] led a taskforce south and burned them, killing the [[Captain of the Haven]] in the process.

===War of the Ring===
During the [[War of the Ring]], Umbar had not fully recovered from this, but could still send 50 "great ships" and a number of smaller vessels "beyond count" to raid the coastlands of Gondor, and draw off major forces from the defence of Minas Tirith. They were once again defeated by Aragorn, and the [[Oathbreakers|Army of the Dead]]. With the Fall of [[Barad-dûr]], Umbar, weakened and defeated, finally lost its sovereignty and submitted to the crown of King Elessar.

==Overview==
===Rule===
No "King of Umbar" is mentioned to rise, though the Black Númenóreans, who, regarding the Heirs of Elendil as usurpers, certainly considered themselves the representatives of the last legal King of Númenor. One can suppose as a possible explanation that they considered themselves something akin to the temporary [[Ruling Stewards|Stewards]] of Gondor, ruling in the true King's absence, until Ar-Pharazôn would return from the West to restore his evil kingdom.<ref name="lal">http://lalaith.vpsurf.de/Tolkien/Fr_Umbar.html</ref> It is notable that all four known rulers of Umbar come in pairs, suggesting that perhaps Umbar was traditionally ruled by a duumvirate.

===Language===
Nothing is known about the language of Umbar, but no doubt, it must have been [[Adûnaic]], probably holding back the [[Elvish]] elements which created [[Westron]] of the [[Third Age]], resulting perhaps in a [[Haradric]] variety of the language.<ref name="lal"/>

===Geography===
Umbar was the nearest to Gondor of the southern realms. It may ultimately have stretched all along [[Harnen]] as far as the [[Ephel Duath]] up to the edge of [[Khand]].<ref name="lal"/>

===Politics===
Another difference between Arnor, Gondor and Umbar was that the Faithful boasted the ethnic purity of the line of their rulers, to the amount of resulting even in a [[Kin-strife]] at some point ({{TA|1437}}-{{TA|1447}}); on the other hand, Umbar allowed their race to swiftly dwindle and merge with the [[Pre-Númenóreans]], something which perhaps was looked down upon by the Gondorians.<ref name="annals" />

==Other versions of the legendarium==
Umbar appeared on the bottom edge of the maps found in earlier editions of ''[[The Lord of the Rings]]'', but it is absent from modern editions, which regrettably map a slightly smaller area of Middle-earth.

==Etymology==
''Umbar'' is a [[Mannish]] name of unknown meaning and origin, and despite the coincidental similarity, it is not related to Quenya ''[[Umbar (word)|umbar]]''.<ref>{{App|Men}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Corsair Wars]]

==External links==
* [http://middle-earth.xenite.org/2013/04/05/was-umbar-the-only-haven-sauron-controlled/ Was Umbar the Only Haven Sauron Controlled?] by [[Michael Martinez]]

{{references}}
[[Category:Cities, towns and villages]]
[[Category:Harbours]]
[[Category:Mannish names]]
[[Category:Regions]]
[[Category:Southern lands]]

[[de:Umbar (Gebiet)]]
[[fi:Umbar]]
[[fr:encyclo/geographie/regions/umbar]]

Umbar

2017-03-02T02:46:49Z

Adûnâi: Diacritics corrected (Númenorean > Númenórean)

{{disambig-two|the Haven of Umbar|Quenya word|[[Umbar (word)|umbar]]}}
{{location
| image=[[File:Turner Mohan - Umbar.jpg|250px]]
| name=Haven of Umbar
| type=City/Port
| location=Southern [[Middle-earth]], west of [[Harad]]
| inhabitants=[[Men]] ([[Black Númenóreans]], [[Corsairs]], [[Haradrim]])
| realms=[[Umbar]] [[Gondor]] [[Reunited Kingdom]]
| description=natural harbour of enclosing rock, with a stronghold and a port located within it
| othernames=
| etymology=native word, meaning "fate" in [[Quenya|Quenya]]
| events=
| references=
|}}
'''Umbar''' was a great haven to the far south of [[Gondor]] in [[Middle-earth]].

==History==
===Foundation and Númenórean Rule===
Umbar was located south of the outflow of [[Anduin]] at the [[Bay of Belfalas]] in a convenient, useful natural haven. The great cape and land-locked firth formed the port. The natives called it "Umbar" and the Númenóreans who discovered it, adopted its name.

Like the earlier [[Lond Daer Ened|New Haven]] in [[Enedwaith]], and the later [[Pelargir]] on the [[Anduin]], Umbar was one of the trading ports at the southern coast of [[Middle-earth]], which became a base from which Númenórean influence spread over Middle-earth. In {{SA|2280}} it was made into a great fortress as a reaction to the growing threat of Sauron<ref>{{App|SA}}</ref> and became the strongest and most important.

During the dissension arising when the Shadow fell on [[Númenor]], Umbar was the northernmost settlement of the [[King's Men]]; [[Sauron]], after trying to break the waxing Númenórean grip by instigation, attempted to attack the Númenórean havens and forts, invaded their coastlands, but Umbar resisted<ref>{{PM|Second}}</ref><ref>{{PM|Akallabeth}}</ref>

It was at Umbar that [[Ar-Pharazôn]] the Golden, landed in {{SA|3261}}, to challenge Sauron and journeyed 7 days with banner and trumpet<ref name="Ak">{{S|Akallabeth}}</ref>. Umbar remained a symbol of Númenórean pride ever after.

While Sauron was in Númenor and the Shadow and dissidence became greater, Umbar was one of the fortresses and dwellings upon the coasts, inhabited by the [[King's Men]] and servants in Middle-earth to his will; these evil lords concentrated mostly to the south, far from the dominion of [[Gil-galad]]<ref name="Ak"/>. Umbar must have been an important point of deportation for the slaves and taxes for Númenor.

After the Downfall of Númenor, Umbar remained in the hands of the Númenóreans, in essence a realm-in-exile alongside [[Arnor]] and [[Gondor]]. But unlike these others, Umbar had been used by the [[Black Númenóreans]], who were not friendly to the [[Elves]] or to their fellow [[Faithful]] Númenórean survivors.

Two Black Númenórean lords, [[Herumor]] and [[Fuinur]], were probably from Umbar, as at the end of [[Second Age]] they became very powerful amongst the [[Haradrim]], a neighbouring people. No doubt Númenóreans of Umbar were enlisted with Sauron in {{SA|3429}}. Their fate is unknown, but they likely shared Sauron's defeat at the hands of the [[Last Alliance of Elves and Men]].

The rulers of Umbar retained much influence over the [[Haradwaith]] well into [[Third Age]]. Other southern settlements were absorbed by the native cultures of [[Harad]]<ref>{{UT|Istari}}</ref>

Gondor's power, however, eclipsed that of Umbar as the Third Age progressed, and at one point, perhaps around the time of [[Tarannon Falastur]], Umbar acknowledged the sway of Gondor<ref>{{TT|Window}}</ref>. Tarannon had a diplomatic marriage to [[Berúthiel]], a Black Númenórean, perhaps from Umbar. During his reign, Tarannon extended the sway of Gondor along the southern shore-lands.

in {{TA|933}} Gondor's King [[Eärnil I]] captured Umbar in a [[Surprise Attack on Umbar|Surprise Attack]] after a siege by sea and land, although this was "at great cost." It became a great harbour and fortress of the power of Gondor. Ironically it was outside Umbar where Eärnil with his ships and men perished in a great storm ({{TA|936}}).

===Umbar as part of Gondor===
For the following 500 years, Umbar was an important Gondorian city: not only a major sea-port, but as the site of the submission of Sauron to Ar-Pharazôn, and so served as a proud reminder of the might of the Dúnedain of old.<ref name="Elendil">{{PM|Elendil}}</ref>

Many Black Númenóreans had fled Umbar from the assault of {{TA|933}}, to their subjects in [[Near Harad]] and prevented Gondor to take lands south of Harnen; [[Third Age 1015|82 years later]], in a vain attempt to recapture it, came up with great power against the stronghold. This great power availed the Men Of Harad little, however, for despite investing and besieging the fortress of Umbar for 35 years, they failed to take it, as its supply was easily maintained, "because of the sea-power of Gondor." In {{TA|1050}}, the late King Earnil's son [[Ciryandil]] defeated the [[Haradrim]] force by sending troops by land, crossing Harnen and by sea<ref name="annals">{{App|Gondor}}</ref>. All land south of Belfalas up to Harnen and the borders of Near Harad and coast-lands up to Umbar belonged to Gondor.

It was during this occupation when the Gondorians built a monument to Ar-Pharazôn on the highest hill above the Haven: a great [[white pillar]] crowned with a globe of crystal which shone as a star with the rays of the Sun or Moon.

Umbar and the southern provinces experienced a rebellion during the [[Kin-strife|civil war]] of Gondor; with the people of [[Pelargir]], Umbar supported the usurper [[Castamir]]. When the war ended, Castamir's sons and their supporters left Pelargir and established themselves at Umbar; from that point on, Umbar remained an enemy of the King<ref name="annals"/>.

===Corsairs of Umbar===
[[Image:John Howe - Corsairs of Umbar.jpg|thumb|right|170px|[[John Howe]] - ''Corsair Ship'']]
Since {{TA|1448}}, the fleets of the secessionists established under the descendants of Castamir and became known as the '"[[Corsairs of Umbar]]"' as an independent realm; thus Gondor lost both its southern province and its naval power and came in constant war against the line of Castamir. Within two centuries Umbar attacked Gondorian ships and raiding its coast at every opportunity, threatening the coastlands and all traffic on the sea and contested the possession of [[Harondor]]<ref name="Elendil"/>.

Umbar would welcome exiles from Gondor who were suspected for treason or conspiring against the King<ref name="annals"/>. Umbar would also take to its side and absorb tributaries to Gondor in Harad<ref name="Elendil"/>. In {{TA|1540}} King [[Aldamir]] fought with those rebelling kings of Harad<ref name="Elendil"/>. Those were defeated by his son [[Hyarmendacil II]] [[Third Age 1551|years later]]<ref>{{App|B2}}</ref>.

In {{TA|1634}} Castamir's great-grandsons [[Angamaitë]] and [[Sangahyando]] raided [[Pelargir]], from Umbar, killing King [[Minardil]]; his heir [[Telemnar]] prepared a fleet against Umbar<ref name="Elendil"/> but could not retaliate as it was ravaged by the [[Great Plague]] of {{TA|1636}}.

Vengeance, if not swift, was certainly devastating; by 78 years later the Corsairs raided as far as [[Anfalas]] and Minardil's great-grand nephew [[Telumehtar]] punished them. In an attack he destroyed the fortress and haven of the Corsairs and drove them out. After this victory he renamed himself [[Umbardacil]] but left Umbar unsettled and ruined, apparently as a protective garrison.

In the meantime the Haradrim were "engaged in wars and feuds of their own" and threatened by the [[Wainriders]]' empire from [[Rhûn]]<ref>{{UT|Cirion}}</ref>. But this did not prevent Umbar to be lost again when enemies invaded Gondor from the east and south in {{TA|1944}}, preventing Gondor to use it to support its forces from the sea; [[Eärnil II|Eärnil]]'s [[Southern Army]] vanquished the invaders.

Umbar had been reclaimed by the Haradrim, rebuilt and occupied and for the rest of the [[Third Age]] it became a home for a new generation of 'Corsairs of Umbar', who must have been closely related to the Haradrim, if not even merely Haradrim themselves. These new Corsairs were cruel slavers who often raided the coasts of [[Belfalas]] and [[Anfalas]] in Gondor: in {{TA|2746}} for example, [[Amrothos]], the 15th Prince of [[Dol Amroth]] fell defending [[Dor-en-Ernil]] against them.

In {{TA|2758}} Umbar joined a massive co-ordinated attack with Men of the Harad and even of [[Dunland]], against Gondor and the new realm of [[Rohan]].<ref name="annals"/>. In {{TA|2885}}, Umbar supported the Haradrim who claimed Harondor, although this had long "been a debatable land between the Corsairs and the Kings", and when Sauron declared himself openly in {{TA|2951}}, Umbar declared its alliegance to him, and the great monument commemorating Ar-Pharazôn's triumph at Umbar was thrown down.

Umbar's fleet was largely destroyed 29 years later, when [[Thorongil]] ([[Aragorn]] Elessar, as it later turned out) in the service of the [[Steward of Gondor]] [[Ecthelion II]] led a taskforce south and burned them, killing the [[Captain of the Haven]] in the process.

===War of the Ring===
During the [[War of the Ring]], Umbar had not fully recovered from this, but could still send 50 "great ships" and smaller vessels "beyond count", to raid the coastlands of Gondor and draw off major forces from the defence of Minas Tirith. They were once again defeated by Aragorn, and the [[Oathbreakers|Army of the Dead]]. With the Fall of [[Barad-dûr]], Umbar, weakened and defeated, finally lost its sovereignty and submitted to the crown of King Elessar.

==Overview==
===Rule===
No "King of Umbar" is mentioned to rise though the Black Númenóreans, who, regarding the Heirs of Elendil as usurpers, certainly considered themselves the representatives of the last legal King of Númenor. One can suppose as a possible explanation, that they considered themselves something like the temporary [[Ruling Stewards|Stewards]] of Gondor, ruling in the true King's absence, until eg. Ar-Pharazôn would return from the West to restore his evil kingdom<ref name="lal">http://lalaith.vpsurf.de/Tolkien/Fr_Umbar.html</ref>. It is notable that all four known rulers of Umbar come in pairs, suggesting that perhaps Umbar was traditionally ruled by a duumvirate.
===Language===
Nothing is known about the language of Umbar but no doubt it must have been [[Adûnaic]], probably holding back the [[Elvish]] elements which created [[Westron]] of the [[Third Age]], resulting perhaps in a [[Haradric]] variety of the language.<ref name="lal"/>
===Geography===
Umbar was the nearest to Gondor of the southern realms. It may ultimately have stretched all along [[Harnen]] as far as the [[Ephel Duath]] up to the edge of [[Khand]].<ref name="lal"/>

===Politics===
Another difference between Arnor, Gondor and Umbar was that the Faithful boasted the ethnic purity of the line of their rulers, to the amount of resulting even in a [[Kin-strife]] at some point ({{TA|1437}}-{{TA|1447}}); on the other hand, Umbar allowed their race to swiftly dwindle and merge with the [[Pre-Númenóreans]], something which perhaps was looked down upon by the Gondorians.<ref name="annals" />

==Other versions of the legendarium==
Umbar appeared on the bottom edge of the maps found in earlier editions of ''[[The Lord of the Rings]]'', but it is absent from modern editions, which regrettably map a slightly smaller area of Middle-earth.

==Etymology==

''Umbar'' is a [[Mannish]] name of unknown meaning and origin, and despite the coincidental similarity, it is not related to Quenya ''[[Umbar (word)|umbar]]''.<ref>{{App|Men}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[Corsair Wars]]

==External links==
*[http://middle-earth.xenite.org/2013/04/05/was-umbar-the-only-haven-sauron-controlled/ Was Umbar the Only Haven Sauron Controlled?] by [[Michael Martinez]]

{{references}}
[[Category:Cities, towns and villages]]
[[Category:Harbours]]
[[Category:Mannish names]]
[[Category:Regions]]
[[Category:Southern lands]]

[[de:Umbar (Gebiet)]]
[[fi:Umbar]]
[[fr:encyclo/geographie/regions/umbar]]

Samwise Gamgee

2016-04-23T10:49:26Z

Adûnâi: Image's title corrected

{{Expansion}}
{{hobbit infobox
| name=Samwise Gamgee
| image=[[File:Lorraine Brevig - Sam in a Garden.jpg|250px]]
| caption="Sam in a Garden" by [[:Category:Images by Lorraine Brevig|Lorraine Brevig]]
| pronun=
| othernames=[[Banazîr]]
| titles=[[Mayor of Michel Delving]]
| position=Gardener
| location=[[Bagshot Row|3 Bagshot Row]], [[Hobbiton]] [[Bag End]], [[Hobbiton]]
| affiliation=[[Fellowship of the Ring]]
| language=[[Westron]]
| birth=[[6 April]] {{TA|2980}}
| birthlocation= The Shire
| rule={{FoA|6}} - {{FoA|55|n}}
| sailedwest=After {{FoA|61}}
| sailedfrom=[[Grey Havens]]
| age=102
| notablefor=
| family=[[Gamgee Family|Gamgee]]
| parentage=[[Gaffer Gamgee]] and [[Bell Goodchild]]
| siblings=[[Hamson Gamgee|Hamson]], [[Halfred Gamgee|Halfred]], [[Daisy Gamgee|Daisy]], [[May Gamgee|May]] and [[Marigold Gamgee|Marigold]]
| spouse=[[Rose Cotton]]
| children=[[Elanor Gardner|Elanor]], [[Frodo Gardner|Frodo]], [[Rose Gardner|Rose]], [[Merry Gardner|Merry]], [[Pippin Gardner|Pippin]], [[Goldilocks Gardner|Goldilocks]], [[Hamfast Gardner|Hamfast]], [[Daisy Gardner|Daisy]], [[Primrose Gardner|Primrose]], [[Bilbo Gardner|Bilbo]], [[Ruby Gardner|Ruby]], [[Robin Gardner|Robin]], and [[Tolman Gardner|Tolman]]
| gender=Male
| height=
| hair=
| eyes=Brown<ref name="breaking">{{FR|Breaking}}</ref>
| clothing=
| weapons=[[Daggers of Westernesse|Dagger of Westernesse]], also [[Sting]]
| steed=[[Bill the Pony|Bill]]
}}
<center>{{quote|I am glad you are here with me. Here at the end of all things, Sam|[[Frodo Baggins|Frodo]]<ref name="Mount Doom">{{RK|Doom}}</ref>}}</center>

'''Samwise "Sam" Gamgee''' (6 April {{TA|2980}}<ref group="note">In the second edition of ''[[The Lord of the Rings]]'', Sam's year of birth was added to ''[[Appendix B|The Tale of Years]]''; it was, however, {{TA|2983}}. This contradicts both the ''[[Longfather Tree of Master Samwise]]'' and a later entry in ''The Tale of Years''. The incorrect date has been corrected in the [[The Lord of the Rings (50th Anniversary Edition)|50th anniversary edition]]. See also ''[[The Lord of the Rings: A Reader's Companion]]'', p. 716.</ref> - {{FoA|61}}; [[Shire Reckoning]]: 1380 - 1482; 102 years old when he sailed into the [[Aman|West]]) was [[Frodo Baggins]]' servant and the only original member of the [[Fellowship of the Ring]] to remain with him till the very end of the journey to [[Mount Doom]].

== History ==
He lived with his father, [[Gaffer Gamgee|Hamfast Gamgee]], better known as "The Gaffer", on [[Bagshot Row]] in [[the Shire]], close to [[Bag End]]. Sam's mother was [[Bell Gamgee|Bell Goodchild]]; he had five siblings: [[Hamson Gamgee|Hamson]], [[Halfred Gamgee|Halfred]], [[Daisy Gamgee|Daisy]], [[May Gamgee|May]], and [[Marigold Gamgee|Marigold]].

A gardener by trade, Sam seemed to be a simple [[Hobbits|Hobbit]] of plain speech. However, his love for [[Elves]], his gift for poetry, and his belief that the world contains greater wonders than most hobbits are aware of (all nurtured by his tutor [[Bilbo Baggins]]) set him apart from the beginning.

Sam was one of the "[[Conspirators]]" who were summoned by [[Meriadoc Brandybuck|Merry Brandybuck]] in order to watch over [[Frodo Baggins]] and the [[The One Ring|Ring]] inherited by Frodo from Bilbo. Being the closest to Frodo, Sam was their "chief investigator" who eavesdropped on his talks with [[Gandalf]] the [[Wizards|Wizard]].<ref>{{FR|Conspiracy}}</ref>

On [[13 April]], when Gandalf revealed to Frodo that Bilbo's ring is [[Sauron]]'s One Ring, they noticed Sam eavesdropping. Initially suspected as a spy, Sam feigned innocent curiosity. As "punishment", Sam was made Frodo's first companion on his journey to [[Bree]] and [[Rivendell]].<ref>{{FR|Shadow}}</ref> Sam and [[Peregrin Took|Pippin Took]] followed Frodo to his new house at [[Crickhollow]] where his and the Conspirators' role was revealed. Merry joined the travelers on their way to Bree. They passed through the [[Old Forest]], the [[Barrow-downs]] and [[the Prancing Pony]] at Bree where they were joined by "[[Strider (Aragorn)|Strider]]". [[Sauron]]'s spies had opened the stables of the inn and all the mounts went loose, therefore before leaving the village, the company purchased a [[Ponies|pony]] from [[Bill Ferny]]. Sam loved and tended the animal, and named him [[Bill the Pony|Bill]], after his owner.

When they reached [[Rivendell]], Sam was beside Frodo's bed while he was recovering from the [[Morgul-wound]] he was inflicted on [[Weathertop]]. Sam also was caught eavesdropping on the [[Council of Elrond]] and insisted that he accompany Frodo on his [[Quest of the Ring|quest to destroy the Ring]].

In [[Lothlórien]], [[Galadriel]] [[Gifts of Galadriel|gave]] Sam a [[Sam's garden box|box]] containing earth from her orchard.

After the [[Breaking of the Fellowship]], Sam was the only member of the Fellowship to remain with Frodo.
When [[Gollum]] joined up with them, Sam remained distrustful of his loyalty to Frodo, and treated him with disdain, and partially (though unintentionally) pushed Gollum to betray Frodo in [[Shelob's Lair]].
[[File:John Howe - Sam and Shelob.jpg|thumb|[[John Howe]] - ''Sam and Shelob'']]
After [[Shelob]] attacked and seemingly killed Frodo, Sam took the Ring, intending to complete the quest, but upon learning that Frodo still lived, he rescued him from the [[Tower of Cirith Ungol]] and returned the Ring to him. Because he held the Ring for a time, he is considered one of the [[Ring-bearers]].

Together, Sam and Frodo crossed [[Mordor]] to [[Mount Doom]]. Sam himself carrying Frodo up the slope for part of the way. After the destruction of the Ring, both Sam and Frodo were honored by [[Aragorn|King Elessar]] for their deeds.

[[File:Ted Nasmith - Sam and Rosie Cotton.jpg|thumb|left|[[Ted Nasmith]] - ''Sam and Rosie Cotton'']]
After the [[War of the Ring]], and the [[Scouring of the Shire]], Sam planted saplings in all the places where specially beautiful and beloved trees had been destroyed, and he put a grain of Galadriel's soil at the root of each. He planted a silver nut in the [[Party Field]] where [[the Party Tree]] had once been, and the nut grew into a [[Mallorn]] tree.

He married [[Rose Cotton|Rose "Rosie" Cotton]]. In honor for restoring the Shire his family was given the name [[Gardner Family|Gardner]].

They had thirteen children: [[Elanor Gardner|Elanor the Fair]], [[Frodo Gardner|Frodo]], [[Rose Gardner|Rose]], [[Merry Gardner|Merry]], [[Pippin Gardner|Pippin]], [[Goldilocks Gardner|Goldilocks]], [[Hamfast Gardner|Hamfast]], [[Daisy Gardner|Daisy]], [[Primrose Gardner|Primrose]], [[Bilbo Gardner|Bilbo]], [[Ruby Gardner|Ruby]], [[Robin Gardner|Robin]], and [[Tolman Gardner|Tolman]]. When Frodo sailed on the [[White Ship]], at the end of the Third Age, Sam inherited Bag End and was entrusted the [[Red Book of Westmarch]].

After [[Will Whitfoot]] resigned his post as [[Mayor of Michel Delving]] (the largest town in the Shire and the "unofficial capital"), in {{FoA|6}}, Sam was elected Mayor of the Shire for seven consecutive 7-year terms.

After his wife died in {{FoA|61}}, Sam entrusted the Red Book to Elanor and left [[Middle-earth]] to sail across the Sea and be reunited with Frodo in the [[Undying Lands]].

==Etymology==
Samwise means "simple minded" or "half-minded". Gamgee is a corruption of the name [[Gammidgy]], a village in the Shire. Both names are presented as translations of the [[Westron]] form of Sam's name '''[[Banazîr]] [[Galbasi]]''' (''also spelled Banazîr Galpsi'') (q.v. for more information).<ref>{{App|Translation}}</ref>

Tolkien's English translation, ''Samwís Gamwich'', could have come to ''Samwise Gamgee'' in modern English.

The [[Sindarin]] version of Samwise is '''[[Perhael]]'''.

==Inspiration==
[[J.R.R. Tolkien]] took the name from ''Gamgee Tissue'', a surgical dressing invented by a 19th century [[Birmingham]] surgeon called Joseph Sampson Gamgee. "Gamgee" became the colloquial name in Birmingham for cotton wool. Here, Tolkien describes why he had chosen that name for his character:
{{quote|The choice of Gamgee was primarily directed by alliteration; but I did not invent it. It was caught out of childhood memory, as a comic word or name. It was in fact the name when I was small (in Birmingham) for 'cotton-wool'. (Hence the association of the Gamgees with the Cottons.) I knew nothing of its origin.|''[[The Letters of J.R.R. Tolkien]]''}}

It is possible that Tolkien may have subconsciously recalled Dr. Gamgee (who died in 1886 but is commemorated by a plaque at the Birmingham Medical Institute, only yards from Tolkien's childhood home) but he claimed to be genuinely surprised when, in March 1956, he received a letter from one Sam Gamgee, who had heard that his name was in ''The Lord of the Rings'' but had not read the book. Tolkien replied on March 18:
{{quote|Dear Mr. Gamgee,It was very kind of you to write. You can imagine my astonishment when I saw your signature! I can only say, for your comfort, I hope, that the 'Sam Gamgee' of my story is a most heroic character, now widely beloved by many readers, even though his origins are rustic. So that perhaps you will not be displeased at the coincidence of the name of this imaginary character of supposedly many centuries ago being the same as yours.|''[[The Letters of J.R.R. Tolkien]]:'' [[Letter 184]]}}

He proceeded to send Mr Gamgee a signed copy of all three volumes of the book. However, the incident sparked a nagging worry in Tolkien's mind, as he recorded in his journal:
{{quote|For some time I lived in fear of receiving a letter signed 'S. Gollum'. That would have been more difficult to deal with.|''[[J.R.R. Tolkien: A Biography]]''}}

==Portrayal in adaptations==
<center><gallery>
File:The Lord of the Rings (1978 film) - Sam Gamgee.png|Sam in [[The Lord of the Rings (1978 film)|''The Lord of the Rings'' (1978 film)]]
File:The Return of the King (1980 film) - Samwise Gamgee.jpg|Sam in [[The Return of the King (1980 film)|''The Return of the King'' (1980 film)]]
File:The Lord of the Rings (film series) - Samwise Gamgee.jpg|Sam in [[The Lord of the Rings (film series)|''The Lord of the Rings'' (film series)]]
File:Lego - Sam mini figure.png|Sam as a ''[[Lego]] mini figure''
</gallery></center>

'''1955: [[The Lord of the Rings (1955 radio series)|''The Lord of the Rings'' (1955 radio series)]]:'''
:[[Victor Platt]] provided the voice of Sam.
'''1978: [[The Lord of the Rings (1978 film)|''The Lord of the Rings'' (1978 film)]]:'''
:[[Michael Scholes]] was the voice of Sam, and [[Billy Barty]] played him in rotoscoped footage.

'''1979: [[The Lord of the Rings (1979 radio series)|''The Lord of the Rings'' (1979 radio series)]]:'''
:The voice of Sam is provided by [[Lou Bliss]].

'''1980: [[The Return of the King (1980 film)|''The Return of the King'' (1980 film)]]:'''
:[[Roddy McDowall]] provided the voice of Sam.

'''1981: [[The Lord of the Rings (1981 radio series)|''The Lord of the Rings'' (1981 radio series)]]:'''
:A young [[Bill Nighy|William Nighy]] portrays Sam as a warm and caring person. No dialectical or social difference was made.

'''1992: ''[[Tales from the Perilous Realm (1992 radio series)|Tales from the Perilous Realm]]'':'''
:In the two episodes of "The Adventures of Tom Bombadil", [[Jonathan Adams]] portrayed Sam with a very rustic accent.

'''2002: [[The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring (video game)|''The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring'' (video game)]]:'''
:[[Scott Menville]] provided the voice for Sam in all but the X-box version; there, [[Cliff Broadway]] took over. The role of Sam is greatly diminished: after being caught eavesdropping by Gandalf, Sam is to be Frodo's companion, but he does not appear again until Frodo reaches [[Farmer Maggot]].

'''2001-03: [[The Lord of the Rings (film series)|''The Lord of the Rings'' (film series)]]:'''
:Sam is played by [[Sean Astin]].

'''2003: [[The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King (video game)|''The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King'' (video game)]]:'''
:Sam is a playable characters in several missions: escape from [[Osgiliath]], Shelob's Lair, Cirith Ungol and the Crack of Doom.

'''2004: ''[[The Lord of the Rings: War of the Ring]]'':'''
:Samwise only makes a single appearance in the Lothlorien mission.

'''2004: ''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Battle for Middle-earth]]'':'''
:Unlike most other characters, Frodo and Sam make no appearance in Skirmish battles - they only appear in the storyline campaign.

'''2006: ''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Battle for Middle-earth II]]'':'''
:Sam and other Hobbits are no longer permanent units, they are now a temporary power boost available to Free People forces.

'''2007: ''[[The Lord of the Rings Online]]'':'''
:Samwise is first found in Rivendell, preparing for the departure. Later, he is found on [[Cerin Amroth]] in Lothlorien, alongside Frodo. The game's "Guardian" class ("Tank" in MMO terms) is based on Samwise due to the dedication he showed Frodo. This leads to an interesting occurrence: at some point each player gets to talk to a major character, who inspired his class. But while Legolas can teach a lot to a Hunter and Bilbo can show much to a Burglar, Sawmwise insists that he is no Guardian and not fit to be one - because his heroic deeds have not happened yet. The player has to double-check and discovers that whoever talked of Sam as a great Guardian, apparently had misheard the word "Gardener".

== Commentary ==
Sam Gamgee is by many regarded as the "true hero" of Tolkien's story. Tolkien himself expressed this view in one of his letters: Sam is referred to as the "chief hero", and special emphasis is placed on Sam's "rustic love" for Rosie.<ref>{{L|131}}</ref> The quest to destroy the Ring only succeeds because of Sam, who repeatedly saves Frodo from disaster (such as rescuing him at [[Cirith Ungol]] and carrying him up [[Mount Doom]]). He was one of only two Ring-bearers strong enough to surrender the Ring voluntarily.

The relationship between Frodo and Sam is, in many respects, at the center of ''The Lord of the Rings''. To the modern reader, it seems archaic, as it is extremely class-oriented. Sam's humbleness and "plain speaking" is frequently emphasised in contrast to Frodo's "gentility", and he often shows deference to Frodo, calling him "Mister Frodo" or "Master". At the same time, a strong bond of love and trust grows between them, portrayed most poignantly during the events of Cirith Ungol, where Sam vows to return to his (apparently) dead master, to be reunited with Frodo in death.

[[Tolkienists]] regard Sam as Frodo's ''[[wikipedia:Batman (army)|batman]]''. In the British Army, a batman was an orderly who acted as the personal servant of an officer. It was a role with which Tolkien (who served as an Army officer in the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I First World War]) would have been extremely familiar. Sam undertakes all of the typical roles of a batman — he runs errands for Frodo, he cooks, he transports him (or at least carries him), and he carries his luggage. Tolkien confirmed this interpretation when he wrote in a private letter that:
{{quote|My Sam Gamgee is indeed a reflexion of the English soldier, of the privates and batmen I knew in the 1914 war, and recognized as so far superior to myself|''[[The Letters of J.R.R. Tolkien]]''}}

Compare to the relation between [[wikipedia:Don_Quixote|Don Quixote]] and his squire [[wikipedia:Sancho Panza|Sancho Panza]], and the gradual "Quixotization" of Sancho.

==See also==
*[[:Category:Images of Samwise Gamgee|Images of Samwise Gamgee]]

{{References|n}}
{{seq-start}}
{{seq-head
| race=hobbit
| house=[[Gamgee Family]]
| born=[[6 April]] {{TA|2980}}
| died=After {{FoA|61}}
}}
{{seq
| prev=[[Frodo Baggins]]
| list=[[Ring-bearers|Ring-bearer]]
| dates=[[13 March|13]]-[[14 March]], {{TA|3019}}
| next=[[Frodo Baggins]]
}}
{{seq-end}}
{{councilofelrond}}{{fellowship}}{{FellowshipRoute}}
[[Category:Characters in The Lord of the Rings]]
[[Category:Fourth Age characters]]
[[Category:Hobbits]]
[[Category:Gamgee]]
[[Category:Ring-bearers]]
[[Category:Chroniclers of Arda]]
[[Category:Third Age characters]]

[[de:Samweis Gamdschie]]
[[fa:سم‌وایز گمجی]]

White Tree of Gondor

2016-01-20T06:12:52Z

Adûnâi: Punctuation corrected

{{sources}}{{disambig-more|White Tree|[[White Tree (disambiguation)]]}}
{{plants
| image=[[Image:Ted Nasmith - The White Tree.jpg|250px]]
| name=White Tree
| othernames=White Tree of Minas Tirith, White Tree of the Eldar
| derivation=
| family=Trees of [[Galathilion]]'s line
| location=[[Minas Ithil]], later [[Minas Tirith]]
| appearance=A white tree (with leaves dark on top and silver beneath; and clusters of white blossoms)
| references=
|}}
The '''White Tree of Gondor''' stood as a symbol of [[Gondor]] in the [[Court of the Fountain (Minas Tirith)|Court of the Fountain]] in [[Minas Tirith]]. Its predecessor was a seedling of [[Nimloth of Númenor|Nimloth]] planted in [[Minas Ithil]], that was destroyed before the end of the [[Second Age]].

The White Tree also appears in the [[Livery of Elendil]], as a motif upon Gondor's flag.

== History ==

=== First White Tree ===
The first White Tree of Gondor came from a fruit that [[Isildur]], at great personal risk, managed to steal from [[Nimloth of Númenor|Nimloth]] the Fair, the White Tree of [[Númenor]], before that one was destroyed at [[Sauron]]'s insistence. He suffered many wounds at this mission, and he came near death, but when the first leaf opened in the spring, Isildur was healed of his wounds.

This sapling was brought to Middle-earth on Isildur's ship, and it was eventually planted in [[Minas Ithil]] before the house of Isildur. But when Sauron returned to Middle-earth, he launched a sudden attack in {{SA|3429}} that captured Minas Ithil, and he burned the White Tree. Isildur escaped taking with him again a sapling.

=== Second White Tree ===
In the {{TA|2}}, Isildur planted the seedling of the White Tree in [[Minas Anor]] in memory of his brother, [[Anárion]].

This White Tree lasted until {{TA|1636}}, when the [[Great Plague]] hit [[Gondor]], killing among many others King [[Telemnar]] and his children.

=== Third White Tree ===
{{seealso|Dead Tree}}
A third sapling was planted in {{TA|1640}} by King [[Tarondor (King of Gondor)|Tarondor]] and died in {{TA|2872}} with the death of the [[Stewards of Gondor|Ruling Steward]] [[Belecthor II]].<ref name=B2>{{App|B2}}</ref>

Since no seedling was found, it was left standing after its death.<ref name=B2/> When eventually replaced in {{TA|3019}}, it was placed in the [[Rath Dínen|Tombs of the Kings]] with royal honors.

=== Fourth White Tree ===
When [[Aragorn]] became king he discovered (with [[Gandalf]]'s help) a sapling of the White Tree upon the slopes of [[Mindolluin]], high above the city, which he reverently planted in its place. In June of {{TA|3019}} the sapling bloomed.

== Genealogy ==
{{familytree/start}}
{{familytree | | | |TEL| | | | | LAU=[[Laurelin]]|TEL=[[Telperion]] destroyed}}
{{familytree | | | | | | | | | }}
{{familytree | | | |GAL| | | | | GAL=[[Galathilion]] Made in the image of Telperion}}
{{familytree | | | | |!| | | | | }}
{{familytree | | | |CEL| | | CEL=[[Celeborn (White Tree)|Celeborn]] of [[Tol Eressëa]]}}
{{familytree | | | | |!| | | | | }}
{{familytree | | | |NIM| | | NIM=[[Nimloth of Númenor|Nimloth]] of [[Númenor]]}}
{{familytree | | | | |!| | | | | }}
{{familytree | | | |G1| | | | |G1=[[#First White Tree|First Tree of Gondor]] ([[Minas Ithil]]) Late [[Second Age]]}}
{{familytree | | | | |!| | | | | }}
{{familytree | | | |G2| | | | |G2=[[#Second White Tree|Second Tree of Gondor]] ([[Minas Anor]]) {{TA|2}} - {{TA|1636|n}} }}
{{familytree | | | | |!| | | | | }}
{{familytree | | | |G3 | | | | |G3=[[#Third White Tree|Third Tree of Gondor]] ([[Minas Tirith]]) {{TA|1640}} - {{TA|2872|n}} }}
{{familytree | | | | |!| | | | | }}
{{familytree | | | |G4 | | | | |G4=[[#Fourth White Tree|Fourth Tree of Gondor]] (Minas Tirith) {{TA|3019}} - Onward}}
{{familytree/end}}

{{references}}
[[Category:Trees]]
[[Category:Signs and Symbols]]

[[fr:encyclo/biologie/flore/arbre_blanc_du_gondor]]

Dagor Dagorath

2015-11-08T18:24:12Z

Adûnâi: Punctuation corrected

{{rewrite|Stolen from Wikipedia}}{{History of Arda}}

{{quote|[[Manwë]] will not descend from [[Taniquetil|the Mountain]] until the Dagor Dagorath, and the coming of the End, when [[Morgoth|Melkor]] returns.|[[J.R.R. Tolkien]]<ref name="Istari">[[J.R.R. Tolkien]], [[Christopher Tolkien]] (ed.), ''[[Unfinished Tales]]'', "[[The Istari]]"</ref>}}

The '''Final Battle''', also known as the '''Second Prophecy of Mandos''', but probably best as the '''Dagor Dagorath''' ([[Sindarin]], "Battle of all Battles"), is an apocalyptic event prophesied by [[Mandos]]. According to Christopher Tolkien, Dagor Dagorath was abandoned by Tolkien.<ref name="Valaquenta">[[J.R.R. Tolkien]], [[Christopher Tolkien]] (ed.), ''[[Morgoth's Ring]]'', "[[Valaquenta]]"</ref>

==The Prophecy==
According to the prophecy, included in both [[The Shaping of Middle-earth]] and in [[The Lost Road]], [[Morgoth|Melkor]] will eventually discover how to break the [[Door of Night]], allowing him to escape his imprisonment beyond the world. Intent on regaining his dominion over Middle-earth and avenging his previous defeat, the fallen Ainu will recreate his greatest servants (including [[Sauron]]) and destroy the [[Sun]] and the [[Moon]]. For the love of these, [[Eärendil]] will return from the sky and shall meet [[Tulkas]], [[Manwë]] (or [[Eönwë]] his herald) and [[Túrin|Túrin Turambar]] on the plains of [[Valinor]]. All the Free Peoples of [[Middle-earth]] will participate in this final battle, [[Elves]], [[Men]], and [[Dwarves]] alike. Also in the Battle will be [[Ar-Pharazôn]] and the [[Númenóreans]] who broke the [[Ban of the Valar|Ban]] and landed at [[Aman]] in {{SA|3319}}. These Númenóreans of the [[Great Armament]] were not destroyed, but are imprisoned in the [[Caves of the Forgotten]], where they await the ending of the world. The role that they have to play in the Last Battle is unknown.

Thus assembled, the forces of the [[Valar]] shall fight against [[Morgoth|Melkor]]. [[Tulkas]] will wrestle with him, but it will be by the hand of Túrin that finally death and utter defeat will be dealt to Melkor. Túrin will run his black sword [[Gurthang]] (Iron of Death) through Melkor's dark heart, thus avenging the [[Children of Húrin]], and the [[Pelóri]] Mountains will be leveled. In other versions of the legendarium, however (see [[The History of Middle-earth]]), Eönwë, then called Fiönwë, is the one who will kill Morgoth for his love for Arien (previously named Urwendi), instead of Turin. ''This is said at the end of [[The Hiding of Valinor]].''

After the battle, the [[Silmarils]] will be recovered from the Earth, Sea, and Sky. [[Fëanor]]'s spirit shall be released from the [[Halls of Mandos]], and he will finally surrender his prized creations to [[Yavanna]], who will break the Simarils and use their Light to rekindle the [[Two Trees of Valinor|Two Trees]]. With the flattening of the Pelóri, the light of the Trees will cover all of Arda. The battle will end and renew [[Arda]]'s existence: all the Elves shall awaken and the Powers will be young again. Also, according to Dwarven legends, they will help their maker [[Aulë]] [[Arda Unmarred|recreate Arda]] in all its glory again.

Following this, there will be a Second [[Music of the Ainur]]. This song will sing into being a [[Arda Unmarred|new world]]. Elves and Men will sing with the Ainur. It is unknown what the fate of the old races, or of the old world, will be in the new one. Even the Ainur do not know anything of the second world or the Second Music. All the Ainur know is that the Second Music will be greater than the First Music.

==External links==

*[http://middle-earth.xenite.org/2013/03/19/why-did-tolkien-leave-out-the-second-prophecy-of-mandos/ Why Did Tolkien Leave Out the Second Prophecy of Mandos?] by [[Michael Martinez]]

{{references}}

[[Category:Wars and Battles]]
[[de:Dagor Dagorath]]
[[fi:Dagor Dagorath]]

Númenor

2015-11-06T20:33:21Z

Adûnâi: Punctuation corrected

{{sources}}
{{kingdom
| image=[[File:Narfil Palùrfalas - Numenor Map.jpg|250px]]
| name=Númenor
| pronun=
| othernames=Westernesse, Númenórë, Andor
| location=In [[Belegaer]], between [[Middle-earth]] and [[Aman]]
| capital=[[Armenelos]]
| towns=[[Andúnië]], [[Eldalondë]], [[Rómenna]], [[Ondosto]], [[Nindamos]]
| regions=[[Forostar]], [[Andustar]], [[Hyarnustar]], [[Hyarrostar]], [[Orrostar]], [[Mittalmar]], [[Emerië]], [[Nísimaldar]]
| population=[[Númenóreans]]
| language=[[Adûnaic]], [[Quenya]]
| govern1=[[King of Númenor|King]]/[[Ruling Queens of Númenor|Queen]]
| govern2=[[Council of the Sceptre]]
| govern3=
| currency=
| holiday=[[Erukyermë]], [[Erulaitalë]], [[Eruhantalë]]
| precededby=
| event1=Founded
| event1date={{SA|32}}
| event2=Destroyed
| event2date={{SA|3319}}
| event3=
| event3date=
| event4=
| event4date=
| event5=
| event5date=
| followedby=[[Arnor]], [[Gondor]]
}}
'''Númenor''' ([[Quenya|Q]]: "westland", pron. {{IPA|[ˈnuːmenor]}}) or '''[[Númenórë]]''' (pron. {{IPA|[ˌnuːmeˈnoːre]}}), known in the [[Westron|Common Speech]] as '''[[Westernesse]]''', was one of the names of the isle of [[Elenna]], which was raised from the [[Belegaer|Great Sea]] by the [[Valar]] in the beginning of the [[Second Age]]. While strictly speaking the term ''Númenor'' referred to the realm established on the island, it was more often used as a synonym of the land itself. Númenor was one of the most powerful realms of the Second Age, and its people, called [[Númenóreans]], as well as their descendants, had considerable influence on the events of the [[Third Age]].

==Geography==
{{main|Elenna}}
The island of Númenor had a shape of a 5-point star, each point having its own unique geological and physical features: [[Forostar]], [[Andustar]], [[Hyarnustar]], [[Hyarrostar]] and [[Orrostar]].

The central region was named [[Mittalmar]] and in its center stood the holy mountain [[Meneltarma]]

Númenor had only two rivers: [[Siril]] and [[Nunduinë]].

Cities built by the Númenóreans were [[Armenelos]], [[Andúnië]], [[Nindamos]], [[Eldalondë]] and [[Almaida]].

==History==
===Origin===
Númenor was the kingdom of the [[Dúnedain]], located on an island in the [[Belegaer|Great Sea]], between Middle-earth and [[Aman]]. The land was brought up from the sea as a gift to [[Men]]. It was also called ''Elenna'' ("Starwards") because the Dúnedain were led to it by the [[Star of Eärendil]], and because the island was in the shape of a five-pointed star.

[[Elros]] son of [[Eärendil]] was the first [[King of Númenor]], taking the name of [[Elros|Tar-Minyatur]] ("First King"). Under his rule, which took place between {{SA|32}} and {{SA|442}} and those of his descendants, Men rose to become a powerful race.

The [[Númenóreans]] were forbidden by the Valar from sailing so far westward that Númenor was no longer visible, for fear that they would come upon the [[Undying Lands]], to which Men were barred. Over time the Númenóreans came to resent the [[Ban of the Valar]] and to rebel against their authority, seeking the everlasting life that they believed was begrudged them. They tried to compensate this by going eastward and colonizing large parts of Middle-earth, first in a friendly way, beginning with [[Tar-Aldarion]]. The first ships sailed from Númenor to Middle-earth in the year {{SA|600|n}}.

The Númenóreans established several settlements in Middle-earth, such as [[Lond Daer]]. They contacted the [[Middle Men|indigenous people]], teaching them several crafts, instructed them and helped them free from the [[Shadow]]. About SA 1200 they established permanent settlements like [[Pelargir]] and [[Umbar]].

In {{SA|1700|n}} [[Tar-Minastir]] sent a fleet to help [[Gil-galad]] and together they drove [[Sauron]] back, who had dominated almost all [[Eriador]] after the [[War of the Elves and Sauron]].

===The darkness comes===
[[File:Ted Nasmith - The Eagles of Manwë.jpg|left|thumb|250px|[[Ted Nasmith]] - ''The Eagles of Manwë'']]
Soon the Númenóreans came to become proud and discontented, irritated by the [[Ban of the Valar]]. Starting to lose the meaning of the [[Gift of Men]] and envious of immortality, they longed for [[Eldamar]] which they saw only from a distance.

About {{SA|1800|n}} they started to dominate the shores of Middle-earth and demand tribute from the lesser peoples which they had liberated and taught, and became a massive brutal maritime empire that had no rival. Fearing death, they tried to gain some immortality in riches and ornate tombs. [[Tar-Atanamir]] started to speak openly against the Valar.

In {{SA|2280|n}} Umbar was strengthened with increased numbers of colonists and from there they began to dominate [[Harad]]. Even [[Sauron]] was afraid of them and retreated from these lands.

A few of them, the [[Faithful]], remained loyal to the Valar and friendly to the Elves. The Valar displayed warnings to the Men of Westernesse in the form of huge eagles, but they paid no heed to these manifestations. The Faithful were persecuted by the majority of the population, which they called [[King's Men]], who decided to abandon the Elven customs and languages. [[Ar-Adûnakhôr]] took his regal name in [[Adûnaic]] and not in [[Quenya]].

The Faithful remained in [[Andúnië]] and the Faithful [[Lords of Andúnië]], because of their noble heritage still had some gravity in the meetings of nobles. However [[Ar-Gimilzôr]] in about 2950 forced them to remove to [[Rómenna]] and the haven was closed to the Elven visitors. [[Tar-Palantir]] briefly attempted to cast the Shadow back and reunite the people with the Elves and the Valar, but did not make it to be. He was succeeded by his nephew, a sea captain who warred against the coastal people.

That nephew was the twenty-fifth king, [[Ar-Pharazôn]], who in the year {{SA|3255|n}}, he sailed to Middle-earth. Seeing the might of Númenor, Sauron submitted to the king's authority, and he was brought back to Númenor as a hostage. By that time, however, the [[Drúedain]] of Númenor had sensed a coming darkness and all of them had abandoned the island for Middle-earth.<ref>{{UT|Druedain}}</ref> Sauron soon became an adviser to the King as Tar-[[Sauron|Mairon]], and promised the Númenóreans eternal life if they worshiped [[Morgoth|Melkor]]. With Sauron as his advisor, Ar-Pharazôn had a 500-foot temple to Melkor erected, in which he offered human sacrifices to him.

During this time, the white tree [[Nimloth of Númenor|Nimloth the Fair]], whose fate was said to be tied to the line of kings, was chopped down and burned as a sacrifice to Melkor. Risking his life, [[Isildur]] rescued a fruit of the tree, preserving the ancient line of trees.

[[Image:Ted_Nasmith_-_The_Ships_of_the_Faithful.jpg|right|thumb|250px|[[Ted Nasmith]] - ''The Ships of the Faithful'']]
Prompted by Sauron and fearing death and old age, Ar-Pharazôn built a great armada and set sail into the west to make war upon the Valar and seize the Undying Lands. Sauron remained behind. In the year {{SA|3319|n}}, Ar-Pharazôn landed on Aman and marched to the city of [[Valimar]].

===Destruction===
{{main|Downfall of Númenor}}
[[Manwë]], chief of the Valar, called upon Ilúvatar, who broke and changed the world, taking Aman and Tol Eressëa from the world forever, changing the world's shape from flat to round. Númenor was covered by great waves and sank into the abyss, killing its inhabitants, including the body of Sauron, who was thereby robbed of his ability to assume fair and charming forms.

[[Elendil]], son of the leader of the Faithful during the reign of Ar-Pharazôn, his sons and his followers had foreseen the disaster that was to befall Númenor, and they had set sail in nine ships before the island fell. They landed in Middle-earth, and gathered the Númenorian and indigenous peoples living there, uniting them under them, as the kingdoms of [[Arnor]] and [[Gondor]].

After its fall Númenor was called ''Atalantë'', meaning "the Downfallen", in the [[Quenya]] language. Other names after the Downfall include ''Mar-nu-Falmar'' ("Land under the Waves") and ''[[Akallabêth]]'' ("the Downfallen" in Adûnaic).

The story of the rise and downfall of Númenor is told in ''[[Akallabêth|The Akallabêth]]''.

==Culture==
{{main|Númenóreans}}
The population of Númenor chiefly consisted of [[Edain]], mostly descendants from the [[House of Hador]]; although before the Shadow fell on the island the westernmost cities such as [[Andúnië]] contained a small population of [[Elves]] because of the frequent visits from Tol Eressëa. They were known as the Númenóreans, or rather, ''Kings among Men''.

There also was a small number of [[Drúedain]] living in Númenor, who, considered as Edain, accompanied their friends of the [[House of Haleth]] to Númenor. They were only few in number and dreaded the sea. They became uneasy when [[Tar-Aldarion]] started his great travels and urged him not to go, seeing the mischief to come. They did not succeed and one after another they took ships towards Middle-earth, saying, that "the Great Isle no longer feels sure under our feet, and we wish to return tho the lands whence we came". The last of them left when Sauron was brought to Númenor.

==Etymology==

''Númenor'' is a shortened form of the name ''Númenórë''. The name is a compound of [[númen|''nūme-n'']] "going down" (from the [[Sundocarme|root]] √ndū, nū), sunset, West, and [[nóre|''nōre'']] "land, country".<ref>{{L|227}}</ref><ref>{{webcite|author=[[Carl F. Hostetter]]|articleurl=http://groups.yahoo.com/neo/groups/lambengolmor/conversations/messages/1144 |articlename=Holograph MS of Letter 227, correcting published etymology of "Númenor" (#1144)|dated=15 December 2013|website=Lambe|accessed=15 December 2013}}</ref>

==Inspiration==
Númenor is the retelling of the [[Atlantis]] mythos in Tolkien's legendarium. Notably, he referred to a recurring "Atlantis dream" he had. The connection is more evident in the name ''[[Atalantë]]'', another epithet of the Island which in [[Quenya]] means "the downfallen" (note that in Greek, ''Atlantis'' is related to [[Wikipedia:Atlas|Atlas]]; therefore ''Atalantë'' has no direct connection).

[[wikipedia:Plato|Plato]], the ancient Greek philosopher, recounted the myth of Atlantis. According to him, Atlantis was in the middle of the ocean in the West (cf. [[Belegaer|Great Sea]]), its people were more advanced than those of the known world (cf. [[Kings of Men]]) but were corrupted by arrogance; the continent was destroyed by the gods and survivors created colonies, as in Egypt (cf. [[Realms in Exile]]). Also according to Plato the center of Atlantis was occupied by a high mountain-palace (cf. [[Meneltarma]]) around which a city of three circles was build, quite different from the star-shaped island of Númenor. Another element with both common and different points between the two stories, is that Númenor sunk when the fleet was attacking the West, while Atlantis sunk during a sea-battle with the Athenians, in the east.

Some parts of Númenor's history seem to have been inspired not only from Plato but also from researchers and occultists whose theories were widespread during Tolkien's time.

Ignatius Loyola Donnelly and Edgar Cayce were the most famous authors regarding Atlantis and mentioned events and concepts that Plato never did. One of those "original" elements told by modern authors and mystics was a civil war between two factions of Atlanteans (good and evil)<ref>http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Root_race#The_civilization_of_Atlantis</ref> which reminds of the persecution of the [[Elf-friends]] by the [[King's Men]].

According to those theories, remnants of Atlantean civilization survived by colonists or survivors in Egypt (and in Pre-Columbian America), which mirrors the [[Realms in Exile]] founded by the Faithful; furthermore Tolkien once equated the Gondorians with the Egyptian civilization.<ref>{{L|211}}</ref>

==Uses outside the legendarium==

[[C.S. Lewis]]' novel ''That Hideous Strength'' makes reference to "Numinor [sic] and the True West", which Lewis credits as a then-unpublished creation of [[J.R.R. Tolkien]]. This is one of many examples of cross-overs between the novels of Lewis and Tolkien, both of whom were members of the [[Inklings]], a literary discussion group at [[Oxford University]].

==See also==
* [[King of Númenor]]
* [[Númenóreans]]

==External links==
*[http://sdgeard.customer.netspace.net.au/hccnum.html A History and Complete Chronology of Númenor] - A detailed chronology of Númenor, its successor states and their rulers.
*[http://www.jrrvf.com/hisweloke/site3/articles.php?lng=fr&pg=38 Article] concerning the position of Numenor.

{{references}}
* ''[[The Lord of the Rings]]'', [[Appendix A]]
* ''[[The Silmarillion]]'', [[Akallabêth]]
* ''[[Unfinished Tales]]'', [[A Description of the Island of Númenor]]
* ''[[Unfinished Tales]]'', [[The Line of Elros: Kings of Númenor]]
* ''[[Unfinished Tales]]'', [[Aldarion and Erendis: The Mariner's Wife]]
* ''[[The Peoples of Middle-earth]]'', [[The Tale of Years of the Second Age]]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Numenor}}
[[Category:Islands]]
[[Category:Númenor| ]]
[[Category:Quenya locations]]

[[de:Númenor]]
[[fi:Númenor]]
[[fr:encyclo/geographie/eaux/iles/numenor]]

John Tolkien

2015-10-07T23:08:45Z

Adûnâi: Punctuation and capitalization corrected, a space added

{{disambig-two|[[J.R.R. Tolkien]]'s son|[[Arthur Tolkien]]'s father|[[John Benjamin Tolkien]]}}
'''John Francis Reuel Tolkien''' ([[16 November|November 16]], [[1917]] - [[22 January|January 22]], [[2003]]) was [[J.R.R. Tolkien|J.R.R.]] and [[Edith Tolkien]]'s first son. He took his second name after his father's guardian, Father [[Francis Xavier Morgan]].<ref>{{HM|Bio}}</ref>

John often had difficulty falling asleep and his father would come on his bed and tell tales. These stories included the tale of [[Carrots]], a boy with red hair who climbed into a cuckoo clock and went off on a series of strange adventures (this was the premise for the character of [[Tom Bombadil]]{{fact}}), and also a tale called "[[The Orgog]]".<ref>{{CG|C}}, p. 125</ref>

In 13 February [[1944]] John Tolkien was made Exorcist and Acolyte (the two highest of the Minor Orders of the Roman Catholic Church) in a ceremony at Stonyhurst. He was given his Orders as a priest on [[10 February]] [[1946]].

Father John Tolkien wrote the script of a film about the Cardinal Newman's life, that was shown in June 1957 at the Oratory of Birmingham.<ref> [http://archive.thetablet.co.uk/article/22nd-june-1957/19/a-film-on-newman A film on newman]</ref>

Between 1957 to 1987 Father John Tolkien lived in Stoke-on-Trent.

In September 1973, Father John Tolkien celebrated a Requiem Mass for his father at the Church of St. Anthony of Padua, in Oxford.

Father John Tolkien's grave is also in the same cemetery, not far from that of his parents.

=Quotes=

''The Tolkien family is under perpetual abuse of one kind or another. It goes on all the time. I am anticipating endless bother when the film actually comes out.''—To the Daily Telegraph in 2001.

==Bibliography==
===Books===
*[[1992]]: ''[[The Tolkien Family Album]]'' (with [[Priscilla Tolkien]])

==Family Tree==
{{familytree/start}}
{{familytree| | | | | | | | | | | EDB |y| JRR | | | | | | | | | | | |JRR=[[J.R.R. Tolkien]]|EDB=[[Edith Tolkien|Edith Bratt]]}}
{{familytree| |,|-|-|-|v|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|+|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|.| |}}
{{familytree| JOT | | MIT | | FAI |y|CHT |y| BAT | | PRT |JOT=[[John Tolkien]]|MIT=[[Michael Tolkien (b. 1920)|Michael Tolkien]]|CHT=[[Christopher Tolkien]]|FAI=[[Faith Tolkien|Faith Faulconbridge]]|BAT=[[Baillie Tolkien]]|PRT=[[Priscilla Tolkien]]}}
{{familytree| | | | | | | | |,|-|-|'| |,|-|^|-|.| |}}
{{familytree| | | | | | | | SIT | | | ADT | | RAT |SIT=[[Simon Tolkien]]|ADT=[[Adam Tolkien]]|RAT=[[Rachel Tolkien]]}}
{{familytree/end}}

==External links==
*[http://johntolkien.wordpress.com/ Fr John Tolkien Biography]
*[http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/1313620/Lord-of-Rings-films-will-force-Tolkien-family-into-hiding.html Lord of Rings films will force Tolkien family into hiding]
*[http://www.thepotteries.org/people/tolkien_john.htm John Tolkien]
*[http://archive.thetablet.co.uk/article/9th-july-1960/20/a-chapel-at-keele A CHAPEL AT KEELE]

{{references}}
__NOTOC__
{{DEFAULTSORT:Tolkien, John}}
[[Category:Tolkien Family]]
[[Category:Letter receivers]]
[[Category:British people]]
[[Category:People by name]]
[[Category:Religious workers]]
[[de:John Tolkien]]
[[fr:tolkien/portraits/john_francis_reuel_tolkien]]
[[fi:John Tolkien]]

Sindarin

2015-10-04T02:36:21Z

Adûnâi: An unneeded word deleted

{{rewrite}}
''(See also [[:Category:Sindarin words|Sindarin words]])''

'''Sindarin''' was the [[Elvish]] language most commonly spoken in [[Middle-earth]] in the [[Third Age]].
==History==
Sindarin was the language of the [[Sindar]], those [[Teleri]] which had been left behind on the [[Great Journey]] of the [[Elves]]. It was derived from an earlier language called [[Common Telerin]]. When the [[Noldor]] came back to Middle-earth, they adopted the Sindarin language, although they believed their native [[Quenya]] more beautiful. Before the downfall, most of the [[Men]] of [[Númenor]] also knew the language, though the common language there was [[Adûnaic]]. Knowledge of it was kept in the [[Númenóreans|Númenórean]] realms-in-exile [[Arnor]] and [[Gondor]], especially amongst the learned. While [[Westron]] (descended from Adûnaic) became the most common language in Middle-earth during the [[Third Age]], Sindarin remained the everyday language of Elves and [[Rangers of the North|Rangers]].

Sindarin became the language of the Noldor because of the command of King [[Thingol|Elu Thingol]] of [[Doriath]]. Upon learning of the [[Kinslaying at Alqualondë]], he declared that [[Quenya]], the language of the Noldor, should be prohibited in his lands. As the Noldor were dwelling in a Sindarin-speaking land, and because of the decree of Thingol though it did not directly affect them, they gradually switched entirely to Sindarin. Their names were also changed to Sindarin, such as ''Finwë-Ñolofinwë'' to [[Fingolfin]], and ''Turukáno'' to [[Turgon]].

The written script alphabet of the Elven languages is typically '''[[Tengwar]]''', although '''[[Cirth]]''' (itself originally intended specifically for Sindarin) can also be used.

== Grammar ==
Sindarin is mainly analytic, though traits of its highly inflected progenitor can still be seen.

=== Phonology ===
Sindarin was designed to have a [[Welsh]]-like phonology. It has most of the same sounds and similar phonotactics.

{| rules="all" style="text-align:center; border:1px solid darkgrey; border-collapse:collapse" cellpadding="3" cellspacing="0"
| bgcolor="lightgrey" | '''Letter'''
| bgcolor="lightgrey" | '''[[wikipedia:IPA|IPA]]'''
| bgcolor="lightgrey" | '''Example'''
| bgcolor="lightgrey" | '''Notes'''
|-
| a, ä || {{IPA|a}} || [[Aragorn|'''A'''r'''a'''gorn]] || Sindarin ''a'' is most like ''a'' in English ''father'' or ''a'' in Spanish ''mambo''. Either pronunciation is suitable.
|-
| á || {{IPA|aː}} ||   || Sindarin ''á'' is pronounced just noticeably longer in duration than Sindarin ''a'', but otherwise is pronounced the same.
|-
| â || {{IPA|aːː}} ||   || Sindarin ''â'' is pronounced for an even longer duration than Sindarin ''á'', usually in single-syllable words. But it is permissible to pronounce it the same as ''á''.
|-
| ae || {{IPA|a͡ɛ}} || [[Maedhros|M'''ae'''dhros]] || Similar to ''ai'', but ends at a ''more'' open vowel height.
|-
| ai || {{IPA|a͡ɪ}} || [[Edain|Ed'''ai'''n]] || Sindarin ''ai'' is most like ''i'' in English ''time''. ''ae'' is similar to ''ai'', but ''ai'' ends at a ''less'' open vowel height. J.R.R. Tolkien said that ''ae'' and ''ai'' can be pronounced the same if a person cannot tell the difference between them.
|-
| au, aw || {{IPA|a͡ʊ}} || [[Glaurung|Gl'''au'''rung]]; [[Oromë#Etymology|Ar'''aw''']] || Sindarin ''au'' is most like ''ou'' in English ''thousand'' or like ''ow'' in English ''cow''. It is never pronounced like ''au'' in English ''cause'' or like ''aw'' in English ''law''. The spellings ''au'' and ''aw'' are the same sound, but ''aw'' is preferred at the ends of words, as in ''[[Oromë#Etymology|Araw]]''.
|-
| b || {{IPA|b}} || [[Beleriand|'''B'''eleriand]] ||  
|-
| c || {{IPA|k}} || [[Celeborn|'''C'''eleborn]] || Always hard ''c'' like in English ''cake''. Never soft ''c'' like in English ''cell''.
|-
| ch || {{IPA|x}} || [[orch|or'''ch''']] || Always like ''ch'' in Scottish ''loch''. Never like ''ch'' in English ''chair''.
|-
| d || {{IPA|d}} || [[Dúnedain|'''D'''úne'''d'''ain]] ||  
|-
| dh || {{IPA|ð}} || [[Caradhras|Cara'''dh'''ras]] || Sindarin ''dh'' is most like ''th'' in English ''the''. It is not pronounced like normal ''d''.
|-
| e, ë || {{IPA|e}} || [[Beren|B'''e'''r'''e'''n]] || Sindarin ''e'' is most like ''e'' in English ''get'' or ''e'' in Spanish ''comprende''. Either pronunciation is suitable, but it ''never'' has a ''y'' off-glide like in English ''grey''.
|-
| é || {{IPA|eː}} ||   || Sindarin ''é'' is pronounced just noticeably longer in duration than Sindarin ''e'', but otherwise is pronounced the same.
|-
| ê || {{IPA|eːː}} ||   || Sindarin ''ê'' is pronounced for an even longer duration than Sindarin ''é'', usually in single-syllable words. But it is permissible to pronounce it the same as ''é''.
|-
| ei || {{IPA|e͡ɪ}} || [[Gil-galad|Er'''ei'''nion]] || Sindarin ''ei'' is most like ''ey'' in English ''grey'', always with the ''y'' off-glide.
|-
| f || {{IPA|f, v}} || [[Fëanor|'''F'''ëanor]] || Represents {{IPA|[v]}} when final or before ''n'', and {{IPA|[f]}} everywhere else.
|-
| g || {{IPA|ɡ}} || [[Galadriel|'''G'''aladriel]] || Always hard ''g'' like in English ''gasp''. Never soft ''g'' like in English ''gem''.
|-
| h || {{IPA|h}} || [[Húrin|'''H'''úrin]] ||  
|-
| hw || {{IPA|ʍ}} ||   || Sindarin ''hw'' is most like the traditional pronunciation of ''wh'' in English ''whale'', as it is still heard in Scotland, Ireland and parts of the southern United States. Is is also similar to ''ju'' in Mexican Spanish ''Juan''. It is never pronounced like ordinary ''w'' in English ''wail''. If nothing else works, try pronouncing ''w'' while whispering.
|-
| i || {{IPA|i, j}} || [[Minas Tirith|M'''i'''nas T'''i'''r'''i'''th]] || Sindarin ''i'' is most like ''i'' in English ''ink'' or like ''i'' in Spanish ''gringo''. Either pronunciation is suitable. But sometimes Sindarin ''i'' is more like ''y'' in English ''young''—it is this way at the beginning of a word before a vowel, and in certain unstressed syllables before vowels. (For instance, ''[[Doriath]]'' is a compound of ''[[dôr]]+[[iath]]'', where ''[[iath]]'' is just one syllable.)
|-
| í || {{IPA|iː}} || [[Círdan|C'''í'''rdan]] || Sindarin ''í'' is pronounced just noticeably longer in duration than Sindarin ''i'', but otherwise is pronounced the same.
|-
| î || {{IPA|iːː}} || [[Gwîr|Gw'''î'''r]] || Sindarin ''î'' is pronounced for an even longer duration than Sindarin ''í'', usually in single-syllable words. But it is permissible to pronounce it the same as ''í''.
|-
| l || {{IPA|l}} || [[Legolas|'''L'''ego'''l'''as]] ||  
|-
| lh || {{IPA|ɬ}} || [[Lhûn|Lh'''û'''n]] || There is no parallel for Sindarin ''lh'' in English. But it is like ''ll'' in [[Welsh]] or ''ł'' in Navajo, or [[Quenya]] ''hl''. More specifically, it is a ''voiceless alveolar lateral'', like ''s'' when spoken in a lateral lisp. If nothing else works, try pronouncing ''l'' while whispering.
|-
| ll || {{IPA|lː}} || [[mellon|me'''ll'''on]] || Sindarin ''ll'' is pronounced for an even longer duration than Sindarin ''l'', but otherwise is pronounced the same.
|-
| m || {{IPA|m}} || [[Mordor|'''M'''ordor]] ||  
|-
| mh || {{IPA|ṽ}} ||   || An Archaic Sindarin sound, a "spirant" ''m'', just like Gaelic ''mh''. This sound became the same as ''v'' since at least the First Age, and ''mh'' as a spirant ''m'' does not appear even in [[The Silmarillion]]-style Sindarin spellings, so that spellings like ''[[Tinúviel]]'' are preferred over ''*Tinúmhiel''. Suffice it to say that this spelling of ''mh'' is not used in [[Lord of the Rings]]-style [[Third Age]] Sindarin either.
|-
| mm || {{IPA|mː}} || [[Rammas Echor|Ra'''mm'''as]] || Sindarin ''mm'' is pronounced for an even longer duration than Sindarin ''m'', but otherwise is pronounced the same.
|-
| n || {{IPA|n}} || [[Nevrast|'''N'''evrast]] ||  
|-
| nc || {{IPA|ŋk}} || [[Orthanc|Ortha'''nc''']] || Like ''nk'' in English ''think''.
|-
| ng || {{IPA|ŋ(ɡ)}} || [[Fingolfin|Fi'''ng'''olfin]]; [[Glamdring|Glamdri'''ng''']] || Represents {{IPA|[ŋɡ]}} between two vowels (like ''ng'' in English ''finger''), and {{IPA|[ŋ]}} everywhere else (like ''ng'' in English ''singer''). It is never pronounced like ''ng'' in English ''ginger''.
|-
| nn || {{IPA|nː}} || [[Pelennor|Pele'''nn'''or]] || Sindarin ''nn'' is pronounced for an even longer duration than Sindarin ''n'', but otherwise is pronounced the same.
|-
| o, ö || {{IPA|o}} || [[Gorgoroth|G'''o'''rg'''o'''r'''o'''th]] || Sindarin ''o'' is most like ''o'' in English ''born'', but shorter and without the ''r''. It can also be pronounced like Spanish ''o''. Either pronunciation is suitable, but it ''never'' has a ''w'' off-glide like ''ow'' in English ''show''.
|-
| ó || {{IPA|oː}} || [[Dor-lómin|Dor-l'''ó'''min]] || Sindarin ''ó'' is pronounced just noticeably longer in duration than Sindarin ''o'', but otherwise is pronounced the same.
|-
| ô || {{IPA|oːː}} ||   || Sindarin ''ô'' is pronounced for an even longer duration than Sindarin ''ó'', usually in single-syllable words. But it is permissible to pronounce it the same as ''ó''.
|-
| oe || {{IPA|o͡e}} ||   || Sindarin ''oe'' is somewhat like ''oi'' in English ''join''. Though this is not ''completely'' accurate because ''oe'' ends with an off-glide that sounds like Sindarin ''e'', it is a suitable pronunciation because there is no Sindarin ''oi'' to contrast with. Alternately, ''oe'' is like ''oe'' in Hawaiian ''Aloha ʻOe''.
|-
| œ || {{IPA|ø}} || [[Nirnaeth Arnoediad|Nírnaeth Arn'''œ'''diad]] || An Archaic Sindarin sound, at one time pronounced like French ''eu'', ''oe'' or ''oeu'' or like German/Swedish ''ö'' or like Danish/Norwegian ''ø''. In the [[Third Age]] it is pronounced just like Sindarin ''e'', so it is suitable to pronounce it like ''e''. Mostly found in [[First Age]] Sindarin words, and most famously in ''[[Nirnaeth Arnoediad|Nírnaeth Arnœdiad]]''. [[Lord of the Rings]]-style Third Age Sindarin spellings do not use ''œ'' at all, only ''e'', such as ''[[Ered Luin]]'' instead of ''*Œrœd Luin''.
|-
| p || {{IPA|p}} || [[Pengolodh|'''P'''engolodh]] ||  
|-
| ph || {{IPA|f, fː}} || [[Ephel Dúath|E'''ph'''el Dúath]] || Represents {{IPA|[f]}} when final, {{IPA|[fː]}} everywhere else.
|-
| r || {{IPA|r}} || [[Boromir|Bo'''r'''omi'''r''']] || Sindarin ''r'' is always trilled or at least flapped wherever possible, like in Scottish English. It is not pronounced like General English ''r'', but this is still often a suitable pronunciation because Sindarin has no other rhotic consonant besides ''rh''.
|-
| rh || {{IPA|r̥}} || [[Rhovanion|'''Rh'''ovanion]] || There is no parallel for Sindarin ''rh'' in English. But it is like Welsh ''rh'', or [[Quenya]] ''hr''. If nothing else works, try pronouncing ''r'' while whispering.
|-
| rr || {{IPA|rː}} ||   || Sindarin ''rr'' is pronounced for an even longer duration than Sindarin ''r'', but otherwise is pronounced the same. For this reason, ''rr'' is always trilled, because a flap ''r'' cannot be pronounced long.
|-
| s || {{IPA|s}} || [[Sirion|'''S'''irion]] || Sindarin ''s'' is always pronounced like ''s'' in English ''safe'', and never like ''s'' in English ''ease''. There is no ''z'' in Sindarin.
|-
| ss || {{IPA|sː}} || [[Ossiriand|O'''ss'''iriand]] || Sindarin ''ss'' is pronounced for an even longer duration than Sindarin ''s'', but otherwise is pronounced the same.
|-
| t || {{IPA|t}} || [[Túrin|'''T'''úrin]] ||  
|-
| th || {{IPA|θ}} || [[Ecthelion|Ec'''th'''elion]] || Sindarin ''th'' is always pronounced ''th'' in English ''think'', and never like ''th'' in English ''these''—the latter sound is used for the separate Sindarin consonant ''dh''.
|-
| u || {{IPA|u}} || [[Curufin|C'''u'''r'''u'''fin]] || Sindarin ''u'' is most like ''u'' in English ''put'' or like ''u'' in Spanish ''mundo''. Either pronunciation is suitable. It is never pronounced like ''u'' in English ''gut''.
|-
| ú || {{IPA|uː}} || [[Lúthien|L'''ú'''thien]] || Sindarin ''ú'' is pronounced just noticeably longer in duration than Sindarin ''u'', but otherwise is pronounced the same.
|-
| û || {{IPA|uːː}} || [[Barad-dûr|Barad-d'''û'''r]] || Sindarin ''û'' is pronounced for an even longer duration than Sindarin ''ú'', usually in single-syllable words. But it is permissible to pronounce it the same as ''ú''.
|-
| ui || {{IPA|u͡ɪ}} || [[Orodruin|Orodr'''ui'''n]] || Sindarin ''ui'' is most like ''oo y'' in English ''too young'', pronounced all in one syllable. ''ui'' is always counted as one syllable, and never split into two syllables ''u i''.
|-
| v || {{IPA|v}} || [[Tinúviel|Tinú'''v'''iel]] ||  
|-
| w || {{IPA|w}} || [[Gwaihir|G'''w'''aihir]] ||  
|-
| y || {{IPA|y}} || [[Emyn Muil|Em'''y'''n Muil]] || Pronounced like the French ''u'' or the German ''ü''. It is also permissible to pronounce it like Sindarin ''i'', if at least because Sindarin ''i'' and ''y'' become pronounced the same during the [[Third Age]].
|-
| ý || {{IPA|yː}} ||   || Sindarin ''ý'' is pronounced just noticeably longer in duration than Sindarin ''y'', but otherwise is pronounced the same.
|-
| ŷ || {{IPA|yːː}} ||   || Sindarin ''ŷ'' is pronounced for an even longer duration than Sindarin ''ý'', usually in single-syllable words. But it is permissible to pronounce it the same as ''ý''.
|}

=== Nouns ===

==== Pluralization ====
Sindarin plurals are characterised by ''i-affection'', or ''umlaut'' (see also ''[[prestanneth]]'' "affection of vowels").<ref>{{L|347}}, p. 427</ref> Almost all Sindarin words form their plurals like English man/men and goose/geese — by changing the vowels in the word. The plural patterns are:

{| rules="all" style="border:1px solid darkgray; border-collapse:collapse" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0"
| align="center" bgcolor="lightgrey" colspan="2" | '''In Non-final Syllables'''
|-
| a > e || galadh > gelaidh
|-
| e > e || bereth > berith
|-
| i > i || fireb > firib
|-
| o > e || golodh > gelyth
|-
| u > y || tulus > tylys
|-
| y > y || ''(no example available)''
|-
| align="center" bgcolor="lightgrey" colspan="2" | '''In Final Syllables'''
|-
| a > ai || adan > edain
|-
| â > ai || tâl > tail
|-
| e > i || edhel > edhil
|-
| ê > î || hên > [[hîn]]
|-
| i > i || brennil > brennil
|-
| î > î || dîs > dîs
|-
| o > y || annon > ennyn
|-
| ó > ý || bór > býr
|-
| ô > ŷ || thôn > thŷn
|-
| u > y || urug > yryg
|-
| û > ui || hû > hui
|-
| y > y || ylf > ylf
|-
| ý > ý || mýl > mýl
|-
| au > oe || naug > noeg
|}

Note that ''ai'' can sometimes become ''î'' (or, less commonly, ''ý'').

The reason for this is that the primitive plural ending ''-î'' (still present in Quenya as ''-i'') affected the vowels in the word by making them higher and fronter. After this sound change occurred, the suffix ''-î'' disappeared when all final vowels were lost.

==== Class Plural ====
Sindarin also has several suffixes which denote a so-called class plural. For example, ''-ath'' indicates a group of something, e.g. ''elenath'' from ''[[elen]]'' (an archaic form of ''êl''), meaning "star" and ''-ath''. It means "a group of stars" or "all the stars in the sky". Another ending, ''-rim'', is used to indicate a race, e.g. ''nogothrim'' from ''nogoth'' — "dwarf" and ''-rim'', meaning "the race of dwarves". The ending ''-hoth'' is generally used in an unfriendly sense, e.g. ''gaurhoth'' from ''gaur'' — "werewolf" and ''-hoth'', meaning "werewolf-host".

=== Mutation ===
Sindarin has a complex series of mutations. There are three main different types of mutations: ''soft mutation'' (or lenition), ''nasal mutation'' and ''stop'' (occlusive) ''mutation''. Additionaly, a ''mixed mutation'' is also observed after certain particles or prepositions. Finally, it is presumed that Sindarin also once had what we could call an ''archaic spirantal mutation'' (also sometimes called ''liquid mutation'' by scholars). It is still uncertain whether this mutation is still productive or if it only occurs in ancient constructs.

Initial mutations must not be confused with assimilations that may occur in compound words (such as, for instance, in the names ''[[Araphor]]'', ''[[Arassuil]]'', and ''[[Caradhras]]'').

The following table outlines how different consonants are affected by the different mutations:

{| rules="all" style="border:1px solid darkgrey; border-collapse:collapse" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0"
|-
| bgcolor="lightgrey" | '''Basic'''
| bgcolor="lightgrey" | '''Soft'''
| bgcolor="lightgrey" | '''Nasal'''
| bgcolor="lightgrey" | '''Mixed'''
| bgcolor="lightgrey" | '''Stop'''
| bgcolor="lightgrey" | '''Liquid'''
|-
| b || v || m || b || b || v
|-
| c || g || ch || g || ch || ch
|-
| d || dh || n || d || d || dh
|-
| g || ' || ng || g || g || '
|-
| h || ch || ch || h || ch || ch
|-
| lh || thl || 'l || 'l || thl || 'l
|-
| m || v || m || m || m || v
|-
| p || b || ph || b || b || ph
|-
| rh || thr || 'r || 'r || thr || 'r
|-
| s || h || s || h || s || s
|-
| t || d || th || d || th || th
|}

Here the apostrophe indicates elision.

Words beginning in ''b-'', ''d-'', or ''g-'' which descend from older ''mb-'', ''nd-'', or ''ng-'' are affected differently by the mutations:

{| rules="all" style="border:1px solid darkgrey; border-collapse:collapse" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0"
|-
| bgcolor="lightgrey" | '''Basic'''
| bgcolor="lightgrey" | '''Soft'''
| bgcolor="lightgrey" | '''Nasal'''
| bgcolor="lightgrey" | '''Mixed'''
| bgcolor="lightgrey" | '''Stop'''
| bgcolor="lightgrey" | '''Liquid'''
|-
| b || m || mb || mb || mb || b
|-
| d || n || nd || nd || nd || d
|-
| g || ng || g || g || g || g
|}

Take, for example, the deictic article ''i'', which triggers soft mutation. When added to a word like ''[[tâl]]'', it becomes ''i dâl''. In Sindarin's phonological history, ''t'' became ''d'' in the middle of a word. Because ''i tâl'' at the time was considered one word, the ''t'' became ''d'', and thus ''i dâl''. However, without the article the word is still ''tâl''.

Mutation is triggered in various ways:
* Soft mutation, the most widely occurring mutation, is triggered by the singular article ''i'', the prefixes ''athra-, ath-, [[go-]], [[go-|gwa-]], ú-,'' and ''u-'', as well as the prepositions ''ab, am, adel, be, dad, di, na, nu,'' and ''î'', and after ''avo''. It also affects the second element in a compound, an adjective following a noun, and the object of a verb.
* Nasal mutation is triggered by the plural article ''in'', and the prepositions ''an, dan,'' and plural '''nin''.
* Mixed mutation is triggered by the genitive article ''en'', and the prepositions ''ben, erin, nan, 'nin,'' and ''uin''.
* Stop mutation is triggered by the prepositions ''ed, ned,'' and ''o(d)''.
* Liquid mutation is presumably triggered by the preposition ''or''.

=== Pronouns ===
Pronouns are perhaps the most poorly attested feature of Sindarin. What has been reconstructed by the comparative method is largely conjectural and is not agreed upon, and therefore will not be addressed in this article.

Sindarin pronouns, like those in English, still maintain some case distinction. Sindarin pronouns have nominative, accusative, genitive, and dative forms.

{| rules="all" style="border:1px solid darkgrey; border-collapse:collapse" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0"
| rowspan="2" |
| align="center" bgcolor="gray" colspan="2" | '''First Person'''
| bgcolor="gray" |
| align="center" bgcolor="gray" colspan="2" | '''Second Person'''
| bgcolor="gray" |
| align="center" bgcolor="gray" colspan="2" | '''Third Person'''
|-
| align="center" bgcolor="lightgrey" | '''Singular'''
| align="center" bgcolor="lightgrey" | '''Plural'''
| bgcolor="lightgrey" |
| align="center" bgcolor="lightgrey" | '''Singular'''
| align="center" bgcolor="lightgrey" | '''Plural'''
| bgcolor="lightgrey" |
| align="center" bgcolor="lightgrey" | '''Singular'''
| align="center" bgcolor="lightgrey" | '''Plural'''
|-
| bgcolor="lightgrey" | '''Nominative'''
| ''im'' ||  
| bgcolor="lightgrey" |
|   ||  
| bgcolor="lightgrey" |
| ''e'' ||  
|-
| bgcolor="lightgrey" | '''Accusative'''
| ''nin'' || #''men''
| bgcolor="lightgrey" |
| ''le'' (resp.) || ''le'' (resp.)
| bgcolor="lightgrey" |
| ''den'' || ''di'' ''hain'' (inanim.)
|-
| bgcolor="lightgrey" | '''Genitive'''
| ''nín'' || ''mín'' [subi. ''vín'']
| bgcolor="lightgrey" |
|   || ''lín''
| bgcolor="lightgrey" |
| ''tîn'' [subi. ''dîn''] ||  
|-
| bgcolor="lightgrey" | '''Dative'''
| ''enni'' [refl. ''anim''] || ''ammen''
| bgcolor="lightgrey" |
|   ||  
| bgcolor="lightgrey" |
|   ||  
|-
| bgcolor="lightgrey" | '''Enclitic'''
| -n || -m
| bgcolor="lightgrey" |
| ?-ch ||  
| bgcolor="lightgrey" |
| — || -r
|}

=== Verbs ===
Sindarin verbs are also quite complex. The number of attested verbs in Sindarin is small, so the Sindarin verb system is imperfectly known; no verb has a full paradigm of forms available. There are two main types of verbs: ''basic'' and ''derived''. Basic verbs have stems which end in a consonant, and derived verbs have stems which incorporate some sort derivational morpheme (such as a causative ending) which ends in ''-a''.

==== Basic Verbs ====
Basic verbs, though smaller in number than derived verbs, have a very complex conjugation which arises from Sindarin's phonological history.

Basic verbs form the infinitve by adding ''-i'': ''giri'' from ''gir-''. This ending causes an ''a'' or ''o'' in the stem to umlaut to ''e'': ''blebi'' from ''blab-''. Sindarin does not use infinitive forms very often, and rather uses the gerund to achieve the same meaning.

For all persons except the third person singular, the present tense is formed by the insertion of ''-i'', and the proper enclitic pronomial ending: ''girin'', ''girim'', ''girir''. As with the infinitive, ''-i'' causes an ''a'' or ''o'' in the stem to umlaut to ''e'': ''pedin'', ''pedim'', ''pedir'', from ''pad-''. The third person singular, because it has a zero-ending, does not require the insertion of ''-i''. This leaves the bare stem, which, because of Sindarin's phonological history, causes the vowel of the stem to become long: ''gîr'', ''blâb'', ''pâd''.

The past tense of basic verbs is very complicated and poorly attested. One common reconstructed system is to use ''-n'': ''darn''. However, the only time this ''-n'' actually remains is after a stem in ''-r''. After a stem ending in ''-l'', ''-n'' becomes ''-ll'': ''toll''. After ''-b, -d, -g, -v,'' or ''-dh'', it is metathesized and then assimilated to the same place of articulation as the consonant it now follows. The consonant then experiences what could be called a "backwards mutation": ''-b, -d,'' and ''-g'' become ''-p, -b,'' and ''-c'', and ''-v'' and ''-dh'' become ''-m'' and ''-d''. The matter is complicated even further when pronomial endings are added. Because ''-mp, -mb, -nt, -nd,'' and ''-nc'' did not survive medially, they become ''-mm-, -mm-, -nn-, -nn-,'' and ''-ng''. In addition, past tense stems in ''-m'' would have ''-mm-'' before any pronomial endings. Because this all may seem rather overwhelming, look at these examples which show step-by-step transformations:

* ''cab-'' > **''cabn'' > **''canb'' > **''camb'' > ''camp'', becoming ''camm-'' with any pronomial endings.
* ''ped-'' > **''pedn'' > **''pend'' > ''pent'', becoming ''penn-'' with any pronomial endings.
* ''dag-'' > **''dagn'' > **''dang'' (''n'' pronounced as in ''men'') > **''dang'' (''n'' pronounced as in ''sing'') > ''danc'', becoming ''dang-'' with any pronomial endings.
* ''lav-'' > **''lavn'' > **''lanv'' > **''lanm'' > **''lamm'' > ''lam'', becoming ''lamm-'' before any pronomial endings.
* ''redh-'' > **''redhn'' > **''rendh'' > **''rend'' > ''rend'', becoming ''renn-'' before any pronomial endings.

The future tense is formed by the addition of ''-tha''. An ''-i'' is also inserted between the stem and ''-tha'', which again causes ''a'' and ''o'' to umlaut to ''e''. Endings for all persons except for the first person singular can be added without any further modification: ''giritham'', ''blebithar''. The first person singular ending ''-n'' causes the ''-a'' in ''-tha'' to become ''-o'': ''girithon'', ''blebithon'', ''pedithon''.

The imperative is formed with the addition of ''-o'' to the stem: ''giro!'', ''pado!'', ''blabo!''.

==== Derived Verbs ====
Derived verbs have a much less complex conjugation because they have a thematic vowel (usually ''a'') which reduces the number of consonant combinations which occur.

The infinitive is formed with ''-o'', which replaces the ''-a'' of the stem, e.g. ''lacho'' from ''lacha-''.

The present tense is formed without modification to the stem. Pronomial endings are added without any change.

The past tense is formed with the ending ''-nt'', which becomes ''-nne'' with any pronomial endings, e.g. ''erthant'', ''erthanner''.

The future tense is formed with ''-tha''. With the addition of the first person singular ''-n'', this becomes ''-tho''.

The imperative is formed like the infinitive.

== Dialects ==
During the [[First Age]] there were several dialects of Sindarin:
*''[[Doriathrin]]'' or the language of [[Doriath]], a form of the language which preserved many archaic forms;
*''[[Falathrin]]'' or the language of the [[Falas]], later also spoken in [[Nargothrond]];
*''[[North Sindarin]]'', the dialects originally spoken in [[Dorthonion]] and [[Hithlum]] by the Sindar, these dialects contained many unique words and were not fully intelligible with the Sindarin of [[Beleriand]] proper.

With the exception of Doriathrin, the dialects were changed under Noldorin influence, and adopted many [[Quenya]] features, as well as unique sound changes devised by the Noldor (who loved changing languages). The distinct dialects disappeared after the Noldor and Sindar were dispersed during the later [[Battles of Beleriand]]. In the refuges on the [[Isle of Balar]] and the [[Mouths of Sirion]] a new dialect arose under the refugees, which mainly took after Falathrin. During the [[Second Age]] and [[Third Age]] Sindarin was a ''lingua franca'' for all Elves and their friends, until it was displaced as the [[Westron|Common Tongue]] by [[Westron]], a descendant of [[Adûnaic]] which was heavily influenced by Sindarin.

''Sindarin'' is actually a Quenya term. No Sindarin word for Sindarin is known, but usually the term '''''Edhellen''''' ("Elvish") is used in [[Neo-Sindarin]].

==Etymology==

The word '''Sindarin''' itself is actually a [[Quenya]] word given by the [[Noldor]]in Exiles. It is pronounced {{IPA|[ˈsindarin]}}.

==Names==

Sindarin is the language referred to as "the '''Elven-tongue'''" in ''[[The Lord of the Rings]]''.

In a letter, [[J.R.R. Tolkien|Tolkien]] referred to Sindarin as '''Grey Elvish'''.<ref>{{L|230}}</ref> In another manuscript he used the similar name '''Grey-elven'''.<ref>{{PE|17}}, p. 127</ref>

==Inspiration==

Tolkien originally imagined that the language which would become ''Sindarin'' was spoken by the Noldor. However, Tolkien later decided that it was the language of the Sindar. For this reason it is called "[[Noldorin]]" in the older material, such as the ''[[The Etymologies|Etymologies]]''. When Noldorin became Sindarin, it also adopted some features of the originally unrelated language ''[[Ilkorin]]''. Tolkien based the sound and some of the grammar of his Noldorin/Sindarin on [[Welsh]], and Sindarin displays of the consonant mutations that characterise the Celtic (especially Brythonic) languages. The language was also probably influenced to an extent by the Germanic languages, as Tolkien was a scholar of both [[Old English]] and [[Old Norse]].

== External Links ==
*[http://www.uib.no/People/hnohf/ Ardalambion], a site dedicated to the languages of Middle-earth
**[http://www.uib.no/People/hnohf/sindarin.htm Sindarin – ''The Noble Tongue''], by Helge Kåre Fauskanger
*[http://www.jrrvf.com/hisweloke/sindar/ Hiswelókë's Sindarin Dictionary]
*[http://sindarin.weet.us/ I Lam Arth - The Noble Tongue], a technical study of Sindarin

{{references}}

[[Category:Sindarin| ]]
[[Category:Quenya adjectives]]
[[Category:Quenya nouns]]
[[de:Sindarin]]
[[fi:Sindar (kieli)]]
[[fr:encyclo:langues:sindarin]]

Númenóreans

2015-06-25T18:02:47Z

Adûnâi: /* Dominion over the Men of Middle-earth */

{{cleanup}}
{{disambig-two|the inhabitants of Númenor|descendants they had on [[Middle-earth]] during the [[Third Age]]|[[Dúnedain]]}}
{{people
| image=[[File:Liz Danforth - Isildur.png|250px]]
| name=Númenóreans
| dominions=[[Númenor]], [[Eriador]], [[Harad]], [[Umbar]], [[Pelargir]], later [[Arnor]] and [[Gondor]]
| languages= [[Adûnaic]] (native tongue), [[Quenya]], [[Sindarin]]
| height=Taller than other [[Men]]
| length=
| skincolor=
| haircolor=
| feathers=
| distinctions=Alliance with the [[Elves]], advanced technology, longer lifespan
| lifespan= Line of Elros, 400 years; other lines, 350 years
| members=[[Elros]], [[Tar-Aldarion|Aldarion]], [[Ar-Pharazôn]], [[Elendil]], [[Isildur]]
}}

<center>{{quote|So great was the might and splendor of the Númenóreans that Sauron's own servants deserted him.|''[[The Lord of the Rings]]'', [[Appendix A]]}}</center>
'''Númenóreans''' were the [[Men]] of [[Númenor]], descendants of the [[Edain]] of the [[First Age]], who were granted the island of [[Elenna]] as a dwelling place. They turned against the [[Valar]], and their island home was destroyed in the last years of the [[Second Age]].

==Origins==
The Númenóreans were descendants of the [[Edain]] of the [[First Age]], who proved themselves allies of the [[Elves]], from whom they gathered knowledge of all things surrounding them. The two races fought together against [[Morgoth]].

During that Age, unions of Elves and Men were made; [[Lúthien]] and [[Beren]] whose son, [[Dior|Dior Eluchíl]], married [[Nimloth of Doriath]] and [[Elwing]] was born. [[Idril]] and [[Tuor]], the second couple, were parents of [[Eärendil]]. Elwing and Eärendil met at the [[Havens of Sirion]] and from their union twins were born: [[Elros]] and [[Elrond]]. To the two [[Half-elven|half-elves]], the Valar gave a choice: Elros chose to join the race of men, whereas Elrond chose to join the elves.

When the [[War of Wrath|last battle]] was won by the forces of [[Valinor]], the Valar rewarded the Edain by giving them a place to dwell outside the troubled world of [[Middle-earth]]. [[Ulmo]] raised [[Elenna]], later known as the Island of [[Númenor]]. Halfway between [[Endor]] and [[Aman]], the descendants from the [[Three Houses]] established the Kingdom of Númenor in {{SA|32}} and would last and dominate all other mortal peoples throughout the entire [[Second Age]]. Elros became the first [[King of Númenor]]

==Politics==
Númenor was a monarchy. The King held the power of decision over the affairs of the state. However, there was also the executive branch, the [[Council of the Sceptre]], composed from the Heir of the King and the lords from the six regions of Númenor: [[Forostar]] (''Northlands''), [[Andustar]] (''Westlands''), [[Hyarnustar]] (''Southwestlands''), [[Hyarrostar]] (''Southeastlands''), [[Orrostar]] (''Eastlands'') and [[Mittalmar]] (''Inlands'').

There were two main political parties: Elendili or the [[Faithful]], led by the Lords of Andúnië, always loyal to the Elves. In the later years they were a small group, oppressed by the opposing [[King's Men]] who rebelled against the Valar and their ban and set dominions among the Men of Middle-earth and laid heavy tribute upon them. As their number and power increased, they forced the Elendili to move from [[Andúnië]] to the eastern side of the island, at [[Rómenna]]. [[Pelargir]] was a harbor built where the river [[Sirith]] met [[Anduin]] and it was founded by the Faithful in {{SA|2350}}.
===Rulership===
{{main|Line of Elros}}
Númenóreans from the [[Line of Elros]] had right to inherit the [[Sceptre]] and thus become Rulers of Númenor. 25 [[King of Númenor|Kings]] and [[Ruling Queen of Númenor|Queens]] descendants of Elros ascended the throne. While the Númenóreans lived around 200 years, royal kindred had double life span.

Of great importance was the [[Law of Succession in Númenor]] which established the heir to the throne. It started out as an inherited custom, which gave exclusive rights to the male descendants of Elros. Tar-Aldarion, the sixth ruler of Númenor, only had one daughter and replaced the principle of exclusive male heir with that of eldest progeny, of any gender; in {{SA|1075}} Tar-Ancalimë became the first ruling queen in the history of Númenor.

Númenóreans from the Line of Elros influenced their era in various ways:

*[[Tar-Aldarion]], a great mariner and Middle-earth explorer
*[[Tar-Ancalimë]], the first Ruling Queen of Númenor
*[[Tar-Minastir]], defeated [[Sauron]] alongside [[Gil-galad|Ereinion Gil-galad]]
*[[Ar-Belzagar]], first ruler to take an Adûnaic name
*[[Ar-Adûnakhôr]], banned the speaking of Quenya and severed relationships with the Eldar
*[[Ar-Pharazôn]], last in the line of rulers, whose kingship led directly to the [[Akallabêth|Downfall of Númenor]]

===Lords of Andúnië===
{{seealso|Lords of Andúnië}}
During the time of princess [[Silmariën]] the law of [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agnatic_primogeniture agnatic primogeniture] existed. She could not succeed her father as his eldest child, and her [[Tar-Meneldur|brother]] took up the [[Sceptre]]. In her honor was created the title "[[Lords of Andúnië]]", which was set upon [[Valandil (Lord of Andúnië)|Valandil]] her first son and his 18 descendants; the last one was [[Amandil]], father of [[Elendil]]. During the dark times of Númenor, the Lords were renowned for their friendship with the Eldar, and leaders of the [[Elendili]].

==History==
At the foundation of Númenor all the people held the Eldar in friendship. White ships from [[Tol Eressëa]] brought many gifts to the [[Bay of Andúnië]]: birds, flowers, and healing herbs, and a branch from [[Celeborn, White Tree|Celeborn]], the White Tree of Tol Eressëa, which grew at the court of the king of [[Armenelos]].

As the fear of death crept into the hearts of the Dúnedain, the Firstborn became envied for their immortality. [[Tar-Atanamir]] was the first to speak against the Eldar and the Ban of the Valar. Little by little the Númenóreans abandoned the use of the [[Eldarin]] tongues. It was during the time of his son, King [[Tar-Ancalimon]], that the two parties were formed, the [[Elf-friends]] and the [[King's Men]]. Ar-Adûnakhôr was the first to choose an Adûnaic name and began to persecute the Faithful, punishing all those who would speak the Elven tongues openly. In the end the Eldar came no more to the land of Númenor.

===Dominion over the Men of Middle-earth===

[[Image:Paula DiSante - Ar-Pharazon Defies.JPG|thumb|right|[[Paula DiSante]] - ''Ar-Pharazon Defies'']]
Due to the fact that the Ban of the Valar restricted them from sailing [[Undying Lands|West]], the Númenóreans began to explore the eastern part of the [[Arda|world]], reaching the shores of Middle-earth in {{SA|600}} in [[Lindon]] and met with [[Gil-galad]]. The news spread swiftly and the [[Middle Men]] in [[Eriador]] were filled with wonder. The sailors met with twelve messengers on the [[Tower Hills]]<ref>{{UT|Aldarion}}</ref>.

The Númenóreans began to cultivate their new friends who were into their [[Dark Years]], grown weak and fearful, and taught them agriculture, stonecraft, smithying and their language [[Adûnaic]] but failed to recognize the [[Pre-Númenórean]] forest-folk of [[Minhiriath]] as ‘kinsmen’, and confused them with [[Men of Shadow]] because it was not related to theirs<ref>{{PM|X}}</ref>

The Middle Men were comforted, populated the western shores. They revered the memory of the tall Sea-kings whom they remembered as gods hoping each time for their return<ref>{{S|AK}}</ref>

More and more Númenor became a great naval power, and the [[Guild of Venturers]] established [[Vinyalondë]] (early 9th century).<ref>{{UT|Cirion}}</ref> The Pre-Númenóreans were patient until the tree-felling by [[Aldarion]] became devastating;<ref name="GC">{{UT|Galadriel}}</ref> slowly, hostility was growing, and the dark men out of the mountains were thrusting into [[Enedwaith]] in support of their kinsmen.<ref name="A">{{UT|Aldarion}}</ref>

Around that time, the Númenórean [[Drúedain]] became uneasy and urged Aldarion not to go, foreseeing the mischief to come. They did not succeed and one after another they took ships towards Middle-earth.<ref>{{UT|Druedain}}</ref>

In {{SA|820}} Vinyalondë was overthrown by great seas and plundered by hostile men. Men near the coasts were growing afraid of the Númenóreans, or were openly hostile and Aldarion heard rumours of some lord in Middle-earth who hated them. As Gil-galad warned [[Tar-Meneldur]] that this instigator was a servant of the [[Sauron|Enemy]].<ref name="A"/>

Aldarion's successors continued his works and even fought with the pre-Númenóreans<ref>{{UT|Numenor}}</ref> until they attacked and ambushed the Númenóreans when they could. They became their enemies giving no thought to husbandry or replanting. The Númenóreans wrecked the banks, the shorelines, great tracks and roads whom they drove into the forests northwards and southwards from the [[Gwathló]]<ref name="GC"/> and continued battling and destroying what lied ahead of them, pushing into [[Minhiriath]] and [[Enedwaith]], establishing themselves inland as far as the river [[Glanduin]] (the southern boundary of [[Eregion]]), beyond which pre-Númenóreans and hostile peoples lived, a remnant of the peoples that had dwelt in the vales of the White Mountains in ages past<ref>{{App|Languages}}</ref><ref name="GC"/> The natives overcame their fear of the Elves and fled from Minhiriath into the dark woods of the great [[Cape of Eryn Vorn]] (south of the mouth of [[Baranduin]]). Those from Enedwaith took refuge in the eastern mountains ([[Dunland]]).<ref name="GC"/>

[[Sauron]] recruited pre-Númenóreans and in the early second millennium he increased pressure on the West, left his stronghold in [[Rhûn]] and relocated in [[Mordor]], drawing closer to the Númenórean sphere of influence. Sauron welcomed by the natives and used the haters of Númenor as spies and guides for his raiders who caused havoc and burned their settlements. He had not enough force to assault the forts at the Haven or along the banks of the [[Gwathló]]. However his regular troops attempted to conquest Eriador, hunting and killing Middle Men and the Elves and by {{SA|1700}} had mastered all Eriador, up to the River [[Lhûn]] and besieged [[Rivendell]].<ref name="GC"/>

Eriador was already ruined by the time the Númenórean fleet was sent by king [[Tar-Minastir]]. They caught Mordor's troops in the rear and defeated them, bringing peace to the Westlands.<ref name="GC"/>

They explored the coasts of Middle-earth far southward establishing landing and trading posts that grew into cruel vice-kingdoms which left many rumours in the legends of Men, although the Eldar did not know about them<ref>{{PM|Akallabeth}}</ref> In the south they found a useful natural haven already called [[Umbar]] by the natives.

The Númenóreans founded [[Pelargir]] in {{SA|2350}} and discovered the pre-Númenóreans [[Oathbreakers|Men of the Mountains]] near [[Dunharrow]]<ref>{{HM|RK}}</ref> who eventually repented when Sauron left from Mordor and the power of Gil-galad had grown great.<ref name="Rings">{{S|Rings}}</ref>

As the shadow spread over Númenor, [[Tar-Ciryatan]] sailed to Middle-earth, bringing numerous treasures back to Númenor. Later more lands were occupied, plundered or forced to pay heavy tribute in return for the lives of their inhabitants. Towards the end of the kingdom, when their religion had changed and human sacrifices were made towards [[Morgoth|Melkor]], many of the victims were people of Middle-earth taken as prisoners. Because of these acts they were looked upon in fear, called the "Death" itself and the Men of Middle-earth trembled at the sight of a mighty Númenórean ship on the waters of [[Belegaer]]. However, the Faithful shared not the behavior of the King's Men and though they also built a port in Middle-earth, named Pelargir, it was not for the sake of plundering, but meant to be a haven far from those of the opposing party.

When the [[Elendili]] established the [[Realms in Exile]], many Men turned from evil and became subject to them even though the pre-Númenóreans were not friendly to them and never learned to distinguish between the [[King's Men]] and the [[Faithful]].<ref name="Rings"/> During this time the [[King of the Dead|King of the Mountains]] first swore allegiance to [[Isildur]] even though he and many other men were still influenced by their old allegiance to Sauron.

When Sauron returned Isildur summoned the Men of the Mountains to fulfill their oath, but they would not because they still feared Sauron. They hid in the mountains, isolated, until slowly dwindling in the barren hills they became the [[Oathbreakers|Dead Men of Dunharrow]].

===Sauron's Influence===

The only daughter of the king [[Tar-Palantir]], a friend of the Eldar who tried to restore the old ways, was [[Tar-Míriel]]. According to the [[Law of Succession in Númenor|New Law]] she had the right to inherit the throne, but her cousin Pharazôn forced her into marriage, and took the Sceptre for himself, becoming known as Ar-Pharazôn the Golden, the most proud and powerful of all the kings. He desired not only immortality as the ones before him had, but also the dominion over the entire world. For this he gathered a great fleet and opposed the greatest opponent in the path of his task: Sauron.

So mighty were the Númenóreans that the servants of Sauron fled even before the battle began and their leader was taken as a prisoner back to the island of Elenna. Through numerous lies he poisoned the mind of the king and became master of his council, changing even the religion of the Númenóreans and turning them into servants of the dark [[Morgoth]]. And because he assured Ar-Pharazôn that if he ever reached Aman he would become immortal, the last king gathered once more a great host of ships and sailed to break the Ban of the Valar.

===Downfall===
[[File:Ted Nasmith - Queen Tar-Míriel and the Great Wave.jpg|thumb|left|[[Ted Nasmith]] - ''Queen Tar-Miriel and the Great Wave'']]

Pharazôn's attempt to reach Valinor and his previous preparations for war with the Eldar raised the anger of [[Manwë]] who sent his eagle-shaped storm clouds to Númenor. Lightning struck the land, including the temple of Melkor, where human sacrifices were made. Because Sauron himself stood in their path and was not hurt by them, the Númenóreans were deceived even more into thinking he was their rightful god.

Ar-Pharazôn sailed at the head of his fleet known as the [[Great Armament]], led by the flagship [[Alcarondas]], set course towards Valinor and reached Tol Eressëa. His pride fooled him into thinking that the inhabitants of Aman would not stand in his way, because the land was quiet and peaceful, and thus he set camp near the [[Túna]] hill. But Manwë, the Elder King, was aware of what transpired, and the Valar then laid down the Guardianship of Arda. Ilúvatar responded by catastrophically changing the shape of Arda. The Númenóreans present in Valinor were buried under the hills which felt upon them, and on the great island fire was erupted from the top of Meneltarma. The land crumbled into pieces and a great wave swept over it and buried the island at the bottom of the sea. Its people were taken by the waters, and this tragedy brought an end to the Númenórean realm, in {{SA|3319}}.

===Epilogue===
[[File:The Lord of the Rings - The Motion Picture Trilogy - Elendil.jpg|thumb|250px|right|Elendil in ''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring]]'']]
The only ones to survive the Downfall of Númenor were Elendil and his sons, [[Isildur]] and [[Anárion]], along with the few people of the Elendili. They escaped the [[Akallabêth]] with nine ships, a seedling of [[Nimloth of Númenor|Nimloth]], which Isildur had rescued the night before its destruction and the Seven [[Seeing-stones]]. Cast ashore by the storm on the western lands of Middle-earth, they founded the Númenórean realms in exile: [[Arnor]] and [[Gondor]]. Their war with Sauron continued in the lands of Middle-earth. Fighting side by side with the Elves and the [[Dwarves]] they opposed and defeated him during the [[War of the Last Alliance]].

Long after the Fall there was a belief among those who survived it that the Holy Mountain Meneltarma was not swallowed by the waters, but instead raised to be a new island of its own. The heirs of Elendil built great ships once more and set on its search, not only because they yearned for their home, but also because from that point, the top of Meneltarma, Tol Eressëa could be spotted and their hearts still desired to reach the West, against all warnings. But they never found the top of Meneltarma and their voyages served only to discover that Arda was a round world.
==Culture==
The Númenóreans spoke [[Adunaic]], a [[Mannish]] language that descended from the Mannish languages spoken in [[Beleriand]]. However their forefathers, the Edain, had learned [[Sindarin]] which was passed on to Númenor. As a language of lore, it changed only a litte with the millennia. Educated Númenóreans also studied [[Quenya]], having a prestige above all other tongues.<ref>{{App|Men}}</ref>

Respected as a law was the [[Ban of the Valar]], which stated that Númenóreans should never sail West more than the limit of their sight when looking after their shores. As the fear of death filled more and more the hearts of the Númenóreans, they sailed further away from the island, until finally the last king, Ar-Pharazôn, broke the Ban in his attempt to reach [[Tol Eressëa]] out of the false belief that dwelling in that place granted immortality.
===Religion and Tradition===
[[Image:Jan Pospisil - Dunedain at War concept.jpg|thumb|Jan Pospíšil - ''Dúnedain at War'']]
Towards the middle of Mittalmar stood the Mountain [[Meneltarma]], the sacred place on which [[Ilúvatar|Eru]] was worshiped. Its flattened top was wide enough to contain a great crowd during the three yearly ceremonies ([[Erukyermë]], [[Erulaitalë]] and [[Eruhantalë]]). These took place in absolute silence while climbing its slopes. Soon after {{SA|3262}} these religious beliefs were abandoned and the worshiping of [[Morgoth|Melkor]] began. It was done in a cylindrical temple near the city of Armenelos built especially for this, and it involved sacrificing men and women over a great fire, whose first flames were lit from the [[White Tree of Tol Eressëa]].

Whenever ships sailed from Númenor, the custom of the [[Green Bough of Return]] took place. A branch from the [[Fragrant Trees|Fragrant Tree]] [[Oiolairë]] was set at the prow as a symbol of good fortune by a Númenórean woman, close relative to the captain of the ship. [[Erendis]], wife of Tar-Aldarion, refused to do so in disagreement with her husband's frequent voyages towards Middle-earth, breaking this tradition for the first time.

===Daily Life===
[[File:Ivan Ulicny - The Age of Númenor.jpg|thumb|Ivan Ulicny - ''The Age of Númenor'']]
Many of the inhabitants of Númenor were fishermen. Along with the grains cultivated in Orrostar, fish was the main food source for the Númenóreans.

The Dúnedain were skilled in riding and loved horses. They could even call them in their thoughts, if bound by friendship. Númenor had no paved roads, so that the carriages could move on them more easily. From the [[Noldor]] they learned the art of forging swords, axes, spears, knives, but mostly bows; their arrows resembled dark clouds falling upon the enemies.

The greatest love of the Númenóreans was the sea and the building of the largest ships. Most were built at the command of Tar-Aldarion, who also established the [[Guild of Venturers]]. The ship ''[[Eämbar]]'' was their headquarters.

==Characteristics==
The average Númenórean was taller than two [[Ranga]]r or 6'4". Elendil was the tallest of Men who escaped the Downfall (mentioned to be almost 2.5 [[rangar]] tall, 7'11" or 2.41 m)<ref>{{UT|Linear}}</ref>

While the Númenóreans lived around 350 years, royal kindred live 400 years.
==Names==
In their own language, the Númenóreans were named '''Adûnâim'''.<ref>{{HM|SD}} p.426</ref>

The Númenóreans were also known as '''High Men'''.<ref>{{HM|PM}}, pp. 312, 427</ref><ref>{{PE|17}}, p. 101</ref> (Cf. [[Middle Men]]). They were also known as Sea-kings, Men of the Sea and Lords of the Sea<ref>{{HM|Guide}}, p. 297</ref>

==See also==
*[[:Category:Images of Númenóreans|Images of Númenóreans]]
*[[King of Númenor]]
*[[Black Númenóreans]]
*[[Dúnedain]]
*[[Númenor]]
*[[Akallabêth]]
{{references}}


*''[[The Lord of the Rings]]'', [[Appendix A]]
*''[[The Lord of the Rings]]'', [[Appendix B]]
*''[[The Lord of the Rings]]'', [[Appendix F]]
*''[[The Silmarillion]]'', [[Of Men]]
*''[[Unfinished Tales]]'', [[The Line of Elros: Kings of Númenor]]
*''[[Unfinished Tales]]'', [[Cirion and Eorl and the Friendship of Gondor and Rohan]]
*''[[The Lost Road and Other Writings]]'', [[The Fall of Númenor]]
*''[[The Lost Road and Other Writings]]'', [[The Lost Road]]
*''[[The Peoples of Middle-earth]]'', [[The History of the Akallabeth ]]
*''[[The Peoples of Middle-earth]]'', [[The Tale of Years of the Second Age ]]
*''[[The Peoples of Middle-earth]]'', [[The Heirs of Elendil]]
*''[[The Peoples of Middle-earth]]'', [[Tal-Elmar (chapter)|Tal-Elmar]]

[[Category:Edain]]
[[Category:Men]]
[[Category:Númenóreans| ]]
[[fa:نومه‌نوریان]]
[[fi:Númenorilaiset]]
[[fr:encyclo/peuples/hommes/numenoreens]]

Númenóreans

2015-06-25T17:58:10Z

Adûnâi: /* Lords of Andúnië */

{{cleanup}}
{{disambig-two|the inhabitants of Númenor|descendants they had on [[Middle-earth]] during the [[Third Age]]|[[Dúnedain]]}}
{{people
| image=[[File:Liz Danforth - Isildur.png|250px]]
| name=Númenóreans
| dominions=[[Númenor]], [[Eriador]], [[Harad]], [[Umbar]], [[Pelargir]], later [[Arnor]] and [[Gondor]]
| languages= [[Adûnaic]] (native tongue), [[Quenya]], [[Sindarin]]
| height=Taller than other [[Men]]
| length=
| skincolor=
| haircolor=
| feathers=
| distinctions=Alliance with the [[Elves]], advanced technology, longer lifespan
| lifespan= Line of Elros, 400 years; other lines, 350 years
| members=[[Elros]], [[Tar-Aldarion|Aldarion]], [[Ar-Pharazôn]], [[Elendil]], [[Isildur]]
}}

<center>{{quote|So great was the might and splendor of the Númenóreans that Sauron's own servants deserted him.|''[[The Lord of the Rings]]'', [[Appendix A]]}}</center>
'''Númenóreans''' were the [[Men]] of [[Númenor]], descendants of the [[Edain]] of the [[First Age]], who were granted the island of [[Elenna]] as a dwelling place. They turned against the [[Valar]], and their island home was destroyed in the last years of the [[Second Age]].

==Origins==
The Númenóreans were descendants of the [[Edain]] of the [[First Age]], who proved themselves allies of the [[Elves]], from whom they gathered knowledge of all things surrounding them. The two races fought together against [[Morgoth]].

During that Age, unions of Elves and Men were made; [[Lúthien]] and [[Beren]] whose son, [[Dior|Dior Eluchíl]], married [[Nimloth of Doriath]] and [[Elwing]] was born. [[Idril]] and [[Tuor]], the second couple, were parents of [[Eärendil]]. Elwing and Eärendil met at the [[Havens of Sirion]] and from their union twins were born: [[Elros]] and [[Elrond]]. To the two [[Half-elven|half-elves]], the Valar gave a choice: Elros chose to join the race of men, whereas Elrond chose to join the elves.

When the [[War of Wrath|last battle]] was won by the forces of [[Valinor]], the Valar rewarded the Edain by giving them a place to dwell outside the troubled world of [[Middle-earth]]. [[Ulmo]] raised [[Elenna]], later known as the Island of [[Númenor]]. Halfway between [[Endor]] and [[Aman]], the descendants from the [[Three Houses]] established the Kingdom of Númenor in {{SA|32}} and would last and dominate all other mortal peoples throughout the entire [[Second Age]]. Elros became the first [[King of Númenor]]

==Politics==
Númenor was a monarchy. The King held the power of decision over the affairs of the state. However, there was also the executive branch, the [[Council of the Sceptre]], composed from the Heir of the King and the lords from the six regions of Númenor: [[Forostar]] (''Northlands''), [[Andustar]] (''Westlands''), [[Hyarnustar]] (''Southwestlands''), [[Hyarrostar]] (''Southeastlands''), [[Orrostar]] (''Eastlands'') and [[Mittalmar]] (''Inlands'').

There were two main political parties: Elendili or the [[Faithful]], led by the Lords of Andúnië, always loyal to the Elves. In the later years they were a small group, oppressed by the opposing [[King's Men]] who rebelled against the Valar and their ban and set dominions among the Men of Middle-earth and laid heavy tribute upon them. As their number and power increased, they forced the Elendili to move from [[Andúnië]] to the eastern side of the island, at [[Rómenna]]. [[Pelargir]] was a harbor built where the river [[Sirith]] met [[Anduin]] and it was founded by the Faithful in {{SA|2350}}.
===Rulership===
{{main|Line of Elros}}
Númenóreans from the [[Line of Elros]] had right to inherit the [[Sceptre]] and thus become Rulers of Númenor. 25 [[King of Númenor|Kings]] and [[Ruling Queen of Númenor|Queens]] descendants of Elros ascended the throne. While the Númenóreans lived around 200 years, royal kindred had double life span.

Of great importance was the [[Law of Succession in Númenor]] which established the heir to the throne. It started out as an inherited custom, which gave exclusive rights to the male descendants of Elros. Tar-Aldarion, the sixth ruler of Númenor, only had one daughter and replaced the principle of exclusive male heir with that of eldest progeny, of any gender; in {{SA|1075}} Tar-Ancalimë became the first ruling queen in the history of Númenor.

Númenóreans from the Line of Elros influenced their era in various ways:

*[[Tar-Aldarion]], a great mariner and Middle-earth explorer
*[[Tar-Ancalimë]], the first Ruling Queen of Númenor
*[[Tar-Minastir]], defeated [[Sauron]] alongside [[Gil-galad|Ereinion Gil-galad]]
*[[Ar-Belzagar]], first ruler to take an Adûnaic name
*[[Ar-Adûnakhôr]], banned the speaking of Quenya and severed relationships with the Eldar
*[[Ar-Pharazôn]], last in the line of rulers, whose kingship led directly to the [[Akallabêth|Downfall of Númenor]]

===Lords of Andúnië===
{{seealso|Lords of Andúnië}}
During the time of princess [[Silmariën]] the law of [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agnatic_primogeniture agnatic primogeniture] existed. She could not succeed her father as his eldest child, and her [[Tar-Meneldur|brother]] took up the [[Sceptre]]. In her honor was created the title "[[Lords of Andúnië]]", which was set upon [[Valandil (Lord of Andúnië)|Valandil]] her first son and his 18 descendants; the last one was [[Amandil]], father of [[Elendil]]. During the dark times of Númenor, the Lords were renowned for their friendship with the Eldar, and leaders of the [[Elendili]].

==History==
At the foundation of Númenor all the people held the Eldar in friendship. White ships from [[Tol Eressëa]] brought many gifts to the [[Bay of Andúnië]]: birds, flowers, and healing herbs, and a branch from [[Celeborn, White Tree|Celeborn]], the White Tree of Tol Eressëa, which grew at the court of the king of [[Armenelos]].

As the fear of death crept into the hearts of the Dúnedain, the Firstborn became envied for their immortality. [[Tar-Atanamir]] was the first to speak against the Eldar and the Ban of the Valar. Little by little the Númenóreans abandoned the use of the [[Eldarin]] tongues. It was during the time of his son, King [[Tar-Ancalimon]], that the two parties were formed, the [[Elf-friends]] and the [[King's Men]]. Ar-Adûnakhôr was the first to choose an Adûnaic name and began to persecute the Faithful, punishing all those who would speak the Elven tongues openly. In the end the Eldar came no more to the land of Númenor.

===Dominion over the Men of Middle-earth===

[[Image:Paula DiSante - Ar-Pharazon Defies.JPG|thumb|right|[[Paula DiSante]] - ''Ar-Pharazon Defies'']]
Due to the fact that the Ban of the Valar restricted them from sailing [[Undying Lands|West]], the Númenóreans began to explore the eastern part of the [[Arda|world]], reaching the shores of Middle-earth in {{SA|600}} in [[Lindon]] and met with [[Gil-galad]]. The news spread swiftly and the [[Middle Men]] in [[Eriador]] were filled with wonder. The sailors met with twelve messengers on the [[Tower Hills]]<ref>{{UT|Aldarion}}</ref>.

The Númenóreans began to cultivate their new friends who were into their [[Dark Years]], grown weak and fearful, and taught them agriculture, stonecraft, smithying and their language [[Adûnaic]] but failed to recognize the [[Pre-Númenórean]] forest-folk of [[Minhiriath]] as ‘kinsmen’, and confused them with [[Men of Shadow]] because it was not related to theirs<ref>{{PM|X}}</ref>

The Middle Men were comforted, populated the western shores. They revered the memory of the tall Sea-kings whom they remembered as gods hoping each time for their return<ref>{{S|AK}}</ref>

More and more Númenor became a great naval power and the [[Guild of Venturers]] established [[Vinyalondë]] (early 9th century)<ref>{{UT|Cirion}}</ref> The Pre-Númenórean were patient until the tree-felling by [[Aldarion]] became devastating<ref name="GC">{{UT|Galadriel}}</ref> and slowly, hostility was growing and dark men out of the mountains were thrusting into [[Enedwaith]] in support of their kinsmen<ref name="A">{{UT|Aldarion}}</ref>

Around that time, the Númenórean [[Drúedain]] became uneasy and urged Aldarion not to go, foreseeing the mischief to come. They did not succeed and one after another they took ships towards Middle-earth.<ref>{{UT|Druedain}}</ref>

In {{SA|820}} Vinyalondë was overthrown by great seas and plundered by hostile men. Men near the coasts were growing afraid of the Númenóreans, or were openly hostile and Aldarion heard rumours of some lord in Middle-earth who hated them. As Gil-galad warned [[Tar-Meneldur]] that this instigator was a servant of the [[Sauron|Enemy]].<ref name="A"/>

Aldarion's successors continued his works and even fought with the pre-Númenóreans<ref>{{UT|Numenor}}</ref> until they attacked and ambushed the Númenóreans when they could. They became their enemies giving no thought to husbandry or replanting. The Númenóreans wrecked the banks, the shorelines, great tracks and roads whom they drove into the forests northwards and southwards from the [[Gwathló]]<ref name="GC"/> and continued battling and destroying what lied ahead of them, pushing into [[Minhiriath]] and [[Enedwaith]], establishing themselves inland as far as the river [[Glanduin]] (the southern boundary of [[Eregion]]), beyond which pre-Númenóreans and hostile peoples lived, a remnant of the peoples that had dwelt in the vales of the White Mountains in ages past<ref>{{App|Languages}}</ref><ref name="GC"/> The natives overcame their fear of the Elves and fled from Minhiriath into the dark woods of the great [[Cape of Eryn Vorn]] (south of the mouth of [[Baranduin]]). Those from Enedwaith took refuge in the eastern mountains ([[Dunland]])<ref name="GC"/>

[[Sauron]] recruited pre-Númenóreans and in the early second millennium he increased pressure on the West, left his stronghold in [[Rhûn]] and relocated in [[Mordor]], drawing closer to the Númenórean sphere of influence. Sauron welcomed by the natives and used the haters of Númenor as spies and guides for his raiders who caused havoc and burned their settlements. He had not enough force to assault the forts at the Haven or along the banks of the [[Gwathló]]. However his regular troops attempted to conquest Eriador, hunting and killing Middle Men and the Elves and by {{SA|1700}} had mastered all Eriador, up to the River [[Lhûn]] and besieged [[Rivendell]].<ref name="GC"/>

Eriador was already ruined by the time the Númenórean fleet was sent by king [[Tar-Minastir]]. They caught Mordor's troops in the rear and defeated them, bringing peace to the Westlands.<ref name="GC"/>

They explored the coasts of Middle-earth far southward establishing landing and trading posts that grew into cruel vice-kingdoms which left many rumours in the legends of Men, although the Eldar did not know about them<ref>{{PM|Akallabeth}}</ref> In the south they found a useful natural haven already called [[Umbar]] by the natives.

The Númenóreans founded [[Pelargir]] in {{SA|2350}} and discovered the pre-Númenóreans [[Oathbreakers|Men of the Mountains]] near [[Dunharrow]]<ref>{{HM|RK}}</ref> who eventually repented when Sauron left from Mordor and the power of Gil-galad had grown great<ref name="Rings">{{S|Rings}}</ref>

As the shadow spread over Númenor, [[Tar-Ciryatan]] sailed to Middle-earth, bringing numerous treasures back to Númenor. Later more lands were occupied, plundered or forced to pay heavy tribute in return for the lives of their inhabitants. Towards the end of the kingdom, when their religion had changed and human sacrifices were made towards [[Morgoth|Melkor]], many of the victims were people of Middle-earth taken as prisoners. Because of these acts they were looked upon in fear, called the "Death" itself and the Men of Middle-earth trembled at the sight of a mighty Númenórean ship on the waters of [[Belegaer]]. However, the Faithful shared not the behavior of the King's Men and though they also built a port in Middle-earth, named Pelargir, it was not for the sake of plundering, but meant to be a haven far from those of the opposing party.

When the [[Elendili]] established the [[Realms in Exile]], many Men turned from evil and became subject to them even though the pre-Númenóreans were not friendly to them and never learned to distinguish between the [[King's Men]] and the [[Faithful]].<ref name="Rings"/> During this time the [[King of the Dead|King of the Mountains]] first swore allegiance to [[Isildur]] even though he and many other men were still influenced by their old allegiance to Sauron.

When Sauron returned Isildur summoned the Men of the Mountains to fulfill their oath, but they would not because they still feared Sauron. They hid in the mountains, isolated, until slowly dwindling in the barren hills they became the [[Oathbreakers|Dead Men of Dunharrow]].

===Sauron's Influence===

The only daughter of the king [[Tar-Palantir]], a friend of the Eldar who tried to restore the old ways, was [[Tar-Míriel]]. According to the [[Law of Succession in Númenor|New Law]] she had the right to inherit the throne, but her cousin Pharazôn forced her into marriage, and took the Sceptre for himself, becoming known as Ar-Pharazôn the Golden, the most proud and powerful of all the kings. He desired not only immortality as the ones before him had, but also the dominion over the entire world. For this he gathered a great fleet and opposed the greatest opponent in the path of his task: Sauron.

So mighty were the Númenóreans that the servants of Sauron fled even before the battle began and their leader was taken as a prisoner back to the island of Elenna. Through numerous lies he poisoned the mind of the king and became master of his council, changing even the religion of the Númenóreans and turning them into servants of the dark [[Morgoth]]. And because he assured Ar-Pharazôn that if he ever reached Aman he would become immortal, the last king gathered once more a great host of ships and sailed to break the Ban of the Valar.

===Downfall===
[[File:Ted Nasmith - Queen Tar-Míriel and the Great Wave.jpg|thumb|left|[[Ted Nasmith]] - ''Queen Tar-Miriel and the Great Wave'']]

Pharazôn's attempt to reach Valinor and his previous preparations for war with the Eldar raised the anger of [[Manwë]] who sent his eagle-shaped storm clouds to Númenor. Lightning struck the land, including the temple of Melkor, where human sacrifices were made. Because Sauron himself stood in their path and was not hurt by them, the Númenóreans were deceived even more into thinking he was their rightful god.

Ar-Pharazôn sailed at the head of his fleet known as the [[Great Armament]], led by the flagship [[Alcarondas]], set course towards Valinor and reached Tol Eressëa. His pride fooled him into thinking that the inhabitants of Aman would not stand in his way, because the land was quiet and peaceful, and thus he set camp near the [[Túna]] hill. But Manwë, the Elder King, was aware of what transpired, and the Valar then laid down the Guardianship of Arda. Ilúvatar responded by catastrophically changing the shape of Arda. The Númenóreans present in Valinor were buried under the hills which felt upon them, and on the great island fire was erupted from the top of Meneltarma. The land crumbled into pieces and a great wave swept over it and buried the island at the bottom of the sea. Its people were taken by the waters, and this tragedy brought an end to the Númenórean realm, in {{SA|3319}}.

===Epilogue===
[[File:The Lord of the Rings - The Motion Picture Trilogy - Elendil.jpg|thumb|250px|right|Elendil in ''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring]]'']]
The only ones to survive the Downfall of Númenor were Elendil and his sons, [[Isildur]] and [[Anárion]], along with the few people of the Elendili. They escaped the [[Akallabêth]] with nine ships, a seedling of [[Nimloth of Númenor|Nimloth]], which Isildur had rescued the night before its destruction and the Seven [[Seeing-stones]]. Cast ashore by the storm on the western lands of Middle-earth, they founded the Númenórean realms in exile: [[Arnor]] and [[Gondor]]. Their war with Sauron continued in the lands of Middle-earth. Fighting side by side with the Elves and the [[Dwarves]] they opposed and defeated him during the [[War of the Last Alliance]].

Long after the Fall there was a belief among those who survived it that the Holy Mountain Meneltarma was not swallowed by the waters, but instead raised to be a new island of its own. The heirs of Elendil built great ships once more and set on its search, not only because they yearned for their home, but also because from that point, the top of Meneltarma, Tol Eressëa could be spotted and their hearts still desired to reach the West, against all warnings. But they never found the top of Meneltarma and their voyages served only to discover that Arda was a round world.
==Culture==
The Númenóreans spoke [[Adunaic]], a [[Mannish]] language that descended from the Mannish languages spoken in [[Beleriand]]. However their forefathers, the Edain, had learned [[Sindarin]] which was passed on to Númenor. As a language of lore, it changed only a litte with the millennia. Educated Númenóreans also studied [[Quenya]], having a prestige above all other tongues.<ref>{{App|Men}}</ref>

Respected as a law was the [[Ban of the Valar]], which stated that Númenóreans should never sail West more than the limit of their sight when looking after their shores. As the fear of death filled more and more the hearts of the Númenóreans, they sailed further away from the island, until finally the last king, Ar-Pharazôn, broke the Ban in his attempt to reach [[Tol Eressëa]] out of the false belief that dwelling in that place granted immortality.
===Religion and Tradition===
[[Image:Jan Pospisil - Dunedain at War concept.jpg|thumb|Jan Pospíšil - ''Dúnedain at War'']]
Towards the middle of Mittalmar stood the Mountain [[Meneltarma]], the sacred place on which [[Ilúvatar|Eru]] was worshiped. Its flattened top was wide enough to contain a great crowd during the three yearly ceremonies ([[Erukyermë]], [[Erulaitalë]] and [[Eruhantalë]]). These took place in absolute silence while climbing its slopes. Soon after {{SA|3262}} these religious beliefs were abandoned and the worshiping of [[Morgoth|Melkor]] began. It was done in a cylindrical temple near the city of Armenelos built especially for this, and it involved sacrificing men and women over a great fire, whose first flames were lit from the [[White Tree of Tol Eressëa]].

Whenever ships sailed from Númenor, the custom of the [[Green Bough of Return]] took place. A branch from the [[Fragrant Trees|Fragrant Tree]] [[Oiolairë]] was set at the prow as a symbol of good fortune by a Númenórean woman, close relative to the captain of the ship. [[Erendis]], wife of Tar-Aldarion, refused to do so in disagreement with her husband's frequent voyages towards Middle-earth, breaking this tradition for the first time.

===Daily Life===
[[File:Ivan Ulicny - The Age of Númenor.jpg|thumb|Ivan Ulicny - ''The Age of Númenor'']]
Many of the inhabitants of Númenor were fishermen. Along with the grains cultivated in Orrostar, fish was the main food source for the Númenóreans.

The Dúnedain were skilled in riding and loved horses. They could even call them in their thoughts, if bound by friendship. Númenor had no paved roads, so that the carriages could move on them more easily. From the [[Noldor]] they learned the art of forging swords, axes, spears, knives, but mostly bows; their arrows resembled dark clouds falling upon the enemies.

The greatest love of the Númenóreans was the sea and the building of the largest ships. Most were built at the command of Tar-Aldarion, who also established the [[Guild of Venturers]]. The ship ''[[Eämbar]]'' was their headquarters.

==Characteristics==
The average Númenórean was taller than two [[Ranga]]r or 6'4". Elendil was the tallest of Men who escaped the Downfall (mentioned to be almost 2.5 [[rangar]] tall, 7'11" or 2.41 m)<ref>{{UT|Linear}}</ref>

While the Númenóreans lived around 350 years, royal kindred live 400 years.
==Names==
In their own language, the Númenóreans were named '''Adûnâim'''.<ref>{{HM|SD}} p.426</ref>

The Númenóreans were also known as '''High Men'''.<ref>{{HM|PM}}, pp. 312, 427</ref><ref>{{PE|17}}, p. 101</ref> (Cf. [[Middle Men]]). They were also known as Sea-kings, Men of the Sea and Lords of the Sea<ref>{{HM|Guide}}, p. 297</ref>

==See also==
*[[:Category:Images of Númenóreans|Images of Númenóreans]]
*[[King of Númenor]]
*[[Black Númenóreans]]
*[[Dúnedain]]
*[[Númenor]]
*[[Akallabêth]]
{{references}}


*''[[The Lord of the Rings]]'', [[Appendix A]]
*''[[The Lord of the Rings]]'', [[Appendix B]]
*''[[The Lord of the Rings]]'', [[Appendix F]]
*''[[The Silmarillion]]'', [[Of Men]]
*''[[Unfinished Tales]]'', [[The Line of Elros: Kings of Númenor]]
*''[[Unfinished Tales]]'', [[Cirion and Eorl and the Friendship of Gondor and Rohan]]
*''[[The Lost Road and Other Writings]]'', [[The Fall of Númenor]]
*''[[The Lost Road and Other Writings]]'', [[The Lost Road]]
*''[[The Peoples of Middle-earth]]'', [[The History of the Akallabeth ]]
*''[[The Peoples of Middle-earth]]'', [[The Tale of Years of the Second Age ]]
*''[[The Peoples of Middle-earth]]'', [[The Heirs of Elendil]]
*''[[The Peoples of Middle-earth]]'', [[Tal-Elmar (chapter)|Tal-Elmar]]

[[Category:Edain]]
[[Category:Men]]
[[Category:Númenóreans| ]]
[[fa:نومه‌نوریان]]
[[fi:Númenorilaiset]]
[[fr:encyclo/peuples/hommes/numenoreens]]

First Battle of Beleriand

2015-06-23T20:02:02Z

Adûnâi:

{{battle
| name= First Battle
| image=
| conflict= [[Wars of Beleriand]]
| date={{YT|1497}}
| place= [[Beleriand]]
| result= Victory for the combined forces of [[Sindar]] and [[Green-elves]]
| side1= The Sindar of Beleriand (particularly [[Eglador]]) and the Laiquendi of [[Ossiriand]]
| side2= Forces of Angband
| commanders1=
{{Thingol blazon}}
* [[Denethor (Nando)|Denethor]] †
* [[Círdan]]
| commanders2=
{{Morgoth blazon}}
*[[Sauron]]
*[[Gothmog (balrog)|Gothmog]]
* Unknown Orc commanders
| forces1= The Sindar of Eglador, Laiquendi, some [[Dwarves]] in the later stages
| forces2= [[Orcs]], other evil creatures
| casual1= Unspecified, with heavy Green Elf losses
| casual2= Heavy
|}}
The '''First Battle of Beleriand''' was the first battle of the Wars of [[Beleriand]], fought by the [[Sindar]] against [[Morgoth]].

While the [[Noldor]] still toiled through [[Araman]], Morgoth had already arrived in Middle-earth, and had occupied his old fortress of [[Angband]] where his servants [[Sauron]] and [[Gothmog (balrog)|Gothmog]] had long been breeding [[Orcs]].

Unexpected by the Sindar, Morgoth decided to try and secure the area quickly, and he sent out his armies. This was the only battle against the Dark Lord in which the realm of King Elu Thingol took an active role. Morgoth's forces broke into two hosts, passing west through the vale of [[Sirion]] and east between [[Aros]] and [[Gelion]], some of them even scaling the passes of Anarch and [[Pass of Aglon|Aglon]].

In the east, King Elu Thingol of [[Doriath]] took the offensive, meeting the Orcs at [[Amon Ereb]]. There King [[Denethor of the Nandor|Denethor]] of the [[Laiquendi]] met him, and the Orcs were forced back-to-back. The lightly armed company of Denethor fell on Amon Ereb before Thingol could rescue him and King Denethor himself was slain, but the Orcs were eventually defeated. Those few survivors were slain by the [[Dwarves]] of [[Mount Dolmed]].

In the west, the [[Elves of the Falas]] under their Lord [[Círdan]] attacked the western host, but they lost that fight, and retreated in their cities of [[Eglarest]] and [[Brithombar]]. These cities were besieged afterward, and Doriath was unable to gather a strong enough force to send aid. The Havens were only freed when the Orcs withdrew to fight the Noldor under [[Fëanor]].

After the First Battle, Doriath was protected by the magical ''[[Girdle of Melian]]''.

The death of King Denethor in this battle led the Laiquendi to pledge to never again name a king or participate in the wars between other Elves and Morgoth.

{{warsofbeleriand}}

[[Category:Conflicts of the First Age]]
[[Category:Sieges]]
[[de:Erste große Schlacht von Beleriand]]
[[fr:encyclo/evenements/aa/guerres/premiere_bataille_de_beleriand]]
[[fi:Beleriandin Sotien ensimmäinen taistelu]]

Adûnaic

2015-06-23T14:17:59Z

Adûnâi: /* Days of Pride */

'''Adûnaic''' ("Language of the West") was the '''Númenórean''' language, spoken by the [[Men]] of [[Númenor]] during the [[Second Age]].
==Origins and family==
Adûnaic was derived from the [[House of Hador|Hadorian]] tongue, related to the [[House of Bëor|Bëorian]]—collectively called [[Taliska]]. It was more distantly related to the languages of the [[Middle Men]] of the east, such as the [[Northmen]].<ref name=men>{{App|F1ii}}</ref> During the [[First Age]] these languages were much influenced by [[Khuzdul]],<ref>{{PM|Dwarves}}, p. 317</ref> [[Avarin]], but also by the languages of the [[Eldar]], as the [[Elf-friends]] spoke [[Sindarin]].<ref>{{S|17}}</ref>

Taliska was not related to the [[Haladin]] tongue at all, therefore when the Númenóreans returned to [[Middle-earth]] in the [[Second Age]], they did not recognise the peoples of [[Enedwaith]] and [[Minhiriath]] as their distant kin, who spoke [[Pre-Númenórean|unrelated]] languages.
==History==
Adûnaic was generally considered to be a language of less prestige than the [[Elvish|Elven tongues]]. Most locations of Númenor, and most of the lords and ladies of the [[Dúnedain]], had also [[Quenya]] or [[Sindarin]] names beside their native ones.<ref name=ak>{{S|Akallabeth}}</ref> Even most commoners knew Sindarin to some degree.

Most of the House of Bëor had been killed after the [[Dagor Bragollach]],<ref>{{S|Fingolfin}}</ref> but even during the Second Age a Bëorian accent of Adûnaic still survived in parts of Númenor, most notably in [[Emerië]] and around the harbour of [[Andúnië]].
===Days of Pride===
About 2,000 years into the Second Age, the Númenóreans began to envy the immortality of the [[Firstborn]], which extended to the languages of the Elves; the Kings and their [[King's Men|followers]] used the Elven tongues less and less. Though the Kings and Queens had all taken their names in Quenya, after some time their supporters used their Adûnaic names to refer to them.

Eventually [[Ar-Adûnakhôr]] took his name in Adûnaic and forbade anyone to speak the Elven tongues in his presence. Adûnaic was now the language of the royal court. Its supremacy was most strongly enforced by [[Ar-Gimilzôr]]: he outlawed the use of Elvish anywhere in Númenor, which antagonized the few [[Faithful]] Númenóreans still living in the land.

However, his son Inziladûn took a Quenya name again, [[Tar-Palantir]], repealed the ban on the Elven tongues and gave peace to the Faithful. His daughter [[Tar-Míriel|Míriel]] would probably have continued his reforms, but her cousin [[Ar-Pharazôn|Pharazôn]] seized power and, in addition, gave her an Adûnaic name (Ar-Zimraphel).<ref name=ak/>

===Decline===
With the [[Downfall of Númenor]] came the end of classical Adûnaic. The study and preservation of the language was neglected by the Exiles of Númenor, because they associated it with the rebellious and repressive Númenórean Kings.<ref>{{PM|Dwarves}}, p. 315</ref>

However, the Men of [[Middle-earth]] who descended from the early Númenórean sailors and colonists still spoke it as a [[Wikipedia:creole language|Common Speech]]. This language eventually evolved into the [[Westron]] tongue widely spoken during the [[Third Age]].<ref>{{L|144}}</ref><ref name=men/>

==Structure==
{{stub}}
==Etymology==
Adûnaic is an Anglicized name of the language.
{{references}}
== External Links ==
*[http://www.uib.no/People/hnohf/adunaic.htm Ardalambion Article on Adûnaic]
*[http://lalaith.vpsurf.de/Tolkien/Grammar.html Lalaith's Guide to Adûnaic Grammar]
*[http://www.phy.duke.edu/~trenk/elvish/index.html#course_adunaic Ni-bitha Adûnâyê] - an Adûnâic course
*[http://docs.google.com/Doc?id=dc25cq9n_6gvtpq26p Wordlist]
[[Category:Adûnaic| ]]
[[de:Adûnaïsch]]
[[fr:encyclo/langues/adunaique]]
[[fi:Adûnaic]]

Talk:Flame of Anor

2015-05-26T19:27:27Z

Adûnâi: Created page with "==Narya?== May I add a speculation that Gandalf could refer to Narya? It is mentioned [http://lotr.wikia.com/wiki/Flame_of_Anor here], should I rephrase the words or can I copy/p..."

==Narya?==
May I add a speculation that Gandalf could refer to Narya? It is mentioned [http://lotr.wikia.com/wiki/Flame_of_Anor here], should I rephrase the words or can I copy/paste the material with minimal changes? Thanks in advance!--[[User:Adûnâi|Adûnâi]] 19:27, 26 May 2015 (UTC)

The Wold

2015-05-26T12:08:45Z

Adûnâi: /* History */

{{location
| image=
| name=The Wold
| type=Region
| location=Northern part of the [[Eastemnet]] of [[Rohan]]
| inhabitants=[[Men]]
| realms=[[Gondor]], then [[Rohan]]
| description=Grassy uplands
| climate=
| othernames=
| etymology=
| events=
}}
'''The Wold''' was the northernmost and least populated part of [[Rohan]], a grassy upland plain lying between [[Fangorn Forest]] and the [[Anduin]], bordered to the north by the [[Limlight]].<ref>{{UT|Map}}</ref>

The main inhabitants were nomadic [[Rohirrim|Men of Rohan]] who used the land to graze cattle, although during the years up to the [[War of the Ring]] the land had become deserted due to [[Orcs|orc-raids]].<ref name="River">{{FR|II9}}</ref>

==History==
Prior to the late years of the [[Second Age]] the Wold was part of no kingdom; the [[Elves]] of [[Lothlórien|Lórien]] never claimed any land south of the [[Limlight]] as part of their realm.<ref>{{UT|6c}}</ref> When the kingdom of [[Gondor]] was established in {{SA|3320}},<ref>{{App|SA}}</ref> the Wold became part of [[Calenardhon]].

After victory in the [[War of the Last Alliance]], [[Isildur]], his nephew [[Meneldil]], and a company of trusted friends rode about the borders of Gondor. The Wold was one of their last stops before they journeyed to [[Amon Anwar]] where the tomb of [[Elendil]] was made.<ref>{{UT|Cirion}}, (iv) ''The Tradition of Isildur''</ref>

In {{TA|2510}} the Wold was invaded by a host of the [[Balchoth]] who crossed over the [[Anduin]] from the [[Brown Lands]]. At the same time Orcs descended upon the Wold from the [[Misty Mountains]] in the west. The [[Ruling Steward]] [[Cirion]] sent messengers north to seek aid and then led Gondor's northern army to repel the invaders. This army had been driven into the [[Field of Celebrant]] and was facing annihilation when [[Eorl|Eorl the Young]] and his mounted host burst upon the rear of the enemy. The invaders fled across the Limlight and were hunted by Eorl's riders across the Wold.<ref>{{App|Eorl}}</ref>

In {{TA|2545|n}} King [[Eorl]] of the [[Rohirrim]] fell in battle in the Wold.<ref name="TA">{{App|TA}}</ref>

In [[July]] {{TA|3018|n}} the [[Nazgûl]] passed northward across the Wold as they began searching for the land of the [[Hobbits]]. They returned to the Wold in [[September]] empty-handed, where they met messengers from Sauron with orders to ride in haste to [[Isengard]].<ref>{{UT|Hunt}}, (i) ''On the Journey of the Black Riders according to the account that Gandalf gave to Frodo''</ref>

In [[February]] {{TA|3019|n}}<ref name="TA"/> the [[Fellowship of the Ring]] passed by the eastern edge of the Wold as they coursed down the [[Anduin]].<ref name="River"/> Later that month the Fellowship was broken and first the [[Uruk-Hai]], who had captured [[Meriadoc Brandybuck|Merry]] and [[Peregrin Took|Pippin]],<ref>{{TT|III3}}</ref> followed by the [[Three Hunters]], skirted the western edge of the Wold as they raced towards Fangorn Forest. It was here that [[Aragorn]], [[Legolas]], and [[Gimli]] met [[Éomer]], who was riding back after destroying the Orcs who had crossed the northern plains of Rohan.<ref>{{TT|III2}}</ref>

The Wold was invaded from the north by forces from [[Dol Guldur]] on [[11 March]], {{TA|3019|n}}. These invaders were destroyed upon the Wold by the [[Ents]] on [[12 March]].<ref name="TA"/>

{{references}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Wold, The}}
[[Category:Regions of Rohan]]

The Lord of the Rings

2015-01-12T00:04:24Z

Adûnâi: Space = corrected

{{disambig-more|{{PAGENAME}}|[[{{PAGENAME}} (disambiguation)]]}}
{{cleanup}}
{{book
|title=The Lord of the Rings
|image=[[Image:Jrrt lotr cover design.jpg|225px]]|
|author=[[J.R.R. Tolkien]]
|publisher=
|date=1954-1955
|format=Hardcover
|pages=
}}

{{quote|The English-speaking world is divided into those who have read '''The Lord of the Rings''' and [[The Hobbit]] and those who are going to read them.|Sunday Times}}

'''''The Lord of the Rings''''' is a book by [[J.R.R. Tolkien]], the sequel to his earlier work, ''[[The Hobbit]]''. It was published in three volumes in 1954 and 1955.

The story's [[Lord of the Ring|titular character]] is the Dark Lord [[Sauron]] of [[Mordor]]. The primary villain of the work, he created [[the One Ring]] to control nineteen other [[Rings of Power]], and is thus the "Lord of the Rings." Sauron, in turn, was the servant of an earlier Dark Lord, [[Morgoth]] (Melkor), who is prominent in Tolkien's ''[[The Silmarillion]]'', the history of Middle-earth.

==Books and volumes==
===Writing===
Tolkien did not originally intend to write a sequel to ''[[The Hobbit]]'', and instead wrote several other children's tales, including ''[[Roverandom]]'' and ''[[Farmer Giles of Ham]]''. As his main work, Tolkien began to outline the history of [[Arda]], telling tales of the [[Silmarils]], and many other stories of how the races and situations that we read about in the Lord of the Rings trilogy came to be. Tolkien died before he could complete and put together ''[[The Silmarillion]]'', but his son [[Christopher Tolkien]] edited his father's work, filled in gaps and published it in 1977.

Tolkien had a deep desire to write a mythology for England, especially after his horrific experiences during the First World War. He was also influenced by the effects of continued industrialisation, where he saw much of the England he loved passing away and became aware of the immense evil in the world. Thus to understand his writings we must be aware of how Tolkien the scholar influences Tolkien the author. His writing of this mythology emerges as an Oxford philologist well acquainted with Northern European Medieval Literature including the great mythic works such as the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hervarar_saga Hervarar saga], the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Völsunga_Saga Völsunga saga], the influential ''[[Beowulf (poem)|Beowulf]]'' as well as other [[Old Norse]], [[Old English|Old]] and [[Middle English]] Texts. He was also inspired by non-Germanic works such as the Finnish epic ''[[Kalevala]]''. A man who had created his first language by the age of seven, he was driven by a desire to write a mythology for England influenced by his exposure and expertise of these ancient traditions. The need for such a myth was often a topic of conversation in his meetings with the [[Inklings]], fellow Oxford scholars who have been described as Christian Romantics, meeting weekly and discussing Icelandic myths and their own unpublished compositions. Tolkien agreed with one of the other members of the group, [[C.S. Lewis]], that if there were no adequate myths for [[England]] then they would have to write their own. Tolkien's work has been commonly interpreted in this light.

Persuaded by his publishers, he started 'a new hobbit' in December 1937. After several false starts, the story of the One Ring soon emerged, and the book mutated from being a sequel to ''The Hobbit'' to being, in theme, more of a sequel to the unpublished ''[[The Silmarillion|Silmarillion]]''. The idea of the first chapter (''A Long-Expected Party'') arrived fully-formed, although the reasons behind Bilbo's disappearance, and the significance of the Ring did not arrive, along with the title ''The Lord of the Rings'' until spring [[1938]]. Originally he was going to write another story in which Bilbo had used up all his treasure and was looking for another adventure to gain more; however he remembered the ring and the powers it had and decided to write about that instead. He started to write it with Bilbo as the main character but decided that the story was too serious to use the fun loving Hobbit so Tolkien looked to use a member of Bilbo's family. He thought about using Bilbo's son but this generated some difficult questions — Where was his wife? How could Bilbo let his son go into that kind of danger? — so he looked for an alternate character to carry the ring. In Greek legend, it was a hero's nephew that gained the item of power, and so into existence came the Hobbit Frodo.

Writing was slow due to Tolkien's perfectionism, and was frequently interrupted by his obligations as an examiner, and other academic duties. In fact, the first sentence of ''[[The Hobbit]]'' was written on a blank page a student had left on an exam paper that Tolkien was grading — "In a hole in the ground there lived a Hobbit". He seems to have abandoned the book during most of 1943 and only re-started it in April 1944. This effort was written as a serial for [[Christopher Tolkien]] and [[C.S. Lewis]] — the former would be sent copies of chapters as they were written while he was serving in Africa in the [[Royal Air Force]]. He made another push in 1946, and showed a copy of the manuscript to his publishers in 1947. The story was effectively finished the next year, but Tolkien did not finish revising earlier parts of the work until 1949.

A dispute with his publishers, [[Allen and Unwin]], led to the book being offered to [[HarperCollins|Collins]] in 1950. He intended ''the Silmarillion'' (itself largely unrevised at this point) to be published along with ''The Lord of the Rings'', but Allen and Unwin were unwilling to do this. After his contact at Collins, [[Milton Waldman]], expressed the belief that ''The Lord of the Rings'' itself 'urgently needed cutting', he eventually demanded that they publish the book in 1952. They did not do so, and so Tolkien wrote to Allen and Unwin, saying "I would gladly consider the publication of any part of the stuff".

Some locations and characters were inspired by Tolkien's childhood in [[Sarehole]], then a [[Warwickshire]] village, now part of [[Birmingham]], and in Birmingham itself.

===Publication===
For publication, due largely to post-war paper shortages, but also to keep the price of the first volume down, the book was divided into three volumes (''[[The Fellowship of the Ring]]'': Books I and II; ''[[The Two Towers]]'': Books III and IV; and ''[[The Return of the King]]'': Books V and VI, 6 appendices). Delays in producing appendices and maps led to these being published later than originally hoped — on the 29 July and 11 November 1954 and 20 October 1955 in the United Kingdom, slightly later in the United States. ''The Return of the King'' was especially delayed. He did not, however, much like the title ''The Return of the King'', believing it gave away too much of the storyline. He had originally suggested ''[[The War of the Ring]]'' which was dismissed by his publishers.

The books were published under a 'profit-sharing' arrangement, where Tolkien would not receive an advance or royalties until the books had broken even, but after then take a large share of the profits.

An index to the entire 3-volume set at the end of third volume was promised in the first volume. However, this proved impractical to compile in a reasonable timescale. Later, in 1966, four indices which were not compiled by Tolkien were added to ''The Return of the King''.

Because the three-volume binding was so widely distributed, the work is usually referred to as the ''Lord of the Rings'' "trilogy". Tolkien himself made use of the term "trilogy" for the work, though he did at other times consider this incorrect, as it was written and conceived as a single novel.

A 1999 (Millennium Edition) British (ISBN 0-261-10387-3) 7-volume box set followed the six-book division authored by Tolkien, but with the Appendices from the end of Book VI bound as a separate volume. The letters of ''Tolkien'' appear on the spines of the boxed set which includes a CD.

The individual names for books in this series were decided posthumously, based on suggestions Tolkien had made during his lifetime.

* T Book I: ''The Ring Sets Out''
* O Book II: ''The Ring Goes South''
* L Book III: ''The Treason of Isengard''
* K Book IV: ''The Ring Goes East''
* I Book V: ''The War of the Ring''
* E Book VI: ''The End of the Third Age''
* N [[The Lord of the Rings Appendices|Appendices]]

The name of the complete work is often abbreviated to ''''LotR'''', ''''LOTR'''', or simply ''''LR'''', and the three volumes as FR, FOTR, or FotR (The '''F'''ellowship '''o'''f '''t'''he '''R'''ing), TT or TTT ('''T'''he '''T'''wo '''T'''owers), and RK, ROTK, or RotK (The '''R'''eturn '''o'''f '''t'''he '''K'''ing).

Four of the titles, ''[[The Return of the Shadow]]'', ''[[The Treason of Isengard]]'', ''[[The War of the Ring]]'' and ''[[The End of the Third Age]]'', were used by [[Christopher Tolkien]] for ''[[The History of The Lord of the Rings]]''.

== Publication history ==
:''Main article: [[The Lord of the Rings editions]]''
The three parts were first published by [[Allen and Unwin]] in [[1954]]-[[1955]] several months apart. They were later reissued many times by multiple publishers, as one, three, six or seven volumes. Two current printings are ISBN 0-618-34399-7 (one-volume) and ISBN 0-618-34624-4 (three volume set).

In the early 1960s, Donald A. Wollheim, science fiction editor of the paperback publisher [[Ace Books]], realized that ''The Lord of the Rings'' was not protected in the United States under American copyright law because the US hardcover edition had been bound from pages printed in the UK for the British edition. Ace Books proceeded to publish an edition, unauthorized by Tolkien and without compensation to him. Tolkien made this plain to US fans who wrote to him. Grass-roots pressure became so great that Ace books withdrew their edition and made a nominal payment to Tolkien, well below what he might have been due in an appropriate publication. However, this poor beginning was overshadowed when an authorized edition followed from [[Ballantine Books]] to tremendous commercial success. By the mid-1960s the books, due to their wide exposure on the American public stage, had become a true cultural phenomenon. The Second Edition of the Lord of the Rings dates from this time — Tolkien undertook various textual revisions to produce a version of the book that would have a valid U.S. copyright.

The books have been translated, with various degrees of success, into dozens of other languages.

Tolkien, an expert in philology, examined many of these translations, and had comments on each that illuminate both the translation process and his work.

The enormous popular success of Tolkien's epic saga greatly expanded the demand for fantasy fiction. Largely thanks to ''The Lord of the Rings'', the genre flowered throughout the 1960s. Many well-written books of this genre were published (comparable works include the ''Earthsea'' books of [[Ursula K. Le Guin]], the ''Thomas Covenant'' novels of Stephen R. Donaldson, and in the case of the ''Gormenghast'' books by Mervyn Peake, and ''The Worm Ourobouros'' by E. R. Eddison, rediscovered). It also strongly influenced the role playing game industry that achieved popularity in the 1970s with ''Dungeons & Dragons'' which featured many creatures that could be found in Tolkien's books.

As in all artistic fields, a great many lesser derivatives of the more prominent works appeared. The term "Tolkienesque" is used in the genre to refer to the oft-used and abused storyline of ''The Lord of the Rings'': a group of adventurers embarking on a quest to save a magical fantasy world from the armies of an evil "[[Dark Lord|dark lord]]", and is a testament to how much the popularity of these books has increased, since many critics initially decried Lord of the Rings as being "[[Richard Wagner|Wagner]] for children" (a reference to the [[Ring Cycle]]) — a specially interesting commentary in light of a possible interpretation of The Lord of The Rings as a Christian response to Wagner, for example following <ref>http://atimes.com./atimes/others/spengler.html ATimes'</ref> Oswald Spengler.

In [[2002]] the first unabridged audio version of ''The Lord of the Rings'' was published by Recorded Books with [[Rob Inglis]] narrating.

On [[19 April]] [[2009]] the first e-book of the trilogy was published by HarperCollins (ISBN 9780007322497, ISBN 9780007322503, ISBN 9780007322558). The e-book was made available at waterstones.com, harpercollinsebooks.co.uk and tolkien.co.uk. Another verision of the e-book was made available for the Amazon Kindle.

== The books ==

''The Lord of the Rings'' began as a personal exploration by Tolkien of his interests in philology, religion (particularly Roman Catholicism); fairy tales, and Norse and Celtic mythology.
Tolkien detailed his creation to an astounding extent; he created a complete mythology for his realm of Middle-earth, including genealogies of characters, languages, [[runes]], calendars and histories.
Some of this supplementary material is detailed in the appendices to ''The Lord of the Rings'', and the mythological history was woven into a large, biblically-styled volume entitled ''[[The Silmarillion]]''.

J. R. R. Tolkien once described ''The Lord of the Rings'' as "''a fundamentally religious and Catholic work''" he wrote to his friend, the English Jesuit Father [[Robert Murray]], "''unconsciously so at first, but consciously in the revision.''"(''[[The Letters of J.R.R. Tolkien]]'', 142). There are many theological themes underlying the narrative, the battle of good versus evil, the triumph of humility over pride, the activity of grace, Death and Immortality, Resurrection, Salvation, Repentance, Self-Sacrifice, Free Will, Humility, Justice, Fellowship, Authority and Healing.
In it the great virtues of Mercy and Pity (shown by Bilbo and Frodo towards Gollum) win the day and the message from the Lord's Prayer "And lead us not into temptation, but deliver us from evil" was very much on Tolkien's mind as Frodo struggled against the power of the One Ring (''Letters'', 181 and 191).

Religious motifs other than Christian can be discerned as strong influences in Tolkien's Middle Earth. The pantheon of the Valar and Maiar (greater and lesser gods/angels) responsible for the creation and maintenance of everything from skies ([[Manwë]]) and seas ([[Ulmo]]), to dreams ([[Irmo|Lórien]]) and dooms ([[Mandos]]) suggest a pre-Christian mythology in style, albeit that these Valar and Maiar are themselves creations of a monotheistic entity — Illuvatar or Eru, "The One".

Other pre-Christian mythological references can be seen in the representations of: a "Green Man" — Tom Bombadil, wise-men — the Istari (commonly referred to as the Wizards, perhaps more of angels), shapechangers — Beorn, undead spirits — Barrow Wights, Oathbreakers, sentient nonhumans — Dwarves, Elves, Hobbits, and, of course, Ents. Magic is utilised freely in Middle-earth, and may be found not only in the incantations of Wizards, but in the weapons and tools of warriors and craftspeople, in the perceptions and abilities of heroes, and in the natural world itself.

Tolkien did repeatedly insist that his works were not an allegory of any kind, and even though his thoughts on the matter are mentioned in the introduction of the book, there has been heavy speculation about the Ruling Ring being an allegory for the atom bomb. However, Tolkien had already completed most of the book, and planned the ending in entirety, before the first atom bombs were made public to the world during the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki in August 1945. However there is a strong theme of despair in front of new mechanized warfare that Tolkien himself had experienced in the trenches of World War One. The development of a specially bred orc army, and the destruction of the environment to aid this have modern resonances. Nevertheless, the author's own opinion on the matter of allegories was that he disliked them, and it would be irresponsible to dismiss such direct statements on these matters lightly.

The plot of ''The Lord of the Rings'' builds from his earlier book ''[[The Hobbit]]'' and more obliquely from the history in ''[[The Silmarillion]]'', which contains events to which the characters of ''The Lord of the Rings'' look back upon in the book.
The [[Hobbits]] become embroiled in great events that threaten their entire world, as [[Sauron]], an evil spirit, attempts to regain the lost [[The One Ring|One Ring]] which will restore him to full potency.

=== The storyline ===
See the articles on ''[[The Fellowship of the Ring]]'', ''[[The Two Towers]]'', and ''[[The Return of the King]]'' for plot summaries.

=== Criticism ===
The book was characterized as "juvenile balderdash" by American critic Edmund Wilson in his essay "[http://www.jrrvf.com/sda/critiques/The_Nation.html Oo, those awful Orcs]", and in 1961 Philip Toynbee wrote, somewhat prematurely, that it had "passed into a merciful oblivion" <ref>http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/film/1695926.stm</ref>. Although she had never read ''The Lord of the Rings'', Germaine Greer wrote "it has been my nightmare that Tolkien would turn out to be the most influential writer of the twentieth century. The bad dream has materialized."

[[W.H. Auden]] also criticized the book in a 1968 ''Critical Quarterly'' article, "Good and evil in ''The Lord of the Rings''," objecting to Tolkien's conception of sentient species that are intrinsically evil without possibility of redemption. (This is a criticism often directed at [[Dungeons and Dragons]]-like fantasy worlds as well as at fantasy literature in general, and a criticism that Tolkien himself increasingly struggled with during his last years.) On the other hand, in a 1956 ''New York Times'' book review, "At the end of the Quest, Victory," Auden also called the book "a masterpiece of its genre" that "succeeded where [[wikipedia:John Milton|Milton]] failed" in depicting an epic battle between good and evil, and wrote that it "never violated" the "reader's sense of the credible."

Furthermore, like almost every fantasy book, Lord of the Rings is also accused by Evangelicals for its alleged references to quasi-pagan elements and "occultism".

Science-fiction author David Brin has criticized the books for unquestioning devotion to a traditional elitist social structure, their positive depiction of the slaughter of the opposing forces, and their romantic backward-looking worldview <ref>http://www.davidbrin.com/tolkienarticle1.html</ref>. These criticisms often supply also similar accusations about [[racism]].

Another notable SF writer Michael Moorcock wrote a long and piercing critique of the book under the title Epic Pooh advancing the thesis that it was simply a child's tale written in the language of epic myth.

China Mieville, a modern fantasy writer, criticised Tolkien's works as "reactionary." Mieville is also a detractor of later fantasy which draws heavily upon Tolkien's work, based on the idea that such work is cliche.

===Alternative Titles===
J.R.R. Tolkien contemplated numerous alternative titles for ''The Lord of the Rings'' and its volumes before the final titles were chosen. An early title for the trilogy was "The Magic Ring" ([[John D. Rateliff]], ''[[The History of The Hobbit]]''). From a letter to [[Rayner Unwin]], Tolkien writes:
{{quote|Would it not do if the 'book-titles' were used: e.g. The Lord of the Rings: Vol. I The Ring Sets out (sic) and The Ring Goes South; Vol. II The Treason of Isengard, and The Ring goes East; Vol. III The War of the Ring, and The End of the Third Age? "If not, I can at the moment think of nothing better than: I The Shadow Grows II The Ring in the Shadow III The War of the Ring or The Return of the King.|''[[The Letters of J.R.R. Tolkien]]'', [[Letter 136]]}}

A note from this letter states a manuscript located at [[Marquette University]], Milwaukee, USA, has a different set of titles: Vol. I The First Journey and The Journey of the Nine Companions; Vol. II The Treason of Isengard and The Journey of the Ringbearers; Vol. III The War of the Ring and The End of the Third Age.

In [[Letter 139]] Tolkien writes again to Unwin with his new preferences: The Return of the Shadow, II The Shadow Lengthens, and III The Return of the King. On August 17th he writes his updated choices: I The Fellowship of the Ring, II The Two Towers (deliberately ambiguous), III The War of the Ring.

== Adaptations of ''The Lord of the Rings'' ==
===Film===
====Bakshi====
:''Main article: [[The Lord of the Rings (1978 film)]]''

This film, originally released by [[United Artists]], was directed by [[Ralph Bakshi]] and used an animation technique called rotoscoping in which footage of live actors was filmed and then traced over.

The film was part one of what was originally to be a two-part adaptation of Tolkien's story, Part I ending after the battle of Helm's Deep, but before Sam, [[Frodo Baggins|Frodo]] and [[Gollum]] traverse the [[Dead Marshes]], and Part II picking up from where the first film left off. Made for a minimal budget of $8 million dollars, the film earned $30 million dollars at the box office.

United Artists viewed the film as a flop, and refused to fund a Part II (covering the rest of the story), leaving the door open for [[Rankin/Bass]] to do the work for him.

====Rankin/Bass====
:''Main article: [[The Return of the King (1980 film)]]''
The 1980 animated television version of ''[[The Return of the King (1980 film)|The Return of the King]]'' picked up from where the book began, and not from where Bakshi's film left off. Additionally, the change in style and character design was quite noticeable.

Since this film was targeted to a younger audience, adult enthusiasts have complained that much of the depth and darkness of the book was discarded.

====Peter Jackson====
:''Main article: [[The Lord of the Rings (film series)|''The Lord of the Rings'' (film series)]]''
[[Miramax]] developed a full-fledged live-action adaptation of ''The Lord of the Rings'', with [[Peter Jackson]] as director. Eventually, Miramax became uneasy with the sheer scope of the proposed project and wanted to combine the suggested two films into one. [[Peter Jackson]] struck a deal with Miramax that if he could not find a fresh studio to back the project, he would walk away and leave the rights and all the work so far completed with Miramax. However, in 1998, [[New Line Cinema]] assumed production responsibility, unexpectedly announcing that it would mount three, not just two films (while Miramax executives [[Bob Weinstein]] and [[Harvey Weinstein]] retained on-screen credits as executive film producers).

The three live action films (supplemented with extensive computer-generated imagery, for example in the major battle scenes, using the "[[Massive]]" software) were filmed simultaneously. Jackson filmed all the major scenes in his native New Zealand. ''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring|The Fellowship of the Ring]]'' was released on December 19, 2001. ''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Two Towers|The Two Towers]]'' was released on December 18, 2002 and ''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King|The Return of the King]]'' was released worldwide on December 17, 2003. All three films won the Hugo Award for Best (Long-form) Dramatic Presentation in their respective years.

Although some have criticized these films because they have altered the story somewhat and, arguably, have a noticeably different tone from Tolkien's original vision, others have hailed them as remarkable achievements. [[Peter Jackson]] has defended his changes by stating that he views the films as merely one man's interpretation.

[[Peter Jackson]]'s film adaptations garnered seventeen Oscars (four for ''The Fellowship of the Ring'', two for ''The Two Towers'', and eleven for ''The Return of the King''). ''The Return of the King'' won all of the eleven awards for which it was nominated, including Best Picture -- it was the first film of the fantasy genre to do so. With 30 total nominations, the trilogy became the most-nominated in the Academy's history, surpassing the ''Godfather'' series' 28 nominations.

''The Return of the King''<nowiki>'</nowiki>s Oscar sweep is widely seen as a proxy award for the entire trilogy. ''The Return of the King''<nowiki>'</nowiki>s 11 Oscars at the 2004 Academy Awards tied it for most awards won for one film with ''Titanic'' six years earlier and the [[1959]] version of ''Ben-Hur''. It also broke the previous "sweep" record, beating ''Gigi'' and ''The Last Emperor''.

The visual-effects work has been groundbreaking, particularly the creation of the emotionally versatile digital character [[Gollum]]. The scale of the production alone — three films shot and edited back to back over a period of little more than three years — is unprecedented.

The films have also proven to be substantial box office successes. The premiere of ''The Return of the King'' took place in [[Wellington]], [[New Zealand]], on December 1, 2003 and was surrounded by fan celebrations and official promotions (the production of the films having contributed significantly to the New Zealand economy). The movie earned $34.5 million on its opening day, making it the seventh-largest opening day for a film released on a Wednesday <ref>http://boxofficemojo.com/alltime/days/?page=wed&p=.htm</ref>. ''The Return of the King'' was also the second movie in history (after ''Titanic'') to earn over 1 billion $US (worldwide).

Fanatics of the films have also flocked to the locations where the trilogy was filmed in New Zealand, with many tour companies being totally devoted to taking fans to and from the filming locations that Director Peter Jackson chose for the adaptation of Tolkien’s epic trilogy.

===Radio===

The [[BBC]] produced a [[The Lord of the Rings (1956 radio series)|13-part radio adaptation]] of ''The Lord of the Rings'' in 1955. It was panned by Tolkien, complaining about the "sillification" of it and the changing of characters, such as Old Man Willow in league with Mordor and Goldberry being Tom Bombadil's daughter rather than his wife. No recording has survived.{{fact}}

A [[The Lord of the Rings (1979 radio series)|1979 dramatization]] was broadcast in the USA and subsequently issued on tape and CD. No cast or credits appear on the audio packaging. Each of the actors was apparently recorded separately and then the various parts were edited together. Thus, unlike a BBC recording session where the actors are recorded together, none of the cast are actually interacting with each other and the performances suffer badly as a result.

In [[1981]] the BBC broadcast a [[The Lord of the Rings (1981 radio series)|new, ambitious dramatization]] of ''The Lord of the Rings'' in 26 half-hour installments.

==Stage==

[[Ed Mirvish|Mirvish Productions]] has started rehearsals for a three-hour stage musical adaptation of ''The Lord of the Rings'' that will have a cast of over 65 actors and cost C$27 million (£11.5 million). The show will be written by Shaun McKenna and Matthew Warchus with music by [[A. R. Rahman]] and [[Värttinä]], collaborating with [[Christopher Nightingale]] and will be directed by [[Matthew Warchus]]. It will open on March 23 2006 at Toronto's Princess of Wales Theatre, with preview performances from February 2 until March 22. It is planned to premiere in London in autumn 2006 and New York City within two years.

The director explained his vision of the play’s format by saying, "We have not attempted to pull the novel towards the standard conventions of musical theatre, but rather to expand those conventions so that they will accommodate Tolkien's material. As a result, we will be presenting a hybrid of text, physical theatre, music and spectacle never previously seen on this scale. To read the novel is to experience the events of Middle-earth in the mind’s eye; to watch the films is to view Middle-earth as though through a giant window. Only in the theatre are we actually plunged into the events as they happen. The environment surrounds us. We participate. We are in Middle-earth."

==Awards==
* In 1957 it was awarded the International Fantasy Award
* In the 2003 "Big Read" survey conducted by the BBC, The Lord of the Rings was found to be the "Nation's Best-loved Book" <ref>http://www.bbc.co.uk/arts/bigread/top100.shtml</ref>.
* Australians voted The Lord of the Rings "My Favourite Book" in a 2004 survey conducted by the Australian ABC
* In a 1999 poll of Amazon.com customers, The Lord of the Rings was judged to be their favourite "book of the millennium". <ref>http://archive.salon.com/books/feature/2001/06/04/tolkien/</ref>
* In 2002 Tolkien was voted the ninety-second "greatest Briton" in a poll conducted by the BBC
* In 2004 he was voted thirty-fifth in the SABC3's Great South Africans, the only person to appear in both lists
* In a 2004 poll inspired by the UK’s "Big Read" survey, about 250,000 Germans found The Lord of the Rings to be their favourite work of literature. <ref>http://www.smh.com.au/articles/2004/10/04/1096871805007.html?from=storyrhs</ref>
* The Lord of the Rings came in 3rd in the Librarians' Poll <ref>http://tolkiensociety.org/news/librarians-poll.html</ref>

{{lotr}}

==See also==
*[[The Lord of the Rings/Quotations|''The Lord of the Rings''/Quotations]]

{{References}}

{{title|italics}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Lord of the Rings}}
[[Category:Books by J.R.R. Tolkien]]
[[Category:Publications by title]]
[[de:Der Herr der Ringe]]
[[fi:Taru Sormusten Herrasta]]

Noldorin

2014-12-29T22:25:30Z

Adûnâi: /* An Example of Noldorin to Sindarin Adaption */

{{cleanup}}
{{disambig-two|the earlier version of [[Sindarin]]|dialect of [[Quenya]] spoken by the [[Noldor]] in [[Middle-earth]]|[[Exilic Quenya]]}}
'''Noldorin''' is an [[Elvish]] dialect from an earlier version of the [[legendarium]], a precursor to [[Sindarin]].

==History==
[[Kornoldorin]] ("Gnomish of [[Kôr]]" or "Old Noldorin") was the language of the [[Gnomes]] in [[Valinor]]. It was similar to [[Qenya]], the language of the [[Vanyar|Lindar]], but incorporated [[Solosimpin]] influence.

When the Gnomes came to the [[Great Lands]] with [[Fëanor]], they intermingled with the [[Ilkorindi]], the [[Dark Elves]], and their languages, Kornoldorin and [[Ilkorin]] respectively, were likewise mingled. This was the origin of Noldorin.

Noldorin was rich in various dialects, including those of [[Mithrim]], [[Gondolin]], [[Nargothrond]], and [[Himring]].<ref>{{LR|Lhammas}} p.177</ref><ref>{{PE|14}} p.61-62</ref>

==External history==
A Celtic-sounding language spoken by the Gnomes/Noldoli existed since the beginning of Tolkien's mythology. In its first stages it was called [[Gnomish]] and resembled the later Noldorin/Sindarin despite noticeable differences.

The evolution of the language continued over several years. During the 1930s it was known as Noldorin, and gained a greater similarity to the Sindarin of ''[[The Lord of the Rings]]''. This version of the language appears in the ''[[The Etymologies|Etymologies]]''.

Noldorin was the existing version of the language during the writing of ''The Lord of the Rings''. The Elvish phrases in ''The Lord of the Rings'', now known as Sindarin, were "Noldorin" in Tolkien's mind throughout the writing process. It was only while compiling the Appendices that he decided to rewrite the language's backstory and change the name to Sindarin.

Tolkien consulted the Noldorin language of the ''Etymologies'' extensively in his work on Sindarin, adapting old words to fit his new version of the language. This same method of adapting Noldorin words to create Sindarin equivalents is used by modern students of Elvish. The resulting vocabulary is typically referred to as "[[Neo-Sindarin]]" to distinguish it from attested Sindarin.

===An Example of Noldorin to Sindarin Adaption===
The Old Noldorin initial ''l-/r-'' became ''lh-/rh-'' in Noldorin. In Sindarin, however, they remain the same. The Old Noldorin diphthong ''ai'' becomes ''oe'' in Noldorin, but ''ae'' in Sindarin.

According to the ''Etymologies'', the Old Noldorin word ''raika'' evolved into Noldorin ''rhoeg''. A modern student of Elvish would update this word to the Neo-Sindarin *''raeg''.

==See also==
*[[Kornoldorin]]
*[[Salmar]] (also named Noldorin in early manuscripts)

==External links==
*[http://www.phy.duke.edu/~trenk/elvish/#grammar_noldorin Three articles about Noldorin] by [[Thorsten Renk]].
{{references}}
[[Category:Noldor]]
[[Category:Elvish]]
[[Category:Quenya]]
[[Category:Sindarin]]
[[fr:encyclo/langues/gnomique]]

Talk:Umbar

2014-12-23T02:56:27Z

Adûnâi: /* Lalaith's website gone */ new section

Article needs breaking into sections. Need more narrative and fewer quotes, if possible. --[[User:Theoden1|Theoden1]] 13:55, 13 May 2008 (EDT)

==Fate==
I can't find a source for tihs, but I remember Tolkien explicitly stating that "Umbar" was a native word, and not connected to Q. "fate". -- {{User:Ederchil/sig}} 07:55, 2 June 2009 (UTC)

== Lalaith's website gone ==

With Lalaith's website being gone, [http://lalaith.vpsurf.de/Tolkien/Fr_Umbar.html this] link works no more. --[[User:Adûnâi|Adûnâi]] 02:56, 23 December 2014 (UTC)

Talk:Andreas Möhn

2014-12-23T02:55:11Z

Adûnâi: /* Lalaith's website gone? */ new section

I have known Lalaith from the mailing lists she participate(d) and even exchanged some mails. I know that she is a woman and often her name is mistaken for a male. Unfortunately I can't back this information with some on-line reference [[User:Sage|Sage]] 21:04, 25 May 2009 (UTC)

:A thousand apologies. I had always wondered why a guy would name himself "Lalaith"...*slaps himself* -- {{User:Ederchil/sig}} 21:15, 25 May 2009 (UTC)
:Come to think of it, I don't even know what you are, Sage... -- {{User:Ederchil/sig}} 21:22, 25 May 2009 (UTC)
::I am less sage than you [[User:Sage|Sage]] 23:04, 25 May 2009 (UTC)

:Reconsideration: most definitely a he: [http://www.historische-romane.de/autor_detail_fragebogen.html?detail=autor2551.html] -- {{User:Ederchil/sig}} 17:27, 6 April 2010 (UTC)

== Lalaith's website gone? ==

Lalaith's website seems to be gone. Check [http://lalaith.vpsurf.de/Tolkien/Fr_Umbar.html this], for example. That article on the history of Umbar was extensive :(--[[User:Adûnâi|Adûnâi]] 02:55, 23 December 2014 (UTC)

Umbar

2014-12-23T02:45:51Z

Adûnâi: /* Corsairs of Umbar */

{{disambig-two|the Haven of Umbar|Quenya word|[[Umbar (word)|umbar]]}}
{{location
| image=[[File:Turner Mohan - Umbar.jpg|250px]]
| name=Haven of Umbar
| type=City/Port
| location=Southern [[Middle-earth]], west of [[Harad]]
| inhabitants=[[Men]] ([[Black Númenóreans]], [[Corsairs]], [[Haradrim]])
| realms=[[Umbar]] [[Gondor]] [[Reunited Kingdom]]
| description=natural harbour of enclosing rock, with a stronghold and a port located within it
| othernames=
| etymology=native word, meaning "fate" in [[Quenya|Quenya]]
| events=
| references=
|}}
'''Umbar''' was a great haven to the far south of [[Gondor]] in [[Middle-earth]].

==History==
===Foundation and Numenorian Rule===
It was located south of the outflow of [[Anduin]] at the [[Bay of Belfalas]] in a convenient, useful natural haven. The great cape and land-locked firth formed the port. The natives called it "Umbar" and the Númenóreans who discovered it, adopted its name.

Like the earlier [[Lond Daer Ened|New Haven]] in [[Enedwaith]], and the later [[Pelargir]] on the [[Anduin]], Umbar was one of the trading ports at the southern coast of [[Middle-earth]], which became a base from which Númenórean influence spread over Middle-earth. In {{SA|2280}} it was made into a great fortress as a reaction to the growing threat of Sauron<ref>{{App|SA}}</ref> and became the strongest and most important.

During the dissension arising when the Shadow fell on [[Númenor]], Umbar was the northernmost settlement of the [[King's Men]]; [[Sauron]], after trying to break the waxing Númenórean grip by instigation, attempted to attack the Númenórean havens and forts, invaded their coastlands, but Umbar resisted<ref>{{PM|Second}}</ref><ref>{{PM|Akallabeth}}</ref>

It was at Umbar that [[Ar-Pharazôn]] the Golden, landed in {{SA|3261}}, to challenge Sauron and journeyed 7 days with banner and trumpet<ref name="Ak">{{S|Akallabeth}}</ref>. Umbar remained a symbol of Númenórean pride ever after.

While Sauron was in Númenór and the Shadow and dissidence became greater, Umbar was one of the fortresses and dwellings upon the coasts, inhabited by the [[King's Men]] and servants in Middle-earth to his will; these evil lords concentrated mostly to the south, far from the dominion of [[Gil-galad]]<ref name="Ak"/>. Umbar must have been an important point of deportation for the slaves and taxes for Númenor.

After the Downfall of Númenor, Umbar remained in the hands of the Númenóreans, in essence a realm-in-exile alongside [[Arnor]] and [[Gondor]]. But unlike these others, Umbar had been used by the [[Black Númenóreans]], who were not friendly to the [[Elves]] or to their fellow [[Faithful]] Númenórean survivors.

Two Black Númenórean lords, [[Herumor]] and [[Fuinur]], were probably from Umbar, as at the end of [[Second Age]] they became very powerful amongst the [[Haradrim]], a neighbouring people. No doubt Númenóreans of Umbar were enlisted with Sauron in {{SA|3429}}. Their fate is unknown, but they likely shared Sauron's defeat at the hands of the [[Last Alliance of Elves and Men]].

The rulers of Umbar retained much influence over the [[Haradwaith]] well into [[Third Age]]. Other southern settlements were absorbed by the native cultures of [[Harad]]<ref>{{UT|Istari}}</ref>

Gondor's power, however, eclipsed that of Umbar as the Third Age progressed, and at one point, perhaps around the time of [[Tarannon Falastur]], Umbar acknowledged the sway of Gondor<ref>{{TT|Window}}</ref>. Tarannon had a diplomatic marriage to [[Berúthiel]], a Black Númenórean, perhaps from Umbar. During his reign, Tarannon extended the sway of Gondor along the southern shore-lands.

in {{TA|933}} Gondor's King [[Eärnil I]] captured Umbar in a [[Surprise Attack on Umbar|Surprise Attack]] after a siege by sea and land, although this was "at great cost." It became a great harbour and fortress of the power of Gondor. Ironically it was outside Umbar where Eärnil with his ships and men perished in a great storm ({{TA|936}}).

===Umbar as part of Gondor===
For the following 500 years, Umbar was an important Gondorian city: not only a major sea-port, but as the site of the submission of Sauron to Ar-Pharazôn, and so served as a proud reminder of the might of the Dúnedain of old.<ref name="Elendil">{{PM|Elendil}}</ref>

Many Black Númenóreans had fled Umbar from the assault of {{TA|933}}, to their subjects in [[Near Harad]] and prevented Gondor to take lands south of Harnen; [[Third Age 1015|82 years later]], in a vain attempt to recapture it, came up with great power against the stronghold. This great power availed the Men Of Harad little, however, for despite investing and besieging the fortress of Umbar for 35 years, they failed to take it, as its supply was easily maintained, "because of the sea-power of Gondor." In {{TA|1050}}, the late King Earnil's son [[Ciryandil]] defeated the [[Haradrim]] force by sending troops by land, crossing Harnen and by sea<ref name="annals">{{App|Gondor}}</ref>. All land south of Belfalas up to Harnen and the borders of Near Harad and coast-lands up to Umbar belonged to Gondor.

It was during this occupation when the Gondorians built a monument to Ar-Pharazôn on the highest hill above the Haven: a great [[white pillar]] crowned with a globe of crystal which shone as a star with the rays of the Sun or Moon.

Umbar and the southern provinces experienced a rebellion during the [[Kin-strife|civil war]] of Gondor; with the people of [[Pelargir]], Umbar supported the usurper [[Castamir]]. When the war ended, Castamir's sons and their supporters left Pelargir and established themselves at Umbar; from that point on, Umbar remained an enemy of the King<ref name="annals"/>.

===Corsairs of Umbar===
[[Image:John Howe - Corsairs of Umbar.jpg|thumb|right|170px|[[John Howe]] - ''Corsair Ship'']]
Since {{TA|1448}}, the fleets of the secessionists established under the descendants of Castamir and became known as the '"[[Corsairs of Umbar]]"' as an independent realm; thus Gondor lost both its southern province and its naval power and came in constant war against the line of Castamir. Within two centuries Umbar attacked Gondorian ships and raiding its coast at every opportunity, threatening the coastlands and all traffic on the sea and contested the possession of [[Harondor]]<ref name="Elendil"/>.

Umbar would welcome exiles from Gondor who were suspected for treason or conspiring against the King<ref name="annals"/>. Umbar would also take to its side and absorb tributaries to Gondor in Harad<ref name="Elendil"/>. In {{TA|1540}} King [[Aldamir]] fought with those rebelling kings of Harad<ref name="Elendil"/>. Those were defeated by his son [[Hyarmendacil II]] [[Third Age 1551|years later]]<ref>{{App|B2}}</ref>.

In {{TA|1634}} Castamir's great-grandsons [[Angamaitë]] and [[Sangahyando]] raided [[Pelargir]], from Umbar, killing King [[Minardil]]; his heir [[Telemnar]] prepared a fleet against Umbar<ref name="Elendil"/> but could not retaliate as it was ravaged by the [[Great Plague]] of {{TA|1636}}.

Vengeance, if not swift, was certainly devastating; by 78 years later the Corsairs raided as far as [[Anfalas]] and Minardil's great-grand nephew [[Telumehtar]] punished them. In an attack he destroyed the fortress and haven of the Corsairs and drove them out. After this victory he renamed himself [[Umbardacil]] but left Umbar unsettled and ruined, apparently as a protective garrison.

In the meantime the Haradrim were "engaged in wars and feuds of their own" and threatened by the [[Wainriders]]' empire from [[Rhûn]]<ref>{{UT|Cirion}}</ref>. But this did not prevent Umbar to be lost again when enemies invaded Gondor from the east and south in {{TA|1944}}, preventing Gondor to use it to support its forces from the sea; [[Eärnil II|Eärnil]]'s [[Southern Army]] vanquished the invaders.

Umbar had been reclaimed by the Haradrim, rebuilt and occupied and for the rest of the [[Third Age]] it became a home for a new generation of 'Corsairs of Umbar', who must have been closely related to the Haradrim, if not even merely Haradrim themselves. These new Corsairs were cruel slavers who often raided the coasts of [[Belfalas]] and [[Anfalas]] in Gondor: in {{TA|2746}} for example, [[Amrothos]], the 15th Prince of [[Dol Amroth]] fell defending [[Dor-en-Ernil]] against them.

In {{TA|2758}} Umbar joined a massive co-ordinated attack with Men of the Harad and even of [[Dunland]], against Gondor and the new realm of [[Rohan]].<ref name="annals"/>. In {{TA|2885}}, Umbar supported the Haradrim who claimed Harondor, although this had long "been a debatable land between the Corsairs and the Kings", and when Sauron declared himself openly in {{TA|2951}}, Umbar declared its alliegance to him, and the great monument commemorating Ar-Pharazôn's triumph at Umbar was thrown down.

Umbar's fleet was largely destroyed 29 years later, when [[Thorongil]] ([[Aragorn]] Elessar, as it later turned out) in the service of the [[Steward of Gondor]] [[Ecthelion II]] led a taskforce south and burned them, killing the [[Captain of the Haven]] in the process.

===War of the Ring===
During the [[War of the Ring]], Umbar had not fully recovered from this, but could still send 50 "great ships" and smaller vessels "beyond count", to raid the coastlands of Gondor and draw off major forces from the defence of Minas Tirith. They were once again defeated by Aragorn, and the [[Oathbreakers|Army of the Dead]]. With the Fall of [[Barad-dûr]], Umbar, weakened and defeated, finally lost its sovereignty and submitted to the crown of King Elessar.

==Overview==
===Rule===
No "King of Umbar" is mentioned to rise though the Black Númenóreans, who, regarding the Heirs of Elendil as usurpers, certainly considered themselves the representatives of the last legal King of Númenor. One can suppose as a possible explanation, that they considered themselves something like the temporary [[Ruling Stewards|Stewards]] of Gondor, ruling in the true King's absence, until eg. Ar-Pharazôn would return from the West to restore his evil kingdom<ref name="lal">http://lalaith.vpsurf.de/Tolkien/Fr_Umbar.html</ref>. It is notable that all four known rulers of Umbar come in pairs, suggesting that perhaps Umbar was traditionally ruled by a duumvirate.
===Language===
Nothing is known about the language of Umbar but no doubt it must have been [[Adûnaic]], probably holding back the [[Elvish]] elements which created [[Westron]] of the [[Third Age]], resulting perhaps in a [[Haradric]] variety of the language.<ref name="lal"/>
===Geography===
Umbar was the nearest to Gondor of the southern realms. It may ultimately have stretched all along [[Harnen]] as far as the [[Ephel Duath]] up to the edge of [[Khand]].<ref name="lal"/>

===Politics===
Another difference between Arnor, Gondor and Umbar was that the Faithful boasted the ethnic purity of the line of their rulers, to the amount of resulting even in a [[Kin-strife]] at some point ({{TA|1437}}-{{TA|1447}}); on the other hand, Umbar allowed their race to swiftly dwindle and merge with the [[Pre-Númenóreans]], something which perhaps was looked down upon by the Gondorians.<ref name="annals" />

==Other versions of the legendarium==
Umbar appeared on the bottom edge of the maps found in earlier editions of ''[[The Lord of the Rings]]'', but it is absent from modern editions, which regrettably map a slightly smaller area of Middle-earth.

==Etymology==

''Umbar'' is a [[Mannish]] name of unknown meaning and origin, and despite the coincidental similarity, it is not related to Quenya ''[[Umbar (word)|umbar]]''.<ref>{{App|Men}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[Corsair Wars]]

==External links==
*[http://middle-earth.xenite.org/2013/04/05/was-umbar-the-only-haven-sauron-controlled/ Was Umbar the Only Haven Sauron Controlled?] by [[Michael Martinez]]

{{references}}
[[Category:Cities, towns and villages]]
[[Category:Harbours]]
[[Category:Mannish names]]
[[Category:Regions]]
[[Category:Southern lands]]

[[de:Umbar (Gebiet)]]
[[fi:Umbar]]
[[fr:encyclo/geographie/regions/umbar]]

Umbar

2014-12-23T02:43:29Z

Adûnâi: /* Corsairs of Umbar */

{{disambig-two|the Haven of Umbar|Quenya word|[[Umbar (word)|umbar]]}}
{{location
| image=[[File:Turner Mohan - Umbar.jpg|250px]]
| name=Haven of Umbar
| type=City/Port
| location=Southern [[Middle-earth]], west of [[Harad]]
| inhabitants=[[Men]] ([[Black Númenóreans]], [[Corsairs]], [[Haradrim]])
| realms=[[Umbar]] [[Gondor]] [[Reunited Kingdom]]
| description=natural harbour of enclosing rock, with a stronghold and a port located within it
| othernames=
| etymology=native word, meaning "fate" in [[Quenya|Quenya]]
| events=
| references=
|}}
'''Umbar''' was a great haven to the far south of [[Gondor]] in [[Middle-earth]].

==History==
===Foundation and Numenorian Rule===
It was located south of the outflow of [[Anduin]] at the [[Bay of Belfalas]] in a convenient, useful natural haven. The great cape and land-locked firth formed the port. The natives called it "Umbar" and the Númenóreans who discovered it, adopted its name.

Like the earlier [[Lond Daer Ened|New Haven]] in [[Enedwaith]], and the later [[Pelargir]] on the [[Anduin]], Umbar was one of the trading ports at the southern coast of [[Middle-earth]], which became a base from which Númenórean influence spread over Middle-earth. In {{SA|2280}} it was made into a great fortress as a reaction to the growing threat of Sauron<ref>{{App|SA}}</ref> and became the strongest and most important.

During the dissension arising when the Shadow fell on [[Númenor]], Umbar was the northernmost settlement of the [[King's Men]]; [[Sauron]], after trying to break the waxing Númenórean grip by instigation, attempted to attack the Númenórean havens and forts, invaded their coastlands, but Umbar resisted<ref>{{PM|Second}}</ref><ref>{{PM|Akallabeth}}</ref>

It was at Umbar that [[Ar-Pharazôn]] the Golden, landed in {{SA|3261}}, to challenge Sauron and journeyed 7 days with banner and trumpet<ref name="Ak">{{S|Akallabeth}}</ref>. Umbar remained a symbol of Númenórean pride ever after.

While Sauron was in Númenór and the Shadow and dissidence became greater, Umbar was one of the fortresses and dwellings upon the coasts, inhabited by the [[King's Men]] and servants in Middle-earth to his will; these evil lords concentrated mostly to the south, far from the dominion of [[Gil-galad]]<ref name="Ak"/>. Umbar must have been an important point of deportation for the slaves and taxes for Númenor.

After the Downfall of Númenor, Umbar remained in the hands of the Númenóreans, in essence a realm-in-exile alongside [[Arnor]] and [[Gondor]]. But unlike these others, Umbar had been used by the [[Black Númenóreans]], who were not friendly to the [[Elves]] or to their fellow [[Faithful]] Númenórean survivors.

Two Black Númenórean lords, [[Herumor]] and [[Fuinur]], were probably from Umbar, as at the end of [[Second Age]] they became very powerful amongst the [[Haradrim]], a neighbouring people. No doubt Númenóreans of Umbar were enlisted with Sauron in {{SA|3429}}. Their fate is unknown, but they likely shared Sauron's defeat at the hands of the [[Last Alliance of Elves and Men]].

The rulers of Umbar retained much influence over the [[Haradwaith]] well into [[Third Age]]. Other southern settlements were absorbed by the native cultures of [[Harad]]<ref>{{UT|Istari}}</ref>

Gondor's power, however, eclipsed that of Umbar as the Third Age progressed, and at one point, perhaps around the time of [[Tarannon Falastur]], Umbar acknowledged the sway of Gondor<ref>{{TT|Window}}</ref>. Tarannon had a diplomatic marriage to [[Berúthiel]], a Black Númenórean, perhaps from Umbar. During his reign, Tarannon extended the sway of Gondor along the southern shore-lands.

in {{TA|933}} Gondor's King [[Eärnil I]] captured Umbar in a [[Surprise Attack on Umbar|Surprise Attack]] after a siege by sea and land, although this was "at great cost." It became a great harbour and fortress of the power of Gondor. Ironically it was outside Umbar where Eärnil with his ships and men perished in a great storm ({{TA|936}}).

===Umbar as part of Gondor===
For the following 500 years, Umbar was an important Gondorian city: not only a major sea-port, but as the site of the submission of Sauron to Ar-Pharazôn, and so served as a proud reminder of the might of the Dúnedain of old.<ref name="Elendil">{{PM|Elendil}}</ref>

Many Black Númenóreans had fled Umbar from the assault of {{TA|933}}, to their subjects in [[Near Harad]] and prevented Gondor to take lands south of Harnen; [[Third Age 1015|82 years later]], in a vain attempt to recapture it, came up with great power against the stronghold. This great power availed the Men Of Harad little, however, for despite investing and besieging the fortress of Umbar for 35 years, they failed to take it, as its supply was easily maintained, "because of the sea-power of Gondor." In {{TA|1050}}, the late King Earnil's son [[Ciryandil]] defeated the [[Haradrim]] force by sending troops by land, crossing Harnen and by sea<ref name="annals">{{App|Gondor}}</ref>. All land south of Belfalas up to Harnen and the borders of Near Harad and coast-lands up to Umbar belonged to Gondor.

It was during this occupation when the Gondorians built a monument to Ar-Pharazôn on the highest hill above the Haven: a great [[white pillar]] crowned with a globe of crystal which shone as a star with the rays of the Sun or Moon.

Umbar and the southern provinces experienced a rebellion during the [[Kin-strife|civil war]] of Gondor; with the people of [[Pelargir]], Umbar supported the usurper [[Castamir]]. When the war ended, Castamir's sons and their supporters left Pelargir and established themselves at Umbar; from that point on, Umbar remained an enemy of the King<ref name="annals"/>.

===Corsairs of Umbar===
[[Image:John Howe - Corsairs of Umbar.jpg|thumb|right|170px|[[John Howe]] - ''Corsair Ship'']]
Since {{TA|1448}}, the fleets of the secessionists established under the descendants of Castamir and became known as the '"[[Corsairs of Umbar]]"' as an independent realm; thus Gondor lost both its southern province and its naval power and came in constant war against the line of Castamir. Within two centuries Umbar attacked Gondorian ships and raiding its coast at every opportunity, threatening the coastlands and all traffic on the sea and contested the possession of [[Harondor]]<ref name="Elendil"/>.

Umbar would welcome exiles from Gondor who were suspected for treason or conspiring against the King<ref name="annals"/>. Umbar would also take to its side and absorb tributaries to Gondor in Harad<ref name="Elendil"/>. In {{TA|1540}} King [[Aldamir]] fought with those rebelling kings of Harad<ref name="Elendil"/>. Those were defeated by his son [[Hyarmendacil II]] [[Third Age 1551|years later]]<ref>{{App|B2}}</ref>.

In {{TA|1634}} Castamir's great-grandsons [[Angamaitë]] and [[Sangahyando]] raided [[Pelargir]], from Umbar, killing King [[Minardil]]; his heir [[Telemnar]] prepared a fleet against Umbar<ref name="Elendil"/> but could not retaliate as it was ravaged by the [[Great Plague]] of {{TA|1636}}.

Vengeance, if not swift, was certainly devastating; by 78 years later the Corsairs raided as far as [[Anfalas]] and Minardil's great-grand nephew [[Telumehtar]] punished them. In an attack he destroyed the fortress and haven of the Corsairs and drove them out. After this victory he renamed himself [[Umbardacil]] but left Umbar unsettled and ruined, apparently as a protective garrison.

In the meantime the Haradrim were "engaged in wars and feuds of their own" and threatened by the [[Wainriders]]' empire from [[Rhûn]]<ref>{{UT|Cirion}}</ref>. But this did not prevent Umbar to be lost again when enemies invaded Gondor from the east and south in {{TA|1944}}, preventing Gondor to use it to support its forces from the sea; [[Eärnil II|Eärnil]]'s [[Southern Army]] vanquished the invaders.

Umbar had been reclaimed by the Haradrim, rebuilt and occupied and for the rest of the [[Third Age]] it became a home a new generation of 'Corsairs of Umbar', who must have been closely related to the Haradrim, if not even merely Haradrim themselves. These new Corsairs were cruel slavers who often raided the coasts of [[Belfalas]] and [[Anfalas]] in Gondor: in {{TA|2746}} for example, [[Amrothos]], the 15th Prince of [[Dol Amroth]] fell defending [[Dor-en-Ernil]] against them.

In {{TA|2758}} Umbar joined a massive co-ordinated attack with Men of the Harad and even of [[Dunland]], against Gondor and the new realm of [[Rohan]].<ref name="annals"/>. In {{TA|2885}}, Umbar supported the Haradrim who claimed Harondor, although this had long "been a debatable land between the Corsairs and the Kings", and when Sauron declared himself openly in {{TA|2951}}, Umbar declared its alliegance to him, and the great monument commemorating Ar-Pharazôn's triumph at Umbar was thrown down.

Umbar's fleet was largely destroyed 29 years later, when [[Thorongil]] ([[Aragorn]] Elessar, as it later turned out) in the service of the [[Steward of Gondor]] [[Ecthelion II]] led a taskforce south and burned them, killing the [[Captain of the Haven]] in the process.

===War of the Ring===
During the [[War of the Ring]], Umbar had not fully recovered from this, but could still send 50 "great ships" and smaller vessels "beyond count", to raid the coastlands of Gondor and draw off major forces from the defence of Minas Tirith. They were once again defeated by Aragorn, and the [[Oathbreakers|Army of the Dead]]. With the Fall of [[Barad-dûr]], Umbar, weakened and defeated, finally lost its sovereignty and submitted to the crown of King Elessar.

==Overview==
===Rule===
No "King of Umbar" is mentioned to rise though the Black Númenóreans, who, regarding the Heirs of Elendil as usurpers, certainly considered themselves the representatives of the last legal King of Númenor. One can suppose as a possible explanation, that they considered themselves something like the temporary [[Ruling Stewards|Stewards]] of Gondor, ruling in the true King's absence, until eg. Ar-Pharazôn would return from the West to restore his evil kingdom<ref name="lal">http://lalaith.vpsurf.de/Tolkien/Fr_Umbar.html</ref>. It is notable that all four known rulers of Umbar come in pairs, suggesting that perhaps Umbar was traditionally ruled by a duumvirate.
===Language===
Nothing is known about the language of Umbar but no doubt it must have been [[Adûnaic]], probably holding back the [[Elvish]] elements which created [[Westron]] of the [[Third Age]], resulting perhaps in a [[Haradric]] variety of the language.<ref name="lal"/>
===Geography===
Umbar was the nearest to Gondor of the southern realms. It may ultimately have stretched all along [[Harnen]] as far as the [[Ephel Duath]] up to the edge of [[Khand]].<ref name="lal"/>

===Politics===
Another difference between Arnor, Gondor and Umbar was that the Faithful boasted the ethnic purity of the line of their rulers, to the amount of resulting even in a [[Kin-strife]] at some point ({{TA|1437}}-{{TA|1447}}); on the other hand, Umbar allowed their race to swiftly dwindle and merge with the [[Pre-Númenóreans]], something which perhaps was looked down upon by the Gondorians.<ref name="annals" />

==Other versions of the legendarium==
Umbar appeared on the bottom edge of the maps found in earlier editions of ''[[The Lord of the Rings]]'', but it is absent from modern editions, which regrettably map a slightly smaller area of Middle-earth.

==Etymology==

''Umbar'' is a [[Mannish]] name of unknown meaning and origin, and despite the coincidental similarity, it is not related to Quenya ''[[Umbar (word)|umbar]]''.<ref>{{App|Men}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[Corsair Wars]]

==External links==
*[http://middle-earth.xenite.org/2013/04/05/was-umbar-the-only-haven-sauron-controlled/ Was Umbar the Only Haven Sauron Controlled?] by [[Michael Martinez]]

{{references}}
[[Category:Cities, towns and villages]]
[[Category:Harbours]]
[[Category:Mannish names]]
[[Category:Regions]]
[[Category:Southern lands]]

[[de:Umbar (Gebiet)]]
[[fi:Umbar]]
[[fr:encyclo/geographie/regions/umbar]]

Umbar

2014-12-23T02:36:06Z

Adûnâi: They left Pelargir

{{disambig-two|the Haven of Umbar|Quenya word|[[Umbar (word)|umbar]]}}
{{location
| image=[[File:Turner Mohan - Umbar.jpg|250px]]
| name=Haven of Umbar
| type=City/Port
| location=Southern [[Middle-earth]], west of [[Harad]]
| inhabitants=[[Men]] ([[Black Númenóreans]], [[Corsairs]], [[Haradrim]])
| realms=[[Umbar]] [[Gondor]] [[Reunited Kingdom]]
| description=natural harbour of enclosing rock, with a stronghold and a port located within it
| othernames=
| etymology=native word, meaning "fate" in [[Quenya|Quenya]]
| events=
| references=
|}}
'''Umbar''' was a great haven to the far south of [[Gondor]] in [[Middle-earth]].

==History==
===Foundation and Numenorian Rule===
It was located south of the outflow of [[Anduin]] at the [[Bay of Belfalas]] in a convenient, useful natural haven. The great cape and land-locked firth formed the port. The natives called it "Umbar" and the Númenóreans who discovered it, adopted its name.

Like the earlier [[Lond Daer Ened|New Haven]] in [[Enedwaith]], and the later [[Pelargir]] on the [[Anduin]], Umbar was one of the trading ports at the southern coast of [[Middle-earth]], which became a base from which Númenórean influence spread over Middle-earth. In {{SA|2280}} it was made into a great fortress as a reaction to the growing threat of Sauron<ref>{{App|SA}}</ref> and became the strongest and most important.

During the dissension arising when the Shadow fell on [[Númenor]], Umbar was the northernmost settlement of the [[King's Men]]; [[Sauron]], after trying to break the waxing Númenórean grip by instigation, attempted to attack the Númenórean havens and forts, invaded their coastlands, but Umbar resisted<ref>{{PM|Second}}</ref><ref>{{PM|Akallabeth}}</ref>

It was at Umbar that [[Ar-Pharazôn]] the Golden, landed in {{SA|3261}}, to challenge Sauron and journeyed 7 days with banner and trumpet<ref name="Ak">{{S|Akallabeth}}</ref>. Umbar remained a symbol of Númenórean pride ever after.

While Sauron was in Númenór and the Shadow and dissidence became greater, Umbar was one of the fortresses and dwellings upon the coasts, inhabited by the [[King's Men]] and servants in Middle-earth to his will; these evil lords concentrated mostly to the south, far from the dominion of [[Gil-galad]]<ref name="Ak"/>. Umbar must have been an important point of deportation for the slaves and taxes for Númenor.

After the Downfall of Númenor, Umbar remained in the hands of the Númenóreans, in essence a realm-in-exile alongside [[Arnor]] and [[Gondor]]. But unlike these others, Umbar had been used by the [[Black Númenóreans]], who were not friendly to the [[Elves]] or to their fellow [[Faithful]] Númenórean survivors.

Two Black Númenórean lords, [[Herumor]] and [[Fuinur]], were probably from Umbar, as at the end of [[Second Age]] they became very powerful amongst the [[Haradrim]], a neighbouring people. No doubt Númenóreans of Umbar were enlisted with Sauron in {{SA|3429}}. Their fate is unknown, but they likely shared Sauron's defeat at the hands of the [[Last Alliance of Elves and Men]].

The rulers of Umbar retained much influence over the [[Haradwaith]] well into [[Third Age]]. Other southern settlements were absorbed by the native cultures of [[Harad]]<ref>{{UT|Istari}}</ref>

Gondor's power, however, eclipsed that of Umbar as the Third Age progressed, and at one point, perhaps around the time of [[Tarannon Falastur]], Umbar acknowledged the sway of Gondor<ref>{{TT|Window}}</ref>. Tarannon had a diplomatic marriage to [[Berúthiel]], a Black Númenórean, perhaps from Umbar. During his reign, Tarannon extended the sway of Gondor along the southern shore-lands.

in {{TA|933}} Gondor's King [[Eärnil I]] captured Umbar in a [[Surprise Attack on Umbar|Surprise Attack]] after a siege by sea and land, although this was "at great cost." It became a great harbour and fortress of the power of Gondor. Ironically it was outside Umbar where Eärnil with his ships and men perished in a great storm ({{TA|936}}).

===Umbar as part of Gondor===
For the following 500 years, Umbar was an important Gondorian city: not only a major sea-port, but as the site of the submission of Sauron to Ar-Pharazôn, and so served as a proud reminder of the might of the Dúnedain of old.<ref name="Elendil">{{PM|Elendil}}</ref>

Many Black Númenóreans had fled Umbar from the assault of {{TA|933}}, to their subjects in [[Near Harad]] and prevented Gondor to take lands south of Harnen; [[Third Age 1015|82 years later]], in a vain attempt to recapture it, came up with great power against the stronghold. This great power availed the Men Of Harad little, however, for despite investing and besieging the fortress of Umbar for 35 years, they failed to take it, as its supply was easily maintained, "because of the sea-power of Gondor." In {{TA|1050}}, the late King Earnil's son [[Ciryandil]] defeated the [[Haradrim]] force by sending troops by land, crossing Harnen and by sea<ref name="annals">{{App|Gondor}}</ref>. All land south of Belfalas up to Harnen and the borders of Near Harad and coast-lands up to Umbar belonged to Gondor.

It was during this occupation when the Gondorians built a monument to Ar-Pharazôn on the highest hill above the Haven: a great [[white pillar]] crowned with a globe of crystal which shone as a star with the rays of the Sun or Moon.

Umbar and the southern provinces experienced a rebellion during the [[Kin-strife|civil war]] of Gondor; with the people of [[Pelargir]], Umbar supported the usurper [[Castamir]]. When the war ended, Castamir's sons and their supporters left Pelargir and established themselves at Umbar; from that point on, Umbar remained an enemy of the King<ref name="annals"/>.

===Corsairs of Umbar===
[[Image:John Howe - Corsairs of Umbar.jpg|thumb|right|170px|[[John Howe]] - ''Corsair Ship'']]
Since {{TA|1448}}, the fleets of the secessionists established under the descendants of Castamir and became known as the '"[[Corsairs of Umbar]]"' as an independent realm; thus Gondor lost both its southern province and its naval power and came in constant war against the line of Eldacar. Within two centuries Umbar attacked Gondorian ships and raiding its coast at every opportunity, threatening the coastlands and all traffic on the sea and contested the possession of [[Harondor]]<ref name="Elendil"/>.

Umbar would welcome exiles from Gondor who were suspected for treason or conspiring against the King<ref name="annals"/>. Umbar would also take to its side and absorb tributaries to Gondor in Harad<ref name="Elendil"/>. In {{TA|1540}} King [[Aldamir]] fought with those rebelling kings of Harad<ref name="Elendil"/>. Those were defeated by his son [[Hyarmendacil II]] [[Third Age 1551|years later]]<ref>{{App|B2}}</ref>.

In {{TA|1634}} Castamir's great-grandsons [[Angamaitë]] and [[Sangahyando]] raided [[Pelargir]], from Umbar, killing King [[Minardil]]; his heir [[Telemnar]] prepared a fleet against Umbar<ref name="Elendil"/> but could not retaliate as it was ravaged by the [[Great Plague]] of {{TA|1636}}.

Vengeance, if not swift, was certainly devastating; by 78 years later the Corsairs raided as far as [[Anfalas]] and Minardil's great-grand nephew [[Telumehtar]] punished them. In an attack he destroyed the fortress and haven of the Corsairs and drove them out. After this victory he renamed himself [[Umbardacil]] but left Umbar unsettled and ruined, apparently as a protective garrison.

In the meantime the Haradrim were "engaged in wars and feuds of their own" and threatened by the [[Wainriders]]' empire from [[Rhûn]]<ref>{{UT|Cirion}}</ref>. But this did not prevent Umbar to be lost again when enemies invaded Gondor from the east and south in {{TA|1944}}, preventing Gondor to use it to support its forces from the sea; [[Eärnil II|Eärnil]]'s [[Southern Army]] vanquished the invaders.

Umbar had been reclaimed by the Haradrim, rebuilt and occupied and for the rest of the [[Third Age]] it became a home a new generation of 'Corsairs of Umbar', who must have been closely related to the Haradrim, if not even merely Haradrim themselves. These new Corsairs were cruel slavers who often raided the coasts of [[Belfalas]] and [[Anfalas]] in Gondor: in {{TA|2746}} for example, [[Amrothos]], the 15th Prince of [[Dol Amroth]] fell defending [[Dor-en-Ernil]] against them.

In {{TA|2758}} Umbar joined a massive co-ordinated attack with Men of the Harad and even of [[Dunland]], against Gondor and the new realm of [[Rohan]].<ref name="annals"/>. In {{TA|2885}}, Umbar supported the Haradrim who claimed Harondor, although this had long "been a debatable land between the Corsairs and the Kings", and when Sauron declared himself openly in {{TA|2951}}, Umbar declared its alliegance to him, and the great monument commemorating Ar-Pharazôn's triumph at Umbar was thrown down.

Umbar's fleet was largely destroyed 29 years later, when [[Thorongil]] ([[Aragorn]] Elessar, as it later turned out) in the service of the [[Steward of Gondor]] [[Ecthelion II]] led a taskforce south and burned them, killing the [[Captain of the Haven]] in the process.

===War of the Ring===
During the [[War of the Ring]], Umbar had not fully recovered from this, but could still send 50 "great ships" and smaller vessels "beyond count", to raid the coastlands of Gondor and draw off major forces from the defence of Minas Tirith. They were once again defeated by Aragorn, and the [[Oathbreakers|Army of the Dead]]. With the Fall of [[Barad-dûr]], Umbar, weakened and defeated, finally lost its sovereignty and submitted to the crown of King Elessar.

==Overview==
===Rule===
No "King of Umbar" is mentioned to rise though the Black Númenóreans, who, regarding the Heirs of Elendil as usurpers, certainly considered themselves the representatives of the last legal King of Númenor. One can suppose as a possible explanation, that they considered themselves something like the temporary [[Ruling Stewards|Stewards]] of Gondor, ruling in the true King's absence, until eg. Ar-Pharazôn would return from the West to restore his evil kingdom<ref name="lal">http://lalaith.vpsurf.de/Tolkien/Fr_Umbar.html</ref>. It is notable that all four known rulers of Umbar come in pairs, suggesting that perhaps Umbar was traditionally ruled by a duumvirate.
===Language===
Nothing is known about the language of Umbar but no doubt it must have been [[Adûnaic]], probably holding back the [[Elvish]] elements which created [[Westron]] of the [[Third Age]], resulting perhaps in a [[Haradric]] variety of the language.<ref name="lal"/>
===Geography===
Umbar was the nearest to Gondor of the southern realms. It may ultimately have stretched all along [[Harnen]] as far as the [[Ephel Duath]] up to the edge of [[Khand]].<ref name="lal"/>

===Politics===
Another difference between Arnor, Gondor and Umbar was that the Faithful boasted the ethnic purity of the line of their rulers, to the amount of resulting even in a [[Kin-strife]] at some point ({{TA|1437}}-{{TA|1447}}); on the other hand, Umbar allowed their race to swiftly dwindle and merge with the [[Pre-Númenóreans]], something which perhaps was looked down upon by the Gondorians.<ref name="annals" />

==Other versions of the legendarium==
Umbar appeared on the bottom edge of the maps found in earlier editions of ''[[The Lord of the Rings]]'', but it is absent from modern editions, which regrettably map a slightly smaller area of Middle-earth.

==Etymology==

''Umbar'' is a [[Mannish]] name of unknown meaning and origin, and despite the coincidental similarity, it is not related to Quenya ''[[Umbar (word)|umbar]]''.<ref>{{App|Men}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[Corsair Wars]]

==External links==
*[http://middle-earth.xenite.org/2013/04/05/was-umbar-the-only-haven-sauron-controlled/ Was Umbar the Only Haven Sauron Controlled?] by [[Michael Martinez]]

{{references}}
[[Category:Cities, towns and villages]]
[[Category:Harbours]]
[[Category:Mannish names]]
[[Category:Regions]]
[[Category:Southern lands]]

[[de:Umbar (Gebiet)]]
[[fi:Umbar]]
[[fr:encyclo/geographie/regions/umbar]]