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Lembas Extra 2016

2022-01-04T02:39:21Z

Ar-Pharazôn: Don't know how to upload a file to use as the cover photo

{{book
|title=Lembas Extra 2016: Tolkien Among Scholars
|image=[[File:Lembas Extra 2016.jpg|225px]]
|author=Nathalie Kuijpers, Renée Vink, and Cécile van Zon (editors)
|publisher=[[Unquendor]]
|date=[[2016]]
|format=
|pages=258
|isbn=978-90-826504-0-2
}}
'''''Lembas Extra 2016: Tolkien Among Scholars''''' is an issue of the journal ''[[Lembas (journal)|Lembas Extra]]''. The issue contains sixteen articles.

==Contents==
*[[Thomas Honegger]]: "Scholarly Heroes, Heroic Scholars" (pp. 17-36)
*Łukasz Neubauer: "''The Homecoming of Beorhtnoth'' as a Dialectic Attempt to Capture the Essence of the 'Northern Heroic Spirit'" (pp. 37-48)
*Thijs Porck: "New Roads and Secret Gates, Waiting Around the Corner: Investigating Tolkien's other Anglo-Saxon sources" (pp. 49–64)
*Mariëlle van Rijn: "God's Chosen Warrior and the Ring-bearer: Old English ''Guthlac A'' and ''Guthlac B'' as Sources of J.R.R. Tolkien's ''The Lord of the Rings''" (pp. 65-72)
*Aline Douma: "A Fell Light Is in Them. The Ontological Ambiguity of Grendel and the Undead in ''The Lord of the Rings''" (pp. 73–84)
*David Llewellyn Dodds: "'Tolkien's Narnia'? Lit., Lang., Saints, Tinfang, and a Mythology – or two – for Christmas" (pp. 85–104)
*Nelson Goering: "Old Mercian: From ''Beowulf'' to Tolkien's Rohan" (pp. 105-118)
*Paul J. Smith: "French Connections in Middle-earth: The Medieval Legacy" (pp. 119–136)
*[[Renée Vink]]: "A Poet's Choices: Tolkien, Heusler and the Gap in the ''Poetic Edda''" (pp. 137–150)
*Charlotte Doesburg: "Singing, Music and Magic in the Finnish Epic the ''Kalevala'' and J.R.R. Tolkien's ''Silmarillion''" (pp. 151–160)
*Antoine Paris: "Playing with Philology: Unreliable Philology in ''The Lord of the Rings''" (pp. 161–176)
*Hamish Williams: "Between Exile and Hospitality: The figure of the Xenos in Tolkien's Faërie" (pp. 177–190)
*Lettie Dorst: "''The Hobbit'' Meets Stylistics: Analyzing Stylistic Features in ''The Hobbit'' and its Dutch Translation" (pp. 191–210)
*Jan van Breda: "Anarchy in Middle-earth?" (pp. 211–222)
*Luisa Paglieri: "Tolkien and the Academic World in Italy" (pp. 223–235)
*Gazala Anver: "A Deconstructive Reading of Tolkien Criticism with Special Emphasis on ''The Silmarillion''" (pp. 137–150)

==External link==
*[http://www.unquendor.nl/?page_id=441 Offical page]
{{title|journal}}

[[Category:Lembas Extra]]

Lembas Extra 2016

2022-01-04T02:31:15Z

Ar-Pharazôn:

{{book
|title=Lembas Extra 2016: Tolkien Among Scholars
|image=[[File:Lembas Extra 2015.jpg|225px]]
|author=Nathalie Kuijpers, Renée Vink, and Cécile van Zon (editors)
|publisher=[[Unquendor]]
|date=[[2016]]
|format=
|pages=258
|isbn=978-90-826504-0-2
}}
'''''Lembas Extra 2016: Tolkien Among Scholars''''' is an issue of the journal ''[[Lembas (journal)|Lembas Extra]]''. The issue contains sixteen articles.

==Contents==
*[[Thomas Honegger]]: "Scholarly Heroes, Heroic Scholars" (pp. 17-36)
*Łukasz Neubauer: "''The Homecoming of Beorhtnoth'' as a Dialectic Attempt to Capture the Essence of the 'Northern Heroic Spirit'" (pp. 37-48)
*Thijs Porck: "New Roads and Secret Gates, Waiting Around the Corner: Investigating Tolkien's other Anglo-Saxon sources" (pp. 49–64)
*Mariëlle van Rijn: "God's Chosen Warrior and the Ring-bearer: Old English ''Guthlac A'' and ''Guthlac B'' as Sources of J.R.R. Tolkien's ''The Lord of the Rings''" (pp. 65-72)
*Aline Douma: "A Fell Light Is in Them. The Ontological Ambiguity of Grendel and the Undead in ''The Lord of the Rings''" (pp. 73–84)
*David Llewellyn Dodds: "'Tolkien's Narnia'? Lit., Lang., Saints, Tinfang, and a Mythology – or two – for Christmas" (pp. 85–104)
*Nelson Goering: "Old Mercian: From ''Beowulf'' to Tolkien's Rohan" (pp. 105-118)
*Paul J. Smith: "French Connections in Middle-earth: The Medieval Legacy" (pp. 119–136)
*[[Renée Vink]]: "A Poet's Choices: Tolkien, Heusler and the Gap in the ''Poetic Edda''" (pp. 137–150)
*Charlotte Doesburg: "Singing, Music and Magic in the Finnish Epic the ''Kalevala'' and J.R.R. Tolkien's ''Silmarillion''" (pp. 151–160)
*Antoine Paris: "Playing with Philology: Unreliable Philology in ''The Lord of the Rings''" (pp. 161–176)
*Hamish Williams: "Between Exile and Hospitality: The figure of the Xenos in Tolkien's Faërie" (pp. 177–190)
*Lettie Dorst: "''The Hobbit'' Meets Stylistics: Analyzing Stylistic Features in ''The Hobbit'' and its Dutch Translation" (pp. 191–210)
*Jan van Breda: "Anarchy in Middle-earth?" (pp. 211–222)
*Luisa Paglieri: "Tolkien and the Academic World in Italy" (pp. 223–235)
*Gazala Anver: "A Deconstructive Reading of Tolkien Criticism with Special Emphasis on ''The Silmarillion''" (pp. 137–150)

==External link==
*[http://www.unquendor.nl/?page_id=441 Offical page]
{{title|journal}}

[[Category:Lembas Extra]]

Lembas Extra 2016

2022-01-04T01:51:45Z

Ar-Pharazôn: Fixed wrong editors

{{book
|title=Lembas Extra 2016: Tolkien Among Scholars
|image=[[File:Lembas Extra 2015.jpg|225px]]
|author=Nathalie Kuijpers, Renée Vink, and Cécile van Zon (editors)
|publisher=[[Unquendor]]
|date=[[2016]]
|format=
|pages=258
|isbn=978-90-826504-0-2
}}
'''''Lembas Extra 2016: Tolkien Among Scholars''''' is an issue of the journal ''[[Lembas (journal)|Lembas Extra]]''. The issue contains sixteen articles.

==Contents==
*Thomas Honegger: "Scholarly Heroes, Heroic Scholars" (pp. 17-36)
*Łukasz Neubauer: "''The Homecoming of Beorhtnoth'' as a Dialectic Attempt to Capture the Essence of the 'Northern Heroic Spirit'" (pp. 37-48)
*Thijs Porck: "New Roads and Secret Gates, Waiting Around the Corner: Investigating Tolkien's other Anglo-Saxon sources" (pp. 49–64)
*Mariëlle van Rijn: "God's Chosen Warrior and the Ring-bearer: Old English ''Guthlac A'' and ''Guthlac B'' as Sources of J.R.R. Tolkien's ''The Lord of the Rings''" (pp. 65-72)
*Aline Douma: "A Fell Light Is in Them. The Ontological Ambiguity of Grendel and the Undead in ''The Lord of the Rings''" (pp. 73–84)
*David Llewellyn Dodds: "'Tolkien's Narnia'? Lit., Lang., Saints, Tinfang, and a Mythology – or two – for Christmas" (pp. 85–104)
*Nelson Goering: "Old Mercian: From ''Beowulf'' to Tolkien's Rohan" (pp. 105-118)
*Paul J. Smith: "French Connections in Middle-earth: The Medieval Legacy" (pp. 119–136)
*Renée Vink: "A Poet's Choices: Tolkien, Heusler and the Gap in the ''Poetic Edda''" (pp. 137–150)
*Charlotte Doesburg: "Singing, Music and Magic in the Finnish Epic the ''Kalevala'' and J.R.R. Tolkien's ''Silmarillion''" (pp. 151–160)
*Antoine Paris: "Playing with Philology: Unreliable Philology in ''The Lord of the Rings''" (pp. 161–176)
*Hamish Williams: "Between Exile and Hospitality: The figure of the Xenos in Tolkien's Faërie" (pp. 177–190)
*Lettie Dorst: "''The Hobbit'' Meets Stylistics: Analyzing Stylistic Features in ''The Hobbit'' and its Dutch Translation" (pp. 191–210)
*Jan van Breda: "Anarchy in Middle-earth?" (pp. 211–222)
*Luisa Paglieri: "Tolkien and the Academic World in Italy" (pp. 223–235)
*Gazala Anver: "A Deconstructive Reading of Tolkien Criticism with Special Emphasis on ''The Silmarillion''" (pp. 137–150)

==External link==
*[http://www.unquendor.nl/?page_id=441 Offical page]
{{title|journal}}

[[Category:Lembas Extra]]

Lembas Extra 2016

2022-01-04T01:50:28Z

Ar-Pharazôn: Creation of page in accord with formatting for Lembas Extra 2015

{{book
|title=Lembas Extra 2016: Tolkien Among Scholars
|image=[[File:Lembas Extra 2015.jpg|225px]]
|author=Cécile van Zon & Renée Vink (editors)
|publisher=[[Unquendor]]
|date=[[2016]]
|format=
|pages=258
|isbn=978-90-826504-0-2
}}
'''''Lembas Extra 2016: Tolkien Among Scholars''''' is an issue of the journal ''[[Lembas (journal)|Lembas Extra]]''. The issue contains sixteen articles.

==Contents==
*Thomas Honegger: "Scholarly Heroes, Heroic Scholars" (pp. 17-36)
*Łukasz Neubauer: "''The Homecoming of Beorhtnoth'' as a Dialectic Attempt to Capture the Essence of the 'Northern Heroic Spirit'" (pp. 37-48)
*Thijs Porck: "New Roads and Secret Gates, Waiting Around the Corner: Investigating Tolkien's other Anglo-Saxon sources" (pp. 49–64)
*Mariëlle van Rijn: "God's Chosen Warrior and the Ring-bearer: Old English ''Guthlac A'' and ''Guthlac B'' as Sources of J.R.R. Tolkien's ''The Lord of the Rings''" (pp. 65-72)
*Aline Douma: "A Fell Light Is in Them. The Ontological Ambiguity of Grendel and the Undead in ''The Lord of the Rings''" (pp. 73–84)
*David Llewellyn Dodds: "'Tolkien's Narnia'? Lit., Lang., Saints, Tinfang, and a Mythology – or two – for Christmas" (pp. 85–104)
*Nelson Goering: "Old Mercian: From ''Beowulf'' to Tolkien's Rohan" (pp. 105-118)
*Paul J. Smith: "French Connections in Middle-earth: The Medieval Legacy" (pp. 119–136)
*Renée Vink: "A Poet's Choices: Tolkien, Heusler and the Gap in the ''Poetic Edda''" (pp. 137–150)
*Charlotte Doesburg: "Singing, Music and Magic in the Finnish Epic the ''Kalevala'' and J.R.R. Tolkien's ''Silmarillion''" (pp. 151–160)
*Antoine Paris: "Playing with Philology: Unreliable Philology in ''The Lord of the Rings''" (pp. 161–176)
*Hamish Williams: "Between Exile and Hospitality: The figure of the Xenos in Tolkien's Faërie" (pp. 177–190)
*Lettie Dorst: "''The Hobbit'' Meets Stylistics: Analyzing Stylistic Features in ''The Hobbit'' and its Dutch Translation" (pp. 191–210)
*Jan van Breda: "Anarchy in Middle-earth?" (pp. 211–222)
*Luisa Paglieri: "Tolkien and the Academic World in Italy" (pp. 223–235)
*Gazala Anver: "A Deconstructive Reading of Tolkien Criticism with Special Emphasis on ''The Silmarillion''" (pp. 137–150)

==External link==
*[http://www.unquendor.nl/?page_id=441 Offical page]
{{title|journal}}

[[Category:Lembas Extra]]

Lembas (journal)

2022-01-04T01:23:14Z

Ar-Pharazôn: Improperly dated "Lembas Extra 2017" changed to "Lembas Extra 2016"

{{disambig-two|the journal|food|[[Lembas]]}}
'''''Lembas''''' is the title of the journal of the [[Dutch Tolkien Society]] (Tolkien Genootschap Unquendor). ''Lembas'' is released five times a year. ''[[Beyond Bree]]'' usually has a summary of the contents in English.

==Issues of ''Lembas Extra''==

Listing of '''''Lembas Extra''''' (also known as '''''Lembas-extra'''''), the annual journal of ''Lembas''.

*[[1985]]: (no subtitle, three articles in English, two in Dutch)
*[[1986]]: (no subtitle, one Dutch article in an otherwise English issue)
*[[1987]]: ''[[Tolkien and the Spirit of the Age]]'', Proceedings of Unquendor's First Lustrum Conference 1986 (completely in English, this was officially not part of the Lembas Extra series, in practice however it can be regarded as Lembas Extra 1987 in all but name)
*[[1988]]: ''Motieven in Midden-aarde'' [Motifs in Middle-earth] (Dutch only)
*[[1990]]: ''[[Elrond's Holy Round Table]]''
*[[1991]]: (no subtitle, actually the proceedings of Unquendor's second Lustrum Conference 1991)
*[[1992]]: (no subtitle, one article in Dutch)
*[[1993]]/[[1994|94]]: (no subtitle)
*[[1995]]: (no subtitle)
*[[1996]]: (no subtitle)
*[[1998]]: ''Proceedings of Unquendor's Third Lustrum Conference 1996''
*[[2001]]: ''A Tolkien Odyssey, Proceedings of Unquendor's Fourth Lustrum Conference 2001''
*[[2002]]: (no subtitle, one English article in an otherwise completely Dutch issue)
*[[2004]]: (no subtitle)
*[[2008]]: ''[[Lembas Extra: Proceedings of the 5th Unquendor Lustrum|Proceedings of the 5th Unquendor Lustrum, Baarlo 9 - 11 June, 2006]]''
*[[2009]]: ''[[Tolkien in Poetry and Song]]''
*[[2011]]: ''[[Lembas Extra 2011|Lembas Extra 2011: Proceedings of the 6th Tolkien Genootschap Unquendor's Lustrum, Baarlo, May 20-22, 2011]]''
*[[2012]]: ''[[Lembas Extra 2012]]''
*[[2015]]: ''[[Lembas Extra 2015|Lembas Extra 2015: Unexplored Aspects of Tolkien and Arda]]''
*[[2016]]: ''[[Lembas Extra 2016|Lembas Extra 2016: Tolkien Among Scholars]]''
*[[2019]]: ''[[Lembas Extra 2019|Lembas Extra 2019: The World Tolkien Built]]''

==External links==
*[http://www.unquendor.nl/?page_id=432 Webpage] (in Dutch)
{{title|italics}}

[[Category:Dutch publications]]
[[Category:Lembas Extra| ]]
[[Category:Publications by title]]

Digging Potatoes, Growing Trees

2021-09-20T21:02:27Z

Ar-Pharazôn: Typo fix

{{book
|title=Digging Potatoes, Growing Trees
|image=[[Image:Digging Potatoes, Growing Trees.jpg|225px]]
|editor=[[Helen Armstrong]]
|noisbn=[[Special:BookSources/0-905520-08-4|0-905520-08-4]] (Volume 1) [[Special:BookSources/0-905520-12-2|0-905520-12-2]] (Volume 2) [[Special:BookSources/0-905520-13-0|0-905520-13-0]] (Volume 3)
|publisher=[[The Tolkien Society]]
|date=[[1997]] (Volume 1) [[1998]] (Volume 2) [[2001]] (Volume 3)
|format=Paperback booklet
|pages=60 (Volume 1) 60 (Volume 2) 52 (Volume 3)
|series=[[Peter Roe Memorial Fund]]
}}
'''''Digging Potatoes, Growing Trees''''' is a collection of the after-dinner speeches held at the Annual Dinners of [[The Tolkien Society]]. There have been three volumes of ''Digging Potatoes, Growing Trees'' covering speeches from 1980 to 2000. ''Digging Potatoes, Growing Trees'' has been published by [[The Tolkien Society]] as volumes 5, 6 and 11 in then [[Peter Roe Memorial Fund]] series.

==Synopsis==

{{blockquote|[[Rayner Unwin]]'s address from 1990 covers the plans for future Tolkien publications. From 1991, [[Tom Shippey]] examines Tolkien's position as a writer amongst his contemporaries. [[Colin Duriez]] in 1992 considered the friendship of Tolkien and C S Lewis. In 1995, [[Joanna Tolkien]], J.R.R. Tolkien's granddaughter related some of her memories of her grandfather. [[René van Rossenberg]], who spoke in 1996 discusses the growth of Tolkien Societies in Europe and how Tolkien is appreciated by those for whom English is not their first language. In 1997, [[Colin Duriez]] returned to discuss how both Tolkien and Lewis placed humanity and creativity at the centre of their work.}}

==Volume 1==
*[[1980]]: [[Tom Shippey]], "Inspiration and Invention, or Where Tolkien Got Stuck"
*[[1983]]: [[Tom Shippey]], "...I thought of the incident of Zeebrugge which nobody wrote about at all..."
*[[1986]]: Geraldine Harris, "...'Growing trees' when I should have been 'digging potatoes'..."

==Volume 2==
*[[1990]]: [[Rayner Unwin]], "'How many more volumes in this [[The History of Middle-earth|series]]?' I don't know, [[Christopher Tolkien|Christopher]] doesn't know"
*[[1991]]: [[Tom Shippey]], "What have these people got in common? One thing... they had all been shot at"
*[[1992]]: [[Colin Duriez]], "'Art has been verified...' The friendship of [[J.R.R. Tolkien]] and [[C.S. Lewis]]"
*[[1995]]: [[Tolkien Family|Joanna Tolkien]], "...asked many times - and it still surprises me - 'Did you know your grandfather?'"
*[[1996]]: [[René van Rossenberg]], "...When I made a mental picture of [[The Shire]], I saw dykes, windmills, rectangular tulip-fields"
*[[1997]]: [[Colin Duriez]], "Tolkien and the Old West"

==Volume 3==

* [[1995]]: Charles A. Coulombe, "The Ethics of Escape"
* [[1998]]: [[Michael George Tolkien|Michael Tolkien]], "Eden, Fall, Exile and Beyond"
* [[1999]]: Michael Scott Rohan, "Whether it was genetic or cultural or religious disposition, Tolkien loved music"
* [[2000]]: Patrick Curry, "On Hobbits and Elves: or Took and Baggins Again"

{{peterroe}}
{{title|italics}}
[[Category:Publications by title]]
[[Category:Publications by the Tolkien Society]]
[[Category:Scholarly books]]

Taur-nu-Fuin (Dorthonion)

2019-06-25T04:47:21Z

Ar-Pharazôn: Simple typo correction

{{disambig-two|the forest in [[Dorthonion]]|alternative name for [[Mirkwood]]|[[Taur-nu-Fuin (Mirkwood)]]}}
{{location infobox
| name=Taur-nu-Fuin
| image=[[File:Peter Xavier Price - Beleg discovers Gwindor.jpg|250px]]
| caption="[[Beleg]] discovers [[Gwindor]]" by [[Peter Xavier Price]]
| pronun=
| othernames=
| location=Northern [[Dorthonion]]
| type=Pine-forest<ref>{{SM|Q9}} p. 103</ref>, Highlands<ref>{{SM|CQ9}} p. 174</ref>
| description=Evil, darkened forest
| regions=
| towns=
| inhabitants=[[Orcs]]
| created=
| destroyed=
| events=[[Dagor Bragollach]], [[Massacre at Tarn Aeluin]]
}}
{{quote|To North there lay the [[Dor Daedeloth|Land of Dread]] whence only evil pathways led o’er [[Ered Gorgoroth|hills of shadow]] bleak and cold or Taur-na-Fuin’s haunted hold where Deadly Nightshade lurked and lay and never came or [[moon]] or day.|''[[Lay of Leithian]]'', [[Lay of Leithian Canto I|Canto I]]}}
'''Taur-nu-Fuin''' was a name for the northern parts of [[Dorthonion]], and sometimes for the forest as a whole after it was corrupted by [[Morgoth]] after the [[Dagor Bragollach]]. The kingdoms of Dorthonion were destroyed at that point, including [[Ladros]] and the realm of [[Angrod]] and [[Aegnor]]. [[Barahir]] remained as an outlaw in Taur-nu-Fuin, and after his death [[Beren]] his son dwelt in this forest for several years, before crossing the [[Ered Gorgoroth]] and forsaking Dorthonion to its captors. Then it was truly wholly "under nightshade".<ref>{{S|Fingolfin}}</ref>

After [[Sauron]] was defeated by [[Huan]] in their battle upon [[Tol-in-Gaurhoth]] he took the form of a vampire and fled to Taur-nu-Fuin, filling the forest with horror.<ref>{{S|Beren}}</ref>

After [[Túrin]] was captured upon [[Amon Rûdh]] he was taken by the orcs through Taur-nu-Fuin northwards. In those woods the pursuing [[Beleg]] came upon [[Gwindor]], who told him of seeing Túrin being whipped and driven towards [[Angband]]. Together the two Elves followed the orcs out onto the barren dunes of [[Anfauglith]].<ref>{{S|Turin}}</ref>

==Etymology==
In early texts it was spelled ''Taur-n''a''-Fuin'', as seen in the excerpt from the Lay above.

Another [[Noldorin]] name is given as ''Deldú(w)ath'' translated as "Deadly Nightshade".<ref>{{LR|Etymologies}}, entry DYEL</ref> In [[Sindarin]], it comes from ''[[taur]]'' "great forest", ''[[nu]]'' "under" and ''[[fuin]]'' "night, gloom" (translated "nightshade").{{fact}}
{{references}}
{{title}}
[[Category:Beleriand]]
[[Category:Forests]]
[[Category:Sindarin locations]]

[[de:Dorthonion#Etymologie & andere Namen]]
[[fi:Taur-nu-Fuin (Dorthonion)]]
[[fr:encyclo/geographie/forets/beleriand/taur-nu-fuin]]

Taur-nu-Fuin (Dorthonion)

2019-06-25T04:46:48Z

Ar-Pharazôn: Simple typo correction

{{disambig-two|the forest in [[Dorthonion]]|alternative name for [[Mirkwood]]|[[Taur-nu-Fuin (Mirkwood)]]}}
{{location infobox
| name=Taur-nu-Fuin
| image=[[File:Peter Xavier Price - Beleg discovers Gwindor.jpg|250px]]
| caption="[[Beleg]] discovers [[Gwindor]]" by [[Peter Xavier Price]]
| pronun=
| othernames=
| location=Northern [[Dorthonion]]
| type=Pine-forest<ref>{{SM|Q9}} p. 103</ref>, Highlands<ref>{{SM|CQ9}} p. 174</ref>
| description=Evil, darkened forest
| regions=
| towns=
| inhabitants=[[Orcs]]
| created=
| destroyed=
| events=[[Dagor Bragollach]], [[Massacre at Tarn Aeluin]]
}}
{{quote|To North there lay the [[Dor Daedeloth|Land of Dread]] whence only evil pathways led o’er [[Ered Gorgoroth|hills of shadow]] bleak and cold or Taur-na-Fuin’s haunted hold where Deadly Nightshade lurked and lay and never came or [[moon]] or day.|''[[Lay of Leithian]]'', [[Lay of Leithian Canto I|Canto I]]}}
'''Taur-nu-Fuin''' was a name for the northern parts of [[Dorthonion]], and sometimes for the forest as a whole after it was corrupted by [[Morgoth]] after the [[Dagor Bragollach]]. The kingdoms of Dorthonion were destroyed at that point, including [[Ladros]] and the realm of [[Angrod]] and [[Aegnor]]. [[Barahir]] remained as an outlaw in Taur-nu-Fuin, and after his death [[Beren]] his son dwelt in this forest for several years, before crossing the [[Ered Gorgoroth]] and forsaking Dorthonion to its captors. Then it was truly wholly "under nightshade".<ref>{{S|Fingolfin}}</ref>

After [[Sauron]] was defeated by [[Huan]] in their battle upon [[Tol-in-Gaurhoth]] he took the form of a vampire and fled to Taur-nu-Fuin, filling the forest with horror.<ref>{{S|Beren}}</ref>

After [[Túrin]] was captured upon [[Amon Rûdh]] he was taken by the orcs through Taur-nu-Fuin northwards. In those woods the pursuing [[Beleg]] came upon [[Gwindor]], who told him of seeing Túrin being whipped and driven towards [[Angband]]. Together the two Elves followed the orcs out onto the barren dunes of [[Anfauglith]].<ref>{{S|Turin}}</ref>

==Etymology==
In early texts it was spelled ''Taur-n''a''-Fuin'', as seen in the excerpt from the Lay above.

Another [[Noldorin]] name is given as ''Deldú(w)ath'' translated as "Deadly Nightshade".<ref>{{LR|Etymologies}}, entry DYEL</ref> In [[Sindarin]], it comes from ''[[taur]]'' "great forest",''[[nu]]'' "under" and ''[[fuin]]'' "night, gloom" (translated "nightshade").{{fact}}
{{references}}
{{title}}
[[Category:Beleriand]]
[[Category:Forests]]
[[Category:Sindarin locations]]

[[de:Dorthonion#Etymologie & andere Namen]]
[[fi:Taur-nu-Fuin (Dorthonion)]]
[[fr:encyclo/geographie/forets/beleriand/taur-nu-fuin]]

Kalormë

2019-06-24T03:56:26Z

Ar-Pharazôn: Simple typo correction

'''Kalormë''' was a great mountain in [[Oronto]] (the farthest East of the world). The peak seems to have been the second tallest mountain in [[Arda]], corresponding to the [[Oiolossë]] far in the [[Aman|West]].<ref name="LT1">{{LT1|IX}}, pp. 212, 225</ref>

==Etymology==
In the ''Qenya Lexicon'', the name '''''kalorme(e)''''' is glossed as "hill-crest over which the Sun rises".<ref>{{PE|12}}, p. 44</ref><ref>{{LT1|Appendix}}, pp. 256-7</ref>
==Other versions of the legendarium==
In later works, Kalorme is not mentioned. However the [[Land of the Sun]] was marked by a great, curve-shaped mountain range called the [[Walls of the Sun]], which corresponded symmetrically to the [[Pelóri]] of Aman.<ref>{{SM|5b}}</ref>
==Inspiration==
It is notable that the name Kalormë is similar to [http://narnia.wikia.com/wiki/Calormen Calormen] of ''[[The Chronicles of Narnia]]'' by [[C.S. Lewis]], although it is unknown if [[J.R.R. Tolkien|Tolkien]] thought of this name.
{{References}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Kalorme}}
[[Category:Mountains]]
[[Category:Qenya locations]]
[[de:Kalórme]]
[[fi:Kalormë]]

A Secret Vice

2019-05-31T16:54:29Z

Ar-Pharazôn: The date of composition here was based on a misreading of H&S's Reader's Guide. They actually date it to "?Autumn 1931."

'''''A Secret Vice''''' is the title of a lecture written by [[J.R.R. Tolkien]] around the autumn of [[1931]].<ref name=RG/> The lecture deals with constructed languages in general, and the relation of a mythology to its language. Tolkien contrasts auxiliary languages (like Esperanto) with artistic languages constructed for aesthetic pleasure.<ref name=MC6>{{MC|6}}</ref>

The title (consisting of a phrase occuring in the lecture) was created by [[Christopher Tolkien]] for the publication of the lecture manuscript in ''[[The Monsters and the Critics]]''.<ref>{{MC|F}}</ref> Tolkien himself referred to the lecture as "A Secret Vice" in a letter.<ref>{{L|294}}</ref>

==Summary==

Tolkien begins by briefly discussing Esperanto but states that the topic of his lecture rather concerns "secret" languages. As an example of such a language, he first recalls an incident where he overheard a man working on his own "secret grammar" while Tolkien was in the army in the [[World War I|First World War]]. He then continues by mentioning and analysing two constructed languages: the children's play-languages [[Animalic]] and [[Nevbosh]]. The next constructed language discussed is [[Naffarin]], a more advanced, private language "partly overlapping the last stages of ''Nevbosh''". Finally, Tolkien discusses the languages he created for his [[legendarium|mythology]] and gives examples of his [[Elvish]] poetry (with translations in English).<ref name=MC6/>

Included in the lecture are:
*a fragment in [[Nevbosh]]
*a fragment in [[Naffarin]]
*the poem [[Oilima Markirya]] (in [[Qenya]])<ref name=PE16>{{PE|16}}, p. 98</ref>
*the poem [[Nieninque]] (in Qenya)<ref name=PE16/>
*the poem [[Earendel at the Helm]] (in Qenya)<ref name=PE16/>
*a fragment in [[Noldorin]] (beginning with "Dir avosaith a gwaew hinar")<ref name=RG>{{CG|RG}}, pp. 882-3</ref>

==See also==
*[[A Secret Vice (book)|''A Secret Vice'' (book)]], extended edition
==External links==
*"[http://www.uib.no/People/hnohf/vice.htm Tolkien's Not-So-Secret Vice]", essay by [[Helge Fauskanger]]

{{references}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Secret Vice, A}}
[[Category:Chapters]]
[[Category:Lectures by J.R.R. Tolkien]]
[[de:Ein heimliches Laster]]
[[fr:tolkien/biblio/un_vice_secret]]
[[fi:A Secret Vice]]

The Lonely Isle

2018-11-19T05:14:07Z

Ar-Pharazôn: Fixed my own faulty correction to this page

'''The Lonely Isle''' is a poem written by [[J.R.R. Tolkien]] as he crossed the English channel with troops in June of 1916. It was published in [[1924]] within ''[[Leeds University Verse 1914-24]]''. It was then republished in ''[[Tolkien and the Great War]]'' in 2003.

==See also==
* [[Index:Poems by J.R.R. Tolkien|Poems by J.R.R. Tolkien]]

[[Category:Poems by J.R.R. Tolkien|Lonely Isle, The]]

The Lonely Isle

2018-11-19T04:57:58Z

Ar-Pharazôn: Fixed factual error of inclusion in Tolkien and the Great War (only four stanzas were reprinted, not the whole thing)

'''The Lonely Isle''' is a poem written by [[J.R.R. Tolkien]] as he crossed the English channel with troops in June of 1916. It was published in [[1924]] within ''[[Leeds University Verse 1914-24]]''. Four stanzas were then republished in ''[[Tolkien and the Great War]]'' in 2003.

==See also==
* [[Index:Poems by J.R.R. Tolkien|Poems by J.R.R. Tolkien]]

[[Category:Poems by J.R.R. Tolkien|Lonely Isle, The]]

-ath

2018-06-19T05:11:19Z

Ar-Pharazôn: Additional example

{{disambig-two|the [[Sindarin]] suffix|[[Elvish]] [[Sundocarme|root]]|[[ATH]]}}

'''''-ath''''' is a [[Sindarin]] collective plural suffix,<ref>{{PE|17}}, pp. 24-26</ref> meaning all of the group to which it is affixed. It originated as a dual, and is sometimes still used as such.
==Examples==
*[[ennor#Compounds|ennorath]]
*[[giliath]]
*[[Eglath]]
*[[Drúath]]
*[[Cirith Thoronath|Cirith '''Thoronath''']]
* [[Argonath]] (used as a dual)
*[[Taur-im-Duinath|Taur-im-'''Duinath''']] (again dual, referring to a forest between two rivers [[Sirion]] and [[Gelion]])
*[[Periannath]]

==See also==
*[[Quenya]] ''[[atta]]''

{{references}}
*{{L|347}}
*[[J.R.R. Tolkien]], "Notes and Translations": Commentary to "[[A Elbereth Gilthoniel]]", in ''[[The Road Goes Ever On (book)|The Road Goes Ever On]]'', especially pages 72-3 (third edition)
{{DEFAULTSORT:Ath}}
[[Category:Sindarin suffixes]]

Westron

2018-05-23T06:37:04Z

Ar-Pharazôn: questioned source

The '''Westron''' was the [[languages|language]] of the [[Dúnedain]] of [[Middle-earth]]. By the end of the [[Third Age]] it was more or less a universal language spoken throughout the [[Westlands]].

[[Adûnaic]], and in turn Westron, was distantly related to other native languages of the Westlands, like those of [[Rhovanion]] and [[Rohan language|of Rohan]]; all descended from the [[Taliska|ancient languages]] of the [[Edain]].<ref name=lang/><ref>{{UT|Cirion}}, Note 4</ref>
==History==
The Westron speech is derived from the [[Adûnaic]] tongue of [[Númenor]],<ref name="L144">{{L|144}}</ref> and originated as a creole language on the western coastlands of the continent of Middle-earth, when the Númenoreans established trade outposts and forts in the third millennium of the [[Second Age]]. From there, it spread to most of the westlands, with the notable exception of [[Mordor]].

After the [[Downfall of Númenor]], the [[Faithful]] Númenoreans neglected their 'unfaithful' language in favour of [[Elvish]], allowing Adûnaic as spoken in [[Middle-earth]] to change and evolve chaotically among the [[Middle Men]]. But later it was enriched and softened under Elvish influence.
===Distribution===
Westron was adopted by [[Men]] and [[Hobbits]], mostly those living in the former areas of [[Arnor]] and [[Gondor]], and became their native language; [[Hobbitish]] itself was a rustic dialect of Westron.

For this, Westron was also known as the '''Common Speech'''. [[Dwarves]] used Westron as a public language, as [[Khuzdul]] was private. Some [[Elves]] also spoke Westron, although some, like [[Haldir]]'s brothers didn't leave their lands much.<ref>{{FR|Lothlorien}}</ref> Even [[Orcs]] spoke Westron, which was the base of [[Orkish]] tongues.<ref>{{FR|Hobbits}}</ref><ref name=lang>{{App|F1}}</ref>

The [[Northmen]] also spoke Westron, such as [[Beorn]] and the [[Lake-men]].<ref>{{HM|H}}</ref> The [[Woses]],<ref>{{RK|V5}}</ref> the [[Dunlendings]]<ref>{{TT|Deep}}</ref> and the [[Rohirrim]] were examples of Men whose language was not Westron, but they spoke it in interlingual circumstances.<ref name=lang/>

Under King [[Thengel]] of Rohan (who had lived in Gondor for many years before taking the throne), the Common Speech began to be used as the language of the court instead of their native [[Rohirric]] (thus [[Théoden]], [[Éomer]], and [[Éowyn]] are all functionally bilingual in Rohirric and Common Speech) "though not all thought this a good thing..."{{fact}}

==Grammar==
Westron has both "deferential" pronouns, and "familiar" pronouns, but Hobbitish no longer possesses a [[wikipedia:T-V distinction|deferential pronoun]]. Westron had deferential pronouns for the second person (and sometimes the third person) but this had fallen out of use in [[Hobbitish]].

This lack of a deferential pronoun and universal use of the familiar pronoun is what [[Gondorians|Gondorian]]s are referring to when they repeatedly remark that Hobbit-speech sounds strange.<ref>{{App|Translation}}</ref>

==Etymology and names==

Westron is a translation of the original name '''''Adûni'''''<ref>{{PM|X}}, p. 316</ref> (cf. [[Adûnaic]] ''[[Adûn]]'' ("west")), and "Common Speech" translates the Westron term '''[[Sôval]] [[Phârë]]''',<ref>{{PM|Languages}}, note 6, p. 55</ref> of identical meaning. In [[Sindarin]] the language was called '''[[Annúnaid]]''' (Westron), or '''[[Falathren]]''' (Shore-language).<ref>{{PM|Languages}}, The Languages at the End of the Third Age, p. 32</ref>

==Translation==
According to Tolkien's fiction, Westron was the language spoken and understood by the protagonists of ''The Hobbit'' and ''The Lord of the Rings''.<ref name="L144" /> Many names of characters and places, in the book's "reality", were in Westron.

However, Tolkien mentions that Westron was presented as having been completely replaced by English in the text. This had certain important implications: first of all, proper names with derivations understandable or evident to speakers of Westron had been translated, to preserve the effect to the English reader. Thus, names like ''Baggins'', ''Bagshot Row'', ''Peregrin'', ''Rivendell'' et cetera, are not the ''actual'' names as spoken by the characters but are presented as ''translations''.

Of course, outside the fictional context of the story, it is clear that there was no such "translation": the English names came first and the "original" forms in Westron or other languages were devised by Tolkien later.

[[Rivendell]] ("cloven valley") was actually called ''[[Rivendell#Etymology|Karningul]]'', and [[Bag End]] was actually called ''[[Labin-nec]]'', after ''[[Baggins Family|Labingi]]'', the real form of [[Baggins Family|Baggins]]. In some cases the explanations became quite involved, such as the river Brandywine (Sindarin [[Baranduin]], "golden-brown river") was actually called ''[[Branda]]-[[nîn]]'', a punning Westron name meaning "border-water", which was later punned again as ''[[Bralda]]-[[hîm]]'' meaning "heady ale".

This logic went one step further by also presenting all [[Mannish]] languages akin to Westron in languages related to English, so that their "understandability" by the protagonists be simulated to the English reader.<ref name="L144" />

This utter replacement of Westron by English was taken so far that some sources that should give actual Westron have been turned to English too. For instance, in Moria, an illustration of the runic text on Balin's gravestone is given. The text is said to be written in both Khuzdûl and Westron. But while the first part of the inscription seems to really be a bit of Khuzdûl, the second part is actually plain English, just written in [[cirth]].

==Corpus==
The corpus of Westron is small; several of the Westron forms given above were not published in Tolkien's lifetime. Tolkien never worked out Westron to the same extent as [[Quenya]] and [[Sindarin]] or even Adûnaic.

Many words come from [[Appendix F]] and the creation of it in ''[[The Peoples of Middle-earth]]''. Additional information was published in [[Tyalië Tyelelliéva 17|''Tyalië Tyelelliéva'' 17]] in [[2001]]. Even now, the corpus is very small.

==See also==

*[[:Category:Westron words|Category:Westron words]]

==External links==
*[http://www.uib.no/people/hnohf/westron.htm Analysis of Westron] at [[Ardalambion]]
*[http://docs.google.com/View?id=dc25cq9n_7hnn4g7n8 Westron wordlist] - contains all the attested Westron words plus extrapolations and reconstructions
{{references}}
[[Category:Westron| ]]
[[de:Westron]]
[[fi:Westron]]
[[fr:encyclo/langues/westron]]

Elen

2018-05-22T03:35:47Z

Ar-Pharazôn: Fixed citation

__NOTOC__
'''''elen''''' (pl. '''eleni''' or '''eldi''') means "star" in [[Quenya]].<ref>{{S|Appendix}}, ''elen''</ref>

The [[Edain]], however, equated ''elen'' and ''[[elda]]'' ("[[Elves|Elf]]"), so in some situations ''elen'' translates as "Elf".

==Etymology==
[[PQ]] [[Sundocarmë|Root]] [[EL]].<ref>{{LR|Etymologies}}, '''EL'''</ref>

It is said traditionally to come from the exclamation ''[[ele]]''! "behold" being the first word the first Elves spoke at [[Cuiviénen]], when they saw the stars.<ref>{{WJ|Quendi}}, p. 360</ref>

==Other forms==
*''[[elenna]]'' "to a star": allative, also a name for [[Númenor]].<ref>{{HM|UT}}, [[Cirion and Eorl]]</ref>
*''elelli'' "stars": partitive plural<ref>{{PE|17}}, p. 127</ref>
*''elenion'' "of stars": pl. genitive<ref>{{L|297}}, p. 385</ref>
*''elenillor'' "from stars": pl. ablative<ref>[[The Monsters and the Critics]], [[Markirya]]</ref>

==Seen in==
*''[[Elemmírë]]''
*''[[Elendur (son of Isildur)|Elendur]]''
*''[[Eldar]]''
*''[[Elenna]]'' = "Star-wards"
*''[[Elentári]]''
*''[[Elenwe]]''
*''[[Elerrína]]''
*''[[elenya]]''

===With the meaning "Elf"===
*''[[Elendil]]'' = "Friend of the Elves"
*''[[Aragorn|Elessar]]'' = "Elf-stone"
*''[[Elesser]]'' = "[[Elfwine]]"

==Examples==
*"'''''Elen''' [[Sil|síla]] [[lúme|lúmenn']] [[omentie|omentielvo]]''" ("'''a star''' shines on the hour of our meeting")<ref>{{FR|Three}}</ref>
*"''[[Aiya]] [[Eärendil]] '''Elenion''' [[Ancalima]]!''"<ref>{{TT|Lair}}</ref> ("Hail Eärendil brightest '''of the Stars'''!")
*"''Aiya '''elenion''' [[ancalima]]!''"<ref>{{RK|Tower}}</ref> ("Hail brightest '''of the stars'''!")

==Inspiration==
''El'' means "deity" in some Semitic languages, and is a common element in many Hebrew names, as happens with [[Elvish]] names. Dante Alighieri in his ''De vulgari eloquentia'' suggests that the word ''El'' was the first sound emitted by Adam: While the first utterance of humans after birth is a cry of pain, Dante assumed that Adam could only have made an exclamation of joy, which at the same time was addressing his Creator.{{fact}}

{{references}}
* ''[[The Languages of Tolkien's Middle-earth]]'' by [[Ruth S. Noel]]
* [http://www.uib.no/People/hnohf/qlist.htm Quenya Corpus Wordlist] edited by [[Helge Fauskanger]]

{{title|lowercase}}
[[Category: Quenya nouns]]

Elen

2018-05-22T03:32:04Z

Ar-Pharazôn: Fixed citation

__NOTOC__
'''''elen''''' (pl. '''eleni''' or '''eldi''') means "star" in [[Quenya]].<ref>{{S|Appendix}}, ''elen''</ref>

The [[Edain]], however, equated ''elen'' and ''[[elda]]'' ("[[Elves|Elf]]"), so in some situations ''elen'' translates as "Elf".

==Etymology==
[[PQ]] [[Sundocarmë|Root]] [[EL]].<ref>{{LR|Etymologies}}, '''EL'''</ref>

It is said traditionally to come from the exclamation ''[[ele]]''! "behold" being the first word the first Elves spoke at [[Cuiviénen]], when they saw the stars.<ref>{{WJ}}, p. 360</ref>

==Other forms==
*''[[elenna]]'' "to a star": allative, also a name for [[Númenor]].<ref>{{HM|UT}}, [[Cirion and Eorl]]</ref>
*''elelli'' "stars": partitive plural<ref>{{PE|17}}, p. 127</ref>
*''elenion'' "of stars": pl. genitive<ref>{{L|297}}, p. 385</ref>
*''elenillor'' "from stars": pl. ablative<ref>[[The Monsters and the Critics]], [[Markirya]]</ref>

==Seen in==
*''[[Elemmírë]]''
*''[[Elendur (son of Isildur)|Elendur]]''
*''[[Eldar]]''
*''[[Elenna]]'' = "Star-wards"
*''[[Elentári]]''
*''[[Elenwe]]''
*''[[Elerrína]]''
*''[[elenya]]''

===With the meaning "Elf"===
*''[[Elendil]]'' = "Friend of the Elves"
*''[[Aragorn|Elessar]]'' = "Elf-stone"
*''[[Elesser]]'' = "[[Elfwine]]"

==Examples==
*"'''''Elen''' [[Sil|síla]] [[lúme|lúmenn']] [[omentie|omentielvo]]''" ("'''a star''' shines on the hour of our meeting")<ref>{{FR|Three}}</ref>
*"''[[Aiya]] [[Eärendil]] '''Elenion''' [[Ancalima]]!''"<ref>{{TT|Lair}}</ref> ("Hail Eärendil brightest '''of the Stars'''!")
*"''Aiya '''elenion''' [[ancalima]]!''"<ref>{{RK|Tower}}</ref> ("Hail brightest '''of the stars'''!")

==Inspiration==
''El'' means "deity" in some Semitic languages, and is a common element in many Hebrew names, as happens with [[Elvish]] names. Dante Alighieri in his ''De vulgari eloquentia'' suggests that the word ''El'' was the first sound emitted by Adam: While the first utterance of humans after birth is a cry of pain, Dante assumed that Adam could only have made an exclamation of joy, which at the same time was addressing his Creator.{{fact}}

{{references}}
* ''[[The Languages of Tolkien's Middle-earth]]'' by [[Ruth S. Noel]]
* [http://www.uib.no/People/hnohf/qlist.htm Quenya Corpus Wordlist] edited by [[Helge Fauskanger]]

{{title|lowercase}}
[[Category: Quenya nouns]]

Elen

2018-05-22T03:29:57Z

Ar-Pharazôn: Added source for "ele"! in Etymology

__NOTOC__
'''''elen''''' (pl. '''eleni''' or '''eldi''') means "star" in [[Quenya]].<ref>{{S|Appendix}}, ''elen''</ref>

The [[Edain]], however, equated ''elen'' and ''[[elda]]'' ("[[Elves|Elf]]"), so in some situations ''elen'' translates as "Elf".

==Etymology==
[[PQ]] [[Sundocarmë|Root]] [[EL]].<ref>{{LR|Etymologies}}, '''EL'''</ref>

It is said traditionally to come from the exclamation ''[[ele]]''! "behold" being the first word the first Elves spoke at [[Cuiviénen]], when they saw the stars.<ref>{{WJ|Quendi and Eldar}}, p. 360</ref>

==Other forms==
*''[[elenna]]'' "to a star": allative, also a name for [[Númenor]].<ref>{{HM|UT}}, [[Cirion and Eorl]]</ref>
*''elelli'' "stars": partitive plural<ref>{{PE|17}}, p. 127</ref>
*''elenion'' "of stars": pl. genitive<ref>{{L|297}}, p. 385</ref>
*''elenillor'' "from stars": pl. ablative<ref>[[The Monsters and the Critics]], [[Markirya]]</ref>

==Seen in==
*''[[Elemmírë]]''
*''[[Elendur (son of Isildur)|Elendur]]''
*''[[Eldar]]''
*''[[Elenna]]'' = "Star-wards"
*''[[Elentári]]''
*''[[Elenwe]]''
*''[[Elerrína]]''
*''[[elenya]]''

===With the meaning "Elf"===
*''[[Elendil]]'' = "Friend of the Elves"
*''[[Aragorn|Elessar]]'' = "Elf-stone"
*''[[Elesser]]'' = "[[Elfwine]]"

==Examples==
*"'''''Elen''' [[Sil|síla]] [[lúme|lúmenn']] [[omentie|omentielvo]]''" ("'''a star''' shines on the hour of our meeting")<ref>{{FR|Three}}</ref>
*"''[[Aiya]] [[Eärendil]] '''Elenion''' [[Ancalima]]!''"<ref>{{TT|Lair}}</ref> ("Hail Eärendil brightest '''of the Stars'''!")
*"''Aiya '''elenion''' [[ancalima]]!''"<ref>{{RK|Tower}}</ref> ("Hail brightest '''of the stars'''!")

==Inspiration==
''El'' means "deity" in some Semitic languages, and is a common element in many Hebrew names, as happens with [[Elvish]] names. Dante Alighieri in his ''De vulgari eloquentia'' suggests that the word ''El'' was the first sound emitted by Adam: While the first utterance of humans after birth is a cry of pain, Dante assumed that Adam could only have made an exclamation of joy, which at the same time was addressing his Creator.{{fact}}

{{references}}
* ''[[The Languages of Tolkien's Middle-earth]]'' by [[Ruth S. Noel]]
* [http://www.uib.no/People/hnohf/qlist.htm Quenya Corpus Wordlist] edited by [[Helge Fauskanger]]

{{title|lowercase}}
[[Category: Quenya nouns]]

Valedictory

2018-05-21T00:11:57Z

Ar-Pharazôn: /* Excerpt */ to /*Text*/ , as this is the full text of the poem

'''From the many-willow'd margin of the immemorial Thames''' is a poem written by [[J.R.R. Tolkien]]. It was published in ''[[The Stapeldon Magazine|Stapeldon Magazine]]'', Vol. 4, No. 3 in December of [[1913]]. Tolkien signed the poem as "J.".

==Text==
<poem>From the many-willow'd margin of the immemorial Thames,
Standing in a vale outcarven in a world-forgotten day,
There is dimly seen uprising through the greenly veiled stems,
Many-mansion'd, tower-crowned in its dreamy robe of grey,
All the city by the fording: aged in the lives of men,
Proudly wrapt in mystic mem'ry overpassing human ken.''</poem>
:— [[J.R.R. Tolkien|J.]]

[[Category:Poems by J.R.R. Tolkien]]

Index:Interviews with J.R.R. Tolkien

2018-04-09T03:43:30Z

Ar-Pharazôn: Correction of date for the 1962 Bookstand interview from 10 December to 12 December

'''Interviews with J.R.R. Tolkien''' is a project on Tolkien Gateway to create a chronological list of all known interviews conducted with [[J.R.R. Tolkien]].

*Late [[1955]] or early [[1956]]: "With Camera and Pen" (by Anthony Price; ''Oxford Times'', 27 January 1956)<ref>{{CG|C}}, p. 483</ref>
*[[1955]], [[5 June|June 5]]: : "Oxford Calling" <ref>[http://www.nytimes.com/books/01/02/11/specials/tolkien-oxford.html The New York Times] at [http://www.nytimes.com/ www.nytimes.com] (accessed 21 May 2014)</ref>
*[[1957]]: [[1957 "Carnival of Books" Interview|"Carnival of Books" Interview]]

*[[1961]]: [[1961 Jan Broberg|Interview by Jan Broberg]]
*[[1961]]: "[[Den besynnerlige professor Tolkien]]" (Interview by Lars Gustafsson)
*[[1962]]: Interview by John Bowen ([[12 December]]), for BBC TV's ''Bookstand''.<ref>{{CG|C}}, p. 602</ref><ref>[http://ftvdb.bfi.org.uk/sift/title/833240 BOOKSTAND: J.R.R. TOLKIEN - INTERVIEW] at [http://www.bfi.org.uk/ BFI.org.uk] (accessed 6 November 2011)</ref>
*[[1963]]: Interview by Anthony Curtis (?late October—?early November).<ref>{{CG|C}}, pp. 610-11</ref> Extracts published in [[The Sunday Telegraph (10 November 1963)|''The Sunday Telegraph'' (10 November 1963)]], [[I, Palantir (April 1964)|''I, Palantir'' (April 1964)]], and [[British Book News (June 1977)|''British Book News'' (June 1977)]].
*[[1964]]: [[1964 BBC Interview]]
*[[1965]]: [[1965 BBC Interview]]
*[[1966]]: "[[The Hobbit-forming World of J.R.R. Tolkien]]", Henry Resnick, extracts of a more important interview published in 1967 in [[Niekas 18|''Niekas'' Issue 18 (Late Spring 1967)]]
*[[1966]]: [[Daphne Castell|Daphne Castell interview]]
*[[1966]], [[26 July|July 26]]: "Writers Talking-1: The Hobbit Man", John Ezard, extracts published in (''Oxford Mail'', 3 August 1966). Slightly different extracts from the interview were published in Ezard's article "Tolkien's Shire" (''Weekend Guardian'' 28-29 December 1991)<ref>{{CG|C}}, p. 670-1</ref><ref>[http://www.tolkienbooks.net/php/details.php?reference=53453 Weekend Guardian.1991] at [http://www.tolkienbooks.net Tolkienbooks.net] (accessed 22 May 2011)</ref>
*[[1966]]: "Lord of the Hobbits", [[William Cater]] (''Daily Express'', 22 November 1966)<ref>{{CG|C}}, p. 671</ref>
*[[1966]], [[30 November|November 30]]: "[[The Man Who Understands Hobbits]]"<ref>{{CG|C}}, p. 681</ref>
*[[1967]]: "The Hobbit Man", Philip Norman(''Sunday Times Magazine'', 15 January 1967)
*[[1967]]:"[http://www.nytimes.com/1967/01/15/books/tolkien-interview.html The Prevalence of Hobbits]", Philip Norman (''The New York Times Magazine'',15 January 1967)<ref>{{CG|C}}, pp. 672, 686-7</ref>. Apparently the articles are "''similar but not identical''" to "The Hobbit Man".<ref>[http://www.tolkienbooks.net/php/details.php?reference=53610 The Sunday Times Magazine] at [http://www.tolkienbooks.net Tolkienbooks.net] (accessed 22 May 2011)</ref>
*[[1967]]: "A Benevolent and Furry-footed People" William Foster (''The Scotsman'', 25 March 1967)
*[[1967]]: "[http://efanzines.com/Niekas/Niekas-18.pdf#37 An Interview with Tolkien]", Henry Resnick ([[Niekas 18|''Niekas'' Issue 18 (Late Spring 1967)]], 1967)
*[[1967]]: "J.R.R. Tolkien Talks about the Discovery of Middle-earth, the Origins of Elvish" (Richard Plotz; ''[[Seventeen]]'', 17 January 1967)<ref>{{CG|C}}, p. 679</ref><ref>{{VT|47}}, p. 30</ref>
*[[1968]]: "Fireworks for the Author" (Don Chapman 'Anthony Wood', ''Oxford Mail'', 9 February 1968)
*[[1968]]: "In the Footsteps of the Hobbits" (Keith Brace; ''Birmingham Post'', 25 May 1968)
*[[1968]]: ''[[Tolkien in Oxford]]''

*[[1972]]: "The Lord of the Legends: A Birthday Tribute to the Creator of The Hobbit", Bill Cater [[The Sunday Times Magazine (2 January 1972)]]
*[[1972]]: "An Early History of the Hobbits.” Edinburgh Scotsman (February 5, 1972).
*[[1972]]: ?Mid-March: "Tolkien Seeks the Quiet Life in Oxford" (''Oxford Mail'', 22 March 1972)<ref>{{CG|C}}, p. 760</ref>
*[[1972]]: “More and More People are Getting the J.R.R. Tolkien Habit.” Los Angeles Times (April 9, 1972), 14,18
*[[1973]]: Tolkien interviewed about the Oxford Poetry Chair [Oxford Poetry Chair: ITV News 25-05-1973]<ref>[http://jiscmediahub.ac.uk/record/display/039-00049494 Oxford Poetry Chair] at [http://jiscmediahub.ac.uk jiscmediahub.ac.uk] (accessed 10 December 2013)</ref><ref group=note>Tolkien was asked, "presumably you voted for Mr [?]Jennings?" 
"What?", replied Tolkien (he didn't hear the question).
 
"Presumably you voted for Mr Jennings?"
 
"I did. [inaudible]".
 
The video then cuts away to black. Presumably this was just a way of introducing the main item. Tolkien is mentioned again and associated with Basil Blackwell as supporting Mr Jennings. ([http://www.facebook.com/groups/TheTolkienSociety.EducationalCharity/permalink/10152072409221068/ The Tolkien Society Facebook group], accessed 14 December 2013)</ref>

{{references|n}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:{{PAGENAME}}}}
[[Category:Interviews with J.R.R. Tolkien| ]]
[[Category:Index]]

Ilúvatar

2017-07-28T13:29:24Z

Ar-Pharazôn: /* The Creator */

{{sources}}
{{quote|'Ilúvatar was the first beginning, and beyond that no wisdom of the [[Valar]] or of [[Eldar]] or of [[Men]] can go.' 'Who was Ilúvatar?' asked [[Eriol]]. 'Was he of the [[Gods]]?' 'Nay,' said [[Rúmil (elf of Tirion)|Rúmil]], 'that he was not, for he made them. Ilúvatar is the Lord for Always who dwells beyond the world; who made it and is not of it nor in it, but loves it.' |''[[The Book of Lost Tales Part One]]'', "[[The Music of the Ainur]]"}}
{{other infobox
| image=[[File:Jerrel Salvatierra - Eru Iluvatar.jpg|250px]]
| name=Eru Ilúvatar
| pronun=
| othernames='''The One'''
| titles=
| position=
| location='''The [[Timeless Halls]]'''
| affiliation=
| language=
| birth=
| birthlocation=
| rule=
| death=
| deathlocation=
| age=
| notablefor=Creating the [[Ainur]]Creating [[Eä]] (including [[Arda]])Creating the [[Eruhíni]] ([[Elves]] and [[Men]])Providing the [[Dwarves]] with [[fëa]] (and perhaps the [[Ents]] and the [[Eagles]] too)Destroying [[Númenor]] and causing the [[Changing of the World|change of the World]]Indirectly causing the destruction of [[The One Ring]] and dissipation of [[Sauron]]
| parentage=
| siblings=
| spouse=
| children=
| race=
| gender=
| height=
| hair=
| eyes=
| clothing=
| weapons=
| steed=
}}
'''Eru Ilúvatar''' or '''The One''' is the single omniscient and omnipotent creator. He has been existing eternally in the [[Timeless Halls]] and possesses the [[Flame Imperishable]] in his spirit which kindles existence from nothingness.

== The Creator ==
[[Image:Ted Nasmith - Melkor Weaves Opposing Music.jpg|thumb|left|Eru during the [[Great Music]].]]
Eru created the [[Ainur]] before anything else, whom He kindled with the Flame Imperishable. Each Ainu came from a part of His mind. To further their comprehension, he presented his thought in the form of music, and listened as the Ainur picked up his themes and elaborated on them, slowly learning to sing in harmony with each other. Eventually he showed them his greatest theme, and made them sing it in harmony and develop it with newly granted powers. This was the [[Music of the Ainur]].

Out of this great music, Eru showed them the [[Vision]] which showed vast halls of spaces and stories unfolded in the deeps of Time, and some Ainur were drawn to it. Eru said "''[[ea (verb)|eä]]''" ("let it be") and thus [[Eä]], the universe, was created.<ref>{{S|Ainu}}</ref>

==The God==
The Ainur entered Eä and shaped the world according to the Music. Eru delegated most direct action within [[Eä]] to the Ainur, including the shaping of the Earth ([[Arda]]) itself.<ref name=S1>{{S|1}}</ref>

The Ainur were not omniscient and there were some things beyond their comprehension; those were the creation of the [[Elves]] and [[Men]], who are directly the [[Children of Ilúvatar]] (''[[Eruhíni]]'') created without the delegation of the Ainur. Other things known by Eru alone are their destiny, and [[the End]] itself.

The activities of Eru in regard to the life of Arda or Eä are not clear. [[Manwë]] was the [[Wikipedia:vicegerent|vicegerent]]<ref name=S1/> of Eru on Arda and it is known that he sought for his consent several times. Instances of Eru's direct intervention were:

*Sanctified the creation of the [[Dwarves]] by [[Aulë]], giving them life and sapience, and were his "adopted" Children.
*At the behest of [[Yavanna]], He allowed the [[Ents]] into being.<ref name=aule>{{S|Aule}}</ref>
*The creation of his Children, the [[Awakening of the Elves]] and [[Awakening of Men|Men]].
*The [[Changing of the World]] something that the Valar themselves could not have done.<ref>{{S|Akallabêth}}</ref>
*Several coincidences and signs of higher providence throughout history, such as [[Bilbo Baggins]] finding the [[One Ring]].<ref>{{FR|I2}}, Gandalf: "Behind that there was something else at work, beyond any design of [Sauron]. [...] Bilbo was meant to find the Ring, and not by [Sauron]. In which case you also were meant to have it. And that may be an encouraging thought"</ref>
*The resurrection of [[Gandalf]] after he was killed by [[Durin's Bane]], something that could only be done by an Authority higher than the Valar.<ref>{{L|156}}</ref>

According to ''[[Athrabeth Finrod ah Andreth]]'' Eru would someday enter Eä to save his Children. It is said that after the end of days, Eru will unite the Ainur and the Children of Ilúvatar to create a music even greater than the one of creation.
===Worship of Eru===
{{quote|For that name we do not utter ever in jest or without full intent|[[Finrod Felagund]]<ref>{{MR|P4c}}</ref>}}
Eru was considered transcendental, removed and distant from the affairs of Arda and was seldom worshiped and His name was too holy to be invoked.

Manwë made a [[high feast]] in praise of Eru to celebrate each gathering of fruits.<ref>{{S|Darkening}}</ref> The [[Númenoreans]] worshiped Eru in the [[Three Prayers]] held during the course of a [[coranar|year]].<ref>{{UT|Numenor}}</ref>

[[Fëanor]] swore [[Oath of Fëanor|his Oath]] in the name of Eru.<ref>{{S|Flight}}</ref> [[Elendil]] bound the [[Last Alliance of Elves and Men]] with an oath to Eru; the next known instance when a Man invoked Eru's name "who is above all thrones for ever", was by [[Cirion]], millennia later.<ref>{{UT|Cirion}}</ref>

==Etymology==
===Eru===
{{Pronounce|Eru.mp3|Ardamir}}
''Eru'' is a [[Quenya]] name meaning "He that is Alone".<ref>{{PE|21}}, p. 83</ref>

===Ilúvatar===
{{Pronounce|Iluvatar.mp3|Ardamir}}
'''Ilúvatar''' (pron. [[Noldorin|N]] {{IPA|[iˈluːvatar]}}, [[Vanyarin|V]] {{IPA|[iˈluːβatar]}}) is [[Quenya]] for "the Father of All", more commonly referred to as '''[[Ilúvatar|Eru]]'''.

The name ''Ilúvatar'' is a compound of two words, ''[[ilu]]'' and ''[[ilúvë]]'' "universe" and ''[[atar]]'' "father."
==Other versions of the Legendarium==
Ilúvatar appears since the earliest form of the Legendarium, in ''[[The Book of Lost Tales]]''. It is to be noted that in earlier works of the legendarium the name ''Ilúvatar'' meant "Sky-father" since the element ''il-'' refers also to the sky (cf. [[Ilmen]]), but this etymology was dropped in favour of the newer meaning in later revisions.

In the earlier versions Ilúvatar was the main name of God used. Another name was '''Ainatar''' "Father of Gods"<ref>{{LT1|Appendix}}</ref> — the word Eru first appeared in ''[[The Annals of Aman]]''.<ref>{{HM|MR}}</ref>

==Inspiration==
Tolkien understood Eru not as a "fictional deity" but as a name in a fictional language for the actual monotheistic God, although in a mythological or fictional context. In a draft of a letter of [[1954]] to Peter Hastings, manager of the Newman Bookshop (a Catholic bookshop in [[Oxford]]), Tolkien defended non-orthodox aspects as rightly within the scope of his mythology, as an exploration of the infinite "potential variety" of God. Regarding the possibility of reincarnation of [[Elves]], Hastings had written:
{{quote|God has not used that device in any of the creations of which we have knowledge, and it seems to me to be stepping beyond the position of a sub-creator to produce it as an actual working thing, because a sub-creator, when dealing with the relations between creator and created, should use those channels which he knows the creator to have used already|Peter Hastings}}

Tolkien's reply contains an explanation of his view of the relation of (divine) Creation to (human) [[sub-creation]]:
{{quote|We differ entirely about the nature of the relation of sub-creation to Creation. I should have said that liberation "from the channels the creator is known to have used already" is the fundamental function of "sub-creation", a tribute to the infinity of His potential variety [...] I am not a metaphysician; but I should have thought it a curious metaphysics — there is not one but many, indeed potentially innumerable ones — that declared the channels known (in such a finite corner as we have any inkling of) to have been used, are the only possible ones, or efficacious, or possibly acceptable to and by Him!|J.R.R. Tolkien, [[Letter 153]]}}

Hastings had also criticized the description of [[Tom Bombadil]] by [[Goldberry]]: ''"He is"'', saying that this seemed to imply that Bombadil was God.

Tolkien replied to this:
:''As for Tom Bombadil, I really do think you are being too serious, besides missing the point. [...] You rather remind me of a Protestant relation who to me objected to the (modern) Catholic habit of calling priests Father, because the name father belonged only to the First Person.''

==External links==
*[http://www.mythgard.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/Mythmoot2_Hensler_GodIluvatar.pdf God and Ilúvatar: Tolkien's Use of Biblical Parallels and Tropes in His Cosmogony] by Kevin R. Hensler
*[http://lalaithmesp.blogspot.gr/p/is-eru-good-god-epithets-and-actions-of.html Is Eru a Good God?] by [[Andreas Moehn]] (a [[Wikipedia:Dystheism|maltheistic]] view)

{{references}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Iluvatar}}
[[Category:Characters in The Book of Lost Tales]]
[[Category:Characters in The Silmarillion]]
[[Category:Quenya names]]
[[de:Ilúvatar]]
[[fr:encyclo/personnages/iluvatar]]
[[fi:Ilúvatar]]

Ilúvatar

2017-07-28T13:03:15Z

Ar-Pharazôn: /* The Creator */

{{sources}}
{{quote|'Ilúvatar was the first beginning, and beyond that no wisdom of the [[Valar]] or of [[Eldar]] or of [[Men]] can go.' 'Who was Ilúvatar?' asked [[Eriol]]. 'Was he of the [[Gods]]?' 'Nay,' said [[Rúmil (elf of Tirion)|Rúmil]], 'that he was not, for he made them. Ilúvatar is the Lord for Always who dwells beyond the world; who made it and is not of it nor in it, but loves it.' |''[[The Book of Lost Tales Part One]]'', "[[The Music of the Ainur]]"}}
{{other infobox
| image=[[File:Jerrel Salvatierra - Eru Iluvatar.jpg|250px]]
| name=Eru Ilúvatar
| pronun=
| othernames='''The One'''
| titles=
| position=
| location='''The [[Timeless Halls]]'''
| affiliation=
| language=
| birth=
| birthlocation=
| rule=
| death=
| deathlocation=
| age=
| notablefor=Creating the [[Ainur]]Creating [[Eä]] (including [[Arda]])Creating the [[Eruhíni]] ([[Elves]] and [[Men]])Providing the [[Dwarves]] with [[fëa]] (and perhaps the [[Ents]] and the [[Eagles]] too)Destroying [[Númenor]] and causing the [[Changing of the World|change of the World]]Indirectly causing the destruction of [[The One Ring]] and dissipation of [[Sauron]]
| parentage=
| siblings=
| spouse=
| children=
| race=
| gender=
| height=
| hair=
| eyes=
| clothing=
| weapons=
| steed=
}}
'''Eru Ilúvatar''' or '''The One''' is the single omniscient and omnipotent creator. He has been existing eternally in the [[Timeless Halls]] and possesses the [[Flame Imperishable]] in his spirit which kindles existence from nothingness.

== The Creator ==
[[Image:Ted Nasmith - Melkor Weaves Opposing Music.jpg|thumb|left|Eru during the [[Great Music]].]]
Eru created the [[Ainur]] before anything else, whom He kindled with the Flame Imperishable. Each Ainu came from a part of His mind. To further their comprehension, he presented his thought in the form of music, and listened as the Ainur picked up his themes and elaborated on them, slowly learning to sing in harmony with each other. Eventually he showed them his greatest theme, and made them sing it in harmony and develop it with newly granted powers. This was the [[Music of the Ainur]].

Out of this great music, Eru showed them the [[Vision]] which showed vast halls of spaces and stories unfolded in the deeps of Time, and some Ainur were drawn to it. Eru said "''[[ea (verb)|eä]]''" ("Let it be") and thus [[Eä]], the universe, was created.<ref>{{S|Ainu}}</ref>

==The God==
The Ainur entered Eä and shaped the world according to the Music. Eru delegated most direct action within [[Eä]] to the Ainur, including the shaping of the Earth ([[Arda]]) itself.<ref name=S1>{{S|1}}</ref>

The Ainur were not omniscient and there were some things beyond their comprehension; those were the creation of the [[Elves]] and [[Men]], who are directly the [[Children of Ilúvatar]] (''[[Eruhíni]]'') created without the delegation of the Ainur. Other things known by Eru alone are their destiny, and [[the End]] itself.

The activities of Eru in regard to the life of Arda or Eä are not clear. [[Manwë]] was the [[Wikipedia:vicegerent|vicegerent]]<ref name=S1/> of Eru on Arda and it is known that he sought for his consent several times. Instances of Eru's direct intervention were:

*Sanctified the creation of the [[Dwarves]] by [[Aulë]], giving them life and sapience, and were his "adopted" Children.
*At the behest of [[Yavanna]], He allowed the [[Ents]] into being.<ref name=aule>{{S|Aule}}</ref>
*The creation of his Children, the [[Awakening of the Elves]] and [[Awakening of Men|Men]].
*The [[Changing of the World]] something that the Valar themselves could not have done.<ref>{{S|Akallabêth}}</ref>
*Several coincidences and signs of higher providence throughout history, such as [[Bilbo Baggins]] finding the [[One Ring]].<ref>{{FR|I2}}, Gandalf: "Behind that there was something else at work, beyond any design of [Sauron]. [...] Bilbo was meant to find the Ring, and not by [Sauron]. In which case you also were meant to have it. And that may be an encouraging thought"</ref>
*The resurrection of [[Gandalf]] after he was killed by [[Durin's Bane]], something that could only be done by an Authority higher than the Valar.<ref>{{L|156}}</ref>

According to ''[[Athrabeth Finrod ah Andreth]]'' Eru would someday enter Eä to save his Children. It is said that after the end of days, Eru will unite the Ainur and the Children of Ilúvatar to create a music even greater than the one of creation.
===Worship of Eru===
{{quote|For that name we do not utter ever in jest or without full intent|[[Finrod Felagund]]<ref>{{MR|P4c}}</ref>}}
Eru was considered transcendental, removed and distant from the affairs of Arda and was seldom worshiped and His name was too holy to be invoked.

Manwë made a [[high feast]] in praise of Eru to celebrate each gathering of fruits.<ref>{{S|Darkening}}</ref> The [[Númenoreans]] worshiped Eru in the [[Three Prayers]] held during the course of a [[coranar|year]].<ref>{{UT|Numenor}}</ref>

[[Fëanor]] swore [[Oath of Fëanor|his Oath]] in the name of Eru.<ref>{{S|Flight}}</ref> [[Elendil]] bound the [[Last Alliance of Elves and Men]] with an oath to Eru; the next known instance when a Man invoked Eru's name "who is above all thrones for ever", was by [[Cirion]], millennia later.<ref>{{UT|Cirion}}</ref>

==Etymology==
===Eru===
{{Pronounce|Eru.mp3|Ardamir}}
''Eru'' is a [[Quenya]] name meaning "He that is Alone".<ref>{{PE|21}}, p. 83</ref>

===Ilúvatar===
{{Pronounce|Iluvatar.mp3|Ardamir}}
'''Ilúvatar''' (pron. [[Noldorin|N]] {{IPA|[iˈluːvatar]}}, [[Vanyarin|V]] {{IPA|[iˈluːβatar]}}) is [[Quenya]] for "the Father of All", more commonly referred to as '''[[Ilúvatar|Eru]]'''.

The name ''Ilúvatar'' is a compound of two words, ''[[ilu]]'' and ''[[ilúvë]]'' "universe" and ''[[atar]]'' "father."
==Other versions of the Legendarium==
Ilúvatar appears since the earliest form of the Legendarium, in ''[[The Book of Lost Tales]]''. It is to be noted that in earlier works of the legendarium the name ''Ilúvatar'' meant "Sky-father" since the element ''il-'' refers also to the sky (cf. [[Ilmen]]), but this etymology was dropped in favour of the newer meaning in later revisions.

In the earlier versions Ilúvatar was the main name of God used. Another name was '''Ainatar''' "Father of Gods"<ref>{{LT1|Appendix}}</ref> — the word Eru first appeared in ''[[The Annals of Aman]]''.<ref>{{HM|MR}}</ref>

==Inspiration==
Tolkien understood Eru not as a "fictional deity" but as a name in a fictional language for the actual monotheistic God, although in a mythological or fictional context. In a draft of a letter of [[1954]] to Peter Hastings, manager of the Newman Bookshop (a Catholic bookshop in [[Oxford]]), Tolkien defended non-orthodox aspects as rightly within the scope of his mythology, as an exploration of the infinite "potential variety" of God. Regarding the possibility of reincarnation of [[Elves]], Hastings had written:
{{quote|God has not used that device in any of the creations of which we have knowledge, and it seems to me to be stepping beyond the position of a sub-creator to produce it as an actual working thing, because a sub-creator, when dealing with the relations between creator and created, should use those channels which he knows the creator to have used already|Peter Hastings}}

Tolkien's reply contains an explanation of his view of the relation of (divine) Creation to (human) [[sub-creation]]:
{{quote|We differ entirely about the nature of the relation of sub-creation to Creation. I should have said that liberation "from the channels the creator is known to have used already" is the fundamental function of "sub-creation", a tribute to the infinity of His potential variety [...] I am not a metaphysician; but I should have thought it a curious metaphysics — there is not one but many, indeed potentially innumerable ones — that declared the channels known (in such a finite corner as we have any inkling of) to have been used, are the only possible ones, or efficacious, or possibly acceptable to and by Him!|J.R.R. Tolkien, [[Letter 153]]}}

Hastings had also criticized the description of [[Tom Bombadil]] by [[Goldberry]]: ''"He is"'', saying that this seemed to imply that Bombadil was God.

Tolkien replied to this:
:''As for Tom Bombadil, I really do think you are being too serious, besides missing the point. [...] You rather remind me of a Protestant relation who to me objected to the (modern) Catholic habit of calling priests Father, because the name father belonged only to the First Person.''

==External links==
*[http://www.mythgard.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/Mythmoot2_Hensler_GodIluvatar.pdf God and Ilúvatar: Tolkien's Use of Biblical Parallels and Tropes in His Cosmogony] by Kevin R. Hensler
*[http://lalaithmesp.blogspot.gr/p/is-eru-good-god-epithets-and-actions-of.html Is Eru a Good God?] by [[Andreas Moehn]] (a [[Wikipedia:Dystheism|maltheistic]] view)

{{references}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Iluvatar}}
[[Category:Characters in The Book of Lost Tales]]
[[Category:Characters in The Silmarillion]]
[[Category:Quenya names]]
[[de:Ilúvatar]]
[[fr:encyclo/personnages/iluvatar]]
[[fi:Ilúvatar]]

Song of Boromir

2016-04-06T15:10:02Z

Ar-Pharazôn:

The '''Lament for Boromir''' was a song sung by [[Aragorn]] and [[Legolas]] as the funeral-boat of [[Boromir]] drifted away:

<blockquote>
Aragorn sang: 
''Through [[Rohan]] over fen and field where the long grass grows 
''The West Wind comes walking, and about the walls it goes. 
''‘What news from the West, O wandering wind, do you bring to me tonight? 
''Have you seen Boromir the Tall by moon or by starlight? 
''‘I saw him ride over seven streams, over waters wide and grey, 
''I saw him walk in empty lands until he passed away 
''Into the shadows of the North, I saw him then no more. 
''The North Wind may have heard the horn of the son of [[Denethor]], 
''‘O Boromir! From the high walls westward I looked afar, 
''But you came not from the [[Empty Lands|empty lands]] where no men are.’ 
 
Then Legolas sang: 
''From the mouths of the [[Bay of Belfalas|Sea]] the South Wind flies, from the sandhills and the stones, 
''The wailing of the gulls it bears, and at the gate it moans. 
''‘What news from the South, O sighing wind, do you bring to me at eve? 
''Where now is Boromir the Fair? He tarries and I grieve. 
''‘Ask not of me where he doth dwell – so many bones there lie, 
''On the white shores and the dark shores under the stormy sky, 
''So many have passed down [[Anduin]] to find the flowing Sea. 
''Ask of the North Wind news of them the North Wind sends to me!’ 
''‘O Boromir! Beyond the gate the seaward roads runs south, 
''But you came not with the wailing gulls from the grey sea’s mouth’. 
 
Then Aragorn sang again: 
''From the Gate of the Kings the North Wind rides, and past the roaring falls, 
''And clear and cold about the tower its loud horn calls. 
''‘What news from the North, O mighty wind, do you bring to me today? 
''What news of Boromir the bold? For he is long away.’ 
''‘Beneath [[Amon Hen]] I heard his cry. There many foes he fought, 
''His cloven shield, his broken sword, they to the water brought. 
''His head so proud, his face so fair, his limbs they laid to rest, 
''And [[Rauros]], golden Rauros-falls, bore him upon its breast. 
''‘O Boromir! The [[Tower of Guard]] shall ever northward gaze, 
''To Rauros, golden Rauros-falls, until the end of days. 
</blockquote>

[[Gimli]] then comments that they left the east wind to him, but he would not sing it. Aragorn responds that the people of Gondor endure the wind, but do not ask it for tidings, enduring it, because in that direction lies [[Mordor]] and the Evil in the East.<ref>{{TT|III1}}</ref>

{{references}}
[[Category:Songs]]

User:Ar-Pharazôn

2016-03-06T03:42:21Z

Ar-Pharazôn: Created page with "A pretty swell fella."

A pretty swell fella.

Kalimbo

2016-03-03T01:16:57Z

Ar-Pharazôn: Redirect to Gothmog (balrog)

#REDIRECT[[Gothmog (balrog)]]

Tar-Calmacil

2016-02-27T01:50:41Z

Ar-Pharazôn:

{{disambig-two|the [[King of Númenor|King]] of [[Númenor]]|[[Kings of Gondor|King]] of [[Gondor]]|[[Calmacil (King of Gondor)]]}}
{{numenorean infobox
| name=Tar-Calmacil
| image=
| caption=
| pronun=
| othernames=''Ar-Belzagar'' ([[Adûnaic|A]])
| titles=[[King of Númenor]]
| position=
| location=[[Númenor]]
| affiliation=[[King's Men]]
| language=[[Adûnaic]]; used [[Quenya]] out of custom
| birth={{SA|2516}}
| birthlocation=
| rule={{SA|2737}} - {{SA|2825|n}} (88 years)
| death={{SA|2825}}
| deathlocation=
| age=309
| notablefor=
| house=[[House of Elros]]
| parentage=[[Tar-Alcarin]]
| siblings=
| spouse=
| children=[[Tar-Ardamin]], [[Gimilzagar]]<ref>{{UT|Index}}</ref>
| gender=Male
| height=
| hair=
| eyes=
| clothing=
| weapons=
| steed=
}}'''Tar-Calmacil''' was the eighteenth ruler of [[Númenor]].
==History==
''Calmacil'' was the son of [[Tar-Alcarin]]. He was a great warrior of his nation, further expanding [[Númenor]]'s influence in [[Middle-earth]]. He was also an ardent member of the [[King's Men]] and during his time [[Númenóreans]] became increasingly hardened against the will of the [[Valar]].

After the death of his father, Calmacil took up the [[Sceptre]] as [[Tar-Calmacil]], and succeeded extensive conquests along the coasts of [[Middle-earth]]. This activity angered [[Sauron]], yet he withdrew and concentrated on building power in the East.

During his reign the [[King's Men]] called him by his name in [[Adûnaic]]: Ar-Belzagar. This was the first time that the King's name was spoken in this language.<ref>{{UT|Kings}}, Tar-Calmacil</ref>
His successors also had Adûnaic names, further showing their disdain for [[Elves]] and the [[Valar]].

He was succeeded by his son [[Tar-Ardamin]].
== Genealogy ==
{{familytree/start}}
{{familytree | VAN |y| HER |VAN=[[Tar-Vanimeldë]] ''{{SA|2277|n}} - {{SA|2637|n}}''|HER=[[Tar-Anducal]] ''{{SA|2286|n}} - {{SA|2657|n}}''}}
{{familytree | | | |!| | | |}}
{{familytree | | | ALC | | |ALC=[[Tar-Alcarin]] ''{{SA|2406|n}} - {{SA|2737|n}}''}}
{{familytree | | | |!| | | |}}
{{familytree | | | CAL | | |CAL='''TAR-CALMACIL''' ''{{SA|2516|n}} - {{SA|2825|n}}''}}
{{familytree | |,|-|^|-|.| |}}
{{familytree | ARD | | GIM |ARD=[[Tar-Ardamin]] ''{{SA|2618|n}} - {{SA|2899|n}}''|GIM=[[Gimilzagar]] ''b. {{SA|2630|n}}''}}
{{familytree | |!| | | | | |}}
{{familytree | ADU | | | | |ADU=[[Ar-Adûnakhôr]] ''{{SA|2709|n}} - {{SA|2962|n}}''}}
{{familytree/end}}

==Etymology==
It has been suggested that his name means in [[Quenya]] "light-sword", containing the word ''[[macil]]''.<ref>{{webcite|author=[[Helge Fauskanger]]|articleurl=http://folk.uib.no/hnohf/quen-eng.htm|articlename=Quettaparma Quenyallo|website=Arda}}</ref>
==Other Versions of the Legendarium==
In Appendix A of ''[[The Lord of the Rings]]'', Ar-Adûnakhôr was listed as following Tar-Calmacil<ref>{{App|Numenor}}</ref> while in the more detailed [[The Line of Elros: Kings of Númenor]] from the ''[[Unfinished Tales]]'' the next ruler was [[Tar-Ardamin]]. According to [[Christopher Tolkien]], Tar-Ardamin was simply omitted and did belong in the list.<ref>{{UT|Kings}}, Note 11</ref>

{{references}}
{{seq-start}}
{{seq-head
| race=numenorean
| house=[[House of Elros]]
| born={{SA|2516}}
| died={{SA|2825}}
}}
{{seq
| prev=[[Tar-Alcarin]]
| list=18th [[King of Númenor]]
| dates={{SA|2737}} - {{SA|2825|n}}
| next=[[Tar-Ardamin]]
}}
{{seq-end}}
{{numenorkings}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:TarCalmacil}}
[[Category:House of Elros]]
[[Category:King's Men]]
[[Category:Rulers of Númenor]]
[[Category:Second Age characters]]

[[de:Tar-Calmacil]]
[[fa:تار-کالماکیل]]
[[fi:Tar-Calmacil]]
[[fr:/encyclo/personnages/hommes/2a/numenoreens/tar-calmacil]]

Talk:Ar-Belzagar

2016-02-27T01:49:53Z

Ar-Pharazôn: /* About the "Tar-Calmacil" */

==About the "Tar-Calmacil"==
I think a disambiguation page would be handy; there is also a [[Calmacil (King of Gondor)|Calmacil]] of Gondor. That makes three. -- [[User:Ederchil|Ederchil]] 04:47, 12 July 2008 (EDT)

: Yup, I fully agree with that. ~~ [[User:Þelma|Þelma]] 04:59, 12 July 2008 (EDT)

::On second thought, maybe a merge between the two is a better idea. Hadn't realized they were the same person. But still a disambig on Calmacil would be good. -- [[User:Ederchil|Ederchil]] 05:11, 12 July 2008 (EDT)

::: We can do 1: disambig on Calmacil and 2: merge on Tar-Calmacil and Ar-Belzagar . And since you have greater skill in editing, I believe it should be you who does the disambing. ~~ [[User:Þelma|Þelma]] 05:24, 12 July 2008 (EDT)

This page has been successfully merged with [[Tar-Calmacil]] and may be deleted. [[User:Ar-Pharazôn|Ar-Pharazôn]] 01:49, 27 February 2016 (UTC)

Tar-Calmacil

2016-02-27T01:47:06Z

Ar-Pharazôn: Ar-Belzagar merged with this page

{{disambig-two|the [[King of Númenor|King]] of [[Númenor]]|[[Kings of Gondor|King]] of [[Gondor]]|[[Calmacil (King of Gondor)]]}}
{{numenorean infobox
| name=Tar-Calmacil
| image=
| caption=
| pronun=
| othernames=''Ar-Belzagar'' ([[Adûnaic|A]])
| titles=[[King of Númenor]]
| position=
| location=[[Númenor]]
| affiliation=[[King's Men]]
| language=[[Adûnaic]]; used [[Quenya]] out of custom
| birth={{SA|2516}}
| birthlocation=
| rule={{SA|2737}} - {{SA|2825|n}} (88 years)
| death={{SA|2825}}
| deathlocation=
| age=309
| notablefor=
| house=[[House of Elros]]
| parentage=[[Tar-Alcarin]]
| siblings=
| spouse=
| children=[[Tar-Ardamin]], [[Gimilzagar]]<ref>{{UT|Index}}</ref>
| gender=Male
| height=
| hair=
| eyes=
| clothing=
| weapons=
| steed=
}}'''Tar-Calmacil''' was the eighteenth ruler of [[Númenor]].
==History==
''Calmacil'' was the son of [[Tar-Alcarin]]. He was a great warrior of his nation, further expanding [[Númenor]]'s influence in [[Middle-earth]]. He was also an ardent member of the [[King's Men]] and during his time [[Númenóreans]] became increasingly hardened against the will of the [[Valar]].

After the death of his father, Calmacil took up the [[Sceptre]] as [[Tar-Calmacil]], and succeeded extensive conquests along the coasts of [[Middle-earth]]. This activity angered [[Sauron]], yet he withdrew and concentrated on building power in the East.

During his reign the [[King's Men]] called him by his name in [[Adûnaic]]: '''Ar-Belzagar'''. This was the first time that the King's name was spoken in this language.<ref>{{UT|Kings}}, Tar-Calmacil</ref>
His successors also had Adûnaic names, further showing their disdain for [[Elves]] and the [[Valar]].

He was succeeded by his son [[Tar-Ardamin]].
== Genealogy ==
{{familytree/start}}
{{familytree | VAN |y| HER |VAN=[[Tar-Vanimeldë]] ''{{SA|2277|n}} - {{SA|2637|n}}''|HER=[[Tar-Anducal]] ''{{SA|2286|n}} - {{SA|2657|n}}''}}
{{familytree | | | |!| | | |}}
{{familytree | | | ALC | | |ALC=[[Tar-Alcarin]] ''{{SA|2406|n}} - {{SA|2737|n}}''}}
{{familytree | | | |!| | | |}}
{{familytree | | | CAL | | |CAL='''TAR-CALMACIL''' ''{{SA|2516|n}} - {{SA|2825|n}}''}}
{{familytree | |,|-|^|-|.| |}}
{{familytree | ARD | | GIM |ARD=[[Tar-Ardamin]] ''{{SA|2618|n}} - {{SA|2899|n}}''|GIM=[[Gimilzagar]] ''b. {{SA|2630|n}}''}}
{{familytree | |!| | | | | |}}
{{familytree | ADU | | | | |ADU=[[Ar-Adûnakhôr]] ''{{SA|2709|n}} - {{SA|2962|n}}''}}
{{familytree/end}}

==Etymology==
It has been suggested that his name means in [[Quenya]] "light-sword", containing the word ''[[macil]]''.<ref>{{webcite|author=[[Helge Fauskanger]]|articleurl=http://folk.uib.no/hnohf/quen-eng.htm|articlename=Quettaparma Quenyallo|website=Arda}}</ref>
==Other Versions of the Legendarium==
In Appendix A of ''[[The Lord of the Rings]]'', Ar-Adûnakhôr was listed as following Tar-Calmacil<ref>{{App|Numenor}}</ref> while in the more detailed [[The Line of Elros: Kings of Númenor]] from the ''[[Unfinished Tales]]'' the next ruler was [[Tar-Ardamin]]. According to [[Christopher Tolkien]], Tar-Ardamin was simply omitted and did belong in the list.<ref>{{UT|Kings}}, Note 11</ref>

{{references}}
{{seq-start}}
{{seq-head
| race=numenorean
| house=[[House of Elros]]
| born={{SA|2516}}
| died={{SA|2825}}
}}
{{seq
| prev=[[Tar-Alcarin]]
| list=18th [[King of Númenor]]
| dates={{SA|2737}} - {{SA|2825|n}}
| next=[[Tar-Ardamin]]
}}
{{seq-end}}
{{numenorkings}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:TarCalmacil}}
[[Category:House of Elros]]
[[Category:King's Men]]
[[Category:Rulers of Númenor]]
[[Category:Second Age characters]]

[[de:Tar-Calmacil]]
[[fa:تار-کالماکیل]]
[[fi:Tar-Calmacil]]
[[fr:/encyclo/personnages/hommes/2a/numenoreens/tar-calmacil]]

Talk:Seat of Seeing

2016-02-27T01:24:48Z

Ar-Pharazôn: Created page with "This page has been successfully merged with "Amon Hen" and may be deleted. ~~~~"

This page has been successfully merged with "Amon Hen" and may be deleted. [[User:Ar-Pharazôn|Ar-Pharazôn]] 01:24, 27 February 2016 (UTC)

Amon Hen

2016-02-27T01:21:58Z

Ar-Pharazôn: /* Portrayal in adaptations */ expansion

{{disambig-more|Amon Hen|[[Amon Hen (disambiguation)]]}}
{{location
| image=[[File:Scott Peery - Amon Hen.jpg|250px]]
| name=Amon Hen
| type=Hill
| location=Southern end of [[Nen Hithoel]], west bank
| inhabitants=[[Gondor]]ians
| realms=[[Gondor]] [[Reunited Kingdom]]
| description=Fortified (later ruined) hill
| othernames=Hill of Sight, Hill of the Eye
| etymology=[[Sindarin|S.]] ''[[amon]]'' "hill" + ''[[hen]]'' "eye"
| events=[[Breaking of the Fellowship]]
}}
{{Pronounce|Amon Hen.mp3|Ardamir}}
'''Amon Hen''' ([[Sindarin]] ''[[amon]]'' “hill” + ''[[hen]]'' “eye”) was the westernmost of the three peaks at the southern end of [[Nen Hithoel]].

==Description==
On its eastern side at the foot of the hill lay the lawn of [[Parth Galen]] and the western portion of the [[Anduin]] that flowed past [[Tol Brandir]]. Above Parth Galen the hill rose in gentle slopes to its flattened summit. Just to the south of the hill was the [[North Stair]].<ref name="Amon">{{FR|II10}}</ref> The western face of the hill was steeper than on the east.<ref>{{TT|III2}}</ref>

Upon Amon Hen were the remains of an ancient road that had dwindled to little more than a path. In places where the hill grew steep, stairs had been hewn, although over time they had become cracked, worn, and split by tree roots. The path wound through [[Rowans|rowan]] trees to the summit, where there was a wide flat circle paved with large stones and encircled with a ruined battlement. In the center of the circle was an ancient chair, the [[Seat of Seeing]].<ref name="Amon"/>

The Seat of Seeing was an ancient chair built upon the summit of Amon Hen within a great circular stone-paved court surrounded by a battlement, all of which was in ruins when visited by [[Frodo Baggins]]. The high seat rested upon four carven pillars and could be reached by a stair of many steps.<ref name="Amon">{{FR|II10}}</ref>

==History==
===Early History===
The high seat upon Amon Hen had been made in the days of the great kings, according to [[Aragorn]].<ref>{{FR|II9}}</ref> Later it is stated that the Seat of Seeing was on the Hill of the Eye of the Men of Númenor.<ref name="Amon"/> It is thus open to interpretation whether the chair was built during the early years of [[Gondor]] or sometime in the [[Second Age]]. At the very least the high seat was built before the time of the [[Stewards of Gondor|Stewards]], which meant that when Frodo sat there it was at a minimum 969 years old. One likely possibility is that the Seat of Seeing was built at the same time as the [[Argonath]], which occurred after Minalcar defeated the [[Easterlings]] (in {{TA|1248}}) and took the name of [[Rómendacil II]] but before the end of his reign (he died in {{TA|1366}}).<ref>{{App|A}}</ref>

===Later History===
On 26 February {{TA|3019}} after Frodo had fled from [[Boromir]] (part of the [[Breaking of the Fellowship]]) he came to the summit of the hill and, while still wearing [[The One Ring| the One Ring]], sat in the high seat. At first he saw little but mist and shadows, but soon he perceived many visions, soundless but filled with bright living images. The visions he saw stretched far beyond the normal range of sight (for instance, he saw the [[Ethir Anduin]], over 300 miles away and behind the [[White Mountains|Ered Nimrais]]) and everywhere he looked he saw signs of war. His glimpse of [[Minas Tirith]] filled him with hope, which was crushed when he looked at [[Barad-dûr]]. <ref name="Amon"/>

Frodo then became aware of the gaze of the [[Eye of Sauron|Eye]], which felt like a finger trying to nail him down. He jumped out of the chair and cowered with his hood covering his head. At that moment from some other point of power came another thought: “Take it off! Take it off! Fool, take it off! Take off the Ring!” Balanced between Eye and Voice, Frodo regained his ability to choose and removed the Ring an instant before he was discovered. Frodo then realized what he must do, which was to go to [[Mordor]] alone, and he left the Seat of Seeing behind.<ref name="Amon"/>

It has been speculated that the visions Frodo saw were due solely to the magical power of the Seat of Seeing. However, while searching for Frodo, Aragorn ran to the summit and sat on the chair.<ref>{{TT|III1}}</ref> Even though he was the heir of [[Isildur]] he saw no visions (although he was in a hurry and a bit distracted). It appears (since Frodo did not see far-off visions at other times while wearing the Ring) that it was a combination of the Seat of Seeing and the power of the Ring that gave Frodo this temporary effect.

The identity of the Voice that strove against the Eye was later revealed when Aragorn, [[Gimli]], and [[Legolas]] first meet [[Gandalf|Gandalf the White]] in [[Fangorn Forest]]. Gandalf informs the others that the Ring was nearly revealed to [[Sauron]] but “I sat in a high place, and I strove with the Dark Tower; and the Shadow passed”.<ref>{{TT|III5}}</ref>

==Etymology==
The name is [[Sindarin]] and means '''Hill of the Eye''' which is how it was also known in [[Westron]]. Another name was the '''Hill of Sight'''.
==Portrayal in adaptations==
'''2001: ''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring]]'':'''
:The scene at the Seat of Seeing is altered and condensed. Frodo, wearing the Ring, ran up a platform (no chair is seen) and the only vision he experienced was of Barad-dúr and the Eye. Confronted by the Eye and voice of Sauron, Frodo yanked off the Ring (with no outside help) and fell off the platform. Unlike the book, he then met Aragorn, told him he must leave, and Aragorn said he would have followed Frodo anywhere and not have taken the Ring. The force of [[Uruk-hai]] from [[Saruman]] then arrived and Frodo fled while Aragorn, later joined by Legolas and Gimli, fought the orcs on the hilltop.

==See also==
*[[:Category:Images of Amon Hen|Images of Amon Hen]]
*[[The Breaking of the Fellowship]] (chapter)
*[[Breaking of the Fellowship]] (event)
{{References}}
{{FellowshipRoute}}
[[Category:Hills]]
[[Category:Pronounced articles]]
[[de:Amon Hen]]
[[fi:Amon Hen]]

Amon Hen

2016-02-27T01:20:56Z

Ar-Pharazôn:

{{disambig-more|Amon Hen|[[Amon Hen (disambiguation)]]}}
{{location
| image=[[File:Scott Peery - Amon Hen.jpg|250px]]
| name=Amon Hen
| type=Hill
| location=Southern end of [[Nen Hithoel]], west bank
| inhabitants=[[Gondor]]ians
| realms=[[Gondor]] [[Reunited Kingdom]]
| description=Fortified (later ruined) hill
| othernames=Hill of Sight, Hill of the Eye
| etymology=[[Sindarin|S.]] ''[[amon]]'' "hill" + ''[[hen]]'' "eye"
| events=[[Breaking of the Fellowship]]
}}
{{Pronounce|Amon Hen.mp3|Ardamir}}
'''Amon Hen''' ([[Sindarin]] ''[[amon]]'' “hill” + ''[[hen]]'' “eye”) was the westernmost of the three peaks at the southern end of [[Nen Hithoel]].

==Description==
On its eastern side at the foot of the hill lay the lawn of [[Parth Galen]] and the western portion of the [[Anduin]] that flowed past [[Tol Brandir]]. Above Parth Galen the hill rose in gentle slopes to its flattened summit. Just to the south of the hill was the [[North Stair]].<ref name="Amon">{{FR|II10}}</ref> The western face of the hill was steeper than on the east.<ref>{{TT|III2}}</ref>

Upon Amon Hen were the remains of an ancient road that had dwindled to little more than a path. In places where the hill grew steep, stairs had been hewn, although over time they had become cracked, worn, and split by tree roots. The path wound through [[Rowans|rowan]] trees to the summit, where there was a wide flat circle paved with large stones and encircled with a ruined battlement. In the center of the circle was an ancient chair, the [[Seat of Seeing]].<ref name="Amon"/>

The Seat of Seeing was an ancient chair built upon the summit of Amon Hen within a great circular stone-paved court surrounded by a battlement, all of which was in ruins when visited by [[Frodo Baggins]]. The high seat rested upon four carven pillars and could be reached by a stair of many steps.<ref name="Amon">{{FR|II10}}</ref>

==History==
===Early History===
The high seat upon Amon Hen had been made in the days of the great kings, according to [[Aragorn]].<ref>{{FR|II9}}</ref> Later it is stated that the Seat of Seeing was on the Hill of the Eye of the Men of Númenor.<ref name="Amon"/> It is thus open to interpretation whether the chair was built during the early years of [[Gondor]] or sometime in the [[Second Age]]. At the very least the high seat was built before the time of the [[Stewards of Gondor|Stewards]], which meant that when Frodo sat there it was at a minimum 969 years old. One likely possibility is that the Seat of Seeing was built at the same time as the [[Argonath]], which occurred after Minalcar defeated the [[Easterlings]] (in {{TA|1248}}) and took the name of [[Rómendacil II]] but before the end of his reign (he died in {{TA|1366}}).<ref>{{App|A}}</ref>

===Later History===
On 26 February {{TA|3019}} after Frodo had fled from [[Boromir]] (part of the [[Breaking of the Fellowship]]) he came to the summit of the hill and, while still wearing [[The One Ring| the One Ring]], sat in the high seat. At first he saw little but mist and shadows, but soon he perceived many visions, soundless but filled with bright living images. The visions he saw stretched far beyond the normal range of sight (for instance, he saw the [[Ethir Anduin]], over 300 miles away and behind the [[White Mountains|Ered Nimrais]]) and everywhere he looked he saw signs of war. His glimpse of [[Minas Tirith]] filled him with hope, which was crushed when he looked at [[Barad-dûr]]. <ref name="Amon"/>

Frodo then became aware of the gaze of the [[Eye of Sauron|Eye]], which felt like a finger trying to nail him down. He jumped out of the chair and cowered with his hood covering his head. At that moment from some other point of power came another thought: “Take it off! Take it off! Fool, take it off! Take off the Ring!” Balanced between Eye and Voice, Frodo regained his ability to choose and removed the Ring an instant before he was discovered. Frodo then realized what he must do, which was to go to [[Mordor]] alone, and he left the Seat of Seeing behind.<ref name="Amon"/>

It has been speculated that the visions Frodo saw were due solely to the magical power of the Seat of Seeing. However, while searching for Frodo, Aragorn ran to the summit and sat on the chair.<ref>{{TT|III1}}</ref> Even though he was the heir of [[Isildur]] he saw no visions (although he was in a hurry and a bit distracted). It appears (since Frodo did not see far-off visions at other times while wearing the Ring) that it was a combination of the Seat of Seeing and the power of the Ring that gave Frodo this temporary effect.

The identity of the Voice that strove against the Eye was later revealed when Aragorn, [[Gimli]], and [[Legolas]] first meet [[Gandalf|Gandalf the White]] in [[Fangorn Forest]]. Gandalf informs the others that the Ring was nearly revealed to [[Sauron]] but “I sat in a high place, and I strove with the Dark Tower; and the Shadow passed”.<ref>{{TT|III5}}</ref>

==Etymology==
The name is [[Sindarin]] and means '''Hill of the Eye''' which is how it was also known in [[Westron]]. Another name was the '''Hill of Sight'''.
==Portrayal in adaptations==
'''2001: ''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring]]'':'''
:When [[Boromir]] confronted [[Frodo Baggins|Frodo]] there was a large, stone head half-buried in the hillside, which was not mentioned in the book. The scene and activity at the summit was also considerably changed.

==See also==
*[[:Category:Images of Amon Hen|Images of Amon Hen]]
*[[The Breaking of the Fellowship]] (chapter)
*[[Breaking of the Fellowship]] (event)
{{References}}
{{FellowshipRoute}}
[[Category:Hills]]
[[Category:Pronounced articles]]
[[de:Amon Hen]]
[[fi:Amon Hen]]

Amon Hen

2016-02-27T01:20:14Z

Ar-Pharazôn: /* Description */ expansion

{{disambig-more|Amon Hen|[[Amon Hen (disambiguation)]]}}
{{location
| image=[[File:Scott Peery - Amon Hen.jpg|250px]]
| name=Amon Hen
| type=Hill
| location=Southern end of [[Nen Hithoel]], west bank
| inhabitants=[[Gondor]]ians
| realms=[[Gondor]] [[Reunited Kingdom]]
| description=Fortified (later ruined) hill
| othernames=Hill of Sight, Hill of the Eye
| etymology=[[Sindarin|S.]] ''[[amon]]'' "hill" + ''[[hen]]'' "eye"
| events=[[Breaking of the Fellowship]]
}}
{{Pronounce|Amon Hen.mp3|Ardamir}}
'''Amon Hen''' ([[Sindarin]] ''[[amon]]'' “hill” + ''[[hen]]'' “eye”) was the westernmost of the three peaks at the southern end of [[Nen Hithoel]].

==Description==
On its eastern side at the foot of the hill lay the lawn of [[Parth Galen]] and the western portion of the [[Anduin]] that flowed past [[Tol Brandir]]. Above Parth Galen the hill rose in gentle slopes to its flattened summit. Just to the south of the hill was the [[North Stair]].<ref name="Amon">{{FR|II10}}</ref> The western face of the hill was steeper than on the east.<ref>{{TT|III2}}</ref>

Upon Amon Hen were the remains of an ancient road that had dwindled to little more than a path. In places where the hill grew steep, stairs had been hewn, although over time they had become cracked, worn, and split by tree roots. The path wound through [[Rowans|rowan]] trees to the summit, where there was a wide flat circle paved with large stones and encircled with a ruined battlement. In the center of the circle was an ancient chair, the [[Seat of Seeing]].<ref name="Amon"/>

The '''Seat of Seeing''' was an ancient chair built upon the summit of [[Amon Hen]] within a great circular stone-paved court surrounded by a battlement, all of which was in ruins when visited by [[Frodo Baggins]]. The high seat rested upon four carven pillars and could be reached by a stair of many steps.<ref name="Amon">{{FR|II10}}</ref>

==History==
===Early History===
The high seat upon Amon Hen had been made in the days of the great kings, according to [[Aragorn]].<ref>{{FR|II9}}</ref> Later it is stated that the Seat of Seeing was on the Hill of the Eye of the Men of Númenor.<ref name="Amon"/> It is thus open to interpretation whether the chair was built during the early years of [[Gondor]] or sometime in the [[Second Age]]. At the very least the high seat was built before the time of the [[Stewards of Gondor|Stewards]], which meant that when Frodo sat there it was at a minimum 969 years old. One likely possibility is that the Seat of Seeing was built at the same time as the [[Argonath]], which occurred after Minalcar defeated the [[Easterlings]] (in {{TA|1248}}) and took the name of [[Rómendacil II]] but before the end of his reign (he died in {{TA|1366}}).<ref>{{App|A}}</ref>

===Later History===
On 26 February {{TA|3019}} after Frodo had fled from [[Boromir]] (part of the [[Breaking of the Fellowship]]) he came to the summit of the hill and, while still wearing [[The One Ring| the One Ring]], sat in the high seat. At first he saw little but mist and shadows, but soon he perceived many visions, soundless but filled with bright living images. The visions he saw stretched far beyond the normal range of sight (for instance, he saw the [[Ethir Anduin]], over 300 miles away and behind the [[White Mountains|Ered Nimrais]]) and everywhere he looked he saw signs of war. His glimpse of [[Minas Tirith]] filled him with hope, which was crushed when he looked at [[Barad-dûr]]. <ref name="Amon"/>

Frodo then became aware of the gaze of the [[Eye of Sauron|Eye]], which felt like a finger trying to nail him down. He jumped out of the chair and cowered with his hood covering his head. At that moment from some other point of power came another thought: “Take it off! Take it off! Fool, take it off! Take off the Ring!” Balanced between Eye and Voice, Frodo regained his ability to choose and removed the Ring an instant before he was discovered. Frodo then realized what he must do, which was to go to [[Mordor]] alone, and he left the Seat of Seeing behind.<ref name="Amon"/>

It has been speculated that the visions Frodo saw were due solely to the magical power of the Seat of Seeing. However, while searching for Frodo, Aragorn ran to the summit and sat on the chair.<ref>{{TT|III1}}</ref> Even though he was the heir of [[Isildur]] he saw no visions (although he was in a hurry and a bit distracted). It appears (since Frodo did not see far-off visions at other times while wearing the Ring) that it was a combination of the Seat of Seeing and the power of the Ring that gave Frodo this temporary effect.

The identity of the Voice that strove against the Eye was later revealed when Aragorn, [[Gimli]], and [[Legolas]] first meet [[Gandalf|Gandalf the White]] in [[Fangorn Forest]]. Gandalf informs the others that the Ring was nearly revealed to [[Sauron]] but “I sat in a high place, and I strove with the Dark Tower; and the Shadow passed”.<ref>{{TT|III5}}</ref>

==Etymology==
The name is [[Sindarin]] and means '''Hill of the Eye''' which is how it was also known in [[Westron]]. Another name was the '''Hill of Sight'''.
==Portrayal in adaptations==
'''2001: ''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring]]'':'''
:When [[Boromir]] confronted [[Frodo Baggins|Frodo]] there was a large, stone head half-buried in the hillside, which was not mentioned in the book. The scene and activity at the summit was also considerably changed.

==See also==
*[[:Category:Images of Amon Hen|Images of Amon Hen]]
*[[The Breaking of the Fellowship]] (chapter)
*[[Breaking of the Fellowship]] (event)
{{References}}
{{FellowshipRoute}}
[[Category:Hills]]
[[Category:Pronounced articles]]
[[de:Amon Hen]]
[[fi:Amon Hen]]

Amon Hen

2016-02-27T01:18:32Z

Ar-Pharazôn: History expanded

{{disambig-more|Amon Hen|[[Amon Hen (disambiguation)]]}}
{{location
| image=[[File:Scott Peery - Amon Hen.jpg|250px]]
| name=Amon Hen
| type=Hill
| location=Southern end of [[Nen Hithoel]], west bank
| inhabitants=[[Gondor]]ians
| realms=[[Gondor]] [[Reunited Kingdom]]
| description=Fortified (later ruined) hill
| othernames=Hill of Sight, Hill of the Eye
| etymology=[[Sindarin|S.]] ''[[amon]]'' "hill" + ''[[hen]]'' "eye"
| events=[[Breaking of the Fellowship]]
}}
{{Pronounce|Amon Hen.mp3|Ardamir}}
'''Amon Hen''' ([[Sindarin]] ''[[amon]]'' “hill” + ''[[hen]]'' “eye”) was the westernmost of the three peaks at the southern end of [[Nen Hithoel]].

==Description==
On its eastern side at the foot of the hill lay the lawn of [[Parth Galen]] and the western portion of the [[Anduin]] that flowed past [[Tol Brandir]]. Above Parth Galen the hill rose in gentle slopes to its flattened summit. Just to the south of the hill was the [[North Stair]].<ref name="Amon">{{FR|II10}}</ref> The western face of the hill was steeper than on the east.<ref>{{TT|III2}}</ref>

Upon Amon Hen were the remains of an ancient road that had dwindled to little more than a path. In places where the hill grew steep, stairs had been hewn, although over time they had become cracked, worn, and split by tree roots. The path wound through [[Rowans|rowan]] trees to the summit, where there was a wide flat circle paved with large stones and encircled with a ruined battlement. In the center of the circle was an ancient chair, the [[Seat of Seeing]].<ref name="Amon"/>

==History==
===Early History===
The high seat upon Amon Hen had been made in the days of the great kings, according to [[Aragorn]].<ref>{{FR|II9}}</ref> Later it is stated that the Seat of Seeing was on the Hill of the Eye of the Men of Númenor.<ref name="Amon"/> It is thus open to interpretation whether the chair was built during the early years of [[Gondor]] or sometime in the [[Second Age]]. At the very least the high seat was built before the time of the [[Stewards of Gondor|Stewards]], which meant that when Frodo sat there it was at a minimum 969 years old. One likely possibility is that the Seat of Seeing was built at the same time as the [[Argonath]], which occurred after Minalcar defeated the [[Easterlings]] (in {{TA|1248}}) and took the name of [[Rómendacil II]] but before the end of his reign (he died in {{TA|1366}}).<ref>{{App|A}}</ref>

===Later History===
On 26 February {{TA|3019}} after Frodo had fled from [[Boromir]] (part of the [[Breaking of the Fellowship]]) he came to the summit of the hill and, while still wearing [[The One Ring| the One Ring]], sat in the high seat. At first he saw little but mist and shadows, but soon he perceived many visions, soundless but filled with bright living images. The visions he saw stretched far beyond the normal range of sight (for instance, he saw the [[Ethir Anduin]], over 300 miles away and behind the [[White Mountains|Ered Nimrais]]) and everywhere he looked he saw signs of war. His glimpse of [[Minas Tirith]] filled him with hope, which was crushed when he looked at [[Barad-dûr]]. <ref name="Amon"/>

Frodo then became aware of the gaze of the [[Eye of Sauron|Eye]], which felt like a finger trying to nail him down. He jumped out of the chair and cowered with his hood covering his head. At that moment from some other point of power came another thought: “Take it off! Take it off! Fool, take it off! Take off the Ring!” Balanced between Eye and Voice, Frodo regained his ability to choose and removed the Ring an instant before he was discovered. Frodo then realized what he must do, which was to go to [[Mordor]] alone, and he left the Seat of Seeing behind.<ref name="Amon"/>

It has been speculated that the visions Frodo saw were due solely to the magical power of the Seat of Seeing. However, while searching for Frodo, Aragorn ran to the summit and sat on the chair.<ref>{{TT|III1}}</ref> Even though he was the heir of [[Isildur]] he saw no visions (although he was in a hurry and a bit distracted). It appears (since Frodo did not see far-off visions at other times while wearing the Ring) that it was a combination of the Seat of Seeing and the power of the Ring that gave Frodo this temporary effect.

The identity of the Voice that strove against the Eye was later revealed when Aragorn, [[Gimli]], and [[Legolas]] first meet [[Gandalf|Gandalf the White]] in [[Fangorn Forest]]. Gandalf informs the others that the Ring was nearly revealed to [[Sauron]] but “I sat in a high place, and I strove with the Dark Tower; and the Shadow passed”.<ref>{{TT|III5}}</ref>

==Etymology==
The name is [[Sindarin]] and means '''Hill of the Eye''' which is how it was also known in [[Westron]]. Another name was the '''Hill of Sight'''.
==Portrayal in adaptations==
'''2001: ''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring]]'':'''
:When [[Boromir]] confronted [[Frodo Baggins|Frodo]] there was a large, stone head half-buried in the hillside, which was not mentioned in the book. The scene and activity at the summit was also considerably changed.

==See also==
*[[:Category:Images of Amon Hen|Images of Amon Hen]]
*[[The Breaking of the Fellowship]] (chapter)
*[[Breaking of the Fellowship]] (event)
{{References}}
{{FellowshipRoute}}
[[Category:Hills]]
[[Category:Pronounced articles]]
[[de:Amon Hen]]
[[fi:Amon Hen]]

Reading order

2016-02-18T04:53:05Z

Ar-Pharazôn: /* Rough chronological order */

New [[Tolkien fandom|Tolkien fans]] are usually puzzled with the complexity of the works and the '''best order in which to read the works'''. The most famous works take place late in the [[legendarium]]'s history, with hints to the backstory. The stories that comprise the background are relatively complex and have no obvious links to the most famous works. Furthemore, the stories-chapters-essays overlap each another, or take place simultaneously, differing only in the extensiveness of the details.

Hardcore fans read the works more than once. For example one can read ''[[The Lord of the Rings]]'' first, then ''[[The Hobbit]]'' and sometime later ''The Lord of the Rings'' again, in light of the backstory seen in ''The Hobbit''. However, it should be noted that although ''The Hobbit'' is a book written to stand alone, literarily speaking it is the prequel, or better yet, "Part 1" of ''The Lord of the Rings'', because it tells how the all-important One Ring enters the events of ''The Lord of the Rings'', and in fact the two main characters of ''The Hobbit'', Bilbo and Gandolf, are important players in ''The Lord of the Rings'' precisely because their deeds in ''The Hobbit'' lead to the events of ''The Lord of the Rings''. Confused yet? It gets even better. There are three books to ''The Lord of the Rings'', and it was not intended that they should each stand alone. Tolkien only wrote one book called ''The Lord of the Rings'', but his publisher believed that no one would buy such an enormous book and insisted it be broken into three parts:
:1) ''The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring''
:2) ''The Lord of the Rings: The Two Towers''
:3) ''The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King''
:These are not three individual books, they are one novel broken into three tomes merely for the sake of preventing a strain on the reader's biceps.

There can be various approaches:
==Publication history==
This is one of the most famous and popular approaches.
*''The Hobbit''
:People can start with ''The Hobbit'', as an easy and lighthearted fantasy story, which Tolkien wrote first, without having much backstory or historical details in mind.
*''The Lord of the Rings''
:The Lord of the Rings is the natural sequel of The Hobbit and completes the story. However it has many allusions to the greater world and ancient history of [[Arda]].
*''[[The Silmarillion]]''
:Published after Tolkien's death, it provides the cosmogony and earlier stories of Arda. It can give the reader insight about the world they already know and shed a lot of light on just what in the world they are talking about.
*''[[Unfinished Tales]]'' / ''[[The Children of Húrin]]''
:These books provide additional and extensive details about several aspects of the greater History.

==Rough chronological order==
A less common approach is to read the saga in chronologically accurate order:
*''The Silmarillion''
The Silmarillion can be a complex and tedious reading for someone not already acquainted with Tolkien, however it describes the beginnings of his world.
*''The Children of Húrin''
This book gives an extended version of the story of Túrin, featured as a part of the Silmarillion
*''Unfinished Tales''
Parts of this book give insight about Númenor, the Second Age (mentioned in the Silmarillion) and early Third Age, with elements that will play their role in the ''Lord of the Rings''.
*''The Hobbit''
Although only indirectly related to the Silmarillion, it is the next larger story in the world history of Arda.
*''The Lord of the Rings''
The conclusion of the story of the Hobbit as well as things mentioned in the Silmarillion (such as Sauron and the Line of Númenorean Kings); Tolkien's stories of Arda end here.

==Exact chronological order==
{|
|''[[Ainulindalë]]''
|
|-
|''[[Valaquenta]]''
|
|-
|''[[Of the Beginning of Days]]''
|
|-
|''[[Of Aulë and Yavanna]]''
|
|-
|''[[Of the Coming of the Elves and the Captivity of Melkor]]''
|
|-
|''[[Of Thingol and Melian]]''
|
|-
|''[[Of Eldamar and the Princes of the Eldalië]]''
|
|-
|''[[Of Fëanor and the Unchaining of Melkor]]''
|
|-
|''[[Of the Silmarils and the Unrest of the Noldor]]''
|
|-
|''[[Of the Darkening of Valinor]]''
|
|-
|''[[Of the Flight of the Noldor]]''
|
|-
|''[[Of the Sindar]]''
|
|-
|''[[Of the Sun and Moon and the Hiding of Valinor]]''
|
|-
|''[[Of Men]]''
|
|-
|''[[Of the Return of the Noldor]]''
|
|-
|''[[Of Beleriand and its Realms]]''
|
|-
|''[[Of the Noldor in Beleriand]]''
|
|-
|''[[Of Maeglin]]''
|
|-
|''[[Of the Coming of Men into the West]]''
|
|-
|''[[Of the Ruin of Beleriand and the Fall of Fingolfin]]''
|
|-
|''[[Of Beren and Lúthien]]''
|''[[Lay of Leithian]]''
|-
|''[[Of the Fifth Battle: Nírnaeth Arnoediad]]''
|
|-
|''[[Of Túrin Turambar]]''
|The Children of Húrin
|-
|''[[Of the Ruin of Doriath]]''
|
|-
|''[[Of Tuor and the Fall of Gondolin]]''
|''[[Of Tuor and his Coming to Gondolin]]''
|-
|''[[Of the Voyage of Eärendil and the War of Wrath]]''
|
|-
|''[[Akallabêth]]''
|''[[Aldarion and Erendis: The Mariner's Wife|Aldarion and Erendis]]''
|-
|
|
|-
|
|
|-
|}

==External links==
*[http://www.chronology.org/tolkien/ Chronological Tolkien] discusses the issue and also provides a calculator to find the exact reading order.
*[http://home.earthlink.net/~dbratman/tolkien_order.html The order to read Tolkien's books] by [[David Bratman]]

[[Category:Fandom]]

Reading order

2016-02-18T04:51:14Z

Ar-Pharazôn: /* Publication history */

New [[Tolkien fandom|Tolkien fans]] are usually puzzled with the complexity of the works and the '''best order in which to read the works'''. The most famous works take place late in the [[legendarium]]'s history, with hints to the backstory. The stories that comprise the background are relatively complex and have no obvious links to the most famous works. Furthemore, the stories-chapters-essays overlap each another, or take place simultaneously, differing only in the extensiveness of the details.

Hardcore fans read the works more than once. For example one can read ''[[The Lord of the Rings]]'' first, then ''[[The Hobbit]]'' and sometime later ''The Lord of the Rings'' again, in light of the backstory seen in ''The Hobbit''. However, it should be noted that although ''The Hobbit'' is a book written to stand alone, literarily speaking it is the prequel, or better yet, "Part 1" of ''The Lord of the Rings'', because it tells how the all-important One Ring enters the events of ''The Lord of the Rings'', and in fact the two main characters of ''The Hobbit'', Bilbo and Gandolf, are important players in ''The Lord of the Rings'' precisely because their deeds in ''The Hobbit'' lead to the events of ''The Lord of the Rings''. Confused yet? It gets even better. There are three books to ''The Lord of the Rings'', and it was not intended that they should each stand alone. Tolkien only wrote one book called ''The Lord of the Rings'', but his publisher believed that no one would buy such an enormous book and insisted it be broken into three parts:
:1) ''The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring''
:2) ''The Lord of the Rings: The Two Towers''
:3) ''The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King''
:These are not three individual books, they are one novel broken into three tomes merely for the sake of preventing a strain on the reader's biceps.

There can be various approaches:
==Publication history==
This is one of the most famous and popular approaches.
*''The Hobbit''
:People can start with ''The Hobbit'', as an easy and lighthearted fantasy story, which Tolkien wrote first, without having much backstory or historical details in mind.
*''The Lord of the Rings''
:The Lord of the Rings is the natural sequel of The Hobbit and completes the story. However it has many allusions to the greater world and ancient history of [[Arda]].
*''[[The Silmarillion]]''
:Published after Tolkien's death, it provides the cosmogony and earlier stories of Arda. It can give the reader insight about the world they already know and shed a lot of light on just what in the world they are talking about.
*''[[Unfinished Tales]]'' / ''[[The Children of Húrin]]''
:These books provide additional and extensive details about several aspects of the greater History.

==Rough chronological order==
A less common approach is to read the saga in chronologically accurate order
*''The Silmarillion''
The Silmarillion can be a complex and tedious reading for someone not already acquainted with Tolkien, however it describes the beginnings of his world.
*''The Children of Húrin''
This book gives an extended version of the story of Túrin, featured as a part of the Silmarillion
*''Unfinished Tales''
Parts of this book give insight about Númenor, the Second Age (mentioned in the Silmarillion) and early Third Age, with elements that will play their role in the ''Lord of the Rings''.
*''The Hobbit''
Although only indirectly related to the Silmarillion, it is the next big story in the world history of Arda.
*''The Lord of the Rings''
The conclusion of the story of the Hobbit as well as things mentioned in the Silmarillion (like Sauron and the Line of Númenorean Kings); Tolkien's fabulous stories of Arda end here.

==Exact chronological order==
{|
|''[[Ainulindalë]]''
|
|-
|''[[Valaquenta]]''
|
|-
|''[[Of the Beginning of Days]]''
|
|-
|''[[Of Aulë and Yavanna]]''
|
|-
|''[[Of the Coming of the Elves and the Captivity of Melkor]]''
|
|-
|''[[Of Thingol and Melian]]''
|
|-
|''[[Of Eldamar and the Princes of the Eldalië]]''
|
|-
|''[[Of Fëanor and the Unchaining of Melkor]]''
|
|-
|''[[Of the Silmarils and the Unrest of the Noldor]]''
|
|-
|''[[Of the Darkening of Valinor]]''
|
|-
|''[[Of the Flight of the Noldor]]''
|
|-
|''[[Of the Sindar]]''
|
|-
|''[[Of the Sun and Moon and the Hiding of Valinor]]''
|
|-
|''[[Of Men]]''
|
|-
|''[[Of the Return of the Noldor]]''
|
|-
|''[[Of Beleriand and its Realms]]''
|
|-
|''[[Of the Noldor in Beleriand]]''
|
|-
|''[[Of Maeglin]]''
|
|-
|''[[Of the Coming of Men into the West]]''
|
|-
|''[[Of the Ruin of Beleriand and the Fall of Fingolfin]]''
|
|-
|''[[Of Beren and Lúthien]]''
|''[[Lay of Leithian]]''
|-
|''[[Of the Fifth Battle: Nírnaeth Arnoediad]]''
|
|-
|''[[Of Túrin Turambar]]''
|The Children of Húrin
|-
|''[[Of the Ruin of Doriath]]''
|
|-
|''[[Of Tuor and the Fall of Gondolin]]''
|''[[Of Tuor and his Coming to Gondolin]]''
|-
|''[[Of the Voyage of Eärendil and the War of Wrath]]''
|
|-
|''[[Akallabêth]]''
|''[[Aldarion and Erendis: The Mariner's Wife|Aldarion and Erendis]]''
|-
|
|
|-
|
|
|-
|}

==External links==
*[http://www.chronology.org/tolkien/ Chronological Tolkien] discusses the issue and also provides a calculator to find the exact reading order.
*[http://home.earthlink.net/~dbratman/tolkien_order.html The order to read Tolkien's books] by [[David Bratman]]

[[Category:Fandom]]

Talk:Eye of Sauron

2016-02-18T04:43:24Z

Ar-Pharazôn: Created page with "This page has been successfully merged with the "Sauron" page and may now be deleted. Ar-Pharazôn (2/17/16)"

This page has been successfully merged with the "Sauron" page and may now be deleted. Ar-Pharazôn (2/17/16)

Sauron

2016-02-18T04:16:36Z

Ar-Pharazôn: Merge of "Eye of Sauron" to this page

{{Countdown}}
{{evil infobox
| name=Sauron
| image=[[File:Alaïs - Annatar.jpg|250px]]
| caption="Annatar" by [[:Category:Images by Alaïs|Alaïs]]
| pronun=
| othernames=[[Annatar]]<ref name="SRings"/> The Dark Lord Lord Of Earth<ref name="SIndex"/> Gorthaur the Cruel<ref name="SVala">{{S|Vala}}</ref> Mairon<ref name="PE17.1"/> Necromancer<ref name="SIndex"/> The Shadow The Enemy The Terrible'''Zigûr''' ([[Adûnaic|A]])<ref>{{HM|SD}}, "The Drowning of Anadûnê"</ref>
| titles=
| position=
| location=[[Tol-in-Gaurhoth]] [[Dol Guldur]] [[Mordor]]
| affiliation=[[Morgoth]]
| language=[[Black Speech]]
| birth=Before the [[Music of the Ainur]]
| birthlocation=
| rule=
| death=[[25 March]] {{TA|3019}}
| deathlocation=[[Barad-dûr]]
| age=
| notablefor=Lieutenant to [[Morgoth]] Deceived the [[Elves]] into forging the [[Rings of Power]]; Created [[the One Ring]]; Brought about the [[Downfall of Númenor]]; Nearly conquered the whole of [[Middle-earth]]
| parentage=
| siblings=
| spouse=
| children=
| race=[[Maiar|Maia]]
| gender=Male
| height=''[[Sauron#Appearance|See below]]''
| hair=''[[Sauron#Appearance|See below]]''
| eyes=
| clothing=''[[Sauron#Appearance|See below]]''
| weapons=[[The One Ring]]
| steed=
}}
<center>{{Quote|Sauron [...] was only less evil than his [[Morgoth|master]] in that for long he served another and not himself.|[[J.R.R. Tolkien]]<ref name="SVala"/>}}</center>

'''Sauron''' ([[Quenya]], pronounced {{IPA|[ˈsaʊron]}}) was the greatest and most trusted servant of [[Morgoth]] before and during the [[First Age]]. Originally a [[Maiar|Maia]] of [[Aulë]] named "Mairon", he was ensnared by Melkor and as "Gorthaur" he became Morgoth's lieutenant in his [[Wars of Beleriand]]. From his base of [[Tol-in-Gaurhoth]], Sauron was directly responsible for the death of [[Barahir]] and later the [[Noldor]]in king [[Finrod]] during the [[Quest for the Silmaril]]. He demonstrated the ability to take the form of a wolf, a serpent, and a vampire.

After the downfall of his master, he continually strove to conquer [[Middle-earth]] throughout the [[Second Age|Second]] and [[Third Age|Third]] Ages. In the Second Age, under the guise of '''Annatar''', he deceived the [[Elves]] of [[Eregion]], who under his guidance had created the [[Rings of Power]], whilst he secretly forged [[the One Ring]] in [[Mount Doom]]. Thus Sauron became "'''[[Lord of the Ring|The Lord of the Rings]]'''". His influence corrupted the [[Númenóreans]] - leading to the destruction of [[Númenor]] - which led to [[Elendil]] founding the Realms in Exile of [[Arnor]] and [[Gondor]]. Elves and [[Númenóreans]] formed the [[Last Alliance]] and, in {{SA|3441}}, Elendil and Elven [[High King of the Noldor|High King]] [[Gil-galad]] died destroying Sauron's body. Following Sauron's defeat, Elendil's son [[Isildur]] took the One Ring.

In the Third Age, Sauron returned to Middle-earth and, as the '''Necromancer''', took the hill of [[Amon Lanc]] as his fortress of [[Dol Guldur]]; his chief servant, the [[Witch-king]], formed the realm of [[Angmar]] in the north of [[Eriador]]. Following an attack by the [[White Council]] in {{TA|2941}}, Sauron returned to his fortress of [[Barad-dûr]] in [[Mordor]]. By {{TA|3018}} [[Frodo Baggins]] was in possession of the Ring, and he was led by [[Gandalf]] as a member of the [[Fellowship of the Ring]] in the [[Quest of the Ring]]. Whilst Sauron waged the [[War of the Ring]] against the [[Free peoples]] of Middle-earth, Frodo Baggins, [[Samwise Gamgee]] and now [[Gollum]] (who had lost the Ring to Frodo's uncle [[Bilbo Baggins|Bilbo]]) reached Mount Doom. On [[25 March]] {{TA|3019}}, they reached Mount Doom and the Ring was destroyed. The breaking of the Ring caused Sauron's ultimate destruction and resulted in the start of the [[Fourth Age]] and the [[Dominion of Men]].

==History==
===Origin===
[[File:Maureval - Mairon.jpg|thumb|left|Maureval - ''Mairon'']]
As one of the [[Maiar]], Sauron was created by [[Ilúvatar]] before the [[Music of the Ainur]].<ref name="Ainu">{{S|Ainu}}</ref> At the beginning of Time, he was amongst the [[Ainur]] who entered into [[Eä]].<ref name="SVala">{{S|Vala}}</ref> Here he became one of the Maiar of [[Aulë]],<ref name="SVala"/> and was known as '''''Mairon'''''.<ref name="PE17.1">{{PE|17}}, p. 183</ref> However, he was soon ensnared by [[Morgoth|Melkor]] and became his greatest and most trusted servant.<ref name="SRings">{{S|Rings}}</ref> Thus he came to be known as '''''Gorthaur''''' by the [[Sindar]] of [[Beleriand]] and '''''Sauron''''' by others.<ref name="SIndex">{{S|Index}}</ref>

===Years of the Trees===
After [[Morgoth|Melkor]] made his great fortress of [[Angband]] in the north-west of [[Middle-earth]], he appointed Sauron to be its commander.<ref name="SCaptivity">{{S|Captivity}}</ref> When the [[Valar]] captured Melkor at the [[Siege of Utumno]], they stormed and searched Utumno and Angband; they, however, failed to find Sauron.<ref name="SCaptivity"/>

===First Age===
{{Blockquote|Sauron was become now a sorcerer of dreadful power, master of shadows and of phantoms, foul in wisdom, cruel in strength, misshaping what he touched, twisting what he ruled, lord of werewolves; his dominion was torment.|[[J.R.R. Tolkien]]<ref name="SFingolfin">{{S|Fingolfin}}</ref>}}
With the unchaining of Morgoth and his subsequent destruction of the [[Two Trees|Two Trees of Valinor]], the [[Sun]] first rose and ushered in the awakening of [[Men]]. Leaving Sauron in command of the war, Morgoth left Angband in secret to find the second-born kindred of the [[Children of Ilúvatar]] and to corrupt them to his will.<ref name="SWest">{{S|West}}</ref>

After the fall of [[Fingolfin]], Sauron launched an attack on [[Tol Sirion]]. Utter fear descended upon [[Orodreth]] and those who defended the isle. Sauron assailed [[Minas Tirith (Beleriand)|Minas Tirith]] and turned it into a watch tower for Morgoth. Therein Sauron sat and Tol Sirion the fair became [[Tol-in-Gaurhoth]], the Isle of Werewolves.<ref name="SFingolfin"/>

Upon hearing of the deeds of [[Barahir]] and his companions, Morgoth ordered Sauron to find and kill them. [[Gorlim]], one of Barahir's companions, was captured and brought before Sauron. There Sauron promised that he would he would free Gorlim and his wife [[Eilinel]] in return for information. Under the terror of Sauron's eyes, Gorlim revealed everything he knew and thus the hiding place of Barahir was betrayed to the enemy. Subsequently, Sauron revealed Eilinel was dead and had Gorlim put to death.<ref name="Beren">{{S|Beren}}</ref>

[[Beren]], son of [[Barahir]], promised to avenge his father's death. He wandered [[Dorthonion]] as an outlaw and achieved great deeds that were heard far and wide. Thus Morgoth set a high price on his head and Sauron, commanding a great army of [[werewolves]] and [[fell beasts]], sought for Beren.<ref name="Beren"/>

Later, [[Finrod|Finrod Felagund]], Beren, and their ten companions left [[Nargothrond]] in search of the [[Silmarils]]. Despite being disguised as Orcs, Sauron espied them as they entered into the vale between [[Ered Wethrin]] and [[Taur-nu-Fuin (Dorthonion)|Taur-nu-Fuin]] and was suspicious as Orcs passing were supposed to report to him. He had them captured and they were brought to him. There Finrod and Sauron fought in songs of power; the strength of both was great, but Sauron was more powerful. He then stripped them of their Orc disguise but failed to discern who they were. He had them thrown into a dark pit where one by one they were devoured by a werewolf. Withstanding this horror, they refused to betray one another.<ref name="Beren"/>

[[File:Ted Nasmith - Huan Subdues Sauron.jpg|thumb|right|[[Ted Nasmith]] - ''Huan Subdues Sauron'']]
When all of their companions were dead, Finrod and Beren were the last who remained alive in Sauron's pit. When a werewolf went to attack Beren, Finrod Felegund used all his power to defeat it. In this he was successful. However, he was critically wounded and soon passed away. In that dark moment, [[Lúthien]] came to the bridge of [[Tol-in-Gaurhoth]] and sang. From his tower of Minas Tirith, Sauron saw Lúthien and knew that it was the famous daughter of [[Melian]] and [[Thingol]]. He desired to capture her and hand her over to Morgoth. Therefore he sent a wolf to the bridge, but it was quickly and silently slain by [[Huan]]. He sent many more and each one Huan killed. Finally, he sent [[Draugluin]], sire of the werewolves of Angband. The fight between Huan and Draugluin was fierce. Eventually Draugluin fled and, before dying, he told his master that Huan was there. Therefore Sauron took the form of a werewolf, the greatest the world had ever seen, and went towards the bridge. He leaped to attack Lúthien, but she drew her magic veil over his eyes, then Huan sprang upon Sauron and there they fought. The force of Sauron's malice alone left Lúthien weak and nigh-unconscious, but he could not subdue the hound of [[Valinor]], even when he took the form of a serpent and finally his own shape. He yielded to Lúthien, giving her control of the isle in return for his release. He then took the form of a vampire and fled to [[Taur-nu-Fuin (Dorthonion)|Taur-nu-Fuin]], filling the forest with horror.<ref name="Beren"/>

After the [[War of Wrath]], with the downfall of [[Morgoth]] and the destruction of [[Thangorodrim]], Sauron adopted a fair form and repented his evil deeds in fear of the wrath of the Valar. [[Eönwë]] then ordered Sauron to return to [[Valinor]] in order to receive the judgement of Manwë. Sauron was not willing to suffer such humiliation and so he fled and hid himself in [[Middle-earth]].<ref name="SRings"/>

===Second Age===
[[File:Angel Falto - Annatar.jpg|thumb|left|Angel Falto - ''Annatar'']]

Although Sauron long knew that [[Men]] were easier to sway, he sought to bring the [[Elves]] into his service, as they were far more powerful. So after about a thousand years after the [[War of Wrath]], Sauron decided that the [[Valar]] had forgotten about [[Middle-earth]] and he once again turned to evil.<ref name="silm-rop">{{S|Rings}}</ref>

After lying hidden and increasing his power in secret, Sauron put on a fair visage, calling himself '''Annatar''', the Lord of Gifts, and in {{SA|1200}} he befriended the [[Elvish]] smiths of Eregion, counselling them in arts and magic.<ref name="lotr-toy">{{App|B}}</ref> He was never welcome in [[Lindon]] as [[Elrond]] and [[Gil-galad]] did not trust him and refused to treat with him (which included [[Galadriel]] too), although they never realised who he truly was. Elsewhere he was gladly received, especially in [[Eregion]] where the [[Elvish]] smiths learned much from him as their thirst for knowledge was great.<ref name="lotr-coe">{{FR|Council}}</ref>

Under Sauron's tutelage the [[Gwaith-i-Mírdain]], under the leadership of Celebrimbor, grandson of [[Fëanor]], became more skilled than anyone else, save for Fëanor himself. In the year {{SA|1500}}, when they reached the very height of their power, the Elves began the forging of the [[Rings of Power]], but Sauron knew all their secrets and in {{SA|1600}} - ten years after the completion of the Rings of Power - Sauron created [[The One Ring]] to control the bearers of the other Rings.<ref name="lotr-toy" /> For this he invested most of his own power into the Ring as he forged it.

But the Elves were not so easily ensnared, and as soon as Sauron put on the One Ring they and Celebrimbor were aware of him, and realised they were betrayed.<ref name="lotr-coe" /> They hid their Rings from Sauron and did not use them. Sauron demanded that the other Rings be given to him, for they would not have been made without his knowledge. The Elves refused, and the War was inevitable.<ref name="silm-rop" />

In this time Sauron became known as the [[Dark Lord]] of [[Mordor]]. He raised [[Barad-dûr]], the Dark Tower, near Mount Doom; constructed the [[Black Gate]] of Mordor to prevent invasion; and raised massive armies of [[Orcs]], [[Trolls]], and Men, chiefly [[Easterlings]] and [[Southrons]].
[[File:Ted Nasmith - The Forging of the One.jpg|thumb|[[Ted Nasmith]] - ''The Forging of the One'']]
Sauron's power reached its zenith 700 years after Mordor's creation, in the 17th century of the Second Age.

The [[War of the Elves and Sauron]] was a bloody conflict which destroyed Eregion and devastated much of Eriador. Celebrimbor was slain and his body impaled on a spike paraded at the head of Sauron's legions. The Elves were pushed back almost to the Blue Mountains, while their Dwarf allies (who had also rejected Sauron) retreated behind the walls of [[Moria]] where Sauron could not assail them. Sauron was master of almost all of Middle-earth beyond the coasts, but the [[Númenóreans]], the powerful Men descended from the line of Beren and Lúthien, who lived on the island of Númenor in the sea between Middle-earth and Valinor, responded to the Elves' call for aid and sent a relief force. The combined armies rallied and were able to defeat Sauron's armies in Eriador after heavy fighting, and the Dark Lord fled back to Mordor with little more than his own bodyguard and a handful of orcs.

As the Elves had failed him, he had decided to distribute the Rings of Power to Men and Dwarves. The Dwarves also failed him, as they proved too hardy and resistant to their corruptive power; however the nine Men were corrupted and eventually faded, being turned into the [[Nazgûl]] (Ringwraiths), his chief servants.

Nonetheless, while Sauron's subsequent power never quite matched the height it had during the War with the elves, many of his most powerful enemies' homelands had been devastated. ''Relative'' to his enemies, Sauron's empire was actually in a stronger position than it used to be. His empire continued to expand to dominate barbarian Men to the far south and east. Throughout this, Sauron remained faithful in his old allegiance, building temples to the worship of Morgoth, where human sacrifice was practiced. Because of this, towards the end of the Second Age, Sauron assumed the titles of '''Lord of the Earth''' and '''King of Men'''.
[[File:Phobs - Akallabȇth - the Fall of Númenor.png|thumb|left|Sauron in ''Akallabȇth - the Fall of Númenor'' by Phobs]]
This offended the arrogant [[Númenóreans]] who had already started to fall under the [[Shadow]]. The proud Númenóreans came to Middle-earth with great force of arms, and Sauron's forces fled. Realizing he could not defeat the Numenoreans with military strength, Sauron allowed himself to be taken as a hostage to Númenor by King [[Ar-Pharazôn]]. There, he quickly grew from captive to advisor and was known as '''Tar-Mairon'''; he converted many Númenóreans to the worship of Morgoth, becoming High Priest of the [[Cult of Melkor]]. He had the [[White Tree]] cut down and in its place raised a great temple in which he performed human sacrifices, persecuting those who were still [[Faithful]]. Finally, he convinced the king to rebel against the Valar and attack Valinor itself, claiming they would gain immortality. [[Ilúvatar|Eru]], the supreme god, then directly intervened: Númenor was drowned under the sea, and the great navy of Númenor was destroyed.

Sauron was on Númenor in the Temple of Melkor and was caught in the ensuing [[Drowning of Númenor|flood]]. However his spirit survived, although severely weakened by the destruction, and (presumably carrying the One Ring) fled back to Middle-earth.

Sauron's spirit returned to Mordor, where he slowly rebuilt his strength during the time known as the [[Dark Years]], and he was unable to assume a fair shape. From this point on he started to rule through terror and force

Meanwhile, a few faithful Númenóreans, led by [[Elendil]], were saved from the flood, and they founded [[Gondor]] and [[Arnor]] in Middle-earth. Sauron still considered them his hated enemies and he launched a pre-emptive attack on Gondor in {{SA|3429}}. These Men, led by Elendil and his sons, formed the [[Last Alliance of Elves and Men|Last Alliance]] with the Elves of [[Lindon]] under the Elven-king [[Gil-galad]], and together they fought Sauron in the [[War of the Last Alliance]]. The Alliance advanced against Mordor and defeated Sauron's forces in the [[Battle of Dagorlad]] and finally laid siege before [[Barad-dûr]].
[[File:Abe Papakhian - I Behold (colour).jpg|thumb|"I beheld the last combat on the slopes of mount Orodruin"]]
The siege lasted for seven years until {{SA|3441}}, when Sauron left his fortress engaging in direct combat. Elendil and Gil-galad fought Sauron and vanquished him, but both were killed. [[Isildur]], son of Elendil, cut the One Ring from Sauron's finger and claimed it. Later, the Ring betrayed him and was lost for more than two thousand years. After his defeat in the War of the Last Alliance, Sauron had lost his ability to form a physical body for a great while.

===Third Age===
====Sauron's Return====

[[File:J.R.R. Tolkien - Sauron.jpg|thumb|left|[[J.R.R. Tolkien]] - ''Sauron'' (unfinished sketch)]]
It is thought that he fled to the far east to regain his power and strength before returning. It was not until c. {{TA|1000}} that Sauron could again begin to take shape and in {{TA|1050|n}} his power was enough that he began again to throw a shadow across portions of [[Middle-earth]]. Around this time he first began to inhabit southern [[Mirkwood|Greenwood the Great]], choosing the hill of [[Amon Lanc]] as a place to build the fortress of [[Dol Guldur]]. At first, the wise thought that it was one of the [[Nazgûl]] who had returned and taken up residence in southern Greenwood, but when [[Gandalf]] entered the fortress in {{TA|2063|n}} the power in Dol Guldur fled before him into the East thus beginning the [[Watchful Peace]].

====The Watchful Peace====

Sauron returned from the east in {{TA|2460|n}} and again took up residence in [[Dol Guldur]]. Eventually, after many hundreds of years of pressing the [[White Council]] to take action against the Necromancer, [[Gandalf]] entered Dol Guldur in secret in {{TA|2850|n}} and learned that the Necromancer was Sauron. He had captured the Dwarf King [[Thráin|Thráin II]] and taken [[Ring of Thrór|one]] of the [[Seven Rings|Seven Dwarf rings]] from him. In {{TA|2851|n}}, the White Council were informed of this, and [[Gandalf]] urged an immediate attack upon the fortress, but [[Saruman|Saruman the White]] opposed him, having already learned of the presence of the [[The One Ring|Ruling Ring]] near the [[Gladden Fields]].

It was not until 90 years later, in {{TA|2941|n}} that Gandalf finally prevailed upon the [[White Council]] to attack Dol Guldur and drive Sauron out (see ''[[Attack on Dol Guldur]]''). At this point, Sauron returned to [[Mordor]] and finished reconstructing [[Barad-dûr]], which had been prepared for him by the [[Nazgûl]] for many years prior to this.

====The War of the Ring====
[[File:Ted Nasmith - The Shadow of Sauron.jpg|thumb|220px|left|[[Ted Nasmith]] - ''The Shadow of Sauron'']]
Sauron bred immense armies of Orcs and allied with or enslaved Men from the east and south. He adopted the symbol of a lidless eye, and he was able at that time to send out his will over Middle-earth, so that the [[Eye of Sauron]] was a symbol of power and fear.

After torturing [[Gollum]], he learned that the One Ring had been found by [[Bilbo Baggins]]. He sent his deadliest servants, the [[Nazgûl]], to [[the Shire]], only to find that both Bilbo and his nephew, [[Frodo Baggins|Frodo]], had departed. Unbeknownst to Sauron, Frodo had, at the behest of Gandalf, joined the [[Fellowship of the Ring]] on a quest to destroy the Ring. He rallied his vast armies to conquer the resistance's strongholds, and sent the Ringwraiths to find and kill Frodo. At about this time, he also learned that [[Aragorn]], Isildur's heir, had also joined the Fellowship, and was rallying armies to defeat his.

When Saruman's army was defeated at [[Isengard]], Pippin looked into the Palantir of [[Orthanc]] and saw Sauron, who thought the Hobbit was a prisoner of Saruman. Later [[Aragorn]] used the Palantir to reveal himself to Sauron. Sauron made the premature conclusion that Aragorn had the Ring, and sent an army commanded by his strongest servant, the Witch-King of Angmar, to overthrow [[Minas Tirith]]. This battle would become known as the [[Battle of the Pelennor Fields]].

Although Sauron lost the Battle of Pelennor Fields, the free forces of the West were greatly weakened, and Sauron still had sufficent armies in reserve to ensure military victory. He was outwitted, however, by the strategy of Gandalf, who urged the captains of the [[Free peoples]] to march against Sauron, thus diverting the Dark Lord's eye from the real threat of Frodo, the Ring Bearer, who was nearing the end of his quest to destroy the One Ring.

Frodo, however, failed at the last moment, unable to resist the power of the Ring at the place of its birth. Sauron saw Frodo as he put on the ring and, realising he had been tricked, sent the Nazgul to Mount Doom. But Gollum inadvertently saved Frodo by recovering the Ring in a desperate attempt to possess it, and then falling with it into the fire. Thus Sauron's power was unmade, and his corporeal power in Middle-earth came to an end. His spirit towered above Mordor like a black cloud, but was blown away by a [[Manwë|powerful wind]] from the [[Aman|West]]. Sauron was now permanently crippled, never to rise again, following his ancient lord Morgoth into the Void. <ref name="SVala"/> Saruman would suffer a similar fate.

==Appearance==
===Physical Form===
At first Sauron appeared as a royal and commanding figure in a strong body. He was also able to veil his power. Later however he could take only a terrible form, of a stature slightly greater than a [[Men|Man]]'s.<ref>{{L|246}}</ref>

===Eye of Sauron===
The '''Eye of Sauron''', called by many various names, was the symbol of [[Sauron]] the Dark Lord following the loss of [[the One Ring]]. This symbol was adopted to show his unceasing vigilance and piercing perception, and was displayed on the weaponry of his servants, or at least the [[orcs]].

====Portrayal in adaptations====
'''1995-8: ''[[Middle-earth Collectible Card Game]]'':'''
:The card "[http://www.tradecardsonline.com/im/selectCard/card_id/53227/cards_lang/1 Eye of Sauron]" appeared in ''[[Middle-earth: The Wizards|The Wizards]]'' (the first set for the game), used as to improve the prowess of each automatic-attack against other players. "[http://www.tradecardsonline.com/im/selectCard/card_id/54002/cards_lang/1 The Lidless Eye]" appeared in the set [[Middle-earth: The Lidless Eye|''The Lidless Eye'']], and can be used by players to enhance their general influence.<ref>{{webcite|author=|articleurl=http://www.tradecardsonline.com/im/selectCard/game_id/20/goal/|articlename=Home page for the game Middle Earth|dated=|website=[http://www.tradecardsonline.com/ Trade Cards Online]|accessed=5 January 2012}}</ref>

'''2001-2003: [[The Lord of the Rings (film series)|''The Lord of the Rings'' (film series)]]:'''

:In [[Peter Jackson]]'s film adaptation, the Eye featured as a physical, living object between the pinnacles of [[Barad-dûr]]. It also literally searched the lands with a red light like a spotlight, and in the film the light could be seen constantly sweeping the lands. It was quenched when [[the One Ring]] was cast into [[Orodruin]].

'''2012-2014: [[The Hobbit (film series)|''The Hobbit'' (film series)]]:'''

:In The Desolation of Smaug, the second installment of The Hobbit trilogy, the Eye of Sauron is shown, in which the pupil slowly becomes Sauron's shape as we have seen it in The Lord of the Rings (movies). Once we zoom into the Eye, we go through the pupil and see the Eye again, as an endless circle of the Void, portraying the 'window into nothing' out of Tolkien's description.

==Etymology==
{{Transcribed|Tengwar Sauron (Quenya mode).png|Sauron|Tengwar, Quenya mode}}
{{pronounce|Quenya - Sauron.mp3|Gilgamesh}}
{{Pronounce|Annatar.mp3|Ardamir}}
{{pronounce|Sindarin - Gorthaur.mp3|Gilgamesh}}
{{pronounce|Quenya - Mairon.mp3|Gilgamesh}}
'''''Sauron''''' (pron. {{IPA|[ˈsaʊron]}})<ref group=note>''Sauron'' is pronounced "sour-on" (''sour'' as in not sweet).</ref> is a [[Quenya]] name, said to mean "the Abhorred".<ref>{{S|Index}}</ref>

Several accounts of the origin of the name ''Sauron'' were suggested in different linguistic manuscripts:
*deriving from Quenya ''[[saura]]'' ("foul, evil-smelling, putrid", from the [[Sundocarme|root]] [[THUS#Other versions|THUS]]).<ref>{{LR|Etymologies}}, p. 393 (entry THUS-)</ref>
*deriving from Quenya ''[[saura]]'' ("foul, vile"; from root [[SAWA]]). The manuscript continues saying that ''Sauron'' "could be a genuine [[Sindarin]] formation from ''[[saur]]''; but is probably from Quenya". However, this origin appears to have been rejected, as it is followed by the comment "No. [[THAW|THAW-]], cruel. ''[[Saura]]'', cruel" in the manuscript.<ref>{{PE|17}}, pp. 183-4</ref>
*deriving from the [[Primitive Quendian]] form ''Øaurond-'' (formed from the adjective ''Øaurā'' "detestable", from root [[THAW]]).<ref>{{L|297}}, p. 380</ref>
*deriving from '''''Thauron''''', which includes the [[Sindarin]] element ''[[thaur]]'' ("abominable, abhorrent"; also found in [[Sauron#Other names and titles|''Gor'''thaur''''']]).<ref>{{S|Appendix}} (entry for ''thaur'')</ref>

==Other names and titles==
{{pronounce|Sindarin - Gorthaur.mp3|Gilgamesh}}
'''''Gorthaur''''' ([[Sindarin]], pron. {{IPA|[ˈɡorθaʊr]}}) was a name used of Sauron by the [[Sindar]] during the [[First Age]],<ref>{{S|18}}</ref><ref>{{WJ|15}}, p. 240</ref> meaning "Terrible Dread".

In some of Tolkien's notes from the 1950s, it is said that Sauron's original name was '''''Mairon''''', "the admirable" ([[Quenya|Q]], pron. {{IPA|[ˈmaɪron]}}), "but this was altered after he was suborned by Melkor. But he continued to call himself Mairon the Admirable, or Tar-mairon 'King Excellent', until after Númenor's downfall."<ref name="PE17.1"/>

Among his many titles were the '''[[Necromancer]]''', '''the Abhorred Dread''', the '''Nameless Enemy''', the '''Cruel''',<ref>{{S|IId}}</ref> the '''Dark Lord of Mordor''' and the '''Lord of the Rings'''. The Dúnedain called him '''Sauron the Deceiver''' due to his role in the downfall of Númenor and the Forging of the Rings of Power.

In the earlier Legendarium, Thû was a name for Sauron used by Tolkien in some of earlier periods, particularly the Lay of Leithian<ref>{{LB|3|C7}}</ref>, where Thû replaced Tevildo the Cat<ref>{{LT2|I}}</ref>.

== Other versions of the Legendarium ==
Prior to the publication of ''The Silmarillion'' Sauron's origins and true identity were unclear to those without full access to Tolkien's notes. In early editions of the ''[[The Complete Guide to Middle-earth|Guide to Middle Earth]]'', Sauron is described as "probably of the Eldar elves."

Since the earliest versions of the ''Silmarillion'' legendarium as detailed in [[the History of Middle-earth]] series, Sauron has undergone many changes. The prototype of this character was '''[[Tevildo]]''', lord of the cats, who played the role later taken by Sauron in the earliest version of the story of [[Beren]] and [[Lúthien]] in ''[[The Book of Lost Tales Part Two]]'', '''[[The Tale of Tinúviel]]'''. Tevildo later (but still in the ''Book of Lost Tales'' period) was transformed into '''[[Thû]]''', the Necromancer. The name was then changed to '''Gorthû''', '''Sûr''', and finally to Sauron. ''Gorthû'', in the form ''Gorthaur'' remained in ''The Silmarillion''.

===The Necromancer===
In ''[[The Hobbit]]'' the Necromancer is an obscure villainous entity mentioned fleetingly by [[Gandalf]] as one of the dangers of the wider world. He is peripheral to the plot of the book: explaining why the company takes the dangerous road though Mirkwood rather than going around, and providing a reason for Gandalf's absence for that section of the journey. Thematically the Necromancer, a truly 'terrible' force beyond the power of the main protagonists, gives the world of ''The Hobbit'' a greater level of reality which Tolkien felt was necessary for a 'fairy-tale' to ring true.<ref name="Letter17">{{L|17}}</ref>

Despite the alias it would appear that the Necromancer was always intended to stand for [[Sauron]], a figure from the very earliest phases of his [[Legendarium]] (as [[Tevildo]] in ''[[The Tale of Tinúviel]]''). Shortly after the publication of ''The Hobbit'' Tolkien wrote:
{{blockquote|Mr Baggins began as a comic tale among conventional and inconsistent Grimm's fairy-tale dwarves, and got drawn into the edge of it – so that even Sauron the terrible peeped over the edge.|[[J.R.R. Tolkien]]<ref name="Letter19">{{L|19}}</ref>}}

However, as ''The Hobbit'' was not originally intended to be integrated with Tolkien's wider mythology the Necromancer did not necessarily need to be consistent with his [[First Age]] counterpart Sauron, rather the two were loosely linked to add an 'impression of depth' to the narrative of ''The Hobbit''. With Tolkien's decision to merge the two 'worlds' and make Sauron the central antagonist ''[[Lord of the Rings]]'' came the need to reconcile the two figures and account for his whereabouts in the millennia between the end of the First Age and his dwelling in Bilbo's Mirkwood. This was largely achieved in the ''[[Appendix B|Tale of Years]]'', with Sauron becoming a much greater figure after the fall of his master, one who arguably drove the history of the entire Second and Third Ages of Middle-earth.

==Portrayal in adaptations==
{{Gallery
|title=Sauron in Adaptations
|width=160
|height=160
|lines=3
|File:The Lord of the Rings (1978 film) - Prologue.jpg|Sauron in [[The Lord of the Rings (1978 film)|''The Lord of the Rings'' (1978 film)]]
|File:LOTR-vol2-Sauron1.png|Sauron in ''[[J.R.R. Tolkien's The Lord of the Rings, Vol. II: The Two Towers]]''
|File:The Lord of the Rings - The Motion Picture Trilogy - Sauron.jpg|Sauron ''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring]]''
|File:The Eye Of Sauron.jpg|Eye of Sauron in ''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Two Towers]]''
|File:Necromancer.jpg|The Necromancer in the ''[[Lord of the Rings Strategy Battle Game]]''
|File:Lord of the Rings The Third Age - Eye of Sauron.png|Eye of Sauron in ''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Third Age]]''
|File:The Lord of the Rings Online Shadows of Angmar - Eye of Sauron.png|Eye of Sauron in ''[[The Lord of the Rings Online: Shadows of Angmar]]''
|File:The Lord of the Rings Online Shadows of Angmar - Annatar.png|[[Annatar|Antheron]] in ''[[The Lord of the Rings Online: Shadows of Angmar]]''
|File:The Lord of the Rings Conquest - Sauron1.png|Sauron in ''[[The Lord of the Rings: Conquest]]''
|File:Guardians of Middle-earth - Sauron.png|Sauron in ''[[Guardians of Middle-earth]]''
|File:The Hobbit - An Unexpected Journey - Necromancer.jpg|The Necromancer in ''[[The Hobbit: An Unexpected Journey]]''
}}
===Films===
'''1978: [[The Lord of the Rings (1978 film)|''The Lord of the Rings'' (1978 film)]]:'''
: Sauron is briefly shown in the prologue sequence as a shadowy figure in a horned helmet.

'''1981: [[The Lord of the Rings (1981 radio series)|''The Lord of the Rings'' (1981 radio series)]]:'''

'''2001-03: [[The Lord of the Rings (film series)|''The Lord of the Rings'' (film series)]]:'''
:Sauron is played by [[Sala Baker]] and voiced by the late [[Alan Howard]]. In these films, he is depicted as a tall armored warlord wielding a huge mace (similar to how his master [[Morgoth]] is described in ''[[The Silmarillion]]''). In the first film, he is depicted killing [[Gil-galad]] (offscreen) and then [[Elendil]] before being defeated by [[Isildur]] using his father's [[Narsil|broken sword]] to cut off the finger wearing [[the One Ring]], as well as three others on the same hand. This strangely causes his body to explode, producing a shockwave that knocks everyone on the battlefield off their feet.

:Later on, [[Saruman]] implies to [[Gandalf]] that Sauron was unable to retain his physical form and that the Eye was his astral form, a detail which is never brought up in the novel. It is unknown if Saruman was truthful with this statement, or if he was either misinformed or lying (since he was already plotting to ally with Sauron at that point).

'''2002: [[The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring (video game)|''The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring'' (video game)]]:'''

'''2002: [[The Lord of the Rings: The Two Towers (video game)|''The Lord of the Rings: The Two Towers'' (video game)]]:'''

'''2003: [[The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King (video game)|''The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King'' (video game)]]:'''

'''2012-14: [[The Hobbit (film series)|''The Hobbit'' (film series)]]:'''
: Sauron is played and voiced by [[Benedict Cumberbatch]], under his assumed identity as the Necromancer. In these films, it is stated that the White Council does not discover he is Sauron until much later, during the events of these films, previously believing him to be a human with skills in magic. In these films, Sauron initially appears as a shadowy figure before assuming his armored form from the previous films and projects the Eye of Sauron around his body.

===Radio series===
'''1955: [[The Lord of the Rings (1955 radio series)|''The Lord of the Rings'' (1955 radio series)]]:'''
:The voice of Sauron is provided by [[Felix Felton]].<ref name="RT1724">Radio Times, Volume 133, No. 1724, [[23 November|November 23]], [[1956]]</ref>

'''1968: [[The Hobbit (1968 radio series)|''The Hobbit'' (1968 radio series)]]:'''
:Sauron is mentioned only very briefly at the end; [[Gandalf]] and [[Elrond]] discuss how the "Necromancer" had been driven from his abode in the south of [[Mirkwood]].

'''1979: [[The Hobbit (1979 radio series)|''The Hobbit'' (1979 radio series)]]:'''

'''1979: [[The Lord of the Rings (1979 radio series)|''The Lord of the Rings'' (1979 radio series)]]:'''

===Video games===
'''1985: ''[[Lord of the Rings: Game One]]'':'''

'''1988: ''[[J.R.R. Tolkien's War in Middle Earth]]''

'''1990: [[J.R.R. Tolkien's The Lord of the Rings, Vol. I (1990 video game)|''J.R.R. Tolkien's The Lord of the Rings, Vol. I'' (1990 video game)]]:'''
:Sauron is mentioned by [[Gandalf]] in the beginning of the game.

'''1993: ''[[J.R.R. Tolkien's The Lord of the Rings, Vol. II: The Two Towers]]'':'''
:Sauron is mentioned in the beginning of the game, when [[Gandalf]] explains the history of [[the One Ring]].

'''2003: ''[[The Lord of the Rings: War of the Ring]]'':'''

'''2003: [[The Hobbit (2003 video game)|''The Hobbit'' (2003 video game)]]:'''
:Sauron and the events of the south of Mirkwood are left unmentioned. However, whilst in Mirkwood, [[Bilbo Baggins|Bilbo]] has to defeat creatures that he calls "Minions of the Necromancer".

'''2004: ''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Third Age]]'':'''
:At the end of the game, Berethor and company (the playable characters) have to defeat the eye of Sauron by physically attacking him on top of [[Barad-dûr]].

'''2004: ''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Battle for Middle-earth]]'':'''

'''2005: ''[[The Lord of the Rings: Tactics]]'':'''

'''2006: ''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Battle for Middle-earth II]]'':'''

'''2007: ''[[The Lord of the Rings Online: Shadows of Angmar]]'':'''

'''2008: ''[[The Lord of the Rings Online: Mines of Moria]]'':'''

'''2009: ''[[The Lord of the Rings: Conquest]]'':'''

'''2010: ''[[The Lord of the Rings: Aragorn's Quest]]'':'''

'''2011: ''[[The Lord of the Rings: War in the North]]'''''

'''2012: ''[[Guardians of Middle-earth]]'':'''
:Sauron is a "guardian".<ref name="Trailer">{{webcite|author=|articleurl=http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=caYW7d-8MIY&feature=player_embedded|articlename=''Guardians of Middle-earth'': First Official Gameplay Trailer|dated=29 June 2012|website=YT|accessed=16 July 2012}}</ref>

'''2014: ''[[Middle-earth: Shadow of Mordor]]'''''

===Others===
'''1982-97: ''[[Middle-earth Role Playing]]'':'''
:Sauron is treated as a Mage of level 180 (level 360 if using the One Ring). Among his items are the Elf-slaying Black Sword (S. ''Mormegil''), the Gauntlet of Slaying ("Narsil's Bane"), and the Black Scale of dragonskin. Among his special powers are Domination (control over other players using the One Eye), resistance to normal weapons, and the ability to force anyone within his sight to resist fear (or otherwise becoming frozen).<ref>{{ICE|8002}}, pp. 98-102</ref><ref>{{ICE|2006}}, pp. 97-105</ref>

'''1995-8: ''[[Middle-earth Collectible Card Game]]'':'''
:The card "[http://www.tradecardsonline.com/im/selectCard/card_id/54534/cards_lang/1 Sauron]", appearing in the set ''[[Middle-earth: The Balrog|The Balrog]]'', is playable as a manifestation of the card "[http://www.tradecardsonline.com/im/selectCard/card_id/54002/cards_lang/1 The Lidless Eye]" (from the set [[Middle-earth: The Lidless Eye|''The Lidless Eye'']]), and can be used by players to enhance their general influence.<ref>{{webcite|author=|articleurl=http://www.tradecardsonline.com/im/selectCard/game_id/20/goal/|articlename=Home page for the game Middle Earth|dated=|website=[http://www.tradecardsonline.com/ Trade Cards Online]|accessed=5 January 2012}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[:Category:Images of Sauron|Images of Sauron]]

==External links==
*[http://folk.uib.no/hnohf/sauronname.htm A Name for the Dark Lord] by [[Helge Fauskanger]]

{{references|note}}

{{seq-start}}
{{seq-head
| race=evil
| house=[[Maia]]
| died=[[25 March]] {{TA|3019}}
}}
{{seq
| pvac=None
| prev=Ring created
| list=[[Ring-bearer]]
| dates=c. {{SA|1600}} – {{SA|3441|n}}
| next=[[Isildur]]
}}
{{seq-end}}

{{Ainur}}
[[Category:Characters in The Lord of the Rings]]
[[Category:Characters in The Silmarillion]]
[[Category:First Age characters]]
[[Category:Second Age characters]]
[[Category:Third Age characters]]
[[Category:Maiar]]
[[Category:Quenya names]]
[[Category:Ring-bearers]]
[[Category:Servants of Melkor]]
[[de:Sauron]]
[[fa:سائورون]]
[[fi:Sauron]]
[[fr:encyclo/personnages/ainur/maiar/sauron]]

Eye of Sauron

2016-02-18T04:06:25Z

Ar-Pharazôn:

{{Merge|Sauron#Appearance}}
{{quote|But suddenly the [[Mirror of Galadriel|Mirror]] went altogether dark, as dark as if a hole had been opened in the world of sight. . . In the abyss there appeared a single Eye that slowly grew, until it filled nearly all the Mirror. So terrible was it that [[Frodo Baggins|Frodo]] stood rooted, unable to cry out or to withdraw his gaze. The Eye was rimmed with fire, but was itself glazed, yellow as a cat's, watchful and intent, and the black slit of its pupil opened on a pit, a window into nothing.|[[The Mirror of Galadriel]], ''[[The Lord of the Rings]]''}}
[[File:John Howe - The Eye of Sauron 01.jpg|thumb| [[John Howe]] - ''The Eye of Sauron'']]
The '''Eye of Sauron''', called by many various names, was the symbol of [[Sauron]] the Dark Lord. This symbol was adopted to show his unceasing vigilance and piercing perception, and was displayed on the weaponry of his servants, or at least the [[orcs]].

===Portrayal in adaptations===

'''1995-8: ''[[Middle-earth Collectible Card Game]]'':'''
:The card "[http://www.tradecardsonline.com/im/selectCard/card_id/53227/cards_lang/1 Eye of Sauron]" appeared in ''[[Middle-earth: The Wizards|The Wizards]]'' (the first set for the game), used as to improve the prowess of each automatic-attack against other players. "[http://www.tradecardsonline.com/im/selectCard/card_id/54002/cards_lang/1 The Lidless Eye]" appeared in the set [[Middle-earth: The Lidless Eye|''The Lidless Eye'']], and can be used by players to enhance their general influence.<ref>{{webcite|author=|articleurl=http://www.tradecardsonline.com/im/selectCard/game_id/20/goal/|articlename=Home page for the game Middle Earth|dated=|website=[http://www.tradecardsonline.com/ Trade Cards Online]|accessed=5 January 2012}}</ref>

'''2001-2003: [[The Lord of the Rings (film series)|''The Lord of the Rings'' (film series)]]:'''

:In [[Peter Jackson]]'s film adaptation, the Eye featured as a physical, living object between the pinnacles of [[Barad-dûr]]. It also literally searched the lands with a red light like a spotlight, and in the film the light could be seen constantly sweeping the lands. It was quenched when [[the One Ring]] was cast into [[Orodruin]].

'''2012-2014: [[The Hobbit (film series)|''The Hobbit'' (film series)]]:'''

:In The Desolation of Smaug, the second installment of The Hobbit trilogy, the Eye of Sauron is shown, in which the pupil slowly becomes Sauron's shape as we have seen it in The Lord of the Rings (movies). Once we zoom into the Eye, we go through the pupil and see the Eye again, as an endless circle of the Void, portraying the 'window into nothing' out of Tolkien's description.
==See also==
* [[:Category:Images of the Eye of Sauron|Images of the Eye of Sauron]]
{{References}}
[[Category:Signs and Symbols]]