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Cottage of Lost Play

2023-11-08T10:19:19Z

Elros:

{{disambig-two|a location|chapter in ''[[The Book of Lost Tales Part One]]''|[[The Cottage of Lost Play]]}}
{{stub}}
[[File:Amani Warrington - Cottage of Lost Play.jpg|thumb|''Cottage of Lost Play'' by [[:Category:Images by Amani Warrington|Amani Warrington]]]]

The '''Cottage of Lost Play''', also known as "Mar Vanwa Tyaliéva", formerly known as the '''Cottage of the Children''' and '''Cottage of the Play of Sleep''', was a house upon [[Tol Eressëa]] in the city of Kortirion, where [[Lindo]] and his wife [[Vairë (wife of Lindo)|Vairë]] dwelt, and where [[Eriol]] (Ælfwine) learnt stories of old. In old times, this building was built by the Eldar, and was guarded "secretly and jealously by the Eldar so that no harm came nigh it, and that yet might the children playing therein in freedom know of no guardship." Later on, Lindo and his wife devised a plan to take under their care the children (the remainder of those who found Kôr and remained with the Eldar for ever.

The Cottage of Lost Play was located on the western slope of a little hill at the very centre of the island and was down a long winding lane. It was described as a "tiny dwelling, whose many small windows were curtained snugly, yet only so that a most warm and delicious light, as of hearts content within, looked forth." The cottage itself was white and had a thicket of white lilac on one side, and a mighty yew tree on the other. Inside the cottage was of great spaciousness and great delight. In the great hall there were three great fires, one located at the far end of the dining table, and one on either side. Far off in the Hall of Play Regained was a gong named Tombo, the Gong of the Children, which rang once when the children of the cottage were summoned to eat, and three times when they were summoned to the Room of Logs. In the Room of Logs was the Tale-fire blazing, which was a magic fire that burned year-round and because of its magic aided storytellers. <ref>{{HM|LT1}}</ref>

==Other versions of the legendarium==
The Cottage of Lost Play appears only in the version of the legendarium known as [[The Book of Lost Tales]], which Tolkien wrote in the 1910's and contains many ideas which were later abandoned. In later text the mariner [[Ælfwine]] (no longer Eriol) would reappear,<ref>{{WJ|Aelfwine}}</ref> but there is no mention of the elves Lindo or Vairë.
==Etymology==
The name ''Mar Vanwa Tyaliéva'' is [[Qenya]] (the oldest form of Quenya) and consists of ''mar'' "dwelling",<ref>{{PE|14}} p. 15</ref> ''vanwa'' "gone, on the road, past, over, lost"<ref>{{PE|12}} p. 99</ref> and ''tyalie''<ref>{{PE|12}} p. 49</ref> + adjectival ending ''-va''.<ref>{{PE|14}} p. 47</ref>

In a later text from the early 1950's, the name ''Mar Vanwa Tyaliéva'' is given as an alternative name of [[Rivendell]] and interpreted as "House of Past (or Departed) Mirth". The word ''Tyaliéva'' is here translated as ''tyalie'' "mirth" + the possessive case ending ''[[-va]]''.<ref>{{PE|21}} p. 80</ref>

{{references}}
[[Category:Buildings]]
[[Category:Locations in The Book of Lost Tales]]
[[Category:Tol Eressëa]]

Cottage of Lost Play

2023-11-08T10:16:59Z

Elros:

{{disambig-two|a location|chapter in ''[[The Book of Lost Tales Part One]]''|[[The Cottage of Lost Play]]}}
{{stub}}
[[File:Amani Warrington - Cottage of Lost Play.jpg|thumb|''Cottage of Lost Play'' by [[:Category:Images by Amani Warrington|Amani Warrington]]]]

The '''Cottage of Lost Play''', also known as "Mar Vanwa Tyaliéva", formerly known as the '''Cottage of the Children''' and '''Cottage of the Play of Sleep''', was a house upon [[Tol Eressëa]] in the city of Kortirion, where [[Lindo]] and his wife [[Vairë (wife of Lindo)|Vairë]] dwelt, and where [[Eriol]] (Ælfwine) learnt stories of old. In old times, this building was built by the Eldar, and was guarded "secretly and jealously by the Eldar so that no harm came nigh it, and that yet might the children playing therein in freedom know of no guardship." Later on, Lindo and his wife devised a plan to take under their care the children (the remainder of those who found Kôr and remained with the Eldar for ever.

The Cottage of Lost Play was located on the western slope of a little hill at the very centre of the island and was down a long winding lane. It was described as a "tiny dwelling, whose many small windows were curtained snugly, yet only so that a most warm and delicious light, as of hearts content within, looked forth." The cottage itself was white and had a thicket of white lilac on one side, and a mighty yew tree on the other. Inside the cottage was of great spaciousness and great delight. In the great hall there were three great fires, one located at the far end of the dining table, and one on either side. Far off in the Hall of Play Regained was a gong named Tombo, the Gong of the Children, which rang once when the children of the cottage were summoned to eat, and three times when they were summoned to the Room of Logs. In the Room of Logs was the Tale-fire blazing, which was a magic fire that burned year-round and because of its magic aided storytellers. <ref>{{HM|LT1}}</ref>

==Other versions of the legendarium==
The Cottage of Lost Play appears only in the version of the legendarium known as The Book of Lost Tales, which Tolkien wrote in the 1910's and contains many ideas which were later abandoned. In later text the mariner [[Ælfwine]] (no longer Eriol) would reappear,<ref>{{WJ|Aelfwine}}</ref> but there is no mention of the elves Lindo or Vairë.

==Etymology==
The name ''Mar Vanwa Tyaliéva'' is [[Qenya]] (the oldest form of Quenya) and consists of ''mar'' "dwelling",<ref>{{PE|14}} p. 15</ref> ''vanwa'' "gone, on the road, past, over, lost"<ref>{{PE|12}} p. 99</ref> and ''tyalie''<ref>{{PE|12}} p. 49</ref> + adjectival ending ''-va''.<ref>{{PE|14}} p. 47</ref>

In a later text from the early 1950's, the name ''Mar Vanwa Tyaliéva'' is given as an alternative name of [[Rivendell]] and interpreted as "House of Past (or Departed) Mirth". The word ''Tyaliéva'' is here translated as ''tyalie'' "mirth" + the possessive case ending [[-va]].<ref>{{PE|21}} p. 80</ref>

{{references}}
[[Category:Buildings]]
[[Category:Locations in The Book of Lost Tales]]
[[Category:Tol Eressëa]]

Anders Stenström

2023-11-08T09:31:43Z

Elros:

__NOTOC__
'''Beregond, Anders Stenström''' (b. [[1957]]) is a Swedish [[J.R.R. Tolkien|Tolkien]] scholar.

Since [[1967]], Stenström has been an enthusiast of Tolkien, and since [[1976]], when he became a member of the Tolkien Society [[Forodrim]], he carries the byname Beregond.

Beregond has researched different aspects of the works of Tolkien (among his contributions can be found suggestions on principles for [[structural references]]), published several articles, and been a speaker at and organizer of conferences and conventions. Together with Kristina Valinger, Beregond was responsible for the creation of the Swedish subtitles for [[The Lord of the Rings (film series)|Peter Jackson's ''The Lord of the Rings'']]. He was consulted for [[Erik Andersson]]'s new Swedish translation of ''[[The Lord of the Rings]]''. He is the translator of [[The Letters of J.R.R. Tolkien]] and [[Bilbo's Last Song|Bilbo's Last Song]] into Swedish.

He is currently one of the organizers of [[Omentielva]], the International Conference on J.R.R. Tolkien's Invented Languages, a series of biennial conferences at changing locations. He is also editor of [[Arda (annual)|''Arda'']] and ''Arda Philology''.

Stenström lives in [[wikipedia:Alby, Botkyrka|Alby, Botkyrka]] within the [[wikipedia:Stockholm urban area|Stockholm urban area]] and works as a [[wikipedia:Verger#Modern function|verger]].

==Bibliography==

===Articles===

*[[1981]]: ''[[Arda 9]]''
**"Några rön om hobbitarnas demografi / Some Notes on the Demography of the Hobbits"
*[[1984]]: [[Amon Hen 66|''Amon Hen'' 66]]
** Review: ''[[Finn and Hengest]]''
*[[1986]]: ''[[Arda 1982-83]]''
**"Något om tideräkningen i Rohan / Some Notes on Time-reckoning in Rohan"
*[[1987]]: ''[[Tolkien and the Spirit of the Age]]''
**"Marvels of the North[ern] World: Some Notes on Tolkien and the Spirit of Science"
*[[1988]]: ''[[Arda 1984/1985]]''
**Något om pipor, blad och rökning / Some Notes on Pipes, Leaf and Smoking
**"Striking Matches - An Exegesis of H V:4 / Kunde tändstickorna strykas?"
*[[1990]]: ''[[Arda 1986]]''
**"Något om Ringbärarens dagar kring Spindelns Pass / Some Notes on the Ringbearer's Days around the Pass of the Spider"
*[[1992]]: ''[[Arda 1987]]''
**"The Figure of Beorn / Beorngestalten"
*[[1993]]: ''[[Scholarship and Fantasy]]''
**"Some Notes on Giants in Tolkien's Writings"
*[[1994]]: ''[[Arda 1988-1991]]''
**"Skönhet och fara och sorg: En tankeväv hos Tolkien / Beauty and Peril and Sorrow"
*[[1995]]: ''[[Proceedings of the J.R.R. Tolkien Centenary Conference]]''
**"A Mythology? For England?"
*[[1998]]: [http://www.forodrim.org/index_en.html The Tolkien Society Forodrim] [web page]
**[http://www.forodrim.org/daeron/md_home.html Mellonath Daeron]: "[http://www.forodrim.org/daeron/md_plur.html Attested Sindarin Plurals]"
**''Arda'': "[http://www.forodrim.org/arda/arda_ref.html The ''Arda'' format for structural references to the works of J.R.R. Tolkien]"
*[[2004]]: ''[[Translating Tolkien: Text and Film]]''
**"Tolkien in Swedish Translation: from Hompen to Ringarnas herre"
*[[2006]]: ''[[J.R.R. Tolkien Encyclopedia: Scholarship and Critical Assessment]]''
**"'MS Bodley 34: A re-collation of a collation'"
**"Sweden: Reception of Tolkien"
**"Swedish Language"
*[[2009]]: ''[[Arda Philology 2]]''
**"Phonotactic Preferences in the Root Repertories of 'Qenya Lexicon' and 'The Etymologies'"
*[[2011]]: ''[[Arda Philology 3]]''
**Foreword

===Translations===

*[[2014]]: ''[http://beregond.se/bilbos.htm Bilbos sista sång]'' (''[[Bilbo's Last Song]]''; ISBN 978-91-637-7442-3; printed by Graphic Digital, Stockholm)
*[[2017]]: ''[https://beregond.se/brev.htm Brev från J.R.R. Tolkien]'' (''[[The Letters of J.R.R. Tolkien]]''; ISBN 978-91-878-9161-8; published by Ersatz förlag)

==References==

*[http://tolkiensarda.se/new/nummer/magsidor/art26_1.php ''Tolkien's Arda''] (online magazine in Swedish)
*Private correspondance with Anders Stenström, as of July 2010
*[https://beregond.se/ Anders Stenström's personal website]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Stenstrom, Anders}}
[[Category:Authors]]
[[Category:JRRTE contributors]]
[[Category:Linguists]]
[[Category:People by name]]
[[Category:Religious workers]]
[[Category:Swedish people]]

Anders Stenström

2023-11-08T09:30:51Z

Elros:

__NOTOC__
'''Beregond, Anders Stenström''' (b. [[1957]]) is a Swedish [[J.R.R. Tolkien|Tolkien]] scholar.

Since [[1967]], Stenström has been an enthusiast of Tolkien, and since [[1976]], when he became a member of the Tolkien Society [[Forodrim]], he carries the byname Beregond.

Beregond has researched different aspects of the works of Tolkien (among his contributions can be found suggestions on principles for [[structural references]]), published several articles, and been a speaker at and organizer of conferences and conventions. Together with Kristina Valinger, Beregond was responsible for the creation of the Swedish subtitles for [[The Lord of the Rings (film series)|Peter Jackson's ''The Lord of the Rings'']]. He was consulted for [[Erik Andersson]]'s new Swedish translation of ''[[The Lord of the Rings]]''. He is the translator of [[The Letters of J.R.R. Tolkien]] and [[Bilbo's Last Song|Bilbo's Last Song]] into Swedish.

He is currently one of the organizers of [[Omentielva]], the International Conference on J.R.R. Tolkien's Invented Languages, a series of biennial conferences at changing locations. He is also editor of [[Arda (annual)|''Arda'']] and ''Arda Philology''.

Stenström lives in [[wikipedia:Alby, Botkyrka|Alby, Botkyrka]] within the [[wikipedia:Stockholm urban area|Stockholm urban area]] and works as a [[wikipedia:Verger#Modern function|verger]].

==Bibliography==

===Articles===

*[[1981]]: ''[[Arda 9]]''
**"Några rön om hobbitarnas demografi / Some Notes on the Demography of the Hobbits"
*[[1984]]: [[Amon Hen 66|''Amon Hen'' 66]]
** Review: ''[[Finn and Hengest]]''
*[[1986]]: ''[[Arda 1982-83]]''
**"Något om tideräkningen i Rohan / Some Notes on Time-reckoning in Rohan"
*[[1987]]: ''[[Tolkien and the Spirit of the Age]]''
**"Marvels of the North[ern] World: Some Notes on Tolkien and the Spirit of Science"
*[[1988]]: ''[[Arda 1984/1985]]''
**Något om pipor, blad och rökning / Some Notes on Pipes, Leaf and Smoking
**"Striking Matches - An Exegesis of H V:4 / Kunde tändstickorna strykas?"
*[[1990]]: ''[[Arda 1986]]''
**"Något om Ringbärarens dagar kring Spindelns Pass / Some Notes on the Ringbearer's Days around the Pass of the Spider"
*[[1992]]: ''[[Arda 1987]]''
**"The Figure of Beorn / Beorngestalten"
*[[1993]]: ''[[Scholarship and Fantasy]]''
**"Some Notes on Giants in Tolkien's Writings"
*[[1994]]: ''[[Arda 1988-1991]]''
**"Skönhet och fara och sorg: En tankeväv hos Tolkien / Beauty and Peril and Sorrow"
*[[1995]]: ''[[Proceedings of the J.R.R. Tolkien Centenary Conference]]''
**"A Mythology? For England?"
*[[1998]]: [http://www.forodrim.org/index_en.html The Tolkien Society Forodrim] [web page]
**[http://www.forodrim.org/daeron/md_home.html Mellonath Daeron]: "[http://www.forodrim.org/daeron/md_plur.html Attested Sindarin Plurals]"
**''Arda'': "[http://www.forodrim.org/arda/arda_ref.html The ''Arda'' format for structural references to the works of J.R.R. Tolkien]"
*[[2004]]: ''[[Translating Tolkien: Text and Film]]''
**"Tolkien in Swedish Translation: from Hompen to Ringarnas herre"
*[[2006]]: ''[[J.R.R. Tolkien Encyclopedia: Scholarship and Critical Assessment]]''
**"'MS Bodley 34: A re-collation of a collation'"
**"Sweden: Reception of Tolkien"
**"Swedish Language"
*[[2009]]: ''[[Arda Philology 2]]''
**"Phonotactic Preferences in the Root Repertories of 'Qenya Lexicon' and 'The Etymologies'"
*[[2011]]: ''[[Arda Philology 3]]''
**Foreword

===Translations===

*[[2014]]: ''[http://beregond.se/bilbos.htm Bilbos sista sång]'' (''[[Bilbo's Last Song]]''; ISBN 978-91-637-7442-3; printed by Graphic Digital, Stockholm)
*[[2017]]: ''[https://beregond.se/brev.htm Brev från J.R.R. Tolkien]'' (''[[The Letters of J.R.R. Tolkien]]''); ISBN 978-91-878-9161-8; published by Ersatz förlag)

==References==

*[http://tolkiensarda.se/new/nummer/magsidor/art26_1.php ''Tolkien's Arda''] (online magazine in Swedish)
*Private correspondance with Anders Stenström, as of July 2010
*[https://beregond.se/ Anders Stenström's personal website]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Stenstrom, Anders}}
[[Category:Authors]]
[[Category:JRRTE contributors]]
[[Category:Linguists]]
[[Category:People by name]]
[[Category:Religious workers]]
[[Category:Swedish people]]

Forodrim

2023-11-08T09:28:30Z

Elros:

[[File:Heraldic device of Forodrim.gif|thumb|Heraldic device of Forodrim]]
'''The Tolkien Society Forodrim''' was founded in Sweden in [[1972]] and is one of the oldest [[Tolkien fandom|Tolkien fan organizations]].

The Society has an especially active group interested in [[Languages#Elvish_scholarship|Tolkienian linguistics]], ''Mellonath Daeron''. The Forodrim also supported the publication of ''[[Arda (annual)|Arda]]''.

''Forodrim'' is [[Sindarin]] for "People of the North".

==Members of Note==
*[[Anders Stenstrom|Anders Stenström (a.k.a. Beregond)]]
*[[Åke Bertenstam]].

==Costumes & Hierarchy & Heraldry==
Forodrim is a unique Tolkien society in that it has a hierarchical feudal membership structure whereby membership duration and involvement provides for a higher level. In addition, Forodrim requires members to appear in medieval / Middle-earth attire at events. Forodrim also has a strong focus on heraldry and ceremony inspired by Tolkien and the Middle ages.

==Guilds==
Forodrim has a number of guilds focused on different interests of the members. New guilds are occasionally started, and old ones put on hiatus, as the interests of the members shift. Some of the more enduring guilds are:
* Mellonath Daeron, the guild of languages
* Mellonath Dineth, the guild of dance
* Mellonath Gléowine, the guild of singing
* Parmandili, the book guild

==Chapters==
[[Cerin Erain]] is the Uppsala chapter of Forodrim.

Tol Nimfalas is a chapter of Forodrim located in England.

==Publications==
*''Medlemsbladet''
*''[[Palantiren]]'' (now discontinued)

==External links==

*[https://forodrim.org/ Forodrim site (in Swedish)]
*[https://forodrim.org/in-english/ Forodrim site (in English)]
*[https://www.facebook.com/TolkiensallskapetForodrim Forodrim on Facebook]

[[Category:Swedish organizations]]
[[Category:Tolkien Societies]]

Númenor

2023-11-08T09:19:18Z

Elros: /* Geography */

{{disambig-two|the Mannish realm of the Second Age|island where it was located|[[Elenna]]}}
{{kingdom
| image=[[File:John Howe - Numenor.png|275px]]
| name=Númenor
| pronun=[[Quenya|Q]], {{IPA|[ˈnuːmenor]}}
| othernames=Westernesse ''Númenórë'', ''Andor'', ''[[Elenna]]'' ([[Quenya|Q]]) ''Anadûnê'', ''Yôzâyan'' ([[Adûnaic|A]])
| location=In [[Belegaer]], between [[Middle-earth]] and [[Aman]]
| capital=[[Armenelos]]
| towns=[[Andúnië]], [[Eldalondë]], [[Rómenna]], [[Ondosto]], [[Nindamos]]
| regions=[[Forostar]], [[Andustar]], [[Hyarnustar]], [[Hyarrostar]], [[Orrostar]], [[Mittalmar]], [[Emerië]], [[Nísimaldar]]
| population=Primarily [[Númenóreans]] (Few [[Drúedain]] briefly lived on the island)
| language=[[Adûnaic]], [[Númenórean Sindarin]], [[Quenya]]
| govern1=[[King of Númenor|King]]/[[Ruling Queens of Númenor|Queen]]
| govern2=[[Council of the Sceptre]]
| govern3=
| currency=
| holiday=[[Three Prayers]]: [[Erukyermë]], [[Erulaitalë]], [[Eruhantalë]]
| precededby=
| event1=Founded
| event1date={{SA|32}}
| event2=Destroyed
| event2date={{SA|3319}}
| event3=
| event3date=
| event4=
| event4date=
| event5=
| event5date=
| followedby=[[Realms in Exile]]
}}
{{Quote|The Edain came at last over leagues of sea and saw afar the land that was prepared for them, Andor, the Land of Gift, shimmering in a golden haze. Then they went up out of the sea and found a country fair and fruitful, and they were glad.|''[[Akallabêth]]''}}

'''Númenor''' or '''Númenórë''', known in the [[Westron|Common Speech]] as '''[[Westernesse]]''' and in [[Adûnaic]] as '''[[Anadûnê]]''', was one of the names of the isle of [[Elenna]], which was raised from the [[Belegaer|Great Sea]] by the [[Valar]] at the beginning of the [[Second Age]]. While strictly speaking, the term ''Númenor'' referred to the realm established on the island, it was more often used as a synonym for the land itself. Númenor was one of the most powerful realms of the Second Age, and its people, called [[Númenóreans]], as well as their descendants, continued to have considerable influence through the [[Third Age]].

==Geography==
{{main|Elenna}}
The island of Númenor was shaped like a 5-pointed star, each point having its own unique geological and physical features and names: [[Forostar]], [[Andustar]], [[Hyarnustar]], [[Hyarrostar]] and [[Orrostar]].

The central region was named [[Mittalmar]], and in its centre stood the holy mountain [[Meneltarma]].

Númenor had only two rivers: [[Siril]] and [[Nunduinë]].

The Númenóreans built several cities on the island. The capital [[Armenelos]], as well as [[Andúnië]], [[Nindamos]], [[Eldalondë]], [[Ondosto]] and [[Almaida]]. <ref>{{UT|Numenor}}</ref><ref>{{UT|Introduction}}</ref>

==History==
===Foundation===
{{seealso|Númenóreans#Origins}}
[[File:Felix Sotomayor - Numenor.jpg|thumb|left|''Numenor'' by Felix Sotomayor]]
Númenor was the kingdom of the [[Dúnedain]], located on an island in the [[Belegaer|Great Sea]], between Middle-earth and [[Aman]]. The land was brought up from the sea by [[Ulmo]] as a gift to the [[Edain]] for their part in the war against [[Morgoth]].<ref name=akallabeth>{{S|Akallabeth}}</ref> It was also called ''Elenna'' ("Starwards") because the Edain were led to it by the [[Star of Eärendil]], and because the island was in the shape of a five-pointed star. The first ships of the Edain arrived at the island in {{SA|32}}. [[Elros]], son of [[Eärendil]] was the first [[King of Númenor]], taking the name of [[Elros|Tar-Minyatur]] ("First King").<ref name=APSA>{{App|SA}}</ref> The majority of the Edain gradually migrated to the island in the next fifty years<ref>{{PM|V}}, §5</ref> and the [[Drúedain]] refugees who dwelt at the [[Mouths of Sirion]] before the sinking of [[Beleriand]] were permitted to join them.<ref name=Druedain>{{UT|Druedain}}</ref>

The Elves of [[Tol Eressëa]] visited the island and brought many gifts, such as birds and plants, and shared their lore and skills with the Men. The descendants of the Edain rose to become a powerful race of Men, the [[Númenóreans]].<ref name=akallabeth/>

===Return to Middle-earth===
The Númenóreans were forbidden by the Valar from sailing so far westward that Númenor was no longer visible, for fear that they would come upon the [[Undying Lands]], from which Men were [[Ban of the Valar|barred]]. They tried to compensate for this by going eastward and they reached the shores of Middle-earth in {{SA|600}}.<ref name=APSA/> Arriving in [[Lindon]], they were welcomed by [[Gil-galad]], and an alliance between Númenor and the [[Elves of Lindon]] was formed.<ref name=UTAE3>{{UT|4}}, Note 3</ref> The Númenóreans made contact with the [[Middle Men|Men of Eriador]] teaching them several crafts. They instructed them and helped free them from the [[Shadow]] which they had been under for centuries.<ref name=akallabeth/>

In {{SA|750}} the [[Guild of Venturers]] was established by Prince [[Aldarion]], son of the king [[Tar-Meneldur]], to facilitate the growing interest in seafaring in Númenor.<ref name>{{UT|4}}, Notes, Chronology</ref> Aldarion built the haven of [[Vinyalondë]], situated in the mouth of the river [[Gwathló]] between great forests to the north and south. The native people of [[Minhiriath]] and [[Enedwaith]] tolerated the Númenórean presence in the area until they began cutting the trees for timber, and hostility grew between the two peoples.<ref name=UTLD>{{UT|6d}}</ref>

===War with Sauron===
{{seealso|War of the Elves and Sauron}}
In {{SA|882}} Tar-Meneldur received a [[Gil-galad's letter|letter]] from Gil-galad warning of a new shadow rising in the East, declaring that a [[Sauron|servant]] of [[Morgoth]] was behind it and asking for aid to defend Eriador when the time came. Tar-Meneldur was disturbed by this letter and in his wisdom resigned the [[Sceptre of Númenor|Sceptre]] to his son, knowing that he had the better understanding of what was transpiring in the [[Great Lands]] due to the many years he spent abroad.<ref name=Wife>{{UT|Wife}}</ref> Tar-Aldarion returned to Middle-earth in earnest to continue his work while Númenor began preparation for war.<ref name=CGC>{{UT|Concerning}}</ref>

About {{SA|1200}}, Númenóreans began establishing permanent settlements in Middle-earth<ref name=APSA/> which were later attacked by raiders sent by Sauron as he drew closer to invading Eriador. Although they were unable to destroy the havens and forts, their assaults disrupted the Númenórean lumber industry.<ref name=UTLD/>

In {{SA|1695}}, Sauron launched his [[War of the Elves and Sauron|invasion]] of Eriador<ref name=APSA/> and Gil-galad sent word to Númenor for aid. [[Tar-Minastir]] sent a great navy, but by the time it reached the coasts of Middle-earth in {{SA|1700}}, Eriador was mostly in ruin. The Númenóreans and Elves [[Battle of the Gwathló|defeated]] Sauron bringing peace to the [[Westlands]].<ref name=CGC/>

===Shadow over Númenor===
[[File:Tolrone - Numenor (2).jpg|thumb|''Númenor'' by [[:Category:Images by Tolrone|Tolrone]]]]
The might of Númenor was revealed during that victory, and soon the Númenóreans became too proud and desired more wealth and power. About {{SA|1800|}} they established dominions on the shores of Middle-earth, becoming a brutal maritime empire that had no rival.<ref name=APSA/> They demanded tribute from the lesser peoples which they had liberated and taught, and now oppressed.

In Númenor there was growing discontent regarding [[Ban of the Valar]], questioning the [[Gift of Men]] and becoming envious of the immortality of the Eldar. They longed for [[Eldamar]], which they saw only from a distance.<ref name=APNK>{{App|A1i}}</ref> Fearing death, they tried to gain some form of immortality in riches and ornate tombs. This discontent began during the reigns of [[Tar-Ciryatan]] and his son [[Tar-Atanamir]]. It was the latter that started to speak openly against the Valar, and many Númenóreans followed his teachings.<ref name=Line>{{UT|Kings}}</ref>

===Division===
In {{SA|2251}}, during the reign of [[Tar-Ancalimon]], the Men of Númenor were split into two factions. The larger following were the [[King's Men]], who followed the king and abandoned the Elven customs and languages. The other was the [[Faithful]], who remained loyal to the Valar and friendly towards the Elves.<ref name=APNK/> Both had havens in Middle-earth such as [[Umbar]] and [[Pelargir]]; the King's Men extended their dominion in [[Harad|the south]], pushing away even Sauron who was afraid of them.<ref name=APSA/>

In {{SA|2899}} [[Ar-Adûnakhôr]] took the Sceptre<ref name=APSA/> and became the first king to choose an [[Adûnaic]] title and not one in [[Quenya]].<ref name=Line/> During his reign, the Faithful were persecuted and the Elven-tongue was no longer used or taught in Númenor. Elves seldom sailed to the island then, except in secret.

The Faithful remained in [[Andúnië]], and the Faithful [[Lords of Andúnië]], because of their noble heritage, still had some gravity in the meetings of nobles. However, in the 32nd century, [[Ar-Gimilzôr]] forced them to relocate to [[Rómenna]], and the haven was closed to the Elven visitors. Many of them would depart to Middle-earth to remain among the Eldar.<ref name=akallabeth/>

===Civil War===
[[File:Matěj Čadil - The Eagles of the lords of the Valar.jpg|left|thumb|''The Eagles of the lords of the Valar'' by [[Matěj Čadil]]]]
The 24th king, [[Tar-Palantir]], briefly attempted to cast the Shadow back and reunite the people with the Elves and the Valar, but was unable to appease the Valar during his lifetime and no ship came ever again from the west. The Faithful for some time had peace on the island, but the policies of the king were met with opposition by his brother [[Gimilkhâd]], who took leadership of the King's Men. Tar-Palantir prophesied that when the [[Nimloth (tree)|White Tree]] died, the line of Kings would perish also.<ref name=Line/>

Gimilkhâd had a son, [[Pharazôn]], who was a mighty Númenórean lord, spending many years abroad fighting in wars seeking to extend the dominion of Númenor in Middle-earth, and was a renowned captain on land and sea.<ref name=akallabeth/> After hearing the news of his father's death in {{SA|3243}}, Pharazôn returned to Númenor, took leadership of the King's Men, and led a rebellion against his uncle Tar-Palantir.<ref name=APSA/>

When Tar-Palantir died, he had no male heir, only a daughter [[Tar-Míriel]]. She was posed to succeed her father, but Pharazôn usurped the Sceptre and forced her into marriage against her will and against the laws of Númenor, which prohibited first cousins from marrying. He proclaimed himself Ar-Pharazôn the Golden and changed the name of Míriel to Ar-Zimraphel.<ref name=akallabeth/>

===Sauron===
In {{SA|3261}}, [[Ar-Pharazôn]] sailed to Middle-earth to defeat a resurgent Sauron. Seeing the might of Númenor, Sauron willingly submitted to the king's authority, and he was brought back to Númenor as a hostage. By that time, however, the Drúedain of Númenor had sensed a coming darkness and all of them had abandoned the island for Middle-earth.<ref name=Druedain/> Sauron soon became an adviser to the King as Tar-Mairon, and promised the Númenóreans would achieve eternal life if they worshipped [[Morgoth|Melkor]]. Under the counsel of Sauron, the Númenóreans became even more warlike, hunting the Men of Middle-earth and enslaving them. Ar-Pharazôn had a five hundred foot temple to Melkor erected, in which the enslaved Men, as well as members of the Faithful were sacrificed.<ref name=akallabeth/>

During this time, the white tree [[Nimloth the Fair]], whose fate was said to be tied to the line of kings, was chopped down and burned as a sacrifice to Melkor. Risking his life, [[Isildur]] rescued a fruit of the tree, preserving the ancient line of trees.<ref name=akallabeth/>

===Destruction===
[[Image:Ted_Nasmith_-_The_Ships_of_the_Faithful.jpg|right|thumb|''The Ships of the Faithful'' by [[Ted Nasmith]]]]
{{main|Downfall of Númenor}}
Prompted by Sauron and fearing death and old age, Ar-Pharazôn built a great armada to make war upon the Valar and seize the Undying Lands. The Valar displayed warnings to the Men of Westernesse in the form of clouds shaped like huge eagles, but they paid no heed to these manifestations.<ref name=akallabeth/> In {{SA|3319}} Ar-Pharazôn landed on the shores of Aman.<ref name=APSA/>

Fearing that the Númenorean army could wreak havoc in [[Valinor]],<ref>{{L|131}}</ref> but forbidden from killing or otherwise using force against Men,<ref>{{L|156}}</ref><ref>{{MR|P4k}}, p. 350</ref> the Valar called upon Eru Ilúvatar for assistance. He broke and changed the world, taking Aman and Tol Eressëa from the world forever, and changing the world's shape from flat to round. The massive fleet was consumed when Ilúvatar opened up a chasm in the sea. Númenor, likewise, was covered by great waves and sank into the abyss, killing its inhabitants, including the body of Sauron who remained behind and now was robbed of his ability to assume fair and charming forms.<ref name=akallabeth/>

[[Elendil]], son of the [[Amandil|leader]] of the Faithful during the reign of Ar-Pharazôn, his sons and his followers had foreseen the disaster that was to befall Númenor, and they had set sail in nine ships before the island fell. They landed in Middle-earth, gathered the Númenórean and indigenous peoples living there, and founded the kingdoms of [[Arnor]] and [[Gondor]].<ref name=akallabeth/>

After its fall Númenor was called ''Atalantë'', meaning "the Downfallen", in the [[Quenya]] language. Other names after the Downfall include ''Mar-nu-Falmar'' ("Land under the Waves") and ''[[Akallabêth]]'' ("the Downfallen" in Adûnaic).

The story of the rise and downfall of Númenor is told in ''[[Akallabêth]]''.

==Politics==
Númenor was a monarchy. The King held the power of decision over the affairs of the state. However, there was an advisory body, the [[Council of the Sceptre]], which consisted of the Heir of the King and lords from the six regions of Númenor: [[Forostar]] (''Northlands''), [[Andustar]] (''Westlands''), [[Hyarnustar]] (''Southwestlands''), [[Hyarrostar]] (''Southeastlands''), [[Orrostar]] (''Eastlands'') and [[Mittalmar]] (''Inlands'').

There were two main political parties: Elendili, the [[Faithful]], led by the Lords of Andúnië, always loyal to the Elves. In the later years, they were a small group, oppressed by the opposing [[King's Men]] who rebelled against the Valar and their ban, and set dominions among the Men of Middle-earth and laid heavy tribute upon them. As their number and power increased, the King's Men forced the Elendili to move from [[Andúnië]] to the eastern side of the island, at [[Rómenna]]. [[Pelargir]] was a harbour built where the river [[Sirith]] met [[Anduin]] and it was founded by the Faithful in {{SA|2350}}.

Respected as a law was the [[Ban of the Valar]], which stated that Númenóreans should never sail West more than the limit of their sight when looking after their shores. As the fear of death filled more and more the hearts of the Númenóreans, they sailed further away from the island, until finally the last king, Ar-Pharazôn, broke the Ban in his attempt to reach [[Tol Eressëa]] out of the false belief that dwelling in Aman granted immortality.

===Rulership===
{{main|Line of Elros}}
Númenóreans from the [[Line of Elros]] had the right to inherit the [[Sceptre]] and thus become Rulers of Númenor. In total 25 [[King of Númenor|Kings]] and [[Ruling Queen of Númenor|Queens]] ruled Númenor.<ref>{{UT|Kings}}</ref> While the Númenóreans lived around 200 years, for many generations the descendants of Elros had a double life span of 400 years, but their life span decreased after the shadow fell on Númenor.<ref>{{UT|5a}}, note 1</ref>

Of great importance was the [[Law of Succession in Númenor]] which established the heir to the throne. It started as an inherited custom, which gave exclusive rights to the male descendants of Elros.<ref>{{UT|Wife}}, ''The Further Course of the Narrative''</ref> Tar-Aldarion, the sixth ruler of Númenor, only had one daughter and replaced the principle of exclusive male heir with that of eldest progeny, of any gender. in {{SA|1075}} [[Tar-Ancalimë]] became the first ruling queen in the history of Númenor.<ref name=Aldarion>{{UT|Kings}}, entry VI ''Tar-Aldarion''</ref>

Númenórean Kings and Queens influenced their era in various ways:

*[[Tar-Aldarion]], a great mariner, shipbuilder and explorer of Middle-earth<ref name=Aldarion/> who established the haven of [[Vinyalonde]]
*[[Tar-Ancalimë]], the first Ruling Queen of Númenor who neglected all her father's policies after his death<ref>{{UT|Kings}}, entry VII ''Tar-Ancalimë''</ref>
*[[Tar-Minastir]], sent a fleet that helped the Elves to defeat [[Sauron]]<ref>{{App|SA}}, entry for the year 1700, p. 1083</ref><ref>{{UT|Kings}}, entry XI ''Tar-Minastir''</ref><ref>{{UT|Concerning}}</ref><ref>{{UT|5a}}, Note 9</ref><ref>{{NM|P3xviii}}, p. 370</ref>
*[[Ar-Adûnakhôr]], banned the speaking of Quenya and severed relationships with the Eldar<ref>{{UT|Kings}}, entry XX ''Ar-Adûnakhôr (Tar-Herunúmen)''</ref>
*[[Ar-Pharazôn]], last in the line of rulers, whose ursurping of the kingship led directly to the [[Akallabêth|Downfall of Númenor]]<ref>{{UT|Kings}}, entry XXIV ''Tar-Palantir (Ar-Inziladûn), second paragraph''</ref><ref>{{UT|Kings}}, entry XXV ''Ar-Pharazôn (Tar-Calion)''</ref>

===Lords of Andúnië===
{{Main|Lords of Andúnië}}
During the time of princess [[Silmariën]], the law of [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agnatic_primogeniture agnatic primogeniture] existed. She could not succeed her father as his eldest child, and her [[Tar-Meneldur|brother]] took up the [[Sceptre]]. In her honour was created the title "[[Lords of Andúnië]]", which was set upon her first son, [[Valandil (Lord of Andúnië)|Valandil]], and his 18 descendants; the last one was [[Amandil]], father of [[Elendil]]. During the dark times of Númenor, the Lords were renowned for their friendship with the Eldar, and leaders of the [[Elendili]].
The Númenóreans were extremely skilled in arts and craft, with the forging of weapons and armour; although they were a peaceful people, their weapons, armour, and horse-riding skills could not be contested anywhere else in [[Arda]], save by the [[Valar]]. But the Númenóreans were not warmongers; hence, the chief art on the island became that of ship-building and sea-craft. The Númenóreans became great mariners, exploring the world in all directions save for the west, where the [[Ban of the Valar]] was in force. They often travelled to the shores of Middle-earth, teaching the men there crafts, and introducing farming in order to improve their lives.

==Culture==
[[File:Matěj Čadil - A Royal Wedding in Numenor.jpg|thumb|''A Royal Wedding in Númenor'' by [[Matěj Čadil]]]]
{{main|Númenóreans}}
The fleet of Elros initially brought probably between 5,000 to 10,000 Edain to Númenor. After a migration period that lasted at least 50 years, between 200,000 and 350,000 Edain had emigrated to Númenor. After a thousand years the population seemed to have slightly exceeded 2 million people. The population may have reached 15 million people before the Downfall of Númenor.<ref>{{NM|P3xiii|}}, p. 339</ref> They were known as the Númenóreans, or rather, ''Kings among Men''.

The population of Númenor chiefly consisted of [[Edain]], mostly descendants from the [[House of Hador]]; however, before the Shadow fell on the island, the westernmost cities such as [[Andúnië]] contained a small population of [[Elves]]{{fact}} because of the frequent visits from Tol Eressëa.

There were also a small number of [[Drúedain]] living in Númenor, who, considered to be Edain, accompanied their friends of the [[House of Haleth]] to Númenor. They were few in number and dreaded the sea. They became uneasy when [[Tar-Aldarion]] started his great travels and urged him not to go, seeing the mischief to come. They did not succeed in deterring him, and one after another they took ships towards Middle-earth, saying that, "the Great Isle no longer feels sure under our feet, and we wish to return to the lands whence we came". The last of them left when Sauron was brought to Númenor.

==Etymology==
''Númenor'' is a shortened form of the [[Quenya]] name ''Númenórë'', which can be translated as ''''Westernesse'''' or ''''Westland''''.<ref>{{S|Index}}</ref> The name is a compound of [[númen|''nūme-n'']] "going down" (from the [[Sundocarme|root]] √ndū, nū), sunset, West, and [[nóre|''nōre'']] "land, country".<ref>{{L|227}}</ref><ref>{{webcite|author=[[Carl F. Hostetter]]|articleurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160330024158/http://groups.yahoo.com/neo/groups/lambengolmor/conversations/messages/1144 |articlename=Holograph MS of Letter 227, correcting published etymology of "Númenor" (#1144)|dated=15 December 2013|website=Lambe|accessed=13 June 2022}}</ref>

==Other names==
The land most commonly referred to as ''Númenor'' (Westernesse, Westland) had a variety of other names:
*''[[Anadûnê]]'', "Westernesse" in [[Adûnaic]].<ref>{{S|Index}}, entry ''Anadûnê''</ref>
*''[[Andor]]'', "The Land of Gift" in Quenya.<ref>{{S|Index}}, entry ''Andor''</ref>
*''[[Elenna]]'', "Starwards" in Quenya.<ref>{{S|Index}}, entry ''Elenna''</ref>
*''Elenna-nórë'', "The land named Starwards" in Quenya.<ref>{{UT|Index}}, entry ''* Elenna-nórë''</ref>
*''[[Yôzâyan]]'', "The Land of Gift" in Adûnaic.<ref>{{UT|Index}}, entry ''* Yôzâyan''</ref>
*''The Land of the Star''<ref>{{S|Index}}, entry ''Land of the Star''</ref>
and after its downfall:
*''[[Akallabêth]]'', "The Downfallen" in Adûnaic.<ref>{{S|Index}}, entry ''Akallabêth''</ref><ref>{{UT|Index}}, entry ''Akallabêth''</ref>
*''[[Atalantë]]'', "The Downfallen" in Quenya.<ref>{{S|Index}}, entry ''Atalantë''</ref>
*''[[Mar-nu-Falmar]]'', "The Land under the Waves" in [[Sindarin]].<ref>{{S|Index}}, entry ''Mar-nu-Falmar''</ref>

==Inspiration==
Númenor is an alteration of the [[Atlantis]] mythos in Tolkien's legendarium.<ref name=L276>{{L|276}}, sixth paragraph</ref><ref>{{L|227}}, first paragraph</ref><ref>{{L|294}}, twelfth section of the commentary on the draft text</ref> Notably, he referred to a recurring "Atlantis dream" he had.<ref name=L276/><ref>{{L|163}}, fifth paragraph</ref><ref>{{L|257}}, eighth paragraph</ref> The connection is more evident in the name ''[[Atalantë]]'', another epithet of the Island which in [[Quenya]] means "the downfallen" (note that in Greek, ''Atlantis'' is related to [[Wikipedia:Atlas|Atlas]]; therefore ''Atalantë'' has no direct connection. In fact, Tolkien, upon realising the similarity, described it as a "curious chance"<ref>{{L|257|1}}</ref>).

[[wikipedia:Plato|Plato]], the ancient Greek philosopher, recounted the story of Atlantis. According to him, Atlantis was in the middle of the ocean in the West (cf. [[Belegaer|Great Sea]]), its people were more advanced than those of the known world (cf. [[Kings of Men]]) but were corrupted by arrogance; the continent was destroyed by the gods and survivors created colonies, as in Egypt (cf. [[Realms in Exile]]). Also according to Plato, the centre of Atlantis was occupied by a high mountain-palace (cf. [[Meneltarma]]) around which a city of three circles was built, quite different from the star-shaped island of Númenor. Another element with both common and different points between the two stories is that Númenor sank when the fleet was attacking the West, while Atlantis sank during a sea-battle with the Athenians in the east.

Some parts of Númenor's history seem to have been inspired not only by Plato but also by researchers and occultists whose theories were widespread during Tolkien's time.

Ignatius Loyola Donnelly and Edgar Cayce were the most famous authors regarding Atlantis and mentioned events and concepts that Plato never did. One of those "original" elements told by modern authors and mystics was a civil war between two factions of Atlanteans (good and evil)<ref>http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Root_race#The_civilization_of_Atlantis</ref> which is similar to the persecution of the [[Elf-friends]] by the [[King's Men]].

According to those theories, remnants of Atlantean civilization survived by colonists or survivors in Egypt (and in Pre-Columbian America), which mirrors the [[Realms in Exile]] founded by the Faithful. Tolkien once wrote that the Númenóreans of Gondor resembled the love of, and ability to make gigantic and massive constructions and the great interest in ancetry and tombs of the ancient Egyptians.<ref>{{L|211}}, Question 4</ref>

==Uses outside the legendarium==

[[C.S. Lewis]]' novel ''That Hideous Strength'' makes reference to "Numinor [sic] and the True West", which Lewis credits as a then-unpublished creation of [[J.R.R. Tolkien]]. This is one of many examples of cross-overs between the novels of Lewis and Tolkien, both of whom were members of the [[Inklings]], a literary discussion group at [[Oxford University]].

The world of [http://narnia.wikia.com/wiki/Charn Charn] from Lewis' ''[[The Chronicles of Narnia]]'' series bears some similarities with Númenor: both Númenor and Charn were initially ruled by wise and benevolent rulers who later became corrupted, cruel and evil, culminating with their respective final rulers ([[Ar-Pharazôn]] for Númenor; the White Witch [http://narnia.wikia.com/wiki/Jadis Jadis] for Charn) causing the destruction of both realms.

==See also==
* [[King of Númenor]]
* [[Númenóreans]]

==External links==
*[http://sdgeard.customer.netspace.net.au/hccnum.html A History and Complete Chronology of Númenor] - A detailed chronology of Númenor, its successor states and their rulers.
*[http://www.jrrvf.com/hisweloke/site3/articles.php?lng=fr&pg=38 Article] concerning the position of Numenor.

{{references}}
{{numenor}}
{{numenorkings}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Numenor}}
[[Category:Islands]]
[[Category:Númenor| ]]
[[Category:Quenya locations]]

[[de:Númenor]]
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[[fr:encyclo/geographie/eaux/iles/numenor]]

Númenor

2023-11-08T09:16:30Z

Elros: Added a reference to "A Description of the Island of Númenor" in Unfinished Tales

{{disambig-two|the Mannish realm of the Second Age|island where it was located|[[Elenna]]}}
{{kingdom
| image=[[File:John Howe - Numenor.png|275px]]
| name=Númenor
| pronun=[[Quenya|Q]], {{IPA|[ˈnuːmenor]}}
| othernames=Westernesse ''Númenórë'', ''Andor'', ''[[Elenna]]'' ([[Quenya|Q]]) ''Anadûnê'', ''Yôzâyan'' ([[Adûnaic|A]])
| location=In [[Belegaer]], between [[Middle-earth]] and [[Aman]]
| capital=[[Armenelos]]
| towns=[[Andúnië]], [[Eldalondë]], [[Rómenna]], [[Ondosto]], [[Nindamos]]
| regions=[[Forostar]], [[Andustar]], [[Hyarnustar]], [[Hyarrostar]], [[Orrostar]], [[Mittalmar]], [[Emerië]], [[Nísimaldar]]
| population=Primarily [[Númenóreans]] (Few [[Drúedain]] briefly lived on the island)
| language=[[Adûnaic]], [[Númenórean Sindarin]], [[Quenya]]
| govern1=[[King of Númenor|King]]/[[Ruling Queens of Númenor|Queen]]
| govern2=[[Council of the Sceptre]]
| govern3=
| currency=
| holiday=[[Three Prayers]]: [[Erukyermë]], [[Erulaitalë]], [[Eruhantalë]]
| precededby=
| event1=Founded
| event1date={{SA|32}}
| event2=Destroyed
| event2date={{SA|3319}}
| event3=
| event3date=
| event4=
| event4date=
| event5=
| event5date=
| followedby=[[Realms in Exile]]
}}
{{Quote|The Edain came at last over leagues of sea and saw afar the land that was prepared for them, Andor, the Land of Gift, shimmering in a golden haze. Then they went up out of the sea and found a country fair and fruitful, and they were glad.|''[[Akallabêth]]''}}

'''Númenor''' or '''Númenórë''', known in the [[Westron|Common Speech]] as '''[[Westernesse]]''' and in [[Adûnaic]] as '''[[Anadûnê]]''', was one of the names of the isle of [[Elenna]], which was raised from the [[Belegaer|Great Sea]] by the [[Valar]] at the beginning of the [[Second Age]]. While strictly speaking, the term ''Númenor'' referred to the realm established on the island, it was more often used as a synonym for the land itself. Númenor was one of the most powerful realms of the Second Age, and its people, called [[Númenóreans]], as well as their descendants, continued to have considerable influence through the [[Third Age]].

==Geography==
{{main|Elenna}}
The island of Númenor was shaped like a 5-pointed star, each point having its own unique geological and physical features and names: [[Forostar]], [[Andustar]], [[Hyarnustar]], [[Hyarrostar]] and [[Orrostar]].

The central region was named [[Mittalmar]], and in its centre stood the holy mountain [[Meneltarma]].

Númenor had only two rivers: [[Siril]] and [[Nunduinë]].

The Númenóreans built several cities on the island. The capital [[Armenelos]], as well as [[Andúnië]], [[Nindamos]], [[Eldalondë]], [[Ondosto]] and [[Almaida]]. <ref>{{UT|Numenor}}</ref>

==History==
===Foundation===
{{seealso|Númenóreans#Origins}}
[[File:Felix Sotomayor - Numenor.jpg|thumb|left|''Numenor'' by Felix Sotomayor]]
Númenor was the kingdom of the [[Dúnedain]], located on an island in the [[Belegaer|Great Sea]], between Middle-earth and [[Aman]]. The land was brought up from the sea by [[Ulmo]] as a gift to the [[Edain]] for their part in the war against [[Morgoth]].<ref name=akallabeth>{{S|Akallabeth}}</ref> It was also called ''Elenna'' ("Starwards") because the Edain were led to it by the [[Star of Eärendil]], and because the island was in the shape of a five-pointed star. The first ships of the Edain arrived at the island in {{SA|32}}. [[Elros]], son of [[Eärendil]] was the first [[King of Númenor]], taking the name of [[Elros|Tar-Minyatur]] ("First King").<ref name=APSA>{{App|SA}}</ref> The majority of the Edain gradually migrated to the island in the next fifty years<ref>{{PM|V}}, §5</ref> and the [[Drúedain]] refugees who dwelt at the [[Mouths of Sirion]] before the sinking of [[Beleriand]] were permitted to join them.<ref name=Druedain>{{UT|Druedain}}</ref>

The Elves of [[Tol Eressëa]] visited the island and brought many gifts, such as birds and plants, and shared their lore and skills with the Men. The descendants of the Edain rose to become a powerful race of Men, the [[Númenóreans]].<ref name=akallabeth/>

===Return to Middle-earth===
The Númenóreans were forbidden by the Valar from sailing so far westward that Númenor was no longer visible, for fear that they would come upon the [[Undying Lands]], from which Men were [[Ban of the Valar|barred]]. They tried to compensate for this by going eastward and they reached the shores of Middle-earth in {{SA|600}}.<ref name=APSA/> Arriving in [[Lindon]], they were welcomed by [[Gil-galad]], and an alliance between Númenor and the [[Elves of Lindon]] was formed.<ref name=UTAE3>{{UT|4}}, Note 3</ref> The Númenóreans made contact with the [[Middle Men|Men of Eriador]] teaching them several crafts. They instructed them and helped free them from the [[Shadow]] which they had been under for centuries.<ref name=akallabeth/>

In {{SA|750}} the [[Guild of Venturers]] was established by Prince [[Aldarion]], son of the king [[Tar-Meneldur]], to facilitate the growing interest in seafaring in Númenor.<ref name>{{UT|4}}, Notes, Chronology</ref> Aldarion built the haven of [[Vinyalondë]], situated in the mouth of the river [[Gwathló]] between great forests to the north and south. The native people of [[Minhiriath]] and [[Enedwaith]] tolerated the Númenórean presence in the area until they began cutting the trees for timber, and hostility grew between the two peoples.<ref name=UTLD>{{UT|6d}}</ref>

===War with Sauron===
{{seealso|War of the Elves and Sauron}}
In {{SA|882}} Tar-Meneldur received a [[Gil-galad's letter|letter]] from Gil-galad warning of a new shadow rising in the East, declaring that a [[Sauron|servant]] of [[Morgoth]] was behind it and asking for aid to defend Eriador when the time came. Tar-Meneldur was disturbed by this letter and in his wisdom resigned the [[Sceptre of Númenor|Sceptre]] to his son, knowing that he had the better understanding of what was transpiring in the [[Great Lands]] due to the many years he spent abroad.<ref name=Wife>{{UT|Wife}}</ref> Tar-Aldarion returned to Middle-earth in earnest to continue his work while Númenor began preparation for war.<ref name=CGC>{{UT|Concerning}}</ref>

About {{SA|1200}}, Númenóreans began establishing permanent settlements in Middle-earth<ref name=APSA/> which were later attacked by raiders sent by Sauron as he drew closer to invading Eriador. Although they were unable to destroy the havens and forts, their assaults disrupted the Númenórean lumber industry.<ref name=UTLD/>

In {{SA|1695}}, Sauron launched his [[War of the Elves and Sauron|invasion]] of Eriador<ref name=APSA/> and Gil-galad sent word to Númenor for aid. [[Tar-Minastir]] sent a great navy, but by the time it reached the coasts of Middle-earth in {{SA|1700}}, Eriador was mostly in ruin. The Númenóreans and Elves [[Battle of the Gwathló|defeated]] Sauron bringing peace to the [[Westlands]].<ref name=CGC/>

===Shadow over Númenor===
[[File:Tolrone - Numenor (2).jpg|thumb|''Númenor'' by [[:Category:Images by Tolrone|Tolrone]]]]
The might of Númenor was revealed during that victory, and soon the Númenóreans became too proud and desired more wealth and power. About {{SA|1800|}} they established dominions on the shores of Middle-earth, becoming a brutal maritime empire that had no rival.<ref name=APSA/> They demanded tribute from the lesser peoples which they had liberated and taught, and now oppressed.

In Númenor there was growing discontent regarding [[Ban of the Valar]], questioning the [[Gift of Men]] and becoming envious of the immortality of the Eldar. They longed for [[Eldamar]], which they saw only from a distance.<ref name=APNK>{{App|A1i}}</ref> Fearing death, they tried to gain some form of immortality in riches and ornate tombs. This discontent began during the reigns of [[Tar-Ciryatan]] and his son [[Tar-Atanamir]]. It was the latter that started to speak openly against the Valar, and many Númenóreans followed his teachings.<ref name=Line>{{UT|Kings}}</ref>

===Division===
In {{SA|2251}}, during the reign of [[Tar-Ancalimon]], the Men of Númenor were split into two factions. The larger following were the [[King's Men]], who followed the king and abandoned the Elven customs and languages. The other was the [[Faithful]], who remained loyal to the Valar and friendly towards the Elves.<ref name=APNK/> Both had havens in Middle-earth such as [[Umbar]] and [[Pelargir]]; the King's Men extended their dominion in [[Harad|the south]], pushing away even Sauron who was afraid of them.<ref name=APSA/>

In {{SA|2899}} [[Ar-Adûnakhôr]] took the Sceptre<ref name=APSA/> and became the first king to choose an [[Adûnaic]] title and not one in [[Quenya]].<ref name=Line/> During his reign, the Faithful were persecuted and the Elven-tongue was no longer used or taught in Númenor. Elves seldom sailed to the island then, except in secret.

The Faithful remained in [[Andúnië]], and the Faithful [[Lords of Andúnië]], because of their noble heritage, still had some gravity in the meetings of nobles. However, in the 32nd century, [[Ar-Gimilzôr]] forced them to relocate to [[Rómenna]], and the haven was closed to the Elven visitors. Many of them would depart to Middle-earth to remain among the Eldar.<ref name=akallabeth/>

===Civil War===
[[File:Matěj Čadil - The Eagles of the lords of the Valar.jpg|left|thumb|''The Eagles of the lords of the Valar'' by [[Matěj Čadil]]]]
The 24th king, [[Tar-Palantir]], briefly attempted to cast the Shadow back and reunite the people with the Elves and the Valar, but was unable to appease the Valar during his lifetime and no ship came ever again from the west. The Faithful for some time had peace on the island, but the policies of the king were met with opposition by his brother [[Gimilkhâd]], who took leadership of the King's Men. Tar-Palantir prophesied that when the [[Nimloth (tree)|White Tree]] died, the line of Kings would perish also.<ref name=Line/>

Gimilkhâd had a son, [[Pharazôn]], who was a mighty Númenórean lord, spending many years abroad fighting in wars seeking to extend the dominion of Númenor in Middle-earth, and was a renowned captain on land and sea.<ref name=akallabeth/> After hearing the news of his father's death in {{SA|3243}}, Pharazôn returned to Númenor, took leadership of the King's Men, and led a rebellion against his uncle Tar-Palantir.<ref name=APSA/>

When Tar-Palantir died, he had no male heir, only a daughter [[Tar-Míriel]]. She was posed to succeed her father, but Pharazôn usurped the Sceptre and forced her into marriage against her will and against the laws of Númenor, which prohibited first cousins from marrying. He proclaimed himself Ar-Pharazôn the Golden and changed the name of Míriel to Ar-Zimraphel.<ref name=akallabeth/>

===Sauron===
In {{SA|3261}}, [[Ar-Pharazôn]] sailed to Middle-earth to defeat a resurgent Sauron. Seeing the might of Númenor, Sauron willingly submitted to the king's authority, and he was brought back to Númenor as a hostage. By that time, however, the Drúedain of Númenor had sensed a coming darkness and all of them had abandoned the island for Middle-earth.<ref name=Druedain/> Sauron soon became an adviser to the King as Tar-Mairon, and promised the Númenóreans would achieve eternal life if they worshipped [[Morgoth|Melkor]]. Under the counsel of Sauron, the Númenóreans became even more warlike, hunting the Men of Middle-earth and enslaving them. Ar-Pharazôn had a five hundred foot temple to Melkor erected, in which the enslaved Men, as well as members of the Faithful were sacrificed.<ref name=akallabeth/>

During this time, the white tree [[Nimloth the Fair]], whose fate was said to be tied to the line of kings, was chopped down and burned as a sacrifice to Melkor. Risking his life, [[Isildur]] rescued a fruit of the tree, preserving the ancient line of trees.<ref name=akallabeth/>

===Destruction===
[[Image:Ted_Nasmith_-_The_Ships_of_the_Faithful.jpg|right|thumb|''The Ships of the Faithful'' by [[Ted Nasmith]]]]
{{main|Downfall of Númenor}}
Prompted by Sauron and fearing death and old age, Ar-Pharazôn built a great armada to make war upon the Valar and seize the Undying Lands. The Valar displayed warnings to the Men of Westernesse in the form of clouds shaped like huge eagles, but they paid no heed to these manifestations.<ref name=akallabeth/> In {{SA|3319}} Ar-Pharazôn landed on the shores of Aman.<ref name=APSA/>

Fearing that the Númenorean army could wreak havoc in [[Valinor]],<ref>{{L|131}}</ref> but forbidden from killing or otherwise using force against Men,<ref>{{L|156}}</ref><ref>{{MR|P4k}}, p. 350</ref> the Valar called upon Eru Ilúvatar for assistance. He broke and changed the world, taking Aman and Tol Eressëa from the world forever, and changing the world's shape from flat to round. The massive fleet was consumed when Ilúvatar opened up a chasm in the sea. Númenor, likewise, was covered by great waves and sank into the abyss, killing its inhabitants, including the body of Sauron who remained behind and now was robbed of his ability to assume fair and charming forms.<ref name=akallabeth/>

[[Elendil]], son of the [[Amandil|leader]] of the Faithful during the reign of Ar-Pharazôn, his sons and his followers had foreseen the disaster that was to befall Númenor, and they had set sail in nine ships before the island fell. They landed in Middle-earth, gathered the Númenórean and indigenous peoples living there, and founded the kingdoms of [[Arnor]] and [[Gondor]].<ref name=akallabeth/>

After its fall Númenor was called ''Atalantë'', meaning "the Downfallen", in the [[Quenya]] language. Other names after the Downfall include ''Mar-nu-Falmar'' ("Land under the Waves") and ''[[Akallabêth]]'' ("the Downfallen" in Adûnaic).

The story of the rise and downfall of Númenor is told in ''[[Akallabêth]]''.

==Politics==
Númenor was a monarchy. The King held the power of decision over the affairs of the state. However, there was an advisory body, the [[Council of the Sceptre]], which consisted of the Heir of the King and lords from the six regions of Númenor: [[Forostar]] (''Northlands''), [[Andustar]] (''Westlands''), [[Hyarnustar]] (''Southwestlands''), [[Hyarrostar]] (''Southeastlands''), [[Orrostar]] (''Eastlands'') and [[Mittalmar]] (''Inlands'').

There were two main political parties: Elendili, the [[Faithful]], led by the Lords of Andúnië, always loyal to the Elves. In the later years, they were a small group, oppressed by the opposing [[King's Men]] who rebelled against the Valar and their ban, and set dominions among the Men of Middle-earth and laid heavy tribute upon them. As their number and power increased, the King's Men forced the Elendili to move from [[Andúnië]] to the eastern side of the island, at [[Rómenna]]. [[Pelargir]] was a harbour built where the river [[Sirith]] met [[Anduin]] and it was founded by the Faithful in {{SA|2350}}.

Respected as a law was the [[Ban of the Valar]], which stated that Númenóreans should never sail West more than the limit of their sight when looking after their shores. As the fear of death filled more and more the hearts of the Númenóreans, they sailed further away from the island, until finally the last king, Ar-Pharazôn, broke the Ban in his attempt to reach [[Tol Eressëa]] out of the false belief that dwelling in Aman granted immortality.

===Rulership===
{{main|Line of Elros}}
Númenóreans from the [[Line of Elros]] had the right to inherit the [[Sceptre]] and thus become Rulers of Númenor. In total 25 [[King of Númenor|Kings]] and [[Ruling Queen of Númenor|Queens]] ruled Númenor.<ref>{{UT|Kings}}</ref> While the Númenóreans lived around 200 years, for many generations the descendants of Elros had a double life span of 400 years, but their life span decreased after the shadow fell on Númenor.<ref>{{UT|5a}}, note 1</ref>

Of great importance was the [[Law of Succession in Númenor]] which established the heir to the throne. It started as an inherited custom, which gave exclusive rights to the male descendants of Elros.<ref>{{UT|Wife}}, ''The Further Course of the Narrative''</ref> Tar-Aldarion, the sixth ruler of Númenor, only had one daughter and replaced the principle of exclusive male heir with that of eldest progeny, of any gender. in {{SA|1075}} [[Tar-Ancalimë]] became the first ruling queen in the history of Númenor.<ref name=Aldarion>{{UT|Kings}}, entry VI ''Tar-Aldarion''</ref>

Númenórean Kings and Queens influenced their era in various ways:

*[[Tar-Aldarion]], a great mariner, shipbuilder and explorer of Middle-earth<ref name=Aldarion/> who established the haven of [[Vinyalonde]]
*[[Tar-Ancalimë]], the first Ruling Queen of Númenor who neglected all her father's policies after his death<ref>{{UT|Kings}}, entry VII ''Tar-Ancalimë''</ref>
*[[Tar-Minastir]], sent a fleet that helped the Elves to defeat [[Sauron]]<ref>{{App|SA}}, entry for the year 1700, p. 1083</ref><ref>{{UT|Kings}}, entry XI ''Tar-Minastir''</ref><ref>{{UT|Concerning}}</ref><ref>{{UT|5a}}, Note 9</ref><ref>{{NM|P3xviii}}, p. 370</ref>
*[[Ar-Adûnakhôr]], banned the speaking of Quenya and severed relationships with the Eldar<ref>{{UT|Kings}}, entry XX ''Ar-Adûnakhôr (Tar-Herunúmen)''</ref>
*[[Ar-Pharazôn]], last in the line of rulers, whose ursurping of the kingship led directly to the [[Akallabêth|Downfall of Númenor]]<ref>{{UT|Kings}}, entry XXIV ''Tar-Palantir (Ar-Inziladûn), second paragraph''</ref><ref>{{UT|Kings}}, entry XXV ''Ar-Pharazôn (Tar-Calion)''</ref>

===Lords of Andúnië===
{{Main|Lords of Andúnië}}
During the time of princess [[Silmariën]], the law of [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agnatic_primogeniture agnatic primogeniture] existed. She could not succeed her father as his eldest child, and her [[Tar-Meneldur|brother]] took up the [[Sceptre]]. In her honour was created the title "[[Lords of Andúnië]]", which was set upon her first son, [[Valandil (Lord of Andúnië)|Valandil]], and his 18 descendants; the last one was [[Amandil]], father of [[Elendil]]. During the dark times of Númenor, the Lords were renowned for their friendship with the Eldar, and leaders of the [[Elendili]].
The Númenóreans were extremely skilled in arts and craft, with the forging of weapons and armour; although they were a peaceful people, their weapons, armour, and horse-riding skills could not be contested anywhere else in [[Arda]], save by the [[Valar]]. But the Númenóreans were not warmongers; hence, the chief art on the island became that of ship-building and sea-craft. The Númenóreans became great mariners, exploring the world in all directions save for the west, where the [[Ban of the Valar]] was in force. They often travelled to the shores of Middle-earth, teaching the men there crafts, and introducing farming in order to improve their lives.

==Culture==
[[File:Matěj Čadil - A Royal Wedding in Numenor.jpg|thumb|''A Royal Wedding in Númenor'' by [[Matěj Čadil]]]]
{{main|Númenóreans}}
The fleet of Elros initially brought probably between 5,000 to 10,000 Edain to Númenor. After a migration period that lasted at least 50 years, between 200,000 and 350,000 Edain had emigrated to Númenor. After a thousand years the population seemed to have slightly exceeded 2 million people. The population may have reached 15 million people before the Downfall of Númenor.<ref>{{NM|P3xiii|}}, p. 339</ref> They were known as the Númenóreans, or rather, ''Kings among Men''.

The population of Númenor chiefly consisted of [[Edain]], mostly descendants from the [[House of Hador]]; however, before the Shadow fell on the island, the westernmost cities such as [[Andúnië]] contained a small population of [[Elves]]{{fact}} because of the frequent visits from Tol Eressëa.

There were also a small number of [[Drúedain]] living in Númenor, who, considered to be Edain, accompanied their friends of the [[House of Haleth]] to Númenor. They were few in number and dreaded the sea. They became uneasy when [[Tar-Aldarion]] started his great travels and urged him not to go, seeing the mischief to come. They did not succeed in deterring him, and one after another they took ships towards Middle-earth, saying that, "the Great Isle no longer feels sure under our feet, and we wish to return to the lands whence we came". The last of them left when Sauron was brought to Númenor.

==Etymology==
''Númenor'' is a shortened form of the [[Quenya]] name ''Númenórë'', which can be translated as ''''Westernesse'''' or ''''Westland''''.<ref>{{S|Index}}</ref> The name is a compound of [[númen|''nūme-n'']] "going down" (from the [[Sundocarme|root]] √ndū, nū), sunset, West, and [[nóre|''nōre'']] "land, country".<ref>{{L|227}}</ref><ref>{{webcite|author=[[Carl F. Hostetter]]|articleurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160330024158/http://groups.yahoo.com/neo/groups/lambengolmor/conversations/messages/1144 |articlename=Holograph MS of Letter 227, correcting published etymology of "Númenor" (#1144)|dated=15 December 2013|website=Lambe|accessed=13 June 2022}}</ref>

==Other names==
The land most commonly referred to as ''Númenor'' (Westernesse, Westland) had a variety of other names:
*''[[Anadûnê]]'', "Westernesse" in [[Adûnaic]].<ref>{{S|Index}}, entry ''Anadûnê''</ref>
*''[[Andor]]'', "The Land of Gift" in Quenya.<ref>{{S|Index}}, entry ''Andor''</ref>
*''[[Elenna]]'', "Starwards" in Quenya.<ref>{{S|Index}}, entry ''Elenna''</ref>
*''Elenna-nórë'', "The land named Starwards" in Quenya.<ref>{{UT|Index}}, entry ''* Elenna-nórë''</ref>
*''[[Yôzâyan]]'', "The Land of Gift" in Adûnaic.<ref>{{UT|Index}}, entry ''* Yôzâyan''</ref>
*''The Land of the Star''<ref>{{S|Index}}, entry ''Land of the Star''</ref>
and after its downfall:
*''[[Akallabêth]]'', "The Downfallen" in Adûnaic.<ref>{{S|Index}}, entry ''Akallabêth''</ref><ref>{{UT|Index}}, entry ''Akallabêth''</ref>
*''[[Atalantë]]'', "The Downfallen" in Quenya.<ref>{{S|Index}}, entry ''Atalantë''</ref>
*''[[Mar-nu-Falmar]]'', "The Land under the Waves" in [[Sindarin]].<ref>{{S|Index}}, entry ''Mar-nu-Falmar''</ref>

==Inspiration==
Númenor is an alteration of the [[Atlantis]] mythos in Tolkien's legendarium.<ref name=L276>{{L|276}}, sixth paragraph</ref><ref>{{L|227}}, first paragraph</ref><ref>{{L|294}}, twelfth section of the commentary on the draft text</ref> Notably, he referred to a recurring "Atlantis dream" he had.<ref name=L276/><ref>{{L|163}}, fifth paragraph</ref><ref>{{L|257}}, eighth paragraph</ref> The connection is more evident in the name ''[[Atalantë]]'', another epithet of the Island which in [[Quenya]] means "the downfallen" (note that in Greek, ''Atlantis'' is related to [[Wikipedia:Atlas|Atlas]]; therefore ''Atalantë'' has no direct connection. In fact, Tolkien, upon realising the similarity, described it as a "curious chance"<ref>{{L|257|1}}</ref>).

[[wikipedia:Plato|Plato]], the ancient Greek philosopher, recounted the story of Atlantis. According to him, Atlantis was in the middle of the ocean in the West (cf. [[Belegaer|Great Sea]]), its people were more advanced than those of the known world (cf. [[Kings of Men]]) but were corrupted by arrogance; the continent was destroyed by the gods and survivors created colonies, as in Egypt (cf. [[Realms in Exile]]). Also according to Plato, the centre of Atlantis was occupied by a high mountain-palace (cf. [[Meneltarma]]) around which a city of three circles was built, quite different from the star-shaped island of Númenor. Another element with both common and different points between the two stories is that Númenor sank when the fleet was attacking the West, while Atlantis sank during a sea-battle with the Athenians in the east.

Some parts of Númenor's history seem to have been inspired not only by Plato but also by researchers and occultists whose theories were widespread during Tolkien's time.

Ignatius Loyola Donnelly and Edgar Cayce were the most famous authors regarding Atlantis and mentioned events and concepts that Plato never did. One of those "original" elements told by modern authors and mystics was a civil war between two factions of Atlanteans (good and evil)<ref>http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Root_race#The_civilization_of_Atlantis</ref> which is similar to the persecution of the [[Elf-friends]] by the [[King's Men]].

According to those theories, remnants of Atlantean civilization survived by colonists or survivors in Egypt (and in Pre-Columbian America), which mirrors the [[Realms in Exile]] founded by the Faithful. Tolkien once wrote that the Númenóreans of Gondor resembled the love of, and ability to make gigantic and massive constructions and the great interest in ancetry and tombs of the ancient Egyptians.<ref>{{L|211}}, Question 4</ref>

==Uses outside the legendarium==

[[C.S. Lewis]]' novel ''That Hideous Strength'' makes reference to "Numinor [sic] and the True West", which Lewis credits as a then-unpublished creation of [[J.R.R. Tolkien]]. This is one of many examples of cross-overs between the novels of Lewis and Tolkien, both of whom were members of the [[Inklings]], a literary discussion group at [[Oxford University]].

The world of [http://narnia.wikia.com/wiki/Charn Charn] from Lewis' ''[[The Chronicles of Narnia]]'' series bears some similarities with Númenor: both Númenor and Charn were initially ruled by wise and benevolent rulers who later became corrupted, cruel and evil, culminating with their respective final rulers ([[Ar-Pharazôn]] for Númenor; the White Witch [http://narnia.wikia.com/wiki/Jadis Jadis] for Charn) causing the destruction of both realms.

==See also==
* [[King of Númenor]]
* [[Númenóreans]]

==External links==
*[http://sdgeard.customer.netspace.net.au/hccnum.html A History and Complete Chronology of Númenor] - A detailed chronology of Númenor, its successor states and their rulers.
*[http://www.jrrvf.com/hisweloke/site3/articles.php?lng=fr&pg=38 Article] concerning the position of Numenor.

{{references}}
{{numenor}}
{{numenorkings}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Numenor}}
[[Category:Islands]]
[[Category:Númenor| ]]
[[Category:Quenya locations]]

[[de:Númenor]]
[[fi:Númenor]]
[[fr:encyclo/geographie/eaux/iles/numenor]]

User talk:Elros

2023-11-08T09:14:08Z

Elros: /* Edits without references */ Reply

==Welcome!==
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I hope you enjoy editing here and we look forward to your future edits. By the way, you can sign your name on Talk and vote pages using three tildes, like this: ~<nowiki>~~</nowiki>. Four tildes (~~<nowiki>~~</nowiki>) produces your name and the current date. If you have any questions, see the [[Help:Contents|help pages]], add a question to the [[Forums:Council|Council forums]] or ask me on [[User talk:Hyarion|my talk page]]. Keep up the great work!

==Edits without references==
I noticed that you made edits to the Adunaic and Númenor pages, which were not supported by any references. I recommend to have a look at the [[Help:References]] page. If you do not add references that support the content that you edit, you risk that the content that you added will be reverted/deleted by other users. --[[User:Akhorahil|Akhôrahil]] ([[User talk:Akhorahil|talk]]) 08:55, 7 November 2023 (UTC)

:Thank you. I am in the process of adding references to the Adûnaic page. As regards the Númenor page, my only change was adding Ondosto to the list of cities, which had no reference to begin with. [[User:Elros|Elros]] ([[User talk:Elros|talk]]) 11:44, 7 November 2023 (UTC)

::Almost 24 hours have passed since your announcement that you are "in the process of adding references to the Adûnaic page". In this time you have created or edited two other pages without adding references to the Adûnaic page. References are the cornerstone of a high quality wiki. The are not some "nice to have", they are essential. The fact that somebody else was negligent to add references to a page before is no justification for not adding a reference for content added to that page. Helge Fauskanger has provided information with references to works written by J.R.R. Tolkien on his page about Adûnaic on ardalambion.net. It is best to only edit when having works by J.R.R. Tolkien in a second window or near the screen and to include references with the edit. --[[User:Akhorahil|Akhôrahil]] ([[User talk:Akhorahil|talk]]) 09:01, 8 November 2023 (UTC)
:::This is strange – when I look at the Adûnaic page, it appears that there are references to Tolkien's works for just about everything that I have added. I am afraid I fail to see where references are missing. If you could point out an example or two where they are lacking, I will be certain to add references to those sections as soon as possible.
:::I confess that I have not added a reference for the addition of Ondosto on the Númenor page. I will do so now – in fact, I will add a reference for the whole paragraph, since the pre-existing information comes from the same source. [[User:Elros|Elros]] ([[User talk:Elros|talk]]) 09:14, 8 November 2023 (UTC)

Anders Stenström

2023-11-08T09:05:14Z

Elros:

__NOTOC__
'''Beregond, Anders Stenström''' (b. [[1957]]) is a Swedish [[J.R.R. Tolkien|Tolkien]] scholar.

Since [[1967]], Stenström has been an enthusiast of Tolkien, and since [[1976]], when he became a member of the Tolkien Society [[Forodrim]], he carries the byname Beregond.

Beregond has researched different aspects of the works of Tolkien (among his contributions can be found suggestions on principles for [[structural references]]), published several articles, and been a speaker at and organizer of conferences and conventions. Together with Kristina Valinger, Beregond was responsible for the creation of the Swedish subtitles for [[The Lord of the Rings (film series)|Peter Jackson's ''The Lord of the Rings'']]. He was consulted for [[Erik Andersson]]'s new Swedish translation of ''[[The Lord of the Rings]]''. He is the translator of [[The Letters of J.R.R. Tolkien]] and [[Bilbo's Last Song|Bilbo's Last Song]] into Swedish.

He is currently one of the organizers of [[Omentielva]], the International Conference on J.R.R. Tolkien's Invented Languages, a series of biennial conferences at changing locations. He is also editor of [[Arda (annual)|''Arda'']] and ''Arda Philology''.

Stenström lives in [[wikipedia:Alby, Botkyrka|Alby, Botkyrka]] within the [[wikipedia:Stockholm urban area|Stockholm urban area]] and works as a [[wikipedia:Verger#Modern function|verger]].

==Bibliography==

===Articles===

*[[1981]]: ''[[Arda 9]]''
**"Några rön om hobbitarnas demografi / Some Notes on the Demography of the Hobbits"
*[[1984]]: [[Amon Hen 66|''Amon Hen'' 66]]
** Review: ''[[Finn and Hengest]]''
*[[1986]]: ''[[Arda 1982-83]]''
**"Något om tideräkningen i Rohan / Some Notes on Time-reckoning in Rohan"
*[[1987]]: ''[[Tolkien and the Spirit of the Age]]''
**"Marvels of the North[ern] World: Some Notes on Tolkien and the Spirit of Science"
*[[1988]]: ''[[Arda 1984/1985]]''
**Något om pipor, blad och rökning / Some Notes on Pipes, Leaf and Smoking
**"Striking Matches - An Exegesis of H V:4 / Kunde tändstickorna strykas?"
*[[1990]]: ''[[Arda 1986]]''
**"Något om Ringbärarens dagar kring Spindelns Pass / Some Notes on the Ringbearer's Days around the Pass of the Spider"
*[[1992]]: ''[[Arda 1987]]''
**"The Figure of Beorn / Beorngestalten"
*[[1993]]: ''[[Scholarship and Fantasy]]''
**"Some Notes on Giants in Tolkien's Writings"
*[[1994]]: ''[[Arda 1988-1991]]''
**"Skönhet och fara och sorg: En tankeväv hos Tolkien / Beauty and Peril and Sorrow"
*[[1995]]: ''[[Proceedings of the J.R.R. Tolkien Centenary Conference]]''
**"A Mythology? For England?"
*[[1998]]: [http://www.forodrim.org/index_en.html The Tolkien Society Forodrim] [web page]
**[http://www.forodrim.org/daeron/md_home.html Mellonath Daeron]: "[http://www.forodrim.org/daeron/md_plur.html Attested Sindarin Plurals]"
**''Arda'': "[http://www.forodrim.org/arda/arda_ref.html The ''Arda'' format for structural references to the works of J.R.R. Tolkien]"
*[[2004]]: ''[[Translating Tolkien: Text and Film]]''
**"Tolkien in Swedish Translation: from Hompen to Ringarnas herre"
*[[2006]]: ''[[J.R.R. Tolkien Encyclopedia: Scholarship and Critical Assessment]]''
**"'MS Bodley 34: A re-collation of a collation'"
**"Sweden: Reception of Tolkien"
**"Swedish Language"
*[[2009]]: ''[[Arda Philology 2]]''
**"Phonotactic Preferences in the Root Repertories of 'Qenya Lexicon' and 'The Etymologies'"
*[[2011]]: ''[[Arda Philology 3]]''
**Foreword

===Translations===

*[[2014]]: ''[http://beregond.se/bilbos.htm Bilbos sista sång]'' (''[[Bilbo's Last Song]]''; ISBN 978-91-637-7442-3; printed by Graphic Digital, Stockholm)
*[[2017]]: ''[https://beregond.se/brev.htm Brev från J.R.R. Tolkien]'' (''[[The Letters of J.R.R. Tolkien]]''); ISBN 978-91-878-9161-8; published by Ersatz förlag)

==References==

*[http://tolkiensarda.se/new/nummer/magsidor/art26_1.php ''Tolkien's Arda''] (online magazine in Swedish)
*Private correspondance with Anders Stenström, as of July 2010

{{DEFAULTSORT:Stenstrom, Anders}}
[[Category:Authors]]
[[Category:JRRTE contributors]]
[[Category:Linguists]]
[[Category:People by name]]
[[Category:Religious workers]]
[[Category:Swedish people]]

Anders Stenström

2023-11-08T09:04:31Z

Elros:

__NOTOC__
'''Beregond, Anders Stenström''' (b. [[1957]]) is a Swedish [[J.R.R. Tolkien|Tolkien]] scholar.

Since [[1967]], Stenström has been an enthusiast of Tolkien, and since [[1976]], when he became a member of the Tolkien Society [[Forodrim]], he carries the byname Beregond.

Beregond has researched different aspects of the works of Tolkien (among his contributions can be found suggestions on principles for [[structural references]]), published several articles, and been a speaker at and organizer of conferences and conventions. Together with Kristina Valinger, Beregond was responsible for the creation of the Swedish subtitles for [[The Lord of the Rings (film series)|Peter Jackson's ''The Lord of the Rings'']]. He was consulted for [[Erik Andersson]]'s new Swedish translation of ''[[The Lord of the Rings]]''. He is the translator of a Swedish edition of [[The Letters of J.R.R. Tolkien]] and [[Bilbo's Last Song|Bilbo's Last Song]].

He is currently one of the organizers of [[Omentielva]], the International Conference on J.R.R. Tolkien's Invented Languages, a series of biennial conferences at changing locations. He is also editor of [[Arda (annual)|''Arda'']] and ''Arda Philology''.

Stenström lives in [[wikipedia:Alby, Botkyrka|Alby, Botkyrka]] within the [[wikipedia:Stockholm urban area|Stockholm urban area]] and works as a [[wikipedia:Verger#Modern function|verger]].

==Bibliography==

===Articles===

*[[1981]]: ''[[Arda 9]]''
**"Några rön om hobbitarnas demografi / Some Notes on the Demography of the Hobbits"
*[[1984]]: [[Amon Hen 66|''Amon Hen'' 66]]
** Review: ''[[Finn and Hengest]]''
*[[1986]]: ''[[Arda 1982-83]]''
**"Något om tideräkningen i Rohan / Some Notes on Time-reckoning in Rohan"
*[[1987]]: ''[[Tolkien and the Spirit of the Age]]''
**"Marvels of the North[ern] World: Some Notes on Tolkien and the Spirit of Science"
*[[1988]]: ''[[Arda 1984/1985]]''
**Något om pipor, blad och rökning / Some Notes on Pipes, Leaf and Smoking
**"Striking Matches - An Exegesis of H V:4 / Kunde tändstickorna strykas?"
*[[1990]]: ''[[Arda 1986]]''
**"Något om Ringbärarens dagar kring Spindelns Pass / Some Notes on the Ringbearer's Days around the Pass of the Spider"
*[[1992]]: ''[[Arda 1987]]''
**"The Figure of Beorn / Beorngestalten"
*[[1993]]: ''[[Scholarship and Fantasy]]''
**"Some Notes on Giants in Tolkien's Writings"
*[[1994]]: ''[[Arda 1988-1991]]''
**"Skönhet och fara och sorg: En tankeväv hos Tolkien / Beauty and Peril and Sorrow"
*[[1995]]: ''[[Proceedings of the J.R.R. Tolkien Centenary Conference]]''
**"A Mythology? For England?"
*[[1998]]: [http://www.forodrim.org/index_en.html The Tolkien Society Forodrim] [web page]
**[http://www.forodrim.org/daeron/md_home.html Mellonath Daeron]: "[http://www.forodrim.org/daeron/md_plur.html Attested Sindarin Plurals]"
**''Arda'': "[http://www.forodrim.org/arda/arda_ref.html The ''Arda'' format for structural references to the works of J.R.R. Tolkien]"
*[[2004]]: ''[[Translating Tolkien: Text and Film]]''
**"Tolkien in Swedish Translation: from Hompen to Ringarnas herre"
*[[2006]]: ''[[J.R.R. Tolkien Encyclopedia: Scholarship and Critical Assessment]]''
**"'MS Bodley 34: A re-collation of a collation'"
**"Sweden: Reception of Tolkien"
**"Swedish Language"
*[[2009]]: ''[[Arda Philology 2]]''
**"Phonotactic Preferences in the Root Repertories of 'Qenya Lexicon' and 'The Etymologies'"
*[[2011]]: ''[[Arda Philology 3]]''
**Foreword

===Translations===

*[[2014]]: ''[http://beregond.se/bilbos.htm Bilbos sista sång]'' (''[[Bilbo's Last Song]]''; ISBN 978-91-637-7442-3; printed by Graphic Digital, Stockholm)
*[[2017]]: ''[https://beregond.se/brev.htm Brev från J.R.R. Tolkien]'' (''[[The Letters of J.R.R. Tolkien]]''); ISBN 978-91-878-9161-8; published by Ersatz förlag)

==References==

*[http://tolkiensarda.se/new/nummer/magsidor/art26_1.php ''Tolkien's Arda''] (online magazine in Swedish)
*Private correspondance with Anders Stenström, as of July 2010

{{DEFAULTSORT:Stenstrom, Anders}}
[[Category:Authors]]
[[Category:JRRTE contributors]]
[[Category:Linguists]]
[[Category:People by name]]
[[Category:Religious workers]]
[[Category:Swedish people]]

Forodrim

2023-11-08T08:57:08Z

Elros:

[[File:Heraldic device of Forodrim.gif|frame|right|Heraldic device of Forodrim]]
'''The Tolkien Society Forodrim''' was founded in Sweden in [[1972]] and is one of the oldest [[Tolkien fandom|Tolkien fan organizations]].

The Society has an especially active group interested in [[Languages#Elvish_scholarship|Tolkienian linguistics]], ''Mellonath Daeron''. The Forodrim also supported the publication of ''[[Arda (annual)|Arda]]''.

''Forodrim'' is [[Sindarin]] for "People of the North".

==Members of Note==
*[[Anders Stenstrom|Anders Stenström (a.k.a. Beregond)]]
*[[Åke Bertenstam]].

==Costumes & Hierarchy & Heraldry==
Forodrim is a unique Tolkien society in that it has a hierarchical feudal membership structure whereby membership duration and involvement provides for a higher level. In addition, Forodrim requires members to appear in medieval / Middle-earth attire at events. Forodrim also has a strong focus on heraldry and ceremony inspired by Tolkien and the Middle ages.

==Guilds==
Forodrim has a number of guilds focused on different interests of the members. New guilds are occasionally started, and old ones put on hiatus, as the interests of the members shift. Some of the more enduring guilds are:
* Mellonath Daeron, the guild of languages
* Mellonath Dineth, the guild of dance
* Mellonath Gléowine, the guild of singing
* Parmandili, the book guild

==Chapters==
[[Cerin Erain]] is the Uppsala chapter of Forodrim.

Tol Nimfalas is a chapter of Forodrim located in England.

==Publications==
*''Medlemsbladet''
*''[[Palantiren]]'' (now discontinued)

==External links==

*[https://forodrim.org/ Forodrim site (in Swedish)]
*[https://forodrim.org/in-english/ Forodrim site (in English)]
*[https://www.facebook.com/TolkiensallskapetForodrim Forodrim on Facebook]

[[Category:Swedish organizations]]
[[Category:Tolkien Societies]]

Forodrim

2023-11-08T08:49:41Z

Elros:

[[File:Heraldic device of Forodrim.gif|frame|right|Heraldic device of Forodrim]]
'''The Tolkien Society Forodrim''' was founded in Sweden in [[1972]] and is one of the oldest [[Tolkien fandom|Tolkien fan organizations]].

The Society has an especially active group interested in [[Languages#Elvish_scholarship|Tolkienian linguistics]], ''Mellonath Daeron''. The Forodrim also supported the publication of ''[[Arda (annual)|Arda]]''.

''Forodrim'' is [[Sindarin]] for "People of the North".

==Members of Note==
*[[Anders Stenstrom|Anders Stenström (a.k.a. Beregond)]]
*[[Åke Bertenstam]].

==Costumes & Hierarchy & Heraldry==
Forodrim is a unique Tolkien society in that it has a hierarchical feudal membership structure whereby membership duration and involvement provides for a higher level. In addition, Forodrim requires members to appear in medieval / Middle-earth attire at events. Forodrim also has a strong focus on heraldry and ceremony inspired by Tolkien and the Middle ages.

==Guilds==
Forodrim has a number of guilds focused on different interests of the members. New guilds are occasionally started, and old ones put on hiatus, as the interests of the members shift. Some of the more enduring guilds are:
* Mellonath Daeron, the guild of languages
* Mellonath Dineth, the guild of dance
* Mellonath Gléowine, the guild of singing
* Parmandili, the book guild

==Chapters==
[[Cerin Erain]] is the Uppsala chapter of Forodrim.
Tol Nimfalas is a chapter of Forodrim located in England.

==Publications==
*''Medlemsbladet''
*''[[Palantiren]]'' (now discontinued)

==External links==

*[https://forodrim.org/ Forodrim site (in Swedish)]
*[https://forodrim.org/in-english/ Forodrim site (in English)]
*[https://www.facebook.com/TolkiensallskapetForodrim Forodrim on Facebook]

[[Category:Swedish organizations]]
[[Category:Tolkien Societies]]

File:Heraldic device of Forodrim.gif

2023-11-08T08:42:53Z

Elros:

Heraldic device of Forodrim, The Tolkien Society of Stockholm

User:Elros

2023-11-08T08:36:10Z

Elros:

Hello all!

I am a member of the Tolkien Society [[Forodrim]], where I go by the name of [[Elros]]. Elsewhere, I am called [[Måns Björkman|Måns]].

Beside [https://boktypografen.se my personal website], I also maintain the site [https://at.boktypografen.se/ Amanye Tenceli] about the writing systems of Aman.

Adûnaic

2023-11-07T13:28:45Z

Elros:

'''Adûnaic''' ("Language of the West"), or the native name '''Adûnayân''', was the '''Númenórean''' language, spoken by the [[Númenóreans|Men]] of [[Númenor]] during the [[Second Age]].
==Origins and family==
Adûnaic was derived from the [[House of Hador|Hadorian]] tongue, related to the [[House of Bëor|Bëorian]]—collectively called [[Taliska]]. It was more distantly related to the languages of the [[Middle Men]] of the east, such as the Men of [[Eriador]] and the [[Northmen]].<ref name=men>{{App|F1ii}}</ref> During the [[First Age]] these languages were much influenced by [[Khuzdul]],<ref>{{PM|Dwarves}}, p. 317</ref> [[Avarin]], but also by the languages of the [[Eldar]], as the [[Elf-friends]] spoke [[Sindarin]].<ref>{{S|17}}</ref>

Despite it being a millennium or more after their separation, the Númenórean mariners who returned to [[Middle-earth]] in the [[Second Age]] could find common roots and words with the [[Middle Men]] of [[Eriador]] (related to the Folks of Beor and Hador), and talk about simple matters.<ref>{{UT|Wife}}</ref> This is also partly due to the Númenórean longevity, and the slow change of their language.<ref name=atani>{{PM|Atani}}</ref>

In the western districts of Númenor, the rustic folk still used another dialect, a last remnant of the Bëorian language.<ref>{{PM|XNotes}}, #71</ref>

Taliska was not related to the [[Haladin]] tongue at all, therefore the Númenóreans did not recognise the peoples of [[Enedwaith]] and [[Minhiriath]] as their distant kin, who spoke [[Pre-Númenórean|unrelated]] languages.<ref>{{PM|XNotes}}, #72</ref>

==History==
Adûnaic was generally considered to be a language of less prestige than the [[Elvish|Elven tongues]]. Most locations of Númenor, and most of the lords and ladies of the [[Dúnedain]], had also [[Quenya]] or [[Sindarin]] names beside their native ones.<ref name=ak>{{S|Akallabeth}}</ref> Even most commoners knew Sindarin to some degree.

Most of the House of Bëor had been killed after the [[Dagor Bragollach]],<ref>{{S|Fingolfin}}</ref> but even during the Second Age a Bëorian accent of Adûnaic still survived in parts of Númenor, most notably in [[Emerië]] and around the harbour of [[Andúnië]].
===Days of pride===
About 2,000 years into the Second Age, the Númenóreans began to envy the immortality of the [[Firstborn]], which extended to the languages of the Elves; the Kings and their [[King's Men|followers]] used the Elven tongues less and less. Though the Kings and Queens had all taken their names in Quenya, after some time their supporters used their Adûnaic names to refer to them.

Eventually [[Ar-Adûnakhôr]] took his name in Adûnaic and forbade anyone to speak the Elven tongues in his presence. Adûnaic was now the language of the royal court. Its supremacy was most strongly enforced by [[Ar-Gimilzôr]]: he outlawed the use of Elvish anywhere in Númenor, which antagonized the few [[Faithful]] Númenóreans still living in the land.

However, his son Inziladûn took a Quenya name again, [[Tar-Palantir]], and repealed the ban on the Elven tongues and gave peace to the Faithful. His daughter [[Tar-Míriel|Míriel]] would probably have continued his reforms, but her cousin [[Ar-Pharazôn|Pharazôn]] seized power and, in addition, gave her an Adûnaic name (Ar-Zimraphel).<ref name=ak/>

===Decline===
In Middle-earth, the [[Faithful]] settlers (who controlled the shorelands of the [[Westlands]] from [[Lune]] to [[Pelargir]]), neglected their native tongue and favored [[Sindarin]] and devised names in it; no doubt as a reaction against the rebel Kings who banned the Elvish tongues. This was the case among the Faithful of high lineage who used Sindarin as their native tongue, and became a mark of Númenórean descent, while Adûnaic was left as the daily language of the illiterate, neglected to unheeded change. However some Númenóreans who had Sindarin as their mother tongue, learned this "vulgar" language when it was needed.<ref name=atani/>

In [[Belfalas]], the Númenóreans didn't stop to use Adûnaic names, as for them the language didn't have the political connection to the [[King's Men]] and the rebellion against the Valar; their ancestors had settled there before the division of their people (c. {{SA|2221}}).<ref name=NM>{{NM|P2v}}, p. 189</ref>

With the [[Downfall of Númenor]] came the end of classical Adûnaic. The study and preservation of the language was neglected by the Exiles of Númenor, because they associated it with the rebellious and repressive Númenórean Kings.<ref>{{PM|Dwarves}}, p. 315</ref>

However, this debased tongue, spread from the early Númenórean sailors and colonists, continued to spread as their settlements increased in size and influence and met more peoples, who came under their rule. Those Men of different kinds used this language as a ''lingua franca'' among them. This process became of general importance after the [[Realms in Exile]]; from [[Eriador]] to [[Gondor]] the tongue became widely current, being adopted both by inhabitants and incomers, eventually becoming their native language, which they called [[Westron]], widely spoken during the [[Third Age]].<ref name=atani/><ref>{{L|144}}</ref><ref name=men/>

Adûnaic continued to survive, at least in names in [[Belfalas]] and [[Dol Amroth]].<ref name=NM/> Some members of the [[House of Dol Amroth]] were named in Adûnaic instead of Sindarin. It is probable that Prince [[Imrazôr]], also known as "the Númenórean"<ref>{{UT|Amroth}}</ref><ref name=House>{{PM|Elendil}}, The House of Dol Amroth</ref>, has an Adûnaic name.<ref>{{webcite|author=Paul Strack|articleurl=https://www.eldamo.org/content/words/word-918928457.html|articlename=Ad. ''Imrazôr'' m.|website=[http://eldamo.org/index.html Eldamo - An Elvish Lexicon]|accessed=27 April 2022}}</ref><ref group=note>[[Paul Strack]] suggests that his name contains the same initial element ''Imra'' as in the name of [[Imrahil]] and the same final element ''zôr'' as in the name of [[Gimilzôr]], which both have Adûnaic names. In addition records of the House of Dol Amroth mention that [[Galador]], the son of Imrazôr and [[Mithrellas]], one of the elven companions of [[Nimrodel]], is an elven name, implying that Imrazôr was not an elven name.</ref> The names of his descendants in the late Third Age, [[Adrahil]] and [[Imrahil]]<ref>{{App|Consonants}}, entry CH, p. 1113 and entry K, p. 1114</ref>, were also Adûnaic.<ref>{{PM|Languages}}, manuscript F2 The Languages at the end of the Third Age, paragraph §19 footnote</ref>

==Structure==
The language called "classical Adûnaic" was spoken at the time of the [[Downfall of Númenor]]. It is not known at what time in the history of Númenor the classical form evolved from an earlier stage, nor when that language developed from the languages of the [[House of Hador]] and [[House of Bëor|Bëor]]. However, the phonology and morphology of classical Adûnaic is fairly well documented, as is the phonology of its predecessor.<ref name=Structure>{{SD|Structure}}</ref>

(Ancient Adûnaic might be attested in the name ''Agathurush'' "[[Gwathló]]/Greyflood".<ref>{{UT|6d}}</ref> The sound ''sh'' occurred in ancient Adûnaic but developed into ''s'' in the classical period.<ref name=Structure /> This might suggest that ancient Adûnaic was spoken when [[Tar-Aldarion|Aldarion]] discovered the mouth of Gwathló in the 730's.)

===Phonology===
Classical Adûnaic possesses 21 consonants:<ref name=Structure />
{| class="wikitable"
|+Consonants
|Plosive
|p b
|t d
| k g
|
|-
| Nasal
|mh m
|nh n
| ng
|
|-
|Fricative
|ph
|th s z
|kh
|h
|-
|Lateral
|
|l
|
|
|-
|Tremulant
|
|r
|
|
|-
|Approximant
|v/w
|y
|
|
|}
The consonants mostly have their classical sound values, with the following exceptions:

''mh'' = voiceless "m"

''nh'' = voiceless "n"

''ph'' = bilabial "f"

''th'' = as "th" in "thing"

''kh'' = as "ch" in "Bach"

''v/w'' = as "w" in "will"

''y'' = as "y" in "yes"<ref name=Structure />

There are three basic vowels: ''i'' ''a'' ''u''. These can be short or long; the long vowels are marked with a circumflex: ''î'' ''â'' ''û''.<ref name=Vowels>{{SD|Vowels}}</ref>

From older ''ai'' and ''au'' evolved ''ê'' and ''ô''. These vowels are always long – short ''e'' and ''o'' does not occur.<ref name=Vowels /> (Tolkien seems to omit the redundant circumflex on ''ê'' and ''ô'' in words like "[[Ar-Zimraphel]]"; Cf also the word ''roth'' "foam", which Tolkien gives the pronunciation key ''róþ.''<ref>{{PM|Ros}}</ref>)
===Morphology===

Adûnaic words are based on roots that consist of one to three consonants and one characteristic vowel. Inflexions and derivations add infixes or affixes to these roots, but in all inflexions or derivations of a word the order of the consonants is consistent, and the characteristic vowel is always present (sometimes mutated into ''ê'' or ''ô'').

This can be exemplified by the root GIMIL "star". From GIMIL is derived ''gimli'' "star", ''gimil'' "(all) the stars", ''igmil'' "star-shaped figure", ''gimlu-nitîr'' "star-kindler", ''Gimlad'' "Starwards", etc.<ref name=Structure />

====Nouns====

===== Strong and weak nouns =====
Adûnaic distinguishes between '''strong''' and '''weak''' nouns. Strong nouns are inflected by altering the final vowel of the root. Weak nouns are inflected by means of affixes.<ref name=Nouns>{{SD|Nouns}}</ref>

===== Gender =====
Nouns have one of four different genders: '''masculine''', '''feminine''', '''common''' and '''neuter'''.
The masculine and feminine genders designate beings of male and female sex, common gender designates beings of unspecified sex, and neuter designates inanimate nouns.<ref name=Nouns />

===== Case =====
Nouns are inflected in three cases: '''normal''', '''subjective''' and '''objective'''.

The subjective case is used to emphasize the subject of a sentence. In sentences with a noun in the subjective case, the copula can be omitted.

The objective case is used for the first noun in compounds, when that noun can be regarded as the object of the second noun.

The normal case is used in all other contexts.<ref name=Nouns />

===== Number =====
Nouns have three numbers: '''singular''', '''dual''' and '''plural'''. Singular is used for a single item. Only the singular can be inflected in the objective case. Plural is used for larger numbers. Dual is used for "natural pairs" such as parents, the sun and moon etc.<ref name=Nouns />

====Examples of noun inflection<ref>{{SD|Examples}}</ref>====
{| class="wikitable"
|+Strong inflection: ''zadan'' (neuter) 'house'
!
!Normal
!Subjective
!Objective
|-
|Singular
|zadan
|zadân
|zadun-
|-
|Dual
|zadnat
|zadnât
|–
|-
|Plural
|zadîn
|zadîna
|–
|}

{| class="wikitable"
|+Weak inflection: ''bâr'' (masculine) 'lord'
!
!Normal
!Subjective
!Objective
|-
|Singular
|bâr
|bârun
|bâru-
|-
|Dual
|bârat
|bârât
|–
|-
|Plural
|bârî
|bârîm
|–
|}

==== Verbs ====

===== Tense =====
Verbs are inflected in four tenses: '''aorist''', '''past''', '''continuative present''' and '''continuative past'''.<ref name=Further>{{SD|Further}}</ref> Since several of these tenses have overlapping meanings, it is not entirely clear which tense is which.

The aorist tense is used as present, future, or "historic present or past in narrative".<ref name=Further /> Some verbs seem to form aorist by the suffix ''-a'': ''kalba'' 'fell'<ref>{{SD|2eiii}}</ref> (''kalab'' 'to fall'<ref name=Further />).

The significance of the past tense depends on the significance of the aorist in the same context: if the aorist tens signifies the past, then the past tense signifies pluperfect ("remote past"). If the aorist signifies the future, then the past tense signifies future perfect (past in relation to the future).<ref name=Further /> Some verbs seem to form the past tense by doubling the final root consonant and adding the suffix ''-a'': ''kallaba'' 'fell'.<ref name=Nouns />

Exactly how the continuative present and continuative past are used is not known. Some verbs seem to form the continuative present by changing the final root vowel to ''u'' and adding the suffix ''-i'': ''kalubi'' 'lean over'.<ref name=night67>{{SD|67}}</ref> An example of the continuative past might be ''azaggara'' 'was warring' (''azgarâ'' 'to wage war').<ref name=Further />

===== Number =====
Verbs agree in number with the noun they refer to. Plural verbs take the ending ''-m''.

===== Person =====
If the subject of a verb is a personal pronoun, it is expressed by a pronominal prefix. Pronominal prefixes are often used in combination with an independent noun, e.g. ''bâr ukallaba'' 'the lord [he] fell'.<ref name=Nouns /> From the sources we can reconstruct an incomplete set of pronominal prefixes.
{| class="wikitable"
|+Pronominal prefixes
!
!Singular
!Plural
|-
|1 p.
|–
|?''nênud'' 'on us'<ref name=night67 />
|-
|2 p.
|''kitabdahê'' 'you touch me'<ref name=night67 />
|–
|-
|3 p. masculine
|''usaphda'' 'he understood'<ref>{{SD|Assimilations}}</ref>
|''yurahtam'' 'they rent'<ref name=night67 />
|-
|3 p. feminine
|''hikallaba'' 'she fell'<ref name=night67 />
|–
|-
|3 p. common
|–
|''yanâkhim'' 'they are at hand'<ref name=night67 />
|-
|3 p. neuter
|''ayadda'' 'it went'<ref name=night67 />
|–
|}

==== Adjectives ====
Very little is known about Adûnaic adjectives. We know that they show number agreement: adjectives that refer to plural nouns take the ending ''-î'': ''batîna lôkhî'' 'roads [are] crooked'.<ref name="night67" />

If the noun referred to takes the subjective case, a copula is assumed (see example above). If the noun takes the normal case, the adjective is an attribute of the noun: ''izindi batân'' 'straight road'.<ref name="night67" />

The adjective ''burôda'' is usually translated 'heavy'<ref name="night67" /> but once 'very heavy'.<ref>{{SD|Fragments}}</ref> This might imply that adjectives are compared by altering the root vowels.

==Etymology==
''Adûnaic'' is an Anglicized name of the language. The Númenóreans called their language ''Adûnayân''.<ref>{{NM|P3xi}}, p. 323</ref> Later [[Westron]] was called ''Adûni'' by its speakers.<ref>{{PM|Atani}}, p. 316</ref>

== Inspiration==
Adûnaic has a faintly Semitic flavour.<ref>{{SD|66}}, p. 241</ref> The triconsonantal structure of the majority of the word-bases of Adûnaic is reminiscent of Semitic. However, the vocalic arrangements in the word-bases do not resemble Semitic much.<ref>{{SD|Structure}}, p. 415</ref> Tolkien said the Númenórean language is based on [[Hebrew]].<ref>[[Clyde S. Kilby]], ''[[Tolkien and The Silmarillion]]'', "2. Summer with Tolkien", p. 24</ref>

{{references|n}}

==External links==
*[http://www.uib.no/People/hnohf/adunaic.htm Article on Adûnaic] at [[Ardalambion]]
*[http://web.archive.org/web/20110930145649/http:/lalaith.vpsurf.de/Tolkien/Grammar.html Lalaith's Guide to Adûnaic Grammar]
*[http://www.science-and-fiction.org/elvish/index.html#course_adunaic ''Ni-bitha Adûnâyê''] - an Adûnâic course
*[http://glaemscrafu.jrrvf.com/english/adunaic.html Adûnaic texts and sound samples] at [[Glǽmscrafu]]
*[http://eldamo.org/content/language-pages/lang-ad.html Wordlists] at [[Eldamo]]
{{languages}}
{{numenor}}
[[Category:Adûnaic]]
[[de:Adûnaïsch]]
[[fr:encyclo/langues/adunaique]]
[[fi:Adûnaic]]

Adûnaic

2023-11-07T13:27:26Z

Elros:

'''Adûnaic''' ("Language of the West"), or the native name '''Adûnayân''', was the '''Númenórean''' language, spoken by the [[Númenóreans|Men]] of [[Númenor]] during the [[Second Age]].
==Origins and family==
Adûnaic was derived from the [[House of Hador|Hadorian]] tongue, related to the [[House of Bëor|Bëorian]]—collectively called [[Taliska]]. It was more distantly related to the languages of the [[Middle Men]] of the east, such as the Men of [[Eriador]] and the [[Northmen]].<ref name=men>{{App|F1ii}}</ref> During the [[First Age]] these languages were much influenced by [[Khuzdul]],<ref>{{PM|Dwarves}}, p. 317</ref> [[Avarin]], but also by the languages of the [[Eldar]], as the [[Elf-friends]] spoke [[Sindarin]].<ref>{{S|17}}</ref>

Despite it being a millennium or more after their separation, the Númenórean mariners who returned to [[Middle-earth]] in the [[Second Age]] could find common roots and words with the [[Middle Men]] of [[Eriador]] (related to the Folks of Beor and Hador), and talk about simple matters.<ref>{{UT|Wife}}</ref> This is also partly due to the Númenórean longevity, and the slow change of their language.<ref name=atani>{{PM|Atani}}</ref>

In the western districts of Númenor, the rustic folk still used another dialect, a last remnant of the Bëorian language.<ref>{{PM|XNotes}}, #71</ref>

Taliska was not related to the [[Haladin]] tongue at all, therefore the Númenóreans did not recognise the peoples of [[Enedwaith]] and [[Minhiriath]] as their distant kin, who spoke [[Pre-Númenórean|unrelated]] languages.<ref>{{PM|XNotes}}, #72</ref>

==History==
Adûnaic was generally considered to be a language of less prestige than the [[Elvish|Elven tongues]]. Most locations of Númenor, and most of the lords and ladies of the [[Dúnedain]], had also [[Quenya]] or [[Sindarin]] names beside their native ones.<ref name=ak>{{S|Akallabeth}}</ref> Even most commoners knew Sindarin to some degree.

Most of the House of Bëor had been killed after the [[Dagor Bragollach]],<ref>{{S|Fingolfin}}</ref> but even during the Second Age a Bëorian accent of Adûnaic still survived in parts of Númenor, most notably in [[Emerië]] and around the harbour of [[Andúnië]].
===Days of pride===
About 2,000 years into the Second Age, the Númenóreans began to envy the immortality of the [[Firstborn]], which extended to the languages of the Elves; the Kings and their [[King's Men|followers]] used the Elven tongues less and less. Though the Kings and Queens had all taken their names in Quenya, after some time their supporters used their Adûnaic names to refer to them.

Eventually [[Ar-Adûnakhôr]] took his name in Adûnaic and forbade anyone to speak the Elven tongues in his presence. Adûnaic was now the language of the royal court. Its supremacy was most strongly enforced by [[Ar-Gimilzôr]]: he outlawed the use of Elvish anywhere in Númenor, which antagonized the few [[Faithful]] Númenóreans still living in the land.

However, his son Inziladûn took a Quenya name again, [[Tar-Palantir]], and repealed the ban on the Elven tongues and gave peace to the Faithful. His daughter [[Tar-Míriel|Míriel]] would probably have continued his reforms, but her cousin [[Ar-Pharazôn|Pharazôn]] seized power and, in addition, gave her an Adûnaic name (Ar-Zimraphel).<ref name=ak/>

===Decline===
In Middle-earth, the [[Faithful]] settlers (who controlled the shorelands of the [[Westlands]] from [[Lune]] to [[Pelargir]]), neglected their native tongue and favored [[Sindarin]] and devised names in it; no doubt as a reaction against the rebel Kings who banned the Elvish tongues. This was the case among the Faithful of high lineage who used Sindarin as their native tongue, and became a mark of Númenórean descent, while Adûnaic was left as the daily language of the illiterate, neglected to unheeded change. However some Númenóreans who had Sindarin as their mother tongue, learned this "vulgar" language when it was needed.<ref name=atani/>

In [[Belfalas]], the Númenóreans didn't stop to use Adûnaic names, as for them the language didn't have the political connection to the [[King's Men]] and the rebellion against the Valar; their ancestors had settled there before the division of their people (c. {{SA|2221}}).<ref name=NM>{{NM|P2v}}, p. 189</ref>

With the [[Downfall of Númenor]] came the end of classical Adûnaic. The study and preservation of the language was neglected by the Exiles of Númenor, because they associated it with the rebellious and repressive Númenórean Kings.<ref>{{PM|Dwarves}}, p. 315</ref>

However, this debased tongue, spread from the early Númenórean sailors and colonists, continued to spread as their settlements increased in size and influence and met more peoples, who came under their rule. Those Men of different kinds used this language as a ''lingua franca'' among them. This process became of general importance after the [[Realms in Exile]]; from [[Eriador]] to [[Gondor]] the tongue became widely current, being adopted both by inhabitants and incomers, eventually becoming their native language, which they called [[Westron]], widely spoken during the [[Third Age]].<ref name=atani/><ref>{{L|144}}</ref><ref name=men/>

Adûnaic continued to survive, at least in names in [[Belfalas]] and [[Dol Amroth]].<ref name=NM/> Some members of the [[House of Dol Amroth]] were named in Adûnaic instead of Sindarin. It is probable that Prince [[Imrazôr]], also known as "the Númenórean"<ref>{{UT|Amroth}}</ref><ref name=House>{{PM|Elendil}}, The House of Dol Amroth</ref>, has an Adûnaic name.<ref>{{webcite|author=Paul Strack|articleurl=https://www.eldamo.org/content/words/word-918928457.html|articlename=Ad. ''Imrazôr'' m.|website=[http://eldamo.org/index.html Eldamo - An Elvish Lexicon]|accessed=27 April 2022}}</ref><ref group=note>[[Paul Strack]] suggests that his name contains the same initial element ''Imra'' as in the name of [[Imrahil]] and the same final element ''zôr'' as in the name of [[Gimilzôr]], which both have Adûnaic names. In addition records of the House of Dol Amroth mention that [[Galador]], the son of Imrazôr and [[Mithrellas]], one of the elven companions of [[Nimrodel]], is an elven name, implying that Imrazôr was not an elven name.</ref> The names of his descendants in the late Third Age, [[Adrahil]] and [[Imrahil]]<ref>{{App|Consonants}}, entry CH, p. 1113 and entry K, p. 1114</ref>, were also Adûnaic.<ref>{{PM|Languages}}, manuscript F2 The Languages at the end of the Third Age, paragraph §19 footnote</ref>

==Structure==
The language called "classical Adûnaic" was spoken at the time of the [[Downfall of Númenor]]. It is not known at what time in the history of Númenor the classical form evolved from an earlier stage, nor when that language developed from the languages of the [[House of Hador]] and [[House of Bëor|Bëor]]. However, the phonology and morphology of classical Adûnaic is fairly well documented, as is the phonology of its predecessor.<ref name=Structure>{{SD|Structure}}</ref>

(Ancient Adûnaic might be attested in the name ''Agathurush'' "[[Gwathló]]/Greyflood".<ref>{{UT|6d}}</ref> The sound ''sh'' occurred in ancient Adûnaic but developed into ''s'' in the classical period.<ref name=Structure /> This might suggest that ancient Adûnaic was spoken when [[Tar-Aldarion|Aldarion]] discovered the mouth of Gwathló in the 730's.)

===Phonology===
Classical Adûnaic possesses 21 consonants:<ref name=Structure />
{| class="wikitable"
|+Consonants
|Plosive
|p b
|t d
| k g
|
|-
| Nasal
|mh m
|nh n
| ng
|
|-
|Fricative
|ph
|th s z
|kh
|h
|-
|Lateral
|
|l
|
|
|-
|Tremulant
|
|r
|
|
|-
|Approximant
|v/w
|y
|
|
|}
The consonants mostly have their classical sound values, with the following exceptions:

''mh'' = voiceless "m"

''nh'' = voiceless "n"

''ph'' = bilabial "f"

''th'' = as "th" in "thing"

''kh'' = as "ch" in "Bach"

''v/w'' = as "w" in "will"

''y'' = as "y" in "yes"<ref name=Structure />

There are three basic vowels: ''i'' ''a'' ''u''. These can be short or long; the long vowels are marked with a circumflex: ''î'' ''â'' ''û''.<ref name=Vowels>{{SD|Vowels}}</ref>

From older ''ai'' and ''au'' evolved ''ê'' and ''ô''. These vowels are always long – short ''e'' and ''o'' does not occur.<ref name=Vowels /> (Tolkien seems to omit the redundant circumflex on ''ê'' and ''ô'' in words like "[[Ar-Zimraphel]]"; Cf also the word ''roth'' "foam", which Tolkien gives the pronunciation key ''róþ.''<ref>{{PM|Ros}}</ref>)
===Morphology===

Adûnaic words are based on roots that consist of one to three consonants and one characteristic vowel. Inflexions and derivations add infixes or affixes to these roots, but in all inflexions or derivations of a word the order of the consonants is consistent, and the characteristic vowel is always present (sometimes mutated into ''ê'' or ''ô'').

This can be exemplified by the root GIMIL "star". From GIMIL is derived ''gimli'' "star", ''gimil'' "(all) the stars", ''igmil'' "star-shaped figure", ''gimlu-nitîr'' "star-kindler", ''Gimlad'' "Starwards", etc.<ref name=Structure />

====Nouns====

===== Strong and weak nouns =====
Adûnaic distinguishes between '''strong''' and '''weak''' nouns. Strong nouns are inflected by altering the final vowel of the root. Weak nouns are inflected by means of affixes.<ref name=Nouns>{{SD|Nouns}}</ref>

===== Gender =====
Nouns have one of four different genders: '''masculine''', '''feminine''', '''common''' and '''neuter'''.
The masculine and feminine genders designate beings of male and female sex, common gender designates beings of unspecified sex, and neuter designates inanimate nouns.<ref name=Nouns />

===== Case =====
Nouns are inflected in three cases: '''normal''', '''subjective''' and '''objective'''.

The subjective case is used to emphasize the subject of a sentence. In sentences with a noun in the subjective case, the copula can be omitted.

The objective case is used for the first noun in compounds, when that noun can be regarded as the object of the second noun.

The normal case is used in all other contexts.<ref name=Nouns />

===== Number =====
Nouns have three numbers: '''singular''', '''dual''' and '''plural'''. Singular is used for a single item. Only the singular can be inflected in the objective case. Plural is used for larger numbers. Dual is used for "natural pairs" such as parents, the sun and moon etc.<ref name=Nouns />

====Examples of noun inflection<ref>{{SD|Examples}}</ref>====
{| class="wikitable"
|+Strong inflection: ''zadan'' (neuter) 'house'
!
!Normal
!Subjective
!Objective
|-
|Singular
|zadan
|zadân
|zadun-
|-
|Dual
|zadnat
|zadnât
|–
|-
|Plural
|zadîn
|zadîna
|–
|}

{| class="wikitable"
|+Weak inflection: ''bâr'' (masculine) 'lord'
!
!Normal
!Subjective
!Objective
|-
|Singular
|bâr
|bârun
|bâru-
|-
|Dual
|bârat
|bârât
|–
|-
|Plural
|bârî
|bârîm
|–
|}

==== Verbs ====

===== Tense =====
Verbs are inflected in four tenses: '''aorist''', '''past''', '''continuative present''' and '''continuative past'''.<ref name=Further>{{SD|Further}}</ref> Since several of these tenses have overlapping meanings, it is not entirely clear which tense is which.

The aorist tense is used as present, future, or "historic present or past in narrative".<ref name=Further /> Some verbs seem to form aorist by the suffix ''-a'': ''kalba'' 'fell'<ref>{{SD|2eiii}}</ref> (''kalab'' 'to fall'<ref name=Further />).

The significance of the past tense depends on the significance of the aorist in the same context: if the aorist tens signifies the past, then the past tense signifies pluperfect ("remote past"). If the aorist signifies the future, then the past tense signifies future perfect (past in relation to the future).<ref name=Further /> Some verbs seem to form the past tense by doubling the final root consonant and adding the suffix ''-a'': ''kallaba'' 'fell'.<ref name=Nouns />

Exactly how the continuative present and continuative past are used is not known. Some verbs seem to form the continuative present by changing the final root vowel to ''u'' and adding the suffix ''-i'': ''kalubi'' 'lean over'.<ref name=night67>{{SD|67}}</ref> An example of the continuative past might be ''azaggara'' 'was warring' (''azgarâ'' 'to wage war').<ref name=Further />

===== Number =====
Verbs agree in number with the noun they refer to. Plural verbs take the ending ''-m''.

===== Person =====
If the subject of a verb is a personal pronoun, it is expressed by a pronominal prefix. Pronominal prefixes are often used in combination with an independent noun, e.g. ''bâr ukallaba'' 'the lord [he] fell'.<ref name=Nouns /> From the sources we can reconstruct an incomplete set of pronominal prefixes.
{| class="wikitable"
|+Pronominal prefixes
!
!Singular
!Plural
|-
|1 p.
|–
|?''nênud'' 'on us'<ref name=night67 />
|-
|2 p.
|''kitabdahê'' 'you touch me'<ref name=night67 />
|–
|-
|3 p. masculine
|''usaphda'' 'he understood'<ref>{{SD|Assimilations}}</ref>
|''yurahtam'' 'they rent'<ref name=night67 />
|-
|3 p. feminine
|''hikallaba'' 'she fell'<ref name=night67 />
|–
|-
|3 p. common
|–
|''yanâkhim'' 'they are at hand'<ref name=night67 />
|-
|3 p. neuter
|''ayadda'' 'it went'<ref name=night67 />
|–
|}

==== Adjectives ====
Very little is known about Adûnaic adjectives. We know that they show number agreement: adjectives that refer to plural nouns take the ending ''-î'': ''batîna lôkhî'' 'roads [are] crooked'.<ref name="night67" />

If the noun referred to takes the subjective case, a copula is assumed (see example above). If the noun takes the normal case, the adjective is an attribute of the noun: ''izindi batân'' 'straight road'.<ref name="night67" />

The adjective ''burôda'' is usually translated 'heavy'<ref name="night67" /> but once 'very heavy'. This might imply that adjectives are compared by altering the root vowels.

==Etymology==
''Adûnaic'' is an Anglicized name of the language. The Númenóreans called their language ''Adûnayân''.<ref>{{NM|P3xi}}, p. 323</ref> Later [[Westron]] was called ''Adûni'' by its speakers.<ref>{{PM|Atani}}, p. 316</ref>

== Inspiration==
Adûnaic has a faintly Semitic flavour.<ref>{{SD|66}}, p. 241</ref> The triconsonantal structure of the majority of the word-bases of Adûnaic is reminiscent of Semitic. However, the vocalic arrangements in the word-bases do not resemble Semitic much.<ref>{{SD|Structure}}, p. 415</ref> Tolkien said the Númenórean language is based on [[Hebrew]].<ref>[[Clyde S. Kilby]], ''[[Tolkien and The Silmarillion]]'', "2. Summer with Tolkien", p. 24</ref>

{{references|n}}

==External links==
*[http://www.uib.no/People/hnohf/adunaic.htm Article on Adûnaic] at [[Ardalambion]]
*[http://web.archive.org/web/20110930145649/http:/lalaith.vpsurf.de/Tolkien/Grammar.html Lalaith's Guide to Adûnaic Grammar]
*[http://www.science-and-fiction.org/elvish/index.html#course_adunaic ''Ni-bitha Adûnâyê''] - an Adûnâic course
*[http://glaemscrafu.jrrvf.com/english/adunaic.html Adûnaic texts and sound samples] at [[Glǽmscrafu]]
*[http://eldamo.org/content/language-pages/lang-ad.html Wordlists] at [[Eldamo]]
{{languages}}
{{numenor}}
[[Category:Adûnaic]]
[[de:Adûnaïsch]]
[[fr:encyclo/langues/adunaique]]
[[fi:Adûnaic]]

Adûnaic

2023-11-07T13:06:08Z

Elros:

'''Adûnaic''' ("Language of the West"), or the native name '''Adûnayân''', was the '''Númenórean''' language, spoken by the [[Númenóreans|Men]] of [[Númenor]] during the [[Second Age]].
==Origins and family==
Adûnaic was derived from the [[House of Hador|Hadorian]] tongue, related to the [[House of Bëor|Bëorian]]—collectively called [[Taliska]]. It was more distantly related to the languages of the [[Middle Men]] of the east, such as the Men of [[Eriador]] and the [[Northmen]].<ref name=men>{{App|F1ii}}</ref> During the [[First Age]] these languages were much influenced by [[Khuzdul]],<ref>{{PM|Dwarves}}, p. 317</ref> [[Avarin]], but also by the languages of the [[Eldar]], as the [[Elf-friends]] spoke [[Sindarin]].<ref>{{S|17}}</ref>

Despite it being a millennium or more after their separation, the Númenórean mariners who returned to [[Middle-earth]] in the [[Second Age]] could find common roots and words with the [[Middle Men]] of [[Eriador]] (related to the Folks of Beor and Hador), and talk about simple matters.<ref>{{UT|Wife}}</ref> This is also partly due to the Númenórean longevity, and the slow change of their language.<ref name=atani>{{PM|Atani}}</ref>

In the western districts of Númenor, the rustic folk still used another dialect, a last remnant of the Bëorian language.<ref>{{PM|XNotes}}, #71</ref>

Taliska was not related to the [[Haladin]] tongue at all, therefore the Númenóreans did not recognise the peoples of [[Enedwaith]] and [[Minhiriath]] as their distant kin, who spoke [[Pre-Númenórean|unrelated]] languages.<ref>{{PM|XNotes}}, #72</ref>

==History==
Adûnaic was generally considered to be a language of less prestige than the [[Elvish|Elven tongues]]. Most locations of Númenor, and most of the lords and ladies of the [[Dúnedain]], had also [[Quenya]] or [[Sindarin]] names beside their native ones.<ref name=ak>{{S|Akallabeth}}</ref> Even most commoners knew Sindarin to some degree.

Most of the House of Bëor had been killed after the [[Dagor Bragollach]],<ref>{{S|Fingolfin}}</ref> but even during the Second Age a Bëorian accent of Adûnaic still survived in parts of Númenor, most notably in [[Emerië]] and around the harbour of [[Andúnië]].
===Days of pride===
About 2,000 years into the Second Age, the Númenóreans began to envy the immortality of the [[Firstborn]], which extended to the languages of the Elves; the Kings and their [[King's Men|followers]] used the Elven tongues less and less. Though the Kings and Queens had all taken their names in Quenya, after some time their supporters used their Adûnaic names to refer to them.

Eventually [[Ar-Adûnakhôr]] took his name in Adûnaic and forbade anyone to speak the Elven tongues in his presence. Adûnaic was now the language of the royal court. Its supremacy was most strongly enforced by [[Ar-Gimilzôr]]: he outlawed the use of Elvish anywhere in Númenor, which antagonized the few [[Faithful]] Númenóreans still living in the land.

However, his son Inziladûn took a Quenya name again, [[Tar-Palantir]], and repealed the ban on the Elven tongues and gave peace to the Faithful. His daughter [[Tar-Míriel|Míriel]] would probably have continued his reforms, but her cousin [[Ar-Pharazôn|Pharazôn]] seized power and, in addition, gave her an Adûnaic name (Ar-Zimraphel).<ref name=ak/>

===Decline===
In Middle-earth, the [[Faithful]] settlers (who controlled the shorelands of the [[Westlands]] from [[Lune]] to [[Pelargir]]), neglected their native tongue and favored [[Sindarin]] and devised names in it; no doubt as a reaction against the rebel Kings who banned the Elvish tongues. This was the case among the Faithful of high lineage who used Sindarin as their native tongue, and became a mark of Númenórean descent, while Adûnaic was left as the daily language of the illiterate, neglected to unheeded change. However some Númenóreans who had Sindarin as their mother tongue, learned this "vulgar" language when it was needed.<ref name=atani/>

In [[Belfalas]], the Númenóreans didn't stop to use Adûnaic names, as for them the language didn't have the political connection to the [[King's Men]] and the rebellion against the Valar; their ancestors had settled there before the division of their people (c. {{SA|2221}}).<ref name=NM>{{NM|P2v}}, p. 189</ref>

With the [[Downfall of Númenor]] came the end of classical Adûnaic. The study and preservation of the language was neglected by the Exiles of Númenor, because they associated it with the rebellious and repressive Númenórean Kings.<ref>{{PM|Dwarves}}, p. 315</ref>

However, this debased tongue, spread from the early Númenórean sailors and colonists, continued to spread as their settlements increased in size and influence and met more peoples, who came under their rule. Those Men of different kinds used this language as a ''lingua franca'' among them. This process became of general importance after the [[Realms in Exile]]; from [[Eriador]] to [[Gondor]] the tongue became widely current, being adopted both by inhabitants and incomers, eventually becoming their native language, which they called [[Westron]], widely spoken during the [[Third Age]].<ref name=atani/><ref>{{L|144}}</ref><ref name=men/>

Adûnaic continued to survive, at least in names in [[Belfalas]] and [[Dol Amroth]].<ref name=NM/> Some members of the [[House of Dol Amroth]] were named in Adûnaic instead of Sindarin. It is probable that Prince [[Imrazôr]], also known as "the Númenórean"<ref>{{UT|Amroth}}</ref><ref name=House>{{PM|Elendil}}, The House of Dol Amroth</ref>, has an Adûnaic name.<ref>{{webcite|author=Paul Strack|articleurl=https://www.eldamo.org/content/words/word-918928457.html|articlename=Ad. ''Imrazôr'' m.|website=[http://eldamo.org/index.html Eldamo - An Elvish Lexicon]|accessed=27 April 2022}}</ref><ref group=note>[[Paul Strack]] suggests that his name contains the same initial element ''Imra'' as in the name of [[Imrahil]] and the same final element ''zôr'' as in the name of [[Gimilzôr]], which both have Adûnaic names. In addition records of the House of Dol Amroth mention that [[Galador]], the son of Imrazôr and [[Mithrellas]], one of the elven companions of [[Nimrodel]], is an elven name, implying that Imrazôr was not an elven name.</ref> The names of his descendants in the late Third Age, [[Adrahil]] and [[Imrahil]]<ref>{{App|Consonants}}, entry CH, p. 1113 and entry K, p. 1114</ref>, were also Adûnaic.<ref>{{PM|Languages}}, manuscript F2 The Languages at the end of the Third Age, paragraph §19 footnote</ref>

==Structure==
The language called "classical Adûnaic" was spoken at the time of the [[Downfall of Númenor]]. It is not known at what time in the history of Númenor the classical form evolved from an earlier stage, nor when that language developed from the languages of the [[House of Hador]] and [[House of Bëor|Bëor]]. However, the phonology and morphology of classical Adûnaic is fairly well documented, as is the phonology of its predecessor.<ref name=Structure>{{SD|Structure}}</ref>

(Ancient Adûnaic might be attested in the name ''Agathurush'' "[[Gwathló]]/Greyflood".<ref>{{UT|6d}}</ref> The sound ''sh'' occurred in ancient Adûnaic but developed into ''s'' in the classical period.<ref name=Structure /> This might suggest that ancient Adûnaic was spoken when [[Tar-Aldarion|Aldarion]] discovered the mouth of Gwathló in the 730's.)

===Phonology===
Classical Adûnaic possesses 21 consonants:<ref name=Structure />
{| class="wikitable"
|+Consonants
|Plosive
|p b
|t d
| k g
|
|-
| Nasal
|mh m
|nh n
| ng
|
|-
|Fricative
|ph
|th s z
|kh
|h
|-
|Lateral
|
|l
|
|
|-
|Tremulant
|
|r
|
|
|-
|Approximant
|v/w
|y
|
|
|}
The consonants mostly have their classical sound values, with the following exceptions:

''mh'' = voiceless "m"

''nh'' = voiceless "n"

''ph'' = bilabial "f"

''th'' = as "th" in "thing"

''kh'' = as "ch" in "Bach"

''v/w'' = as "w" in "will"

''y'' = as "y" in "yes"<ref name=Structure />

There are three basic vowels: ''i'' ''a'' ''u''. These can be short or long; the long vowels are marked with a circumflex: ''î'' ''â'' ''û''.<ref name=Vowels>{{SD|Vowels}}</ref>

From older ''ai'' and ''au'' evolved ''ê'' and ''ô''. These vowels are always long – short ''e'' and ''o'' does not occur.<ref name=Vowels /> (Tolkien seems to omit the redundant circumflex on ''ê'' and ''ô'' in words like "[[Ar-Zimraphel]]"; Cf also the word ''roth'' "foam", which Tolkien gives the pronunciation key ''róþ.''<ref>{{PM|Ros}}</ref>)
===Morphology===

Adûnaic words are based on roots that consist of one to three consonants and one characteristic vowel. Inflexions and derivations add infixes or affixes to these roots, but in all inflexions or derivations of a word the order of the consonants is consistent, and the characteristic vowel is always present (sometimes mutated into ''ê'' or ''ô'').

This can be exemplified by the root GIMIL "star". From GIMIL is derived ''gimli'' "star", ''gimil'' "(all) the stars", ''igmil'' "star-shaped figure", ''gimlu-nitîr'' "star-kindler", ''Gimlad'' "Starwards", etc.<ref name=Structure />

====Nouns====

===== Strong and weak nouns =====
Adûnaic distinguishes between '''strong''' and '''weak''' nouns. Strong nouns are inflected by altering the final vowel of the root. Weak nouns are inflected by means of affixes.<ref name=Nouns>{{SD|Nouns}}</ref>

===== Gender =====
Nouns have one of four different genders: '''masculine''', '''feminine''', '''common''' and '''neuter'''.
The masculine and feminine genders designate beings of male and female sex, common gender designates beings of unspecified sex, and neuter designates inanimate nouns.<ref name=Nouns />

===== Case =====
Nouns are inflected in three cases: '''normal''', '''subjective''' and '''objective'''.

The subjective case is used to emphasize the subject of a sentence. In sentences with a noun in the subjective case, the copula can be omitted.

The objective case is used for the first noun in compounds, when that noun can be regarded as the object of the second noun.

The normal case is used in all other contexts.<ref name=Nouns />

===== Number =====
Nouns have three numbers: '''singular''', '''dual''' and '''plural'''. Singular is used for a single item. Only the singular can be inflected in the objective case. Plural is used for larger numbers. Dual is used for "natural pairs" such as parents, the sun and moon etc.<ref name=Nouns />

====Examples of noun inflection<ref>{{SD|Examples}}</ref>====
{| class="wikitable"
|+Strong inflection: ''zadan'' (neuter) 'house'
!
!Normal
!Subjective
!Objective
|-
|Singular
|zadan
|zadân
|zadun-
|-
|Dual
|zadnat
|zadnât
|–
|-
|Plural
|zadîn
|zadîna
|–
|}

{| class="wikitable"
|+Weak inflection: ''bâr'' (masculine) 'lord'
!
!Normal
!Subjective
!Objective
|-
|Singular
|bâr
|bârun
|bâru-
|-
|Dual
|bârat
|bârât
|–
|-
|Plural
|bârî
|bârîm
|–
|}

==== Verbs ====

===== Tense =====
Verbs are inflected in four tenses: '''aorist''', '''past''', '''continuative present''' and '''continuative past'''.<ref name=Further>{{SD|Further}}</ref> Since several of these tenses have overlapping meanings, it is not entirely clear which tense is which.

The aorist tense is used as present, future, or "historic present or past in narrative".<ref name=Further /> Some verbs seem to form aorist by the suffix ''-a'': ''kalba'' 'fell'<ref>{{SD|2eiii}}</ref> (''kalab'' 'to fall'<ref name=Further />).

The significance of the past tense depends on the significance of the aorist in the same context: if the aorist tens signifies the past, then the past tense signifies pluperfect ("remote past"). If the aorist signifies the future, then the past tense signifies future perfect (past in relation to the future).<ref name=Further /> Some verbs seem to form the past tense by doubling the final root consonant and adding the suffix ''-a'': ''kallaba'' 'fell'.<ref name=Nouns />

Exactly how the continuative present and continuative past are used is not known. Some verbs seem to form the continuative present by changing the final root vowel to ''u'' and adding the suffix ''-i'': ''kalubi'' 'lean over'.<ref name=night67>{{SD|67}}</ref> An example of the continuative past might be ''azaggara'' 'was warring' (''azgarâ'' 'to wage war').<ref name=Further />

===== Number =====
Verbs agree in number with the noun they refer to. Plural verbs take the ending ''-m''.

===== Person =====
If the subject of a verb is a personal pronoun, it is expressed by a pronominal prefix. Pronominal prefixes are often used in combination with an independent noun, e.g. ''bâr ukallaba'' 'the lord [he] fell'.<ref name=Nouns /> From the sources we can reconstruct an incomplete set of pronominal prefixes.
{| class="wikitable"
|+Pronominal prefixes
!
!Singular
!Plural
|-
|1 p.
|–
|?''nênud'' 'on us'<ref name=night67 />
|-
|2 p.
|''kitabdahê'' 'you touch me'<ref name=night67 />
|–
|-
|3 p. masculine
|''usaphda'' 'he understood'<ref>{{SD|Assimilations}}</ref>
|''yurahtam'' 'they rent'<ref name=night67 />
|-
|3 p. feminine
|''hikallaba'' 'she fell'<ref name=night67 />
|–
|-
|3 p. common
|–
|''yanâkhim'' 'they are at hand'<ref name=night67 />
|-
|3 p. neuter
|''ayadda'' 'it went'<ref name=night67 />
|–
|}

==Etymology==
''Adûnaic'' is an Anglicized name of the language. The Númenóreans called their language ''Adûnayân''.<ref>{{NM|P3xi}}, p. 323</ref> Later [[Westron]] was called ''Adûni'' by its speakers.<ref>{{PM|Atani}}, p. 316</ref>

== Inspiration==
Adûnaic has a faintly Semitic flavour.<ref>{{SD|66}}, p. 241</ref> The triconsonantal structure of the majority of the word-bases of Adûnaic is reminiscent of Semitic. However, the vocalic arrangements in the word-bases do not resemble Semitic much.<ref>{{SD|Structure}}, p. 415</ref> Tolkien said the Númenórean language is based on [[Hebrew]].<ref>[[Clyde S. Kilby]], ''[[Tolkien and The Silmarillion]]'', "2. Summer with Tolkien", p. 24</ref>

{{references|n}}

==External links==
*[http://www.uib.no/People/hnohf/adunaic.htm Article on Adûnaic] at [[Ardalambion]]
*[http://web.archive.org/web/20110930145649/http:/lalaith.vpsurf.de/Tolkien/Grammar.html Lalaith's Guide to Adûnaic Grammar]
*[http://www.science-and-fiction.org/elvish/index.html#course_adunaic ''Ni-bitha Adûnâyê''] - an Adûnâic course
*[http://glaemscrafu.jrrvf.com/english/adunaic.html Adûnaic texts and sound samples] at [[Glǽmscrafu]]
*[http://eldamo.org/content/language-pages/lang-ad.html Wordlists] at [[Eldamo]]
{{languages}}
{{numenor}}
[[Category:Adûnaic]]
[[de:Adûnaïsch]]
[[fr:encyclo/langues/adunaique]]
[[fi:Adûnaic]]

Adûnaic

2023-11-07T12:46:54Z

Elros: /* Structure */

'''Adûnaic''' ("Language of the West"), or the native name '''Adûnayân''', was the '''Númenórean''' language, spoken by the [[Númenóreans|Men]] of [[Númenor]] during the [[Second Age]].
==Origins and family==
Adûnaic was derived from the [[House of Hador|Hadorian]] tongue, related to the [[House of Bëor|Bëorian]]—collectively called [[Taliska]]. It was more distantly related to the languages of the [[Middle Men]] of the east, such as the Men of [[Eriador]] and the [[Northmen]].<ref name=men>{{App|F1ii}}</ref> During the [[First Age]] these languages were much influenced by [[Khuzdul]],<ref>{{PM|Dwarves}}, p. 317</ref> [[Avarin]], but also by the languages of the [[Eldar]], as the [[Elf-friends]] spoke [[Sindarin]].<ref>{{S|17}}</ref>

Despite it being a millennium or more after their separation, the Númenórean mariners who returned to [[Middle-earth]] in the [[Second Age]] could find common roots and words with the [[Middle Men]] of [[Eriador]] (related to the Folks of Beor and Hador), and talk about simple matters.<ref>{{UT|Wife}}</ref> This is also partly due to the Númenórean longevity, and the slow change of their language.<ref name=atani>{{PM|Atani}}</ref>

In the western districts of Númenor, the rustic folk still used another dialect, a last remnant of the Bëorian language.<ref>{{PM|XNotes}}, #71</ref>

Taliska was not related to the [[Haladin]] tongue at all, therefore the Númenóreans did not recognise the peoples of [[Enedwaith]] and [[Minhiriath]] as their distant kin, who spoke [[Pre-Númenórean|unrelated]] languages.<ref>{{PM|XNotes}}, #72</ref>

==History==
Adûnaic was generally considered to be a language of less prestige than the [[Elvish|Elven tongues]]. Most locations of Númenor, and most of the lords and ladies of the [[Dúnedain]], had also [[Quenya]] or [[Sindarin]] names beside their native ones.<ref name=ak>{{S|Akallabeth}}</ref> Even most commoners knew Sindarin to some degree.

Most of the House of Bëor had been killed after the [[Dagor Bragollach]],<ref>{{S|Fingolfin}}</ref> but even during the Second Age a Bëorian accent of Adûnaic still survived in parts of Númenor, most notably in [[Emerië]] and around the harbour of [[Andúnië]].
===Days of pride===
About 2,000 years into the Second Age, the Númenóreans began to envy the immortality of the [[Firstborn]], which extended to the languages of the Elves; the Kings and their [[King's Men|followers]] used the Elven tongues less and less. Though the Kings and Queens had all taken their names in Quenya, after some time their supporters used their Adûnaic names to refer to them.

Eventually [[Ar-Adûnakhôr]] took his name in Adûnaic and forbade anyone to speak the Elven tongues in his presence. Adûnaic was now the language of the royal court. Its supremacy was most strongly enforced by [[Ar-Gimilzôr]]: he outlawed the use of Elvish anywhere in Númenor, which antagonized the few [[Faithful]] Númenóreans still living in the land.

However, his son Inziladûn took a Quenya name again, [[Tar-Palantir]], and repealed the ban on the Elven tongues and gave peace to the Faithful. His daughter [[Tar-Míriel|Míriel]] would probably have continued his reforms, but her cousin [[Ar-Pharazôn|Pharazôn]] seized power and, in addition, gave her an Adûnaic name (Ar-Zimraphel).<ref name=ak/>

===Decline===
In Middle-earth, the [[Faithful]] settlers (who controlled the shorelands of the [[Westlands]] from [[Lune]] to [[Pelargir]]), neglected their native tongue and favored [[Sindarin]] and devised names in it; no doubt as a reaction against the rebel Kings who banned the Elvish tongues. This was the case among the Faithful of high lineage who used Sindarin as their native tongue, and became a mark of Númenórean descent, while Adûnaic was left as the daily language of the illiterate, neglected to unheeded change. However some Númenóreans who had Sindarin as their mother tongue, learned this "vulgar" language when it was needed.<ref name=atani/>

In [[Belfalas]], the Númenóreans didn't stop to use Adûnaic names, as for them the language didn't have the political connection to the [[King's Men]] and the rebellion against the Valar; their ancestors had settled there before the division of their people (c. {{SA|2221}}).<ref name=NM>{{NM|P2v}}, p. 189</ref>

With the [[Downfall of Númenor]] came the end of classical Adûnaic. The study and preservation of the language was neglected by the Exiles of Númenor, because they associated it with the rebellious and repressive Númenórean Kings.<ref>{{PM|Dwarves}}, p. 315</ref>

However, this debased tongue, spread from the early Númenórean sailors and colonists, continued to spread as their settlements increased in size and influence and met more peoples, who came under their rule. Those Men of different kinds used this language as a ''lingua franca'' among them. This process became of general importance after the [[Realms in Exile]]; from [[Eriador]] to [[Gondor]] the tongue became widely current, being adopted both by inhabitants and incomers, eventually becoming their native language, which they called [[Westron]], widely spoken during the [[Third Age]].<ref name=atani/><ref>{{L|144}}</ref><ref name=men/>

Adûnaic continued to survive, at least in names in [[Belfalas]] and [[Dol Amroth]].<ref name=NM/> Some members of the [[House of Dol Amroth]] were named in Adûnaic instead of Sindarin. It is probable that Prince [[Imrazôr]], also known as "the Númenórean"<ref>{{UT|Amroth}}</ref><ref name=House>{{PM|Elendil}}, The House of Dol Amroth</ref>, has an Adûnaic name.<ref>{{webcite|author=Paul Strack|articleurl=https://www.eldamo.org/content/words/word-918928457.html|articlename=Ad. ''Imrazôr'' m.|website=[http://eldamo.org/index.html Eldamo - An Elvish Lexicon]|accessed=27 April 2022}}</ref><ref group=note>[[Paul Strack]] suggests that his name contains the same initial element ''Imra'' as in the name of [[Imrahil]] and the same final element ''zôr'' as in the name of [[Gimilzôr]], which both have Adûnaic names. In addition records of the House of Dol Amroth mention that [[Galador]], the son of Imrazôr and [[Mithrellas]], one of the elven companions of [[Nimrodel]], is an elven name, implying that Imrazôr was not an elven name.</ref> The names of his descendants in the late Third Age, [[Adrahil]] and [[Imrahil]]<ref>{{App|Consonants}}, entry CH, p. 1113 and entry K, p. 1114</ref>, were also Adûnaic.<ref>{{PM|Languages}}, manuscript F2 The Languages at the end of the Third Age, paragraph §19 footnote</ref>

==Structure==
The language called "classical Adûnaic" was spoken at the time of the [[Downfall of Númenor]]. It is not known at what time in the history of Númenor the classical form evolved from an earlier stage, nor when that language developed from the languages of the [[House of Hador]] and [[House of Bëor|Bëor]]. However, the phonology and morphology of classical Adûnaic is fairly well documented, as is the phonology of its predecessor.<ref>{{SD|Structure}}</ref>

(Ancient Adûnaic might be attested in the name ''Agathurush'' "[[Gwathló]]/Greyflood".<ref>{{UT|6d}}</ref> The sound ''sh'' occurred in ancient Adûnaic but developed into ''s'' in the classical period.<ref>{{SD|Structure}}</ref> This might suggest that ancient Adûnaic was spoken when [[Tar-Aldarion|Aldarion]] discovered the mouth of Gwathló in the 730's.)

===Phonology===
Classical Adûnaic possesses 21 consonants:<ref>{{SD|Structure}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
|+Consonants
|Plosive
|p b
|t d
| k g
|
|-
| Nasal
|mh m
|nh n
| ng
|
|-
|Fricative
|ph
|th s z
|kh
|h
|-
|Lateral
|
|l
|
|
|-
|Tremulant
|
|r
|
|
|-
|Approximant
|v/w
|y
|
|
|}
The consonants mostly have their classical sound values, with the following exceptions:

''mh'' = voiceless "m"

''nh'' = voiceless "n"

''ph'' = bilabial "f"

''th'' = as "th" in "thing"

''kh'' = as "ch" in "Bach"

''v/w'' = as "w" in "will"

''y'' = as "y" in "yes"<ref>{{SD|Structure}}</ref>

There are three basic vowels: ''i'' ''a'' ''u''. These can be short or long; the long vowels are marked with a circumflex: ''î'' ''â'' ''û''.<ref>{{SD|Vowels}}</ref>

From older ''ai'' and ''au'' evolved ''ê'' and ''ô''. These vowels are always long – short ''e'' and ''o'' does not occur.<ref>{{SD|Vowels}}</ref> (Tolkien seems to omit the redundant circumflex on ''ê'' and ''ô'' in words like "[[Ar-Zimraphel]]"; Cf also the word ''roth'' "foam", which Tolkien gives the pronunciation key ''róþ.''<ref>{{PM|Ros}}</ref>)
===Morphology===

Adûnaic words are based on roots that consist of one to three consonants and one characteristic vowel. Inflexions and derivations add infixes or affixes to these roots, but in all inflexions or derivations of a word the order of the consonants is consistent, and the characteristic vowel is always present (sometimes mutated into ''ê'' or ''ô'').

This can be exemplified by the root GIMIL "star". From GIMIL is derived ''gimli'' "star", ''gimil'' "(all) the stars", ''igmil'' "star-shaped figure", ''gimlu-nitîr'' "star-kindler", ''Gimlad'' "Starwards", etc.<ref>{{SD|Structure}}</ref>

====Nouns====

===== Strong and weak nouns =====
Adûnaic distinguishes between '''strong''' and '''weak''' nouns. Strong nouns are inflected by altering the final vowel of the root. Weak nouns are inflected by means of affixes.<ref>{{SD|Nouns}}</ref>

===== Gender =====
Nouns have one of four different genders: '''masculine''', '''feminine''', '''common''' and '''neuter'''.
The masculine and feminine genders designate beings of male and female sex, common gender designates beings of unspecified sex, and neuter designates inanimate nouns.<ref>{{SD|Nouns}}</ref>

===== Case =====
Nouns are inflected in three cases: '''normal''', '''subjective''' and '''objective'''.

The subjective case is used to emphasize the subject of a sentence. In sentences with a noun in the subjective case, the copula can be omitted.

The objective case is used for the first noun in compounds, when that noun can be regarded as the object of the second noun.

The normal case is used in all other contexts.<ref>{{SD|Nouns}}</ref>

===== Number =====
Nouns have three numbers: '''singular''', '''dual''' and '''plural'''. Singular is used for a single item. Only the singular can be inflected in the objective case. Plural is used for larger numbers. Dual is used for "natural pairs" such as parents, the sun and moon etc.<ref>{{SD|Nouns}}</ref>

====Examples of noun inflection<ref>{{SD|Examples}}</ref>====
{| class="wikitable"
|+Strong inflection: ''zadan'' (neuter) 'house'
!
!Normal
!Subjective
!Objective
|-
|Singular
|zadan
|zadân
|zadun-
|-
|Dual
|zadnat
|zadnât
|–
|-
|Plural
|zadîn
|zadîna
|–
|}

{| class="wikitable"
|+Weak inflection: ''bâr'' (masculine) 'lord'
!
!Normal
!Subjective
!Objective
|-
|Singular
|bâr
|bârun
|bâru-
|-
|Dual
|bârat
|bârât
|–
|-
|Plural
|bârî
|bârîm
|–
|}

==== Verbs ====

===== Tense =====
Verbs are inflected in four tenses: '''aorist''', '''past''', '''continuative present''' and '''continuative past'''.<ref>{{SD|Further}}</ref> Since several of these tenses have overlapping meanings, it is not entirely clear which tense is which.

The aorist tense is used as present, future, or "historic present or past in narrative".<ref>{{SD|Further}}</ref> Some verbs seem to form aorist by the suffix ''-a'': ''kalba'' 'fell'<ref>{{SD|2eiii}}</ref> (''kalab'' 'to fall'<ref>{{SD|Further}}</ref>).

The significance of the past tense depends on the significance of the aorist in the same context: if the aorist tens signifies the past, then the past tense signifies pluperfect ("remote past"). If the aorist signifies the future, then the past tense signifies future perfect (past in relation to the future).<ref>{{SD|Further}}</ref> Some verbs seem to form the past tense by doubling the final root consonant and adding the suffix ''-a'': ''kallaba'' 'fell'.<ref>{{SD|Nouns}}</ref>

Exactly how the continuative present and continuative past are used is not known. Some verbs seem to form the continuative present by changing the final root vowel to ''u'' and adding the suffix ''-i'': ''kalubi'' 'lean over'.<ref>{{SD|67}}</ref> An example of the continuative past might be ''azaggara'' 'was warring' (''azgarâ'' 'to wage war').<ref>{{SD|Further}}</ref>

===== Number =====
Verbs agree in number with the noun they refer to. Plural verbs take the ending ''-m''.

===== Person =====
If the subject of a verb is a personal pronoun, it is expressed by a pronominal prefix. Pronominal prefixes are often used in combination with an independent noun, e.g. ''bâr ukallaba'' 'the lord [he] fell'.<ref>{{SD|Nouns}}</ref> From the sources we can reconstruct an incomplete set of pronominal prefixes.
{| class="wikitable"
|+Pronominal prefixes
!
!Singular
!Plural
|-
|1 p.
|–
|?''nênud'' 'on us'<ref>{{SD|67}}</ref>
|-
|2 p.
|''kitabdahê'' 'you touch me'<ref>{{SD|67}}</ref>
|–
|-
|3 p. masculine
|''usaphda'' 'he understood'<ref>{{SD|Assimilations}}</ref>
|''yurahtam'' 'they rent'<ref>{{SD|67}}</ref>
|-
|3 p. feminine
|''hikallaba'' 'she fell'<ref>{{SD|67}}</ref>
|–
|-
|3 p. common
|–
|''yanâkhim'' 'they are at hand'<ref>{{SD|67}}</ref>
|-
|3 p. neuter
|''ayadda'' 'it went'<ref>{{SD|67}}</ref>
|–
|}

==Etymology==
''Adûnaic'' is an Anglicized name of the language. The Númenóreans called their language ''Adûnayân''.<ref>{{NM|P3xi}}, p. 323</ref> Later [[Westron]] was called ''Adûni'' by its speakers.<ref>{{PM|Atani}}, p. 316</ref>

== Inspiration==
Adûnaic has a faintly Semitic flavour.<ref>{{SD|66}}, p. 241</ref> The triconsonantal structure of the majority of the word-bases of Adûnaic is reminiscent of Semitic. However, the vocalic arrangements in the word-bases do not resemble Semitic much.<ref>{{SD|Structure}}, p. 415</ref> Tolkien said the Númenórean language is based on [[Hebrew]].<ref>[[Clyde S. Kilby]], ''[[Tolkien and The Silmarillion]]'', "2. Summer with Tolkien", p. 24</ref>

{{references|n}}

==External links==
*[http://www.uib.no/People/hnohf/adunaic.htm Article on Adûnaic] at [[Ardalambion]]
*[http://web.archive.org/web/20110930145649/http:/lalaith.vpsurf.de/Tolkien/Grammar.html Lalaith's Guide to Adûnaic Grammar]
*[http://www.science-and-fiction.org/elvish/index.html#course_adunaic ''Ni-bitha Adûnâyê''] - an Adûnâic course
*[http://glaemscrafu.jrrvf.com/english/adunaic.html Adûnaic texts and sound samples] at [[Glǽmscrafu]]
*[http://eldamo.org/content/language-pages/lang-ad.html Wordlists] at [[Eldamo]]
{{languages}}
{{numenor}}
[[Category:Adûnaic]]
[[de:Adûnaïsch]]
[[fr:encyclo/langues/adunaique]]
[[fi:Adûnaic]]

Adûnaic

2023-11-07T12:12:14Z

Elros: /* Structure */

'''Adûnaic''' ("Language of the West"), or the native name '''Adûnayân''', was the '''Númenórean''' language, spoken by the [[Númenóreans|Men]] of [[Númenor]] during the [[Second Age]].
==Origins and family==
Adûnaic was derived from the [[House of Hador|Hadorian]] tongue, related to the [[House of Bëor|Bëorian]]—collectively called [[Taliska]]. It was more distantly related to the languages of the [[Middle Men]] of the east, such as the Men of [[Eriador]] and the [[Northmen]].<ref name=men>{{App|F1ii}}</ref> During the [[First Age]] these languages were much influenced by [[Khuzdul]],<ref>{{PM|Dwarves}}, p. 317</ref> [[Avarin]], but also by the languages of the [[Eldar]], as the [[Elf-friends]] spoke [[Sindarin]].<ref>{{S|17}}</ref>

Despite it being a millennium or more after their separation, the Númenórean mariners who returned to [[Middle-earth]] in the [[Second Age]] could find common roots and words with the [[Middle Men]] of [[Eriador]] (related to the Folks of Beor and Hador), and talk about simple matters.<ref>{{UT|Wife}}</ref> This is also partly due to the Númenórean longevity, and the slow change of their language.<ref name=atani>{{PM|Atani}}</ref>

In the western districts of Númenor, the rustic folk still used another dialect, a last remnant of the Bëorian language.<ref>{{PM|XNotes}}, #71</ref>

Taliska was not related to the [[Haladin]] tongue at all, therefore the Númenóreans did not recognise the peoples of [[Enedwaith]] and [[Minhiriath]] as their distant kin, who spoke [[Pre-Númenórean|unrelated]] languages.<ref>{{PM|XNotes}}, #72</ref>

==History==
Adûnaic was generally considered to be a language of less prestige than the [[Elvish|Elven tongues]]. Most locations of Númenor, and most of the lords and ladies of the [[Dúnedain]], had also [[Quenya]] or [[Sindarin]] names beside their native ones.<ref name=ak>{{S|Akallabeth}}</ref> Even most commoners knew Sindarin to some degree.

Most of the House of Bëor had been killed after the [[Dagor Bragollach]],<ref>{{S|Fingolfin}}</ref> but even during the Second Age a Bëorian accent of Adûnaic still survived in parts of Númenor, most notably in [[Emerië]] and around the harbour of [[Andúnië]].
===Days of pride===
About 2,000 years into the Second Age, the Númenóreans began to envy the immortality of the [[Firstborn]], which extended to the languages of the Elves; the Kings and their [[King's Men|followers]] used the Elven tongues less and less. Though the Kings and Queens had all taken their names in Quenya, after some time their supporters used their Adûnaic names to refer to them.

Eventually [[Ar-Adûnakhôr]] took his name in Adûnaic and forbade anyone to speak the Elven tongues in his presence. Adûnaic was now the language of the royal court. Its supremacy was most strongly enforced by [[Ar-Gimilzôr]]: he outlawed the use of Elvish anywhere in Númenor, which antagonized the few [[Faithful]] Númenóreans still living in the land.

However, his son Inziladûn took a Quenya name again, [[Tar-Palantir]], and repealed the ban on the Elven tongues and gave peace to the Faithful. His daughter [[Tar-Míriel|Míriel]] would probably have continued his reforms, but her cousin [[Ar-Pharazôn|Pharazôn]] seized power and, in addition, gave her an Adûnaic name (Ar-Zimraphel).<ref name=ak/>

===Decline===
In Middle-earth, the [[Faithful]] settlers (who controlled the shorelands of the [[Westlands]] from [[Lune]] to [[Pelargir]]), neglected their native tongue and favored [[Sindarin]] and devised names in it; no doubt as a reaction against the rebel Kings who banned the Elvish tongues. This was the case among the Faithful of high lineage who used Sindarin as their native tongue, and became a mark of Númenórean descent, while Adûnaic was left as the daily language of the illiterate, neglected to unheeded change. However some Númenóreans who had Sindarin as their mother tongue, learned this "vulgar" language when it was needed.<ref name=atani/>

In [[Belfalas]], the Númenóreans didn't stop to use Adûnaic names, as for them the language didn't have the political connection to the [[King's Men]] and the rebellion against the Valar; their ancestors had settled there before the division of their people (c. {{SA|2221}}).<ref name=NM>{{NM|P2v}}, p. 189</ref>

With the [[Downfall of Númenor]] came the end of classical Adûnaic. The study and preservation of the language was neglected by the Exiles of Númenor, because they associated it with the rebellious and repressive Númenórean Kings.<ref>{{PM|Dwarves}}, p. 315</ref>

However, this debased tongue, spread from the early Númenórean sailors and colonists, continued to spread as their settlements increased in size and influence and met more peoples, who came under their rule. Those Men of different kinds used this language as a ''lingua franca'' among them. This process became of general importance after the [[Realms in Exile]]; from [[Eriador]] to [[Gondor]] the tongue became widely current, being adopted both by inhabitants and incomers, eventually becoming their native language, which they called [[Westron]], widely spoken during the [[Third Age]].<ref name=atani/><ref>{{L|144}}</ref><ref name=men/>

Adûnaic continued to survive, at least in names in [[Belfalas]] and [[Dol Amroth]].<ref name=NM/> Some members of the [[House of Dol Amroth]] were named in Adûnaic instead of Sindarin. It is probable that Prince [[Imrazôr]], also known as "the Númenórean"<ref>{{UT|Amroth}}</ref><ref name=House>{{PM|Elendil}}, The House of Dol Amroth</ref>, has an Adûnaic name.<ref>{{webcite|author=Paul Strack|articleurl=https://www.eldamo.org/content/words/word-918928457.html|articlename=Ad. ''Imrazôr'' m.|website=[http://eldamo.org/index.html Eldamo - An Elvish Lexicon]|accessed=27 April 2022}}</ref><ref group=note>[[Paul Strack]] suggests that his name contains the same initial element ''Imra'' as in the name of [[Imrahil]] and the same final element ''zôr'' as in the name of [[Gimilzôr]], which both have Adûnaic names. In addition records of the House of Dol Amroth mention that [[Galador]], the son of Imrazôr and [[Mithrellas]], one of the elven companions of [[Nimrodel]], is an elven name, implying that Imrazôr was not an elven name.</ref> The names of his descendants in the late Third Age, [[Adrahil]] and [[Imrahil]]<ref>{{App|Consonants}}, entry CH, p. 1113 and entry K, p. 1114</ref>, were also Adûnaic.<ref>{{PM|Languages}}, manuscript F2 The Languages at the end of the Third Age, paragraph §19 footnote</ref>

==Structure==
The language called "classical Adûnaic" was spoken at the time of the [[Downfall of Númenor]]. It is not known at what time in the history of Númenor the classical form evolved from an earlier stage, nor when that language developed from the languages of the [[House of Hador]] and [[House of Bëor|Bëor]]. However, the phonology and morphology of classical Adûnaic is fairly well documented, as is the phonology of its predecessor.<ref>{{SD|3 (vi) General Structure}}</ref>

(Ancient Adûnaic might be attested in the name ''Agathurush'' "[[Gwathló]]/Greyflood". The sound ''sh'' occurred in ancient Adûnaic but developed into ''s'' in the classical period. This might suggest that ancient Adûnaic was spoken when [[Tar-Aldarion|Aldarion]] discovered the mouth of Gwathló in the 730's.)

===Phonology===
Classical Adûnaic possesses 21 consonants:
{| class="wikitable"
|+Consonants
|Plosive
|p b
|t d
| k g
|
|-
| Nasal
|mh m
|nh n
| ng
|
|-
|Fricative
|ph
|th s z
|kh
|h
|-
|Lateral
|
|l
|
|
|-
|Tremulant
|
|r
|
|
|-
|Approximant
|v/w
|y
|
|
|}
The consonants mostly have their classical sound values, with the following exceptions:

''mh'' = voiceless "m"

''nh'' = voiceless "n"

''ph'' = bilabial "f"

''th'' = as "th" in "thing"

''kh'' = as "ch" in "Bach"

''v/w'' = as "w" in "will"

''y'' = as "y" in "yes"<ref name=":0" />

There are three basic vowels: ''i'' ''a'' ''u''. These can be short or long; the long vowels are marked with a circumflex: ''î'' ''â'' ''û''.

From older ''ai'' and ''au'' evolved ''ê'' and ''ô''. These vowels are always long – short ''e'' and ''o'' does not occur.<ref name=":0" /> (Tolkien seems to omit the redundant circumflex on ''ê'' and ''ô'' in words like "[[Ar-Zimraphel]]"; Cf also the word ''roth'' "foam", which Tolkien gives the pronunciation key ''róþ.''<ref>{{PM}}, p. 369</ref>)
===Morphology===

Adûnaic words are based on roots that consist of one to three consonants and one characteristic vowel. Inflexions and derivations add infixes or affixes to these roots, but in all inflexions or derivations of a word the order of the consonants is consistent, and the characteristic vowel is always present (sometimes mutated into ''ê'' or ''ô'').

This can be exemplified by the root GIMIL "star". From GIMIL is derived ''gimli'' "star", ''gimil'' "(all) the stars", ''igmil'' "star-shaped figure", ''gimlu-nitîr'' "star-kindler", ''Gimlad'' "Starwards", etc.<ref name=":0">{{SD|Structure}}</ref>

====Nouns====

===== Strong and weak nouns =====
Adûnaic distinguishes between '''strong''' and '''weak''' nouns. Strong nouns are inflected by altering the final vowel of the root. Weak nouns are inflected by means of affixes.

===== Gender =====
Nouns have one of four different genders: '''masculine''', '''feminine''', '''common''' and '''neuter'''.
The masculine and feminine genders designate beings of male and female sex, common gender designates beings of unspecified sex, and neuter designates inanimate nouns.

===== Case =====
Nouns are inflected in three cases: '''normal''', '''subjective''' and '''objective'''.

The subjective case is used to emphasize the subject of a sentence. In sentences with a noun in the subjective case, the copula can be omitted.

The objective case is used for the first noun in compounds, when that noun can be regarded as the object of the second noun.

The normal case is used in all other contexts.

===== Number =====
Nouns have three numbers: '''singular''', '''dual''' and '''plural'''. Singular is used for a single item. Only the singular can be inflected in the objective case. Plural is used for larger numbers. Dual is used for "natural pairs" such as parents, the sun and moon etc.
{| class="wikitable"
|+Strong inflection: ''zadan'' (neuter) 'house'
!
!Normal
!Subjective
!Objective
|-
|Singular
|zadan
|zadân
|zadun-
|-
|Dual
|zadnat
|zadnât
|–
|-
|Plural
|zadîn
|zadîna
|–
|}

{| class="wikitable"
|+Weak inflection: ''bâr'' (masculine) 'lord'
!
!Normal
!Subjective
!Objective
|-
|Singular
|bâr
|bârun
|bâru-
|-
|Dual
|bârat
|bârât
|–
|-
|Plural
|bârî
|bârîm
|–
|}

==== Verbs ====

===== Tense =====
Verbs are inflected in four tenses: '''aorist''', '''past''', '''continuative present''' and '''continuative past'''. Since several of these tenses have overlapping meanings, it is not entirely clear which tense is which.

The aorist tense is used as present, future, or "historic present or past in narrative". Some verbs seem to form aorist by the suffix ''-a'': ''kalba'' 'fell' (''kalab'' 'to fall').

The significance of the past tense depends on the significance of the aorist in the same context: if the aorist tens signifies the past, then the past tense signifies pluperfect ("remote past"). If the aorist signifies the future, then the past tense signifies future perfect (past in relation to the future). Some verbs seem to form the past tense by doubling the final root consonant and adding the suffix ''-a'': ''kallaba'' 'fell'.

Exactly how the continuative present and continuative past are used is not known. Some verbs seem to form the continuative present by changing the final root vowel to ''u'' and adding the suffix ''-i'': ''kalubi'' 'lean over'. An example of the continuative past might be ''azaggara'' 'was warring' (''azgarâ'' 'to wage war').

===== Number =====
Verbs agree in number with the noun they refer to. Plural verbs take the ending ''-m''.

===== Person =====
If the subject of a verb is a personal pronoun, it is expressed by a pronominal prefix. Pronominal prefixes are often used in combination with an independent noun, e.g. ''bâr ukallaba'' 'the lord [he] fell'. From the sources we can reconstruct an incomplete set of pronominal prefixes.
{| class="wikitable"
|+Pronominal prefixes
!
!Singular
!Plural
|-
|1 p.
|–
|?''nênud'' 'on us'
|-
|2 p.
|''kitabdahê'' 'you touch me'
|–
|-
|3 p. masculine
|''usaphda'' 'he understood'
|''yurahtam'' 'they rent'
|-
|3 p. feminine
|''hikallaba'' 'she fell'
|–
|-
|3 p. common
|–
|''yanâkhim'' 'they are at hand'
|-
|3 p. neuter
|''ayadda'' 'it went'
|–
|}

==Etymology==
''Adûnaic'' is an Anglicized name of the language. The Númenóreans called their language ''Adûnayân''.<ref>{{NM|P3xi}}, p. 323</ref> Later [[Westron]] was called ''Adûni'' by its speakers.<ref>{{PM|Atani}}, p. 316</ref>

== Inspiration==
Adûnaic has a faintly Semitic flavour.<ref>{{SD|66}}, p. 241</ref> The triconsonantal structure of the majority of the word-bases of Adûnaic is reminiscent of Semitic. However, the vocalic arrangements in the word-bases do not resemble Semitic much.<ref>{{SD|Structure}}, p. 415</ref> Tolkien said the Númenórean language is based on [[Hebrew]].<ref>[[Clyde S. Kilby]], ''[[Tolkien and The Silmarillion]]'', "2. Summer with Tolkien", p. 24</ref>

{{references|n}}

==External links==
*[http://www.uib.no/People/hnohf/adunaic.htm Article on Adûnaic] at [[Ardalambion]]
*[http://web.archive.org/web/20110930145649/http:/lalaith.vpsurf.de/Tolkien/Grammar.html Lalaith's Guide to Adûnaic Grammar]
*[http://www.science-and-fiction.org/elvish/index.html#course_adunaic ''Ni-bitha Adûnâyê''] - an Adûnâic course
*[http://glaemscrafu.jrrvf.com/english/adunaic.html Adûnaic texts and sound samples] at [[Glǽmscrafu]]
*[http://eldamo.org/content/language-pages/lang-ad.html Wordlists] at [[Eldamo]]
{{languages}}
{{numenor}}
[[Category:Adûnaic]]
[[de:Adûnaïsch]]
[[fr:encyclo/langues/adunaique]]
[[fi:Adûnaic]]

User talk:Elros

2023-11-07T11:44:05Z

Elros: /* Edits without references */ Reply

Adûnaic

2023-11-07T10:54:18Z

Elros:

'''Adûnaic''' ("Language of the West"), or the native name '''Adûnayân''', was the '''Númenórean''' language, spoken by the [[Númenóreans|Men]] of [[Númenor]] during the [[Second Age]].
==Origins and family==
Adûnaic was derived from the [[House of Hador|Hadorian]] tongue, related to the [[House of Bëor|Bëorian]]—collectively called [[Taliska]]. It was more distantly related to the languages of the [[Middle Men]] of the east, such as the Men of [[Eriador]] and the [[Northmen]].<ref name=men>{{App|F1ii}}</ref> During the [[First Age]] these languages were much influenced by [[Khuzdul]],<ref>{{PM|Dwarves}}, p. 317</ref> [[Avarin]], but also by the languages of the [[Eldar]], as the [[Elf-friends]] spoke [[Sindarin]].<ref>{{S|17}}</ref>

Despite it being a millennium or more after their separation, the Númenórean mariners who returned to [[Middle-earth]] in the [[Second Age]] could find common roots and words with the [[Middle Men]] of [[Eriador]] (related to the Folks of Beor and Hador), and talk about simple matters.<ref>{{UT|Wife}}</ref> This is also partly due to the Númenórean longevity, and the slow change of their language.<ref name=atani>{{PM|Atani}}</ref>

In the western districts of Númenor, the rustic folk still used another dialect, a last remnant of the Bëorian language.<ref>{{PM|XNotes}}, #71</ref>

Taliska was not related to the [[Haladin]] tongue at all, therefore the Númenóreans did not recognise the peoples of [[Enedwaith]] and [[Minhiriath]] as their distant kin, who spoke [[Pre-Númenórean|unrelated]] languages.<ref>{{PM|XNotes}}, #72</ref>

==History==
Adûnaic was generally considered to be a language of less prestige than the [[Elvish|Elven tongues]]. Most locations of Númenor, and most of the lords and ladies of the [[Dúnedain]], had also [[Quenya]] or [[Sindarin]] names beside their native ones.<ref name=ak>{{S|Akallabeth}}</ref> Even most commoners knew Sindarin to some degree.

Most of the House of Bëor had been killed after the [[Dagor Bragollach]],<ref>{{S|Fingolfin}}</ref> but even during the Second Age a Bëorian accent of Adûnaic still survived in parts of Númenor, most notably in [[Emerië]] and around the harbour of [[Andúnië]].
===Days of pride===
About 2,000 years into the Second Age, the Númenóreans began to envy the immortality of the [[Firstborn]], which extended to the languages of the Elves; the Kings and their [[King's Men|followers]] used the Elven tongues less and less. Though the Kings and Queens had all taken their names in Quenya, after some time their supporters used their Adûnaic names to refer to them.

Eventually [[Ar-Adûnakhôr]] took his name in Adûnaic and forbade anyone to speak the Elven tongues in his presence. Adûnaic was now the language of the royal court. Its supremacy was most strongly enforced by [[Ar-Gimilzôr]]: he outlawed the use of Elvish anywhere in Númenor, which antagonized the few [[Faithful]] Númenóreans still living in the land.

However, his son Inziladûn took a Quenya name again, [[Tar-Palantir]], and repealed the ban on the Elven tongues and gave peace to the Faithful. His daughter [[Tar-Míriel|Míriel]] would probably have continued his reforms, but her cousin [[Ar-Pharazôn|Pharazôn]] seized power and, in addition, gave her an Adûnaic name (Ar-Zimraphel).<ref name=ak/>

===Decline===
In Middle-earth, the [[Faithful]] settlers (who controlled the shorelands of the [[Westlands]] from [[Lune]] to [[Pelargir]]), neglected their native tongue and favored [[Sindarin]] and devised names in it; no doubt as a reaction against the rebel Kings who banned the Elvish tongues. This was the case among the Faithful of high lineage who used Sindarin as their native tongue, and became a mark of Númenórean descent, while Adûnaic was left as the daily language of the illiterate, neglected to unheeded change. However some Númenóreans who had Sindarin as their mother tongue, learned this "vulgar" language when it was needed.<ref name=atani/>

In [[Belfalas]], the Númenóreans didn't stop to use Adûnaic names, as for them the language didn't have the political connection to the [[King's Men]] and the rebellion against the Valar; their ancestors had settled there before the division of their people (c. {{SA|2221}}).<ref name=NM>{{NM|P2v}}, p. 189</ref>

With the [[Downfall of Númenor]] came the end of classical Adûnaic. The study and preservation of the language was neglected by the Exiles of Númenor, because they associated it with the rebellious and repressive Númenórean Kings.<ref>{{PM|Dwarves}}, p. 315</ref>

However, this debased tongue, spread from the early Númenórean sailors and colonists, continued to spread as their settlements increased in size and influence and met more peoples, who came under their rule. Those Men of different kinds used this language as a ''lingua franca'' among them. This process became of general importance after the [[Realms in Exile]]; from [[Eriador]] to [[Gondor]] the tongue became widely current, being adopted both by inhabitants and incomers, eventually becoming their native language, which they called [[Westron]], widely spoken during the [[Third Age]].<ref name=atani/><ref>{{L|144}}</ref><ref name=men/>

Adûnaic continued to survive, at least in names in [[Belfalas]] and [[Dol Amroth]].<ref name=NM/> Some members of the [[House of Dol Amroth]] were named in Adûnaic instead of Sindarin. It is probable that Prince [[Imrazôr]], also known as "the Númenórean"<ref>{{UT|Amroth}}</ref><ref name=House>{{PM|Elendil}}, The House of Dol Amroth</ref>, has an Adûnaic name.<ref>{{webcite|author=Paul Strack|articleurl=https://www.eldamo.org/content/words/word-918928457.html|articlename=Ad. ''Imrazôr'' m.|website=[http://eldamo.org/index.html Eldamo - An Elvish Lexicon]|accessed=27 April 2022}}</ref><ref group=note>[[Paul Strack]] suggests that his name contains the same initial element ''Imra'' as in the name of [[Imrahil]] and the same final element ''zôr'' as in the name of [[Gimilzôr]], which both have Adûnaic names. In addition records of the House of Dol Amroth mention that [[Galador]], the son of Imrazôr and [[Mithrellas]], one of the elven companions of [[Nimrodel]], is an elven name, implying that Imrazôr was not an elven name.</ref> The names of his descendants in the late Third Age, [[Adrahil]] and [[Imrahil]]<ref>{{App|Consonants}}, entry CH, p. 1113 and entry K, p. 1114</ref>, were also Adûnaic.<ref>{{PM|Languages}}, manuscript F2 The Languages at the end of the Third Age, paragraph §19 footnote</ref>

==Structure==
The language called "classical Adûnaic" was spoken at the time of the [[Downfall of Númenor]]. It is not known at what time in the history of Númenor the classical form evolved from an earlier stage, nor when that language developed from the languages of the [[House of Hador]] and [[House of Bëor|Bëor]]. However, the phonology and morphology of classical Adûnaic is fairly well documented, as is the phonology of its predecessor.

(Ancient Adûnaic might be attested in the name ''Agathurush'' "[[Gwathló]]/Greyflood". The sound ''sh'' occurred in ancient Adûnaic but developed into ''s'' in the classical period. This might suggest that ancient Adûnaic was spoken when [[Tar-Aldarion|Aldarion]] discovered the mouth of Gwathló in the 730's.)

===Phonology===
Classical Adûnaic possesses 21 consonants:
{| class="wikitable"
|+Consonants
|Plosive
|p b
|t d
| k g
|
|-
| Nasal
|mh m
|nh n
| ng
|
|-
|Fricative
|ph
|th s z
|kh
|h
|-
|Lateral
|
|l
|
|
|-
|Tremulant
|
|r
|
|
|-
|Approximant
|v/w
|y
|
|
|}
The consonants mostly have their classical sound values, with the following exceptions:

''mh'' = voiceless "m"

''nh'' = voiceless "n"

''ph'' = bilabial "f"

''th'' = as "th" in "thing"

''kh'' = as "ch" in "Bach"

''v/w'' = as "w" in "will"

''y'' = as "y" in "yes"

There are three basic vowels: ''i'' ''a'' ''u''. These can be short or long; the long vowels are marked with a circumflex: ''î'' ''â'' ''û''.

From older ''ai'' and ''au'' evolved ''ê'' and ''ô''. These vowels are always long – short ''e'' and ''o'' does not occur. (Tolkien seems to omit the redundant circumflex on ''ê'' and ''ô'' in words like "[[Ar-Zimraphel]]"; Cf also the word ''roth'' "foam", which Tolkien gives the pronunciation key ''róþ.''<ref>{{PM}}, p. 369</ref>)
===Morphology===

Adûnaic words are based on roots that consist of one to three consonants and one characteristic vowel. Inflexions and derivations add infixes or affixes to these roots, but in all inflexions or derivations of a word the order of the consonants is consistent, and the characteristic vowel is always present (sometimes mutated into ''ê'' or ''ô'').

This can be exemplified by the root GIMIL "star". From GIMIL is derived ''gimli'' "star", ''gimil'' "(all) the stars", ''igmil'' "star-shaped figure", ''gimlu-nitîr'' "star-kindler", ''Gimlad'' "Starwards", etc.<ref>{{SD|Structure}}</ref>

====Nouns====

===== Strong and weak nouns =====
Adûnaic distinguishes between '''strong''' and '''weak''' nouns. Strong nouns are inflected by altering the final vowel of the root. Weak nouns are inflected by means of affixes.

===== Gender =====
Nouns have one of four different genders: '''masculine''', '''feminine''', '''common''' and '''neuter'''.
The masculine and feminine genders designate beings of male and female sex, common gender designates beings of unspecified sex, and neuter designates inanimate nouns.

===== Case =====
Nouns are inflected in three cases: '''normal''', '''subjective''' and '''objective'''.

The subjective case is used to emphasize the subject of a sentence. In sentences with a noun in the subjective case, the copula can be omitted.

The objective case is used for the first noun in compounds, when that noun can be regarded as the object of the second noun.

The normal case is used in all other contexts.

===== Number =====
Nouns have three numbers: '''singular''', '''dual''' and '''plural'''. Singular is used for a single item. Only the singular can be inflected in the objective case. Plural is used for larger numbers. Dual is used for "natural pairs" such as parents, the sun and moon etc.
{| class="wikitable"
|+Strong inflection: ''zadan'' (neuter) 'house'
!
!Normal
!Subjective
!Objective
|-
|Singular
|zadan
|zadân
|zadun-
|-
|Dual
|zadnat
|zadnât
|–
|-
|Plural
|zadîn
|zadîna
|–
|}

{| class="wikitable"
|+Weak inflection: ''bâr'' (masculine) 'lord'
!
!Normal
!Subjective
!Objective
|-
|Singular
|bâr
|bârun
|bâru-
|-
|Dual
|bârat
|bârât
|–
|-
|Plural
|bârî
|bârîm
|–
|}

==== Verbs ====

===== Tense =====
Verbs are inflected in four tenses: '''aorist''', '''past''', '''continuative present''' and '''continuative past'''. Since several of these tenses have overlapping meanings, it is not entirely clear which tense is which.

The aorist tense is used as present, future, or "historic present or past in narrative". Some verbs seem to form aorist by the suffix ''-a'': ''kalba'' 'fell' (''kalab'' 'to fall').

The significance of the past tense depends on the significance of the aorist in the same context: if the aorist tens signifies the past, then the past tense signifies pluperfect ("remote past"). If the aorist signifies the future, then the past tense signifies future perfect (past in relation to the future). Some verbs seem to form the past tense by doubling the final root consonant and adding the suffix ''-a'': ''kallaba'' 'fell'.

Exactly how the continuative present and continuative past are used is not known. Some verbs seem to form the continuative present by changing the final root vowel to ''u'' and adding the suffix ''-i'': ''kalubi'' 'lean over'. An example of the continuative past might be ''azaggara'' 'was warring' (''azgarâ'' 'to wage war').

===== Number =====
Verbs agree in number with the noun they refer to. Plural verbs take the ending ''-m''.

===== Person =====
If the subject of a verb is a personal pronoun, it is expressed by a pronominal prefix. Pronominal prefixes are often used in combination with an independent noun, e.g. ''bâr ukallaba'' 'the lord [he] fell'. From the sources we can reconstruct an incomplete set of pronominal prefixes.
{| class="wikitable"
|+Pronominal prefixes
!
!Singular
!Plural
|-
|1 p.
|–
|?''nênud'' 'on us'
|-
|2 p.
|''kitabdahê'' 'you touch me'
|–
|-
|3 p. masculine
|''usaphda'' 'he understood'
|''yurahtam'' 'they rent'
|-
|3 p. feminine
|''hikallaba'' 'she fell'
|–
|-
|3 p. common
|–
|''yanâkhim'' 'they are at hand'
|-
|3 p. neuter
|''ayadda'' 'it went'
|–
|}

==Etymology==
''Adûnaic'' is an Anglicized name of the language. The Númenóreans called their language ''Adûnayân''.<ref>{{NM|P3xi}}, p. 323</ref> Later [[Westron]] was called ''Adûni'' by its speakers.<ref>{{PM|Atani}}, p. 316</ref>

== Inspiration==
Adûnaic has a faintly Semitic flavour.<ref>{{SD|66}}, p. 241</ref> The triconsonantal structure of the majority of the word-bases of Adûnaic is reminiscent of Semitic. However, the vocalic arrangements in the word-bases do not resemble Semitic much.<ref>{{SD|Structure}}, p. 415</ref> Tolkien said the Númenórean language is based on [[Hebrew]].<ref>[[Clyde S. Kilby]], ''[[Tolkien and The Silmarillion]]'', "2. Summer with Tolkien", p. 24</ref>

{{references|n}}

==External links==
*[http://www.uib.no/People/hnohf/adunaic.htm Article on Adûnaic] at [[Ardalambion]]
*[http://web.archive.org/web/20110930145649/http:/lalaith.vpsurf.de/Tolkien/Grammar.html Lalaith's Guide to Adûnaic Grammar]
*[http://www.science-and-fiction.org/elvish/index.html#course_adunaic ''Ni-bitha Adûnâyê''] - an Adûnâic course
*[http://glaemscrafu.jrrvf.com/english/adunaic.html Adûnaic texts and sound samples] at [[Glǽmscrafu]]
*[http://eldamo.org/content/language-pages/lang-ad.html Wordlists] at [[Eldamo]]
{{languages}}
{{numenor}}
[[Category:Adûnaic]]
[[de:Adûnaïsch]]
[[fr:encyclo/langues/adunaique]]
[[fi:Adûnaic]]

Adûnaic

2023-11-07T10:01:59Z

Elros: /* Phonology */

'''Adûnaic''' ("Language of the West"), or the native name '''Adûnayân''', was the '''Númenórean''' language, spoken by the [[Númenóreans|Men]] of [[Númenor]] during the [[Second Age]].
==Origins and family==
Adûnaic was derived from the [[House of Hador|Hadorian]] tongue, related to the [[House of Bëor|Bëorian]]—collectively called [[Taliska]]. It was more distantly related to the languages of the [[Middle Men]] of the east, such as the Men of [[Eriador]] and the [[Northmen]].<ref name=men>{{App|F1ii}}</ref> During the [[First Age]] these languages were much influenced by [[Khuzdul]],<ref>{{PM|Dwarves}}, p. 317</ref> [[Avarin]], but also by the languages of the [[Eldar]], as the [[Elf-friends]] spoke [[Sindarin]].<ref>{{S|17}}</ref>

Despite it being a millennium or more after their separation, the Númenórean mariners who returned to [[Middle-earth]] in the [[Second Age]] could find common roots and words with the [[Middle Men]] of [[Eriador]] (related to the Folks of Beor and Hador), and talk about simple matters.<ref>{{UT|Wife}}</ref> This is also partly due to the Númenórean longevity, and the slow change of their language.<ref name=atani>{{PM|Atani}}</ref>

In the western districts of Númenor, the rustic folk still used another dialect, a last remnant of the Bëorian language.<ref>{{PM|XNotes}}, #71</ref>

Taliska was not related to the [[Haladin]] tongue at all, therefore the Númenóreans did not recognise the peoples of [[Enedwaith]] and [[Minhiriath]] as their distant kin, who spoke [[Pre-Númenórean|unrelated]] languages.<ref>{{PM|XNotes}}, #72</ref>

==History==
Adûnaic was generally considered to be a language of less prestige than the [[Elvish|Elven tongues]]. Most locations of Númenor, and most of the lords and ladies of the [[Dúnedain]], had also [[Quenya]] or [[Sindarin]] names beside their native ones.<ref name=ak>{{S|Akallabeth}}</ref> Even most commoners knew Sindarin to some degree.

Most of the House of Bëor had been killed after the [[Dagor Bragollach]],<ref>{{S|Fingolfin}}</ref> but even during the Second Age a Bëorian accent of Adûnaic still survived in parts of Númenor, most notably in [[Emerië]] and around the harbour of [[Andúnië]].
===Days of pride===
About 2,000 years into the Second Age, the Númenóreans began to envy the immortality of the [[Firstborn]], which extended to the languages of the Elves; the Kings and their [[King's Men|followers]] used the Elven tongues less and less. Though the Kings and Queens had all taken their names in Quenya, after some time their supporters used their Adûnaic names to refer to them.

Eventually [[Ar-Adûnakhôr]] took his name in Adûnaic and forbade anyone to speak the Elven tongues in his presence. Adûnaic was now the language of the royal court. Its supremacy was most strongly enforced by [[Ar-Gimilzôr]]: he outlawed the use of Elvish anywhere in Númenor, which antagonized the few [[Faithful]] Númenóreans still living in the land.

However, his son Inziladûn took a Quenya name again, [[Tar-Palantir]], and repealed the ban on the Elven tongues and gave peace to the Faithful. His daughter [[Tar-Míriel|Míriel]] would probably have continued his reforms, but her cousin [[Ar-Pharazôn|Pharazôn]] seized power and, in addition, gave her an Adûnaic name (Ar-Zimraphel).<ref name=ak/>

===Decline===
In Middle-earth, the [[Faithful]] settlers (who controlled the shorelands of the [[Westlands]] from [[Lune]] to [[Pelargir]]), neglected their native tongue and favored [[Sindarin]] and devised names in it; no doubt as a reaction against the rebel Kings who banned the Elvish tongues. This was the case among the Faithful of high lineage who used Sindarin as their native tongue, and became a mark of Númenórean descent, while Adûnaic was left as the daily language of the illiterate, neglected to unheeded change. However some Númenóreans who had Sindarin as their mother tongue, learned this "vulgar" language when it was needed.<ref name=atani/>

In [[Belfalas]], the Númenóreans didn't stop to use Adûnaic names, as for them the language didn't have the political connection to the [[King's Men]] and the rebellion against the Valar; their ancestors had settled there before the division of their people (c. {{SA|2221}}).<ref name=NM>{{NM|P2v}}, p. 189</ref>

With the [[Downfall of Númenor]] came the end of classical Adûnaic. The study and preservation of the language was neglected by the Exiles of Númenor, because they associated it with the rebellious and repressive Númenórean Kings.<ref>{{PM|Dwarves}}, p. 315</ref>

However, this debased tongue, spread from the early Númenórean sailors and colonists, continued to spread as their settlements increased in size and influence and met more peoples, who came under their rule. Those Men of different kinds used this language as a ''lingua franca'' among them. This process became of general importance after the [[Realms in Exile]]; from [[Eriador]] to [[Gondor]] the tongue became widely current, being adopted both by inhabitants and incomers, eventually becoming their native language, which they called [[Westron]], widely spoken during the [[Third Age]].<ref name=atani/><ref>{{L|144}}</ref><ref name=men/>

Adûnaic continued to survive, at least in names in [[Belfalas]] and [[Dol Amroth]].<ref name=NM/> Some members of the [[House of Dol Amroth]] were named in Adûnaic instead of Sindarin. It is probable that Prince [[Imrazôr]], also known as "the Númenórean"<ref>{{UT|Amroth}}</ref><ref name=House>{{PM|Elendil}}, The House of Dol Amroth</ref>, has an Adûnaic name.<ref>{{webcite|author=Paul Strack|articleurl=https://www.eldamo.org/content/words/word-918928457.html|articlename=Ad. ''Imrazôr'' m.|website=[http://eldamo.org/index.html Eldamo - An Elvish Lexicon]|accessed=27 April 2022}}</ref><ref group=note>[[Paul Strack]] suggests that his name contains the same initial element ''Imra'' as in the name of [[Imrahil]] and the same final element ''zôr'' as in the name of [[Gimilzôr]], which both have Adûnaic names. In addition records of the House of Dol Amroth mention that [[Galador]], the son of Imrazôr and [[Mithrellas]], one of the elven companions of [[Nimrodel]], is an elven name, implying that Imrazôr was not an elven name.</ref> The names of his descendants in the late Third Age, [[Adrahil]] and [[Imrahil]]<ref>{{App|Consonants}}, entry CH, p. 1113 and entry K, p. 1114</ref>, were also Adûnaic.<ref>{{PM|Languages}}, manuscript F2 The Languages at the end of the Third Age, paragraph §19 footnote</ref>

==Structure==
The language called "classical Adûnaic" was spoken at the time of the [[Downfall of Númenor]]. It is not known at what time in the history of Númenor the classical form evolved from an earlier stage, nor when that language developed from the languages of the [[House of Hador]] and [[House of Bëor|Bëor]]. However, the phonology and morphology of classical Adûnaic is fairly well documented, as is the phonology of its predecessor.

(Ancient Adûnaic might be attested in the name ''Agathurush'' "[[Gwathló]]/Greyflood". The sound ''sh'' occurred in ancient Adûnaic but developed into ''s'' in the classical period. This might suggest that ancient Adûnaic was spoken when [[Tar-Aldarion|Aldarion]] discovered the mouth of Gwathló in the 730's.)

===Phonology===
Classical Adûnaic possesses 21 consonants:
{| class="wikitable"
|+Consonants
|Plosive
|p b
|t d
| k g
|
|-
| Nasal
|mh m
|nh n
| ng
|
|-
|Fricative
|ph
|th s z
|kh
|h
|-
|Lateral
|
|l
|
|
|-
|Tremulant
|
|r
|
|
|-
|Approximant
|v/w
|y
|
|
|}
The consonants mostly have their classical sound values, with the following exceptions:

''mh'' = voiceless "m"

''nh'' = voiceless "n"

''ph'' = bilabial "f"

''th'' = as "th" in "thing"

''kh'' = as "ch" in "Bach"

''v/w'' = as "w" in "will"

''y'' = as "y" in "yes"

There are three basic vowels: ''i'' ''a'' ''u''. These can be short or long; the long vowels are marked with a circumflex: ''î'' ''â'' ''û''.

From older ''ai'' and ''au'' evolved ''ê'' and ''ô''. These vowels are always long – short ''e'' and ''o'' does not occur. (Tolkien seems to omit the redundant circumflex on ''ê'' and ''ô'' in words like "[[Ar-Zimraphel]]"; Cf also the word ''roth'' "foam", which Tolkien gives the pronunciation key ''róþ.''<ref>{{PM}}, p. 369</ref>)
===Morphology===

Adûnaic words are based on roots that consist of one to three consonants and one characteristic vowel. Inflexions and derivations add infixes or affixes to these roots, but in all inflexions or derivations of a word the order of the consonants is consistent, and the characteristic vowel is always present (sometimes mutated into ''ê'' or ''ô'').

This can be exemplified by the root GIMIL "star". From GIMIL is derived ''gimli'' "star", ''gimil'' "(all) the stars", ''igmil'' "star-shaped figure", ''gimlu-nitîr'' "star-kindler", ''Gimlad'' "Starwards", etc.<ref>{{SD|Structure}}</ref>

====Nouns====

===== Strong and weak nouns =====
Adûnaic distinguishes between '''strong''' and '''weak''' nouns. Strong nouns are inflected by altering the final vowel of the root. Weak nouns are inflected by means of affixes.

===== Gender =====
Nouns have one of four different genders: '''masculine''', '''feminine''', '''common''' and '''neuter'''.
The masculine and feminine genders designate beings of male and female sex, common gender designates beings of unspecified sex, and neuter designates inanimate nouns.

===== Case =====
Nouns are inflected in three cases: '''normal''', '''subjective''' and '''objective'''.

The subjective case is used to emphasize the subject of a sentence. In sentences with a noun in the subjective case, the copula can be omitted.

The objective case is used for the first noun in compounds, when that noun can be regarded as the object of the second noun.

The normal case is used in all other contexts.

===== Number =====
Nouns have three numbers: '''singular''', '''dual''' and '''plural'''. Singular is used for a single item. Only the singular can be inflected in the objective case. Plural is used for larger numbers. Dual is used for "natural pairs" such as parents, the sun and moon etc.
{| class="wikitable"
|+Strong inflection: ''zadan'' (neuter) 'house'
!
!Normal
!Subjective
!Objective
|-
|Singular
|zadan
|zadân
|zadun-
|-
|Dual
|zadnat
|zadnât
|–
|-
|Plural
|zadîn
|zadîna
|–
|}

{| class="wikitable"
|+Weak inflection: ''bâr'' (masculine) 'lord'
!
!Normal
!Subjective
!Objective
|-
|Singular
|bâr
|bârun
|bâru-
|-
|Dual
|bârat
|bârât
|–
|-
|Plural
|bârî
|bârîm
|–
|}

==Etymology==
''Adûnaic'' is an Anglicized name of the language. The Númenóreans called their language ''Adûnayân''.<ref>{{NM|P3xi}}, p. 323</ref> Later [[Westron]] was called ''Adûni'' by its speakers.<ref>{{PM|Atani}}, p. 316</ref>

== Inspiration==
Adûnaic has a faintly Semitic flavour.<ref>{{SD|66}}, p. 241</ref> The triconsonantal structure of the majority of the word-bases of Adûnaic is reminiscent of Semitic. However, the vocalic arrangements in the word-bases do not resemble Semitic much.<ref>{{SD|Structure}}, p. 415</ref> Tolkien said the Númenórean language is based on [[Hebrew]].<ref>[[Clyde S. Kilby]], ''[[Tolkien and The Silmarillion]]'', "2. Summer with Tolkien", p. 24</ref>

{{references|n}}

==External links==
*[http://www.uib.no/People/hnohf/adunaic.htm Article on Adûnaic] at [[Ardalambion]]
*[http://web.archive.org/web/20110930145649/http:/lalaith.vpsurf.de/Tolkien/Grammar.html Lalaith's Guide to Adûnaic Grammar]
*[http://www.science-and-fiction.org/elvish/index.html#course_adunaic ''Ni-bitha Adûnâyê''] - an Adûnâic course
*[http://glaemscrafu.jrrvf.com/english/adunaic.html Adûnaic texts and sound samples] at [[Glǽmscrafu]]
*[http://eldamo.org/content/language-pages/lang-ad.html Wordlists] at [[Eldamo]]
{{languages}}
{{numenor}}
[[Category:Adûnaic]]
[[de:Adûnaïsch]]
[[fr:encyclo/langues/adunaique]]
[[fi:Adûnaic]]

Adûnaic

2023-11-07T08:12:17Z

Elros: /* Structure */

Adûnaic

2023-11-07T08:00:42Z

Elros: /* Phonology */

Adûnaic

2023-11-07T05:25:52Z

Elros: /* Phonology */

Adûnaic

2023-11-07T05:24:54Z

Elros: /* Structure */

Adûnaic

2023-11-06T13:31:48Z

Elros:

Númenor

2023-11-06T12:45:28Z

Elros: Added Ondosto to the list of cities in the main text.

{{disambig-two|the Mannish realm of the Second Age|island where it was located|[[Elenna]]}}
{{kingdom
| image=[[File:John Howe - Numenor.png|275px]]
| name=Númenor
| pronun=[[Quenya|Q]], {{IPA|[ˈnuːmenor]}}
| othernames=Westernesse ''Númenórë'', ''Andor'', ''[[Elenna]]'' ([[Quenya|Q]]) ''Anadûnê'', ''Yôzâyan'' ([[Adûnaic|A]])
| location=In [[Belegaer]], between [[Middle-earth]] and [[Aman]]
| capital=[[Armenelos]]
| towns=[[Andúnië]], [[Eldalondë]], [[Rómenna]], [[Ondosto]], [[Nindamos]]
| regions=[[Forostar]], [[Andustar]], [[Hyarnustar]], [[Hyarrostar]], [[Orrostar]], [[Mittalmar]], [[Emerië]], [[Nísimaldar]]
| population=Primarily [[Númenóreans]] (Few [[Drúedain]] briefly lived on the island)
| language=[[Adûnaic]], [[Númenórean Sindarin]], [[Quenya]]
| govern1=[[King of Númenor|King]]/[[Ruling Queens of Númenor|Queen]]
| govern2=[[Council of the Sceptre]]
| govern3=
| currency=
| holiday=[[Three Prayers]]: [[Erukyermë]], [[Erulaitalë]], [[Eruhantalë]]
| precededby=
| event1=Founded
| event1date={{SA|32}}
| event2=Destroyed
| event2date={{SA|3319}}
| event3=
| event3date=
| event4=
| event4date=
| event5=
| event5date=
| followedby=[[Realms in Exile]]
}}
{{Quote|The Edain came at last over leagues of sea and saw afar the land that was prepared for them, Andor, the Land of Gift, shimmering in a golden haze. Then they went up out of the sea and found a country fair and fruitful, and they were glad.|''[[Akallabêth]]''}}

'''Númenor''' or '''Númenórë''', known in the [[Westron|Common Speech]] as '''[[Westernesse]]''' and in [[Adûnaic]] as '''[[Anadûnê]]''', was one of the names of the isle of [[Elenna]], which was raised from the [[Belegaer|Great Sea]] by the [[Valar]] at the beginning of the [[Second Age]]. While strictly speaking, the term ''Númenor'' referred to the realm established on the island, it was more often used as a synonym for the land itself. Númenor was one of the most powerful realms of the Second Age, and its people, called [[Númenóreans]], as well as their descendants, continued to have considerable influence through the [[Third Age]].

==Geography==
{{main|Elenna}}
The island of Númenor was shaped like a 5-pointed star, each point having its own unique geological and physical features and names: [[Forostar]], [[Andustar]], [[Hyarnustar]], [[Hyarrostar]] and [[Orrostar]].

The central region was named [[Mittalmar]], and in its centre stood the holy mountain [[Meneltarma]].

Númenor had only two rivers: [[Siril]] and [[Nunduinë]].

The Númenóreans built several cities on the island. The capital [[Armenelos]], as well as [[Andúnië]], [[Nindamos]], [[Eldalondë]], [[Ondosto]] and [[Almaida]].

==History==
===Foundation===
{{seealso|Númenóreans#Origins}}
[[File:Felix Sotomayor - Numenor.jpg|thumb|left|''Numenor'' by Felix Sotomayor]]
Númenor was the kingdom of the [[Dúnedain]], located on an island in the [[Belegaer|Great Sea]], between Middle-earth and [[Aman]]. The land was brought up from the sea by [[Ulmo]] as a gift to the [[Edain]] for their part in the war against [[Morgoth]].<ref name=akallabeth>{{S|Akallabeth}}</ref> It was also called ''Elenna'' ("Starwards") because the Edain were led to it by the [[Star of Eärendil]], and because the island was in the shape of a five-pointed star. The first ships of the Edain arrived at the island in {{SA|32}}. [[Elros]], son of [[Eärendil]] was the first [[King of Númenor]], taking the name of [[Elros|Tar-Minyatur]] ("First King").<ref name=APSA>{{App|SA}}</ref> The majority of the Edain gradually migrated to the island in the next fifty years<ref>{{PM|V}}, §5</ref> and the [[Drúedain]] refugees who dwelt at the [[Mouths of Sirion]] before the sinking of [[Beleriand]] were permitted to join them.<ref name=Druedain>{{UT|Druedain}}</ref>

The Elves of [[Tol Eressëa]] visited the island and brought many gifts, such as birds and plants, and shared their lore and skills with the Men. The descendants of the Edain rose to become a powerful race of Men, the [[Númenóreans]].<ref name=akallabeth/>

===Return to Middle-earth===
The Númenóreans were forbidden by the Valar from sailing so far westward that Númenor was no longer visible, for fear that they would come upon the [[Undying Lands]], from which Men were [[Ban of the Valar|barred]]. They tried to compensate for this by going eastward and they reached the shores of Middle-earth in {{SA|600}}.<ref name=APSA/> Arriving in [[Lindon]], they were welcomed by [[Gil-galad]], and an alliance between Númenor and the [[Elves of Lindon]] was formed.<ref name=UTAE3>{{UT|4}}, Note 3</ref> The Númenóreans made contact with the [[Middle Men|Men of Eriador]] teaching them several crafts. They instructed them and helped free them from the [[Shadow]] which they had been under for centuries.<ref name=akallabeth/>

In {{SA|750}} the [[Guild of Venturers]] was established by Prince [[Aldarion]], son of the king [[Tar-Meneldur]], to facilitate the growing interest in seafaring in Númenor.<ref name>{{UT|4}}, Notes, Chronology</ref> Aldarion built the haven of [[Vinyalondë]], situated in the mouth of the river [[Gwathló]] between great forests to the north and south. The native people of [[Minhiriath]] and [[Enedwaith]] tolerated the Númenórean presence in the area until they began cutting the trees for timber, and hostility grew between the two peoples.<ref name=UTLD>{{UT|6d}}</ref>

===War with Sauron===
{{seealso|War of the Elves and Sauron}}
In {{SA|882}} Tar-Meneldur received a [[Gil-galad's letter|letter]] from Gil-galad warning of a new shadow rising in the East, declaring that a [[Sauron|servant]] of [[Morgoth]] was behind it and asking for aid to defend Eriador when the time came. Tar-Meneldur was disturbed by this letter and in his wisdom resigned the [[Sceptre of Númenor|Sceptre]] to his son, knowing that he had the better understanding of what was transpiring in the [[Great Lands]] due to the many years he spent abroad.<ref name=Wife>{{UT|Wife}}</ref> Tar-Aldarion returned to Middle-earth in earnest to continue his work while Númenor began preparation for war.<ref name=CGC>{{UT|Concerning}}</ref>

About {{SA|1200}}, Númenóreans began establishing permanent settlements in Middle-earth<ref name=APSA/> which were later attacked by raiders sent by Sauron as he drew closer to invading Eriador. Although they were unable to destroy the havens and forts, their assaults disrupted the Númenórean lumber industry.<ref name=UTLD/>

In {{SA|1695}}, Sauron launched his [[War of the Elves and Sauron|invasion]] of Eriador<ref name=APSA/> and Gil-galad sent word to Númenor for aid. [[Tar-Minastir]] sent a great navy, but by the time it reached the coasts of Middle-earth in {{SA|1700}}, Eriador was mostly in ruin. The Númenóreans and Elves [[Battle of the Gwathló|defeated]] Sauron bringing peace to the [[Westlands]].<ref name=CGC/>

===Shadow over Númenor===
[[File:Tolrone - Numenor (2).jpg|thumb|''Númenor'' by [[:Category:Images by Tolrone|Tolrone]]]]
The might of Númenor was revealed during that victory, and soon the Númenóreans became too proud and desired more wealth and power. About {{SA|1800|}} they established dominions on the shores of Middle-earth, becoming a brutal maritime empire that had no rival.<ref name=APSA/> They demanded tribute from the lesser peoples which they had liberated and taught, and now oppressed.

In Númenor there was growing discontent regarding [[Ban of the Valar]], questioning the [[Gift of Men]] and becoming envious of the immortality of the Eldar. They longed for [[Eldamar]], which they saw only from a distance.<ref name=APNK>{{App|A1i}}</ref> Fearing death, they tried to gain some form of immortality in riches and ornate tombs. This discontent began during the reigns of [[Tar-Ciryatan]] and his son [[Tar-Atanamir]]. It was the latter that started to speak openly against the Valar, and many Númenóreans followed his teachings.<ref name=Line>{{UT|Kings}}</ref>

===Division===
In {{SA|2251}}, during the reign of [[Tar-Ancalimon]], the Men of Númenor were split into two factions. The larger following were the [[King's Men]], who followed the king and abandoned the Elven customs and languages. The other was the [[Faithful]], who remained loyal to the Valar and friendly towards the Elves.<ref name=APNK/> Both had havens in Middle-earth such as [[Umbar]] and [[Pelargir]]; the King's Men extended their dominion in [[Harad|the south]], pushing away even Sauron who was afraid of them.<ref name=APSA/>

In {{SA|2899}} [[Ar-Adûnakhôr]] took the Sceptre<ref name=APSA/> and became the first king to choose an [[Adûnaic]] title and not one in [[Quenya]].<ref name=Line/> During his reign, the Faithful were persecuted and the Elven-tongue was no longer used or taught in Númenor. Elves seldom sailed to the island then, except in secret.

The Faithful remained in [[Andúnië]], and the Faithful [[Lords of Andúnië]], because of their noble heritage, still had some gravity in the meetings of nobles. However, in the 32nd century, [[Ar-Gimilzôr]] forced them to relocate to [[Rómenna]], and the haven was closed to the Elven visitors. Many of them would depart to Middle-earth to remain among the Eldar.<ref name=akallabeth/>

===Civil War===
[[File:Matěj Čadil - The Eagles of the lords of the Valar.jpg|left|thumb|''The Eagles of the lords of the Valar'' by [[Matěj Čadil]]]]
The 24th king, [[Tar-Palantir]], briefly attempted to cast the Shadow back and reunite the people with the Elves and the Valar, but was unable to appease the Valar during his lifetime and no ship came ever again from the west. The Faithful for some time had peace on the island, but the policies of the king were met with opposition by his brother [[Gimilkhâd]], who took leadership of the King's Men. Tar-Palantir prophesied that when the [[Nimloth (tree)|White Tree]] died, the line of Kings would perish also.<ref name=Line/>

Gimilkhâd had a son, [[Pharazôn]], who was a mighty Númenórean lord, spending many years abroad fighting in wars seeking to extend the dominion of Númenor in Middle-earth, and was a renowned captain on land and sea.<ref name=akallabeth/> After hearing the news of his father's death in {{SA|3243}}, Pharazôn returned to Númenor, took leadership of the King's Men, and led a rebellion against his uncle Tar-Palantir.<ref name=APSA/>

When Tar-Palantir died, he had no male heir, only a daughter [[Tar-Míriel]]. She was posed to succeed her father, but Pharazôn usurped the Sceptre and forced her into marriage against her will and against the laws of Númenor, which prohibited first cousins from marrying. He proclaimed himself Ar-Pharazôn the Golden and changed the name of Míriel to Ar-Zimraphel.<ref name=akallabeth/>

===Sauron===
In {{SA|3261}}, [[Ar-Pharazôn]] sailed to Middle-earth to defeat a resurgent Sauron. Seeing the might of Númenor, Sauron willingly submitted to the king's authority, and he was brought back to Númenor as a hostage. By that time, however, the Drúedain of Númenor had sensed a coming darkness and all of them had abandoned the island for Middle-earth.<ref name=Druedain/> Sauron soon became an adviser to the King as Tar-Mairon, and promised the Númenóreans would achieve eternal life if they worshipped [[Morgoth|Melkor]]. Under the counsel of Sauron, the Númenóreans became even more warlike, hunting the Men of Middle-earth and enslaving them. Ar-Pharazôn had a five hundred foot temple to Melkor erected, in which the enslaved Men, as well as members of the Faithful were sacrificed.<ref name=akallabeth/>

During this time, the white tree [[Nimloth the Fair]], whose fate was said to be tied to the line of kings, was chopped down and burned as a sacrifice to Melkor. Risking his life, [[Isildur]] rescued a fruit of the tree, preserving the ancient line of trees.<ref name=akallabeth/>

===Destruction===
[[Image:Ted_Nasmith_-_The_Ships_of_the_Faithful.jpg|right|thumb|''The Ships of the Faithful'' by [[Ted Nasmith]]]]
{{main|Downfall of Númenor}}
Prompted by Sauron and fearing death and old age, Ar-Pharazôn built a great armada to make war upon the Valar and seize the Undying Lands. The Valar displayed warnings to the Men of Westernesse in the form of clouds shaped like huge eagles, but they paid no heed to these manifestations.<ref name=akallabeth/> In {{SA|3319}} Ar-Pharazôn landed on the shores of Aman.<ref name=APSA/>

Fearing that the Númenorean army could wreak havoc in [[Valinor]],<ref>{{L|131}}</ref> but forbidden from killing or otherwise using force against Men,<ref>{{L|156}}</ref><ref>{{MR|P4k}}, p. 350</ref> the Valar called upon Eru Ilúvatar for assistance. He broke and changed the world, taking Aman and Tol Eressëa from the world forever, and changing the world's shape from flat to round. The massive fleet was consumed when Ilúvatar opened up a chasm in the sea. Númenor, likewise, was covered by great waves and sank into the abyss, killing its inhabitants, including the body of Sauron who remained behind and now was robbed of his ability to assume fair and charming forms.<ref name=akallabeth/>

[[Elendil]], son of the [[Amandil|leader]] of the Faithful during the reign of Ar-Pharazôn, his sons and his followers had foreseen the disaster that was to befall Númenor, and they had set sail in nine ships before the island fell. They landed in Middle-earth, gathered the Númenórean and indigenous peoples living there, and founded the kingdoms of [[Arnor]] and [[Gondor]].<ref name=akallabeth/>

After its fall Númenor was called ''Atalantë'', meaning "the Downfallen", in the [[Quenya]] language. Other names after the Downfall include ''Mar-nu-Falmar'' ("Land under the Waves") and ''[[Akallabêth]]'' ("the Downfallen" in Adûnaic).

The story of the rise and downfall of Númenor is told in ''[[Akallabêth]]''.

==Politics==
Númenor was a monarchy. The King held the power of decision over the affairs of the state. However, there was an advisory body, the [[Council of the Sceptre]], which consisted of the Heir of the King and lords from the six regions of Númenor: [[Forostar]] (''Northlands''), [[Andustar]] (''Westlands''), [[Hyarnustar]] (''Southwestlands''), [[Hyarrostar]] (''Southeastlands''), [[Orrostar]] (''Eastlands'') and [[Mittalmar]] (''Inlands'').

There were two main political parties: Elendili, the [[Faithful]], led by the Lords of Andúnië, always loyal to the Elves. In the later years, they were a small group, oppressed by the opposing [[King's Men]] who rebelled against the Valar and their ban, and set dominions among the Men of Middle-earth and laid heavy tribute upon them. As their number and power increased, the King's Men forced the Elendili to move from [[Andúnië]] to the eastern side of the island, at [[Rómenna]]. [[Pelargir]] was a harbour built where the river [[Sirith]] met [[Anduin]] and it was founded by the Faithful in {{SA|2350}}.

Respected as a law was the [[Ban of the Valar]], which stated that Númenóreans should never sail West more than the limit of their sight when looking after their shores. As the fear of death filled more and more the hearts of the Númenóreans, they sailed further away from the island, until finally the last king, Ar-Pharazôn, broke the Ban in his attempt to reach [[Tol Eressëa]] out of the false belief that dwelling in Aman granted immortality.

===Rulership===
{{main|Line of Elros}}
Númenóreans from the [[Line of Elros]] had the right to inherit the [[Sceptre]] and thus become Rulers of Númenor. In total 25 [[King of Númenor|Kings]] and [[Ruling Queen of Númenor|Queens]] ruled Númenor.<ref>{{UT|Kings}}</ref> While the Númenóreans lived around 200 years, for many generations the descendants of Elros had a double life span of 400 years, but their life span decreased after the shadow fell on Númenor.<ref>{{UT|5a}}, note 1</ref>

Of great importance was the [[Law of Succession in Númenor]] which established the heir to the throne. It started as an inherited custom, which gave exclusive rights to the male descendants of Elros.<ref>{{UT|Wife}}, ''The Further Course of the Narrative''</ref> Tar-Aldarion, the sixth ruler of Númenor, only had one daughter and replaced the principle of exclusive male heir with that of eldest progeny, of any gender. in {{SA|1075}} [[Tar-Ancalimë]] became the first ruling queen in the history of Númenor.<ref name=Aldarion>{{UT|Kings}}, entry VI ''Tar-Aldarion''</ref>

Númenórean Kings and Queens influenced their era in various ways:

*[[Tar-Aldarion]], a great mariner, shipbuilder and explorer of Middle-earth<ref name=Aldarion/> who established the haven of [[Vinyalonde]]
*[[Tar-Ancalimë]], the first Ruling Queen of Númenor who neglected all her father's policies after his death<ref>{{UT|Kings}}, entry VII ''Tar-Ancalimë''</ref>
*[[Tar-Minastir]], sent a fleet that helped the Elves to defeat [[Sauron]]<ref>{{App|SA}}, entry for the year 1700, p. 1083</ref><ref>{{UT|Kings}}, entry XI ''Tar-Minastir''</ref><ref>{{UT|Concerning}}</ref><ref>{{UT|5a}}, Note 9</ref><ref>{{NM|P3xviii}}, p. 370</ref>
*[[Ar-Adûnakhôr]], banned the speaking of Quenya and severed relationships with the Eldar<ref>{{UT|Kings}}, entry XX ''Ar-Adûnakhôr (Tar-Herunúmen)''</ref>
*[[Ar-Pharazôn]], last in the line of rulers, whose ursurping of the kingship led directly to the [[Akallabêth|Downfall of Númenor]]<ref>{{UT|Kings}}, entry XXIV ''Tar-Palantir (Ar-Inziladûn), second paragraph''</ref><ref>{{UT|Kings}}, entry XXV ''Ar-Pharazôn (Tar-Calion)''</ref>

===Lords of Andúnië===
{{Main|Lords of Andúnië}}
During the time of princess [[Silmariën]], the law of [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agnatic_primogeniture agnatic primogeniture] existed. She could not succeed her father as his eldest child, and her [[Tar-Meneldur|brother]] took up the [[Sceptre]]. In her honour was created the title "[[Lords of Andúnië]]", which was set upon her first son, [[Valandil (Lord of Andúnië)|Valandil]], and his 18 descendants; the last one was [[Amandil]], father of [[Elendil]]. During the dark times of Númenor, the Lords were renowned for their friendship with the Eldar, and leaders of the [[Elendili]].
The Númenóreans were extremely skilled in arts and craft, with the forging of weapons and armour; although they were a peaceful people, their weapons, armour, and horse-riding skills could not be contested anywhere else in [[Arda]], save by the [[Valar]]. But the Númenóreans were not warmongers; hence, the chief art on the island became that of ship-building and sea-craft. The Númenóreans became great mariners, exploring the world in all directions save for the west, where the [[Ban of the Valar]] was in force. They often travelled to the shores of Middle-earth, teaching the men there crafts, and introducing farming in order to improve their lives.

==Culture==
[[File:Matěj Čadil - A Royal Wedding in Numenor.jpg|thumb|''A Royal Wedding in Númenor'' by [[Matěj Čadil]]]]
{{main|Númenóreans}}
The fleet of Elros initially brought probably between 5,000 to 10,000 Edain to Númenor. After a migration period that lasted at least 50 years, between 200,000 and 350,000 Edain had emigrated to Númenor. After a thousand years the population seemed to have slightly exceeded 2 million people. The population may have reached 15 million people before the Downfall of Númenor.<ref>{{NM|P3xiii|}}, p. 339</ref> They were known as the Númenóreans, or rather, ''Kings among Men''.

The population of Númenor chiefly consisted of [[Edain]], mostly descendants from the [[House of Hador]]; however, before the Shadow fell on the island, the westernmost cities such as [[Andúnië]] contained a small population of [[Elves]]{{fact}} because of the frequent visits from Tol Eressëa.

There were also a small number of [[Drúedain]] living in Númenor, who, considered to be Edain, accompanied their friends of the [[House of Haleth]] to Númenor. They were few in number and dreaded the sea. They became uneasy when [[Tar-Aldarion]] started his great travels and urged him not to go, seeing the mischief to come. They did not succeed in deterring him, and one after another they took ships towards Middle-earth, saying that, "the Great Isle no longer feels sure under our feet, and we wish to return to the lands whence we came". The last of them left when Sauron was brought to Númenor.

==Etymology==
''Númenor'' is a shortened form of the [[Quenya]] name ''Númenórë'', which can be translated as ''''Westernesse'''' or ''''Westland''''.<ref>{{S|Index}}</ref> The name is a compound of [[númen|''nūme-n'']] "going down" (from the [[Sundocarme|root]] √ndū, nū), sunset, West, and [[nóre|''nōre'']] "land, country".<ref>{{L|227}}</ref><ref>{{webcite|author=[[Carl F. Hostetter]]|articleurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160330024158/http://groups.yahoo.com/neo/groups/lambengolmor/conversations/messages/1144 |articlename=Holograph MS of Letter 227, correcting published etymology of "Númenor" (#1144)|dated=15 December 2013|website=Lambe|accessed=13 June 2022}}</ref>

==Other names==
The land most commonly referred to as ''Númenor'' (Westernesse, Westland) had a variety of other names:
*''[[Anadûnê]]'', "Westernesse" in [[Adûnaic]].<ref>{{S|Index}}, entry ''Anadûnê''</ref>
*''[[Andor]]'', "The Land of Gift" in Quenya.<ref>{{S|Index}}, entry ''Andor''</ref>
*''[[Elenna]]'', "Starwards" in Quenya.<ref>{{S|Index}}, entry ''Elenna''</ref>
*''Elenna-nórë'', "The land named Starwards" in Quenya.<ref>{{UT|Index}}, entry ''* Elenna-nórë''</ref>
*''[[Yôzâyan]]'', "The Land of Gift" in Adûnaic.<ref>{{UT|Index}}, entry ''* Yôzâyan''</ref>
*''The Land of the Star''<ref>{{S|Index}}, entry ''Land of the Star''</ref>
and after its downfall:
*''[[Akallabêth]]'', "The Downfallen" in Adûnaic.<ref>{{S|Index}}, entry ''Akallabêth''</ref><ref>{{UT|Index}}, entry ''Akallabêth''</ref>
*''[[Atalantë]]'', "The Downfallen" in Quenya.<ref>{{S|Index}}, entry ''Atalantë''</ref>
*''[[Mar-nu-Falmar]]'', "The Land under the Waves" in [[Sindarin]].<ref>{{S|Index}}, entry ''Mar-nu-Falmar''</ref>

==Inspiration==
Númenor is an alteration of the [[Atlantis]] mythos in Tolkien's legendarium.<ref name=L276>{{L|276}}, sixth paragraph</ref><ref>{{L|227}}, first paragraph</ref><ref>{{L|294}}, twelfth section of the commentary on the draft text</ref> Notably, he referred to a recurring "Atlantis dream" he had.<ref name=L276/><ref>{{L|163}}, fifth paragraph</ref><ref>{{L|257}}, eighth paragraph</ref> The connection is more evident in the name ''[[Atalantë]]'', another epithet of the Island which in [[Quenya]] means "the downfallen" (note that in Greek, ''Atlantis'' is related to [[Wikipedia:Atlas|Atlas]]; therefore ''Atalantë'' has no direct connection. In fact, Tolkien, upon realising the similarity, described it as a "curious chance"<ref>{{L|257|1}}</ref>).

[[wikipedia:Plato|Plato]], the ancient Greek philosopher, recounted the story of Atlantis. According to him, Atlantis was in the middle of the ocean in the West (cf. [[Belegaer|Great Sea]]), its people were more advanced than those of the known world (cf. [[Kings of Men]]) but were corrupted by arrogance; the continent was destroyed by the gods and survivors created colonies, as in Egypt (cf. [[Realms in Exile]]). Also according to Plato, the centre of Atlantis was occupied by a high mountain-palace (cf. [[Meneltarma]]) around which a city of three circles was built, quite different from the star-shaped island of Númenor. Another element with both common and different points between the two stories is that Númenor sank when the fleet was attacking the West, while Atlantis sank during a sea-battle with the Athenians in the east.

Some parts of Númenor's history seem to have been inspired not only by Plato but also by researchers and occultists whose theories were widespread during Tolkien's time.

Ignatius Loyola Donnelly and Edgar Cayce were the most famous authors regarding Atlantis and mentioned events and concepts that Plato never did. One of those "original" elements told by modern authors and mystics was a civil war between two factions of Atlanteans (good and evil)<ref>http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Root_race#The_civilization_of_Atlantis</ref> which is similar to the persecution of the [[Elf-friends]] by the [[King's Men]].

According to those theories, remnants of Atlantean civilization survived by colonists or survivors in Egypt (and in Pre-Columbian America), which mirrors the [[Realms in Exile]] founded by the Faithful. Tolkien once wrote that the Númenóreans of Gondor resembled the love of, and ability to make gigantic and massive constructions and the great interest in ancetry and tombs of the ancient Egyptians.<ref>{{L|211}}, Question 4</ref>

==Uses outside the legendarium==

[[C.S. Lewis]]' novel ''That Hideous Strength'' makes reference to "Numinor [sic] and the True West", which Lewis credits as a then-unpublished creation of [[J.R.R. Tolkien]]. This is one of many examples of cross-overs between the novels of Lewis and Tolkien, both of whom were members of the [[Inklings]], a literary discussion group at [[Oxford University]].

The world of [http://narnia.wikia.com/wiki/Charn Charn] from Lewis' ''[[The Chronicles of Narnia]]'' series bears some similarities with Númenor: both Númenor and Charn were initially ruled by wise and benevolent rulers who later became corrupted, cruel and evil, culminating with their respective final rulers ([[Ar-Pharazôn]] for Númenor; the White Witch [http://narnia.wikia.com/wiki/Jadis Jadis] for Charn) causing the destruction of both realms.

==See also==
* [[King of Númenor]]
* [[Númenóreans]]

==External links==
*[http://sdgeard.customer.netspace.net.au/hccnum.html A History and Complete Chronology of Númenor] - A detailed chronology of Númenor, its successor states and their rulers.
*[http://www.jrrvf.com/hisweloke/site3/articles.php?lng=fr&pg=38 Article] concerning the position of Numenor.

{{references}}
{{numenor}}
{{numenorkings}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Numenor}}
[[Category:Islands]]
[[Category:Númenor| ]]
[[Category:Quenya locations]]

[[de:Númenor]]
[[fi:Númenor]]
[[fr:encyclo/geographie/eaux/iles/numenor]]

Måns Björkman

2023-11-06T12:42:23Z

Elros:

'''Måns Björkman Berg''' aka '''Elros''' is a Swedish [[J.R.R. Tolkien|Tolkien]] linguist and member of [[Tolkiensällskapet Forodrim|The Tolkien Society Forodrim]].

On his webpage, ''[http://at.boktypografen.se/index.html Amanye Tenceli: The Writing Systems of Aman]'', Berg specializes on presentation and discussion of writing systems invented by Tolkien ([[Tengwar]] and [[Sarati]]).

Berg also works with graphic design, having, for example, created computer fonts based on Tolkien's writing systems and made the design for the Swedish booklet ''[[Alviska fraser]]'' ("Elvish Phrases").<ref>[http://www.elvish.org/gwaith/news_archive.htm News Archive at Elvish.org]</ref>

==Bibliography==

===Articles===

*[[1998]]: [Online publication at the Forodrim webpage]
**"[http://www.forodrim.org/gobennas/chron_en.html The Chroniclers of Arda]"
*[[2005]]: [[Arda Philology 1|''Arda Philology'' 1]]
**"The Scripts of Aman"
*[[2009]]: [[Arda Philology 2|''Arda Philology'' 2]]
**"The Feanorian Mode of 'The Etymologies'"
*[[2011]]: [[Arda Philology 3|''Arda Philology'' 3]]
**"Quenya Verb Classes"
*[[2013]]: [[Arda Philology 4|''Arda Philology'' 4]]
**"Quenya's Participles"
*[[2015]]: [[Arda Philology 4|''Arda Philology'' 5]]
**"“On the Points of Her Toes”: Some Notes on the Development of “Nieninque”"
==Graphic work==
See [[:Category:Images by Måns Björkman|Images by Måns Björkman]]

==External links==

*[http://at.boktypografen.se/index.html Amanye Tenceli: The Writing Systems of Aman]

{{references}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Bjorkman, Mans}}
[[Category:Authors]]
[[Category:Linguists]]
[[Category:People by name]]
[[Category:Swedish people]]

The Complete Guide to Middle-earth

2014-08-18T06:12:24Z

Elros: /* Accuracy */

{{book
| title=The Complete Guide to Middle-earth
| image=[[Image:The Complete Guide to Middle-earth.jpg|225px]]
| author=[[Robert Foster]]
| publisher=[[Random House|Random House Publishing Group]]
| date=Originally [[1971]]
| format=Hardcover
| pages=569
| isbn=0345465296
}}'''''The Complete Guide to Middle-earth''''' is a reference book for the fictional universe of [[J.R.R. Tolkien]]'s [[Middle-earth]], compiled and edited by [[Robert Foster]].

Originally published in [[1971]] as ''A Guide to Middle-Earth'', before the publication of ''[[The Silmarillion]]'', the first edition contained only information from ''[[The Lord of the Rings]]'' and ''[[The Hobbit]]''. In [[1978]], a new edition (''The Complete Guide to Middle-earth: from The Hobbit to The Silmarillion''), containing material from ''The Silmarillion'', was published.

A revised edition was published in [[2001]], as one of many reprints intended to ride the commercial wave of [[The Lord of the Rings (film series)|''The Lord of the Rings'' (film series)]].

In the Introduction to the ''[[Unfinished Tales]]'' (p. 6), [[Christopher Tolkien]] mentions that he has been using the Guide frequently, and commends it as "an admirable work of reference".

==Editions==

Detailed information on the early editions.<ref>[[Åke Bertenstam|Bertenstam, Åke]]: ''[http://www.forodrim.org/bibliography/tolklist.html A Chronological Bibliography of Books About Tolkien]''</ref>

* [[1971]]: ''A Guide to Middle-Earth''. Baltimore, Md.: The Mirage Press. xiii, 284, [7] pp., geneal. tables. 22.5 × 14.5 cm. (The Voyager Series, V-105) (The Anthem Series, A-1009)
* [[1974]]: Paperback edition: New York: Ballantine Books. 283 pp., geneal. tables. 18 cm. ISBN 0-345-24138-X (pbk)
* [[1978]]: ''The Complete Guide to Middle-earth: from The Hobbit to The Silmarillion''. New York: Ballantine Books. xvi, 575 pp., geneal. tables. 18 cm. ISBN 0-345-27975-1 (pbk)
* [[1978]]: British edition: London: Unwin Paperbacks. xii, [i], 441, [8] pp. 19.5 × 13 cm. ISBN 0-04-803001-5 (pbk): £1.50; ISBN 0-04-803002-3 (hbk)
==Structure==
A typical entry of the encyclopedia contains: a name; the language it belongs to; its translation from [[Elvish]], [[Adûnaic]] and sometimes [[Old English]] when known; and known dates when a character flourished; the first lines of the entry usually give a general definition of the topic, like race, heritage and role (in case of a character), leading to a chronological description or biography. The last paragraphs of the entry give a physical description or characteristics of the character with some speculations; the final paragraph gives the topic's alternative names, epithets, translation to other languages, and/or redirects to other entries.

The Guide is generally inclusive and there is no limitation to the topics it covers; it includes even obscure and little explored topics, like individual entries on each single [[Tengwar]] names. Many entries are simply epithets and only redirect to the names of their main entries.

The book begins with an introduction, an abbreviations legend and concludes with two appendices. The first appendix is a [[Timeline/First Age|chronology]] of the [[First Age]] in order to complement the [[Appendix B|Tale of Years]], and contains a prologue on Foster's reasoning and calculations based solely on descriptions in the ''Silmarillion''; the second appendix is genealogical trees of the [[Edain#The Three Houses|Three Houses of the Edain]], the [[Kings of Númenor]], the [[Kings of Gondor]] and [[Kings of Arnor|Arnor]], the [[House of Húrin]] and the [[Kings of Rohan]].

==Accuracy==
No edition of the book includes info on post-''Silmarillion'' material (i.e. ''[[Unfinished Tales]]'' and ''[[The History of Middle-earth]]'' series) and therefore in points it is outdated or in error.
*'''Introduction''': It is explained that death dates of those who sailed to the West are not given in their characters' entries "for they live still". While this can be true for [[Gandalf]] and the [[Elves]], this is also implied for [[Bilbo Baggins|Bilbo]], [[Frodo Baggins|Frodo]], [[Samwise Gamgee|Sam]] and [[Gimli]]. This seems to contradict Tolkien's concept that the Undying Lands don't grant [[immortality]]<ref>{{L|154}}</ref><ref>{{L|246}}</ref>.

*'''[[Tar-Aldarion]]''': Foster speculates that the tragic relations with his [[Tar-Meneldur|father]] and [[Erendis|wife]] were because he left no male heirs. The later published text ''[[Aldarion and Erendis: The Mariner's Wife|Aldarion and Erendis]]'' gives a detailed account on their relationship, mostly owing to Aldarion's obsession with [[the Sea]].

*'''[[Ambar]]''': Foster relates the [[Elvish]] words ''ambar'' "world" and ''[[umbar]]'' "fate". In the entry of Ambar, he mentions it is a concept related to fate of the world. The manuscript ''[[Parma Eldalamberon 17|Words Phrases and Passages]]'' later showed that while the two words are indeed related (through the [[Sundocarme|root]] [[MBAR]] "settle"), they are distinct in meaning.

*'''[[Elendilmir|Star of Elendil]]''': The royal symbol Elendilmir, and the [[Star of the Dúnedain]] given by [[Aragorn]] to [[Samwise Gamgee]] are mistaken to be the same. [[Christopher Tolkien]] refuted this.<ref>{{UT|7}}, Footnote 33, p. 284</ref>

===Possible Inaccuracies===
*'''[[Bladorthin]]''': Foster supports the usual misunderstanding that Bladorthin's spears were not delivered because he died early; while the text mentions those events closely to imply that they are connected, it doesn't really mention his death as premature or as a reason for the failed delivery.<ref>[[Andreas Möhn]], "[http://lalaith.vpsurf.de/Tolkien/Bladorthin.html Who was the King Bladorthin?]"</ref>

*'''[[Buckland]]''': The date {{FoA|42}} is mentioned as the date when Buckland and the [[Westmarch]] were officially added to the [[Shire]] by the gift of King [[Elessar]]. There are two mistakes in this statement: 1. The date has been corrected as {{FoA|32}} in later editions; 2. Tolkien did not mention that Buckland joined the Shire: in the ''[[The Lord of the Rings Prologue|Prologue]]'' a semi-colon is intended to show that the Westmarch was added, but not Buckland.<ref>See [[Buckland#Part_of_the_Shire.3F|here]] and the [[Talk:Buckland|discussion here]]</ref>

*'''[[Dolmed]]''': Foster suggests that the mountain was destroyed at the end of the [[First Age]] when the [[Gulf of Lune]], broke through the [[Blue Mountains]]; while the text doesn't mention anything about it.<ref>[http://www.jrrvf.com/hisweloke/site3/ Hiswelókë], "[http://www.jrrvf.com/hisweloke/site3/articles.php?lng=en&pg=41 Mont Dolmed & cités naines]"</ref>

*'''[[Gollum]]''': Foster mentions that [[Déagol]] was [[Sméagol]]'s cousin while this is not mentioned in the texts. Tolkien went only as far as to suppose he was "evidently a relative (as no doubt all the members of the small community were)"<ref>{{L|214}}</ref>

*'''[[Gwaihir]]''': Foster reproduces the fan conception merging the character of the [[Great Eagle]] of ''The Hobbit'' to that of [[Gwaihir]], whereas nowhere it's implied in ''Lord of the Rings'' that Gwaihir is [[Lord of the Eagles]].

*'''[[Mearas]]''': Foster mentions the singular of ''mearas'' as ''meara'' (cf. entries for [[Shadowfax]] and [[Snowmane]]) while the correct [[Old English]] form is ''mearh''.<ref>[http://en.wiktionary.org Wiktionary], "[http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/mearh mearh]"</ref>

{{references}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Complete Guide to Middle-earth, The}}
{{title|italics}}
[[Category:Publications by title]]
[[Category:Reference books]]
[[de:Das große Mittelerde-Lexikon]]
[[fi:The Complete Guide to Middle-earth]]

The Complete Guide to Middle-earth

2014-08-18T06:06:26Z

Elros: /* Accuracy */

{{book
| title=The Complete Guide to Middle-earth
| image=[[Image:The Complete Guide to Middle-earth.jpg|225px]]
| author=[[Robert Foster]]
| publisher=[[Random House|Random House Publishing Group]]
| date=Originally [[1971]]
| format=Hardcover
| pages=569
| isbn=0345465296
}}'''''The Complete Guide to Middle-earth''''' is a reference book for the fictional universe of [[J.R.R. Tolkien]]'s [[Middle-earth]], compiled and edited by [[Robert Foster]].

Originally published in [[1971]] as ''A Guide to Middle-Earth'', before the publication of ''[[The Silmarillion]]'', the first edition contained only information from ''[[The Lord of the Rings]]'' and ''[[The Hobbit]]''. In [[1978]], a new edition (''The Complete Guide to Middle-earth: from The Hobbit to The Silmarillion''), containing material from ''The Silmarillion'', was published.

A revised edition was published in [[2001]], as one of many reprints intended to ride the commercial wave of [[The Lord of the Rings (film series)|''The Lord of the Rings'' (film series)]].

In the Introduction to the ''[[Unfinished Tales]]'' (p. 6), [[Christopher Tolkien]] mentions that he has been using the Guide frequently, and commends it as "an admirable work of reference".

==Editions==

Detailed information on the early editions.<ref>[[Åke Bertenstam|Bertenstam, Åke]]: ''[http://www.forodrim.org/bibliography/tolklist.html A Chronological Bibliography of Books About Tolkien]''</ref>

* [[1971]]: ''A Guide to Middle-Earth''. Baltimore, Md.: The Mirage Press. xiii, 284, [7] pp., geneal. tables. 22.5 × 14.5 cm. (The Voyager Series, V-105) (The Anthem Series, A-1009)
* [[1974]]: Paperback edition: New York: Ballantine Books. 283 pp., geneal. tables. 18 cm. ISBN 0-345-24138-X (pbk)
* [[1978]]: ''The Complete Guide to Middle-earth: from The Hobbit to The Silmarillion''. New York: Ballantine Books. xvi, 575 pp., geneal. tables. 18 cm. ISBN 0-345-27975-1 (pbk)
* [[1978]]: British edition: London: Unwin Paperbacks. xii, [i], 441, [8] pp. 19.5 × 13 cm. ISBN 0-04-803001-5 (pbk): £1.50; ISBN 0-04-803002-3 (hbk)
==Structure==
A typical entry of the encyclopedia contains: a name; the language it belongs to; its translation from [[Elvish]], [[Adûnaic]] and sometimes [[Old English]] when known; and known dates when a character flourished; the first lines of the entry usually give a general definition of the topic, like race, heritage and role (in case of a character), leading to a chronological description or biography. The last paragraphs of the entry give a physical description or characteristics of the character with some speculations; the final paragraph gives the topic's alternative names, epithets, translation to other languages, and/or redirects to other entries.

The Guide is generally inclusive and there is no limitation to the topics it covers; it includes even obscure and little explored topics, like individual entries on each single [[Tengwar]] names. Many entries are simply epithets and only redirect to the names of their main entries.

The book begins with an introduction, an abbreviations legend and concludes with two appendices. The first appendix is a [[Timeline/First Age|chronology]] of the [[First Age]] in order to complement the [[Appendix B|Tale of Years]], and contains a prologue on Foster's reasoning and calculations based solely on descriptions in the ''Silmarillion''; the second appendix is genealogical trees of the [[Edain#The Three Houses|Three Houses of the Edain]], the [[Kings of Númenor]], the [[Kings of Gondor]] and [[Kings of Arnor|Arnor]], the [[House of Húrin]] and the [[Kings of Rohan]].

==Accuracy==
No edition of the book includes info on post-''Silmarillion'' material (i.e. ''[[Unfinished Tales]]'' and ''[[The History of Middle-earth]]'' series) and therefore in points it is outdated or in error.
*'''Introduction''': It is explained that death dates of those who sailed to the West are not given in their characters' entries "for they live still". While this can be true for [[Gandalf]] and the [[Elves]], this is also implied for [[Bilbo Baggins|Bilbo]], [[Frodo Baggins|Frodo]], [[Samwise Gamgee|Sam]] and [[Gimli]]. This seems to contradict Tolkien's concept that the Undying Lands don't grant [[immortality]]<ref>{{L|154}}</ref><ref>{{L|246}}</ref>.

*'''[[Tar-Aldarion]]''': Foster speculates that the tragic relations with his [[Tar-Meneldur|father]] and [[Erendis|wife]] were because he left no male heirs. The later published text ''[[Aldarion and Erendis: The Mariner's Wife|Aldarion and Erendis]]'' gives a detailed account on their relationship, mostly owing to Aldarion's obsession with [[the Sea]].

*'''[[Ambar]]''': Foster relates the [[Elvish]] words ''ambar'' "world" and ''[[umbar]]'' "fate". In the entry of Ambar, he mentions it is a concept related to fate of the world. The manuscript ''[[Parma Eldalamberon 17|Words Phrases and Passages]]'' later showed that while the two words are indeed related (through the [[Sundocarme|root]] [[MBAR]] "to make a decision"), they are distinct in meaning.

*'''[[Elendilmir|Star of Elendil]]''': The royal symbol Elendilmir, and the [[Star of the Dúnedain]] given by [[Aragorn]] to [[Samwise Gamgee]] are mistaken to be the same. [[Christopher Tolkien]] refuted this.<ref>{{UT|7}}, Footnote 33, p. 284</ref>

===Possible Inaccuracies===
*'''[[Bladorthin]]''': Foster supports the usual misunderstanding that Bladorthin's spears were not delivered because he died early; while the text mentions those events closely to imply that they are connected, it doesn't really mention his death as premature or as a reason for the failed delivery.<ref>[[Andreas Möhn]], "[http://lalaith.vpsurf.de/Tolkien/Bladorthin.html Who was the King Bladorthin?]"</ref>

*'''[[Buckland]]''': The date {{FoA|42}} is mentioned as the date when Buckland and the [[Westmarch]] were officially added to the [[Shire]] by the gift of King [[Elessar]]. There are two mistakes in this statement: 1. The date has been corrected as {{FoA|32}} in later editions; 2. Tolkien did not mention that Buckland joined the Shire: in the ''[[The Lord of the Rings Prologue|Prologue]]'' a semi-colon is intended to show that the Westmarch was added, but not Buckland.<ref>See [[Buckland#Part_of_the_Shire.3F|here]] and the [[Talk:Buckland|discussion here]]</ref>

*'''[[Dolmed]]''': Foster suggests that the mountain was destroyed at the end of the [[First Age]] when the [[Gulf of Lune]], broke through the [[Blue Mountains]]; while the text doesn't mention anything about it.<ref>[http://www.jrrvf.com/hisweloke/site3/ Hiswelókë], "[http://www.jrrvf.com/hisweloke/site3/articles.php?lng=en&pg=41 Mont Dolmed & cités naines]"</ref>

*'''[[Gollum]]''': Foster mentions that [[Déagol]] was [[Sméagol]]'s cousin while this is not mentioned in the texts. Tolkien went only as far as to suppose he was "evidently a relative (as no doubt all the members of the small community were)"<ref>{{L|214}}</ref>

*'''[[Gwaihir]]''': Foster reproduces the fan conception merging the character of the [[Great Eagle]] of ''The Hobbit'' to that of [[Gwaihir]], whereas nowhere it's implied in ''Lord of the Rings'' that Gwaihir is [[Lord of the Eagles]].

*'''[[Mearas]]''': Foster mentions the singular of ''mearas'' as ''meara'' (cf. entries for [[Shadowfax]] and [[Snowmane]]) while the correct [[Old English]] form is ''mearh''.<ref>[http://en.wiktionary.org Wiktionary], "[http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/mearh mearh]"</ref>

{{references}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Complete Guide to Middle-earth, The}}
{{title|italics}}
[[Category:Publications by title]]
[[Category:Reference books]]
[[de:Das große Mittelerde-Lexikon]]
[[fi:The Complete Guide to Middle-earth]]

The Complete Guide to Middle-earth

2014-08-18T06:04:41Z

Elros: Updated information about the relationship between 'ambar' and 'umbar', in light of new information from Parma Eldalamberon 17.

{{book
| title=The Complete Guide to Middle-earth
| image=[[Image:The Complete Guide to Middle-earth.jpg|225px]]
| author=[[Robert Foster]]
| publisher=[[Random House|Random House Publishing Group]]
| date=Originally [[1971]]
| format=Hardcover
| pages=569
| isbn=0345465296
}}'''''The Complete Guide to Middle-earth''''' is a reference book for the fictional universe of [[J.R.R. Tolkien]]'s [[Middle-earth]], compiled and edited by [[Robert Foster]].

Originally published in [[1971]] as ''A Guide to Middle-Earth'', before the publication of ''[[The Silmarillion]]'', the first edition contained only information from ''[[The Lord of the Rings]]'' and ''[[The Hobbit]]''. In [[1978]], a new edition (''The Complete Guide to Middle-earth: from The Hobbit to The Silmarillion''), containing material from ''The Silmarillion'', was published.

A revised edition was published in [[2001]], as one of many reprints intended to ride the commercial wave of [[The Lord of the Rings (film series)|''The Lord of the Rings'' (film series)]].

In the Introduction to the ''[[Unfinished Tales]]'' (p. 6), [[Christopher Tolkien]] mentions that he has been using the Guide frequently, and commends it as "an admirable work of reference".

==Editions==

Detailed information on the early editions.<ref>[[Åke Bertenstam|Bertenstam, Åke]]: ''[http://www.forodrim.org/bibliography/tolklist.html A Chronological Bibliography of Books About Tolkien]''</ref>

* [[1971]]: ''A Guide to Middle-Earth''. Baltimore, Md.: The Mirage Press. xiii, 284, [7] pp., geneal. tables. 22.5 × 14.5 cm. (The Voyager Series, V-105) (The Anthem Series, A-1009)
* [[1974]]: Paperback edition: New York: Ballantine Books. 283 pp., geneal. tables. 18 cm. ISBN 0-345-24138-X (pbk)
* [[1978]]: ''The Complete Guide to Middle-earth: from The Hobbit to The Silmarillion''. New York: Ballantine Books. xvi, 575 pp., geneal. tables. 18 cm. ISBN 0-345-27975-1 (pbk)
* [[1978]]: British edition: London: Unwin Paperbacks. xii, [i], 441, [8] pp. 19.5 × 13 cm. ISBN 0-04-803001-5 (pbk): £1.50; ISBN 0-04-803002-3 (hbk)
==Structure==
A typical entry of the encyclopedia contains: a name; the language it belongs to; its translation from [[Elvish]], [[Adûnaic]] and sometimes [[Old English]] when known; and known dates when a character flourished; the first lines of the entry usually give a general definition of the topic, like race, heritage and role (in case of a character), leading to a chronological description or biography. The last paragraphs of the entry give a physical description or characteristics of the character with some speculations; the final paragraph gives the topic's alternative names, epithets, translation to other languages, and/or redirects to other entries.

The Guide is generally inclusive and there is no limitation to the topics it covers; it includes even obscure and little explored topics, like individual entries on each single [[Tengwar]] names. Many entries are simply epithets and only redirect to the names of their main entries.

The book begins with an introduction, an abbreviations legend and concludes with two appendices. The first appendix is a [[Timeline/First Age|chronology]] of the [[First Age]] in order to complement the [[Appendix B|Tale of Years]], and contains a prologue on Foster's reasoning and calculations based solely on descriptions in the ''Silmarillion''; the second appendix is genealogical trees of the [[Edain#The Three Houses|Three Houses of the Edain]], the [[Kings of Númenor]], the [[Kings of Gondor]] and [[Kings of Arnor|Arnor]], the [[House of Húrin]] and the [[Kings of Rohan]].

==Accuracy==
No edition of the book includes info on post-''Silmarillion'' material (i.e. ''[[Unfinished Tales]]'' and ''[[The History of Middle-earth]]'' series) and therefore in points it is outdated or in error.
*'''Introduction''': It is explained that death dates of those who sailed to the West are not given in their characters' entries "for they live still". While this can be true for [[Gandalf]] and the [[Elves]], this is also implied for [[Bilbo Baggins|Bilbo]], [[Frodo Baggins|Frodo]], [[Samwise Gamgee|Sam]] and [[Gimli]]. This seems to contradict Tolkien's concept that the Undying Lands don't grant [[immortality]]<ref>{{L|154}}</ref><ref>{{L|246}}</ref>.

*'''[[Tar-Aldarion]]''': Foster speculates that the tragic relations with his [[Tar-Meneldur|father]] and [[Erendis|wife]] were because he left no male heirs. The later published text ''[[Aldarion and Erendis: The Mariner's Wife|Aldarion and Erendis]]'' gives a detailed account on their relationship, mostly owing to Aldarion's obsession with [[the Sea]].

*'''[[Ambar]]''': Foster relates the [[Elvish]] words ''ambar'' "world" and ''[[umbar]]'' "fate". In the entry of Ambar, he mentions it is a concept related to fate of the world. The manuscript ''[[Parma Eldalamberon 17|Words Phrases and Passages]]'' showed that while the two words are indeed related (through the [[Sundocarme|root]] [[MBAR]] "to make a decision"), they are distinct in meaning.

*'''[[Elendilmir|Star of Elendil]]''': The royal symbol Elendilmir, and the [[Star of the Dúnedain]] given by [[Aragorn]] to [[Samwise Gamgee]] are mistaken to be the same. [[Christopher Tolkien]] refuted this.<ref>{{UT|7}}, Footnote 33, p. 284</ref>

===Possible Inaccuracies===
*'''[[Bladorthin]]''': Foster supports the usual misunderstanding that Bladorthin's spears were not delivered because he died early; while the text mentions those events closely to imply that they are connected, it doesn't really mention his death as premature or as a reason for the failed delivery.<ref>[[Andreas Möhn]], "[http://lalaith.vpsurf.de/Tolkien/Bladorthin.html Who was the King Bladorthin?]"</ref>

*'''[[Buckland]]''': The date {{FoA|42}} is mentioned as the date when Buckland and the [[Westmarch]] were officially added to the [[Shire]] by the gift of King [[Elessar]]. There are two mistakes in this statement: 1. The date has been corrected as {{FoA|32}} in later editions; 2. Tolkien did not mention that Buckland joined the Shire: in the ''[[The Lord of the Rings Prologue|Prologue]]'' a semi-colon is intended to show that the Westmarch was added, but not Buckland.<ref>See [[Buckland#Part_of_the_Shire.3F|here]] and the [[Talk:Buckland|discussion here]]</ref>

*'''[[Dolmed]]''': Foster suggests that the mountain was destroyed at the end of the [[First Age]] when the [[Gulf of Lune]], broke through the [[Blue Mountains]]; while the text doesn't mention anything about it.<ref>[http://www.jrrvf.com/hisweloke/site3/ Hiswelókë], "[http://www.jrrvf.com/hisweloke/site3/articles.php?lng=en&pg=41 Mont Dolmed & cités naines]"</ref>

*'''[[Gollum]]''': Foster mentions that [[Déagol]] was [[Sméagol]]'s cousin while this is not mentioned in the texts. Tolkien went only as far as to suppose he was "evidently a relative (as no doubt all the members of the small community were)"<ref>{{L|214}}</ref>

*'''[[Gwaihir]]''': Foster reproduces the fan conception merging the character of the [[Great Eagle]] of ''The Hobbit'' to that of [[Gwaihir]], whereas nowhere it's implied in ''Lord of the Rings'' that Gwaihir is [[Lord of the Eagles]].

*'''[[Mearas]]''': Foster mentions the singular of ''mearas'' as ''meara'' (cf. entries for [[Shadowfax]] and [[Snowmane]]) while the correct [[Old English]] form is ''mearh''.<ref>[http://en.wiktionary.org Wiktionary], "[http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/mearh mearh]"</ref>

{{references}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Complete Guide to Middle-earth, The}}
{{title|italics}}
[[Category:Publications by title]]
[[Category:Reference books]]
[[de:Das große Mittelerde-Lexikon]]
[[fi:The Complete Guide to Middle-earth]]

Silmarils

2013-11-08T15:04:10Z

Elros: /* Etymology */

{{objects
| image=[[Image:Marco_-_The_Silmarils.jpg|250px]]
| name=Silmarils
| othernames=The Great Jewels, The Three Jewels, Jewels of Feanor
| derivation=
| location=[[Formenos]], [[Angband]], various
| ownedby=[[Fëanor]], [[Morgoth]], various
| maker=[[Fëanor]]
| appearance=Hard, bright crystals that glow
| references=''[[The Silmarillion]]''
|}}
The '''Silmarils''' ([[Quenya]] '''''Silmarilli''''') were three gems of immense might and beauty.
==Description==
The gems were named for and crafted of the hard crystalline substance ''[[silima]]'', which Feanor had devised, as their shell; in their heart burnt some of the [[Light of Valinor]] from the [[Two Trees]]. Their exact nature and manner of making the Silmarils were known only to Fëanor, and none other succeeded in making gems of comparable greatness and beauty. Varda hallowed the Silmarils so that no mortal or evil hands were allowed to touch them without being burned and withered. <ref name=unrest>{{S|7}}</ref>

The Silmarils were tainted by arrogance and lust by anyone who desired them, starting with Morgoth, then Feanor. As the [[Doom of Mandos]] proclaimed, it resulted in evil ends, such as the [[Fall of the Noldor]], the [[Oath of Feanor, [[Kinslaying]]s and the destruction of [[Doriath]].
==History==
[[File:Alice Falto - Fëanor.jpg|thumb|left|''Feanor'' by [[Alice Falto]]]]
The Silmarils were created by [[Fëanor]] in [[Valinor]] after the un[[chaining of Melkor]]. Feanor gave his heart to them and could not duplicate them. Melkor coveted their light.

Feanor wore the jewels at festivals and the [[Eldar]] admired them. Corrupted by the lies of Melkor, Feanor started to lock them away, and became greedy for them. After Fëanor was exiled to [[Formenos]], the Silmarils were stored in a chamber of iron.<ref name=unrest/>

Together with [[Ungoliant]], [[Morgoth|Melkor]] destroyed the Two Trees. The Silmarils now contained all the remaining light of the Two Trees. Therefore the [[Valar]] entreated Fëanor to give up the Silmarils so they could restore the Trees, but he refused.
===Theft===
[[File:James Stirzaker - Melkor and the Silmarils.jpg|thumb|''Melkor and the Silmarils'' by James Stirzaker]]
Then news came: Melkor had killed Fëanor's father [[Finwë]], the High King of the [[Noldor|Ñoldor]], and stolen all the gems, including the Silmarils. After this deed Melkor fled to the northlands of [[Middle-earth]], where his ancient fortresses were. Ungoliant even quarreled with him as she wanted to devour the Silmarils. Melkor, now named [[Morgoth|''Morgoth'']] by Fëanor, set the Silmarils in his crown even though their holy light burnt his hands were burnt and ceaselessly tormented him.

Fëanor was furious at Melkor and at the Valar's perceived desire to take the gems for their own purposes, and, swearing that he and his sons would not rest until the Silmarils were recovered, he led the Ñoldor back to Middle-earth. His flight, led to no end of grief for the Elves and eventually for the [[Men]] of Middle-earth. [[War of the Jewels|Five major battles]] were fought in [[Beleriand]], but ultimately the Ñoldor failed.
[[File:Anke Eißmann - Beren recovers a Silmaril.jpg|thumb|left|''Beren recovers a Silmaril'']]
King [[Thingol]], wishing to dispose [[Beren]], tasked him to [[Quest for the Silmaril|fetch one]] for the hand of his daughter. Impelled by his love for [[Lúthien]], Beren recovered one through great peril and loss,
only to be swallowed by [[Carcharoth]], until the Wolf was slain in the [[Hunting of the Wolf]]. The Silmaril thus was delivered to Thingol, fulfilling his Quest.

===Doom of the Noldor===
Instead of giving it to the [[Sons of Feanor]], Thingol had the gem stored inside the dwarven pendant [[Nauglamir]] by the [[Dwarves of Nogrod]], who however also coveted the jewel and killed Thingol. Doriath was ruined and [[Menegroth]] were [[sack of Menegroth|sacked]] by the Dwarves. The Nauglamir was recovered by Beren in [[Tol Galen]], and Luthien wore it until her second death, becoming the fairest vision west of the Sea. Pursuing the Silmaril, the sons of Feanor, destroyed Menegroth and the [[Havens of Sirion]].

The Silmaril however ended up in the hands of [[Eärendil]], and its light guided him through the [[Shadowy Seas]] and found his way to Valinor. It was shown to the Valar as a token of repentance. The Valar then set this Silmaril as a [[Star of Eärendil|Star]] and worn on his brow.

[[Image:Ted Nasmith - Maglor Casts a Silmaril into the Sea.jpg|thumb|''Maglor Casts a Silmaril into the Sea'' by [[Ted Nasmith]]]]
The other two gems remained in Morgoth's hands, and were taken from him only at the end of the [[War of Wrath]]. However, soon afterwards, they were stolen by Fëanor's two surviving sons [[Maedhros]] and [[Maglor]]. The jewels burned their hands, in refusal of their rights of possession, as they were corrupted by their deeds. In agony, Maedhros threw himself and his Silmaril into a fiery pit, and Maglor threw his into the sea. Thus the Silmarils remained in all three elements of Arda -- in the sky, soil and water --, fulfilling the prophecy made by [[Mandos]] shortly after the making of the gems. <ref name=unrest/>

It is said that Fëanor will return only for [[Dagor Dagorath]], following Melkor's final return, and defeat him to reclaim his beloved Silmarils. The world [[Arda Unmarred|will be changed]] and he will surrender them to [[Yavanna]] who will break them and with their light she will revive the [[Two Trees]]. The [[Pelóri|Pelóri Mountains]] will be flattened and the light of the Two Trees will fill Arda again in a new age of eternal bliss.<ref>{{SM|CQ19}}</ref>

==Etymology==
The word is said to contain ''[[silima]]'', the substance they were made from<Ref>{{S|Elements}}</ref> as well as an element from brightness, [[RIL]].<ref name=Ety/>

They mean "radiance of pure light".<ref>{{L|148}}</ref> It might contain the ending ''rille'' "brilliance".<ref>{{VT|46}} p.11</ref>

The proper [[Quenya]] plural form is ''Silmarilli'', Silmarils being an Anglicised name.

==Names==
In the [[The Etymologies|''Etymologies'']] appears the [[Noldorin]] name '''''Silevril''''', being related to [[Quenya]] ''Silmaril''.<ref name=Ety>{{LR|Etymologies}}, pp. 383 (entry [[RIL]]), 385 (entry [[SIL]])</ref> [[J.R.R. Tolkien|Tolkien]] appears to have retained the Noldorin form in [[Sindarin]], since the name ''Pennas Silevril'' (apparently the Sindarin translation of Quenya ''[[Quenta Silmarillion]]'')<ref>[[Helge Fauskanger]], [http://folk.uib.no/hnohf/sindarin.htm Sindarin, the Noble Tongue: Sindarin Plural Patterns] at [[Ardalambion]] (accessed 10 July 2011)</ref> is used in later manuscripts.<ref>{{MR|P3II1}}, p. 200</ref>

Other Noldorin names from the ''Etymologies'' are ''Golodhvir'' meaning "Noldo-jewel(s)" (cf. ''[[Golodh]]'' meaning "Noldo") and ''Mirion'' pl. ''Miruin'' meaning "Great jewel/s".<ref>{{LR|Etymologies}}, (entry [[MIR]])</ref>

In [[Aelfwine]]'s [[Old English]] translations, the name ''Silmaril'' is rendered phonetically as ''Sigelmaerels''. As noted by [[Christopher Tolkien]] it is composed of OE ''sigel'' = sun, jewel, ''maerels'' = 'rope', actually referring to the Nauglamir.<ref>{{SM|QA1}}, p. 209</ref>
==See also==
*[[:Category:Images of Silmarils|Images of Silmarils]]
*[[Quest for the Silmaril]]
*''[[The Silmarillion]]''
*[[Nauglamir]]
{{references}}
[[Category:Rings and Jewels]]
[[de:Silmaril]]
[[fr:encyclo/artefacts/bijoux/silmarils]]
[[fi:Silmarilit]]

Forodrim

2013-11-08T15:01:53Z

Elros:

'''The Tolkien Society Forodrim''' was founded in Sweden in [[1972]] and is one of the oldest [[Tolkien fandom|Tolkien fan organizations]].

The Society has an especially active group interested in [[Languages#Elvish_scholarship|Tolkienian linguistics]], ''Mellonath Daeron''. The Forodrim also supports the publication of ''[[Arda (annual)|Arda]]''.

''Forodrim'' is [[Sindarin]] for "People of the North".

==Members of Note==
*[[Anders Stenstrom|Anders Stenström (a.k.a. Beregond)]]
*[[Åke Bertenstam]].

==Costumes & Hierarchy & Heraldry==
Forodrim is a unique Tolkien society in that it has a hierarchical feudal membership structure whereby membership duration and involvement provides for a higher level. In addition, Forodrim requires members to appear in medieval / Middle-earth attire at events. Forodrim also has a strong focus on heraldry and ceremony inspired by Tolkien and the Middle ages.

==Guilds==
Forodrim has a number of guilds focused on different interests of the members. New guilds are occasionally started, and old ones put on hiatus, as the interests of the members shift. Some of the more enduring guilds are:
* Mellonath Daeron, the guild of languages
* Mellonath Gobennas, the guild of history
* Mellonath Dineth, the guild of dance
* Mellonath Gléowine, the guild of singing
* Parmandili, the book guild

==Uppsala==
[[Cerin Erain]] is the Uppsala chapter of Forodrim.

==Publications==
*''Medlemsbladet''
*''[[Palantiren]]'' (now discontinued)

==External links==

*[http://www.forodrim.org/ Forodrim site (in Swedish)]
*[https://www.facebook.com/TolkiensallskapetForodrim Forodrim on Facebook]

[[Category:Swedish organizations]]
[[Category:Tolkien Societies]]

War of the Powers

2013-07-09T11:36:14Z

Elros: /* Prelude */

{{unnamed}}
{{war
| previous=[[First War with Melkor]]
| next=[[Wars of Beleriand]]
| image=[[Image:Primordial_lightning.jpg|300px]]
| name=War for Sake of the Elves
| place=North of Aman, northwest Middle Earth
| result= Decisive victory for the [[Valar]], Downfall and [[Chaining of Melkor]]
| battles=[[Battle of the Powers]],[[Siege of Utumno]]
| begin= [[Valian Year 1090|VY 1090]]
| end= [[Valian Year 1100|VY 1100]]
| side1=Valarian forces of Aman
| side2=Melkor and his servants
| commanders1=[[Image:FirstdawnoftheSun_Taniquetil_cropped-TNasmith.jpg|35px]] [[Oromë]]
* [[Tulkas]]
| commanders2={{morgoth blazon}}
* [[Sauron]]
}}

The '''War for Sake of the Elves''' was fought by the [[Valar]], under orders from [[Manwë]], the [[Elder King]], against [[Morgoth|Melkor]] to liberate the newly-awakened [[Elves]] from his influence. It culminated in the near-apocalyptic [[Siege of Utumno]], where Melkor was captured, enchained, and imprisoned for three ages of the world.

== Prelude ==

After the Fall of the [[Two Lamps]], the Valar held council among themselves and spoke of the message they had received from Eru Ilúvatar of his coming children, the [[Elves]]. [[Yavanna]] noted that the time of their arrival is unknown and they shouldn't leave the lands of their future dwelling unpretected. [[Tulkas]] likewise agreed with the necessity of immediate action.<ref name="Captivity">{{S|Captivity}}</ref>

[[Image:Varda_pablodores_lycos.jpg|left|thumb|''Varda'' by Pablo Dores]]Manwë bid Mandos to speak, and he replied that the Children shall come in this age, and the [[Firstborn]] will wak under the stars. [[Varda]] then created other stars to help to light Middle Earth for the coming of the Elves. Using silver dews from [[Telperion]], she created many new stars, including [[Wilwarin]], [[Telemendil]], and others. As a challenge to Melkor, high in the north, she hung the seven stars that make up the [[Sickle of the Valar]]. After Varda's long effort, the Elves, the Firstborn Children of Ilúvatar awoke in the starlight by the shores of [[Cuiviénen]], the Water of Awakening.<ref name="Captivity"/>
[[File:Anke Eißmann - Oromë espies the first Elves.jpg|thumb|Orome discovers the Quendi]]
While [[Oromë]] conducted his hunting trips on his great steed [[Nahar]], he heard the newly-born Elves singing. He met them and spent time among them, and yet perceived the influence of Melkor anong them, as they were afraid of him. Oromë reported these findings to the [[Elder King]], who once again called a gathering of all the Valar, even the far-off [[Ulmo]]. He then proclaimed that they "should take up again the mastery of Arda at whatever cost, and deliver the Quendi from the shadow of Melkor".

== The War Begins: The [[Battle of the Powers]] ==

[[Image:Silmarillion malcolm mcclinton.jpg|right|thumb|220px|''Silmarillion'' by Malcolm Mcclinton.]]

The titanic conflict between the Valar and Melkor now began in earnest, with the [[Host of the West]] (Valar) confronting the [[Host of the North]] (Melkor). Melkor would ever remember that this war was begun for the Elves' sake, and it would be burned in his memory. The hosts first clashed in the North-west of Middle Earth, and that region was battered and broken by this collision. The Valar quickly prevailed, driving Melkor off.

The Elves heard little of the details of the battle. They could feel the earth creaking and groaning under them, and saw bright lights in the North, like those of great fires.<ref name="Captivity"/>

== The [[Siege of Utumno]]==

Melkor retreated to his great underground fortress of [[Utumno]]. There the Valar besieged him for years, and fought many battles before its gates. It was during this time that the contour of Middle Earth was changed, with the Great Sea being widened. The [[Bay of Balar]] was carved out, and the great river [[Sirion]] came into being. The northern highlands of [[Hithlum]] and [[Dorthonion]], sources of Sirion, were raised up as new mountain ranges. The far north was laid waste, as the Valars' power descended into the deep pits of Utumno. In the end, the pits and halls were unroofed, and [[Tulkas]] wrestled Melkor and cast him down, and bound him with a powerful chain.

== Aftermath ==
[[File:Roger Garland - Melkor chained.jpg|thumb|''Melkor chained'' by [[Roger Garland]]]]
The [[Valar]], while very powerful, were not omniscient. They failed to find some of the deepest chambers under Utumno and [[Angband]], and Morgoth's lieutenant [[Sauron]] was never captured. Some [[Balrogs]] and other evil creatures hid there, and others dispersed to the far edges of the earth, the Valar's strength too depleted from the lengthy siege to pursue and destroy them. The Valar dragged Melkor back to Valinor for judgment before [[Manwë]], in the [[Máhanaxar|Ring of Doom]].

In the Ring of Doom, Melkor laid upon his face and begged for mercy from Manwë, but his prayers were denied. He was cast into the prison of Mandos for three ages, after which he would be brought before [[Manwë]] once more. The Valar gathered in council once again, and it was decided, after some debate, to summon the [[Quendi]] (Elves) to Valinor to preserve them from evil influence. Oromë chose ambassadors among the [[Eldar]], [[Ingwë]], [[Finwë]], and [[Olwë]] to accompany him back to Valinor, where they beheld the glory of the Two Trees. They then returned to their people, and the [[Great Journey]] began with Ingwë's people in the vanguard, the [[Vanyar]]. They were followed by the Noldor under Finwë, and then the [[Teleri]] under [[Olwë]] and [[Elwë]], the most numerous host.<ref name="Captivity"/>
{{references}}
[[Category:Conflicts of the Elder Days]]
[[Category:Wars]]

Nu

2013-03-18T09:32:09Z

Elros: /* Examples */ Added an example in Sindarin.

'''Nu''' is the [[Sindarin]] and [[Quenya]] word for "under" or "beneath".

==Examples==
{{quote|'''nu''' luini yassen tintilar i eleni (''''beneath''' the blue vaults of Varda wherein the stars tremble')|''[[Namárië]]'' ([[Quenya]])}}

[[Taur-nu-Fuin (Dorthonion)|Taur-'''nu'''-Fuin]] "Forest-'''under'''-nightshade" ([[Sindarin]])

{{title|lowercase}}
[[Category:Sindarin affixes]]
[[Category:Quenya affixes]]

Tir

2013-03-14T15:43:32Z

Elros: Changed the translation of "Tirion" and consequently removed Ruth S. Noël's (notoriously unreliable) book from the list of references.

'''''tir-''''' is a [[Quenya]] verb meaning "watch, guard, heed".<ref>{{S|Appendix}}, ''tir''</ref> Compare with the [[Sindarin]] noun ''[[tirith]]''.

==Examples==
* ''[[palantíri]]'' = "Watch Far and Wide" (colloquially translated as "Seeing-stones")
* ''[[Tirion]]'' = "watchtower"

{{references}}
* [http://www.uib.no/People/hnohf/qlist.htm Quenya Corpus Wordlist] edited by [[Helge Fauskanger]]
{{title|lowercase}}
[[Category: Quenya verbs]]

Tolkien Gateway talk:Manual of Style

2013-03-14T12:10:22Z

Elros: /* Canon */

== Fair Use ==

It would certainly be helpful if {{Redlink|[[Template:fairuse]]}} actually existed. We '''do''' need it. --[[User:Theoden1|Theoden1]] 16:30, 13 July 2008 (EDT)

:I certainly agree. It's kind of nagging me that certain things (like the "fact" template) "must" be inserted while they don't even exist. All images need a good going over anyway - copyrights, correct names, descriptions, categories. That'll take ages, but it can be done. -- [[User:Ederchil|Ederchil]] 16:42, 13 July 2008 (EDT)

==Rename==
To be consistent with other wiki's, shouldn't this be renamed (and remolded if necessary) to "Tolkien Gateway: Manual of Style"? -- {{User:Ederchil/sig}} 11:57, 18 February 2009 (UTC)

== Plagiarism? ==

Sorry . . . I'm new. What are the rules here about duplicating text from other sites? Does the wiki have authorization from some site owners (Encyclopedia of Arda, for example) to use their material word for word? [[User:ElfMaven|ElfMaven]] 21:33, 9 December 2009 (UTC)

:Better not copy anything. There still are a lot of articles in the database that are partial or complete rips from EoA or Wikipedia from way back when the site just started. These should be changed (but I'll admit, it's not something actively pursued). -- {{User:Ederchil/sig}} 21:43, 9 December 2009 (UTC)

:: Thanks for responding. Much of your uncommon or unusual words list is still word for word from EoA, only with some significant additions. Also some of the articles, e.g., "Evrard Took" are the same with only minor differences, not enough to avoid copyright infringement.

::(I have read EoA extensively, and I was just re-reading the "Old & Rare Words" section last week. I started trying to research the phrase "stock and stone" and found this site.) [[User:ElfMaven|ElfMaven]] 14:27, 18 December 2009 (UTC)

== Dates ==

Is it fair to say that we've settled on using the templates ({{FA|, etc.) for the vast majority of in-universe years? If so the latter two bullet points in the Dates section should be removed.

In their place, I think there should be a mention of real-world years. Also, especially, how to handle full dates ([[15 March]] vs. [[15 March|March 15]]; [[15 March]] [[2001]] vs. [[2001#March|15 March 2001]]; and so many other permutations). {{User:Aule the Smith/sig}} 09:13, 28 August 2010 (UTC)

== alterations ==

I see that the article is not locked to be edited by administrators only. I wonder if it is proper to make some small corrections-clarifications. I would like to rewrite some points which might seem unclear to a newcomer, add some examples, and point out some common mistakes not covered in the article. [[User:Sage|Sage]] 07:20, 6 August 2011 (UTC)

:Fine by me. I don't think a lock is necessary at this point.--{{User:Ederchil/sig}} 07:38, 6 August 2011 (UTC)

== Additional stylistic suggestions ==
If we could add guidance on the case structure of section headings - i.e. First letter of the first word capitalized the rest not, e.g. "See also" rather than "See Also" - I believe that would be useful.
Additionally, if we could note that the first occurrence of a relevant subject should be wikilinked and subsequent mentions need not that, too, would help. [[User:Pallando|Pallando]] 19:51, 4 March 2012 (UTC)

:Indeed. Everybody agree on "first word capitalized" in article headings? Same for categories? --[[User:Morgan|Morgan]] 20:40, 4 March 2012 (UTC)

::I don't mind. --[[User:Amroth|Amroth]] 21:04, 4 March 2012 (UTC)

==How to render titles==

For books it's nothing to discuss, we follow the standard italic form used in English. For articles, and chapters in books, our old standard is to use quotation marks, "X". However, what do we do with titles of poems? I'm always a little uncertain about this when editing.--[[User:Morgan|Morgan]] 22:45, 4 March 2012 (UTC)

== Only relevant links? ==

I commented out the guideline mentioning that only words relevant to the context should be linked. Even if there is a justification behind it, I don't see anyone following it.

Does this guideline means that if we mention that Gandalf once walked among roses, we should not put a link to the [[roses]] article, because otherwise Gandalf has no relation to roses?

I understand that this derives from Wikipedia, which contains all kind of information, both from the real world, art or fiction, and that would make overly complicated the whole link-web of its database. But I don't think this rule serves any purpose here. [[User:Sage|Sage]] 19:43, 19 August 2012 (UTC)

:I agree with you, this guideline does not appear to be relevant here.--[[User:Morgan|Morgan]] 20:21, 19 August 2012 (UTC)

== Canon ==

There seems to be some confusion as to what is to be regarded as canon. According to the Manual of Style, anything written by someone else than Tolkien ''is not'' canon – implying that everything Tolkien wrote ''is''. But this is contradicted by the [[Canon]] article, which makes the question justifiably more complex. However, neither of the definitions explain why, for instance, http://tolkiengateway.net/wiki/Square_of_the_Palace would not be canon. (It is of course easy to say that anything mentioned only in The Book of Lost Tales is not canon, but this is nowhere stated.)
[[User:Elros|Elros]] 08:36, 14 March 2013 (UTC)

:Welcome to TG, Elros (and it's always nice to see another fellow countryman)! This is the background (in short) behind the current situation, from my perspective: a couple of years ago we were trying to create a "canon scale" on TG, so we could grade the "canonical" status of certain concepts. We had much debate concerning how to create this scale, and made a temporary decision to use a simple non-canon template for articles about concepts not appearing in the works published during J.R.R. Tolkien's lifetime. However, we also abandoned this strategy, since we now have the goal to include references for every article (and thus readers can decide the "canonicity" themselves). The non-canon template which appears on the article you mention ("Square of the Palace") is an artifact from the interim period before we decided to leave the question of canon to the readers. That is not to say, though, that sometimes it can be complex to determine Tolkien's intention for a certain concept (e.g., like the well-known Celeborn case), which is why we try to include the section "Other versions of the legendarium" where appropriate. --[[User:Morgan|Morgan]] 11:06, 14 March 2013 (UTC)

::Thanks for the welcome, it's good to be here! Then I assume the { { Noncanon } } template can be removed whenever it is found, since it is an "artifact"? --[[User:Elros|Elros]] 12:10, 14 March 2013 (UTC)

Quennar

2013-03-14T10:26:49Z

Elros: /* Etymology */

'''Quennar''', surnamed '''Onótimo''', was a [[Lambengolmor|Loremaster]] of [[Aman]]. He wrote extensively about the reckoning of time among the [[Valar]]. His great work the ''[[Yénonótië]]'' was cited by [[Pengolodh]] in the ''[[The Annals of Aman|Annals of Aman]]'', particularly his writing explaining the length of the [[Valian year]] and its relation to the waxing and waning of the [[Two Trees]]. Quennar also calculated the duration of Valian years compared to [[Years of the Sun]].<ref>{{WJ|V}}</ref> Aside from his work on reckoning that Pengolodh cited, almost nothing is known about Quennar's writings or his life in general.

==Etymology==
Quennar's first name seems to consist of the [[Quenya]] word for 'person', 'elf': ''[[quen]]'', and a derivative of the root NAR2 'tell',<ref>{{LR|Etymologies}}</ref> yielding the meaning *"Elf-speaker". ''Onótimo'' apparently means "Reckoner", originating from the verb ''[[onot-]]'' 'count up' and the masculine agental suffix ''[[-mo]]''.<ref>{{VT|34}}</ref>

==Other Versions of the Legendarium==
Originally, "Quennar i Onótimo" was to have been the author of the ''Annals of Aman'' as a whole, having learned and borrowed much writing from [[Rúmil (elf of Tirion)|Rúmil]]. Eventually, [[J.R.R. Tolkien|Tolkien]] attributed the ''Annals'' to Rúmil himself, while adding "quoth Pengolodh" to the end of the section ascribed to Quennar. This probably means that Pengolodh quoted Quennar's work in his enlargement of the ''Annals'', which presumably took place after the [[Exile of the Noldor]]. Since Quennar's writing discusses the [[Years of the Sun]], which did not exist while the [[Noldor]] still lived in Aman, it is most likely the case that in the final version of events as envisioned by Tolkien, Quennar wrote the ''[[Yénonótië]]'' after the Exile and was thus a Noldo who came to [[Middle-earth]].

{{references}}
[[Category:High Elves]]
[[Category:Quenya names]]
[[fi:Quennar Onótimo]]

Spiders

2013-03-14T10:04:56Z

Elros: /* History */

{{rewrite}}
{{race
|image= [[File:Ted Nasmith - The Spiders of Mirkwood.jpg|250px]]
|name=Spiders
|dominions=[[Mirkwood]]
|languages=
|height=Various
|length=
|skincolor=Black or Grey
|haircolor=
|feathers=
|distinctions=Spiders in form
|lifespan=Unknown
|members=[[Shelob]]?
}}

'''Spiders''' were small eight-legged creatures, known for capturing their prey in intricate webs. Many spiders of [[Middle-earth]] were known to reach a colossal size.

==History==

There was a more sinister side to the spiders of Middle-earth that entered it with the monstrous [[Ungoliant]] in the years before the [[First Age]]. A gigantic creature of spider-shape, it was she who destroyed the [[Two Trees]] of [[Valinor]], and escaped with [[Morgoth|Melkor]] into the lands of Middle-earth. Though Ungoliant herself disappeared into the far south, she left the northern lands infested with her offspring. During the First Age, the mountains of the [[Ered Gorgoroth]] were infested with these monsters, and became a place of dread.

The most famous of Ungoliant's children, though, lived far to the south and east of the Ered Gorgoroth, on the borders of the land of [[Mordor]]. This was [[Shelob]], who haunted a network of tunnels watching the pass of [[Cirith Ungol]], eking a living on the hapless [[Orcs]] of [[Sauron]]. She had offspring of her own, too, smaller than she but with a cruel intelligence, that spread throughout the [[Ephel Dúath]] and north into [[Mirkwood]]. It was creatures like these that [[Bilbo Baggins]] encountered in ''[[The Hobbit]]'', and through fighting them that his sword acquired its name [[Sting]].

The offspring of Ungoliant differed in several important respects from normal spiders, beside their enormous size. Shelob is said to have had a stinger.<ref>{{TT|IV10}}</ref> Likewise, the spiders of Mirkwood seem to have had stingers as well as "insect eyes" (possibly compound eyes rather than eye clusters).<ref>{{H|8}}</ref>

==Names==

In [[Sindarin]], the word for "spider" is '''''ungol'''''.<ref name=UI>{{HM|UI}}, p. 490</ref> It is found in such names as [[Shelob's Lair|Torech Ungol]], [[Ungoliant#Etymology|Ungoliant]], and [[Cirith Ungol]].

In [[Gnomish]], one of [[J.R.R. Tolkien|Tolkien]]'s early conceptions of an [[Elvish|Elven]] language, the word for "spider" is ''cing'' or ''cingwin'' (a struck out word was ''gung''). A deleted [[Qenya]] word for "spider" was ''ung-we''.<ref>{{PE|11}}, pp. 26, 43</ref>

==Inspiration==
* A common myth is that Tolkien was bitten by a spider when he was young and this fueled his hatred for the species in his works, this is proven inaccurate through the below quotes:
{{quote|...when Ronald [Tolkien] was beginning to walk, he stumbled on a tarantula. It bit him, and he ran in terror across the garden until the nurse snatched him up and sucked out the poison. When he grew up he could remember a hot day and running in fear through long, dead grass, '''but the memory of the tarantula itself faded, and he said that the incident left him with no especial dislike of spiders.'''|''[[J.R.R. Tolkien: A Biography]]''}}

{{quote|I knew that the way [for Frodo, Sam, and Gollum] was guarded by a Spider. And if that has anything to do with my being stung by a tarantula when a small child, people are welcome to the notion (supposing the improbable, that any one is interested). I can only say that I remember nothing about it, should not know it if I had not been told; and '''I do not dislike spiders particularly, and have no urge to kill them.''' I usually rescue those whom I find in the bath!|{{L|163}}}}

* Regarding the spiders in ''[[The Hobbit]]'':
{{quote|I put in the spiders largely because this was, you remember, primarily written for my children (at least I had them in mind), and one of my sons [Michael] in particular dislikes spiders with a great intensity. I did it to thoroughly frighten him and it did!|From an interview of [[J.R.R. Tolkien]] on January 15, 1957 by Ruth Harshaw for the "Carnival of Books" radio show. (According to ''[[The Annotated Hobbit]]'')}}

{{quote|Throughout his life, Tolkien’s son Michael had what he called “a deep-rooted abhorrence of spiders.”|''[[The Annotated Hobbit]]''}}

==Portrayal in adaptations==
'''2007: ''[[The Lord of the Rings Online]]'':'''
:Non-player (NPC, computer controlled) spiders are found in a number of areas of Middle-earth. Players can play a spider in the Player-versus-Player (PvP) area of the [[Ettenmoors]] once the player reaches level ten. Spiders in ''The Lord of the Rings Online'' have the ability to root and spit poison from a distance.

:The appearance of spiders vary from zone to zone for NPC spiders and from rank to rank for player controlled spiders. They all look like very large spiders from the size of a cat up to the size of a large elephant.

==See also==
*[[:Category:Images of spiders|Images of spiders]]
{{references}}
[[Category:Spiders]]
[[Category:Other races]]
[[Category:Characters in The Hobbit]]
[[Category:Evil]]
[[de:Spinnen]]

User:Elros

2013-03-14T08:49:12Z

Elros: Created page with "Hello all! I am a member of the Tolkien Society Forodrim, where I go by the name of Elros. Elsewhere, I am called Måns. Beside [http://mansbjorkman.net..."

Hello all!

I am a member of the Tolkien Society Forodrim, where I go by the name of [[Elros]]. Elsewhere, I am called [[Måns Björkman|Måns]].

Beside [http://mansbjorkman.net/ my personal website], I also maintain the site [http://at.mansbjorkman.net/ Amanye Tenceli] about the writing systems of Aman.

Tolkien Gateway talk:Manual of Style

2013-03-14T08:36:46Z

Elros: /* Canon */

Tolkien Gateway talk:Manual of Style

2013-03-14T08:24:44Z

Elros: /* Canon */ new section