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Rivendell (disambiguation)

2024-01-31T15:28:00Z

Derp MaGerp: Added the song "Rivendell" by Rush to Adaptations/Music

'''Rivendell''' can refer to:
__NOTOC__
==Middle-earth==
*'''[[Rivendell]]''', the Elven dwelling in the [[Misty Mountains]]
*[[Lord of Rivendell]], a title of [[Elrond]]
*[[Reckoning of Rivendell]], the Calendar of Imladris
*[[Elvish Song in Rivendell]], a poem by [[J.R.R. Tolkien]]

==Adaptations==
===Games===
*''[[Rivendell: The House of Elrond]]'', a [[Middle-earth Role Playing|MERP]] supplement
*''[[Rivendell (The One Ring role-playing game)|Rivendell]], a supplement for [[The One Ring (role-playing game)]]
===Music===
*[[Rivendell (soundtrack)]], a track on ''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring - The Complete Recordings]]''
*''[[An Evening in Rivendell]]'', an album by the [[Tolkien Ensemble]]
*''[[At Dawn in Rivendell]]'', an album by the [[Tolkien Ensemble]]
*''[[Leaving Rivendell]]'', an album by the [[Tolkien Ensemble]]
*[[Rivendell (band)]], an Austrian black metal band
*Rivendell (song), a song by Canadian rock band Rush

{{disambig}}

Rivil

2023-06-17T16:13:10Z

Derp MaGerp: "Morgoth send" > "Morgoth sent"

{{location infobox
| name=Rivil
| image=
| caption=
| pronun=
| othernames=
| location=[[Dorthonion]] to the [[Fen of Serech]]
| type=Stream
| description=Lesser tributary of [[Sirion]]
| regions=
| towns=
| inhabitants=
| created=
| destroyed=
| events=Death of [[Huor]] and capture of [[Húrin]]
}}
The '''Rivil''' was a lesser tributary of the [[Sirion|Sirion River]]. Its source was [[Rivil's Well]] in the highlands of [[Dorthonion]], from which it flowed westward to meet the Sirion at the [[Fen of Serech]].<ref>{{S|Map}}</ref>

Before the [[Nirnaeth Arnoediad]] the army that [[Morgoth]] sent to draw out [[Fingon]] was drawn up before the [[Sirion]], from the inflowing of Rivil to the walls of [[Eithel Sirion]].<ref>{{S|Fifth}}</ref>

After the retreat King [[Turgon]] retreated down the [[Pass of Sirion]]. His escape was successful because [[Húrin]] and [[Huor]] formed a rearguard that used the Rivil as a defence. The host of [[Angband]] bridged the stream with the corpses of their dead. Huor was slain beside the Rivil and Húrin was captured.<ref>{{CH|2}}, p. 59</ref>

{{references}}
[[Category:Dorthonion]]
[[Category:Rivers of Beleriand]]
[[Category:Sindarin locations]]
[[Category:Streams]]
[[de:Rivil]]
[[fi:Rivil]]
[[fr:encyclo/geographie/eaux/beleriand/rivil]]

Ekkaia

2023-04-06T18:28:50Z

Derp MaGerp:

{{location infobox
| name=Ekkaia
| image=
| caption=
| pronun=
| othernames=The Encircling Sea, The Outer Sea
| location=Surrounding [[Arda]]
| type=Ocean
| description=
| regions=
| towns=
| inhabitants=[[Ulmo]]
| created=
| destroyed=
| events=
}}
'''Ekkaia''' (also called the '''Encircling Sea''', the '''Outer Sea''', or the '''Outer Ocean''') was the mighty sea that surrounded all the lands of [[Arda]], [[Middle-earth]] and [[Aman]] alike. [[Ulmo]]'s halls were within the Outer Sea.

At its distant unknown edge stood the [[Walls of Night]].<ref name=days>{{S|Days}}</ref> Beyond its edge was also a chasm, into which [[Tilion]] plunged and carried the [[Moon]] beneath the roots of [[Arda]].<ref>{{S|11}}</ref>

Its dark waters lapped the western shores of [[Valinor]],<ref name=days/> and during their time in Valinor [[Fëanor]] and [[Sons of Fëanor|his sons]] visited the shores of these waters.<ref>{{S|Princes}}</ref>

In the North, the [[Helcaraxë]] was the narrow strait between the Outer Sea and [[Belegaer]], where in the chilled waters clashed hills of ice amidst vast fogs of deathly cold.<ref>{{S|Flight}}</ref>

==Etymology==
The name ''Ekkaia'', commonly understood to be [[Quenya]],<ref name=Helge/><ref name=quick/> was not explained by [[J.R.R. Tolkien|Tolkien]].

[[Helge Fauskanger]] has tried to explain ''Ekkaia'' by deriving it from the unattested form ''et-gaya'' ("out-sea"; cf. ''[[et]]'' "out").<ref name=Helge>[[Helge Fauskanger]], "[http://folk.uib.no/hnohf/quen-eng.htm Quettaparma Quenyallo]" at [http://folk.uib.no/hnohf/ Ardalambion] (accessed 27 October 2011)</ref>

Robert Ireland links ''Ekkaia'' to the [[Sundocarme|root]] KHAYA ("far, distant"), which appears to include among its derivatives an adverb similar in form: ''ekkaira'' ("far off, far away").<ref name=quick>Robert Ireland, [http://www.quicksilver899.com/Tolkien/SILM/SILM_CE.html The Silmarillion Dictionary (C-E)] at [http://www.quicksilver899.com/Tolkien/Tolkien_Dictionary.html A Tolkien Dictionary] (accessed 27 October 2011)</ref><ref>{{LR|Etymologies}}, p. 364 (entry KHAYA-)</ref>
==Other versions of the legendarium==
Ekkaia appears first time in [[The Later Quenta Silmarillion]], replacing the earlier concept of [[Vaiya]]. In earlier works such as the ''[[Ambarkanta]]'', Vaiya is not a sea, but an exotic material that encloses the flat [[Ambar]], becoming air above it, and water below it. In the published ''[[Silmarillion]]'' Ekkaia is clearly mentioned only to be a sea. However in the cosmological models of ''[[The Atlas of Middle-earth]]'' (and fan-made maps), Ekkaia is conflated with the earlier concept of Vaiya, shown as an atmospheric layer that encloses the world.

The published ''Silmarillion'' mentions an unnamed chasm beyond Ekkaia into which the Moon plunges. [[Christopher Tolkien]] later wrote that this reference comes from a note from his father,<ref>Cf. {{AA|177}}</ref><ref>{{SM|5e}}, p.241, footnote</ref> but that he actually settled with the Chasm to lie ''before'' the Outer Sea, rather than beyond it.<ref>{{MR|P2r}}, §177, pp. 136-7</ref> This seems to be derived from the earlier concept of the [[Chasm of Ilmen]] that lies between Ambar and Vaia, but it is hard to understand it with the concept of Ekkaia as a sea.

==See also==
*[[Vaiya]]
{{references}}
[[Category:Quenya locations]]
[[Category:Seas and oceans]]

The Atlas of Middle-earth

2023-03-31T22:43:15Z

Derp MaGerp: /* Typographical errors */

{{book
|title=The Atlas of Middle-Earth
|image=[[Image:The Atlas of Middle-earth.jpg|225px]]
|author=[[Karen Wynn Fonstad]]
|publisher=[[Houghton Mifflin]]
|date=[[29 May]] [[1981]]<br/>1991 (revised edition)
|format=Paperback
|pages=210
|noisbn=0395286654 (1981 1st edition)
0395535166 (1991 revised edition)
0618126996 (2001 reprint)
}}

'''''The Atlas of Middle-earth''''' by [[Karen Wynn Fonstad]] is an atlas of various lands in [[Arda]]. It includes specific maps for ''[[The Silmarillion]]'', ''[[The Lord of the Rings]]'' and ''[[The Hobbit]]'', for which it is intended as a reading companion.

==Contents==
The maps are treated as if they are of real landscapes, and are drawn according to the same rules that a real atlas is drawn: for each area the history of the land is taken into account, as well as geography on a larger scale and from there maps are drawn. Discussion includes suggestions as to the geology that could explain various formations, and points that are contradictory between multiple accounts.

City maps and floor plans for important buildings are also included; these are very often useful for making sense of the narratives, especially in ''[[The Lord of the Rings]]''. As well, many battles such as [[Battles of Beleriand|those]] of [[Beleriand]], the [[Last Alliance]] and the [[War of the Ring]] are illustrated.

The book was published in [[1981]], but in [[1991]] a revised and updated version was published, which took information from ''[[The History of Middle-earth]]'' into account. In [[2001]], the publishers issued a reprint of the 1991 revised edition with a new cover (pictured) but identical contents.

Fonstad also made a bold attempt to fill the gaps by using early conceptual work, mainly from ''[[The Book of Lost Tales Part One]]'' and the ''[[Ambarkanta]]'', combining the later known maps with the sketches used by Tolkien to provide "world maps" of [[Arda]] in its entirety and show [[Aman]], [[Beleriand]]'s position relative to [[Eriador]], and the place of [[Númenor]] in the Sea.

It was, however, published before the final three volumes of ''[[The History of Middle-earth]]'', and thus some maps are based on [[J.R.R. Tolkien|Tolkien]]'s early works, which were revised in later writings.

==Errors and criticism==
Despite being a thoroughly researched and well-respected reference book, the ''Atlas'' is known to contain several errors. However, a number of these were corrected in the revised edition, as noted below.

===Inconsistencies with earlier publications===
*Pages 4 and 5: The [[Grey Mountains (ancient)|Grey Mountains]] are shown in western [[Haradwaith]] south of the [[Great Gulf]] rather than in the [[Dark Land|Southlands]].<ref>{{SM|5b}} p. 239</ref>
*Page 13: Nogrod is shown north of Belegost, and both south of Mount Dolmed. ''[[The Silmarillion]]'' states that Nogrod was the more southerly of the two. [[The Shaping of Middle-earth]] states that Gabilgathol (Belegost) was "north of the great height of Mount Dolmed".
*Pages 39 and 88: On both pages, [[Drúwaith Iaur]] is shown north of the [[Ered Nimrais]] and south of the [[Angren]], and on page 39 extending east below the [[Adorn]]. In the Unfinished Tales map, Drúwaith Iaur is in the narrow area between the ocean and the southern Ered Nimrais, south of the mouth of the [[Angren]].<ref>{{UT|Index}}, "Map"</ref>
*Page 71: [[Hardbottle]] is shown in the [[Southfarthing]] rather than the [[Northfarthing]].<ref name="Nomen">{{HM|N}}, p. 771</ref> Sackville, shown in the Southfarthing, is entirely invented (compare the [[Sackville Family]]).
*Page 89: [[Tarnost]] is shown as a city separate from [[Ethring]] though it may be a discarded name for the latter from early drafts.<ref>{{HM|AoL}}, p. 139</ref>
*Pages 92 and 93: [[Lithlad]] is shown in the south of [[Mordor]] rather than the northeast.
*Page 99: It is written that Bilbo gave the Arkenstone to the Elvenking and Bard on 22 November, then Dáin arrived in the early morning on 23 November. In ''The Hobbit'', [[Bilbo Baggins|Bilbo]] gave away the [[Arkenstone]] and then returned before midnight to wake up Bombur.<ref>{{H|Thief}}</ref> The next day, there was a new parley, it was revealed that the Elves and Men had the Arkenstone, and [[Thorin|Thorin]] expelled Bilbo from the [[Lonely Mountain]]. On the ''next'' morning, Dáin arrived.<ref name="Burst">{{H|Burst}}</ref> Fonstad's timeline has Dáin arrive in one day, while the text of ''The Hobbit'' has him arrive in two days. Either Dáin must have arrived on 24 November or Bilbo must have handed over the Arkenstone late on 21 November.
*Page 106: In ''The Hobbit'', the Dwarves saw a fire off in the woods. "The light was ahead of them and to the ''left'' of the path".<ref>{{H|Flies}}</ref> In Fonstad's map the dwarves left the path to the right. ''(Corrected in 2nd edition.)''
*Page 125: [[Combe]] is shown laying to the northwest of [[Staddle]] on the east side of the [[Bree-hill]], while in fact Combe should lie a little east of Staddle's location.<ref>{{FR|Sign}}</ref>

===Inconsistencies with later publications===
Both the first and second editions of the ''Atlas'' were written before the final three volumes of [[The History of Middle-earth]] were published, so at certain points it is contradicted by this later material. [[The Letters of J.R.R. Tolkien]], which was published between the first and second editions of the ''Atlas'', is not taken into account in the revision.
*Page viii: [[Middle-earth]] dominates much of the northern hemisphere of [[Arda]] [[Changing of the World|made round]], with [[Forochel]] being high in the polar regions of the world and [[Umbar]] laying more than halfway southward between the northern pole and the [[Girdle of Arda|equator]].
**In [[Letter 294]], Tolkien confirms that [[Hobbiton]] is intended to be at the latitude of [[wikipedia:Oxford|Oxford]], with [[Minas Tirith]] 600 miles south being near to the latitude of [[wikipedia:Florence|Florence]]. With this information, it is clear that Middle-earth would be hardly as large as it appears on the ''Atlas'' map of a round Arda.
*Pages 4 and 5: The [[Sea of Helcar]] is seen to cover the area of future [[Mordor]], [[Khand]], and [[Rhûn]], and the [[Sea of Rhûn]] and [[Sea of Núrnen]] are shown as its remnants.
**In ''[[The Peoples of Middle-earth]]'', there are references to the Sea of Rhûn existing in the [[First Age]], as well as the forest to its northeast and the hills to its southwest, indicating that it must be separate from the Sea of Helcar.
*Pages 38 and 39: The western shores of [[Lindon]] and the [[Ethir Anduin]] are shown to exist in the [[Second Age]] of the world as they did in the [[Third Age]].
**''The Peoples of Middle-earth'' tells that during the [[Akallabêth|Downfall of Númenor]], Lindon lost much land to the advancing shores, while the eastern and southern portions of the [[Bay of Belfalas]] retreated back, putting the city of [[Pelargir]], which had been only a few miles from the coast, much farther inland.

===Internal inconsistencies===
*Pages 12 and 53: [[Dorthonion]] and [[Himring]] are slightly above parallel J, but [[Tol Fuin]] and [[Himling]] are shown further north, above parallel I.
*Pages 38 and 41: [[Belegost]] has been moved 150 miles further south than previously shown to the middle of the southern [[Blue Mountains]].
*Pages 53, 76, and 80: On page 53, [[Rhosgobel]] is located near the border of [[Mirkwood]] well ''south'' of the [[Old Forest Road]], due east of [[Moria]]. On pages 76 and 80, Rhosgobel is still at the edge of the forest, but ''north'' of the Old Forest Road. One or the other location should have been used, not both.
**In ''[[The Fellowship of the Ring]]'', it is stated that in December of [[TA|TA3019]], scouts "had climbed the pass at the source of the [[Gladden River]], and had come down into [[Rhovanion|Wilderland]] and over the [[Gladden Fields]] and so at length had reached the old home of [[Radagast]] at Rhosgobel", which supports the page 53 location.<ref>{{FR|II3}}</ref>
**In ''[[Unfinished Tales]]'', [[Christopher Tolkien]] states that Rhosgobel was "in the forest borders between the [[Carrock]] and the Old Forest Road".<ref>{{UT|Istari}}, Note 4</ref>

===Typographical errors===
*Page 2: [[Mts. of the Wind]] is written as "Mts. of the World".
*Page 2: [[Sea of Ringil]] is written as "Sea of Ringol".
*Page 7: [[Ezellohar]] is written as "Ezollahar". [[Ilmarin]] is written as "Ilmaren". [[Tol Eressëa|Eressëa]] is written as "Erresëa". [[Hyarmentir]] is written as "Hyamentir".
*Pages 6 and 38: [[Avallónë]] is written as "Avalónnë" and "Avalonnë" respectively.
*Pages 7 and 38: [[Alqualondë]] is written as "Aqualondë" and "Aqualóndë", respectively.
*Page 13: [[Gabilgathol]] is written as "Gabilgathod".
*Page 53: [[Caras Galadhon]] is written as "Caras Galadon".
*Page 71: [[Tuckborough]] is written as "Tuckburrow".
*Page 113: [[Bolg]] is written as "Borg".<ref name="Burst"/> ''(Corrected in 2nd edition.)''
*Page 135: [[Methedras]] is written as "Mathedras".
*Page 148: [[Gamling|Gamling the Old]] is written as "Gambling the Old".
*Pages 189 and 190: [[Khuzdul]], the language of the [[Dwarves]], is labeled as "[[Khazâd]]".

===Use of early sources===
Fonstad uses early names from the ''[[The Book of Lost Tales Part One|Book of Lost Tales]]'' era of Tolkien's development of the [[legendarium]] for some locations, particularly in [[Aman]] and [[Tol Eressëa]].

In [[Aman]], Fonstad identifies the place where [[Mandos]] delivered the [[Doom of the Noldor]] with the early name "[[Hanstovánen]]" rather than [[Araman]]. She also describes various dwellings of the [[Valar]] in [[Valinor]]. In the Second Age map of [[Tol Eressëa]], she uses the early names [[Tavrobel]] and [[Kortirion]], rather than the later names "Tathrobel" and "Cortirion" for the same places.<ref>{{LR|Quenta}}</ref> In the map of [[Gondolin]], she identifies several landmarks that are only said to exist in the earliest works.

Incorporation of these names and places on equal footing with those from later in the legendarium's evolution is questionable, but Fonstad seems to have been aware of the potential issues and explicitly notes in the accompanying text the speculative nature of the maps of the Undying Lands.

===="Dor Daidelos"====
One clear error relating to use of early materials appears on the maps of the far north of Beleriand in the First Age printed on pages 4, 5, and 15. In the ''Atlas'', the lands at the foot of [[Thangorodrim]] are labeled "[[Dor Daedeloth]] (Land of Shadow Horror)" on various maps, while the wide region north of the [[Ered Engrin]] is labeled "Dor Daidelos (Region of Everlasting Cold)" (the p.15 map uses "Regions" plural).

However, the published ''Silmarillion'' uses "Dor Daedeloth" (Land of the Shadow of Horror) as the name for the northern lands under the control of Morgoth without distinguishing the regions north and south of the mountains.<ref>{{S|Index}}, entry "Dor Daedeloth"</ref> The name "Daidelos" for the lands north of the Ered Engrin was used only on Ambarkanta Map V; in other draft material this was changed or corrected variously to "Dor-na-Dhaideloth ('Sky-roof')," "Daideloth ('High plain')," "Dor-Daidelos," "Dor-Daedeloth," and, ultimately, "Dor Daedeloth" as it appears in the published ''Silmarillion''.<ref>{{SM|Index}}, entry "Dor-Daideloth"</ref> It seems clear from this documented evolutionary process that Tolkien intended "Dor Daedeloth" to be equivalent to, and a replacement of, the earlier term "Daidelos," not for the two to be separate coexisting regions.

As such, the label "Dor Daidelos" is in error in three ways: First, the lands north of the Ered Engrin should share the name "Dor Daedeloth" with the lands in the shadow of Thangorodrim to the south. Second, the spelling "Dor Daidelos," unhyphenated, never appears in any primary source material. Third, the translation "Region(s) of Everlasting Cold" is entirely unattested and appears to be Fonstad's own invention.

{{References}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Atlas of Middle-earth, The}}
{{title|italics}}
[[Category:Map books]]
[[Category:Publications by title]]

The Return of the King

2023-01-12T18:24:35Z

Derp MaGerp:

{{disambig-more|{{PAGENAME}}|[[{{PAGENAME}} (disambiguation)]]}}
{{book
|title=The Return of the King
|image=[[Image:The Lord of the Rings 1955-v3.png|275px]]|
|author=[[J.R.R. Tolkien]]
|publisherUK=[[George Allen and Unwin]]
|publisherUS=[[Houghton Mifflin]]
|date=[[20 October]] [[1955]] (UK)<br>[[5 January]] [[1956]] (US)
|format=Hardcover; paperback; deluxe-edition; audio-book
|pages=416
|precededby=[[The Two Towers]] (1954)
}}
'''''The Return of the King''''' is the third of three volumes in ''[[The Lord of the Rings]]''. It is preceded by ''[[The Fellowship of the Ring]]'' and ''[[The Two Towers]]''. ''The Return of the King'' was originally released on [[20 October]] [[1955]] in the United Kingdom. After the high demand of the previous volumes, this was released in significantly more copies (7000 in UK and 5000 in US).<ref>{{HM|RC}}, p. xxxv</ref>

The volume is divided into two books, Book V and VI. The [[The Lord of the Rings Appendices|Appendices]] are included in the end.

==Title and structure==
Tolkien conceived of ''The Lord of the Rings'' as a single work comprising six sections he called "books" and extensive appendices. The original publisher made the decision to split the work into three parts, publishing the fifth and sixth books and the appendices in the final volume. For the two final "books" Tolkien suggested the titles ''[[The War of the Ring]]'' and ''[[The End of the Third Age]]'', which however weren't use in publication; but in the case of the third volume, he suggested '''''[[The War of the Ring]]''''' or '''''The Return of the King'''''.<ref name=l136>{{L|136}}</ref>

The chosen title refers to [[Aragorn]]'s assumption of the throne. Tolkien criticised it as giving away less of the story; but he was overruled by his publishers.

;Structure
The structure of ''The Return of the King'' mirrors somewhat that of ''The Two Towers'' in that the first section recounts the various adventures of several characters including a massive battle, and the second section resumes the quest of the [[Ring-bearers]].

==Synopsis — Book V==
[[File:J.R.R. Tolkien - The Return of the King.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Tolkien's preliminary design for the dust-jacket of ''The Return of the King''.]]
The story begins as Pippin is in [[Rohan]], reunited with the remnants of the [[Fellowship of the Ring]]. He steals Saruman's ''[[Palantíri|palantír]]'' and sees that [[Sauron]] will attack [[Minas Tirith]]. Then [[Gandalf]] delivers news to the steward of Gondor that war is imminent.

Gandalf brings [[Peregrin Took|Pippin]] with him, who enters the service of the steward. [[Aragorn]] by his courage and leadership proves himself a worthy ruler of men. He is destined to find a lost army of men now dead yet entrapped in a curse set forth long ago by their own disobedience, in the place known as the paths of the dead.

The remnants of the Fellowship lead the forces of Gondor and Rohan in defence of Gondor's capital city, [[Minas Tirith]], resulting in the cataclysmic [[Battle of the Pelennor Fields]]. Those characters that manage to survive the battle are led by [[Aragorn]] on a assuredly suicidal feint-attack against the Black Gates of Mordor, partly to distract Sauron from defending his other borders so that Frodo and Sam can gain a clear passage into Mordor. Aragorn's company now surrounds the Black Gates of the Morannon exchanging idle words with the Mouth of Sauron.

===Book V chapters===
[[File:J.R.R. Tolkien - Helm's Deep and the Hornburg.jpg|thumb|200px|''Helm's Deep and the Hornburg'' by [[J.R.R. Tolkien]]]]
*'''I · [[Minas Tirith (chapter)|Minas Tirith]]''' — Gandalf with Pippin arrive in Minas Tirith; they talk with [[Denethor]]; Pippin enters the service of the steward.
*'''II · [[The Passing of the Grey Company]]''' — Follows Aragorn, Legolas and Gimli as they pass through the paths of the dead between Rohan and Gondor.
*'''III · [[The Muster of Rohan]]''' — Rohan prepares for war; Merry heads off for Minas Tirith, on a horse with a rider who calls himself Dernhelm.
*'''IV · [[The Siege of Gondor]]''' — Back to Gandalf and Pippin, and the preparations of the city of Minas Tirith for the attack by the armies of Mordor; Minas Tirith is besieged; chapter ends with the gate of Minas Tirith broken, and the army of Rohan finally arriving.
*'''V · [[The Ride of the Rohirrim]]''' — The Rohirrim pass through the Druadan Forest with the aid of the wild men who live there, that are led by Ghan-buri-Ghan; the army arrives in Minas Tirith. (as seen from their point of view)
*'''VI · [[The Battle of the Pelennor Fields]]''' — Armies of Rohan and Gondor fight the armies of Mordor, Rhun and Harad as described in [[Battle of the Pelennor Fields]]; Merry and Éowyn help to kill the chief of the Nazgul.
*'''VII · [[The Pyre of Denethor]]''' — Denethor goes mad and tries to burn Faramir alive; he is saved by Gandalf; Denethor then sets fire to himself. They discover that Denethor has been using a ''palantir''.
*'''VIII · [[The Houses of Healing]]''' — Merry, Faramir, Éowyn and many others are injured and placed in the houses of healing; Aragorn uses [[Athelas|kingsfoil]] to help treat the injured.
*'''IX · [[The Last Debate]]''' — Gimli and Legolas meet Merry and Pippin again; the captains of the west hold a counsel on their next action; they decide to send 7000 men against Mordor to march on the Black Gate.
*'''X · [[The Black Gate Opens]]''' — The army, with Gandalf, Aragorn, Gimli, Legolas and Pippin (but not Merry) marches to the black gate. The Mouth of Sauron comes out to discuss terms, and presents tokens which were owned by Frodo; he then departs and the army of Mordor attacks them.

==Synopsis — Book VI==
In the meanwhile, the brave and loyal [[Samwise Gamgee]] (who for a short time has himself become the ring-bearer) enables the long-suffering [[Frodo Baggins]] to navigate the barren wasteland of Mordor. For part of the way they are captured by a company of orcs and must pretend to be orcs before they are able to escape. The company, tired and half-alive, finally reach the [[Cracks of Doom|Crack of Doom]], where [[the One Ring]] is destroyed along with [[Gollum]], freeing [[Middle-earth]] from [[Sauron]]'s power forever. This happens when Frodo at the last moment decides to keep the ring rather than destroy it, and is attacked by Gollum who bites off Frodo's finger to take the ring, trips, and falls into the lava while still holding the ring. Frodo and Sam are rescued by the giant eagles who Gandalf rides to Mount Doom, from the black gates of Morannon. After Sauron is defeated, his armies at the black gates flee, and the men of Gondor and Rohan are victorious in the battle.

Aragorn is crowned King of Gondor at Minas Tirith. After a series of goodbyes, the [[Hobbits|Hobbit]]s return home, only to find [[the Shire]] under the control of 'sharky' who they find out is [[Saruman]], diminished in power but not in malevolence. [[Meriadoc Brandybuck|Merry]] and [[Peregrin Took|Pippin]], now experienced warriors of [[Rohan]] and [[Gondor]] respectively, take the lead in setting things right again, and lead an uprising of hobbits against Saruman, freeing the shire. Time passes. The Shire heals, but Frodo does not. Eventually Frodo departs for the [[Undying Lands]] to find healing, along with [[Bilbo Baggins]], [[Gandalf]] and the [[Elves]]. [[Samwise Gamgee|Sam]], Merry and Pippin watch them depart and return home in silence. Sam is greeted by his wife Rose and his daughter Elanor. The last line of the book Sam says to Rose; "Well, I'm back".

===Book VI chapters===
*'''I · [[The Tower of Cirith Ungol]]''' — Sam goes to find Frodo in the orc tower.
*'''II · [[The Land of Shadow]]''' — Sam and Frodo make their way into Mordor; they are captured by an orc company.
*'''III · [[Mount Doom (chapter)|Mount Doom]]''' — Frodo and Sam reach Mount Doom; the final battle for the ring between Gollum and Frodo.
*'''IV · [[The Field of Cormallen]]''' — The story returns to the Gate of Mordor, continuing from Book Five, chapter X; the eagles arrive; Captains of the west victorious; Frodo and Sam rescued by Gandalf; all the company meets again in Ithilien.
*'''V · [[The Steward and the King]]''' — chapter begins in Minas Tirith at the Houses of Healing after the armies departed for the black gate; Éowyn taken to see Faramir, Merry is also in Minas Tirith; later they see the arrival of the armies with Aragorn, Gandalf and the four hobbits; Gandalf crowns Aragorn King of Gondor; Aragorn makes Faramir prince of ithilien and keeps the office of steward; Gandalf takes Aragorn to Mount Mindolluin to survey the lands of his kingdom. On midsummers eve Elrond, Galadriel, Arwen and the elves arrive in the city from the north; wedding of Aragorn and Arwen.
*'''VI · [[Many Partings]]''' — The company rides north to Rohan, then Isengard, where Gimli and Legolas head north through Fangorn, Aragorn returns to his kingdom, the rest of the company heads north where they meet Saruman and Wormtongue who were just released from Isengard; Galadriel and the Lothlórien elves leave over the pass of Caradhras; the hobbits and Gandalf then arrive in Rivendell.
*'''VII · [[Homeward Bound]]''' — The hobbits and Gandalf travel to Bree where they stay at the Prancing Pony, and are told by Butterbur that there has been trouble in Bree while they have been away.
*'''VIII · [[The Scouring of the Shire]]''' — The hobbits arrive in the Shire to find it taken over by 'the Chief' or 'Sharkey' at Bag End; Battle of Bywater; the hobbits find Saruman and Wormtongue at Bag End; Wormtongue kills Saruman, and is then killed himself by hobbit archers.
*'''IX · [[The Grey Havens]]''' — cleaning up of the shire; several years pass; Sam and Frodo meet the elves and Bilbo travelling west through the Shire, they travel to the Grey Havens where they meet Gandalf, and Merry and Pippin arrive; Frodo, Bilbo, Gandalf and the elves set sail to the west; Sam returns to Rose and their daughter Elanor at Bag End.
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User:Derp MaGerp

2022-11-25T17:14:04Z

Derp MaGerp: Created page with "Hullo!"

Hullo!

Mabel Tolkien

2022-11-25T17:10:07Z

Derp MaGerp: Changed "other six siblings" to "six other siblings."

[[File:Mabel Tolkien.jpg|right|250px|thumb|Mabel Tolkien]]
'''Mabel Tolkien''' (''née'' '''Suffield''', [[January]] [[1870]] - [[14 November]] [[1904]]) was the mother of [[J.R.R. Tolkien]] and [[Hilary Tolkien]], being the wife of [[Arthur Tolkien|Arthur Reuel Tolkien]]. She was the child of John and Emily Suffield, along with six other siblings.<ref>[[Christina Scull]] and [[Wayne G. Hammond]] ([[2017]]), ''[[The J.R.R. Tolkien Companion and Guide]]'' (Revised and Expanded Edition): II. ''Reader's Guide'', pp. 1267, 1312</ref>

==Biography==
===Marriage to Arthur Tolkien===
Mabel Suffield grew up in [[Birmingham]]. In [[March]] [[1891]] she sailed from England to meet and marry her fiancé and marry in [[:Wikipedia:South Africa|South Africa]] after an engagement of three years. Her father, John Suffield, had not allowed her to marry until she turned twenty-one. After arriving in South Africa she travelled to [[:Wikipedia:Bloemfontein|Bloemfontein]] with her husband.

On [[3 January]] [[1892]], she gave birth to a son named John Ronald Reuel and on [[17 February]] [[1894]], they had a second whom they called Hilary Reuel.

Hilary was a healthy child who flourished in the Bloemfontein climate, but his elder brother had more difficulty. Teething upset him badly and made him feverish, and a doctor was constantly called in, tiring Mabel. The heat was doing a great deal of harm to Ronald's health, but Arthur did not want to return to England.

In [[November]] 1894, Mabel took the boys to Cape Town and made preparations to sail to England, while Arthur agreed to come and join them in England when his job allowed. They set sail in [[April]] [[1895]]. However, before Arthur could join them, he contracted [[:Wikipedia:rheumatic fever|rheumatic fever]] and died after suffering a severe [[:Wikipedia:haemorrhage|haemorrhage]] on [[15 February]] [[1896]].<ref name=biography>[[Humphrey Carpenter]], ''[[J.R.R. Tolkien: A Biography]]''</ref>{{rp|17-24}}

===Raising two sons===
Arthur had only amassed a modest sum of capital and it would not bring Mabel an income of more than thirty shillings a week, scarcely sufficient to maintain herself and two children even at the lowest standard of living.

In summer of 1896 when Mabel found a house in [[Sarehole]], 5 Gracewell, cheap enough for herself and the children to live independently. It was a semi-detached brick cottage at the end of a row.

When at Sarehole, Mabel began to teach her two sons writing, reading, languages, art and botany. She realized that her son Ronald had a special aptitude for language. She began to teach him [[:Wikipedia:French|French]]. He liked this much less, preferring the sounds of [[:Wikipedia:Latin|Latin]] and English. She also tried to arouse his curiosity in playing the piano, but without success. He took more interest in words than music.<ref name=biography></ref>{{rp|25-30}}

===Conversion to Catholicism===

[[Christianity]] became an increasingly important part in Mabel Tolkien's life after her husband's death, and at first each Sunday she took the boys on a long walk to a [[:Wikipedia:Anglo-Catholicism|High Anglican church]]. In [[May]] of [[1900]], Mabel, along with her sister, May Incledon (''née'' Suffield), were accepted into the [[:Wikipedia:Catholic Church|Catholic Faith]].

Their family was greatly upset by this. Their father, John Suffield, had been brought up at a [[:Wikipedia:Methodism|Methodist]] school, and was now a [[:Wikipedia:Unitarian|Unitarian]]. He was outraged that his daughter would become Catholic. May's husband, Walter Incledon, considered himself to be a pillar of his local Anglican church, and did not wish May to associate with the Catholic Church. When May returned to Birmingham he forbade her to enter a Catholic church again and she obeyed him.

Walter Incledon had provided a little financial help for Mabel Tolkien since Arthur's death, but now refused. Mabel faced hostility from Walter and from other members of her family, as well as the Tolkiens, many of whom were [[:Wikipedia:Baptists| Baptists]] and strongly opposed to Catholicism. But she stood by her new faith, and against opposition she began to instruct Ronald and Hilary in the Catholic religion.<ref name=biography></ref>{{rp|31-2}}

===Life in Moseley and Edgbaston===
That same year, the family moved to [[:Wikipedia:Moseley|Moseley]], conveniently situated on the tram route to Tolkien's new school. A Tolkien uncle who was uncharacteristically well-disposed towards Mabel paid the fees, which then amounted to twelve pounds per annum.

But Mabel, still not satisfied, moved the family again, to [[:Wikipedia:Edgbaston|Edgbaston]], where they found a house near the [[Birmingham Oratory]], a large church in the suburb of Edgbaston that was looked after by a community of priests. Attached to the Oratory and under the direction of its clergy was the Grammar School of St Philip, where the fees were lower than Tolkien’s previous school and where her sons could receive a Catholic education. There, the family met [[Francis Xavier Morgan|Father Francis Xavier Morgan]], the parish priest. In him Mabel soon found not only a sympathetic priest but a valuable friend. He soon became an indispensable part of the Tolkien household. In Edgbaston, she started to teach her boys again, but soon Tolkien started to attend St Philips, and Mabel was left only with Hilary.

Soon Ronald had outpaced his class-mates, and Mabel realised that St Philip's could not provide the education that he needed. So she removed him, and once again undertook his tuition herself: with much success, for some months later he won a Foundation Scholarship to King Edward's and returned there in the autumn of [[1903]].<ref name=biography></ref>{{rp|32-5}}

===Death===
[[File:GentryGraves - Mabel Tolkien's grave.jpg|thumb|Mabel's grave at Bromsgrove]]
During the New Year of [[1904]], Ronald and Hilary were confined to bed with measles followed by whooping- cough, and in Hilary's case by pneumonia. The additional strain of nursing them was difficult for their mother, and as she feared it proved 'impossible to go on'. By April 1904 she was in a hospital, and her condition was diagnosed as diabetes.

Insulin treatment was not yet available for diabetic patients, and there was much anxiety over Mabel's condition, but by the summer she had recovered sufficiently to be discharged from the hospital. She was given a cottage to recuperate in by the Oratory. The boys went to live with her there during the summer holidays, but went back to school in Birmingham in the autumn.

She deteriorated again in [[November]], falling into a sudden diabetic coma. Six days later, on the [[14 November]] [[1904]], she died at their with Fr. Francis and her sister, May, at her side.

Mabel was buried in the Catholic churchyard at Bromsgrove, and Fr. Francis provided a cross for her headstone – the same design of stone cross as was used for the Catholic clergy in the Rednal cemetery. She left £800 of invested capital, and appointed Fr. Francis as guardian to Ronald and Hilary.<ref name=biography></ref>{{rp|36-9}}

==Legacy==
In the brioghaphical drama film, named [[Tolkien (film)|Tolkien]], she was portrayed by actress Laura Donnelly.

==Genealogy==
{{familytree/start}}
{{familytree| | | | | | | | | | |JS|y|EJS| | |JS=John Suffield|EJS=Emily Jane Sparrow}}
{{familytree| |,|-|-|-|v|-|-|-|v|-|-|-|+|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|v|-|-|-|v|-|-|.}}
{{familytree|JS| |RS| |MI| |MT|y|ART| |JN| |WS| |R| | | | |JS=John Suffield|RS=Roland Suffield|MI='May' Incledon|JN=[[Jane Neave]]|MT=[[Mabel Tolkien]]|ART=[[Arthur Tolkien|Arthur Reuel Tolkien]]|WS=William Suffield|R=Rose Suffield}}
{{familytree| | | | | | | | | | | | | |,|-|^|-|.| | | | | | | | |}}
{{familytree| | | | | | | | | EDB |y| JRR | | HART |~| MM | | | | | | |JRR=[[J.R.R. Tolkien]]|EDB=[[Edith Tolkien|Edith Bratt]]|HART=[[Hilary Tolkien]]|MM=[[Magdalen Matthews]]}}
{{familytree| | | | | | | | | |,|-|^|-|v|-|-|-|v|-|-|-|.| | | | |}}
{{familytree| | | | | | | | | JOT | | MIT | |CHT | | PRT |JOT=[[John Tolkien]]|MIT=[[Michael Tolkien]]|CHT=[[Christopher Tolkien]]|PRT=[[Priscilla Tolkien]]}}
{{familytree/end}}
==Legacy==
Mabel's death had a profound impact on her son's faith. Years later, Tolkien wrote: "''My own dear mother was a martyr indeed, and it is not to everybody that God grants so easy a way to His great gifts as He did to Hilary and myself, giving us a mother who killed herself with labour and trouble to ensure us keeping the faith.''"<ref name=biography></ref>{{rp|39}}
{{References}}

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[[Category:British people]]
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The Book of Lost Tales

2022-10-12T15:53:46Z

Derp MaGerp:

[[File:J.R.R. Tolkien - The Book of Lost Tales cover.jpg|250px|thumb|Cover of one of the notebooks containing ''The Book of Lost Tales'']]

'''The Book of Lost Tales''' is the first narrative work of [[J.R.R. Tolkien]]'s [[Legendarium|mythology]], written and left unfinished between [[1916]] and [[1920]]. It was published posthumously by [[Christopher Tolkien]] as '''''[[The Book of Lost Tales: Part One]]''''' ([[1983]]) and '''''[[The Book of Lost Tales: Part Two]]''''' ([[1984]]).

==Synopsis==
===Overview===
In the Preface of ''Part One'', Christopher Tolkien presents ''The Book of Lost Tales'' mentioning the complicated edition of ''[[The Silmarillion]]'' and his wish of publishing his father's mythology from its beginning. Although Tolkien wrote these tales in different order and left some of them in a stub stage, his son published them in narrative order, so the book has a similar structure to ''The Silmarillion''. At the end of each chapter, Christopher comments on the different manuscripts and compares the narrative with the published ''Silmarillion'' and ''[[Unfinished Tales]]''. He also includes an analysis of the evolution of the names used in the chapter and poems related with the story.

===Part One===
[[Eriol]], a mariner, was led to [[Tol Eressëa]], which he walked through for many days till he reached the [[Cottage of Lost Play]], where he was welcomed by its owners [[Vairë (wife of Lindo)|Vairë]] and [[Lindo]]. After dinner, they explained how the isle was the home of [[Elves]], but in ancient times it was visited in dreams by the children of [[Men]] until the path from the [[Great Lands]] was blocked. Then, [[Meril-i-Turinqi]] the queen of Tol Eressëa, allowed Vairë and Lindo to build the Cottage of Lost Play, where the old stories were gathered and sung for the children of the [[Fairies]].

The following day, Eriol talked with the guard of the door, [[Rúmil (elf of Tirion)|Rúmil]], which told him about the [[Elvish]] [[languages]]. After Eriol asked him about the [[Gods]] or [[Valar]], Rúmil told the tale of "[[The Music of the Ainur]]": how [[Ilúvatar]], the Lord beyond the world, created the [[Ainur]], and they sung a [[Music of the Ainur|Great Music]] before him, and from it the world was created. Ilúvatar allowed some of the Ainur to enter the world, so the greatest from them became the Gods therein, and the greatest among them were [[Manwë]], [[Aulë]] and [[Ulmo]]. Eriol asked Rúmil for more details about them, so the guardian told him [[The Coming of the Valar and the Building of Valinor|the next tale]]: the names and relations of the many Valar and their dwellings. How Melko tricked them destroying the [[Two Lamps]], so the Valar had to build [[Valinor]] separated from the Great Lands, and how they created the [[Two Trees]] to give light to their land.

The following morning, Vairë told Eriol about [[limpë]], a magic drink, which only their queen Meril could grant him. Therefore Eriol left the Cottage of Lost Play and went to Meril's [[korin]], but she explained that he could not be allowed to drink limpë until he had heard all the Elven tales. Thus, she told him "[[The Chaining of Melko]]", about how the Valar tricked Melko and put him in chains, followed by "[[The Coming of the Elves and the Making of Kôr|The Coming of the Elves]]", about how the Valar summoned to Valinor, and those who accepted were called [[Eldar]]. They were [[Vanyar|Teleri]], [[Noldoli]] and [[Solosimpi]], and were brought to Valinor, where they built [[Eldamar]] and many beautiful things.

Back in the Cottage of Lost Play, Eriol heard from Lindo the three following tales: Melko stole the jewels of the Noldoli and destroyed the Two Trees; and [[Fëanor]] rose in rebellion against the Valar and lead the Noldoli into exile, killing some Solosimpi in the way. Then the Valar created the [[Sun]] and [[Moon]] with the remains of the Two Trees.

Vairë proceeded telling the tale of "[[The Hiding of Valinor]]", in which the Valar closed their land from the Greater Lands with mountains and magic, although [[Oromë]] created the [[Olórë Mallë]] as a way in. Also, with help of [[Aluin]] and his sons, the Valar ordered the Sun and Moon in a cyclical calendar.

The next day, [[Gilfanon]], an Elf visiting the Cottage, began the [[Gilfanon's Tale: The Travail of the Noldoli and the Coming of Mankind|following tale]], which was about the sufferings of the Noldoli in exile and about the awakening of [[Men]] in the Great Lands. However, Tolkien left this tale unfinished, although he wrote many and contradictory notes about the first Men and the battles of the Noldoli against Melko.

===Part Two===
Winter came to Tol Eressëa, so Eriol stayed in the Cottage for many days. One night, he told the children there about his life, and in return [[Vëannë]] told him "[[The Tale of Tinúviel]]", about the struggles of [[Beren]] and [[Tinúviel]], two lovers who faced Melko and stole from him one of the Silmarils. Vëannë did not know the ending of the tale, so one of the children explained the happy ending of the two lovers, who came from the dead.

In the first day of [[Turuhalmë]], [[Eltas]] told a much sadder story: "[[Turambar and the Foalókë]]", about [[Túrin]], who suffered the curse of Melko made upon his family, and killed himself soon after slaying the dragon [[Glorund]]. The tale ended with [[Úrin]] bringing the dragon's cursed treasure to [[Artanor]], the kingdom of [[Tinwelint]].

Many people in the Cottage wished to hear the tale of the [[Necklace of the Dwarves]], but Eltas explained that the tales of the coming of [[Tuor]] and [[Eärendel]] were to be known first. Lindo asked [[Littleheart]] to tell those tales, but these were very long, and it would require seven meetings around the [[Tale-fire]] to hear them all. Thus, a feast was prepared, and Meril and [[Ailios]] were called to help Littleheart in the telling. Three days later, they were all gathered and Littleheart began the tale of "[[The Fall of Gondolin (chapter)|The Fall of Gondolin]]": how Tuor was guided by [[Ulmo]] to [[Gondolin]], the last stronghold of the Gnomes, and how there he begot his son Eärendel; and how the city was destroyed by Melko's armies and the pride of king [[Turgon]]. Ailios began the next tale: "[[The Nauglafring]]", which continued the story of the gold of Glomund in Artanor, from which Tinwelint only kept the [[Nauglafring]]. Due to this necklace and the Silmaril set in it, the king and his kingdom fell in disgrace, and later his heir [[Dior]] suffered the same doom. Dior's daughter [[Elwing]] ran away and joined the [[exiles of Gondolin]] in the mouth of [[Sirion]]. Now all the tales joined together in the great "[[The Tale of Eärendel|Tale of Eärendel]]", which was also the longest.

Sadly, Tolkien never ended the following tales, which were not developed beyond outlines and notes, most of them contradictory. But in brief, these were meant to tell the travels of Eärendel till he became a star, the [[War of Wrath|last battles]] in which Melko was defeated, the coming of the Gnomes to Tol Eressëa, how Eriol drank limpë and married, the coming of Men to Tol Eressëa, the battles between Men and Elves, the fading of the Elves, how Tol Eressëa became England and how Eriol wrote the ending of the Tales. At some point, Tolkien also tried to replace the narrative frame of Eriol with [[Ælfwine]] of [[Luthany]], even writing a long narrative about his coming to the Lonely Isle.

===Appendices and Glossaries===
In each Part, Christopher includes an Appendix on names, giving the etymology of the [[Elvish]] names as explained in the ''[[Qenya Lexicon]]'', the ''[[Gnomish Lexicon]]'', and other sources related to [[Qenya]] and [[Gnomish]], the first languages of Tolkien's [[Legendarium|mythology]].

Additionally, each Part also includes a "Short Glossary of Obsolete, Archaic, and Rare Words".

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