Tolkien Gateway - User contributions [en]

The Children of Húrin reviews

2007-06-20T00:10:53Z

Erniel: /* Negative */ fixed external link

Below is a list of reviews of [[The Children of Húrin]].

==Positive==
*[http://www.cnn.com/2007/SHOWBIZ/books/04/17/review.tolkien.ap/index.html 'New' Tolkien splendidly rewarding] by Bruce DeSilva (AP)
*[http://entertainment.timesonline.co.uk/tol/arts_and_entertainment/books/article1613657.ece What took them so long?] by Bryan Appleyard (The Sunday Times)
*[http://www.salon.com/books/feature/2007/04/17/hurin/ Lord of the ruins] by Andrew O'Hehir (Salon.com)
*[http://wormtalk.blogspot.com/2007/04/children-of-hrin-review-below-contains.html The Children of Húrin Review] by [[Michael Drout]]
*[http://www.marcel-buelles.de/the-children-of-hurin-tolkien-is-back-with-a-vengeance/ The Children of Húrin - Tolkien is back with a vengeance] Commentary by [[Marcel Bülles]]
*[http://www.spiegel.de/kultur/literatur/0,1518,477423,00.html Middle-earth is back] by hoc/Reuters (Spiegel-Online.de) Irrelevant, quotes D. Brawn.
*[http://entertainment.timesonline.co.uk/tol/arts_and_entertainment/books/article1613662.ece The stuff of legend] Robbie Hudson (The Sunday Times)
*[http://www.thestar.com/artsentertainment/article/203389 Tolkien proves he's still the king] by Vit Wagner (TheStar.com)
*[http://entertainment.timesonline.co.uk/tol/arts_and_entertainment/books/fiction/article1649664.ece Tolkien, Before Bilbo] by Jeremy Marshall (The Times)
*[http://www.powells.com/review/2007_04_27 ...mythic resonance and grim sense of inexorable fate...] by Elizabeth Hand (Washington Post)
*[http://www.telegraph.co.uk/arts/main.jhtml?xml=/arts/2007/04/26/botol22.xml A last, sombre visit to Middle Earth] John Garth (Telegraph.co.uk)
*[http://books.guardian.co.uk/reviews/generalfiction/0,,2067804,00.html A worthy addition to one of the most cherished mythologies..] Kelly Grovier (The Observer)
*[http://books.guardian.co.uk/review/story/0,,2066919,00.html Hobbit forming] Nicholas Lezard (The Observer)
*[http://arts.independent.co.uk/books/reviews/article2554613.ece Spreading the elfish gene] Frank Cottrell Boyce

==Negative==
*[http://www.hecklerspray.com/boring-new-tolkien-novel-excites-boring-people/20067933.php Boring ‘New’ Tolkien Novel Excites Boring People] by C J Davies
*[http://entertainment.timesonline.co.uk/tol/arts_and_entertainment/books/fiction/article1639071.ece Away with the fairies] by Tom Deveson (The Sunday Times)
*[http://www.freep.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20070418/FEATURES05/704180408 Just kick the hobbit and don't suffer 'The Children of Hurin'] by Marta Salij (FreeP.com)
*[http://books.guardian.co.uk/digestedread/story/0,,2064264,00.html The Tolkien estate gets into bad hobbits] The Digested Read (Column/Parody) by John Crace

The Children of Húrin reviews

2007-06-20T00:02:10Z

Erniel: /* Positive */ typo fix

The History of The Hobbit

2007-06-19T23:57:55Z

Erniel: fixed external link

{{book|
title=The History of The Hobbit|
image=[[Image:The History of The Hobbit - Mr. Baggins.jpg|225px]]|
author=[[John Rateliff]]|
isbn=0007235550|
publisher=Houghlin Mifflin|
date=May 2007|
format=Hardcover|
pages= 480|
amazon=http://www.amazon.com/History-Hobbit-John-D-Rateliff/dp/0618968474/ref=sr_1_2/002-4874231-7435249?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1181524955&sr=8-2|
amazonprice=$35.00
}}

'''The History of The Hobbit''' is an upcoming publication set to be released in two parts in May and June of 2007 by Harper Collins, and a boxed set in the U.S. in September by Houghlin Mifflin. Each volume contains 480 pages and includes unpublished manuscripts and drafts by [[J.R.R. Tolkien]]. The work presents an extensive study on the early development of [[The Hobbit]], and also details how [[Tolkien]] made revisions to the story to accommodate the events in [[The Lord of the Rings]]. The [http://www.houghtonmifflinbooks.com/catalog/titledetail.cfm?titleNumber=1022629 Houghlin Mifflin boxed set] will also include a new edition of [[The Hobbit]] with a short introduction by [[Christopher Tolkien]], a reset text incorporating the most up-to-date corrections, and all of Tolkien’s own drawings and color illustrations, including the rare “Mirkwood” piece.
{{quote|The big project, which I've been working on for years and will finally be sending to the publisher near the end of this year, is a book called The History of The Hobbit. It's rather along the lines of Christopher Tolkien's editions that make up the History of Middle-Earth series (which I highly recommend if you haven't read them): an edition of the original manuscript of The Hobbit with extensive commentary on how Mr. Baggins' story fits into Tolkien's legendarium. It's a big book filled with the entire text of Tolkien's first draft, along with short essays about everything from rings of invisibility or Tolkien's spiders to a detailed account of just when Tolkien wrote the book (which can actually be reconstructed from available evidence to within a month or two on either end). I hope people will like it when it finally sees the light of day.|[[John Rateliff]]}}

==Errata==
===Volume I===
* David Bratman should be included among the participants in the Tolkien Symposiums
* Kate Latham should be added to the Acknowledgements
* pg. 260 refers to Plate VI, ''Firelight in Beorn's House'' as being in color when it is in black and white.
* pg. 356 refers to incorrect page numbers.
* pg. 400 - "ani-mals" should replace the incorrect "ani-Mals".
* Second caption of Plate III - "Below" should be italicized.
===Volume II===
* Coming soon.

== Reference==
* [http://www.houghtonmifflinbooks.com/catalog/titledetail.cfm?titleNumber=1022629 Houghlin Mifflin Book Information]

==External links==
* [http://www.montecook.com/cgi-bin/page.cgi?int_dnd30_Rateliff A Talk with John D. Rateliff]
* [http://www.tolkienlibrary.com/press/history_of_the_hobbit.php Interview with John D. Rateliff]
[[Category:Books|History of The Hobbit]]

The Children of Húrin reviews

2007-06-14T01:42:12Z

Erniel: /* Negative */ added negative(?) review..dated April 24, 2007

Below is a list of reviews of [[The Children of Húrin]].

==Positive==
*[http://www.cnn.com/2007/SHOWBIZ/books/04/17/review.tolkien.ap/index.html 'New' Tolkien splendidly rewarding] by Bruce DeSilva (AP)
*[http://entertainment.timesonline.co.uk/tol/arts_and_entertainment/books/article1613657.ece What took them so long?] by Bryan Appleyard (The Sunday Times)
*[http://www.salon.com/books/feature/2007/04/17/hurin/ Lord of the ruins] by Andrew O'Hehir (Salon.com)
*[http://wormtalk.blogspot.com/2007/04/children-of-hrin-review-below-contains.html The Children of Húrin Review] by [[Michael Drout]]
*[http://www.marcel-buelles.de/the-children-of-hurin-tolkien-is-back-with-a-vengeance/ The Children of Húrin - Tolkien is back with a vengeance] Commentary by [[Marcel Bülles]]
*[http://www.spiegel.de/kultur/literatur/0,1518,477423,00.html Middle-earth is back] by hoc/Reuters (Spiegel-Online.de) Irrelevant, quotes D. Brawn.
*[http://entertainment.timesonline.co.uk/tol/arts_and_entertainment/books/article1613662.ece The stuff of legend] Robbie Hudson (The Sunday Times)
*[http://www.thestar.com/artsentertainment/article/203389 Tolkien proves he's still the king] by Vit Wagner (TheStar.com)
*[http://entertainment.timesonline.co.uk/tol/arts_and_entertainment/books/fiction/article1649664.ece Tolkien, Before Bilbo] by Jeremy Marshall (The Times)
*[http://www.powells.com/review/2007_04_27 ...mythic resonance and grim sense of inexorable fate...] by Elizabeth Hand (Washington Post)
*[http://www.telegraph.co.uk/arts/main.jhtml?xml=/arts/2007/04/26/botol22.xml A last, sombre visit to Middle Earth] John Garth (Telegraph.co.uk)
*[http://books.guardian.co.uk/reviews/generalfiction/0,,2067804,00.html A worthy addition to one of the most cherished mythologies..] Kelly Grovier (The Observer)
*[http://books.guardian.co.uk/review/story/0,,2066919,00.html Hobbit forming] Nicholas Lezard (The Observer)
*[http://arts.independent.co.uk/books/reviews/article2554613.ece Spreading the elfish gene ] Frank Cottrell Boyce

==Negative==
*[http://www.hecklerspray.com/boring-new-tolkien-novel-excites-boring-people/20067933.php Boring ‘New’ Tolkien Novel Excites Boring People] by C J Davies
*[http://entertainment.timesonline.co.uk/tol/arts_and_entertainment/books/fiction/article1639071.ece Away with the fairies] by Tom Deveson (The Sunday Times)
*[http://www.freep.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20070418/FEATURES05/704180408 Just kick the hobbit and don't suffer 'The Children of Hurin'] by Marta Salij (FreeP.com)
*[http://books.guardian.co.uk/digestedread/story/0,,2064264,00.html The Digested Read (Column/Parody)] by John Crace

The Children of Húrin reviews

2007-06-14T01:27:58Z

Erniel: /* Positive */ Added positive review...review dated may 18 2007...anyone see any new reviews, good or bad, lately?

Below is a list of reviews of [[The Children of Húrin]].

==Positive==
*[http://www.cnn.com/2007/SHOWBIZ/books/04/17/review.tolkien.ap/index.html 'New' Tolkien splendidly rewarding] by Bruce DeSilva (AP)
*[http://entertainment.timesonline.co.uk/tol/arts_and_entertainment/books/article1613657.ece What took them so long?] by Bryan Appleyard (The Sunday Times)
*[http://www.salon.com/books/feature/2007/04/17/hurin/ Lord of the ruins] by Andrew O'Hehir (Salon.com)
*[http://wormtalk.blogspot.com/2007/04/children-of-hrin-review-below-contains.html The Children of Húrin Review] by [[Michael Drout]]
*[http://www.marcel-buelles.de/the-children-of-hurin-tolkien-is-back-with-a-vengeance/ The Children of Húrin - Tolkien is back with a vengeance] Commentary by [[Marcel Bülles]]
*[http://www.spiegel.de/kultur/literatur/0,1518,477423,00.html Middle-earth is back] by hoc/Reuters (Spiegel-Online.de) Irrelevant, quotes D. Brawn.
*[http://entertainment.timesonline.co.uk/tol/arts_and_entertainment/books/article1613662.ece The stuff of legend] Robbie Hudson (The Sunday Times)
*[http://www.thestar.com/artsentertainment/article/203389 Tolkien proves he's still the king] by Vit Wagner (TheStar.com)
*[http://entertainment.timesonline.co.uk/tol/arts_and_entertainment/books/fiction/article1649664.ece Tolkien, Before Bilbo] by Jeremy Marshall (The Times)
*[http://www.powells.com/review/2007_04_27 ...mythic resonance and grim sense of inexorable fate...] by Elizabeth Hand (Washington Post)
*[http://www.telegraph.co.uk/arts/main.jhtml?xml=/arts/2007/04/26/botol22.xml A last, sombre visit to Middle Earth] John Garth (Telegraph.co.uk)
*[http://books.guardian.co.uk/reviews/generalfiction/0,,2067804,00.html A worthy addition to one of the most cherished mythologies..] Kelly Grovier (The Observer)
*[http://books.guardian.co.uk/review/story/0,,2066919,00.html Hobbit forming] Nicholas Lezard (The Observer)
*[http://arts.independent.co.uk/books/reviews/article2554613.ece Spreading the elfish gene ] Frank Cottrell Boyce

==Negative==
*[http://www.hecklerspray.com/boring-new-tolkien-novel-excites-boring-people/20067933.php Boring ‘New’ Tolkien Novel Excites Boring People] by C J Davies
*[http://entertainment.timesonline.co.uk/tol/arts_and_entertainment/books/fiction/article1639071.ece Away with the fairies] by Tom Deveson (The Sunday Times)
*[http://www.freep.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20070418/FEATURES05/704180408 Just kick the hobbit and don't suffer 'The Children of Hurin'] by Marta Salij (FreeP.com)

Orcs

2007-06-11T15:49:51Z

Erniel: /* History */ typo fixes

{{race
| image=[[Image:John Howe - In Mordor.jpg|250px]]
| name= Orc
| dominions= primarily [[Mordor]] and [[Angband]]
| languages= [[Black Speech]]
| height= probably just above 5'
| length=
| skincolor= Sallow
| haircolor=
| feathers=
| distinctions= Short, sallow, slightly Oriental look
| lifespan= possibly "eternal"
| members= [[Gothmog, Lieutenant of Morgul|Gothmog]], [[Othrond]], [[Gorbag]]
|}}
'''Orc''' or '''Ork''', an Old English word (''orc-néas'' 'orc-corpses' in Beowulf) for the zombie-like monsters of Grendel's race.

In Tolkien's writing, Orcs are described as humanoid, roughly human-sized, ugly and filthy. In Tolkien's letters he gave a description as ''...sallow, squint eyed, and like (to the Europeans) the less-handsome Mongolians...'' (this part is often subject to the invalid critisism of racism). Although not dim-witted, they are portrayed as dull and miserable beings, who corrupt words (an insult to a philologist like Tolkien) and are only able to destroy, not to create. They have sour black blood.
Orcs are used as soldiers by both the greater and lesser villains of ''[[The Lord of the Rings]]'' — [[Sauron]] and [[Saruman]].
In Tolkien's [[Sindarin]] language, "Orc" is ''orch'', plural ''yrch''. In his late, post-''Lord of the Rings'' writings (published in ''[[The Peoples of Middle-earth]])'', he preferred the spelling "Ork", evidently mainly to avoid the form ''Orcish'', which would be naturally pronounced with the c as /s/ instead of /k/. (In [[Languages|Tolkien's languages]] the letter ''c'' was always pronounced /k/.) It is also possible that the word is a Common Tongue Version of 'orch', the [[Sindarin]] word for Orc. The original sense of the word seems to be "bogey", "bogeyman", that is, something that provokes fear, as seen in the Quenya cognate ''urko'', pl. ''urqui''.

== The origin of Orcs ==

The origin of Orcs is an open question. In Tolkien's writings, evil is not capable of independent creation, making it unlikely that the [[Valar|Vala]] [[Morgoth|Melkor]] (later called Morgoth), who was obviously the first to produce them, could do that ''ex nihilo''.
According to the oldest "theory" proposed by Tolkien, Orcs were made of stone and slime through the sorcery of Morgoth. But, Tolkien later changed the legendarium so that Morgoth could no longer produce life on his own, and amended the origins to the "theory" that would eventually be published in ''[[The Silmarillion]]'': that the Orcs were transformed from Elves — the purest form of life on [[Arda]] (the Earth) — by means of torture and mutilation; and this "theory" would then become the most popular. Moreover, if Orcs were in fact Elves at their core, this could perhaps mean that they were also immortal — a fact which, if true, would seem inconsistent with Tolkien's treatment of Orcs, though the books do not openly confirm or deny it. If Orcs indeed were immortal, it holds no doubt that their [[Fëa and hröa|''fëar'']] would not be allowed reincarnation by [[Mandos]], if they even answered the calling. Most Orcs would probably fear the calling of Mandos, and therefore would see their ''fëar'' diminished to evil spirits. These may have been some of the evil spirits occasionally described in the books, such as the spirit which tempted [[Gorlim]] of [[Barahir]]'s company, or the [[Barrow-wights]]. There is some evidence for the immortality, or otherwise long life of Orcs in ''[[The Two Towers]]'': [[Gorbag]] and [[Shagrat]], during the conversation which Sam overheard, mention the "Great Siege" of the Last Alliance. It is possible to interpret from the sentence that they were actually there and remembered it themselves: an event which lay millennia in the past. Another interpretation of this conversation is that this "Great Siege" could have instead been merely the current siege ongoing at Minas Tirith. This is consistent with a statement made in the "Myths Transformed" essay of ''[[Morgoth's Ring]]'' that the orcs had short lifespans in relation to the Numenoreans.

There are hints in the ''[[The History of Middle-earth|History of Middle-earth]]'' series of books, (especially in ''[[Morgoth's Ring]]'' in the section "Myths Transformed"), that some Orc leaders, such as the First Age's [[Boldog]], or the [[Great Goblin]] encountered by [[Bilbo Baggins|Bilbo]] and the Dwarves, may in fact have been fallen [[Maiar]] which had taken Orc form:

: ''Some of these things may have been delusions and phantoms but some were no doubt shapes taken by the servants of Melkor, mocking and degrading the very forms of the children. For Melkor had in his service great numbers of Maiar, who had the power, as their Master, of taking visible and tangible shape in Arda.'' (''Morgoth's Ring'', "Myths transformed", text X')

: ''Boldog (…) is a name that occurs many times in the tales of the War. But it is possible that Boldog was not a personal name, and either a title, or else the name of a kind of creature: the Orc-formed Maiar, only less formidable than the Balrogs'' (Author's footnote to the text X)

: ''Melkor had corrupted many spirits - some great as Sauron, or less as Balrogs. The least could have been primitive Orcs.'' (Author's note to text)

Later under Morgoth's lieutenant, the necromancer Sauron, it has been suggested that Men were cross-bred with the Orcs. This process was later repeated during the [[War of the Ring]], creating the fierce Orcs known as [[Uruk-hai]].

Yet other Orcs may have begun as animals of vaguely humanoid shapes, empowered by the will of the Dark Lord (first [[Morgoth]], later Sauron): this may explain the references to their "beaks and feathers" in Tolkien's writings.

: ''The Orcs were beasts of humanized shape (…).'' ('Morgoth's Ring', "Myths transformed", text VIII')

It is certain all Orcs were dependent on the Dark Lord in various ways: after their leader was defeated, the Orcs were confused and dismayed, and easily scattered by their enemies. In the millennia after Morgoth's defeat and banishment from Arda, they were without a leader they degenerated to small, quarrelsome tribes hiding in the [[Misty Mountains]]. Only when Sauron returned to power did they begin to reclaim some of their old power. The same happened after Sauron's defeat by the [[Last Alliance of Elves and Men]]: only when Sauron returned as the Necromancer of [[Mirkwood]] did the Orcs become a real danger for Middle-earth again.

While Tolkien originally saw all Orcs as descended from tortured Elves, later comments of his indicate, according to [[Christopher Tolkien]] in ''Morgoth's Ring'' ("Myths Transformed, text X"), that he began to feel uncomfortable with this theory. At about the same time he removed the references to the [[Thrall-Noldorin|Thrall-Ñoldorin]], he also began searching for a new origin for the Orcs. The Orc origin question may have been one of the problems Tolkien tried to solve by completely changing the cosmology and prehistory of Arda. By setting the origin of Men back to almost the same time as the Elves, he possibly allowed for Men to be the origin of Orcs all along. However, Tolkien died before he could complete this upheaval of the cosmology, and in the published version of ''The Silmarillion'', the Elf origin of Orcs was adopted.

It is interesting to note that to an extent, Tolkien did not regard Orcs as evil in their own right, but only as tools of Melkor and Sauron.
He wrote once that "we were all orcs in the [[World War I|Great War]]", indicating perhaps that an orc for him was not an inherent build-up of personality, but rather a state of mind bound upon destruction.

--------
The more detailed and 'technical' approach to a problem of the origin of the Orcs can be found under following links

[http://m3ntos.ath.cx/The%20origin%20of%20the%20orcs%20v.2.htm The Origin of the Orcs] (htm version)

[http://m3ntos.ath.cx/The%20origin%20of%20the%20orcs%20v.2.doc The Origin of the Orcs] (doc version)

[http://m3ntos.ath.cx/The%20origin%20of%20the%20orcs%20v.2.pdf The Origin of the Orcs] (pdf version)

The essay puts emphasis to different theories of the origin of the Orcs and their validity in the light of Professor's writings.

==Orcs and goblins==
[[Image:Roger Thomasson - Orc.jpg|thumb|''Orc'' by [[Roger Thomasson]].]]
In ''[[The Hobbit]]'', Tolkien used the word "[[Goblins|goblin]]" for Orcs, because he had not yet identified the world of ''The Hobbit'' with Middle-earth (which predated ''The Hobbit'' by several decades, in early writings which would later become ''The Silmarillion''). Fortunately Tolkien did include some references to his mythology in the ''Hobbit'', which later allowed him to identify the lands of the Hobbit with his Middle-earth.
In ''The Lord of the Rings'', "Orc" is used predominantly, and "goblin" mostly in the [[Hobbits]]' speech.
This change can be seen either as a part of the shift towards the use of Elvish words that occurred during the period between the writing of ''The Hobbit'' and the writing of ''The Lord of the Rings'', or a translation of the Hobbits' more colloquial manner (if we "accept" the books' authenticity and regard Tolkien merely as a translator). So essentially the race is correctly named "Orc", and "Goblin" is a colloquial "slang term" for Orcs used by Hobbits and sometimes picked up by Men and Elves. It is possible that "goblin" refers to the those of the orcish race who are not under the control of Sauron (or Morgoth), whereas using "orc" directly would refer to servants of (whichever) Dark Lord. Tolkien did mention several times that orcs were not inherently evil, something this theory would partly emphasize.

The original edition of the Hobbit and early drafts of ''The Lord of the Rings'' first used 'goblin' everywhere and used '[[Hobgoblins|hobgoblin]]' for larger, more evil goblins: when goblins were replaced with Orcs Tolkien invented the term [[Uruk-hai]] for his more evil Orcs.

==History==
* 1000? '''Beowulf''' - Grendel is described as being "orcneas" which roughly translates into monster. It's derived from Orcus, another name for Pluto, the Greek god of the dead.
* 1516 '''Orlando furioso''' - In this poem by Ludovico Ariosto, the hero, Rogero, slays an orc while riding a hippogriff. Ariosto's orcs have pig eyes and tusks, like in Jabba's palace in Return of the Jedi.
* 1793 '''America: A Prophecy''' - One of William Blake's characters is a young hero named Orc, a "Lover of Wild Rebellion."

==Inspirations==
It is possible that the Orcs at [[Helm's Deep]] were inspired by apes in Tolkien's childhood years.
{{quote|and Orcs sprang up them [walls] like apes in the dark forests of the South|[[Helm's Deep]], [[The Lord of the Rings]]}}
{{quote|One day a neighbour’s pet monkeys climbed over the wall and chewed up three of the baby’s [Tolkien’s] pinafores.|[[J.R.R. Tolkien: A Biography]]}}

[[Category:Races]]
[[Category:Inspirations]]

Oromë

2007-06-11T15:38:26Z

Erniel:

[[Image:Guy Gondron - Orome.jpg|thumb|250px|''Orome'' by [[Guy Gondron]].]]
'''Oromë''' ([[Quenya|Q]]: "Loud Trumpeter") (from the [[Valarin]] '''Arômêz''') was a [[Valar|Vala]]. His [[Sindarin]] name is '''[[Araw]]'''. He is also known as '''[[Aldaron]]''' ([[Quenya|Q:]] "Lord of Trees"), '''[[Tauron]]''' ([[Sindarin|S:]] "Lord of Forests"), ''The Huntsman of the Valar'', ''the Great Rider''. His name among the [[Northmen]] is '''[[Béma]]'''. He is the brother of [[Nessa]] and the husband of [[Vána]].

During the [[Years of the Trees]], after most of the Valar had withdrawn completely from Middle-earth and hidden themselves in [[Aman]], Oromë still hunted in the forests of Middle-earth on occasion. Thus, he was responsible for finding the [[Elves]] when they awoke at [[Cuiviénen]], and the first to name them the [[Eldar]]. Being a powerful huntsman, he was active in the struggles against [[Morgoth]]. He has a great horn (the ''[[Valaróma]]'') and a great steed (''[[Nahar]]'').

==See also==
* [[:Category:Images of Oromë|Images of Oromë]]
{{valar}}

[[Category:Valar]]

Durin I

2007-06-11T14:52:12Z

Erniel: minor typo fixes

'''Durin I''' ([[Years of the Trees]] – [[First Age]]), also known as '''Durin the Deathless''', was the eldest of the seven [[Fathers of the Dwarves]], the first of that race to be created by the [[Valar|Vala]] [[Aulë]]. He was set to sleep under the mountains of [[Middle-earth]] until after the [[Awakening of the Elves]].

'''Durin''' awoke at [[Mount Gundabad]] in the [[Misty Mountains]] during the Years of the Trees. He journeyed South through the wild until he came upon [[Mirrormere]] (''Kheled-zâram'' in [[Khuzdul]]). Looking upon mysterious stars set like a crown reflected in its surface, he took this as a sign, and there in the caves above the lake, founded a great city. This was [[Khazad-dûm]], later called [[Moria]], and for many years it was the greatest Dwarven city in Middle-earth.

'''Durin''' lived to a great age even by the measure of the Dwarves, outliving many of his children, until he was known as "The Deathless". However, he was not actually immortal, and died sometime during the First Age.
The age of '''Durin''' had been speculated, and it is believed he may have lived more than 6-800 years, from the early part of the Years of the Trees, to before then end of the First Age. Which would make the oldest Dwarf ever.

Durin was the founder of the [[Longbeards | Longbeard]] house, which became known as [[Durin's folk]]. These were the Dwarves chronicled by [[J.R.R. Tolkien|Tolkien]] in the [[Second Age|Second]] and [[Third Age|Third Ages]]. The Longbeards believed that '''Durin''' would return to them seven times, and in each reincarnation he will again be named '''Durin''' and reign as King. He did have six descendents that were named Durin, all were kings of Durin's folk.

Durin's [[Durin's Axe|axe]] survived him and would become a great heirloom of Durin's folk.

{{sequence
|prev=none
|next=[[Durin II]] at some later time
|list=[[Kings of Durin's Folk]]
}}
{{sequence
|prev=none
|next=[[Durin II]] at some later time
|list=[[Kings of Khazad-dûm]]
}}
[[Category:Dwarves]]

Tar-Minastir

2007-06-11T14:33:46Z

Erniel: minor typo fix

'''Tar-Minastir''' ([[Second Age]] 1474 – 1873, aged 399 years) was the 11th [[King of Númenor]], ruling for 178 years, from Second Age 1731 to 1869. He succeeded his aunt, Queen [[Tar-Telperiën]]. Tar-Minastir was the grandson of King [[Tar-Súrion]]. His name means "Tower Watcher", perhaps signifying "The Vigilant".

[[Sauron]] invaded [[Eriador]] from [[Calenardhon]] in 1695 and realms of [[Eregion]] fell. Sauron advanced to [[Lindon]] and besieged [[Rivendell]]. In 1700 Tar-Minastir sent a navy under the command of [[Ciryatur]] to save Lindon. Ciryatur's forces stopped Sauron's army at the river [[Gwathló]]; reinforcements from Lindon and [[Tharbad]] helped defeat Sauron at the Battle of Gwathló. Sauron then retreated back to [[Mordor]].

Starting around the 1800s, Númenóreans began establishing permanent settlements in [[Middle-earth]], including the [[Haven of Umbar]].

Tar-Minastir abdicated in 1869 and was succeded by his son, [[Tar-Ciryatan]].
{{sequence
|prev=[[Tar-Telperiën]]
|next=[[Tar-Ciryatan]]
|list=11th [[King of Númenor]] <code>II</code> 1731 – 1869
}}

[[Category:Númenóreans]]
[[Category:Rulers of Númenor]]

The Lord of the Rings

2007-06-06T17:07:40Z

Erniel: /* Writing */ typo fixes

{{quote|The English-speaking world is divided into those who have read '''The Lord of the Rings''' and [[The Hobbit]] and those who are going to read them.|Sunday Times}}

{{book|
title=The Lord of the Rings|
image=[[Image:Jrrt lotr cover design.jpg|200px]]|
author=[[J.R.R. Tolkien]]|
publisher=Houghton Mifflin|
date=1954-1956|
format=Hardcover, Paperback|
pages=1210|
}}

'''''The Lord of the Rings''''' is an epic fantasy story by [[J.R.R. Tolkien]], a sequel to his earlier work, ''[[The Hobbit]]''. It was published in three volumes in 1954 and 1955. Three movie productions have been made, the first, by animator [[Ralph Bakshi]] was released in 1978 (as part one of what was originally to be a two-part adaptation of the story), the second being a 1980 television special, and the third being director [[Peter Jackson's The Lord of the Rings]] released in 2001, 2002, and 2003.

The story's titular character is the Dark Lord [[Sauron]] of [[Mordor]]. The primary villain of the work, he created the One Ring to control nineteen other Rings of Power, and is thus the "Lord of the Rings." Sauron, in turn, was the servant of an earlier Dark Lord, [[Morgoth]] (Melkor), who is prominent in Tolkien's ''[[The Silmarillion]]'', the history of Middle-earth.

==Books and volumes==

===Writing===

Tolkien did not originally intend to write a sequel to ''[[The Hobbit]]'', and instead wrote several other children's tales, including ''[[Roverandom]]'' and ''[[Farmer Giles of Ham]]''. As his main work, Tolkien began to outline the history of [[Arda]], telling tales of the [[Silmarils]], and many other stories of how the races and situations that we read about in the Lord of the Rings trilogy came to be. Tolkien died before he could complete and put together ''[[The Silmarillion]]'', but his son [[Christopher Tolkien]] edited his father's work, filled in gaps and published in 1977.

Tolkien had a deep desire to write a mythology for England, especially after his horrific experiences during the First World War. He was also influenced by the effects of continued industrialisation, where he saw much of the England he loved passing away and became aware of the immense evil in the world. Thus to understand his writings we must be aware of how Tolkien the scholar influences Tolkien the author. His writing of this mythology emerges as an Oxford philologist well acquainted with Northern European Medieval Literature including the great mythic works such as the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hervarar_saga Hervarar saga], the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Völsunga_Saga Völsunga saga], the influential [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beowulf Beowulf] as well as other Old Norse, Old and Middle English Texts. He was also inspired by non-Germanic works such as the Finnish epic [[Kalevala]]. A man who had created his first language by the age of seven, he was driven by a desire to write a mythology for England influenced by his exposure and expertise of these ancient traditions. The need for such a myth was often a topic of conversation in his meetings with the [[Inklings]], fellow Oxford scholars who have been described as Christian Romantics, meeting weekly and discussing Icelandic myths and their own unpublished compositions. Tolkien agreed with one of the other members of the group, [[C.S. Lewis]], that if there were no adequate myths for England then they would have to write their own. Tolkien's work has been commonly interpreted in this light.

Persuaded by his publishers, he started 'a new hobbit' in December 1937. After several false starts, the story of the One Ring soon emerged, and the book mutated from being a sequel to the Hobbit, to being, in theme, more of a sequel to the unpublished ''[[The Silmarillion|Silmarillion]]''. The idea of the first chapter (''A Long-Expected Party'') arrived fully-formed, although the reasons behind Bilbo's disappearance, and the significance of the Ring did not arrive, along with the title ''The Lord of the Rings'' until spring 1938. Originally he was going to write another story in which Bilbo had used up all his treasure and was looking for another adventure to gain more; however he remembered the ring and the powers it had and decided to write about that instead. He started to write it with Bilbo as the main character but decided that the story was too serious to use the fun loving Hobbit so Tolkien looked to use a member of Bilbo's family. He thought about using Bilbo's son but this generated some difficult questions — Where was his wife? How could Bilbo let his son go into that kind of danger? — so he looked for an alternate character to carry the ring. In Greek legend, it was a hero's nephew that gained the item of power, and so into existence came the Hobbit Frodo.

Writing was slow due to Tolkien's perfectionism, and was frequently interrupted by his obligations as an examiner, and other academic duties. In fact, the first sentence of ''[[The Hobbit]]'' was written on a blank page a student had left on an exam paper that Tolkien was grading — "In a hole in the ground there lived a Hobbit". He seems to have abandoned the book during most of 1943 and only re-started it in April 1944. This effort was written as a serial for [[Christopher Tolkien]] and [[C.S. Lewis]] — the former would be sent copies of chapters as they were written while he was serving in [[Africa]] in the [[Royal Air Force]]. He made another push in 1946, and showed a copy of the manuscript to his publishers in 1947. The story was effectively finished the next year, but Tolkien did not finish revising earlier parts of the work until 1949.

A dispute with his publishers, [[Allen & Unwin]], led to the book being offered to [[Collins]] in 1950. He intended ''the Silmarillion'' (itself largely unrevised at this point) to be published along with ''The Lord of the Rings'', but A&U were unwilling to do this. After his contact at Collins, Milton Waldman, expressed the belief that ''The Lord of the Rings'' itself 'urgently needed cutting', he eventually demanded that they publish the book in 1952. They did not do so, and so Tolkien wrote to Allen and Unwin, saying "I would gladly consider the publication of any part of the stuff".

===Publication===

For publication, due largely to post-war paper shortages, but also to keep the price of the first volume down, the book was divided into three volumes (''[[The Fellowship of the Ring]]'': Books I and II; ''[[The Two Towers]]'': Books III and IV; and ''[[The Return of the King]]'': Books V and VI, 6 appendices). Delays in producing appendices and maps led to these being published later than originally hoped — on the 29 July and 11 November 1954 and 20 October 1955 in the United Kingdom, slightly later in the United States. ''The Return of the King'' was especially delayed. He did not, however, much like the title ''The Return of the King'', believing it gave away too much of the storyline. He had originally suggested ''[[The War of the Ring]]'' which was dismissed by his publishers.

The books were published under a 'profit-sharing' arrangement, where Tolkien would not receive an advance or royalties until the books had broken even, but after then take a large share of the profits.

An index to the entire 3-volume set at the end of third volume was promised in the first volume. However, this proved impractical to compile in a reasonable timescale. Later, in 1966, four indices which were not compiled by Tolkien were added to ''The Return of the King''.

Because the three-volume binding was so widely distributed, the work is usually referred to as the ''Lord of the Rings'' "trilogy". Tolkien himself made use of the term "trilogy" for the work, though he did at other times consider this incorrect, as it was written and conceived as a single novel.

A 1999 (Millennium Edition) British (ISBN 0-261-10387-3) 7-volume box set followed the six-book division authored by Tolkien, but with the Appendices from the end of Book VI bound as a separate volume. The letters of ''Tolkien'' appear on the spines of the boxed set which includes a CD.
The individual names for books in this series were decided posthumously, based on a combination of suggestions Tolkien had made during his lifetime, title of the volumes, and whole cloth — viz:

* T Book I: ''The Ring Sets Out''
* O Book II: ''The Ring Goes South''
* L Book III: ''The Treason of Isengard''
* K Book IV: ''The Ring Goes East''
* I Book V: ''The War of the Ring''
* E Book VI: ''The End of the Third Age''
* N Appendices

The name of the complete work is often abbreviated to ''''LotR'''', ''''LOTR'''', or simply ''''LR'''', and the three volumes as FR, FOTR, or FotR (The '''F'''ellowship '''o'''f '''t'''he '''R'''ing), TT or TTT ('''T'''he '''T'''wo '''T'''owers), and RK, ROTK, or RotK (The '''R'''eturn '''o'''f '''t'''he '''K'''ing).

Note that the three titles ''The Return of the Shadow'', ''The Treason of Isengard'' and ''The War of the Ring'' were used by [[Christopher Tolkien]] in [[The History of The Lord of the Rings]].

Some locations and characters were inspired by Tolkien's childhood in [[Sarehole]], then a [[Warwickshire]] village, now part of [[Birmingham]], and in Birmingham itself.

== Publication history ==

The three parts were first published by [[Allen & Unwin]] in 1954–1955 several months apart. They were later reissued many times by multiple publishers, as one, three, six or seven volumes. Two current printings are ISBN 0-618-34399-7 (one-volume) and ISBN 0-618-34624-4 (three volume set).

In the early 1960s, Donald A. Wollheim, science fiction editor of the paperback publisher [[Ace Books]], realized that ''The Lord of the Rings'' was not protected in the United States under American copyright law because the US hardcover edition had been bound from pages printed in the UK for the British edition. Ace Books proceeded to publish an edition, unauthorized by Tolkien and without compensation to him. Tolkien made this plain to US fans who wrote to him. Grass-roots pressure became so great that Ace books withdrew their edition and made a nominal payment to Tolkien, well below what he might have been due in an appropriate publication. However, this poor beginning was overshadowed when an authorized edition followed from [[Ballantine Books]] to tremendous commercial success. By the mid-1960s the books, due to their wide exposure on the American public stage, had become a true cultural phenomenon. The Second Edition of the Lord of the Rings dates from this time — Tolkien undertook various textual revisions to produce a version of the book that would have a valid U.S. copyright.

The books have been translated, with various degrees of success, into dozens of other languages.
Tolkien, an expert in philology, examined many of these translations, and had comments on each that illuminate both the translation process and his work.

The enormous popular success of Tolkien's epic saga greatly expanded the demand for fantasy fiction. Largely thanks to ''The Lord of the Rings'', the genre flowered throughout the 1960s. Many well-written books of this genre were published (comparable works include the ''Earthsea'' books of Ursula K. Le Guin, the ''Thomas Covenant'' novels of Stephen R. Donaldson, and in the case of the ''Gormenghast'' books by Mervyn Peake, and ''The Worm Ourobouros'' by E. R. Eddison, rediscovered). It also strongly influenced the role playing game industry that achieved popularity in the 1970s with ''Dungeons & Dragons'' which featured many creatures that could be found in Tolkien's books.

As in all artistic fields, a great many lesser derivatives of the more prominent works appeared. The term "Tolkienesque" is used in the genre to refer to the oft-used and abused storyline of ''The Lord of the Rings'': a group of adventurers embarking on a quest to save a magical fantasy world from the armies of an evil "[[Dark Lord|dark lord]]", and is a testament to how much the popularity of these books has increased, since many critics initially decried Lord of the Rings as being "[[Richard Wagner| Wagner]] for children" (a reference to the [[Ring Cycle]]) — a specially interesting commentary in light of a possible interpretation of The Lord of The Rings as a Christian response to Wagner, for example following [http://atimes.com./atimes/others/spengler.html ATimes' pseudo-Oswald Spengler].

== The books ==

''The Lord of the Rings'' began as a personal exploration by Tolkien of his interests in philology, religion (particularly Roman Catholicism); fairy tales, and Norse and Celtic mythology.
Tolkien detailed his creation to an astounding extent; he created a complete mythology for his realm of Middle-earth, including genealogies of characters, languages, [[runes]], calendars and histories.
Some of this supplementary material is detailed in the appendices to ''The Lord of the Rings'', and the mythological history was woven into a large, biblically-styled volume entitled ''[[The Silmarillion]]''.

J. R. R. Tolkien once described ''The Lord of the Rings'' as "''a fundamentally religious and Catholic work''" he wrote to his friend, the English Jesuit Father Robert Murray, "''unconsciously so at first, but consciously in the revision.''"(''[[The Letters of J.R.R. Tolkien]]'', 142). There are many theological themes underlying the narrative, the battle of good versus evil, the triumph of humility over pride, the activity of grace, Death and Immortality, Resurrection, Salvation, Repentance, Self-Sacrifice, Free Will, Humility, Justice, Fellowship, Authority and Healing.
In it the great virtues of Mercy and Pity (shown by Bilbo and Frodo towards Gollum) win the day and the message from the Lord's Prayer "And lead us not into temptation, but deliver us from evil" was very much on Tolkien's mind as Frodo struggled against the power of the One Ring (''Letters'', 181 and 191).

Religious motifs other than Christian can be discerned as strong influences in Tolkien's Middle Earth. The pantheon of the Valar and Maiar (greater and lesser gods/angels) responsible for the creation and maintenance of everything from skies (Manwe) and seas (Ulmo), to dreams (Lorien) and dooms (Mandos) suggest a pre-Christian mythology in style, albeit that these Valar and Maiar are themselves creations of a monotheistic entity — Illuvatar or Eru, "The One".

Other pre-Christian mythological references can be seen in the representations of: a "Green Man" — Tom Bombadil, wise-men — the Istari (commonly referred to as the Wizards, perhaps more of angels), shapechangers — Beorn, undead spirits — Barrow Wights, Oathbreakers, sentient nonhumans — Dwarves, Elves, Hobbits, and, of course, Ents. Magic is utilised freely in Middle Earth, and may be found not only in the incantations of Wizards, but in the weapons and tools of warriors and craftspeople, in the perceptions and abilities of heroes, and in the natural world itself.

Tolkien did repeatedly insist that his works were not an allegory of any kind, and even though his thoughts on the matter are mentioned in the introduction of the book, there has been heavy speculation about the Ruling Ring being an allegory for the atom bomb. However, Tolkien had already completed most of the book, and planned the ending in entirety, before the first atom bombs were made public to the world during the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki in August 1945. However there is a strong theme of despair in front of new mechanized warfare that Tolkien himself had experienced in the trenches of World War One. The development of a specially bred orc army, and the destruction of the environment to aid this have modern resonances. Nevertheless, the author's own opinion on the matter of allegories was that he disliked them, and it would be irresponsible to dismiss such direct statements on these matters lightly.

The plot of ''The Lord of the Rings'' builds from his earlier book ''[[The Hobbit]]'' and more obliquely from the history in ''[[The Silmarillion]]'', which contains events to which the characters of ''The Lord of the Rings'' look back upon in the book.
The [[hobbit]]s become embroiled in great events that threaten their entire world, as [[Sauron]], an evil spirit, attempts to regain the lost [[One Ring]] which will restore him to full potency.

=== The Verse of the One Ring ===
:''Three Rings for the Elven-kings under the sky,''
:''   Seven for the Dwarf-lords in their halls of stone,''
:''Nine for Mortal Men doomed to die,''
:''   One for the Dark Lord on his dark throne''
:''In the Land of Mordor where the Shadows lie.''
:''   One Ring to rule them all, One Ring to find them,''
:''   One Ring to bring them all and in the darkness bind them''
:''In the Land of Mordor where the Shadows lie.''

The lines :
:''   One Ring to rule them all, One Ring to find them,''
:''   One Ring to bring them all and in the darkness bind them''
are inscribed in the language of Sauron and Mordor (the Black Speech) on the One Ring itself. Phonetically it would be:
:''Ash nazg durbatulûk, ash nazg gimbatul, ash nazg thrakatulûk agh burzum-ishi krimpatul''

=== The storyline ===
See the articles on ''[[The Fellowship of the Ring]]'', ''[[The Two Towers]]'', and ''[[The Return of the King]]'' for plot summaries.

=== Criticism ===
The book was characterized as "juvenile balderdash" by American critic [[Edmund Wilson]] in his essay "[http://www.jrrvf.com/sda/critiques/The_Nation.html Oo, those awful Orcs]", and in 1961 [[Philip Toynbee]] wrote, somewhat prematurely, that it had "passed into a merciful oblivion" [http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/film/1695926.stm]. Although she had never read ''The Lord of the Rings'', [[Germaine Greer]] wrote "it has been my nightmare that Tolkien would turn out to be the most influential writer of the twentieth century. The bad dream has materialized."

[[W.H. Auden]] also criticized the book in a 1968 ''Critical Quarterly'' article, "Good and evil in ''The Lord of the Rings''," objecting to Tolkien's conception of sentient species that are intrinsically evil without possibility of redemption. (This is a criticism often directed at [[Dungeons and Dragons]]-like fantasy worlds as well as at fantasy literature in general, and a criticism that Tolkien himself increasingly struggled with during his last years.) On the other hand, in a 1956 ''New York Times'' book review, "At the end of the Quest, Victory," Auden also called the book "a masterpiece of its genre" that "succeeded where [[John Milton|Milton]] failed" in depicting an epic battle between good and evil, and wrote that it "never violated" the "reader's sense of the credible."

Science-fiction author [[David Brin]] has criticized the books for unquestioning devotion to a traditional elitist social structure, their positive depiction of the slaughter of the opposing forces, and their romantic backward-looking worldview [http://www.davidbrin.com/tolkienarticle1.html].

Another notable SF writer Michael Moorcock wrote a long and piercing critique of the book under the title Epic Pooh advancing the thesis that it was simply a child's tale written in the language of epic myth.

China Mieville, a modern fantasy writer, criticised Tolkien's works as "reactionary." Mieville is also a detractor of later fantasy which draws heavily upon Tolkien's work, based on the idea that such work is cliche.

===Praise===
"The English-speaking world is divided into those who have read ''The Lord of the Rings'' and ''The Hobbit'' and those who are going to read them." — ''Sunday Times''

"Among the greatest works of imaginative fiction of the twentieth century." — ''Sunday Telegraph''

"Here are the beauties which pierce like swords or burn like cold iron." — C.S. Lewis

"J.R.R. Tolkien's epic trilogy remains the ultimate quest, the ultimate battle between good and evil, the ultimate chronicle of stewardship of the earth. Endlessly imitated, it never has been surpassed." — ''Kansas City Star''

"A story magnificently told, with every kind of colour and movement and greatness." — ''New Statesman''

Peter Jackson said, "…it is as if Tolkien found some secret scroll about the real history of earth…".

== ''The Lord of the Rings'' on film ==
===Early efforts===
There were plans for [[the Beatles]] to do a version of ''The Lord of the Rings'' but they came to nothing. It was even said that Stanley Kubrick had looked into the possibility of filming the story, but he abandoned the idea as too "immense" to be made into a movie. In the mid-1970s, renowned film director [[John Boorman]] collaborated with film rights holder and producer [[Saul Zaentz]] to do a live action picture, but the project proved too expensive to finance at that time. Boorman would later use many of the locations and sets in his Arthurian epic "Excalibur"

In 1978, [[Rankin/Bass]] studios produced the first real film adaptation of any ''Lord of the Rings'' related material with an animated television version of ''[[The Hobbit]]'', which was a precursor to ''The Lord of the Rings''.

Shortly after, Saul Zaentz picked up where Rankin-Bass left off by producing an animated adaptation of ''The Fellowship of the Ring'' and part of ''The Two Towers'' in 1978.

''[[Ralph Bakshi's The Lord of the Rings|The Lord of the Rings]]'', originally released by [[United Artists]] was directed by [[Ralph Bakshi]] and used an animation technique called rotoscoping in which footage of live actors was filmed and then traced over.

The film was part one of what was originally to be a two-part adaptation of Tolkien's story, Part I ending after the battle of Helm's Deep, but before Sam, Frodo and Gollum traverse the [[Dead Marshes]], and Part II picking up from where the first film left off. Made for a minimal budget of $8 million dollars, the film earned $30 million dollars at the box office.

United Artists viewed the film as a flop, and refused to fund a Part II (covering the rest of the story), leaving the door open for Rankin-Bass to do the work for him with the 1980 animated television version of ''[[Rankin/Bass' The Return of the King|The Return of the King]]''.

However, the Rankin-Bass film picked up from where the book began, and not from where Bakshi's film left off. Additionally, the change in style and character design was quite noticeable.

Since this film was targeted to a younger audience, adult enthusiasts have complained that much of the depth and darkness of the book was discarded.

===The New Line Cinema films===

''Main article [[Peter Jackson's The Lord of the Rings]]''

[[Miramax]] Films developed a full-fledged live-action adaptation of ''The Lord of the Rings'', with [[Peter Jackson]] as director. Eventually, Miramax became uneasy with the sheer scope of the proposed projectand wanted to combine the suggested three films into two. [[Peter Jackson]] struck a deal with Miramax that if he could not find a fresh studio to back the project, he would walk away and leave the rights and all the work so far completed with Miramax. However, in 1998, [[New Line Cinema]] assumed production responsibility (while Miramax executives [[Bob Weinstein]] and [[Harvey Weinstein]] retained on-screen credits as executive producers on the films).

The three live action films (supplemented with extensive computer-generated imagery, for example in the major battle scenes, using the "[[Massive]]" software) were filmed simultaneously. ''[[Peter Jackson's The Fellowship of the Ring|The Fellowship of the Ring]]'' was released on December 19, 2001. ''[[Peter Jackson's The Two Towers|The Two Towers]]'' was released on December 18, 2002 and ''[[Peter Jackson's The Return of the King|The Return of the King]]'' was released worldwide on December 17, 2003. All three films won the Hugo Award for Best (Long-form) Dramatic Presentation in their respective years.

Although some have criticized these films because they have altered the story somewhat and, arguably, have a noticeably different tone from Tolkien's original vision, others have hailed them as remarkable achievements. [[Peter Jackson]] has defended his changes by stating that he views the films as merely one man's interpreatation.

[[Peter Jackson]]'s film adaptations garnered seventeen Oscars (four for ''The Fellowship of the Ring'', two for ''The Two Towers'', and eleven for ''The Return of the King''); these cover many of the awards categories (in fact, ''The Return of the King'' won all of the eleven awards for which it was nominated, including Best Picture). With 30 total nominations, the trilogy also became the most-nominated in the Academy's history, surpassing the ''Godfather'' series (28).

''The Return of the King''<nowiki>'</nowiki>s Oscar sweep is widely seen as a proxy award for the entire trilogy. ''The Return of the King''<nowiki>'</nowiki>s 11 Oscars at the 2004 Academy Awards tied it for most awards won for one film with ''Titanic'' six years earlier and the 1959 version of ''Ben-Hur''. It also broke the previous "sweep" record, beating ''Gigi'' and ''The Last Emperor'' (which had gone 9 for 9).

The visual-effects work has been groundbreaking, particularly the creation of the emotionally versatile digital character [[Gollum]].
The scale of the production alone — three films shot and edited back to back over a period of little more than three years — is unprecedented.

The films have also proven to be substantial box office successes. The premiere of ''The Return of the King'' took place in [[Wellington]], [[New Zealand]], on December 1, 2003 and was surrounded by fan celebrations and official promotions (the production of the films having contributed significantly to the New Zealand economy). It has made movie history as the largest Wednesday opening ever. ''The Return of the King'' was also the second movie in history (after ''Titanic'') to earn over 1 billion $US (worldwide). Note, however, that these numbers are all unadjusted for inflation, making their significance questionable. Adjusted for inflation, as of 24 March 2005, the three films rank (in order of release) as the 71st, 56th, and 48th highest-grossing films in the United States [http://www.boxofficemojo.com/alltime/adjusted.htm].

Fanatics of the films have also flocked to the locations where the trilogy was filmed in New Zealand, with many tour companies being totally devoted to taking fans to and from the filming locations that Director Peter Jackson chose for the adaption of Tolkien's epic trilogy.[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journey_Of_The_Ring]

== ''The Lord of the Rings'' on radio ==

The BBC produced a 13-part radio adaptation of ''The Lord of the Rings'' in 1956, and a 6-part version of ''The Hobbit'' in 1966.
It is uncertain whether Tolkien ever heard either series. No recording of the 1956 series is known to exist, but ''The Hobbit'' has survived.
It is a very faithful adaptation, incorporating some passing references to ''The Lord of the Rings'' and the [[Silmarillion]].

A 1979 dramatization was broadcast in the USA and subsequently issued on tape and CD. No cast or credits appear on the audio packaging.
Each of the actors was apparently recorded separately and then the various parts were edited together.
Thus, unlike a BBC recording session where the actors are recorded together, none of the cast are actually interacting with each other and the performances suffer badly as a result.

In 1981 the BBC broadcast a new, ambitious dramatization of ''The Lord of the Rings'' in 26 half-hour instalments. See: ''[[The Lord of the Rings (1981 radio series)]]''.

== ''The Lord of the Rings'' on stage ==

[[Ed Mirvish|Mirvish Productions]] has started rehearsals for a three-hour stage musical adaptation of ''The Lord of the Rings'' that will have a cast of over 65 actors and cost C$27 million (£11.5 million). The show will be written by Shaun McKenna and Matthew Warchus with music by [[A. R. Rahman]] and [[Värttinä]], collaborating with [[Christopher Nightingale]] and will be directed by [[Matthew Warchus]]. It will open on March 23 2006 at Toronto's Princess of Wales Theatre, with preview performances from February 2 until March 22. It is planned to premiere in London in autumn 2006 and New York City within two years.

The director explained his vision of the play’s format by saying, "We have not attempted to pull the novel towards the standard conventions of musical theatre, but rather to expand those conventions so that they will accommodate Tolkien's material. As a result, we will be presenting a hybrid of text, physical theatre, music and spectacle never previously seen on this scale. To read the novel is to experience the events of Middle-earth in the mind’s eye; to watch the films is to view Middle-earth as though through a giant window. Only in the theatre are we actually plunged into the events as they happen. The environment surrounds us. We participate. We are in Middle-earth."

== Satire and parody based on ''The Lord of the Rings'' ==
''This section has been moved to the [[Humor]] page.''

==Awards==
* In 1957 it was awarded the International Fantasy Award
* In the 2003 "Big Read" survey conducted by the BBC, The Lord of the Rings was found to be the "Nation's Best-loved Book".
* Australians voted The Lord of the Rings "My Favourite Book" in a 2004 survey conducted by the Australian ABC
* In a 1999 poll of Amazon.com customers, The Lord of the Rings was judged to be their favourite "book of the millennium". [http://archive.salon.com/books/feature/2001/06/04/tolkien/]
* In 2002 Tolkien was voted the ninety-second "greatest Briton" in a poll conducted by the BBC
* In 2004 he was voted thirty-fifth in the SABC3's Great South Africans, the only person to appear in both lists
* In a 2004 poll inspired by the UK’s "Big Read" survey, about 250,000 Germans found The Lord of the Rings to be their favourite work of literature. [http://www.smh.com.au/articles/2004/10/04/1096871805007.html?from=storyrhs]
* The Lord of the Rings came in 3rd in the Librarians' Poll [http://tolkiensociety.org/news/librarians-poll.html]

'''See also:'''
* [[References to The Lord of the Rings]]

{{lotr}}

[[Category:Books by J.R.R. Tolkien|Lord of the Rings]]

The Lord of the Rings

2007-06-06T16:39:46Z

Erniel: /* Writing */ typo fix

{{quote|The English-speaking world is divided into those who have read '''The Lord of the Rings''' and [[The Hobbit]] and those who are going to read them.|Sunday Times}}

{{book|
title=The Lord of the Rings|
image=[[Image:Jrrt lotr cover design.jpg|200px]]|
author=[[J.R.R. Tolkien]]|
publisher=Houghton Mifflin|
date=1954-1956|
format=Hardcover, Paperback|
pages=1210|
}}

'''''The Lord of the Rings''''' is an epic fantasy story by [[J.R.R. Tolkien]], a sequel to his earlier work, ''[[The Hobbit]]''. It was published in three volumes in 1954 and 1955. Three movie productions have been made, the first, by animator [[Ralph Bakshi]] was released in 1978 (as part one of what was originally to be a two-part adaptation of the story), the second being a 1980 television special, and the third being director [[Peter Jackson's The Lord of the Rings]] released in 2001, 2002, and 2003.

The story's titular character is the Dark Lord [[Sauron]] of [[Mordor]]. The primary villain of the work, he created the One Ring to control nineteen other Rings of Power, and is thus the "Lord of the Rings." Sauron, in turn, was the servant of an earlier Dark Lord, [[Morgoth]] (Melkor), who is prominent in Tolkien's ''[[The Silmarillion]]'', the history of Middle-earth.

==Books and volumes==

===Writing===

Tolkien did not originally intend to write a sequel to ''[[The Hobbit]]'', and instead wrote several other children's tales, including ''[[Roverandom]]'' and ''[[Farmer Giles of Ham]]''. As his main work, Tolkien began to outline the history of [[Arda]], telling tales of the [[Silmarils]], and many other stories of how the races and situations that we read about in the Lord of the Rings trilogy came to be. Tolkien died before he could complete and put together ''[[The Silmarillion]]'', but his son [[Christopher Tolkien]] edited his father's work, filled in gaps and published in 1977.

Tolkien had a deep desire to write a mythology for England, especially after his horrific experiences during the First World War. He was also influenced by the effects of continued industrialisation, where he saw much of the England he loved passing away and became aware of the immense evil in the world. Thus to understand his writings we must be aware of how Tolkien the scholar influences Tolkien the author. His writing of this mythology emerges as an Oxford philologist well acquainted with Northern European Medieval Literature including the great mythic works such as the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hervarar_saga| Hervarar saga], the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volsunga_Saga| Völsunga saga], the influential [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beowulf| Beowulf] as well as other Old Norse, Old and Middle English Texts. He was also inspired by non-Germanic works such as the Finnish epic [[Kalevala]]. A man who had created his first language by the age of seven, he was driven by a desire to write a mythology for England influenced by his exposure and expertise of these ancient traditions. The need for such a myth was often a topic of conversation in his meetings with the [[Inklings]], fellow Oxford scholars who have been described as Christian Romantics, meeting weekly and discussing Icelandic myths and their own unpublished compositions. Tolkien agreed with one of the other members of the group, [[C.S. Lewis]], that if there were no adequate myths for England then they would have to write their own. Tolkien's work has been commonly interpreted in this light.

Persuaded by his publishers, he started 'a new hobbit' in December 1937. After several false starts, the story of the One Ring soon emerged, and the book mutated from being a sequel to the Hobbit, to being, in theme, more of a sequel to the unpublished ''[[The Silmarillion|Silmarillion]]''. The idea of the first chapter (''A Long-Expected Party'') arrived fully-formed, although the reasons behind Bilbo's disappearance, and the significance of the Ring did not arrive, along with the title ''The Lord of the Rings'' until spring 1938. Originally he was going to write another story in which Bilbo had used up all his treasure and was looking for another adventure to gain more; however he remembered the ring and the powers it had and decided to write about that instead. He started to write it with Bilbo as the main character but decided that the story was too serious to use the fun loving Hobbit so Tolkien looked to use a member of Bilbo's family. He thought about using Bilbo's son but this generated some difficult questions — Where was his wife? How could Bilbo let his son go into that kind of danger? — so he looked for an alternate character to carry the ring. In Greek legend, it was a hero's nephew that gained the item of power, and so into existence came the Hobbit Frodo.

Writing was slow due to Tolkien's perfectionism, and was frequently interrupted by his obligations as an examiner, and other academic duties. In fact, the first sentence of ''[[The Hobbit]]'' was written on a blank page a student had left on an exam paper that Tolkien was grading — "In a hole in the ground there lived a Hobbit". He seems to have abandoned the book during most of 1943 and only re-started it in April 1944. This effort was written as a serial for [[Christopher Tolkien]] and [[C.S. Lewis]] — the former would be sent copies of chapters as they were written while he was serving in [[Africa]] in the [[Royal Air Force]]. He made another push in 1946, and showed a copy of the manuscript to his publishers in 1947. The story was effectively finished the next year, but Tolkien did not finish revising earlier parts of the work until 1949.

A dispute with his publishers, [[Allen & Unwin]], led to the book being offered to [[Collins]] in 1950. He intended ''the Silmarillion'' (itself largely unrevised at this point) to be published along with ''The Lord of the Rings'', but A&U were unwilling to do this. After his contact at Collins, Milton Waldman, expressed the belief that ''The Lord of the Rings'' itself 'urgently needed cutting', he eventually demanded that they publish the book in 1952. They did not do so, and so Tolkien wrote to Allen and Unwin, saying "I would gladly consider the publication of any part of the stuff".

===Publication===

For publication, due largely to post-war paper shortages, but also to keep the price of the first volume down, the book was divided into three volumes (''[[The Fellowship of the Ring]]'': Books I and II; ''[[The Two Towers]]'': Books III and IV; and ''[[The Return of the King]]'': Books V and VI, 6 appendices). Delays in producing appendices and maps led to these being published later than originally hoped — on the 29 July and 11 November 1954 and 20 October 1955 in the United Kingdom, slightly later in the United States. ''The Return of the King'' was especially delayed. He did not, however, much like the title ''The Return of the King'', believing it gave away too much of the storyline. He had originally suggested ''[[The War of the Ring]]'' which was dismissed by his publishers.

The books were published under a 'profit-sharing' arrangement, where Tolkien would not receive an advance or royalties until the books had broken even, but after then take a large share of the profits.

An index to the entire 3-volume set at the end of third volume was promised in the first volume. However, this proved impractical to compile in a reasonable timescale. Later, in 1966, four indices which were not compiled by Tolkien were added to ''The Return of the King''.

Because the three-volume binding was so widely distributed, the work is usually referred to as the ''Lord of the Rings'' "trilogy". Tolkien himself made use of the term "trilogy" for the work, though he did at other times consider this incorrect, as it was written and conceived as a single novel.

A 1999 (Millennium Edition) British (ISBN 0-261-10387-3) 7-volume box set followed the six-book division authored by Tolkien, but with the Appendices from the end of Book VI bound as a separate volume. The letters of ''Tolkien'' appear on the spines of the boxed set which includes a CD.
The individual names for books in this series were decided posthumously, based on a combination of suggestions Tolkien had made during his lifetime, title of the volumes, and whole cloth — viz:

* T Book I: ''The Ring Sets Out''
* O Book II: ''The Ring Goes South''
* L Book III: ''The Treason of Isengard''
* K Book IV: ''The Ring Goes East''
* I Book V: ''The War of the Ring''
* E Book VI: ''The End of the Third Age''
* N Appendices

The name of the complete work is often abbreviated to ''''LotR'''', ''''LOTR'''', or simply ''''LR'''', and the three volumes as FR, FOTR, or FotR (The '''F'''ellowship '''o'''f '''t'''he '''R'''ing), TT or TTT ('''T'''he '''T'''wo '''T'''owers), and RK, ROTK, or RotK (The '''R'''eturn '''o'''f '''t'''he '''K'''ing).

Note that the three titles ''The Return of the Shadow'', ''The Treason of Isengard'' and ''The War of the Ring'' were used by [[Christopher Tolkien]] in [[The History of The Lord of the Rings]].

Some locations and characters were inspired by Tolkien's childhood in [[Sarehole]], then a [[Warwickshire]] village, now part of [[Birmingham]], and in Birmingham itself.

== Publication history ==

The three parts were first published by [[Allen & Unwin]] in 1954–1955 several months apart. They were later reissued many times by multiple publishers, as one, three, six or seven volumes. Two current printings are ISBN 0-618-34399-7 (one-volume) and ISBN 0-618-34624-4 (three volume set).

In the early 1960s, Donald A. Wollheim, science fiction editor of the paperback publisher [[Ace Books]], realized that ''The Lord of the Rings'' was not protected in the United States under American copyright law because the US hardcover edition had been bound from pages printed in the UK for the British edition. Ace Books proceeded to publish an edition, unauthorized by Tolkien and without compensation to him. Tolkien made this plain to US fans who wrote to him. Grass-roots pressure became so great that Ace books withdrew their edition and made a nominal payment to Tolkien, well below what he might have been due in an appropriate publication. However, this poor beginning was overshadowed when an authorized edition followed from [[Ballantine Books]] to tremendous commercial success. By the mid-1960s the books, due to their wide exposure on the American public stage, had become a true cultural phenomenon. The Second Edition of the Lord of the Rings dates from this time — Tolkien undertook various textual revisions to produce a version of the book that would have a valid U.S. copyright.

The books have been translated, with various degrees of success, into dozens of other languages.
Tolkien, an expert in philology, examined many of these translations, and had comments on each that illuminate both the translation process and his work.

The enormous popular success of Tolkien's epic saga greatly expanded the demand for fantasy fiction. Largely thanks to ''The Lord of the Rings'', the genre flowered throughout the 1960s. Many well-written books of this genre were published (comparable works include the ''Earthsea'' books of Ursula K. Le Guin, the ''Thomas Covenant'' novels of Stephen R. Donaldson, and in the case of the ''Gormenghast'' books by Mervyn Peake, and ''The Worm Ourobouros'' by E. R. Eddison, rediscovered). It also strongly influenced the role playing game industry that achieved popularity in the 1970s with ''Dungeons & Dragons'' which featured many creatures that could be found in Tolkien's books.

As in all artistic fields, a great many lesser derivatives of the more prominent works appeared. The term "Tolkienesque" is used in the genre to refer to the oft-used and abused storyline of ''The Lord of the Rings'': a group of adventurers embarking on a quest to save a magical fantasy world from the armies of an evil "[[Dark Lord|dark lord]]", and is a testament to how much the popularity of these books has increased, since many critics initially decried Lord of the Rings as being "[[Richard Wagner| Wagner]] for children" (a reference to the [[Ring Cycle]]) — a specially interesting commentary in light of a possible interpretation of The Lord of The Rings as a Christian response to Wagner, for example following [http://atimes.com./atimes/others/spengler.html ATimes' pseudo-Oswald Spengler].

== The books ==

''The Lord of the Rings'' began as a personal exploration by Tolkien of his interests in philology, religion (particularly Roman Catholicism); fairy tales, and Norse and Celtic mythology.
Tolkien detailed his creation to an astounding extent; he created a complete mythology for his realm of Middle-earth, including genealogies of characters, languages, [[runes]], calendars and histories.
Some of this supplementary material is detailed in the appendices to ''The Lord of the Rings'', and the mythological history was woven into a large, biblically-styled volume entitled ''[[The Silmarillion]]''.

J. R. R. Tolkien once described ''The Lord of the Rings'' as "''a fundamentally religious and Catholic work''" he wrote to his friend, the English Jesuit Father Robert Murray, "''unconsciously so at first, but consciously in the revision.''"(''[[The Letters of J.R.R. Tolkien]]'', 142). There are many theological themes underlying the narrative, the battle of good versus evil, the triumph of humility over pride, the activity of grace, Death and Immortality, Resurrection, Salvation, Repentance, Self-Sacrifice, Free Will, Humility, Justice, Fellowship, Authority and Healing.
In it the great virtues of Mercy and Pity (shown by Bilbo and Frodo towards Gollum) win the day and the message from the Lord's Prayer "And lead us not into temptation, but deliver us from evil" was very much on Tolkien's mind as Frodo struggled against the power of the One Ring (''Letters'', 181 and 191).

Religious motifs other than Christian can be discerned as strong influences in Tolkien's Middle Earth. The pantheon of the Valar and Maiar (greater and lesser gods/angels) responsible for the creation and maintenance of everything from skies (Manwe) and seas (Ulmo), to dreams (Lorien) and dooms (Mandos) suggest a pre-Christian mythology in style, albeit that these Valar and Maiar are themselves creations of a monotheistic entity — Illuvatar or Eru, "The One".

Other pre-Christian mythological references can be seen in the representations of: a "Green Man" — Tom Bombadil, wise-men — the Istari (commonly referred to as the Wizards, perhaps more of angels), shapechangers — Beorn, undead spirits — Barrow Wights, Oathbreakers, sentient nonhumans — Dwarves, Elves, Hobbits, and, of course, Ents. Magic is utilised freely in Middle Earth, and may be found not only in the incantations of Wizards, but in the weapons and tools of warriors and craftspeople, in the perceptions and abilities of heroes, and in the natural world itself.

Tolkien did repeatedly insist that his works were not an allegory of any kind, and even though his thoughts on the matter are mentioned in the introduction of the book, there has been heavy speculation about the Ruling Ring being an allegory for the atom bomb. However, Tolkien had already completed most of the book, and planned the ending in entirety, before the first atom bombs were made public to the world during the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki in August 1945. However there is a strong theme of despair in front of new mechanized warfare that Tolkien himself had experienced in the trenches of World War One. The development of a specially bred orc army, and the destruction of the environment to aid this have modern resonances. Nevertheless, the author's own opinion on the matter of allegories was that he disliked them, and it would be irresponsible to dismiss such direct statements on these matters lightly.

The plot of ''The Lord of the Rings'' builds from his earlier book ''[[The Hobbit]]'' and more obliquely from the history in ''[[The Silmarillion]]'', which contains events to which the characters of ''The Lord of the Rings'' look back upon in the book.
The [[hobbit]]s become embroiled in great events that threaten their entire world, as [[Sauron]], an evil spirit, attempts to regain the lost [[One Ring]] which will restore him to full potency.

=== The Verse of the One Ring ===
:''Three Rings for the Elven-kings under the sky,''
:''   Seven for the Dwarf-lords in their halls of stone,''
:''Nine for Mortal Men doomed to die,''
:''   One for the Dark Lord on his dark throne''
:''In the Land of Mordor where the Shadows lie.''
:''   One Ring to rule them all, One Ring to find them,''
:''   One Ring to bring them all and in the darkness bind them''
:''In the Land of Mordor where the Shadows lie.''

The lines :
:''   One Ring to rule them all, One Ring to find them,''
:''   One Ring to bring them all and in the darkness bind them''
are inscribed in the language of Sauron and Mordor (the Black Speech) on the One Ring itself. Phonetically it would be:
:''Ash nazg durbatulûk, ash nazg gimbatul, ash nazg thrakatulûk agh burzum-ishi krimpatul''

=== The storyline ===
See the articles on ''[[The Fellowship of the Ring]]'', ''[[The Two Towers]]'', and ''[[The Return of the King]]'' for plot summaries.

=== Criticism ===
The book was characterized as "juvenile balderdash" by American critic [[Edmund Wilson]] in his essay "[http://www.jrrvf.com/sda/critiques/The_Nation.html Oo, those awful Orcs]", and in 1961 [[Philip Toynbee]] wrote, somewhat prematurely, that it had "passed into a merciful oblivion" [http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/film/1695926.stm]. Although she had never read ''The Lord of the Rings'', [[Germaine Greer]] wrote "it has been my nightmare that Tolkien would turn out to be the most influential writer of the twentieth century. The bad dream has materialized."

[[W.H. Auden]] also criticized the book in a 1968 ''Critical Quarterly'' article, "Good and evil in ''The Lord of the Rings''," objecting to Tolkien's conception of sentient species that are intrinsically evil without possibility of redemption. (This is a criticism often directed at [[Dungeons and Dragons]]-like fantasy worlds as well as at fantasy literature in general, and a criticism that Tolkien himself increasingly struggled with during his last years.) On the other hand, in a 1956 ''New York Times'' book review, "At the end of the Quest, Victory," Auden also called the book "a masterpiece of its genre" that "succeeded where [[John Milton|Milton]] failed" in depicting an epic battle between good and evil, and wrote that it "never violated" the "reader's sense of the credible."

Science-fiction author [[David Brin]] has criticized the books for unquestioning devotion to a traditional elitist social structure, their positive depiction of the slaughter of the opposing forces, and their romantic backward-looking worldview [http://www.davidbrin.com/tolkienarticle1.html].

Another notable SF writer Michael Moorcock wrote a long and piercing critique of the book under the title Epic Pooh advancing the thesis that it was simply a child's tale written in the language of epic myth.

China Mieville, a modern fantasy writer, criticised Tolkien's works as "reactionary." Mieville is also a detractor of later fantasy which draws heavily upon Tolkien's work, based on the idea that such work is cliche.

===Praise===
"The English-speaking world is divided into those who have read ''The Lord of the Rings'' and ''The Hobbit'' and those who are going to read them." — ''Sunday Times''

"Among the greatest works of imaginative fiction of the twentieth century." — ''Sunday Telegraph''

"Here are the beauties which pierce like swords or burn like cold iron." — C.S. Lewis

"J.R.R. Tolkien's epic trilogy remains the ultimate quest, the ultimate battle between good and evil, the ultimate chronicle of stewardship of the earth. Endlessly imitated, it never has been surpassed." — ''Kansas City Star''

"A story magnificently told, with every kind of colour and movement and greatness." — ''New Statesman''

Peter Jackson said, "…it is as if Tolkien found some secret scroll about the real history of earth…".

== ''The Lord of the Rings'' on film ==
===Early efforts===
There were plans for [[the Beatles]] to do a version of ''The Lord of the Rings'' but they came to nothing. It was even said that Stanley Kubrick had looked into the possibility of filming the story, but he abandoned the idea as too "immense" to be made into a movie. In the mid-1970s, renowned film director [[John Boorman]] collaborated with film rights holder and producer [[Saul Zaentz]] to do a live action picture, but the project proved too expensive to finance at that time. Boorman would later use many of the locations and sets in his Arthurian epic "Excalibur"

In 1978, [[Rankin/Bass]] studios produced the first real film adaptation of any ''Lord of the Rings'' related material with an animated television version of ''[[The Hobbit]]'', which was a precursor to ''The Lord of the Rings''.

Shortly after, Saul Zaentz picked up where Rankin-Bass left off by producing an animated adaptation of ''The Fellowship of the Ring'' and part of ''The Two Towers'' in 1978.

''[[Ralph Bakshi's The Lord of the Rings|The Lord of the Rings]]'', originally released by [[United Artists]] was directed by [[Ralph Bakshi]] and used an animation technique called rotoscoping in which footage of live actors was filmed and then traced over.

The film was part one of what was originally to be a two-part adaptation of Tolkien's story, Part I ending after the battle of Helm's Deep, but before Sam, Frodo and Gollum traverse the [[Dead Marshes]], and Part II picking up from where the first film left off. Made for a minimal budget of $8 million dollars, the film earned $30 million dollars at the box office.

United Artists viewed the film as a flop, and refused to fund a Part II (covering the rest of the story), leaving the door open for Rankin-Bass to do the work for him with the 1980 animated television version of ''[[Rankin/Bass' The Return of the King|The Return of the King]]''.

However, the Rankin-Bass film picked up from where the book began, and not from where Bakshi's film left off. Additionally, the change in style and character design was quite noticeable.

Since this film was targeted to a younger audience, adult enthusiasts have complained that much of the depth and darkness of the book was discarded.

===The New Line Cinema films===

''Main article [[Peter Jackson's The Lord of the Rings]]''

[[Miramax]] Films developed a full-fledged live-action adaptation of ''The Lord of the Rings'', with [[Peter Jackson]] as director. Eventually, Miramax became uneasy with the sheer scope of the proposed projectand wanted to combine the suggested three films into two. [[Peter Jackson]] struck a deal with Miramax that if he could not find a fresh studio to back the project, he would walk away and leave the rights and all the work so far completed with Miramax. However, in 1998, [[New Line Cinema]] assumed production responsibility (while Miramax executives [[Bob Weinstein]] and [[Harvey Weinstein]] retained on-screen credits as executive producers on the films).

The three live action films (supplemented with extensive computer-generated imagery, for example in the major battle scenes, using the "[[Massive]]" software) were filmed simultaneously. ''[[Peter Jackson's The Fellowship of the Ring|The Fellowship of the Ring]]'' was released on December 19, 2001. ''[[Peter Jackson's The Two Towers|The Two Towers]]'' was released on December 18, 2002 and ''[[Peter Jackson's The Return of the King|The Return of the King]]'' was released worldwide on December 17, 2003. All three films won the Hugo Award for Best (Long-form) Dramatic Presentation in their respective years.

Although some have criticized these films because they have altered the story somewhat and, arguably, have a noticeably different tone from Tolkien's original vision, others have hailed them as remarkable achievements. [[Peter Jackson]] has defended his changes by stating that he views the films as merely one man's interpreatation.

[[Peter Jackson]]'s film adaptations garnered seventeen Oscars (four for ''The Fellowship of the Ring'', two for ''The Two Towers'', and eleven for ''The Return of the King''); these cover many of the awards categories (in fact, ''The Return of the King'' won all of the eleven awards for which it was nominated, including Best Picture). With 30 total nominations, the trilogy also became the most-nominated in the Academy's history, surpassing the ''Godfather'' series (28).

''The Return of the King''<nowiki>'</nowiki>s Oscar sweep is widely seen as a proxy award for the entire trilogy. ''The Return of the King''<nowiki>'</nowiki>s 11 Oscars at the 2004 Academy Awards tied it for most awards won for one film with ''Titanic'' six years earlier and the 1959 version of ''Ben-Hur''. It also broke the previous "sweep" record, beating ''Gigi'' and ''The Last Emperor'' (which had gone 9 for 9).

The visual-effects work has been groundbreaking, particularly the creation of the emotionally versatile digital character [[Gollum]].
The scale of the production alone — three films shot and edited back to back over a period of little more than three years — is unprecedented.

The films have also proven to be substantial box office successes. The premiere of ''The Return of the King'' took place in [[Wellington]], [[New Zealand]], on December 1, 2003 and was surrounded by fan celebrations and official promotions (the production of the films having contributed significantly to the New Zealand economy). It has made movie history as the largest Wednesday opening ever. ''The Return of the King'' was also the second movie in history (after ''Titanic'') to earn over 1 billion $US (worldwide). Note, however, that these numbers are all unadjusted for inflation, making their significance questionable. Adjusted for inflation, as of 24 March 2005, the three films rank (in order of release) as the 71st, 56th, and 48th highest-grossing films in the United States [http://www.boxofficemojo.com/alltime/adjusted.htm].

Fanatics of the films have also flocked to the locations where the trilogy was filmed in New Zealand, with many tour companies being totally devoted to taking fans to and from the filming locations that Director Peter Jackson chose for the adaption of Tolkien's epic trilogy.[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journey_Of_The_Ring]

== ''The Lord of the Rings'' on radio ==

The BBC produced a 13-part radio adaptation of ''The Lord of the Rings'' in 1956, and a 6-part version of ''The Hobbit'' in 1966.
It is uncertain whether Tolkien ever heard either series. No recording of the 1956 series is known to exist, but ''The Hobbit'' has survived.
It is a very faithful adaptation, incorporating some passing references to ''The Lord of the Rings'' and the [[Silmarillion]].

A 1979 dramatization was broadcast in the USA and subsequently issued on tape and CD. No cast or credits appear on the audio packaging.
Each of the actors was apparently recorded separately and then the various parts were edited together.
Thus, unlike a BBC recording session where the actors are recorded together, none of the cast are actually interacting with each other and the performances suffer badly as a result.

In 1981 the BBC broadcast a new, ambitious dramatization of ''The Lord of the Rings'' in 26 half-hour instalments. See: ''[[The Lord of the Rings (1981 radio series)]]''.

== ''The Lord of the Rings'' on stage ==

[[Ed Mirvish|Mirvish Productions]] has started rehearsals for a three-hour stage musical adaptation of ''The Lord of the Rings'' that will have a cast of over 65 actors and cost C$27 million (£11.5 million). The show will be written by Shaun McKenna and Matthew Warchus with music by [[A. R. Rahman]] and [[Värttinä]], collaborating with [[Christopher Nightingale]] and will be directed by [[Matthew Warchus]]. It will open on March 23 2006 at Toronto's Princess of Wales Theatre, with preview performances from February 2 until March 22. It is planned to premiere in London in autumn 2006 and New York City within two years.

The director explained his vision of the play’s format by saying, "We have not attempted to pull the novel towards the standard conventions of musical theatre, but rather to expand those conventions so that they will accommodate Tolkien's material. As a result, we will be presenting a hybrid of text, physical theatre, music and spectacle never previously seen on this scale. To read the novel is to experience the events of Middle-earth in the mind’s eye; to watch the films is to view Middle-earth as though through a giant window. Only in the theatre are we actually plunged into the events as they happen. The environment surrounds us. We participate. We are in Middle-earth."

== Satire and parody based on ''The Lord of the Rings'' ==
''This section has been moved to the [[Humor]] page.''

==Awards==
* In 1957 it was awarded the International Fantasy Award
* In the 2003 "Big Read" survey conducted by the BBC, The Lord of the Rings was found to be the "Nation's Best-loved Book".
* Australians voted The Lord of the Rings "My Favourite Book" in a 2004 survey conducted by the Australian ABC
* In a 1999 poll of Amazon.com customers, The Lord of the Rings was judged to be their favourite "book of the millennium". [http://archive.salon.com/books/feature/2001/06/04/tolkien/]
* In 2002 Tolkien was voted the ninety-second "greatest Briton" in a poll conducted by the BBC
* In 2004 he was voted thirty-fifth in the SABC3's Great South Africans, the only person to appear in both lists
* In a 2004 poll inspired by the UK’s "Big Read" survey, about 250,000 Germans found The Lord of the Rings to be their favourite work of literature. [http://www.smh.com.au/articles/2004/10/04/1096871805007.html?from=storyrhs]
* The Lord of the Rings came in 3rd in the Librarians' Poll [http://tolkiensociety.org/news/librarians-poll.html]

'''See also:'''
* [[References to The Lord of the Rings]]

{{lotr}}

[[Category:Books by J.R.R. Tolkien|Lord of the Rings]]

Richard Taylor

2007-06-06T16:36:06Z

Erniel: minor typo fix

Richard Taylor was the leader of the crew at [[Weta Workshop]], that created the special effects, weapons, wardrobe, miniatures and prosthetics, for the filming of the [[Lord of the Rings]] film trilogy.

== External Links ==
*[http://www.imdb.com/name/nm0853050/ IMDb]
*[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Taylor_%28movies%29 Wikipedia]
*[http://www.wetaworkshop.co.nz/about/crew/profile/richard_taylor Weta's Profile]

Years of the Sun

2007-06-06T16:23:53Z

Erniel: typo fix

{{History of Arda}}
The time after the first rising of the [[Sun]] until the present, beginning in the first year of the [[First Age]].

[[category:Periods]]

{{stub}}

Third Age

2007-06-06T16:22:29Z

Erniel: typo fix

{{History of Arda}}
The '''Third Age''' began after the first downfall of [[Sauron]], when he was defeated by the [[Last Alliance of Elves and Men]] following the downfall of [[Númenor]].

This age was characterized by the waning of the [[Elves]], the rise and decline of the exiled Númenorean kingdoms, and the slow recovery of Sauron's power.

It lasted for 3021 years, until Sauron was again defeated, this time finally, when his [[One Ring|Ruling Ring]] was destroyed. When [[Bilbo Baggins|Bilbo]] and [[Frodo Baggins|Frodo]] left Middle-earth for the [[Valinor|Uttermost West]], the [[Fourth Age]] began.

=== See Also ===
* [[Timeline]]
* [[Of the Rings of Power and the Third Age]]

[[Category:Ages]]

{{stub}}

Gandalf

2007-06-06T16:14:42Z

Erniel: /* Special Equipment */ typo fix

{{Istari infobox
| image=[[Image:Roger Thomasson - Gandalf.jpg|250px]]
| name=Gandalf
| othernames= The Grey, The White, Olórin, Mithrandir, Incánus, Tharkûn, The White Rider, Gandalf Greyhame, Stormcrow, [[Gandalf#Wand-elf|Wand-elf]]
| birth= Entered [[Middle-earth]] in III 1000
| death= III 3018 (later resurrected); after the War of the Ring he passed to [[Valinor]]
| gender=Male
| robes=Grey, White
| height=
| hair= Grey, White
| eyes=
|}}
{{quote|Gandalf was shorter in stature than the other two; but his long white hair, his sweeping beard, and his broad shoulders, made him look like some wise king of ancient legend. In his aged face under great snowy brows his eyes were set like coals that could suddenly burst into fire.|[[The Fellowship of the Ring]], "[[Many Meetings]]"}}

'''Gandalf the Grey''', later '''Gandalf the White''', was a [[Wizard]] of the [[Third Age]] and the greatest force of good of his time. His tireless work against the Dark Lord [[Sauron]] saved [[Middle-earth]] from his malice and was the basis for ''[[The Hobbit]]'' and ''[[The Lord of the Rings]]''.

== History ==

=== Origins ===
{{Pronounce|Gandalf.mp3|Ardamir}}
[[Image:John Howe - Gandalf.jpg|thumb|300px|This is one of the most well known illustrations of ''Gandalf'', by [[John Howe]]]]
Gandalf is the best-known of the [[Maiar]] of the people of [[Valinor]]. He was known as '''Olórin''' who dwelt in the gardens of [[Irmo]] and was the pupil of [[Nienna]]. When the [[Valar]] decided to send the order of the [[Wizards]] (or [[Istari]] to Middle-earth, Olórin was proposed by [[Manwë]], in order to counsel and assist all those in Middle-earth who opposed [[Sauron]]. He is said to be one of the wisest of that order, rivalling [[Saruman]], with whom he had a strained, competitive relationship. The other Maiar to travel from Valinor on this mission were: [[Aiwendil|Radagast]], [[Pallando]] and [[Alatar]]. It is possible that [[Glorfindel of Gondolin]] travelled with Gandalf from Valinor (see also ''[[Glorfindel#Are they the same?|Are they the same?]]'').

=== Role in ''The Hobbit'' ===
In ''[[The Hobbit]]'', Gandalf visits the [[Shire]], where he spent a great deal of time, as a vain, fussy old conjurer who entertained children with fireworks during festivals and parties. He partially reveals his true nature and power to [[Bilbo Baggins]]. He arranges a proposition for Bilbo to join a band of thirteen [[Dwarves]] to regain the Dwarvish treasure of the [[Lonely Mountain]] that was stolen many years before by the [[Dragons|dragon]], [[Smaug]]. It is on this quest that Gandalf finds his sword, ''[[Glamdring]]''

Unknown to the Dwarves or Bilbo, Gandalf had joined the quest in order to investigate what he suspected to be Sauron's resurgence in [[Mirkwood]]; he frequently vanishes to "attend to other pressing business"— the nature of which he refuses to discuss. Some years before, he had encountered [[Thráin II]], father of the quest's leader, [[Thorin Oakenshield]], dying in [[Dol Guldur]], and the Dwarf king entrusted him with a map to Erebor.

As Dol Guldur became one of Sauron's strongholds, Gandalf feared that Sauron's agents were at large again. He met Thorin years later and agreed to go on the quest as a way to investigate further. He insisted, however, on bringing Bilbo along as a "burglar", someone who could sneak into places Dwarves couldn't access and gather information.

When Bilbo finds the One Ring, Gandalf is immediately suspicious of the Hobbit's story of evading the [[Goblins]] through "being invisible." He privately confronts Bilbo and forces the truth out of him, and is deeply troubled by his story of the ring's powers, as they seem eerily familiar.

He disappears when the company reaches Mirkwood, and does not reappear again until the [[Battle of Five Armies]] breaks out, when he brings an army of [[Eagles]] to help the Dwarves. After the battle, Gandalf accompanies Bilbo back to the Shire.

=== Pre-War of the Ring ===
Gandalf spends the years between TA 2941 and 3001 travelling [[Middle-earth]] in search of information on [[Sauron]]'s resurgence and Bilbo's mysterious ring. He spends as much time as he can in the Shire, however, strengthening his friendship with Bilbo and befriending Bilbo's heir, [[Frodo Baggins|Frodo]]. He is also begins to be suspicious of Saruman comitting treason against the [[Istari|Order]].

In 3001 he attended Bilbo's "Eleventy-first" (111th) birthday party, bringing many strange fireworks, indicating his knowledge of chemistry as well as magic. When Bilbo stands to give an announcement to the Shirefolk, Bilbo puts on the ring and disappears at the end of his speech, as a prank on his neighbors. Troubled by this, Gandalf confronts his old friend and tries to persuade him to leave his ring to Frodo. Bilbo becomes hostile and accuses him of trying to steal the ring—which he calls "my precious," much as [[Gollum]] did. Horrified, Gandalf stands to his full height and orders Bilbo to leave it behind. Bilbo returns to his senses, and admits that the ring had been troubling him lately. He then leaves Bag End for a long journey, being the only Ring-bearer in history to have left it voluntarily.

Over the next seventeen years, Gandalf travels extensively, searching for answers. Having long sought for Gollum near Mordor, he meets with [[Aragorn II|Aragorn]] in Mirkwood, who had captured the creature. Gandalf interrogates the him and learns that Sauron had tortured him to tell what he knew about the ring, revealing that Bilbo carried The One Ring.

=== Role in ''The Lord of the Rings'' ===
[[Image:Enis Cisic - Gandalf and Frodo.jpg|thumb|left|''Gandalf and Frodo'' by [[Enis Cisic]]]]
Upon returning to the Shire, in Chapter 2 of ''[[The Fellowship of the Ring]]'', he confirms his suspicions by throwing the Ring into Frodo's hearth fire and reading the writing. He tells Frodo the full history of the Ring, urging him to leave with it and make for [[Rivendell]], the home of the elves, knowing he is in grave danger if he stays at home.

Gandalf, while riding near the Shire, is requested by Radagast the Brown to seek out Saruman because the [[Nazgûl]] had come forth and crossed the River [[Anduin]]. Gandalf leaves a note for Frodo with Butterbur, an inn-keeper in [[Bree]], and heads towards [[Isengard]]. Once there, he is betrayed and held captive by Saruman, who had already come under the influence of Sauron due to his use of the [[palantíri|palantír]]. Eventually rescued by Gwahir the eagle, he only reaches the Shire after Frodo has set out and does not meet up with him until Frodo reaches Rivendell on October 20.

Taking leadership of the Fellowship (nine representatives of the free peoples of Middle-earth "set against the [[Nine Riders]]"), he and Aragorn lead the hobbits and their companions on an unsuccessful effort to cross Mount Caradhras in winter. Then they take the "dark and secret way" through the Mines of [[Moria]], which '''Gandalf''' had visited once before, looking for King Thraín II. They fought with Goblins and a Cave Troll in the [[Battle of the Chamber of Mazarbul]]. They defeated the force and fled for the [[East-gate]], when they met an ancient demon, a [[Balrogs|Balrog]], one of the Maiar corrupted by [[Melkor]] in the [[First Age]].

[[Image:Danny Staten - Gandalf's Triumph.jpg|thumb|''Gandalf's Triumph'' by [[Danny Staten]]]]
Since Gandalf and the Balrog were both Maiar, they were beings of the same order. As they faced each other, Gandalf broke the Bridge in front of him, but as the Balrog fell it wrapped its whip around Gandalf's ankle, which dragged him down to hanging onto the edge. As the Company looked in horror, Gandalf cried, "Fly, you fools!" and let go. Neither he nor the Balrog was killed by the fall, and Gandalf pursued the creature for eight days until they climbed to the peak of Zirakzigil. Here they fought for two days and nights in what was called the [[Battle of the Peak]]. In the end, the Balrog was cast down and it broke the mountain-side as it fell. Gandalf himself died following this ordeal.

Gandalf is "brought back" (either resurrected or reincarnated), returning as a more imposing white-clad figure, '''Gandalf the White'''. In [[Fangorn]] forest he encounters the Three Walkers (Aragorn, [[Gimli]], and [[Legolas]]) who were tracking Fellowship members (and Frodo's cousins) [[Meriadoc Brandybuck|Merry]] and [[Peregrin Took|Pippin]]. Arriving in [[Rohan]], Gandalf finds that its king, [[Théoden]], has been weakened by Saruman's agent, [[Gríma Wormtongue]]. He breaks Wormtongue's hold over Theoden, and convinces the King to join them in fighting Sauron. They then go on to prosecute the war against Isengard and [[Barad-dûr]] ([[The Two Towers]]).

After the overthrow of [[Saruman]] at [[Isenguard]], Gandalf breaks Saruman's staff and banishes him from the Order of Wizards. He then takes Pippin with him to Gondor to aide in the defense of the city. Gandalf buys the city precious time by facing off against the [[Witch-king of Angmar]], the Lord of the Nazgûl, giving the Rohirrim enough time to reach the city during the [[Battle of Pelennor Fields]].

Gandalf leads the final battle against Sauron's forces at the [[Black Gate]], waging an all-out battle to distract the [[Dark Lord]]'s attention away from Frodo and [[Samwise Gamgee|Sam]], who were at the very same moment scaling [[Mount Doom]] to destroy the Ring. Without his efforts, Sauron may well have learned where the two Hobbits were and killed them before they could complete their task.

Three years later, Gandalf, now having spent over 2,000 years in Middle-Earth, departs with Frodo, [[Galadriel]], Bilbo, and [[Elrond]] across the sea to the [[Undying Lands]].

== Appearance ==
[[Image:Piotr Wysocki - Gandalf's Brooch.jpg|thumb|left|''Gandalf's Brooch'' by Piotr Wysocki.]]
Gandalf initially appears as an old man with a grey beard, a grey cloak and a large, pointed blue hat. Although some of the Wise know his true nature, others mistake him for a simple conjuror. After he is resurrected the change of his signature colour from grey to white is significant, for he has been sent back to replace the corrupt Saruman as the chief of the Wizards. In the book he says that he has himself become what Saruman should have been.

[[Círdan]] the Shipwright seemed to have foreseen this, for he entrusted the care of [[Narya]], the ring of Fire, one of the [[Rings of Power|Three Rings]] of the Elves to Gandalf rather than Saruman.

== Powers & Abilities ==

In [[The Hobbit]], Gandalf demonstrated extensive knowledge of the land and an assortment of magical abilities. He could blow glowing smoke rings that moved around a room at his direction, and [[Bilbo]] remembered him for his fantastic fireworks displays. More usefully, he created blinding flashes and other pyrotechnics to distract the [[goblin]]s of the [[Misty Mountains]], aiding the dwarves in their escape from [[Goblin-town]]. On the eastern slopes, he turned pine cones into flaming projectiles that threw hot sparks and started fires that would not easily go out. He was also able come and go from the presence of [[Thorin and Company]] without anyone noticing.

In [[The Lord of the Rings]], he again displayed his proficiency with pyrotechnics at [[Bilbo's Farewell Party]]. He was also able to start fires under blizzard conditions, create light of varying intensity for the journey through [[Moria]], magically secure doors, and break the [[Bridge of Khazad-dûm]]. When angered or aroused for battle, he seemed to grow in height and assume a terrifying aspect. He also fought the [[Durin's Bane|Balrog of Moria]] and killed his opponent, although he did not survive the battle himself.

Sent back to [[Middle-earth]] as Gandalf the White, he possessed greater charisma and a limited degree of clairvoyance, although he was unable to peer into the land of [[Mordor]] to see the progress of Frodo and [[Sam]]. His power and authority had increased so that he could break [[Saruman|Saruman's]] staff with a spoken command, showing his authority to throw the treacherous wizard out of the order.

===Special Equipment===

Like all wizards, Gandalf carried a staff which sometimes served as a focus for his powers (like creating light). Exactly how much it aided him in the use of magic is unknown, but [[Grima Wormtongue]] tried to forbid Gandalf from bringing it into [[Edoras]].

When he arrived in Middle Earth, Gandalf received the Elven ring [[Narya]] from [[Cirdan the Shipwright]].

In 2941, Gandalf acquired the sword [[Glamdring]] from the treasure hoard of a band of trolls.

== Names and Titles ==
* '''''Olórin''''', his name in [[Valinor]] and in very ancient times. "Olórin was my name in my youth in the West that is forgotten." It is [[Quenya]] and its meaning is associated with dreams (perhaps "dreamer" or "of dreams"), from the root ''ÓLOS''-
* '''''Mithrandir''''', his [[Sindarin]] name, used in [[Gondor]] and meaning "Grey Pilgrim"
* '''''Incánus''''', his name in the South, of unclear language and meaning. Tolkien several times changed his mind about it, varying between the Latin word Incanus meaning Grey, a possible [[Westron]] invention meaning Greymantle, or even an [[Elvish]] word ''Ind-cano'' meaning "Mind Ruler"
* '''''Tharkûn''''', his name to the Dwarves, probably meaning "Staff Man"
* '''The White Rider''', his name while riding the great horse [[Shadowfax]]
* '''Gandalf Greyhame''', given to him by [[Gríma Wormtongue]]
* '''Stormcrow''', a reference to his arrival being associated with times of trouble

===Wand-elf===
Within the legendarium, "Gandalf" translates an unknown name of the meaning "Elf-of-the-wand (or cane/staff)", or more literary "Wand-elf", in old northern Mannish. Most denizens of Middle-earth incorrectly assumed Gandalf was a [[Men|Man]] (human), although he was really a Maia spirit (approximately equivalent to an angel). However, a less common misconception that occurred during the beginning of his career in Middle-earth was that for someone to be [[immortal]] and use as much magic as he did, he must have been an Elf. Although it soon became apparent to all that he couldn't be an Elf, as he was old and Elves don't generally age, the nickname stuck with him. He later gave it as his name to others he met who didn't know its original meaning.

== Inspiration ==
[[Image:Der_Berggeist_(Origin_of_Gandalf)_by_J._Madelener.gif|left|thumb|250px|This painting on a postcard is rumored to be how [[J.R.R. Tolkien]] got his inspiration for the character known as "Gandalf"]]

''Gandalfr''
appears in the list of dwarves in the ''[[Völuspá]]'' of the [[Elder Edda]], the name means "Cane-elf". Tolkien took the name along with the other dwarves' names when he wrote ''The Hobbit'' in the 1930s. He came to regret the creation of this "rabble of eddaic-named dwarves [...] invented in an idle hour" ([[The Treason of Isengard|HoME 7]]:452), since it forced him to come up with an explanation of why Old Norse names should be used in [[Third Age]] Middle-earth. He solved the dilemma in 1942 by the explanation that Old Norse was a ''translation'' of the language of [[Dale]]. The figure of Gandalf has other influences from Germanic mythology, particularly Odin in his incarnation as "the Wanderer", an old man with one eye, a long white beard, a wide brimmed hat, and a staff: Tolkien states that he thinks of Gandalf as an ''"Odinic wanderer"'' in a letter of 1946 (''Letters'' no. 107).

Tolkien had a postcard labelled ''Der Berggeist'' ("the mountain spirit"), and on the paper cover in which he kept it, he wrote "the origin of Gandalf" at some point. The postcard reproduces a painting of a bearded figure, sitting on a rock under a pine tree in a mountainous setting. He wears a wide-brimmed round hat and a long cloak and white fawn is nuzzling his upturned hands.
[[Humphrey Carpenter]] in his 1977 biography said that Tolkien had bought the postcard during his 1911 holiday in Switzerland. However, Manfred Zimmerman (1983) discovered that the painting was by German artist Josef Madlener and dates to the late 1920s. Carpenter concluded that Tolkien was probably mistaken about the origin of the postcard himself. Tolkien must have acquired the card at some time in the early 1930s, at a time when ''The Hobbit'' had already begun to take shape.

The original painting was auctioned at Sotheby's in London on July 12, 2005 for 84,000 GBP. The previous owner had been given the painting by Madlener in the 1940s and recalled that he had stated the mountains in the background of the painting were the Dolomites.

The first description of Gandalf, then, is preserved in the first pages of ''The Hobbit'',
dating to the early 1930s. Gandalf's fame is alluded to even before his physical description ("Tales and adventures sprouted up all over the place wherever he went, in the most extraordinary fashion"), directed by the author to the reader, while the protagonist's ("unsuspecting Bilbo") impression is that of:
<blockquote>
''...an old man with a staff. He had a tall pointed blue hat, a long grey cloak, a silver scarf over which a white beard hung down below his waist, and immense black boots.
</blockquote>

== Portrayals in Adaptations ==
<gallery>
Image:Gandalf from Rankin-Bass' The Hobbit.jpg|Gandalf as portrayed in [[Rankin/Bass' The Hobbit]]
Image:Gandalf from Ralph Bakshi's The Lord of the Rings.jpg|Gandalf as portrayed in [[Ralph Bakshi's The Lord of the Rings]]
Image:Peter Jackson's Gandalf.jpg|[[Ian McKellen]] as Gandalf in [[Peter Jackson's The Lord of the Rings]]
</gallery>
[[John Huston]] provided the voice of Gandalf in two animated television features by [[Rankin/Bass]].

In [[Ralph Bakshi's The Lord of the Rings]] Gandalf was voiced by [[William Squire]]. It is not known whether Squire played him in the live-action filming used for rotoscoping.

In the BBC radio dramatisations, [[Heron Carvic]] played him in ''The Hobbit'' and Sir [[Michael Hordern]] played him in ''The Lord of the Rings''.

[[Ian McKellen|Sir Ian McKellen]] was Gandalf in ''[[Peter Jackson's The Lord of the Rings|The Lord of The Rings]]'' movie trilogy directed by [[Peter Jackson]]. McKellan was also nominated for an Academy Award for his portrayal of Gandalf in [[Peter Jackson's The Fellowship of the Ring]].

Sean Connery was initially approached to play Gandalf in [[Peter Jackson]]'s movie trilogy; allegedly he was rejected when he professed ignorance of the books!

== See Also ==
* [[:Category:Images of Gandalf|Images of Gandalf]]

== References ==
* Manfred Zimmerman, ''The Origin of Gandalf and [[Josef Madlener]]'', Mythlore 34 (1983).

== External Links ==
* [http://www.tolkiensociety.org/news/gandalf-painting.html The painting from which Tolkien drew inspiration for Gandalf]

{{istari}}
{{maiar}}
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[[Category:Characters]]
[[Category:Maiar]]
[[Category:Wizards]]

Gandalf

2007-06-06T16:11:47Z

Erniel: /* Role in ''The Lord of the Rings'' */ typo fixes

{{Istari infobox
| image=[[Image:Roger Thomasson - Gandalf.jpg|250px]]
| name=Gandalf
| othernames= The Grey, The White, Olórin, Mithrandir, Incánus, Tharkûn, The White Rider, Gandalf Greyhame, Stormcrow, [[Gandalf#Wand-elf|Wand-elf]]
| birth= Entered [[Middle-earth]] in III 1000
| death= III 3018 (later resurrected); after the War of the Ring he passed to [[Valinor]]
| gender=Male
| robes=Grey, White
| height=
| hair= Grey, White
| eyes=
|}}
{{quote|Gandalf was shorter in stature than the other two; but his long white hair, his sweeping beard, and his broad shoulders, made him look like some wise king of ancient legend. In his aged face under great snowy brows his eyes were set like coals that could suddenly burst into fire.|[[The Fellowship of the Ring]], "[[Many Meetings]]"}}

'''Gandalf the Grey''', later '''Gandalf the White''', was a [[Wizard]] of the [[Third Age]] and the greatest force of good of his time. His tireless work against the Dark Lord [[Sauron]] saved [[Middle-earth]] from his malice and was the basis for ''[[The Hobbit]]'' and ''[[The Lord of the Rings]]''.

== History ==

=== Origins ===
{{Pronounce|Gandalf.mp3|Ardamir}}
[[Image:John Howe - Gandalf.jpg|thumb|300px|This is one of the most well known illustrations of ''Gandalf'', by [[John Howe]]]]
Gandalf is the best-known of the [[Maiar]] of the people of [[Valinor]]. He was known as '''Olórin''' who dwelt in the gardens of [[Irmo]] and was the pupil of [[Nienna]]. When the [[Valar]] decided to send the order of the [[Wizards]] (or [[Istari]] to Middle-earth, Olórin was proposed by [[Manwë]], in order to counsel and assist all those in Middle-earth who opposed [[Sauron]]. He is said to be one of the wisest of that order, rivalling [[Saruman]], with whom he had a strained, competitive relationship. The other Maiar to travel from Valinor on this mission were: [[Aiwendil|Radagast]], [[Pallando]] and [[Alatar]]. It is possible that [[Glorfindel of Gondolin]] travelled with Gandalf from Valinor (see also ''[[Glorfindel#Are they the same?|Are they the same?]]'').

=== Role in ''The Hobbit'' ===
In ''[[The Hobbit]]'', Gandalf visits the [[Shire]], where he spent a great deal of time, as a vain, fussy old conjurer who entertained children with fireworks during festivals and parties. He partially reveals his true nature and power to [[Bilbo Baggins]]. He arranges a proposition for Bilbo to join a band of thirteen [[Dwarves]] to regain the Dwarvish treasure of the [[Lonely Mountain]] that was stolen many years before by the [[Dragons|dragon]], [[Smaug]]. It is on this quest that Gandalf finds his sword, ''[[Glamdring]]''

Unknown to the Dwarves or Bilbo, Gandalf had joined the quest in order to investigate what he suspected to be Sauron's resurgence in [[Mirkwood]]; he frequently vanishes to "attend to other pressing business"— the nature of which he refuses to discuss. Some years before, he had encountered [[Thráin II]], father of the quest's leader, [[Thorin Oakenshield]], dying in [[Dol Guldur]], and the Dwarf king entrusted him with a map to Erebor.

As Dol Guldur became one of Sauron's strongholds, Gandalf feared that Sauron's agents were at large again. He met Thorin years later and agreed to go on the quest as a way to investigate further. He insisted, however, on bringing Bilbo along as a "burglar", someone who could sneak into places Dwarves couldn't access and gather information.

When Bilbo finds the One Ring, Gandalf is immediately suspicious of the Hobbit's story of evading the [[Goblins]] through "being invisible." He privately confronts Bilbo and forces the truth out of him, and is deeply troubled by his story of the ring's powers, as they seem eerily familiar.

He disappears when the company reaches Mirkwood, and does not reappear again until the [[Battle of Five Armies]] breaks out, when he brings an army of [[Eagles]] to help the Dwarves. After the battle, Gandalf accompanies Bilbo back to the Shire.

=== Pre-War of the Ring ===
Gandalf spends the years between TA 2941 and 3001 travelling [[Middle-earth]] in search of information on [[Sauron]]'s resurgence and Bilbo's mysterious ring. He spends as much time as he can in the Shire, however, strengthening his friendship with Bilbo and befriending Bilbo's heir, [[Frodo Baggins|Frodo]]. He is also begins to be suspicious of Saruman comitting treason against the [[Istari|Order]].

In 3001 he attended Bilbo's "Eleventy-first" (111th) birthday party, bringing many strange fireworks, indicating his knowledge of chemistry as well as magic. When Bilbo stands to give an announcement to the Shirefolk, Bilbo puts on the ring and disappears at the end of his speech, as a prank on his neighbors. Troubled by this, Gandalf confronts his old friend and tries to persuade him to leave his ring to Frodo. Bilbo becomes hostile and accuses him of trying to steal the ring—which he calls "my precious," much as [[Gollum]] did. Horrified, Gandalf stands to his full height and orders Bilbo to leave it behind. Bilbo returns to his senses, and admits that the ring had been troubling him lately. He then leaves Bag End for a long journey, being the only Ring-bearer in history to have left it voluntarily.

Over the next seventeen years, Gandalf travels extensively, searching for answers. Having long sought for Gollum near Mordor, he meets with [[Aragorn II|Aragorn]] in Mirkwood, who had captured the creature. Gandalf interrogates the him and learns that Sauron had tortured him to tell what he knew about the ring, revealing that Bilbo carried The One Ring.

=== Role in ''The Lord of the Rings'' ===
[[Image:Enis Cisic - Gandalf and Frodo.jpg|thumb|left|''Gandalf and Frodo'' by [[Enis Cisic]]]]
Upon returning to the Shire, in Chapter 2 of ''[[The Fellowship of the Ring]]'', he confirms his suspicions by throwing the Ring into Frodo's hearth fire and reading the writing. He tells Frodo the full history of the Ring, urging him to leave with it and make for [[Rivendell]], the home of the elves, knowing he is in grave danger if he stays at home.

Gandalf, while riding near the Shire, is requested by Radagast the Brown to seek out Saruman because the [[Nazgûl]] had come forth and crossed the River [[Anduin]]. Gandalf leaves a note for Frodo with Butterbur, an inn-keeper in [[Bree]], and heads towards [[Isengard]]. Once there, he is betrayed and held captive by Saruman, who had already come under the influence of Sauron due to his use of the [[palantíri|palantír]]. Eventually rescued by Gwahir the eagle, he only reaches the Shire after Frodo has set out and does not meet up with him until Frodo reaches Rivendell on October 20.

Taking leadership of the Fellowship (nine representatives of the free peoples of Middle-earth "set against the [[Nine Riders]]"), he and Aragorn lead the hobbits and their companions on an unsuccessful effort to cross Mount Caradhras in winter. Then they take the "dark and secret way" through the Mines of [[Moria]], which '''Gandalf''' had visited once before, looking for King Thraín II. They fought with Goblins and a Cave Troll in the [[Battle of the Chamber of Mazarbul]]. They defeated the force and fled for the [[East-gate]], when they met an ancient demon, a [[Balrogs|Balrog]], one of the Maiar corrupted by [[Melkor]] in the [[First Age]].

[[Image:Danny Staten - Gandalf's Triumph.jpg|thumb|''Gandalf's Triumph'' by [[Danny Staten]]]]
Since Gandalf and the Balrog were both Maiar, they were beings of the same order. As they faced each other, Gandalf broke the Bridge in front of him, but as the Balrog fell it wrapped its whip around Gandalf's ankle, which dragged him down to hanging onto the edge. As the Company looked in horror, Gandalf cried, "Fly, you fools!" and let go. Neither he nor the Balrog was killed by the fall, and Gandalf pursued the creature for eight days until they climbed to the peak of Zirakzigil. Here they fought for two days and nights in what was called the [[Battle of the Peak]]. In the end, the Balrog was cast down and it broke the mountain-side as it fell. Gandalf himself died following this ordeal.

Gandalf is "brought back" (either resurrected or reincarnated), returning as a more imposing white-clad figure, '''Gandalf the White'''. In [[Fangorn]] forest he encounters the Three Walkers (Aragorn, [[Gimli]], and [[Legolas]]) who were tracking Fellowship members (and Frodo's cousins) [[Meriadoc Brandybuck|Merry]] and [[Peregrin Took|Pippin]]. Arriving in [[Rohan]], Gandalf finds that its king, [[Théoden]], has been weakened by Saruman's agent, [[Gríma Wormtongue]]. He breaks Wormtongue's hold over Theoden, and convinces the King to join them in fighting Sauron. They then go on to prosecute the war against Isengard and [[Barad-dûr]] ([[The Two Towers]]).

After the overthrow of [[Saruman]] at [[Isenguard]], Gandalf breaks Saruman's staff and banishes him from the Order of Wizards. He then takes Pippin with him to Gondor to aide in the defense of the city. Gandalf buys the city precious time by facing off against the [[Witch-king of Angmar]], the Lord of the Nazgûl, giving the Rohirrim enough time to reach the city during the [[Battle of Pelennor Fields]].

Gandalf leads the final battle against Sauron's forces at the [[Black Gate]], waging an all-out battle to distract the [[Dark Lord]]'s attention away from Frodo and [[Samwise Gamgee|Sam]], who were at the very same moment scaling [[Mount Doom]] to destroy the Ring. Without his efforts, Sauron may well have learned where the two Hobbits were and killed them before they could complete their task.

Three years later, Gandalf, now having spent over 2,000 years in Middle-Earth, departs with Frodo, [[Galadriel]], Bilbo, and [[Elrond]] across the sea to the [[Undying Lands]].

== Appearance ==
[[Image:Piotr Wysocki - Gandalf's Brooch.jpg|thumb|left|''Gandalf's Brooch'' by Piotr Wysocki.]]
Gandalf initially appears as an old man with a grey beard, a grey cloak and a large, pointed blue hat. Although some of the Wise know his true nature, others mistake him for a simple conjuror. After he is resurrected the change of his signature colour from grey to white is significant, for he has been sent back to replace the corrupt Saruman as the chief of the Wizards. In the book he says that he has himself become what Saruman should have been.

[[Círdan]] the Shipwright seemed to have foreseen this, for he entrusted the care of [[Narya]], the ring of Fire, one of the [[Rings of Power|Three Rings]] of the Elves to Gandalf rather than Saruman.

== Powers & Abilities ==

In [[The Hobbit]], Gandalf demonstrated extensive knowledge of the land and an assortment of magical abilities. He could blow glowing smoke rings that moved around a room at his direction, and [[Bilbo]] remembered him for his fantastic fireworks displays. More usefully, he created blinding flashes and other pyrotechnics to distract the [[goblin]]s of the [[Misty Mountains]], aiding the dwarves in their escape from [[Goblin-town]]. On the eastern slopes, he turned pine cones into flaming projectiles that threw hot sparks and started fires that would not easily go out. He was also able come and go from the presence of [[Thorin and Company]] without anyone noticing.

In [[The Lord of the Rings]], he again displayed his proficiency with pyrotechnics at [[Bilbo's Farewell Party]]. He was also able to start fires under blizzard conditions, create light of varying intensity for the journey through [[Moria]], magically secure doors, and break the [[Bridge of Khazad-dûm]]. When angered or aroused for battle, he seemed to grow in height and assume a terrifying aspect. He also fought the [[Durin's Bane|Balrog of Moria]] and killed his opponent, although he did not survive the battle himself.

Sent back to [[Middle-earth]] as Gandalf the White, he possessed greater charisma and a limited degree of clairvoyance, although he was unable to peer into the land of [[Mordor]] to see the progress of Frodo and [[Sam]]. His power and authority had increased so that he could break [[Saruman|Saruman's]] staff with a spoken command, showing his authority to throw the treacherous wizard out of the order.

===Special Equipment===

Like all wizards, Gandalf carried a staff which sometimes served as a focus for his powers (like creating light). Exactly how much it aided him in the use of magic is unknown, but [[Grima Wormtongue]] tried to forbid Gandalf from bringing it into [[Edoras]].

When he arrived in Middle Earth, Gandalf received the Elven ring [[Narya]] from [[Cirdan the Shipwright]].

In 2941, Gandalf acquired the sword [[Glamdring]] from the treasure horde of a band of trolls.

== Names and Titles ==
* '''''Olórin''''', his name in [[Valinor]] and in very ancient times. "Olórin was my name in my youth in the West that is forgotten." It is [[Quenya]] and its meaning is associated with dreams (perhaps "dreamer" or "of dreams"), from the root ''ÓLOS''-
* '''''Mithrandir''''', his [[Sindarin]] name, used in [[Gondor]] and meaning "Grey Pilgrim"
* '''''Incánus''''', his name in the South, of unclear language and meaning. Tolkien several times changed his mind about it, varying between the Latin word Incanus meaning Grey, a possible [[Westron]] invention meaning Greymantle, or even an [[Elvish]] word ''Ind-cano'' meaning "Mind Ruler"
* '''''Tharkûn''''', his name to the Dwarves, probably meaning "Staff Man"
* '''The White Rider''', his name while riding the great horse [[Shadowfax]]
* '''Gandalf Greyhame''', given to him by [[Gríma Wormtongue]]
* '''Stormcrow''', a reference to his arrival being associated with times of trouble

===Wand-elf===
Within the legendarium, "Gandalf" translates an unknown name of the meaning "Elf-of-the-wand (or cane/staff)", or more literary "Wand-elf", in old northern Mannish. Most denizens of Middle-earth incorrectly assumed Gandalf was a [[Men|Man]] (human), although he was really a Maia spirit (approximately equivalent to an angel). However, a less common misconception that occurred during the beginning of his career in Middle-earth was that for someone to be [[immortal]] and use as much magic as he did, he must have been an Elf. Although it soon became apparent to all that he couldn't be an Elf, as he was old and Elves don't generally age, the nickname stuck with him. He later gave it as his name to others he met who didn't know its original meaning.

== Inspiration ==
[[Image:Der_Berggeist_(Origin_of_Gandalf)_by_J._Madelener.gif|left|thumb|250px|This painting on a postcard is rumored to be how [[J.R.R. Tolkien]] got his inspiration for the character known as "Gandalf"]]

''Gandalfr''
appears in the list of dwarves in the ''[[Völuspá]]'' of the [[Elder Edda]], the name means "Cane-elf". Tolkien took the name along with the other dwarves' names when he wrote ''The Hobbit'' in the 1930s. He came to regret the creation of this "rabble of eddaic-named dwarves [...] invented in an idle hour" ([[The Treason of Isengard|HoME 7]]:452), since it forced him to come up with an explanation of why Old Norse names should be used in [[Third Age]] Middle-earth. He solved the dilemma in 1942 by the explanation that Old Norse was a ''translation'' of the language of [[Dale]]. The figure of Gandalf has other influences from Germanic mythology, particularly Odin in his incarnation as "the Wanderer", an old man with one eye, a long white beard, a wide brimmed hat, and a staff: Tolkien states that he thinks of Gandalf as an ''"Odinic wanderer"'' in a letter of 1946 (''Letters'' no. 107).

Tolkien had a postcard labelled ''Der Berggeist'' ("the mountain spirit"), and on the paper cover in which he kept it, he wrote "the origin of Gandalf" at some point. The postcard reproduces a painting of a bearded figure, sitting on a rock under a pine tree in a mountainous setting. He wears a wide-brimmed round hat and a long cloak and white fawn is nuzzling his upturned hands.
[[Humphrey Carpenter]] in his 1977 biography said that Tolkien had bought the postcard during his 1911 holiday in Switzerland. However, Manfred Zimmerman (1983) discovered that the painting was by German artist Josef Madlener and dates to the late 1920s. Carpenter concluded that Tolkien was probably mistaken about the origin of the postcard himself. Tolkien must have acquired the card at some time in the early 1930s, at a time when ''The Hobbit'' had already begun to take shape.

The original painting was auctioned at Sotheby's in London on July 12, 2005 for 84,000 GBP. The previous owner had been given the painting by Madlener in the 1940s and recalled that he had stated the mountains in the background of the painting were the Dolomites.

The first description of Gandalf, then, is preserved in the first pages of ''The Hobbit'',
dating to the early 1930s. Gandalf's fame is alluded to even before his physical description ("Tales and adventures sprouted up all over the place wherever he went, in the most extraordinary fashion"), directed by the author to the reader, while the protagonist's ("unsuspecting Bilbo") impression is that of:
<blockquote>
''...an old man with a staff. He had a tall pointed blue hat, a long grey cloak, a silver scarf over which a white beard hung down below his waist, and immense black boots.
</blockquote>

== Portrayals in Adaptations ==
<gallery>
Image:Gandalf from Rankin-Bass' The Hobbit.jpg|Gandalf as portrayed in [[Rankin/Bass' The Hobbit]]
Image:Gandalf from Ralph Bakshi's The Lord of the Rings.jpg|Gandalf as portrayed in [[Ralph Bakshi's The Lord of the Rings]]
Image:Peter Jackson's Gandalf.jpg|[[Ian McKellen]] as Gandalf in [[Peter Jackson's The Lord of the Rings]]
</gallery>
[[John Huston]] provided the voice of Gandalf in two animated television features by [[Rankin/Bass]].

In [[Ralph Bakshi's The Lord of the Rings]] Gandalf was voiced by [[William Squire]]. It is not known whether Squire played him in the live-action filming used for rotoscoping.

In the BBC radio dramatisations, [[Heron Carvic]] played him in ''The Hobbit'' and Sir [[Michael Hordern]] played him in ''The Lord of the Rings''.

[[Ian McKellen|Sir Ian McKellen]] was Gandalf in ''[[Peter Jackson's The Lord of the Rings|The Lord of The Rings]]'' movie trilogy directed by [[Peter Jackson]]. McKellan was also nominated for an Academy Award for his portrayal of Gandalf in [[Peter Jackson's The Fellowship of the Ring]].

Sean Connery was initially approached to play Gandalf in [[Peter Jackson]]'s movie trilogy; allegedly he was rejected when he professed ignorance of the books!

== See Also ==
* [[:Category:Images of Gandalf|Images of Gandalf]]

== References ==
* Manfred Zimmerman, ''The Origin of Gandalf and [[Josef Madlener]]'', Mythlore 34 (1983).

== External Links ==
* [http://www.tolkiensociety.org/news/gandalf-painting.html The painting from which Tolkien drew inspiration for Gandalf]

{{istari}}
{{maiar}}
{{Thorin and Company}}
{{fellowship}}

[[Category:Characters]]
[[Category:Maiar]]
[[Category:Wizards]]

Gandalf

2007-06-06T16:07:42Z

Erniel: /* Pre-War of the Ring */ typo fixes

{{Istari infobox
| image=[[Image:Roger Thomasson - Gandalf.jpg|250px]]
| name=Gandalf
| othernames= The Grey, The White, Olórin, Mithrandir, Incánus, Tharkûn, The White Rider, Gandalf Greyhame, Stormcrow, [[Gandalf#Wand-elf|Wand-elf]]
| birth= Entered [[Middle-earth]] in III 1000
| death= III 3018 (later resurrected); after the War of the Ring he passed to [[Valinor]]
| gender=Male
| robes=Grey, White
| height=
| hair= Grey, White
| eyes=
|}}
{{quote|Gandalf was shorter in stature than the other two; but his long white hair, his sweeping beard, and his broad shoulders, made him look like some wise king of ancient legend. In his aged face under great snowy brows his eyes were set like coals that could suddenly burst into fire.|[[The Fellowship of the Ring]], "[[Many Meetings]]"}}

'''Gandalf the Grey''', later '''Gandalf the White''', was a [[Wizard]] of the [[Third Age]] and the greatest force of good of his time. His tireless work against the Dark Lord [[Sauron]] saved [[Middle-earth]] from his malice and was the basis for ''[[The Hobbit]]'' and ''[[The Lord of the Rings]]''.

== History ==

=== Origins ===
{{Pronounce|Gandalf.mp3|Ardamir}}
[[Image:John Howe - Gandalf.jpg|thumb|300px|This is one of the most well known illustrations of ''Gandalf'', by [[John Howe]]]]
Gandalf is the best-known of the [[Maiar]] of the people of [[Valinor]]. He was known as '''Olórin''' who dwelt in the gardens of [[Irmo]] and was the pupil of [[Nienna]]. When the [[Valar]] decided to send the order of the [[Wizards]] (or [[Istari]] to Middle-earth, Olórin was proposed by [[Manwë]], in order to counsel and assist all those in Middle-earth who opposed [[Sauron]]. He is said to be one of the wisest of that order, rivalling [[Saruman]], with whom he had a strained, competitive relationship. The other Maiar to travel from Valinor on this mission were: [[Aiwendil|Radagast]], [[Pallando]] and [[Alatar]]. It is possible that [[Glorfindel of Gondolin]] travelled with Gandalf from Valinor (see also ''[[Glorfindel#Are they the same?|Are they the same?]]'').

=== Role in ''The Hobbit'' ===
In ''[[The Hobbit]]'', Gandalf visits the [[Shire]], where he spent a great deal of time, as a vain, fussy old conjurer who entertained children with fireworks during festivals and parties. He partially reveals his true nature and power to [[Bilbo Baggins]]. He arranges a proposition for Bilbo to join a band of thirteen [[Dwarves]] to regain the Dwarvish treasure of the [[Lonely Mountain]] that was stolen many years before by the [[Dragons|dragon]], [[Smaug]]. It is on this quest that Gandalf finds his sword, ''[[Glamdring]]''

Unknown to the Dwarves or Bilbo, Gandalf had joined the quest in order to investigate what he suspected to be Sauron's resurgence in [[Mirkwood]]; he frequently vanishes to "attend to other pressing business"— the nature of which he refuses to discuss. Some years before, he had encountered [[Thráin II]], father of the quest's leader, [[Thorin Oakenshield]], dying in [[Dol Guldur]], and the Dwarf king entrusted him with a map to Erebor.

As Dol Guldur became one of Sauron's strongholds, Gandalf feared that Sauron's agents were at large again. He met Thorin years later and agreed to go on the quest as a way to investigate further. He insisted, however, on bringing Bilbo along as a "burglar", someone who could sneak into places Dwarves couldn't access and gather information.

When Bilbo finds the One Ring, Gandalf is immediately suspicious of the Hobbit's story of evading the [[Goblins]] through "being invisible." He privately confronts Bilbo and forces the truth out of him, and is deeply troubled by his story of the ring's powers, as they seem eerily familiar.

He disappears when the company reaches Mirkwood, and does not reappear again until the [[Battle of Five Armies]] breaks out, when he brings an army of [[Eagles]] to help the Dwarves. After the battle, Gandalf accompanies Bilbo back to the Shire.

=== Pre-War of the Ring ===
Gandalf spends the years between TA 2941 and 3001 travelling [[Middle-earth]] in search of information on [[Sauron]]'s resurgence and Bilbo's mysterious ring. He spends as much time as he can in the Shire, however, strengthening his friendship with Bilbo and befriending Bilbo's heir, [[Frodo Baggins|Frodo]]. He is also begins to be suspicious of Saruman comitting treason against the [[Istari|Order]].

In 3001 he attended Bilbo's "Eleventy-first" (111th) birthday party, bringing many strange fireworks, indicating his knowledge of chemistry as well as magic. When Bilbo stands to give an announcement to the Shirefolk, Bilbo puts on the ring and disappears at the end of his speech, as a prank on his neighbors. Troubled by this, Gandalf confronts his old friend and tries to persuade him to leave his ring to Frodo. Bilbo becomes hostile and accuses him of trying to steal the ring—which he calls "my precious," much as [[Gollum]] did. Horrified, Gandalf stands to his full height and orders Bilbo to leave it behind. Bilbo returns to his senses, and admits that the ring had been troubling him lately. He then leaves Bag End for a long journey, being the only Ring-bearer in history to have left it voluntarily.

Over the next seventeen years, Gandalf travels extensively, searching for answers. Having long sought for Gollum near Mordor, he meets with [[Aragorn II|Aragorn]] in Mirkwood, who had captured the creature. Gandalf interrogates the him and learns that Sauron had tortured him to tell what he knew about the ring, revealing that Bilbo carried The One Ring.

=== Role in ''The Lord of the Rings'' ===
[[Image:Enis Cisic - Gandalf and Frodo.jpg|thumb|left|''Gandalf and Frodo'' by [[Enis Cisic]]]]
Upon returning to the Shire, in Chapter 2 of ''[[The Fellowship of the Ring]]'', he confirms his suspicions by throwing the Ring into Frodo's hearth fire and reading the writing. He tells Frodo the full history of the Ring, urging him to leave with it and make for [[Rivendell]], the home of the elves, knowing he is in grave danger if he stays at home.

Gandalf, while riding near the Shire, is requested by Radagast the Brown to seek out Saruman because the [[Nazgûl]] had come forth and crossed the River [[Anduin]]. Gandalf leaves a note for Frodo with Butterbur, an inn-keeper in [[Bree]], and heads towards [[Isengard]]. Once there, he is betrayed and held captive by Saruman, who had already come under the influence of Sauron due to his use of the [[palantíri|palantír]]. Eventually rescued by Gwahir the eagle, he only reaches the Shire after Frodo has set out and does not meet up with him until Frodo reaches Rivendell on October 20.

Taking leadership of the Fellowship (nine representatives of the free peoples of Middle-earth "set against the [[Nine Riders]]"), he and Aragorn lead the hobbits and their companions on an unsuccessful effort to cross Mount Caradhras in winter. Then they take the "dark and secret way" through the Mines of [[Moria]], which '''Gandalf''' had visited once before, looking for King Thraín II. They fought with Goblins and a Cave Troll in the [[Battle of the Chamber of Mazarbul]]. They defeated the force and fled for the [[East-gate]], when they met met an ancient demon, a [[Balrogs|Balrog]], one of the Maiar corrupted by [[Melkor]] in the [[First Age]].

[[Image:Danny Staten - Gandalf's Triumph.jpg|thumb|''Gandalf's Triumph'' by [[Danny Staten]]]]
Since Gandalf and the Balrog were both Maiar, they were beings of the same order. As they faced each other, Gandalf broke the Bridge in front of him, but as the Balrog fell it wrapped its whip around Gandalf's ankle, which dragged him down to hanging onto the edge. As the Company looked in horror, Gandalf cried, "Fly, you fools!" and let go. Neither he nor the Balrog was killed by the fall, and Gandalf pursued the creature for eight days until they climbed to the peak of Zirakzigil. Here they fought for two days and nights in what was called the [[Battle of the Peak]]. In the end, the Balrog was cast down and it broke the mountain-side as it fell. Gandalf himself died following this ordeal.

Gandalf is "brought back" (either resurrected or reincarnated), returning as a more imposing white-clad figure, '''Gandalf the White'''. In [[Fangorn]] forest he encounters the Three Walkers (Aragorn, [[Gimli]], and [[Legolas]]) who were tracking Fellowship members (and Frodo's cousins) [[Meriadoc Brandybuck|Merry]] and [[Peregrin Took|Pippin]]. Arriving in [[Rohan]], Gandalf finds that its king, [[Théoden]], has been weakened by Saruman's agent, [[Gríma Wormtongue]]. He breaks Wormtongue's hold over Theoden, and convinces the King to join them in fighting Sauron. They then go on to prosecute the war against Isengard and [[Barad-dûr]] ([[The Two Towers]]).

After the overthrow of [[Saruman]] at [[Isenguard]], Gandalf breaks Saruman's staff and banishes him from the Order of Wizards. He then takes Pippin with him to Gondor to aide in the defense of the city. Gandalf buys the city precious time by facing off against the [[Witch-king of Angmar]], the Lord of the Nazgûl, giving the Rohirrim enough time to reach the city during the [[Battle of Pelennor Fields]].

Gandalf leads the final battle against Sauron's forces at the [[Black Gate]], waging an all-out battle to distract the [[Dark Lord]]'s attention away from Frodo and [[Samwise Gamgee|Sam]], who were at the very same moment scaling [[Mount Doom]] to destroy the Ring. Without his efforts, Sauron may well have learned where the two Hobbits were and killed them before they could complete their task.

Three years later, Gandalf, now having spent over 2,000 years in Middle-Earth, departs with Frodo, [[Galadriel]], Bilbo, and [[Elrond]] across the sea to the [[Undying Lands]].

== Appearance ==
[[Image:Piotr Wysocki - Gandalf's Brooch.jpg|thumb|left|''Gandalf's Brooch'' by Piotr Wysocki.]]
Gandalf initially appears as an old man with a grey beard, a grey cloak and a large, pointed blue hat. Although some of the Wise know his true nature, others mistake him for a simple conjuror. After he is resurrected the change of his signature colour from grey to white is significant, for he has been sent back to replace the corrupt Saruman as the chief of the Wizards. In the book he says that he has himself become what Saruman should have been.

[[Círdan]] the Shipwright seemed to have foreseen this, for he entrusted the care of [[Narya]], the ring of Fire, one of the [[Rings of Power|Three Rings]] of the Elves to Gandalf rather than Saruman.

== Powers & Abilities ==

In [[The Hobbit]], Gandalf demonstrated extensive knowledge of the land and an assortment of magical abilities. He could blow glowing smoke rings that moved around a room at his direction, and [[Bilbo]] remembered him for his fantastic fireworks displays. More usefully, he created blinding flashes and other pyrotechnics to distract the [[goblin]]s of the [[Misty Mountains]], aiding the dwarves in their escape from [[Goblin-town]]. On the eastern slopes, he turned pine cones into flaming projectiles that threw hot sparks and started fires that would not easily go out. He was also able come and go from the presence of [[Thorin and Company]] without anyone noticing.

In [[The Lord of the Rings]], he again displayed his proficiency with pyrotechnics at [[Bilbo's Farewell Party]]. He was also able to start fires under blizzard conditions, create light of varying intensity for the journey through [[Moria]], magically secure doors, and break the [[Bridge of Khazad-dûm]]. When angered or aroused for battle, he seemed to grow in height and assume a terrifying aspect. He also fought the [[Durin's Bane|Balrog of Moria]] and killed his opponent, although he did not survive the battle himself.

Sent back to [[Middle-earth]] as Gandalf the White, he possessed greater charisma and a limited degree of clairvoyance, although he was unable to peer into the land of [[Mordor]] to see the progress of Frodo and [[Sam]]. His power and authority had increased so that he could break [[Saruman|Saruman's]] staff with a spoken command, showing his authority to throw the treacherous wizard out of the order.

===Special Equipment===

Like all wizards, Gandalf carried a staff which sometimes served as a focus for his powers (like creating light). Exactly how much it aided him in the use of magic is unknown, but [[Grima Wormtongue]] tried to forbid Gandalf from bringing it into [[Edoras]].

When he arrived in Middle Earth, Gandalf received the Elven ring [[Narya]] from [[Cirdan the Shipwright]].

In 2941, Gandalf acquired the sword [[Glamdring]] from the treasure horde of a band of trolls.

== Names and Titles ==
* '''''Olórin''''', his name in [[Valinor]] and in very ancient times. "Olórin was my name in my youth in the West that is forgotten." It is [[Quenya]] and its meaning is associated with dreams (perhaps "dreamer" or "of dreams"), from the root ''ÓLOS''-
* '''''Mithrandir''''', his [[Sindarin]] name, used in [[Gondor]] and meaning "Grey Pilgrim"
* '''''Incánus''''', his name in the South, of unclear language and meaning. Tolkien several times changed his mind about it, varying between the Latin word Incanus meaning Grey, a possible [[Westron]] invention meaning Greymantle, or even an [[Elvish]] word ''Ind-cano'' meaning "Mind Ruler"
* '''''Tharkûn''''', his name to the Dwarves, probably meaning "Staff Man"
* '''The White Rider''', his name while riding the great horse [[Shadowfax]]
* '''Gandalf Greyhame''', given to him by [[Gríma Wormtongue]]
* '''Stormcrow''', a reference to his arrival being associated with times of trouble

===Wand-elf===
Within the legendarium, "Gandalf" translates an unknown name of the meaning "Elf-of-the-wand (or cane/staff)", or more literary "Wand-elf", in old northern Mannish. Most denizens of Middle-earth incorrectly assumed Gandalf was a [[Men|Man]] (human), although he was really a Maia spirit (approximately equivalent to an angel). However, a less common misconception that occurred during the beginning of his career in Middle-earth was that for someone to be [[immortal]] and use as much magic as he did, he must have been an Elf. Although it soon became apparent to all that he couldn't be an Elf, as he was old and Elves don't generally age, the nickname stuck with him. He later gave it as his name to others he met who didn't know its original meaning.

== Inspiration ==
[[Image:Der_Berggeist_(Origin_of_Gandalf)_by_J._Madelener.gif|left|thumb|250px|This painting on a postcard is rumored to be how [[J.R.R. Tolkien]] got his inspiration for the character known as "Gandalf"]]

''Gandalfr''
appears in the list of dwarves in the ''[[Völuspá]]'' of the [[Elder Edda]], the name means "Cane-elf". Tolkien took the name along with the other dwarves' names when he wrote ''The Hobbit'' in the 1930s. He came to regret the creation of this "rabble of eddaic-named dwarves [...] invented in an idle hour" ([[The Treason of Isengard|HoME 7]]:452), since it forced him to come up with an explanation of why Old Norse names should be used in [[Third Age]] Middle-earth. He solved the dilemma in 1942 by the explanation that Old Norse was a ''translation'' of the language of [[Dale]]. The figure of Gandalf has other influences from Germanic mythology, particularly Odin in his incarnation as "the Wanderer", an old man with one eye, a long white beard, a wide brimmed hat, and a staff: Tolkien states that he thinks of Gandalf as an ''"Odinic wanderer"'' in a letter of 1946 (''Letters'' no. 107).

Tolkien had a postcard labelled ''Der Berggeist'' ("the mountain spirit"), and on the paper cover in which he kept it, he wrote "the origin of Gandalf" at some point. The postcard reproduces a painting of a bearded figure, sitting on a rock under a pine tree in a mountainous setting. He wears a wide-brimmed round hat and a long cloak and white fawn is nuzzling his upturned hands.
[[Humphrey Carpenter]] in his 1977 biography said that Tolkien had bought the postcard during his 1911 holiday in Switzerland. However, Manfred Zimmerman (1983) discovered that the painting was by German artist Josef Madlener and dates to the late 1920s. Carpenter concluded that Tolkien was probably mistaken about the origin of the postcard himself. Tolkien must have acquired the card at some time in the early 1930s, at a time when ''The Hobbit'' had already begun to take shape.

The original painting was auctioned at Sotheby's in London on July 12, 2005 for 84,000 GBP. The previous owner had been given the painting by Madlener in the 1940s and recalled that he had stated the mountains in the background of the painting were the Dolomites.

The first description of Gandalf, then, is preserved in the first pages of ''The Hobbit'',
dating to the early 1930s. Gandalf's fame is alluded to even before his physical description ("Tales and adventures sprouted up all over the place wherever he went, in the most extraordinary fashion"), directed by the author to the reader, while the protagonist's ("unsuspecting Bilbo") impression is that of:
<blockquote>
''...an old man with a staff. He had a tall pointed blue hat, a long grey cloak, a silver scarf over which a white beard hung down below his waist, and immense black boots.
</blockquote>

== Portrayals in Adaptations ==
<gallery>
Image:Gandalf from Rankin-Bass' The Hobbit.jpg|Gandalf as portrayed in [[Rankin/Bass' The Hobbit]]
Image:Gandalf from Ralph Bakshi's The Lord of the Rings.jpg|Gandalf as portrayed in [[Ralph Bakshi's The Lord of the Rings]]
Image:Peter Jackson's Gandalf.jpg|[[Ian McKellen]] as Gandalf in [[Peter Jackson's The Lord of the Rings]]
</gallery>
[[John Huston]] provided the voice of Gandalf in two animated television features by [[Rankin/Bass]].

In [[Ralph Bakshi's The Lord of the Rings]] Gandalf was voiced by [[William Squire]]. It is not known whether Squire played him in the live-action filming used for rotoscoping.

In the BBC radio dramatisations, [[Heron Carvic]] played him in ''The Hobbit'' and Sir [[Michael Hordern]] played him in ''The Lord of the Rings''.

[[Ian McKellen|Sir Ian McKellen]] was Gandalf in ''[[Peter Jackson's The Lord of the Rings|The Lord of The Rings]]'' movie trilogy directed by [[Peter Jackson]]. McKellan was also nominated for an Academy Award for his portrayal of Gandalf in [[Peter Jackson's The Fellowship of the Ring]].

Sean Connery was initially approached to play Gandalf in [[Peter Jackson]]'s movie trilogy; allegedly he was rejected when he professed ignorance of the books!

== See Also ==
* [[:Category:Images of Gandalf|Images of Gandalf]]

== References ==
* Manfred Zimmerman, ''The Origin of Gandalf and [[Josef Madlener]]'', Mythlore 34 (1983).

== External Links ==
* [http://www.tolkiensociety.org/news/gandalf-painting.html The painting from which Tolkien drew inspiration for Gandalf]

{{istari}}
{{maiar}}
{{Thorin and Company}}
{{fellowship}}

[[Category:Characters]]
[[Category:Maiar]]
[[Category:Wizards]]

The Lord of the Rings

2007-06-04T03:30:18Z

Erniel: /* Writing */ typo fixes

{{quote|The English-speaking world is divided into those who have read '''The Lord of the Rings''' and [[The Hobbit]] and those who are going to read them.|Sunday Times}}

{{book|
title=The Lord of the Rings|
image=[[Image:Jrrt lotr cover design.jpg|200px]]|
author=[[J.R.R. Tolkien]]|
publisher=Houghton Mifflin|
date=1954-1956|
format=Hardcover, Paperback|
pages=1210|
}}

'''''The Lord of the Rings''''' is an epic fantasy story by [[J.R.R. Tolkien]], a sequel to his earlier work, ''[[The Hobbit]]''. It was published in three volumes in 1954 and 1955. Three movie productions have been made, the first, by animator [[Ralph Bakshi]] was released in 1978 (as part one of what was originally to be a two-part adaptation of the story), the second being a 1980 television special, and the third being director [[Peter Jackson's The Lord of the Rings]] released in 2001, 2002, and 2003.

The story's titular character is the Dark Lord [[Sauron]] of [[Mordor]]. The primary villain of the work, he created the One Ring to control nineteen other Rings of Power, and is thus the "Lord of the Rings." Sauron, in turn, was the servant of an earlier Dark Lord, [[Morgoth]] (Melkor), who is prominent in Tolkien's ''[[The Silmarillion]]'', the history of Middle-earth.

==Books and volumes==

===Writing===

Tolkien did not originally intend to write a sequel to ''[[The Hobbit]]'', and instead wrote several other children's tales, including ''[[Roverandom]]'' and ''[[Farmer Giles of Ham]]''. As his main work, Tolkien began to outline the history of [[Arda]], telling tales of the [[Silmarils]], and many other stories of how the races and situations that we read about in the Lord of the Rings trilogy came to be. Tolkien died before he could complete and put together ''[[The Silmarillion]]'', but his son [[Christopher Tolkien]] edited his father's work, filled in gaps and published in 1977.

Tolkien had a deep desire to write a mythology for England, especially after his horrific experiences during the First World War. He was also influenced by the effects of continued industrialisation, where he saw much of the England he loved passing away and became aware of the immense evil in the world. Thus to understand his writings we must be aware of how Tolkien the scholar influences Tolkien the author. His writing of this mythology emerges as an Oxford philologist well acquainted with Northern European Medieval Literature including the great mythic works such as the [[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hervarar_saga| Hervarar saga]], the [[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volsunga_Saga| Völsunga saga]], the influential [[Beowulf]] as well as other Old Norse, Old and Middle English Texts. He was also inspired by non-Germanic works such as the Finnish epic [[Kalevala]]. A man who had created his first language by the age of seven, he was driven by a desire to write a mythology for England influenced by his exposure and expertise of these ancient traditions. The need for such a myth was often a topic of conversation in his meetings with the [[Inklings]], fellow Oxford scholars who have been described as Christian Romantics, meeting weekly and discussing Icelandic myths and their own unpublished compositions. Tolkien agreed with one of the other members of the group, [[C.S. Lewis]], that if there were no adequate myths for England then they would have to write their own. Tolkien's work has been commonly interpreted in this light.

Persuaded by his publishers, he started 'a new hobbit' in December 1937. After several false starts, the story of the One Ring soon emerged, and the book mutated from being a sequel to the Hobbit, to being, in theme, more of a sequel to the unpublished ''[[The Silmarillion|Silmarillion]]''. The idea of the first chapter (''A Long-Expected Party'') arrived fully-formed, although the reasons behind Bilbo's disappearance, and the significance of the Ring did not arrive, along with the title ''The Lord of the Rings'' until spring 1938. Originally he was going to write another story in which Bilbo had used up all his treasure and was looking for another adventure to gain more; however he remembered the ring and the powers it had and decided to write about that instead. He started to write it with Bilbo as the main character but decided that the story was too serious to use the fun loving Hobbit so Tolkien looked to use a member of Bilbo's family. He thought about using Bilbo's son but this generated some difficult questions — Where was his wife? How could Bilbo let his son go into that kind of danger? — so he looked for an alternate character to carry the ring. In Greek legend, it was a hero's nephew that gained the item of power, and so into existence came the Hobbit Frodo.

Writing was slow due to Tolkien's perfectionism, and was frequently interrupted by his obligations as an examiner, and other academic duties. In fact, the first sentence of ''[[The Hobbit]]'' was written on a blank page a student had left on an exam paper that Tolkien was grading — "In a hole in the ground there lived a Hobbit". He seems to have abandoned the book during most of 1943 and only re-started it in April 1944. This effort was written as a serial for [[Christopher Tolkien]] and [[C.S. Lewis]] — the former would be sent copies of chapters as they were written while he was serving in [[Africa]] in the [[Royal Air Force]]. He made another push in 1946, and showed a copy of the manuscript to his publishers in 1947. The story was effectively finished the next year, but Tolkien did not finish revising earlier parts of the work until 1949.

A dispute with his publishers, [[Allen & Unwin]], led to the book being offered to [[Collins]] in 1950. He intended ''the Silmarillion'' (itself largely unrevised at this point) to be published along with ''The Lord of the Rings'', but A&U were unwilling to do this. After his contact at Collins, Milton Waldman, expressed the belief that ''The Lord of the Rings'' itself 'urgently needed cutting', he eventually demanded that they publish the book in 1952. They did not do so, and so Tolkien wrote to Allen and Unwin, saying "I would gladly consider the publication of any part of the stuff".

===Publication===

For publication, due largely to post-war paper shortages, but also to keep the price of the first volume down, the book was divided into three volumes (''[[The Fellowship of the Ring]]'': Books I and II; ''[[The Two Towers]]'': Books III and IV; and ''[[The Return of the King]]'': Books V and VI, 6 appendices). Delays in producing appendices and maps led to these being published later than originally hoped — on the 29 July and 11 November 1954 and 20 October 1955 in the United Kingdom, slightly later in the United States. ''The Return of the King'' was especially delayed. He did not, however, much like the title ''The Return of the King'', believing it gave away too much of the storyline. He had originally suggested ''[[The War of the Ring]]'' which was dismissed by his publishers.

The books were published under a 'profit-sharing' arrangement, where Tolkien would not receive an advance or royalties until the books had broken even, but after then take a large share of the profits.

An index to the entire 3-volume set at the end of third volume was promised in the first volume. However, this proved impractical to compile in a reasonable timescale. Later, in 1966, four indices which were not compiled by Tolkien were added to ''The Return of the King''.

Because the three-volume binding was so widely distributed, the work is usually referred to as the ''Lord of the Rings'' "trilogy". Tolkien himself made use of the term "trilogy" for the work, though he did at other times consider this incorrect, as it was written and conceived as a single novel.

A 1999 (Millennium Edition) British (ISBN 0-261-10387-3) 7-volume box set followed the six-book division authored by Tolkien, but with the Appendices from the end of Book VI bound as a separate volume. The letters of ''Tolkien'' appear on the spines of the boxed set which includes a CD.
The individual names for books in this series were decided posthumously, based on a combination of suggestions Tolkien had made during his lifetime, title of the volumes, and whole cloth — viz:

* T Book I: ''The Ring Sets Out''
* O Book II: ''The Ring Goes South''
* L Book III: ''The Treason of Isengard''
* K Book IV: ''The Ring Goes East''
* I Book V: ''The War of the Ring''
* E Book VI: ''The End of the Third Age''
* N Appendices

The name of the complete work is often abbreviated to ''''LotR'''', ''''LOTR'''', or simply ''''LR'''', and the three volumes as FR, FOTR, or FotR (The '''F'''ellowship '''o'''f '''t'''he '''R'''ing), TT or TTT ('''T'''he '''T'''wo '''T'''owers), and RK, ROTK, or RotK (The '''R'''eturn '''o'''f '''t'''he '''K'''ing).

Note that the three titles ''The Return of the Shadow'', ''The Treason of Isengard'' and ''The War of the Ring'' were used by [[Christopher Tolkien]] in [[The History of The Lord of the Rings]].

Some locations and characters were inspired by Tolkien's childhood in [[Sarehole]], then a [[Warwickshire]] village, now part of [[Birmingham]], and in Birmingham itself.

== Publication history ==

The three parts were first published by [[Allen & Unwin]] in 1954–1955 several months apart. They were later reissued many times by multiple publishers, as one, three, six or seven volumes. Two current printings are ISBN 0-618-34399-7 (one-volume) and ISBN 0-618-34624-4 (three volume set).

In the early 1960s, Donald A. Wollheim, science fiction editor of the paperback publisher [[Ace Books]], realized that ''The Lord of the Rings'' was not protected in the United States under American copyright law because the US hardcover edition had been bound from pages printed in the UK for the British edition. Ace Books proceeded to publish an edition, unauthorized by Tolkien and without compensation to him. Tolkien made this plain to US fans who wrote to him. Grass-roots pressure became so great that Ace books withdrew their edition and made a nominal payment to Tolkien, well below what he might have been due in an appropriate publication. However, this poor beginning was overshadowed when an authorized edition followed from [[Ballantine Books]] to tremendous commercial success. By the mid-1960s the books, due to their wide exposure on the American public stage, had become a true cultural phenomenon. The Second Edition of the Lord of the Rings dates from this time — Tolkien undertook various textual revisions to produce a version of the book that would have a valid U.S. copyright.

The books have been translated, with various degrees of success, into dozens of other languages.
Tolkien, an expert in philology, examined many of these translations, and had comments on each that illuminate both the translation process and his work.

The enormous popular success of Tolkien's epic saga greatly expanded the demand for fantasy fiction. Largely thanks to ''The Lord of the Rings'', the genre flowered throughout the 1960s. Many well-written books of this genre were published (comparable works include the ''Earthsea'' books of Ursula K. Le Guin, the ''Thomas Covenant'' novels of Stephen R. Donaldson, and in the case of the ''Gormenghast'' books by Mervyn Peake, and ''The Worm Ourobouros'' by E. R. Eddison, rediscovered). It also strongly influenced the role playing game industry that achieved popularity in the 1970s with ''Dungeons & Dragons'' which featured many creatures that could be found in Tolkien's books.

As in all artistic fields, a great many lesser derivatives of the more prominent works appeared. The term "Tolkienesque" is used in the genre to refer to the oft-used and abused storyline of ''The Lord of the Rings'': a group of adventurers embarking on a quest to save a magical fantasy world from the armies of an evil "[[Dark Lord|dark lord]]", and is a testament to how much the popularity of these books has increased, since many critics initially decried Lord of the Rings as being "[[Richard Wagner| Wagner]] for children" (a reference to the [[Ring Cycle]]) — a specially interesting commentary in light of a possible interpretation of The Lord of The Rings as a Christian response to Wagner, for example following [http://atimes.com./atimes/others/spengler.html ATimes' pseudo-Oswald Spengler].

== The books ==

''The Lord of the Rings'' began as a personal exploration by Tolkien of his interests in philology, religion (particularly Roman Catholicism); fairy tales, and Norse and Celtic mythology.
Tolkien detailed his creation to an astounding extent; he created a complete mythology for his realm of Middle-earth, including genealogies of characters, languages, [[runes]], calendars and histories.
Some of this supplementary material is detailed in the appendices to ''The Lord of the Rings'', and the mythological history was woven into a large, biblically-styled volume entitled ''[[The Silmarillion]]''.

J. R. R. Tolkien once described ''The Lord of the Rings'' as "''a fundamentally religious and Catholic work''" he wrote to his friend, the English Jesuit Father Robert Murray, "''unconsciously so at first, but consciously in the revision.''"(''[[The Letters of J.R.R. Tolkien]]'', 142). There are many theological themes underlying the narrative, the battle of good versus evil, the triumph of humility over pride, the activity of grace, Death and Immortality, Resurrection, Salvation, Repentance, Self-Sacrifice, Free Will, Humility, Justice, Fellowship, Authority and Healing.
In it the great virtues of Mercy and Pity (shown by Bilbo and Frodo towards Gollum) win the day and the message from the Lord's Prayer "And lead us not into temptation, but deliver us from evil" was very much on Tolkien's mind as Frodo struggled against the power of the One Ring (''Letters'', 181 and 191).

Religious motifs other than Christian can be discerned as strong influences in Tolkien's Middle Earth. The pantheon of the Valar and Maiar (greater and lesser gods/angels) responsible for the creation and maintenance of everything from skies (Manwe) and seas (Ulmo), to dreams (Lorien) and dooms (Mandos) suggest a pre-Christian mythology in style, albeit that these Valar and Maiar are themselves creations of a monotheistic entity — Illuvatar or Eru, "The One".

Other pre-Christian mythological references can be seen in the representations of: a "Green Man" — Tom Bombadil, wise-men — the Istari (commonly referred to as the Wizards, perhaps more of angels), shapechangers — Beorn, undead spirits — Barrow Wights, Oathbreakers, sentient nonhumans — Dwarves, Elves, Hobbits, and, of course, Ents. Magic is utilised freely in Middle Earth, and may be found not only in the incantations of Wizards, but in the weapons and tools of warriors and craftspeople, in the perceptions and abilities of heroes, and in the natural world itself.

Tolkien did repeatedly insist that his works were not an allegory of any kind, and even though his thoughts on the matter are mentioned in the introduction of the book, there has been heavy speculation about the Ruling Ring being an allegory for the atom bomb. However, Tolkien had already completed most of the book, and planned the ending in entirety, before the first atom bombs were made public to the world during the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki in August 1945. However there is a strong theme of despair in front of new mechanized warfare that Tolkien himself had experienced in the trenches of World War One. The development of a specially bred orc army, and the destruction of the environment to aid this have modern resonances. Nevertheless, the author's own opinion on the matter of allegories was that he disliked them, and it would be irresponsible to dismiss such direct statements on these matters lightly.

The plot of ''The Lord of the Rings'' builds from his earlier book ''[[The Hobbit]]'' and more obliquely from the history in ''[[The Silmarillion]]'', which contains events to which the characters of ''The Lord of the Rings'' look back upon in the book.
The [[hobbit]]s become embroiled in great events that threaten their entire world, as [[Sauron]], an evil spirit, attempts to regain the lost [[One Ring]] which will restore him to full potency.

=== The Verse of the One Ring ===
:''Three Rings for the Elven-kings under the sky,''
:''   Seven for the Dwarf-lords in their halls of stone,''
:''Nine for Mortal Men doomed to die,''
:''   One for the Dark Lord on his dark throne''
:''In the Land of Mordor where the Shadows lie.''
:''   One Ring to rule them all, One Ring to find them,''
:''   One Ring to bring them all and in the darkness bind them''
:''In the Land of Mordor where the Shadows lie.''

The lines :
:''   One Ring to rule them all, One Ring to find them,''
:''   One Ring to bring them all and in the darkness bind them''
are inscribed in the language of Sauron and Mordor (the Black Speech) on the One Ring itself. Phonetically it would be:
:''Ash nazg durbatulûk, ash nazg gimbatul, ash nazg thrakatulûk agh burzum-ishi krimpatul''

=== The storyline ===
See the articles on ''[[The Fellowship of the Ring]]'', ''[[The Two Towers]]'', and ''[[The Return of the King]]'' for plot summaries.

=== Criticism ===
The book was characterized as "juvenile balderdash" by American critic [[Edmund Wilson]] in his essay "[http://www.jrrvf.com/sda/critiques/The_Nation.html Oo, those awful Orcs]", and in 1961 [[Philip Toynbee]] wrote, somewhat prematurely, that it had "passed into a merciful oblivion" [http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/film/1695926.stm]. Although she had never read ''The Lord of the Rings'', [[Germaine Greer]] wrote "it has been my nightmare that Tolkien would turn out to be the most influential writer of the twentieth century. The bad dream has materialized."

[[W.H. Auden]] also criticized the book in a 1968 ''Critical Quarterly'' article, "Good and evil in ''The Lord of the Rings''," objecting to Tolkien's conception of sentient species that are intrinsically evil without possibility of redemption. (This is a criticism often directed at [[Dungeons and Dragons]]-like fantasy worlds as well as at fantasy literature in general, and a criticism that Tolkien himself increasingly struggled with during his last years.) On the other hand, in a 1956 ''New York Times'' book review, "At the end of the Quest, Victory," Auden also called the book "a masterpiece of its genre" that "succeeded where [[John Milton|Milton]] failed" in depicting an epic battle between good and evil, and wrote that it "never violated" the "reader's sense of the credible."

Science-fiction author [[David Brin]] has criticized the books for unquestioning devotion to a traditional elitist social structure, their positive depiction of the slaughter of the opposing forces, and their romantic backward-looking worldview [http://www.davidbrin.com/tolkienarticle1.html].

Another notable SF writer Michael Moorcock wrote a long and piercing critique of the book under the title Epic Pooh advancing the thesis that it was simply a child's tale written in the language of epic myth.

China Mieville, a modern fantasy writer, criticised Tolkien's works as "reactionary." Mieville is also a detractor of later fantasy which draws heavily upon Tolkien's work, based on the idea that such work is cliche.

===Praise===
"The English-speaking world is divided into those who have read ''The Lord of the Rings'' and ''The Hobbit'' and those who are going to read them." — ''Sunday Times''

"Among the greatest works of imaginative fiction of the twentieth century." — ''Sunday Telegraph''

"Here are the beauties which pierce like swords or burn like cold iron." — C.S. Lewis

"J.R.R. Tolkien's epic trilogy remains the ultimate quest, the ultimate battle between good and evil, the ultimate chronicle of stewardship of the earth. Endlessly imitated, it never has been surpassed." — ''Kansas City Star''

"A story magnificently told, with every kind of colour and movement and greatness." — ''New Statesman''

Peter Jackson said, "…it is as if Tolkien found some secret scroll about the real history of earth…".

== ''The Lord of the Rings'' on film ==
===Early efforts===
There were plans for [[the Beatles]] to do a version of ''The Lord of the Rings'' but they came to nothing. It was even said that Stanley Kubrick had looked into the possibility of filming the story, but he abandoned the idea as too "immense" to be made into a movie. In the mid-1970s, renowned film director [[John Boorman]] collaborated with film rights holder and producer [[Saul Zaentz]] to do a live action picture, but the project proved too expensive to finance at that time. Boorman would later use many of the locations and sets in his Arthurian epic "Excalibur"

In 1978, [[Rankin/Bass]] studios produced the first real film adaptation of any ''Lord of the Rings'' related material with an animated television version of ''[[The Hobbit]]'', which was a precursor to ''The Lord of the Rings''.

Shortly after, Saul Zaentz picked up where Rankin-Bass left off by producing an animated adaptation of ''The Fellowship of the Ring'' and part of ''The Two Towers'' in 1978.

''[[Ralph Bakshi's The Lord of the Rings|The Lord of the Rings]]'', originally released by [[United Artists]] was directed by [[Ralph Bakshi]] and used an animation technique called rotoscoping in which footage of live actors was filmed and then traced over.

The film was part one of what was originally to be a two-part adaptation of Tolkien's story, Part I ending after the battle of Helm's Deep, but before Sam, Frodo and Gollum traverse the [[Dead Marshes]], and Part II picking up from where the first film left off. Made for a minimal budget of $8 million dollars, the film earned $30 million dollars at the box office.

United Artists viewed the film as a flop, and refused to fund a Part II (covering the rest of the story), leaving the door open for Rankin-Bass to do the work for him with the 1980 animated television version of ''[[Rankin/Bass' The Return of the King|The Return of the King]]''.

However, the Rankin-Bass film picked up from where the book began, and not from where Bakshi's film left off. Additionally, the change in style and character design was quite noticeable.

Since this film was targeted to a younger audience, adult enthusiasts have complained that much of the depth and darkness of the book was discarded.

===The New Line Cinema films===

''Main article [[Peter Jackson's The Lord of the Rings]]''

[[Miramax]] Films developed a full-fledged live-action adaptation of ''The Lord of the Rings'', with [[Peter Jackson]] as director. Eventually, Miramax became uneasy with the sheer scope of the proposed projectand wanted to combine the suggested three films into two. [[Peter Jackson]] struck a deal with Miramax that if he could not find a fresh studio to back the project, he would walk away and leave the rights and all the work so far completed with Miramax. However, in 1998, [[New Line Cinema]] assumed production responsibility (while Miramax executives [[Bob Weinstein]] and [[Harvey Weinstein]] retained on-screen credits as executive producers on the films).

The three live action films (supplemented with extensive computer-generated imagery, for example in the major battle scenes, using the "[[Massive]]" software) were filmed simultaneously. ''[[Peter Jackson's The Fellowship of the Ring|The Fellowship of the Ring]]'' was released on December 19, 2001. ''[[Peter Jackson's The Two Towers|The Two Towers]]'' was released on December 18, 2002 and ''[[Peter Jackson's The Return of the King|The Return of the King]]'' was released worldwide on December 17, 2003. All three films won the Hugo Award for Best (Long-form) Dramatic Presentation in their respective years.

Although some have criticized these films because they have altered the story somewhat and, arguably, have a noticeably different tone from Tolkien's original vision, others have hailed them as remarkable achievements. [[Peter Jackson]] has defended his changes by stating that he views the films as merely one man's interpreatation.

[[Peter Jackson]]'s film adaptations garnered seventeen Oscars (four for ''The Fellowship of the Ring'', two for ''The Two Towers'', and eleven for ''The Return of the King''); these cover many of the awards categories (in fact, ''The Return of the King'' won all of the eleven awards for which it was nominated, including Best Picture). With 30 total nominations, the trilogy also became the most-nominated in the Academy's history, surpassing the ''Godfather'' series (28).

''The Return of the King''<nowiki>'</nowiki>s Oscar sweep is widely seen as a proxy award for the entire trilogy. ''The Return of the King''<nowiki>'</nowiki>s 11 Oscars at the 2004 Academy Awards tied it for most awards won for one film with ''Titanic'' six years earlier and the 1959 version of ''Ben-Hur''. It also broke the previous "sweep" record, beating ''Gigi'' and ''The Last Emperor'' (which had gone 9 for 9).

The visual-effects work has been groundbreaking, particularly the creation of the emotionally versatile digital character [[Gollum]].
The scale of the production alone — three films shot and edited back to back over a period of little more than three years — is unprecedented.

The films have also proven to be substantial box office successes. The premiere of ''The Return of the King'' took place in [[Wellington]], [[New Zealand]], on December 1, 2003 and was surrounded by fan celebrations and official promotions (the production of the films having contributed significantly to the New Zealand economy). It has made movie history as the largest Wednesday opening ever. ''The Return of the King'' was also the second movie in history (after ''Titanic'') to earn over 1 billion $US (worldwide). Note, however, that these numbers are all unadjusted for inflation, making their significance questionable. Adjusted for inflation, as of 24 March 2005, the three films rank (in order of release) as the 71st, 56th, and 48th highest-grossing films in the United States [http://www.boxofficemojo.com/alltime/adjusted.htm].

Fanatics of the films have also flocked to the locations where the trilogy was filmed in New Zealand, with many tour companies being totally devoted to taking fans to and from the filming locations that Director Peter Jackson chose for the adaption of Tolkien's epic trilogy.[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journey_Of_The_Ring]

== ''The Lord of the Rings'' on radio ==

The BBC produced a 13-part radio adaptation of ''The Lord of the Rings'' in 1956, and a 6-part version of ''The Hobbit'' in 1966.
It is uncertain whether Tolkien ever heard either series. No recording of the 1956 series is known to exist, but ''The Hobbit'' has survived.
It is a very faithful adaptation, incorporating some passing references to ''The Lord of the Rings'' and the [[Silmarillion]].

A 1979 dramatization was broadcast in the USA and subsequently issued on tape and CD. No cast or credits appear on the audio packaging.
Each of the actors was apparently recorded separately and then the various parts were edited together.
Thus, unlike a BBC recording session where the actors are recorded together, none of the cast are actually interacting with each other and the performances suffer badly as a result.

In 1981 the BBC broadcast a new, ambitious dramatization of ''The Lord of the Rings'' in 26 half-hour instalments. See: ''[[The Lord of the Rings (1981 radio series)]]''.

== ''The Lord of the Rings'' on stage ==

[[Ed Mirvish|Mirvish Productions]] has started rehearsals for a three-hour stage musical adaptation of ''The Lord of the Rings'' that will have a cast of over 65 actors and cost C$27 million (£11.5 million). The show will be written by Shaun McKenna and Matthew Warchus with music by [[A. R. Rahman]] and [[Värttinä]], collaborating with [[Christopher Nightingale]] and will be directed by [[Matthew Warchus]]. It will open on March 23 2006 at Toronto's Princess of Wales Theatre, with preview performances from February 2 until March 22. It is planned to premiere in London in autumn 2006 and New York City within two years.

The director explained his vision of the play’s format by saying, "We have not attempted to pull the novel towards the standard conventions of musical theatre, but rather to expand those conventions so that they will accommodate Tolkien's material. As a result, we will be presenting a hybrid of text, physical theatre, music and spectacle never previously seen on this scale. To read the novel is to experience the events of Middle-earth in the mind’s eye; to watch the films is to view Middle-earth as though through a giant window. Only in the theatre are we actually plunged into the events as they happen. The environment surrounds us. We participate. We are in Middle-earth."

== Satire and parody based on ''The Lord of the Rings'' ==
''This section has been moved to the [[Humor]] page.''

==Awards==
* In 1957 it was awarded the International Fantasy Award
* In the 2003 "Big Read" survey conducted by the BBC, The Lord of the Rings was found to be the "Nation's Best-loved Book".
* Australians voted The Lord of the Rings "My Favourite Book" in a 2004 survey conducted by the Australian ABC
* In a 1999 poll of Amazon.com customers, The Lord of the Rings was judged to be their favourite "book of the millennium". [http://archive.salon.com/books/feature/2001/06/04/tolkien/]
* In 2002 Tolkien was voted the ninety-second "greatest Briton" in a poll conducted by the BBC
* In 2004 he was voted thirty-fifth in the SABC3's Great South Africans, the only person to appear in both lists
* In a 2004 poll inspired by the UK’s "Big Read" survey, about 250,000 Germans found The Lord of the Rings to be their favourite work of literature. [http://www.smh.com.au/articles/2004/10/04/1096871805007.html?from=storyrhs]
* The Lord of the Rings came in 3rd in the Librarians' Poll [http://tolkiensociety.org/news/librarians-poll.html]

'''See also:'''
* [[References to The Lord of the Rings]]

{{lotr}}

[[Category:Books by J.R.R. Tolkien|Lord of the Rings]]

Éomer

2007-06-01T18:36:33Z

Erniel: typo fix

{{royalty infobox
| image=[[Image:John Howe - Eomer.jpg|150px]]
| name=Éomer
| othernames= Éomer Éadig
| birth= III 2991
| rule= III 3019
| death= IV 63
| age= 93
| realms= [[Rohan]]
| race=[[Men]]
| height=6' 6"
| gender=Male
| hair= Dark Blond
| eyes=
|}}
'''Éomer''' was the eighteenth [[Kings of Rohan|King of Rohan]], and first of the Third Line. His name is likely derived from the Anglo-Saxon words "eoh" ("war-horse"), and possibly "mēre", ("grand, excellent, famous"). In a note written well after the initial publication of ''The Lord of the Rings'', Tolkien gave Éomer's height as 6 feet 6 inches tall ("of like height with [[Aragorn]]).

Éomer, of the [[House of Eorl]], was the son of [[Théodwyn]], sister of King [[Théoden]] of [[Rohan]], and [[Éomund]], a Chief Marshal of the Riddermark. He had a sister [[Éowyn]]. After they were orphaned Théoden adopted them as his own children.

He was tall, strong and possessed of great passion and also was considered a valiant and splendid warrior and a discerning and decent man. Eomer became a great, wise and skilled warrior and rider.

Éomer was third [[Marshal of the Mark]], and was a strong leader of [[Men]]. His [[Éored]] hunted down the [[Uruk-hai]] that had taken [[Meriadoc Brandybuck]] and [[Peregrin Took]] as they camped near [[Fangorn Forest]], slaying them all. He never saw the [[Hobbits]], as they fled during the battle. Afterwards he met Aragorn, [[Gimli]] and [[Legolas]] in the plains of Rohan, and he gave them two [[horses]].

Éomer returned to Edoras, and reported on meeting the Ranger and friends. However, he was arrested after threatening [[Gríma Wormtongue]] because of his advances on Éomer's sister.

He was set free when Théoden recovered from the influence of [[Saruman]] the White, and was with his king at the [[Battle of the Hornburg]], where he and his éored drove the [[Orcs]] and [[Dunlendings]] of Saruman from the walls of the [[Hornburg]] and into the [[Huorn]] forest, where they were killed.

Afterwards he rode with Théoden, Aragorn, and [[Gandalf]] to [[Isengard]], where they confronted a trapped Saruman. Éomer rode with his king to the [[Battle of the Pelennor Fields]], and fought bravely for Rohan and [[Gondor]].

In the year 3019 at the Battle of the Pelennor Fields Théoden was killed, and Éomer became his successor. He stayed long behind in [[Minas Tirith in Gondor|Minas Tirith]] to help Aragorn rebuild his kingdom, before returning home to be crowned king himself.

Éomer renewed the [[Oath of Eorl]] for Aragorn after Aragorn had been crowned King Elessar of the [[Reunited Kingdom]], and Éomer had been crowned King of Rohan, swearing everlasting friendship between Rohan and Gondor (and legalizing [[Cirion]]'s grant of [[Calenardhon]] to the [[Éothéod]].)

He became known as '''Éomer Éadig''', or "the Blessed", because during his reign Rohan recovered from the hurts of the War and became a rich and fruitful land again.

Éomer had met Princess [[Lothíriel]], daughter of Prince [[Imrahil]] of [[Dol Amroth]] during his stay in Gondor, and they were wed. She bore him a son [[Elfwine]] the Fair, who succeeded his father as the King of Rohan, after Éomer's death in the year [[Fourth Age]] 63.

Éomer's sword was called [[Weapons of Middle-earth#Gúthwinë|Gúthwinë]] (Old English ''battle-friend'').

== Portrayal in Adaptations ==
[[Image:Eomer from Ralph Bakshi's The Lord of the Rings.jpg|thumb|left|Éomer as portrayed in [[Ralph Bakshi's The Lord of the Rings]]]]
[[Image:Karl Urban as Eomer.jpg|thumb|[[Karl Urban]] as Éomer in [[Peter Jackson's The Lord of the Rings]]]]
In [[Ralph Bakshi's The Lord of the Rings]] Éomer is pictured in the film and is crucial to the plot, but does not have any lines.

In [[Peter Jackson's The Lord of the Rings]] Éomer is portrayed by [[New Zealand]] actor [[Karl Urban]].

In both Ralph Bakshi's animated film and the Peter Jackson's movie trilogy, Éomer is an outcast and renegade until he arrives at Helm's Deep, summoned by Gandalf. In this sense, his character has been combined with the character of [[Erkenbrand]], who is the one that Gandalf returns to [[Helm's Deep]] with in the book.

In the [[Peter Jackson's The Lord of the Rings|Peter Jackson's films]], Éomer is explicitly exiled by Gríma before meeting Aragorn (which the animated film only hints at). He is more prominent in the book than in these films, since they focus on Théoden and Éowyn more.

== See Also ==
* [[:Category:Images of Éomer|Images of Éomer]]
{{sequence
|prev=[[Théoden]]
|next=[[Elfwine]]
|list=18th [[King of Rohan]] <code>III</code> 3019 – <code>IV</code> 63
}}

[[Category:Rohirrim]]
[[Category:Rulers of Rohan]]

Two Kindreds

2007-05-31T19:30:26Z

Erniel: added Eldarion son of Aragorn II and Arwen

'''Two Kindreds''' was a collective name given to the two branches of the [[Children of Ilúvatar]], the [[Firstborn]] [[Elves]], and [[Men]], the [[Aftercomers]]. The Elves remained bound to the World while it existed, so appearing immortal in the eyes of the other Kindred, mortal Men. In other respects the Two Kindreds were somewhat similar, and indeed they were combined on more than one occasion. [[Dior]] was the son of a Man and an Elf, [[Beren Erchamion|Beren]] and [[Lúthien]], and so had blood from both kindreds in his veins, and the same was true of [[Eldarion]] son of [[Aragorn II]] and [[Arwen]] as well as [[Eärendil]] the son of [[Tuor]] and [[Idril]]. It was [[Eärendil]] who succeeded in sailing into the [[West]] and pleading for mercy from the [[Valar]], not for Elves or Men alone, but for the Two Kindreds together.

Thorin

2007-05-31T19:13:36Z

Erniel: /* The War of the Dwarves and Orcs */ typo fix

[[Image:Angelo Montanini - Thorin II.jpg|thumb|250px|''Thorin'' by [[Angelo Montanini]]]]
'''Thorin II Oakenshield''' ([[Third Age]] 2746 – 2941, lived 195 years) was King of [[Durin's folk]] for 91 years, from 2850 to 2941. He was the son of Thráin II and the older brother of [[Frerin]] and [[Dís]]. Thorin led his clan during their exile from [[Lonely Mountain]] (''[[Erebor]]'' in [[Sindarin]]), and later helped reclaim their kingdom and briefly became [[King under the Mountain]]. This adventure, the "[[The Quest of Erebor]]", was the basis for ''[[The Hobbit]]''.

== The War of the Dwarves and Orcs ==
Born at Lonely Mountain at the height of the [[Dwarves|Dwarves']] glory, Thorin was just 24 years old when his people were driven into exile by the [[dragon]] [[Smaug]]. He fled with his father Thráin II and his grandfather King [[Thrór]], but his grandfather was devasted by the loss and left his people, wandering south with a single companion, [[Nár]]. Thráin meanwhile led the exiles to [[Dunland]], where they ecked out a meager living.

Twenty years later, Nár returned with horrible news. He and Thrór had journeyed to [[Moria]] where the King of Durin's folk had been captured and butchered by the Orc-chietain [[Azog]]. To add insult to injury, Azog had carved his name on Thrór's severed head in [[Angerthas Moria|Dwarven runes]], releasing Nár only so that all Dwarves would know that an Orc now ruled Moria.

Filled with righteous anger, Thráin gathered togethered a massive army of Dwarves and began the [[War of the Dwarves and Orcs]]. One by one the Dwarves destroyed the Orc warrens in the [[Misty Mountains]] until the reached the [[East-gate of Moria]]. In [[Dimrill Dale]] (''Azanulbizar'' in [[Khuzdul]]) the Dwarves fought the bloody [[Battle of Azanulbizar]]. Thorin was 53 years old, young for a Dwarf, but he fought admirably. At one point his shield was broken and he was forced to use an oak branch to defend himself, earning him the epithet "'''Oakenshield'''". The Dwarves were ultimately victorous and Azog was slain, but they took horrible losses, included Thorin's brother Frerin. They were also unable to take back Moria, as [[Dáin Ironfoot]] had peered beyond the East-gate and saw that [[Durin's Bane]] still haunted the mines.

After the war, Thráin and Thorin led their people east to live in the [[Blue Mountains]]. In 2841 Thráin left with a small group to see if they could retake Lonely Mountain. While some of the companions returned, Thráin was never seen again by his kin.
So '''Thorin''' became king and seemed content to stay in Eriador. There he labored long, and trafficked, and gained such wealth as he could; and his people were increased by many of the wandering Folk of Durin who heard of his realm in the west and came to him.
The years lengthened. The embers in the heart of '''Thorin''' grew hot again, as he brooded over the wrongs of his House and the vengeance upon the Dragon that he had inherited. He thought of weapons, armies, and alliances, as his great hammer rang in his forge; but the armies were dispersed and the alliances broken and the axes of his people were few; and a great anger without hope burned him as he smote the red iron on the anvil.

But at last years later, by a chance meeting Thorin met [[Gandalf the Grey]] in the town of [[Bree]]. In 2850 Gandalf had gone on a secret mission to the dark fortress of [[Dol Guldur]] and in the dungeons he had found a Dwarf so diminished he no longer knew his own name. The Dwarf had given Gandalf his last two possessions, a [[Thrór’s Map|map]] and key to Lonely Mountain. Suddenly realizing he had found Thráin, Thorin's father and the missing King of Durin's folk, the [[Wizard]] convinced Thorin that now was the time to defeat Smaug and retake his kingdom. He also convinced him that he would need a [[Bilbo Baggins|burglar]] for the job.

== ''The Hobbit'' ==
[[Image:Darrell Sweet - The Death of Thorin Oakenshield.jpg|thumb|250px|''The Death of Thorin Oakenshield'' by [[Darrell Sweet]]]]
As recounted in ''[[The Hobbit]]'', Thorin gathered a group of twelve Dwarves, including his nephews [[Fili]] and [[Kili]], and his distant cousin [[Balin]], who would briefly become [[Lord of Moria]]. [[Thorin and Company]] hired [[Bilbo Baggins]] as their "professional treasure seeker". Thorin was at first extremely relunctant, unsure if the [[Hobbit]] could offer anything to the group, but ultimately relented to Gandalf's advice. While at Bilbo's [[Bag End|home]], Gandalf gave Thorin his father's [[Thrór’s Map|map]] and key.

Bilbo proved to a key member of the company, saving the Dwarves many times, often despite Thorin's suspicious and overbearing nature. Eventually the company reached Lonely Mountain and the dragon [[Smaug]] was overcome. Here Thorin's greed overcame him and he refused to share his wealth with anyone. He was furious when Bilbo stole the fabled [[Arkenstone]] in an attempt to make a truce with the beseiging [[Lake-men|Men]] and [[Wood-elves|Elves]], but all disputes were set aside when [[Goblins]] and [[Wargs]] from the [[Misty Mountains]] suddenly attacked. The Dwarves and their allies were victorious in the [[Battle of Five Armies]], but Thorin was mortally wounded. Before he died, he made his peace with Bilbo by commending the Hobbit's bravery and good character:

<blockquote>''"If more of us valued food and cheer and song above hoarded gold, it would be a merrier world. But, sad or merry, I must leave it now. Farewell."''</blockquote>

Since Thorin did not have any descendents, the kingship of Durin's folk went to his cousin [[Dáin II Ironfoot]], who left the Iron Hills to become [[King under the Mountain]].

== Orcrist ==
: ''Main article: [[Orcrist]]''
Thorin bore the Elven blade [[Orcrist]] during the Quest of Erebor. He came upon it in a [[Trolls|Troll]] stash after barely escaping from those same Trolls. After his death it was buried with him, along with the fabled Arkenstone. It was said that the blade glowed when enemies were near, so the Dwarves of Erebor were never taken by surprise by any enemy.

== Portrayal in Adaptations ==
In the 1977 animated version of ''[[Rankin/Bass' The Hobbit|The Hobbit]]'' Thorin is voiced by [[Hans Conreid]].

== Genealogy ==
<code>
[[Dwarves of Erebor|Dwarves of]] [[Dwarves of the Iron Hills|DWARVES OF THE]]
[[Dwarves of Erebor|Erebor]] [[Dwarves of the Iron Hills|IRON HILLS]]
_____________________
| |
[[Thrór]] [[Grór]]
| |
| |
[[Thráin II]] [[Náin son of Grór|Náin]]
| |
__________|_______ |
| | | |
| | | |
'''THORIN II''' [[Frerin]] [[Dís]] [[Dáin II Ironfoot]]
'''OAKENSHIELD''' | |
___|___ |
| | |
| | |
[[Fíli]] [[Kíli]] [[Thorin III Stonehelm|Thorin III]]
[[Thorin III Stonehelm|Stonehelm]]
</code>
{{sequence
|prev=[[Thráin II]]
|next=[[Dáin II Ironfoot]]
|list=[[King of Durin's Folk]] <code>III</code> 2850 – 2941
}}
{{sequence
|prev=[[Thrór]], 170 years earlier
|next=[[Dáin II Ironfoot]]
|list=4th [[King under the Mountain]] <code>III</code> 2941
}}

== See Also ==
* [[:Category:Images of Thorin II|Images of Thorin Oakenshield]]

{{Template:Thorin and Company}}

[[Category:Dwarves]]

Dwarves

2007-05-31T19:02:10Z

Erniel: /* Dwarf-women */ typo fixes

{{race
|image=[[Image:WAR-ICONS Dwarves.jpg|150px]]
|name= Dwarves
|dominions= [[Erebor]], [[Moria]], [[Belegost]], [[Nogrod]], [[Iron Hills]], [[Orocarni]], [[Glittering Caves]], and the [[Grey Mountains]]
|languages= [[Khuzdul]] ([[Dwarvish]]), Iglishmek (sign language)
|height= 4 to 5 feet
|length=
|skincolor= Probably white
|haircolor= Red, white, grey, blonde, brown, black
|distinctions= Short in stature, beards
|lifespan= 250 years is the average
|members= [[Durin I]], [[Gimli]], [[Thorin II Oakenshield]]|}}
{{quote|Since they were to come in the days of the power of [[Melkor]], [[Aulë]] made the dwarves strong to endure. Therefor they are stone-hard, stubborn, fast in friendship and in enmity, and they suffer toil and hunger and hurt of body more hardily than all other speaking peoples; and they live long, far beyond the span of Men, yet not forever. . .|[[The Silmarillion]], [[Of Aulë and Yavanna]]}}
The '''Dwarves''', or '''''[[Khazâd]]''''', were beings of short stature, often friendly with [[Hobbits]] although long suspicious of [[Elves]]. They were typically blacksmiths and stoneworkers by profession, unrivaled in some of their arts even by the Elves.

==History==
''Main Article: [[History of the Dwarves]]''

Unlike Elves and [[Men]], the Dwarves are not counted among the Children of [[Ilúvatar]]. They were created by [[Aulë]] the Smith. They were kept asleep until the creation of the Elves. Aulë created the Seven [[Fathers of the Dwarves]], from whom all other Dwarves are descended. Aulë's work was doomed, though, because he did not have the power to grant independent life to his creations - that power belonged to Ilúvatar alone. Aulë later repented and confessed to Ilúvatar. When the Dwarves were completed, though, the voice of Ilúvatar spoke to Aulë and agreed to grant them true life, and include them in His plan for Arda. Ilúvatar granted the Dwarves life, and therefore they are known as the Adopted Children of Ilúvatar.

[[Image:BFME2 - Dwarf 4.jpg|thumb||Dwarves as portrayed in [[The Battle for Middle-earth II]] game.]]
They mined and worked precious metals throughout the mountains of Middle-earth. In many ways, they were in between the Elves and [[Men]]. They were not immortal, but lived to two hundred and fifty years or more. They were generally less corruptible than Men, but committed their share of rash and greedy acts. (Among these are the slaying of Elu [[Thingol]] and the dispute over the [[Nauglamír]], which first brought suspicion and hate between Elves and Dwarves)

The Dwarven language was created by Aulë, and was known as [[Khuzdul]]. It was a strange language to Elves and Men, and few non-Dwarves learned it, also because they kept it secret. However, one Dwarven phrase is well known: the ancient battle cry, going back to at least the First Age: "''Baruk Khazâd! Khazâd ai-mênu!''", which means "Axes of the Dwarves! The Dwarves are upon you!"

The Dwarves were known for their strength and endurance in battle, as well as their fury, especially when revenging their kin, and being some of the greatest warriors in all of Middle-earth. They fought in many wars and battles over the ages of Middle-earth's existance, among which were:

* The [[First Battle of Beleriand]].
* The [[Battle of Unnumbered Tears]].
* The [[Sack of Doriath]].
* The [[Battle of Sarn Athrad]].
* The [[War of the Last Alliance]].
* The [[War of the Dwarves and Orcs]].
* The [[Battle of Five Armies]].
* The [[War of the Ring]].

==Clans of the Dwarves==

Most Dwarves mentioned in Tolkien's works are of [[Durin's folk]], the clan founded by [[Durin I]] of Khazad-dûm, called the Longbeards. (A notable exception are the inhabitants of the dwarf-cities of [[Nogrod]] and [[Belegost]] in the [[Ered Luin|Blue Mountains]], spoken of in ''[[The Silmarillion]]''). The seven different groups of Dwarf-folk originated in the locations where the Seven Fathers of the Dwarves first awoke before the First Age. There were three pairs of Dwarf Fathers that awoke together, and their Folk would build their halls near each other, though Durin himself had awoken alone. (In his letters, Tolkien adds that all the Dwarf Fathers except for Durin also had wives who awoke with them). Therefore the halls of the Longbeards at Khazad-dûm were not located near the halls of another Dwarf-kingdom. The seven clans of the Dwarves were:

* [[Longbeards]], Durin's Folk, originally from Khazad-dûm.
* [[Firebeards]], originally from [[Nogrod]]. Paired with the
* [[Broadbeams]], originally from [[Belegost]].
* [[Ironfists]], originated in the [[Orocarni]] in the far East. They were paired with the
* [[Stiffbeards]].
* [[Blacklocks]], originated in the Orocarni. They were paired with the
* [[Stonefoots]].

There was also an eighth group of Dwarves that was not a separate member from these seven kindreds, but composed of exiles from each: the [[Petty-dwarves]], who were hunted like animals to the point of extinction by the [[Elves]] in the First Age.

==Dwarf-women==
: ''Main article: [[Dwarf-women]]''
Dwarf-women made up only about a third of the total population. They seldom walked abroad, and that only in great need. Dwarf-women are also so alike in voice and appearance, and garb when they must travel, that it is hard to tell them apart from Dwarf-men. It is because of the fewness of women that the Dwarf population increases slowly. Dwarves only take one husband or wife in their lifetime, and are jealous, as in all matters of their rights. The number of Dwarf-men that marry is actually less than a third, and not all the Dwarf-women take husbands either; some desire none, some want one they cannot have, and will have no other one. There are also many Dwarf-men that don't want a wife, because they are obsessed with their crafts.

==Dwarf-characters in [[The Lord of the Rings]] and [[the Hobbit]]==

[[Image:Angelo Montanini - Dori.jpg|thumb|[[Dori]] by [[Angelo Montanini]].]]
[[Thorin Oakenshield]] brought twelve Dwarves to [[Bag End]] to recruit [[Bilbo Baggins|Bilbo]] for their treasure hunt in ''[[The Hobbit]]''. The Twelve Dwarves were:

*[[Dori]], [[Nori]], and [[Ori]].
*[[Bifur]], [[Bofur]], and [[Bombur]].
*[[Oin]], and [[Glóin]].
*[[Balin]], and [[Dwalin]].
*[[Fili]], and [[Kili]].

[[Dain II Ironfoot]], lead more than five-hundred heavily armed Dwarves, to the Lonely Mountain to aid Thorin Oakenshield, and ended up participating in the Battle of Five Armies. He would later become King Under the Mountain.

[[Gimli]] son of Glóin joined the [[Fellowship of the Ring]] and befriended [[Legolas of Mirkwood]] in ''[[The Lord of the Rings]]''.

==Names==

The Dwarves called themselves the ''[[Khazâd]]'', the name Aulë gave them; this translates as the ''Hadhodrim'' in [[Sindarin]], and the ''Casari'' in [[Quenya]]. Casari was the common word for Dwarves among the [[Noldor]], but the [[Sindar]] usually called them the ''Naugrim'' or ''Nogothrim'', the Stunted People.

Almost all the names of the dwarves of Middle-earth are taken from the Icelandic saga of Völuspá.

According to Tolkien, the "real 'historical'" plural of ''dwarf'' is ''dwarrows'' or ''dwerrows''. He once referred to ''dwarves'' as "a piece of private bad grammar" (''[[The Letters of J.R.R. Tolkien|Letters]]'', 17), but in Appendix F to ''[[The Lord of the Rings]]'' he explains that if we still spoke of ''dwarves'' regularly, English might have retained a special plural for the word ''dwarf'' as with ''man''. The form ''dwarrow'' only appears in the word ''Dwarrowdelf'', a name for [[Moria]]. Tolkien used ''Dwarves'', instead, which corresponds with ''Elf'' and ''Elves'', making its meaning more apparent. The use of a different term also serves to set Tolkien's Dwarves apart from the similarly-named creatures in mythology and fairy-tales.

The enduring popularity of Tolkien's books, especially ''[[The Hobbit]]'' and ''[[The Lord of the Rings]],'' has led to the popular use of the term ''dwarves'' to describe this race in fantasy literature. Before Tolkien, the term ''dwarfs'' (with a different spelling) was used, as seen in ''Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs''. In fact, the latter spelling was so common that the original editor of ''The Lord of the Rings'' "corrected" Tolkien's ''dwarves'' to ''dwarfs'' (''[[The Letters of J.R.R. Tolkien]]'', 138).

==Other versions==
In the earliest versions of Tolkien's Middle-earth mythology (see: ''[[The History of Middle-earth]]'') the dwarves were evil beings created by [[Melkor]].

==See also==
* [[:Category:Images of Dwarves|Images of Dwarves]]

[[Category:Dwarves|*]]
[[Category:Races]]

Thráin

2007-05-31T18:55:19Z

Erniel: /* Wanderings and Imprisonment */ typo fix

'''Thráin II''' ([[Third Age]] 2644 – 2850, aged 206 years) was King of [[Durin's folk]] for 60 years, from 2790 to 2850, during their exile from [[Lonely Mountain]]. He was the son of [[Thrór]] and father of [[Thorin II Oakenshield|Thorin II]], [[Frerin]], and [[Dís]]. Thorin II would later be known as [[Thorin Oakenshield]], hero of ''[[The Hobbit]]''.

== Escape from Lonely Mountain ==
Thráin fled with his father and a small group of companions when the [[Dragons|dragon]] [[Smaug]] descended on Lonely Mountain and sacked the [[Dwarves|Dwarven]] kingdom. King Thrór was devastated by the loss and left his people to journey south. He took a single companion, [[Nár]], but left his son with his [[Ring of Thrór|Ring of Power]], along with the [[Thrór’s Map|map]] and key to Lonely Mountain.

Thráin meanwhile took his people west to [[Dunland]] where they eked out a meager living. In 2790 Nár returned to tell Thráin that his father had been captured and butchered by the [[Orc]]-chieftain [[Azog]] when they had journeyed to the mines of [[Moria]]. Even worse, Azog had beheaded Thrór and carved his own name on Thrór's forehead to show the Dwarves that an Orc now ruled their ancestral home.

== War of the Dwarves and Orcs ==
Filled with righteous anger, Thráin gathered together a massive army of Dwarves to wage the '''[[War of the Dwarves and Orcs]]'''. The army included the exiles of Lonely Mountain, Thráin's [[Dwarves of the Iron Hills|kin]] from the [[Iron Hills]] under his uncle [[Grór]], and even some Dwarves not of Durin's folk (probably the four Dwarf clans from the [[Orocarni]] in the east). One by one they assaulted the Orc-holds of the [[Misty Mountains]], destroying their great warrens in [[Mount Gundabad]] and eventually facing Azog himself in [[Dimrill Dale]] (''Azanulbizar'' in [[Khuzdul]]) before the [[East-gate of Moria]]. In 2799 Thráin and his army fought the bloody '''[[Battle of Azanulbizar]]'''. While the Orcs were vanguished and Azog slain, the Dwarves took heavy losses, including Thráin's son Frerin, his cousin [[Náin son of Grór|Náin]], and [[Fundin]] father of Dwarven hero [[Balin]]. The Dwarves were also unable to retake Moria, as [[Dáin II Ironfoot|Dáin Ironfoot]] had peered within the East-gate and saw that [[Durin's Bane]] still haunted its halls.

== Wanderings and Imprisonment ==
After the war, Thráin and Thorin led the exiles of Lonely Mountain west to live in the Northern Blue Mountains. Over the next forty years Thráin grew increasingly consumed with the lost riches of Lonely Mountain. This may have been partly because of [[Sauron|Sauron's]] influence through the [[Ring of Thrór]]. In 2841 he left the Blue Mountains with a small group that included [[Balin]] and [[Dwalin]]. Travelling east, the group was constantly harassed by wolves, Orcs, and other fell creatures. In 2845, while camped in the [[Gladden Fields]], Thráin disappeared and would never be seen again by his kin.

The King of Durin's folk had been captured by Sauron's agents and taken to the fortress of [[Dol Guldur]] in southern [[Mirkwood]]. There Sauron tortured Thráin, took back the last of the [[Seven Dwarf-rings]], and left him in the dungeon to die.

In 2850, while on a reconnaissance mission to Dol Guldur, [[Gandalf the Grey]] came upon Thráin, who was so diminished that he could not even remember his own name. Thráin gave Gandalf his last two possessions, the key and map to Lonely Mountain, and shortly thereafter died.

Much later Gandalf met Thorin Oakenshield near [[Bree]] and realized that the Dwarf he had found in Dol Guldur was Thráin, the vanished King of Durin's folk. Gandalf and Thorin discussed reclaiming Lonely Mountain, and Gandalf gave much assistance to [[Thorin and Company]], including the map and key to Lonely Mountain, along with a suggestion that they include a [[Bilbo Baggins|burglar]] in their quest.

In the Lord of the Rings, Gandalf also mentions to the Fellowship as they are debating about going into Moria, that he had been in the mines before looking for '''Thraín'''.

== Genealogy ==
<code>
[[Dáin I]]
|
___________|___________
| | |
| | |
[[Thrór]] [[Frór]] [[Grór]]
| |
| |
'''THRÁIN II''' [[Náin son of Grór|Náin]]
| |
________|___________ |
| | | |
| | | |
[[Thorin II Oakenshield|Thorin II]] [[Frerin]] [[Dís]] [[Dáin II Ironfoot|Dáin II]]
[[Thorin II Oakenshield|Oakenshield]] [[Dáin II Ironfoot|Ironfoot]]
</code>
{{sequence
|prev=[[Thrór]]
|next=[[Thorin II Oakenshield]]
|list=[[King of Durin's Folk]] <code>III</code> 2790 – 2850
}}

[[Category:Dwarves]]
[[Category:Characters]]

Thráin

2007-05-31T18:52:02Z

Erniel: /* Escape from Lonely Mountain */ typo fix

'''Thráin II''' ([[Third Age]] 2644 – 2850, aged 206 years) was King of [[Durin's folk]] for 60 years, from 2790 to 2850, during their exile from [[Lonely Mountain]]. He was the son of [[Thrór]] and father of [[Thorin II Oakenshield|Thorin II]], [[Frerin]], and [[Dís]]. Thorin II would later be known as [[Thorin Oakenshield]], hero of ''[[The Hobbit]]''.

== Escape from Lonely Mountain ==
Thráin fled with his father and a small group of companions when the [[Dragons|dragon]] [[Smaug]] descended on Lonely Mountain and sacked the [[Dwarves|Dwarven]] kingdom. King Thrór was devastated by the loss and left his people to journey south. He took a single companion, [[Nár]], but left his son with his [[Ring of Thrór|Ring of Power]], along with the [[Thrór’s Map|map]] and key to Lonely Mountain.

Thráin meanwhile took his people west to [[Dunland]] where they eked out a meager living. In 2790 Nár returned to tell Thráin that his father had been captured and butchered by the [[Orc]]-chieftain [[Azog]] when they had journeyed to the mines of [[Moria]]. Even worse, Azog had beheaded Thrór and carved his own name on Thrór's forehead to show the Dwarves that an Orc now ruled their ancestral home.

== War of the Dwarves and Orcs ==
Filled with righteous anger, Thráin gathered together a massive army of Dwarves to wage the '''[[War of the Dwarves and Orcs]]'''. The army included the exiles of Lonely Mountain, Thráin's [[Dwarves of the Iron Hills|kin]] from the [[Iron Hills]] under his uncle [[Grór]], and even some Dwarves not of Durin's folk (probably the four Dwarf clans from the [[Orocarni]] in the east). One by one they assaulted the Orc-holds of the [[Misty Mountains]], destroying their great warrens in [[Mount Gundabad]] and eventually facing Azog himself in [[Dimrill Dale]] (''Azanulbizar'' in [[Khuzdul]]) before the [[East-gate of Moria]]. In 2799 Thráin and his army fought the bloody '''[[Battle of Azanulbizar]]'''. While the Orcs were vanguished and Azog slain, the Dwarves took heavy losses, including Thráin's son Frerin, his cousin [[Náin son of Grór|Náin]], and [[Fundin]] father of Dwarven hero [[Balin]]. The Dwarves were also unable to retake Moria, as [[Dáin II Ironfoot|Dáin Ironfoot]] had peered within the East-gate and saw that [[Durin's Bane]] still haunted its halls.

== Wanderings and Imprisonment ==
After the war, Thráin and Thorin led the exiles of Lonely Mountain west to live in the Northern Blue Mountains. Over the next forty years Thráin grew increasingly consumed with the lost riches of Lonely Mountain. This may have been partly because of [[Sauron|Sauron's]] influence through the [[Ring of Thrór]]. In 2841 he left the Blue Mountains with a small group that included [[Balin]] and [[Dwalin]]. Travelling east, the group was constantly harassed by wolves, Orcs, and other fell creatures. In 2845, while camped in the [[Gladden Fields]], Thráin disappeared and would never be seen again by his kin.

The King of Durin's folk had been captured by Sauron's agents and taken to the fortress of [[Dol Guldur]] in southern [[Mirkwood]]. There Sauron tortured Thráin, took back the last of the [[Seven Dwarf-rings]], and left him in the dungeon to die.

In 2850, while on a reconnaissance mission to Dol Guldur, [[Gandalf the Grey]] came upon Thráin, who was so diminished that he could not even remember his own name. Thráin gave Gandalf his last two possessions, the key and map to Lonely Mountain, and shortly thereafter died.

Much later Gandalf met Thorin Oakenshield near [[Bree]] and realized that the Dwarf he had found in Dol Guldur was Thráin, the vanished King of Durin's folk. Gandalf and Thorin discussed reclaiming Lonely Mountain, and Gandalf gave much assistance to [[Thorin and Company]], including the map and key to Lonely Mountain, along with a suggestion that they include a [[Bilbo Baggins|burgler]] in their quest.

In the Lord of the Rings, Gandalf also mentions to the Fellowship as they are debating about going into Moria, that he had been in the mines before looking for '''Thraín'''.

== Genealogy ==
<code>
[[Dáin I]]
|
___________|___________
| | |
| | |
[[Thrór]] [[Frór]] [[Grór]]
| |
| |
'''THRÁIN II''' [[Náin son of Grór|Náin]]
| |
________|___________ |
| | | |
| | | |
[[Thorin II Oakenshield|Thorin II]] [[Frerin]] [[Dís]] [[Dáin II Ironfoot|Dáin II]]
[[Thorin II Oakenshield|Oakenshield]] [[Dáin II Ironfoot|Ironfoot]]
</code>
{{sequence
|prev=[[Thrór]]
|next=[[Thorin II Oakenshield]]
|list=[[King of Durin's Folk]] <code>III</code> 2790 – 2850
}}

[[Category:Dwarves]]
[[Category:Characters]]

Lonely Mountain

2007-05-31T18:45:36Z

Erniel: Added Beorn to the battle of the five armies

{{Pronounce|Erebor.mp3|Ardamir}}
[[Image:Rob Alexander - The Lonely Mountain.jpg|thumb|''Lonely Mountain'' by [[Rob Alexander]]]]
[[Image:Lonely Mountain from Rankin-Bass' The Hobbit.jpg|thumb|Lonely Mountain as portrayed in [[Rankin/Bass' The Hobbit]]]]
'''Erebor''' (Commonly called the Lonely Mountain which it translates as from [[Sindarin]]) is a mountain in the northeast of [[Rhovanion]]. It is also the source of the river [[Running]].

The ancestral home of the [[King under the Mountain]], it became a [[Dwarves|Dwarven]] stronghold, where the Dwarves became a numerous and prosperous people. The Dwarves of that time were skilled in masonry and stone work, and there was great demand for their work by the surrounding peoples. Clearly through this the Dwarves got very rich and amassed a large amount of gold and treasure. This is what attracted [[Smaug]] to the mountain.

Whilst [[Thorin Oakenshield]] was one day out hunting, Smaug came from the mountains as a young dragon, and took over the mountain, hoarding all the gold. [[Thráin II]] and several companions escaped by (as was later discovered) a secret door. For many years the dwarves lived in exile in the [[Blue Mountains]] until, by a chance meeting, [[Gandalf the Grey]] met Thorin Oakenshield, and they planned to reclaim the mountain. This is told in detail in ''[[The Quest of Erebor]]''.

In ''[[The Hobbit]]'', [[Bilbo Baggins|Bilbo]] and Thorin's company travel to the Lonely Mountain to regain the treasure Smaug had stolen. Set into the side of the mountain was a secret door, five feet high and wide enough for three to walk abreast. Gandalf had managed to obtain the door's key, which would only open it when the setting sun and the last moon of autumn were in the sky together. By a fortunate coincidence, this happened just as Bilbo and the Dwarves arrived.

By more luck than wisdom Smaug was eventually slain—shot out of the sky with a well-aimed arrow to his only weakspot by [[Bard the Bowman]], a man of [[Lake-town]]—and Thorin claimed the mountain. Bard later became king of the area in the shadow of the Lonely Mountain, known as [[Dale]]. However [[Elves]] of [[Mirkwood]] and [[Men]] of Lake-town claimed a part of the treasure, which Thorin refused to share. This led to the [[Battle of Five Armies]], where [[Dáin II Ironfoot]] came to the aid of his cousin Thorin, but Dwarves, Elves, and Men joined ranks together with the [[Eagles]] and [[Beorn]] against the [[Orcs]]. During the battle, Thorin was mortally injured, and the titles King under the Mountain and [[King of Durin's Folk]] passed to Dáin.

With the restoration of the Kingdom under the Mountain the area became prosperous again, and Dwarves and Men reforged their friendship.

Dáin was killed in the [[Battle of Dale]] during the [[War of the Ring]], and was succeeded by his son [[Thorin III Stonehelm]].

[[Category:Mountains]]
[[Category:Realms]]
[[Category:Cities]]
[[Category:Dwarven Kingdoms]]
[[Category:Rhovanion]]

The Fall of Gondolin (chapter)

2007-05-31T02:30:16Z

Erniel: /* Passage of the Encircling Mountains */ typo fixes

[[Image:John Howe - The Fall of Gondolin.jpg|thumb|300px|''The Fall of Gondolin'' by [[John Howe]]]]

===Introduction & History of the Writing===
The '''"Fall of Gondolin"''' is the name of one of the original [[The Book of Lost Tales|Lost Tales]] which formed the basis for a section in [[J.R.R. Tolkien|Tolkien's]] later work, ''[[The Silmarillion]]''.

"The Fall of Gondolin" tells of the founding of the [[Elves|Elven]] city of '''[[Gondolin]]''' (built in secret by [[Turgon]] and his people), of the arrival [[Tuor]], a prince of the [[Edain]], of the betrayal of the city to [[Morgoth]] by Turgon's nephew [[Maeglin]], and of its subsequent destruction by Morgoth's armies.

Tolkien actually began writing the story that would become "The Fall of Gondolin" in 1917 in an army barracks on the back of a sheet of military marching music. It is more or less the first traceable story he wrote down on paper about the Middle-earth legendarium.

Because he was constantly revising his [[First Age]] stories, the narrative Tolkien wrote in 1917 (published posthumously in the ''Book of Lost Tales'') remains the only full account of the fall of the city. The narrative in ''The Silmarillion'' was the result of the editing by his son [[Christopher Tolkien|Christopher]] of various different sources.

A partial new version of "The Fall of Gondolin" was published in the ''[[Unfinished Tales]]'' under the title "Of Tuor and his Coming to Gondolin". Actually titled "Of Tuor and the Fall of Gondolin", this narrative shows a great expansion of the earlier tale. It can be surmised from this text that Tolkien would have rewritten the entire story, but for reasons that are not known he abandoned the text before Tuor actually arrives in the city. For this reason Christopher Tolkien retitled the story before including it in ''Unfinished Tales''.[[Image:Gondolin Plan.jpg|thumb|200px]]

== The Fall ==

{{noncanon}}

[[Eriol]] listened in the [[Cottage of Lost Play]] as [[Lindo]] and others told tales of old. Then [[Ilfiniol]], called [[Littleheart]] son of [[Bronweg]], was asked by Lindo to tell of the '''Fall of Gondolin'''. And he did.

=== Prologue ===

===Tuor===

Now there was a man who dwelt in [[Dor Lómin]] named [[Tuor]]. And he was both a singer and a hunter, and played on a rough harp of wood and bear-sinews. He eventually departed from his people to lonely places, where he learned the speech and lore of the [[Noldor]] from wanderers there.

Later, it is said, [[magic]] and destiny led him one day do a cavernous opening through with a hidden river flowed from [[Mithrim]]. And he entered the cavern, curious. But the waters forced him futher and further down, until he could not force his way back into the light. And it is said that [[Ulmo]] had a hand in this. Then came Noldorin [[elves]] to Tuor, and guided him until he came out into the light again, and saw the river flowed swiftly in a ravine of great depth with sides unscalable. Then Tuor did not wish to return, but went ever forward, the river leading him to the west. And he called it the [[Golden Cleft]], or the [[Gully of the Rainbow Roof]], which was in the speech of the Noldor [[Glorfalc]] or [[Cris Ilbranteloth]].

He continued on, drinking the water of the river and eating the beautiful fish of the stream. One day a long time after he heard a cry, and could not decide what it came from.

"It is a fay-creature," he said. But after a while he said "Nay, 'tis but some small beast that waileth among the rocks." But then it seemed to him as an unknown bird with a voice new to his ears and strangely sad. And on the next day he heard the same cry over his head, and looking up saw three great white birds, [[Gulls]] of [[Ossë]].

At last Tuor found a spot where he could scale the cliffs surrounding him. A fresh wind touched his face, and he said "This is very good and like the drinking of wine", but he did not know he was near the [[Great Sea]]. Then he came to a narrow neck, where the river rumbled angrily. Then Tuor saw the sea for the first time, and he was afraid. He found himself in a country bare of trees and swept by winds of the west. Some have said he was the first of the [[men]] to see the sea and feel the desire it brings.

He took up his abode there, dwelling in a cove sheltered by black rocks. And he marvelled at the wonders there; the seaweed and the tide pools and the sea-fowl. He adorned the cave in which he dwelt with figures of birds and flowers, and beasts and trees. But chief among them was that of the swan, which he loved more than all others.

Once he saw three swans flying high and from the northward. And he followed them, heading south. Tuor bearing his harp and spear followed. After a great day's journey he came back into a region of trees; a rugged land. Yet he still followed the swans, even through the winter. At last he came to a southern land more kindly, of sandy spits and many new piping birds. And Tuor lost sight of the swans, and he never saw them again. And the Noldor came to him at night, and he arose from sleep. Then he followed them inland, and came to the land of [[Arlisgion]], the "place of reeds". And he rested by the [[Sirion]] that spring. He called it the Land of Willows, and the birds there were unequalled in all the world. And here there was the sweetest grass and many aged willows, and Tuor was loth to depart, and he tarried in the morn.

Here he saw the first butterflies. And as summer came he still lingered, and gave names to all things, and sang new songs on his old harp.

===Ulmo's message===

Then Ulmo feared that Tuor would dwell forever in the Land of Willows. Therefor he leaped upon his chariot drawn by a narwhal and a sealion, fashioned like a whale, and amidst the sounding of great conches sped up from [[Ulmonan]]. And he came to Tuor, blowing on his great instrument, to which Tuor hearkened. And Ulmo spoke to him.

"O Tuor of the lonely heart," he said, "I will not that thou dwell for ever in fair places of birds and flowers; nor would I lead thee through this pleasant land, but that so it must be. But fare now on thy destined journey and tarry not, for far from hence is thy weird set. Now must thou seek through the lands for the city of the folk called Gondothlim or the dwellers in stone, and the Noldoli shall escort thee thither in secret for fear of the spies of Melko. Words I will set to your mouth there, and there you shall abide awhile. Yet maybe thy life shall turn again to the mighty waters; and of surety a child shall come of thee than whom no man shall know more of the uttermost deeps, be it of the sea or of the firmament of heaven."

Then Tuor continued up the river, but he heard the conches of Ulmo calling him until he died.

A day came when he was weary, and he slept until it was almost night again. And the Noldor came to him and guided him. Now Tuor wandered with them, but the elves became ill at ease. And they told him of Morgoth, and what would happen if they were betrayed. And so they left him, though he wandered still in the hills. But it was said to Morgoth that there was a man there, and Morgoth doubted his own craft and watchfulness.

===Search for Gondolin===

But despite the desertation of Tuor by the elves out of fear, one elf named [[Voronwë of Gondolin|Voronwë]], or [[Bronweg]] remained with Tuor. Now Tuor was sitting wearily by the stream, considering returning to the sea. But Voronwë came up to him, and said "O Tuor, think not but that thou shalt again one day see thy desire; arise now, and behold, I will not leave thee. I am not of the road-learned of the Noldoli, being a craftsman and maker of things made by hand of wood and of metal, and I joined not the band of escort till late. Yet of old have I heard whispers and sayings said in secret amid the weariness of thraldom, concerning a city where Noldoli might be free could they find the hidden way thereto; and we twain may without a doubt find the road to the City of Stone, where is that freedom of the Gondothlim."

Long did Tuor and Bronweg seek that city, and after many days they came to a deep dale amid the hills. Here went the river over a very stony bed with much noise and rush, and it was curtained by alders; but the walls of the dale were sheer. Then Voronwë found a gate concealed by bushes and foliage, and they passed through it into deep tunnels. They heard echoes and footsteps behind them, and feared it was orcs. After a long time they came to a second gate. Then they passed through into the sunlight, and for a while they could not see anything. Then they were suddenly surrounded by warriors in steel. And even as they stood there they beheld Gondolin and the valley of [[Tumladen]].

Then Voronwë spoke with the guards, as did Tuor. The guards received them gladly, saying "We are the guardians of the issue of the Way of Escape. Rejoice that ye have found it, for behold before you the City of Seven Names where all who war with Melko may find hope."

Then Tuor asked "What be those names?"

"'Tis said," replied the chief of the Guard, "and 'tis sung: '[[Gondobar]] am I called and [[Gondothlimbar]], City of Stone and City of the Dwellers in Stone; [[Gondolin]] the Stone of Song and [[Gwarestrin]] I am named, the Tower of Guard, [[Gar Thurion]] or the Secret Place, for I am hidden from the eyes of Melko; but they who love me most greatly call me [[Loth]], for like a flower am I, even [[Lothengriol]] the flower that blooms upon the plain.'" But he added that usually they just called it ''Gondolin''.

Then Tuor and Voronwë asked to be brought thither. The chief of the Guard told them that the Guard must stay at their posts, but they could go themselves without a leader, for it was plain to see against the sky.

Therefor they marched across [[Tumladen]], and into Gondolin. Tuor was awestruck by the city, with its fountains and stairs, and high towers. A throng followed him, wondering at his rough clothes (for at this stage in the legendarium Tuor did not receive armor at [[Vinyamar]]). Tuor was taller even than the elves, for the Gondothlim were short, slender, and lithe.

But the guard pushed back the crowd and demanded their names. Voronwë called himself [[Bronweg]], ordered by Ulmo to guide Tuor. But Tuor said "I am Tuor son of [[Peleg]] son of [[Indor]] of the house of the Swan of the sons of the Men of the North who live far hence, and I fare hither by the will of Ulmo of the [[Outer Oceans]]."

Then the guardsmen led them before [[King Turgon]], Lord of Gondolin, who dwelt within a beautiful palace. The king was robed in white, wearing a golden belt and a crown of garnets. And he called out to Tuor, who replied with the message, Ulmo giving power to his voice.

"Behold, O father of the City of Stone," he said, "I am bidden by him who maketh deep music in the Abyss, and who knoweth the mind of Elves and Men, to say unto thee that the days of Release draw nigh. There have come to the ears of Ulmo whispers of your dwelling and your hill of vigilance against the evil of Melko, and he is glad: but his heart is wroth and the hearts of the Valar are angered who sit in the mountains of Valinor and look upon the world from the peak of Taniquetil, seeing the sorrow of the thraldom of the Noldoli and the wanderings of Men; for Melko ringeth them in the Land of Shadows beyond hills of iron. Therefor have I been brought by a secret way to bid you number your hosts and prepare for battle, for the time is ripe."

''To be continued. You can help [[Tolkien Gateway]] by completing this article''

=== The Siege ===

====The Breaking of the Gates====

This book states that in the eighth year of [[Eärendil the Mariner|Eärendil]], son of Tuor, plain riders came to the city crying "Melko is upon us." Then all were afraid, but the squares of the city were filled with the mustering of the companies (see [[Gondolin]] for a list). Tuor was in command of the twelfth company, the Folk of the Wing. Idril herself arrayed herself in mail, and sought Eärendil, who wept in fear because of the red lights dancing on the walls of his chamber. And she gave him a small coat of mail to put on, and this he did and feared no more.[[Image:Siege of Gondolin 1.jpg|thumb|200px]]

Turgon called a council, and though Tuor and others counselled him to fight out in the plain in the hope that they could break through and escape, Turgon listen to the counsel of Maeglin and [[Salgant]], and remained in the city to guard his treasures and the work of his hands behind strong walls.

Upon the reaching of the city by [[Gothmog, Lord of Balrogs|Gothmog]] and his army, the archers of Gondolin poured unavailing arrows upon them. All feared, but hope returned to them when it was found that the snakes of fire could not climb the hill for its steepness and glassiness, and because of the waters that poured down its sides. But they lay about the feet of the city and rose up such heat that all in the city panted and were weary, and all fountains save those of the king grew hot.

Then Gothmog gathered all things of iron and piled them upon the [[North Gate of Gondolin|North Gate]], and at last the gates broke. Then did the catapults and engines of the king pour down darts and boulders, but they bounced off the heavy bodies. Then the orcs poured through the gates.

But [[Rog]] and [[Galdor of the Tree|Galdor]] with the [[House of the Hammer of Wrath]] and the [[House of the Tree]] leaped forward, while the [[Folk of the Swallow]] and of the [[House of the Heavenly Arch|Arch]] poured down arrows. The orcs fell like leaves, but because of their might the Gondothlim were pushed back into the city until the orcs held the northernmost part of the city.[[Image:Siege of Gondolin 2.jpg|thumb|200px]]

====The Death of Maeglin====

Tuor was at this time leading the [[Folk of the Wing]] through the turmoil, and at last he won his way to his house, and found that Maeglin had been there first. Now Maeglin intended to escape the sack and have his revenge by first throwing Eärendil from the wall and then forcing Idril to lead him to her secret passage out of the city. But when he confided his task to Salgant, the elf-lord fell into such a quaking that he became sick and lay in bed.

Now Tuor had come to this house to say farewell to his wife and son, and sent a bodyguard with them to the secret passage, but found the [[House of the Mole]] about the door, and these the grimmest and least good-hearted in the city. Then Tuor saw Maeglin, who had Eärendil in his arms and Idril by the hair upon the battlements, but encumbered by the child and because Idril was fighting him he moved slowly, cursing as he went. Then Tuor gave such a shout that the orcs far away wavered, and the Folk of the Wing threw themselves upon the Folk of the Mole, and Tuor pushed past. Maeglin seeing Tuor drew a knife, and would have stabbed Eärendil, but the boy bit his hand, and the blow came down not solidly, bouncing off the mail coat. Then Tuor caught him up by the hand that held the knife and wrenching it broke Maeglin's arm. Then he lifted Maeglin up by the middle and hurled him out from the wall, and thrice did his body smite the slope of [[Amon Gwareth]], until if fell into the flames.

But then the Folk of the Mole came at Tuor, and they were put to blows. Yet none could stand before the wrath of Tuor, and they flew before him. Then Tuor and his men were forced to return to the gate, but Tuor left [[Voronwë of Gondolin|Voronwë]] and several swordsmen to guard Idril in his absence.[[Image:Siege of Gondolin 3.jpg|thumb|200px]]

====The Valor of the Hammer of Wrath====

Back at the gate the battle was evil, and [[Duilin of Gondolin|Duilin]] was stricken by a bolt from a [[balrog]], and fell from the walls and perished. The balrogs continued to shoot darts of fire and flaming arrows like small snakes into the sky, and these fell upon the roofs and gardens of Gondolin until all the trees and gardens were burnt, and the walls blackened. Worse still it was when the demons climbed upon the coils of the serpents of iron and thence loosed unceasingly from their bows and slings till a fire began to burn in the city to the back of the main army of the defenders.

Then Rog of the [[House of the Hammer of Wrath]] cried out "Who now shall fear the [[Balrogs]] for all their terror? See before us the accursed ones who for ages have tormented the children of the Noldoli ([[Noldor]]), and who now set a fire at our backs with their shooting. Come ye of the Hammer of Wrath and we will smite them for their evil." Then he lifted up his long-handled mace, and the people of the Stricken Anvil followed him, running like a wedge, and they were in a great rage. Many of the orcs were borne backwards, and they leaped even upon the coils of the serpents and came at those Balrogs and smote them greviously. A number of the balrogs were slain, and they were sung as heroes ever after.

But Gothmog fell upon them, and at the last Rog was slain, and all the folk of the Hammer of Wrath with him, and in those streets there perished also [[Penlod]] and many of the [[House of the Pillar]] and of the [[House of the Tower of Snow]].

====Battle within the City and at the Breach====

The orcs held the gates, and many of the archers of the [[House of the Swallow]] and of the [[House of the Heavenly Arch]] were thrust to doom, but they had won a great space reaching nigh to the center of the city, even to the [[Place of the Well]] that adjoined the [[Square of the Palace]]. Then came [[Ecthelion of the Fountain|Ecthelion]] and the [[House of the Fountain]], whom Turgon had till now held in reserve. And they fell upon the orcs with such fury that ever after "Ecthelion!" was a warcry of the [[Eldar]].[[Image:Siege of Gondolin 4.jpg|thumb|200px]]

Now Tuor and the Folk of the Wing arrayed themselves beside Ecthelion's company, and by their valiant blows pushed the orcs almost all the way back to the gate. Then there came a quaking, for the [[dragons]] were beating a path up Amon Gwareth and casting down the walls of the city, and already there was a gap. Little bands of the House of the Swallow and of the Arch fought bitterly amid the wreakage, but even as Tuor came one of the brazen snakes smote the western wall, and a great mass of it shook and fell. Behind came a [[Beast of Gondolin|creature of fire]] and Balrogs upon it. Flames shot from its mouth, clearing the streets, and the wings of the helm of Tuor were blackened.

Then the orcs returned, though Tuor slew [[Othrond]], the Lord of the Orcs, and [[Balcmeg]] and [[Lug]], and Ecthelion slew the champion [[Orcobal]]. At last the twain reached the balrogs, and Ecthelion alone slew three of them, and his sword (which might have been [[Orcrist]]) smote through their iron. But they feared Tuor's axe [[Dramborleg]] even more, and five went down before it.

Then at last Ecthelion was wounded, and Tuor would not leave him, though the feet of the beast were like to trample them. But Tuor hewed at the foot of the creature so that flame spouted forth, and the beast screamed and lashed its tale so that many orcs and Noldor were killed by its blows. Then Tuor lifted up Ecthelion and with his last remnant escaped the [[Fire-drake|drake]], but the Gondothlim were sorely shaken.

Tuor reached the [[Square of the Folwell]] by way of the north, and found there Galdor denying orcs the entrance by way of the [[Arch of Ingwë]], and but few of the men of the Tree were left. It was then that Galdor saved Tuor's life, for Tuor tripped over a dead body in the dark and the orcs would have caught him had not Galdor leaped forward and hurled them back single-handedly.

====Defense of the King's Square, and the Death of Ecthelion====

Gradually the remaining companies seeped out of the Place of the Well, and went to the more defensable Square of the Palace. Thus was the last gathering, and many among them were wounded, and Tuor was tired. Even as he led his battalion in via the [[Road of the Arches]] there arose a noise, for [[Glorfindel of Gondolin|Glorfindel]] and the last of the [[House of the Golden Flower]] returned, having fought a terrible conflict in the [[Great Market]] on the east side of the city, and Glorfindel only barely escaped.

Turgon had sent the [[House of the Harp]] to their aid, but Salgant concealed this bidding from his soldiers, saying that they were to garrison the square of the [[Lesser Market]] to the south. But they resisted Salgant and came before the king's hall, timely enough to save Glorfindel and push the enemy back into the market, though many perished there.

Tuor drank from the fountain, and gave the swooned Ecthelion a drink, so that he woke. Then [[Egalmoth of the Heavenly Arch|Egalmoth]] came, for he had gathered some of the Arch and Swallow about him, and cast away his bow. They went about the city dealing blows where they met the enemy, and men were glad to see him, for they had thought him dead, and he was a kingly lord. The women and children had been brought into the palace, and a few survivors from each company had made it there, save that of the Hammer of Wrath, and the [[House of the King]] was untouched. Long they resisted the press of foes around the Square of the Palace, but at last a drake broke through the line on the north, destroying the [[Alley of Roses]]. Tuor stood in the way of the beast, but was seperated from Egalmoth, and became weary. Then Gothmog came, and beat him down. But Ecthelion, who rose on weak legs, strode over Tuor's form. But when he thrust his sword at the balrog he recieved a wound on his sword-arm, so that he dropped the sword, and Gothmog was unhurt. As Gothmog raised his whip for a final blow, Ecthelion leaped forward, and drove the spike of his helm into the evil breast of the balrog. And he entwined his legs about the balrog's thighs, so that they both fell into the Fountain, and Gothmog's fire was quenched, for the fountain was very deep. And Tuor wept.

Then came the soldiers of the House of the King, and they threw themselves upon the enemy with such vigor as to slay two score (forty-eight) balrogs, and even pushed one of the Fire-drakes into the [[Fountain of the King]], destroying it. But a vast column of vapor rose, and many killed each other in the confusion. One thing notable about this is that this, while happening to the fire-drake, did not occur when Gothmog fell in. Despite the many deaths they rallied in a last stand beneath [[Glingal]] and [[Belthil]], the trees in the court.

====Last Words of the King====

Then said King Turgon "Great is the fall of Gondolin", and the elves about him shuddered, for such were the words of [[Amnon]] the [[prophet]]. But Tuor spoke wildly for ruth and love of the king.

"Gondolin stands yet, and Ulmo will not suffer it to perish!" he cried. But Turgon responded:

"Evil have I brought upon the Flower of the Plain in despite of Ulmo, and now he leaveth it to wither in the fire. Lo! hope is no more in my heart for my city of loveliness, but the children of the Noldoli shall not be worsted for ever." Thus he spake.

Then the Gondothlim clashed their weapons, and Turgon spoke again. "Fight not against doom, O my children! Seek ye who may safety in flight, if perhaps there be time yet: but let Tuor have your lealty." But Tuor said: "Thou art king;" and Turgon made answer: "Yet no blow will I strike more."

Then Turgon cast his crown at the roots of Glingal, the Golden Tree, and though Galdor who stood near picked it up, Turgon would not accept it, and bare of head he climbed to the topmost pinnacle of the [[Tower of the King|White Tower]]. There he shouted in a voice like a horn blown among the mountains: "Great is the victory of the Noldoli!" It was said to be the middle of the night at this time, and the orcs yelled in derision.

Then they spoke of a sally (that is, a sortie from the city). Many held that it was impossible to burst through, nor might they even get over the plain or through the hills, and that it was better therefor to die about the king. But Tuor at last revealed to them [[Idril's Secret Way]]. The plan seemed desperate, due to the narrowness of the tunnel and the great amount of people, but that was their only choice. But Turgon refused.

"Let Tuor," he said, "be your guide and your chieftain. But I Turgon will not leave my city, and will burn with it." Then again they urged him: "Sire, who are the Gondothlim if thou perish? Lead us!" But again he responded, "Lo! I abide here." And when again they urged him for a third time, he cried "If I am king, obey my behests, and dare not to parley further with my commands." After that they sent no more and made ready for the forlorn attempt. But the folk of the royal house that yet lived would not budge a foot, and gathered thickly about the base of the king's tower. "Here," said they, "We will stay if Turgon goes not forth." And they could not be persuaded.

====Retreat through the City====

Then Tuor's heart was split between love for the King and love for Idril and Eärendil. But even as he hesitated the last onslaught was being prepared, and he made his choice. Hearing the wailing of the women he at last gathered all his company, and they moved southward by way of the [[Road of Pomps]] and the [[Way of Running Waters]]. But fire-drakes came, some of the largest, and Tuor forced the company on at a run. But Glorfindel held them off at the rear, and many more of the House of the Golden Flower fell there. But even as they ran on Tuor halted at [[Gar Ainion]], where he and Idril were married. And there stood Idril before him, and beside her Voronwë. But Idril did not see him, for she gazed back at the palace of her father. Then all halted and looked back, and saw that a drake was coiled upon the very steps, and defiled their whiteness. Orcs were rushing about, dragging out the innocent and forgotten, the women and children who had not made it to the palace, and murduring them or making captives of them. The trees were withered, and the tower was besieged. Even they could see the king upon the topmost tower, standing tall.

"Woe is me whose father awaiteth doom even upon his topmost pinnacle; but seven times woe whose lord hath gone down before Melko and will stride home no more!" cried Idril.

"Lo! Idril, it is I, and I live," said Tuor, "yet now will I get thy father hence, be it from the Hells of Melko!" With that he would have gone down the hill alone, maddened with grief, but Idril coming to her wits grasped his heel, crying "My lord!" But even as she spoke thus the tower fell, and Turgon was buried.

Then Idril said heavily "Sad is the blindness of the wise."

"Sad too is the stubbornness of those we love," replied Tuor, and he kissed his wife, for he loved her more than all of the people of Gondolin, but still she wept for her father. Then Tuor turned to the captains, saying: "Lo, we must get hence with all speed, lest we be surrounded."

Then they moved quickly, and met only scattered bands of plunderers. But every now and then they met a woman or child, and they joined them, though Tuor allowed them to take nothing but a little food.

Then Voronwë told Tuor of how Idril had waited before the door of her house, and how she wept for lack of tidings of her husband. At length she sent most of her guard with Eärendil down the secret way, and girding up a sword went about the city gathering up the women and children and sending them down the tunnel.

Then they reached the house, and found it thrown down. The exiles said farewell to Gondolin, and went down into the tunnel.

====The Tunnel and the Splitting of the Company====

The tunnel was hot and stuffy, for the dragons above caused it. Many boulders were loosed by the trembling above, and not a few were crushed. The fumes caused their torches and lanterns to go out, so that they were in darkness. They found to their horror bodies of those who had gone before, and Tuor feared greatly for his son. They were in that tunnel two hours, until at last they reached a basin where once water had been, but was now full of bushes. There was gathered much of the folk that had gone on before, but Eärendil was not among them, and Tuor and Idril were in great anguish.

"Now," said Galdor, "We must get as far hence toward the Encircling Mountains as may be ere dawn come upon us, and that giveth no great space of time, for summer is at hand." But a dissension rose, for a number said it was folly to make for [[Cristhorn]], as Tuor had proposed.

"The sun," they said, "Will be up long ere we win the foothills, and we shall be whelmed in the plain by those drakes and those demons. Let us fare to [[Bad Uthwen]], the Way of Escape, for that is but half the journeying, and our weary and wounded may hope to win so far if no further."

But Idril spoke against this, and pursuaded the lords that they trust not to the magic of that way that had aforetime shielded it from discovery: "for what magic stands if Gondolin be fallen?"

But nonetheless a large body of men and women left Tuor and went to Bad Uthwen, and were destroyed by the jaws of a dragon that stood there at the order of Morgoth, as Maeglin had proposed. But those in Tuor's company were led by [[Legolas of Gondolin|Legolas Greenleaf]], who knew all the plain by night or day, and could see well in the dark.

====Return of Eärendil====

They made much speed despite their weariness, and a mist fell upon them. This was a marvel, for never before had mist come, and they fared away in safety until they were too far away for any to see them from the hill or ruined walls.

The mists lifted at last late in the day, but Gondolin was still enshrouded. But at the edge of the clearing of the mist, but a few furlongs off, a knot of Noldor on foot were fleeing a strange cavalry of orcs mounted on [[wolves]], carrying spears.

"Lo! there is Eärendil my son," cried Tuor. "Behold his face shineth as a star in the waste, and my men of the Wing are about him, and they are in sore straits." Then he chose fifty of those that were least weary, and leaving the main company fared over that plain swiftly as they could, and Tuor shouted to the soldiers below to stand and flee not, for the [[wolfriders]] were scattering them and killing them off, and the child was seated upon the shoulders of [[Hendor]], a house-carle of Idril's. Then they stood back to back, with Hendor amidmost, but Tuor soon came up, though all his troop was breathless.

The wolfriders numbered only a score, and only six men remained alive about Eärendil. Then Tuor arranged his men into a crescent of one rank, and hoped to envelop the riders, so that none could escape. Only two broke out, and these were wounded and without their mounts, so that tidings came too late to the city to be of any use.

Eärendil was glad to see his father again, and said: "I am thirsty, father, for I have run far — nor had Hendor need to bear me." Then his father said nothing, for he had no water, and was thinking of the needs of his company. But Eärendil spoke again: "'Twas good to see Maeglin die so, for he would set arms about my mother — and I liked him not; but I would travel in no tunnels for all of Melkor's wolfriders." Then Tuor smiled and set him upon his shoulders. Then the main company came up, and Tuor gave the child to his mother, who was in great joy, but Eärendil would not be borne in her arms.

"Mother Idril, thou art weary," he said, "And warriors in mail ride not among the Gondothlim, save it be old Salgant!" Idril laughed amid her sorrow. "Nay, where is Salgant?" Eärendil asked. Salgant had told him quaint tales or played drolleries with him at times, and the child had much laughter of the old Noldoin those days when he came many a day to the house of Tuor (loving the good wine and fair repast he there received). But none could say where Salgant was; he probably perished in the flames or was made a thrall.

====Passage of the Encircling Mountains====

They came to the foothills and it was full morning, but still grey, and there right to the beginning of the upward road folk stretched themselves and rested in a little dale finged with trees and hazel-bushes. Many slept, for they were greatly exhausted. Tuor, however, kept strict watch.

Eärendil, meanwhile, quenched his thirst and played beside a little brook with his mother. Then he said to her "Mother Idril, I would we had good Ecthelion of the Fountain here to play to me on his flute, or make me willow-whistles! Perchance he has gone on ahead?" But Idril said nay, and told him the fate of that lord. Eärendil wept, and said that he wished never to see the streets of Gondolin ever again. And Tuor responded that he would not. "For Gondolin is no more," he said.

At sunset they rose again, and they wound about through the hills. They turning saw Gondolin for the last time, and then the sun disappeared, and they saw it never again.

The Pass of Cristhorn, which is the [[Eagle's Cleft]], was dangerous going, and the host would not have ventured it by dark, with no light to guide them, with many women, children, and sick, had not their fear of Melkor's scouts been great. Darkness gathered, and they were forced to string out into a long straggling line. Galdor and a party of spearmen went ahead, and Legolas with them. Then came the least weary women and children supporting the sick that could go on foot, after which walked the House of the Wing. After the House of the Wing was Egalmoth leading the slower women and children, as well as the sick. At the back was the House of the Golden Flower of Glorfindel.

====Glorfindel and the Balrog====

As they came to Cristhorn, dark shapes that had lain hidden even from the eyes of Legolas leaped forward, and Galdor's men were beset. Tuor thought that they had fallen in with one of Melkor's ranging companies, and feared no more than a sharp brush in the dark. But he sent the women and sick rearward and joined with Galdor in the fray. But rocks fell from above, and it looked as if the battle would go ill for the Gondothlim. And with the enemies was a [[Balrog]].

Then Tuor realized that it was a trap, and now Galdor and Glorfindel held back the assault, and many of the orcs were stricken into the abyss. And [[Thorondor]] rose with his people, the [[Thornhoth]], and they fell upon the orcs, and the battle turned.

Suddenly the Balrog leaped across the chasm, and came among the women and children, lashing his great whip of flame. But Glorfindel was there, and long they fought. His mail defended him from whip and claw, and they fought on a high rock which all could see. Glorfindel had hewn off the Balrog's whip arm, but the balrog leaped forward, and though Glorfindel stabbed forward only the shoulder it found, and for a while they swayed upon the crag-top. Then Glorfindel drew a dirk, and pierced the Balrog's belly, which was up to his face. But even as the Balrog fell with a shriek it grasped Glorfindel's long golden hair, and both descended into the abyss.

Then the orcs fled, and Thorondor bore back up the body of Glorfindel, but the Balrog remained down in the abyss in the water of the [[Thorn Sir]], and it was black for many a day after.

And so they raised a cairn over the body of Glorfindel, and the yellow flowers grew there ever after. Thorondor would not allow orcs to come near from that moment on.

====The Coming to the Land of Willows====

After much suffering the exiles came at last to the Land of Willows, where once Tuor had dwelt, and [[Tulkas]] had fought Melkor. And there they healed themselves, and there their wounds were healed, and their women and maidens grew fair again. But they did not smile any more.

All that remained of the Gondothlim was three hundred and twenty men and boys, and two hundred and sixty women and children. And they dwelt at the [[Mouths of the Sirion]], and they took up the name [[Lothlim]], that is the People of the Flower, for no longer would they be called Gondothlim. And Eärendil grew great among that people, and there the tale of Tuor ends.

And Littleheart said "Alas for Gondolin." And no one in that room spoke or moved for a great while.

== Significance ==

The Fall of Gondolin was the first of the stories to be written in the [[Book of Lost Tales]] and was conceived when Tolkien was recovering in field hospital after the Battle of the Somme during the [[World War 1|First World War]]. This influence can be seen in a 'secret weapon' of Morgoth's that Tolkien describes:

"Melko assembled all his most cunning smiths and sorcorers, and of iron and flame they wrought a host of monsters such as have only at that time been seen and shall not again be until the Great End."

These "monsters" take the form of vast iron machines forged in the likeness of the dragons which also assault Gondolin. They act as an all terrain vehicle and troop transport during the battle. "But now Gothmog...gathered all his things of iron that could coil themselves around and above all obstacles"; "...and their hollow bellies clanged...Then were the topmost opened about their middles and an innumerable host of orcs...poured there from the breach".

While Tolkien often uses words such as 'iron' and 'brazen' in relation to monsters (particularly dragons) [[Christopher Tolkien]] confirms in the commentry that "the language employed suggest that some at least of the 'monsters' were inanimate 'devices'." Some (such as [[John Garth]] in 'Tolkien and the Great War') have suggested that with these 'iron serpents' Tolkien was inspired by the tanks which made their debut in the Battle of the Somme, a parralel to the real life battle he had just survived.

==See also==
*[[Twelve Houses of the Gondothlim]]
*[[Gondolin]]
*[[Fall of Gondolin screenplay]]

[[Category:Gondolin and Turgon]]
[[Category:Battles]]
[[Category:Writings]]

__NOTOC__

The Fall of Gondolin (chapter)

2007-05-31T02:22:58Z

Erniel: /* Return of Eärendil */ typo fixes

[[Image:John Howe - The Fall of Gondolin.jpg|thumb|300px|''The Fall of Gondolin'' by [[John Howe]]]]

===Introduction & History of the Writing===
The '''"Fall of Gondolin"''' is the name of one of the original [[The Book of Lost Tales|Lost Tales]] which formed the basis for a section in [[J.R.R. Tolkien|Tolkien's]] later work, ''[[The Silmarillion]]''.

"The Fall of Gondolin" tells of the founding of the [[Elves|Elven]] city of '''[[Gondolin]]''' (built in secret by [[Turgon]] and his people), of the arrival [[Tuor]], a prince of the [[Edain]], of the betrayal of the city to [[Morgoth]] by Turgon's nephew [[Maeglin]], and of its subsequent destruction by Morgoth's armies.

Tolkien actually began writing the story that would become "The Fall of Gondolin" in 1917 in an army barracks on the back of a sheet of military marching music. It is more or less the first traceable story he wrote down on paper about the Middle-earth legendarium.

Because he was constantly revising his [[First Age]] stories, the narrative Tolkien wrote in 1917 (published posthumously in the ''Book of Lost Tales'') remains the only full account of the fall of the city. The narrative in ''The Silmarillion'' was the result of the editing by his son [[Christopher Tolkien|Christopher]] of various different sources.

A partial new version of "The Fall of Gondolin" was published in the ''[[Unfinished Tales]]'' under the title "Of Tuor and his Coming to Gondolin". Actually titled "Of Tuor and the Fall of Gondolin", this narrative shows a great expansion of the earlier tale. It can be surmised from this text that Tolkien would have rewritten the entire story, but for reasons that are not known he abandoned the text before Tuor actually arrives in the city. For this reason Christopher Tolkien retitled the story before including it in ''Unfinished Tales''.[[Image:Gondolin Plan.jpg|thumb|200px]]

== The Fall ==

{{noncanon}}

[[Eriol]] listened in the [[Cottage of Lost Play]] as [[Lindo]] and others told tales of old. Then [[Ilfiniol]], called [[Littleheart]] son of [[Bronweg]], was asked by Lindo to tell of the '''Fall of Gondolin'''. And he did.

=== Prologue ===

===Tuor===

Now there was a man who dwelt in [[Dor Lómin]] named [[Tuor]]. And he was both a singer and a hunter, and played on a rough harp of wood and bear-sinews. He eventually departed from his people to lonely places, where he learned the speech and lore of the [[Noldor]] from wanderers there.

Later, it is said, [[magic]] and destiny led him one day do a cavernous opening through with a hidden river flowed from [[Mithrim]]. And he entered the cavern, curious. But the waters forced him futher and further down, until he could not force his way back into the light. And it is said that [[Ulmo]] had a hand in this. Then came Noldorin [[elves]] to Tuor, and guided him until he came out into the light again, and saw the river flowed swiftly in a ravine of great depth with sides unscalable. Then Tuor did not wish to return, but went ever forward, the river leading him to the west. And he called it the [[Golden Cleft]], or the [[Gully of the Rainbow Roof]], which was in the speech of the Noldor [[Glorfalc]] or [[Cris Ilbranteloth]].

He continued on, drinking the water of the river and eating the beautiful fish of the stream. One day a long time after he heard a cry, and could not decide what it came from.

"It is a fay-creature," he said. But after a while he said "Nay, 'tis but some small beast that waileth among the rocks." But then it seemed to him as an unknown bird with a voice new to his ears and strangely sad. And on the next day he heard the same cry over his head, and looking up saw three great white birds, [[Gulls]] of [[Ossë]].

At last Tuor found a spot where he could scale the cliffs surrounding him. A fresh wind touched his face, and he said "This is very good and like the drinking of wine", but he did not know he was near the [[Great Sea]]. Then he came to a narrow neck, where the river rumbled angrily. Then Tuor saw the sea for the first time, and he was afraid. He found himself in a country bare of trees and swept by winds of the west. Some have said he was the first of the [[men]] to see the sea and feel the desire it brings.

He took up his abode there, dwelling in a cove sheltered by black rocks. And he marvelled at the wonders there; the seaweed and the tide pools and the sea-fowl. He adorned the cave in which he dwelt with figures of birds and flowers, and beasts and trees. But chief among them was that of the swan, which he loved more than all others.

Once he saw three swans flying high and from the northward. And he followed them, heading south. Tuor bearing his harp and spear followed. After a great day's journey he came back into a region of trees; a rugged land. Yet he still followed the swans, even through the winter. At last he came to a southern land more kindly, of sandy spits and many new piping birds. And Tuor lost sight of the swans, and he never saw them again. And the Noldor came to him at night, and he arose from sleep. Then he followed them inland, and came to the land of [[Arlisgion]], the "place of reeds". And he rested by the [[Sirion]] that spring. He called it the Land of Willows, and the birds there were unequalled in all the world. And here there was the sweetest grass and many aged willows, and Tuor was loth to depart, and he tarried in the morn.

Here he saw the first butterflies. And as summer came he still lingered, and gave names to all things, and sang new songs on his old harp.

===Ulmo's message===

Then Ulmo feared that Tuor would dwell forever in the Land of Willows. Therefor he leaped upon his chariot drawn by a narwhal and a sealion, fashioned like a whale, and amidst the sounding of great conches sped up from [[Ulmonan]]. And he came to Tuor, blowing on his great instrument, to which Tuor hearkened. And Ulmo spoke to him.

"O Tuor of the lonely heart," he said, "I will not that thou dwell for ever in fair places of birds and flowers; nor would I lead thee through this pleasant land, but that so it must be. But fare now on thy destined journey and tarry not, for far from hence is thy weird set. Now must thou seek through the lands for the city of the folk called Gondothlim or the dwellers in stone, and the Noldoli shall escort thee thither in secret for fear of the spies of Melko. Words I will set to your mouth there, and there you shall abide awhile. Yet maybe thy life shall turn again to the mighty waters; and of surety a child shall come of thee than whom no man shall know more of the uttermost deeps, be it of the sea or of the firmament of heaven."

Then Tuor continued up the river, but he heard the conches of Ulmo calling him until he died.

A day came when he was weary, and he slept until it was almost night again. And the Noldor came to him and guided him. Now Tuor wandered with them, but the elves became ill at ease. And they told him of Morgoth, and what would happen if they were betrayed. And so they left him, though he wandered still in the hills. But it was said to Morgoth that there was a man there, and Morgoth doubted his own craft and watchfulness.

===Search for Gondolin===

But despite the desertation of Tuor by the elves out of fear, one elf named [[Voronwë of Gondolin|Voronwë]], or [[Bronweg]] remained with Tuor. Now Tuor was sitting wearily by the stream, considering returning to the sea. But Voronwë came up to him, and said "O Tuor, think not but that thou shalt again one day see thy desire; arise now, and behold, I will not leave thee. I am not of the road-learned of the Noldoli, being a craftsman and maker of things made by hand of wood and of metal, and I joined not the band of escort till late. Yet of old have I heard whispers and sayings said in secret amid the weariness of thraldom, concerning a city where Noldoli might be free could they find the hidden way thereto; and we twain may without a doubt find the road to the City of Stone, where is that freedom of the Gondothlim."

Long did Tuor and Bronweg seek that city, and after many days they came to a deep dale amid the hills. Here went the river over a very stony bed with much noise and rush, and it was curtained by alders; but the walls of the dale were sheer. Then Voronwë found a gate concealed by bushes and foliage, and they passed through it into deep tunnels. They heard echoes and footsteps behind them, and feared it was orcs. After a long time they came to a second gate. Then they passed through into the sunlight, and for a while they could not see anything. Then they were suddenly surrounded by warriors in steel. And even as they stood there they beheld Gondolin and the valley of [[Tumladen]].

Then Voronwë spoke with the guards, as did Tuor. The guards received them gladly, saying "We are the guardians of the issue of the Way of Escape. Rejoice that ye have found it, for behold before you the City of Seven Names where all who war with Melko may find hope."

Then Tuor asked "What be those names?"

"'Tis said," replied the chief of the Guard, "and 'tis sung: '[[Gondobar]] am I called and [[Gondothlimbar]], City of Stone and City of the Dwellers in Stone; [[Gondolin]] the Stone of Song and [[Gwarestrin]] I am named, the Tower of Guard, [[Gar Thurion]] or the Secret Place, for I am hidden from the eyes of Melko; but they who love me most greatly call me [[Loth]], for like a flower am I, even [[Lothengriol]] the flower that blooms upon the plain.'" But he added that usually they just called it ''Gondolin''.

Then Tuor and Voronwë asked to be brought thither. The chief of the Guard told them that the Guard must stay at their posts, but they could go themselves without a leader, for it was plain to see against the sky.

Therefor they marched across [[Tumladen]], and into Gondolin. Tuor was awestruck by the city, with its fountains and stairs, and high towers. A throng followed him, wondering at his rough clothes (for at this stage in the legendarium Tuor did not receive armor at [[Vinyamar]]). Tuor was taller even than the elves, for the Gondothlim were short, slender, and lithe.

But the guard pushed back the crowd and demanded their names. Voronwë called himself [[Bronweg]], ordered by Ulmo to guide Tuor. But Tuor said "I am Tuor son of [[Peleg]] son of [[Indor]] of the house of the Swan of the sons of the Men of the North who live far hence, and I fare hither by the will of Ulmo of the [[Outer Oceans]]."

Then the guardsmen led them before [[King Turgon]], Lord of Gondolin, who dwelt within a beautiful palace. The king was robed in white, wearing a golden belt and a crown of garnets. And he called out to Tuor, who replied with the message, Ulmo giving power to his voice.

"Behold, O father of the City of Stone," he said, "I am bidden by him who maketh deep music in the Abyss, and who knoweth the mind of Elves and Men, to say unto thee that the days of Release draw nigh. There have come to the ears of Ulmo whispers of your dwelling and your hill of vigilance against the evil of Melko, and he is glad: but his heart is wroth and the hearts of the Valar are angered who sit in the mountains of Valinor and look upon the world from the peak of Taniquetil, seeing the sorrow of the thraldom of the Noldoli and the wanderings of Men; for Melko ringeth them in the Land of Shadows beyond hills of iron. Therefor have I been brought by a secret way to bid you number your hosts and prepare for battle, for the time is ripe."

''To be continued. You can help [[Tolkien Gateway]] by completing this article''

=== The Siege ===

====The Breaking of the Gates====

This book states that in the eighth year of [[Eärendil the Mariner|Eärendil]], son of Tuor, plain riders came to the city crying "Melko is upon us." Then all were afraid, but the squares of the city were filled with the mustering of the companies (see [[Gondolin]] for a list). Tuor was in command of the twelfth company, the Folk of the Wing. Idril herself arrayed herself in mail, and sought Eärendil, who wept in fear because of the red lights dancing on the walls of his chamber. And she gave him a small coat of mail to put on, and this he did and feared no more.[[Image:Siege of Gondolin 1.jpg|thumb|200px]]

Turgon called a council, and though Tuor and others counselled him to fight out in the plain in the hope that they could break through and escape, Turgon listen to the counsel of Maeglin and [[Salgant]], and remained in the city to guard his treasures and the work of his hands behind strong walls.

Upon the reaching of the city by [[Gothmog, Lord of Balrogs|Gothmog]] and his army, the archers of Gondolin poured unavailing arrows upon them. All feared, but hope returned to them when it was found that the snakes of fire could not climb the hill for its steepness and glassiness, and because of the waters that poured down its sides. But they lay about the feet of the city and rose up such heat that all in the city panted and were weary, and all fountains save those of the king grew hot.

Then Gothmog gathered all things of iron and piled them upon the [[North Gate of Gondolin|North Gate]], and at last the gates broke. Then did the catapults and engines of the king pour down darts and boulders, but they bounced off the heavy bodies. Then the orcs poured through the gates.

But [[Rog]] and [[Galdor of the Tree|Galdor]] with the [[House of the Hammer of Wrath]] and the [[House of the Tree]] leaped forward, while the [[Folk of the Swallow]] and of the [[House of the Heavenly Arch|Arch]] poured down arrows. The orcs fell like leaves, but because of their might the Gondothlim were pushed back into the city until the orcs held the northernmost part of the city.[[Image:Siege of Gondolin 2.jpg|thumb|200px]]

====The Death of Maeglin====

Tuor was at this time leading the [[Folk of the Wing]] through the turmoil, and at last he won his way to his house, and found that Maeglin had been there first. Now Maeglin intended to escape the sack and have his revenge by first throwing Eärendil from the wall and then forcing Idril to lead him to her secret passage out of the city. But when he confided his task to Salgant, the elf-lord fell into such a quaking that he became sick and lay in bed.

Now Tuor had come to this house to say farewell to his wife and son, and sent a bodyguard with them to the secret passage, but found the [[House of the Mole]] about the door, and these the grimmest and least good-hearted in the city. Then Tuor saw Maeglin, who had Eärendil in his arms and Idril by the hair upon the battlements, but encumbered by the child and because Idril was fighting him he moved slowly, cursing as he went. Then Tuor gave such a shout that the orcs far away wavered, and the Folk of the Wing threw themselves upon the Folk of the Mole, and Tuor pushed past. Maeglin seeing Tuor drew a knife, and would have stabbed Eärendil, but the boy bit his hand, and the blow came down not solidly, bouncing off the mail coat. Then Tuor caught him up by the hand that held the knife and wrenching it broke Maeglin's arm. Then he lifted Maeglin up by the middle and hurled him out from the wall, and thrice did his body smite the slope of [[Amon Gwareth]], until if fell into the flames.

But then the Folk of the Mole came at Tuor, and they were put to blows. Yet none could stand before the wrath of Tuor, and they flew before him. Then Tuor and his men were forced to return to the gate, but Tuor left [[Voronwë of Gondolin|Voronwë]] and several swordsmen to guard Idril in his absence.[[Image:Siege of Gondolin 3.jpg|thumb|200px]]

====The Valor of the Hammer of Wrath====

Back at the gate the battle was evil, and [[Duilin of Gondolin|Duilin]] was stricken by a bolt from a [[balrog]], and fell from the walls and perished. The balrogs continued to shoot darts of fire and flaming arrows like small snakes into the sky, and these fell upon the roofs and gardens of Gondolin until all the trees and gardens were burnt, and the walls blackened. Worse still it was when the demons climbed upon the coils of the serpents of iron and thence loosed unceasingly from their bows and slings till a fire began to burn in the city to the back of the main army of the defenders.

Then Rog of the [[House of the Hammer of Wrath]] cried out "Who now shall fear the [[Balrogs]] for all their terror? See before us the accursed ones who for ages have tormented the children of the Noldoli ([[Noldor]]), and who now set a fire at our backs with their shooting. Come ye of the Hammer of Wrath and we will smite them for their evil." Then he lifted up his long-handled mace, and the people of the Stricken Anvil followed him, running like a wedge, and they were in a great rage. Many of the orcs were borne backwards, and they leaped even upon the coils of the serpents and came at those Balrogs and smote them greviously. A number of the balrogs were slain, and they were sung as heroes ever after.

But Gothmog fell upon them, and at the last Rog was slain, and all the folk of the Hammer of Wrath with him, and in those streets there perished also [[Penlod]] and many of the [[House of the Pillar]] and of the [[House of the Tower of Snow]].

====Battle within the City and at the Breach====

The orcs held the gates, and many of the archers of the [[House of the Swallow]] and of the [[House of the Heavenly Arch]] were thrust to doom, but they had won a great space reaching nigh to the center of the city, even to the [[Place of the Well]] that adjoined the [[Square of the Palace]]. Then came [[Ecthelion of the Fountain|Ecthelion]] and the [[House of the Fountain]], whom Turgon had till now held in reserve. And they fell upon the orcs with such fury that ever after "Ecthelion!" was a warcry of the [[Eldar]].[[Image:Siege of Gondolin 4.jpg|thumb|200px]]

Now Tuor and the Folk of the Wing arrayed themselves beside Ecthelion's company, and by their valiant blows pushed the orcs almost all the way back to the gate. Then there came a quaking, for the [[dragons]] were beating a path up Amon Gwareth and casting down the walls of the city, and already there was a gap. Little bands of the House of the Swallow and of the Arch fought bitterly amid the wreakage, but even as Tuor came one of the brazen snakes smote the western wall, and a great mass of it shook and fell. Behind came a [[Beast of Gondolin|creature of fire]] and Balrogs upon it. Flames shot from its mouth, clearing the streets, and the wings of the helm of Tuor were blackened.

Then the orcs returned, though Tuor slew [[Othrond]], the Lord of the Orcs, and [[Balcmeg]] and [[Lug]], and Ecthelion slew the champion [[Orcobal]]. At last the twain reached the balrogs, and Ecthelion alone slew three of them, and his sword (which might have been [[Orcrist]]) smote through their iron. But they feared Tuor's axe [[Dramborleg]] even more, and five went down before it.

Then at last Ecthelion was wounded, and Tuor would not leave him, though the feet of the beast were like to trample them. But Tuor hewed at the foot of the creature so that flame spouted forth, and the beast screamed and lashed its tale so that many orcs and Noldor were killed by its blows. Then Tuor lifted up Ecthelion and with his last remnant escaped the [[Fire-drake|drake]], but the Gondothlim were sorely shaken.

Tuor reached the [[Square of the Folwell]] by way of the north, and found there Galdor denying orcs the entrance by way of the [[Arch of Ingwë]], and but few of the men of the Tree were left. It was then that Galdor saved Tuor's life, for Tuor tripped over a dead body in the dark and the orcs would have caught him had not Galdor leaped forward and hurled them back single-handedly.

====Defense of the King's Square, and the Death of Ecthelion====

Gradually the remaining companies seeped out of the Place of the Well, and went to the more defensable Square of the Palace. Thus was the last gathering, and many among them were wounded, and Tuor was tired. Even as he led his battalion in via the [[Road of the Arches]] there arose a noise, for [[Glorfindel of Gondolin|Glorfindel]] and the last of the [[House of the Golden Flower]] returned, having fought a terrible conflict in the [[Great Market]] on the east side of the city, and Glorfindel only barely escaped.

Turgon had sent the [[House of the Harp]] to their aid, but Salgant concealed this bidding from his soldiers, saying that they were to garrison the square of the [[Lesser Market]] to the south. But they resisted Salgant and came before the king's hall, timely enough to save Glorfindel and push the enemy back into the market, though many perished there.

Tuor drank from the fountain, and gave the swooned Ecthelion a drink, so that he woke. Then [[Egalmoth of the Heavenly Arch|Egalmoth]] came, for he had gathered some of the Arch and Swallow about him, and cast away his bow. They went about the city dealing blows where they met the enemy, and men were glad to see him, for they had thought him dead, and he was a kingly lord. The women and children had been brought into the palace, and a few survivors from each company had made it there, save that of the Hammer of Wrath, and the [[House of the King]] was untouched. Long they resisted the press of foes around the Square of the Palace, but at last a drake broke through the line on the north, destroying the [[Alley of Roses]]. Tuor stood in the way of the beast, but was seperated from Egalmoth, and became weary. Then Gothmog came, and beat him down. But Ecthelion, who rose on weak legs, strode over Tuor's form. But when he thrust his sword at the balrog he recieved a wound on his sword-arm, so that he dropped the sword, and Gothmog was unhurt. As Gothmog raised his whip for a final blow, Ecthelion leaped forward, and drove the spike of his helm into the evil breast of the balrog. And he entwined his legs about the balrog's thighs, so that they both fell into the Fountain, and Gothmog's fire was quenched, for the fountain was very deep. And Tuor wept.

Then came the soldiers of the House of the King, and they threw themselves upon the enemy with such vigor as to slay two score (forty-eight) balrogs, and even pushed one of the Fire-drakes into the [[Fountain of the King]], destroying it. But a vast column of vapor rose, and many killed each other in the confusion. One thing notable about this is that this, while happening to the fire-drake, did not occur when Gothmog fell in. Despite the many deaths they rallied in a last stand beneath [[Glingal]] and [[Belthil]], the trees in the court.

====Last Words of the King====

Then said King Turgon "Great is the fall of Gondolin", and the elves about him shuddered, for such were the words of [[Amnon]] the [[prophet]]. But Tuor spoke wildly for ruth and love of the king.

"Gondolin stands yet, and Ulmo will not suffer it to perish!" he cried. But Turgon responded:

"Evil have I brought upon the Flower of the Plain in despite of Ulmo, and now he leaveth it to wither in the fire. Lo! hope is no more in my heart for my city of loveliness, but the children of the Noldoli shall not be worsted for ever." Thus he spake.

Then the Gondothlim clashed their weapons, and Turgon spoke again. "Fight not against doom, O my children! Seek ye who may safety in flight, if perhaps there be time yet: but let Tuor have your lealty." But Tuor said: "Thou art king;" and Turgon made answer: "Yet no blow will I strike more."

Then Turgon cast his crown at the roots of Glingal, the Golden Tree, and though Galdor who stood near picked it up, Turgon would not accept it, and bare of head he climbed to the topmost pinnacle of the [[Tower of the King|White Tower]]. There he shouted in a voice like a horn blown among the mountains: "Great is the victory of the Noldoli!" It was said to be the middle of the night at this time, and the orcs yelled in derision.

Then they spoke of a sally (that is, a sortie from the city). Many held that it was impossible to burst through, nor might they even get over the plain or through the hills, and that it was better therefor to die about the king. But Tuor at last revealed to them [[Idril's Secret Way]]. The plan seemed desperate, due to the narrowness of the tunnel and the great amount of people, but that was their only choice. But Turgon refused.

"Let Tuor," he said, "be your guide and your chieftain. But I Turgon will not leave my city, and will burn with it." Then again they urged him: "Sire, who are the Gondothlim if thou perish? Lead us!" But again he responded, "Lo! I abide here." And when again they urged him for a third time, he cried "If I am king, obey my behests, and dare not to parley further with my commands." After that they sent no more and made ready for the forlorn attempt. But the folk of the royal house that yet lived would not budge a foot, and gathered thickly about the base of the king's tower. "Here," said they, "We will stay if Turgon goes not forth." And they could not be persuaded.

====Retreat through the City====

Then Tuor's heart was split between love for the King and love for Idril and Eärendil. But even as he hesitated the last onslaught was being prepared, and he made his choice. Hearing the wailing of the women he at last gathered all his company, and they moved southward by way of the [[Road of Pomps]] and the [[Way of Running Waters]]. But fire-drakes came, some of the largest, and Tuor forced the company on at a run. But Glorfindel held them off at the rear, and many more of the House of the Golden Flower fell there. But even as they ran on Tuor halted at [[Gar Ainion]], where he and Idril were married. And there stood Idril before him, and beside her Voronwë. But Idril did not see him, for she gazed back at the palace of her father. Then all halted and looked back, and saw that a drake was coiled upon the very steps, and defiled their whiteness. Orcs were rushing about, dragging out the innocent and forgotten, the women and children who had not made it to the palace, and murduring them or making captives of them. The trees were withered, and the tower was besieged. Even they could see the king upon the topmost tower, standing tall.

"Woe is me whose father awaiteth doom even upon his topmost pinnacle; but seven times woe whose lord hath gone down before Melko and will stride home no more!" cried Idril.

"Lo! Idril, it is I, and I live," said Tuor, "yet now will I get thy father hence, be it from the Hells of Melko!" With that he would have gone down the hill alone, maddened with grief, but Idril coming to her wits grasped his heel, crying "My lord!" But even as she spoke thus the tower fell, and Turgon was buried.

Then Idril said heavily "Sad is the blindness of the wise."

"Sad too is the stubbornness of those we love," replied Tuor, and he kissed his wife, for he loved her more than all of the people of Gondolin, but still she wept for her father. Then Tuor turned to the captains, saying: "Lo, we must get hence with all speed, lest we be surrounded."

Then they moved quickly, and met only scattered bands of plunderers. But every now and then they met a woman or child, and they joined them, though Tuor allowed them to take nothing but a little food.

Then Voronwë told Tuor of how Idril had waited before the door of her house, and how she wept for lack of tidings of her husband. At length she sent most of her guard with Eärendil down the secret way, and girding up a sword went about the city gathering up the women and children and sending them down the tunnel.

Then they reached the house, and found it thrown down. The exiles said farewell to Gondolin, and went down into the tunnel.

====The Tunnel and the Splitting of the Company====

The tunnel was hot and stuffy, for the dragons above caused it. Many boulders were loosed by the trembling above, and not a few were crushed. The fumes caused their torches and lanterns to go out, so that they were in darkness. They found to their horror bodies of those who had gone before, and Tuor feared greatly for his son. They were in that tunnel two hours, until at last they reached a basin where once water had been, but was now full of bushes. There was gathered much of the folk that had gone on before, but Eärendil was not among them, and Tuor and Idril were in great anguish.

"Now," said Galdor, "We must get as far hence toward the Encircling Mountains as may be ere dawn come upon us, and that giveth no great space of time, for summer is at hand." But a dissension rose, for a number said it was folly to make for [[Cristhorn]], as Tuor had proposed.

"The sun," they said, "Will be up long ere we win the foothills, and we shall be whelmed in the plain by those drakes and those demons. Let us fare to [[Bad Uthwen]], the Way of Escape, for that is but half the journeying, and our weary and wounded may hope to win so far if no further."

But Idril spoke against this, and pursuaded the lords that they trust not to the magic of that way that had aforetime shielded it from discovery: "for what magic stands if Gondolin be fallen?"

But nonetheless a large body of men and women left Tuor and went to Bad Uthwen, and were destroyed by the jaws of a dragon that stood there at the order of Morgoth, as Maeglin had proposed. But those in Tuor's company were led by [[Legolas of Gondolin|Legolas Greenleaf]], who knew all the plain by night or day, and could see well in the dark.

====Return of Eärendil====

They made much speed despite their weariness, and a mist fell upon them. This was a marvel, for never before had mist come, and they fared away in safety until they were too far away for any to see them from the hill or ruined walls.

The mists lifted at last late in the day, but Gondolin was still enshrouded. But at the edge of the clearing of the mist, but a few furlongs off, a knot of Noldor on foot were fleeing a strange cavalry of orcs mounted on [[wolves]], carrying spears.

"Lo! there is Eärendil my son," cried Tuor. "Behold his face shineth as a star in the waste, and my men of the Wing are about him, and they are in sore straits." Then he chose fifty of those that were least weary, and leaving the main company fared over that plain swiftly as they could, and Tuor shouted to the soldiers below to stand and flee not, for the [[wolfriders]] were scattering them and killing them off, and the child was seated upon the shoulders of [[Hendor]], a house-carle of Idril's. Then they stood back to back, with Hendor amidmost, but Tuor soon came up, though all his troop was breathless.

The wolfriders numbered only a score, and only six men remained alive about Eärendil. Then Tuor arranged his men into a crescent of one rank, and hoped to envelop the riders, so that none could escape. Only two broke out, and these were wounded and without their mounts, so that tidings came too late to the city to be of any use.

Eärendil was glad to see his father again, and said: "I am thirsty, father, for I have run far — nor had Hendor need to bear me." Then his father said nothing, for he had no water, and was thinking of the needs of his company. But Eärendil spoke again: "'Twas good to see Maeglin die so, for he would set arms about my mother — and I liked him not; but I would travel in no tunnels for all of Melkor's wolfriders." Then Tuor smiled and set him upon his shoulders. Then the main company came up, and Tuor gave the child to his mother, who was in great joy, but Eärendil would not be borne in her arms.

"Mother Idril, thou art weary," he said, "And warriors in mail ride not among the Gondothlim, save it be old Salgant!" Idril laughed amid her sorrow. "Nay, where is Salgant?" Eärendil asked. Salgant had told him quaint tales or played drolleries with him at times, and the child had much laughter of the old Noldoin those days when he came many a day to the house of Tuor (loving the good wine and fair repast he there received). But none could say where Salgant was; he probably perished in the flames or was made a thrall.

====Passage of the Encircling Mountains====

They came to the foothills and it was full morning, but still grey, and there night to the beginning of the upward road folk stretched them and rested in a little dale finged with trees and hazel-bushes. Many slept, for they were greatly exhausted. Tuor, however, kept strict watch.

Eärendil, meanwhile, quenched his thirst and played beside a little brook with his mother. Then he said to her "Mother Idril, I would we had good Ecthelion of the Fountain here to play to me on his flute, or make me willow-whistles! Perchance he has gone on ahead?" But Idril said nay, and told him the fate of that lord. Eärendil wept, and said that he wished never to see the streets of Gondolin ever again. And Tuor responded that he would not. "For Gondolin is no more," he said.

At sunset they rose again, and they wound about through the hills. They turning saw Gondolin for the last time, and then the sun disappeared, and they saw it never again.

The Pass of Cristhorn, which is the [[Eagle's Cleft]] was dangerous going, and the host would not ventured it by dark, with no light to guide them, and many women, children, and sick, had not their fear of Melkor's scouts been greater. Darkness gathered, and they were forced to string out into a long straggling line. Galdor and a party of spearmen went ahead, and Legolas with them. Then came the least weary women and children supporting the sick that could go on foot, after which walked the House of the Wing. After the House of the Wing was Egalmoth leading the slower women and children, as well as the sick. At the back was the House of the Golden Flower of Glorfindel.

====Glorfindel and the Balrog====

As they came to Cristhorn, dark shapes that had lain hidden even from the eyes of Legolas leaped forward, and Galdor's men were beset. Tuor thought that they had fallen in with one of Melkor's ranging companies, and feared no more than a sharp brush in the dark. But he sent the women and sick rearward and joined with Galdor in the fray. But rocks fell from above, and it looked as if the battle would go ill for the Gondothlim. And with the enemies was a [[Balrog]].

Then Tuor realized that it was a trap, and now Galdor and Glorfindel held back the assault, and many of the orcs were stricken into the abyss. And [[Thorondor]] rose with his people, the [[Thornhoth]], and they fell upon the orcs, and the battle turned.

Suddenly the Balrog leaped across the chasm, and came among the women and children, lashing his great whip of flame. But Glorfindel was there, and long they fought. His mail defended him from whip and claw, and they fought on a high rock which all could see. Glorfindel had hewn off the Balrog's whip arm, but the balrog leaped forward, and though Glorfindel stabbed forward only the shoulder it found, and for a while they swayed upon the crag-top. Then Glorfindel drew a dirk, and pierced the Balrog's belly, which was up to his face. But even as the Balrog fell with a shriek it grasped Glorfindel's long golden hair, and both descended into the abyss.

Then the orcs fled, and Thorondor bore back up the body of Glorfindel, but the Balrog remained down in the abyss in the water of the [[Thorn Sir]], and it was black for many a day after.

And so they raised a cairn over the body of Glorfindel, and the yellow flowers grew there ever after. Thorondor would not allow orcs to come near from that moment on.

====The Coming to the Land of Willows====

After much suffering the exiles came at last to the Land of Willows, where once Tuor had dwelt, and [[Tulkas]] had fought Melkor. And there they healed themselves, and there their wounds were healed, and their women and maidens grew fair again. But they did not smile any more.

All that remained of the Gondothlim was three hundred and twenty men and boys, and two hundred and sixty women and children. And they dwelt at the [[Mouths of the Sirion]], and they took up the name [[Lothlim]], that is the People of the Flower, for no longer would they be called Gondothlim. And Eärendil grew great among that people, and there the tale of Tuor ends.

And Littleheart said "Alas for Gondolin." And no one in that room spoke or moved for a great while.

== Significance ==

The Fall of Gondolin was the first of the stories to be written in the [[Book of Lost Tales]] and was conceived when Tolkien was recovering in field hospital after the Battle of the Somme during the [[World War 1|First World War]]. This influence can be seen in a 'secret weapon' of Morgoth's that Tolkien describes:

"Melko assembled all his most cunning smiths and sorcorers, and of iron and flame they wrought a host of monsters such as have only at that time been seen and shall not again be until the Great End."

These "monsters" take the form of vast iron machines forged in the likeness of the dragons which also assault Gondolin. They act as an all terrain vehicle and troop transport during the battle. "But now Gothmog...gathered all his things of iron that could coil themselves around and above all obstacles"; "...and their hollow bellies clanged...Then were the topmost opened about their middles and an innumerable host of orcs...poured there from the breach".

While Tolkien often uses words such as 'iron' and 'brazen' in relation to monsters (particularly dragons) [[Christopher Tolkien]] confirms in the commentry that "the language employed suggest that some at least of the 'monsters' were inanimate 'devices'." Some (such as [[John Garth]] in 'Tolkien and the Great War') have suggested that with these 'iron serpents' Tolkien was inspired by the tanks which made their debut in the Battle of the Somme, a parralel to the real life battle he had just survived.

==See also==
*[[Twelve Houses of the Gondothlim]]
*[[Gondolin]]
*[[Fall of Gondolin screenplay]]

[[Category:Gondolin and Turgon]]
[[Category:Battles]]
[[Category:Writings]]

__NOTOC__

The Fall of Gondolin (chapter)

2007-05-31T02:16:23Z

Erniel: /* The Tunnel and the Splitting of the Company */ typo fix

[[Image:John Howe - The Fall of Gondolin.jpg|thumb|300px|''The Fall of Gondolin'' by [[John Howe]]]]

===Introduction & History of the Writing===
The '''"Fall of Gondolin"''' is the name of one of the original [[The Book of Lost Tales|Lost Tales]] which formed the basis for a section in [[J.R.R. Tolkien|Tolkien's]] later work, ''[[The Silmarillion]]''.

"The Fall of Gondolin" tells of the founding of the [[Elves|Elven]] city of '''[[Gondolin]]''' (built in secret by [[Turgon]] and his people), of the arrival [[Tuor]], a prince of the [[Edain]], of the betrayal of the city to [[Morgoth]] by Turgon's nephew [[Maeglin]], and of its subsequent destruction by Morgoth's armies.

Tolkien actually began writing the story that would become "The Fall of Gondolin" in 1917 in an army barracks on the back of a sheet of military marching music. It is more or less the first traceable story he wrote down on paper about the Middle-earth legendarium.

Because he was constantly revising his [[First Age]] stories, the narrative Tolkien wrote in 1917 (published posthumously in the ''Book of Lost Tales'') remains the only full account of the fall of the city. The narrative in ''The Silmarillion'' was the result of the editing by his son [[Christopher Tolkien|Christopher]] of various different sources.

A partial new version of "The Fall of Gondolin" was published in the ''[[Unfinished Tales]]'' under the title "Of Tuor and his Coming to Gondolin". Actually titled "Of Tuor and the Fall of Gondolin", this narrative shows a great expansion of the earlier tale. It can be surmised from this text that Tolkien would have rewritten the entire story, but for reasons that are not known he abandoned the text before Tuor actually arrives in the city. For this reason Christopher Tolkien retitled the story before including it in ''Unfinished Tales''.[[Image:Gondolin Plan.jpg|thumb|200px]]

== The Fall ==

{{noncanon}}

[[Eriol]] listened in the [[Cottage of Lost Play]] as [[Lindo]] and others told tales of old. Then [[Ilfiniol]], called [[Littleheart]] son of [[Bronweg]], was asked by Lindo to tell of the '''Fall of Gondolin'''. And he did.

=== Prologue ===

===Tuor===

Now there was a man who dwelt in [[Dor Lómin]] named [[Tuor]]. And he was both a singer and a hunter, and played on a rough harp of wood and bear-sinews. He eventually departed from his people to lonely places, where he learned the speech and lore of the [[Noldor]] from wanderers there.

Later, it is said, [[magic]] and destiny led him one day do a cavernous opening through with a hidden river flowed from [[Mithrim]]. And he entered the cavern, curious. But the waters forced him futher and further down, until he could not force his way back into the light. And it is said that [[Ulmo]] had a hand in this. Then came Noldorin [[elves]] to Tuor, and guided him until he came out into the light again, and saw the river flowed swiftly in a ravine of great depth with sides unscalable. Then Tuor did not wish to return, but went ever forward, the river leading him to the west. And he called it the [[Golden Cleft]], or the [[Gully of the Rainbow Roof]], which was in the speech of the Noldor [[Glorfalc]] or [[Cris Ilbranteloth]].

He continued on, drinking the water of the river and eating the beautiful fish of the stream. One day a long time after he heard a cry, and could not decide what it came from.

"It is a fay-creature," he said. But after a while he said "Nay, 'tis but some small beast that waileth among the rocks." But then it seemed to him as an unknown bird with a voice new to his ears and strangely sad. And on the next day he heard the same cry over his head, and looking up saw three great white birds, [[Gulls]] of [[Ossë]].

At last Tuor found a spot where he could scale the cliffs surrounding him. A fresh wind touched his face, and he said "This is very good and like the drinking of wine", but he did not know he was near the [[Great Sea]]. Then he came to a narrow neck, where the river rumbled angrily. Then Tuor saw the sea for the first time, and he was afraid. He found himself in a country bare of trees and swept by winds of the west. Some have said he was the first of the [[men]] to see the sea and feel the desire it brings.

He took up his abode there, dwelling in a cove sheltered by black rocks. And he marvelled at the wonders there; the seaweed and the tide pools and the sea-fowl. He adorned the cave in which he dwelt with figures of birds and flowers, and beasts and trees. But chief among them was that of the swan, which he loved more than all others.

Once he saw three swans flying high and from the northward. And he followed them, heading south. Tuor bearing his harp and spear followed. After a great day's journey he came back into a region of trees; a rugged land. Yet he still followed the swans, even through the winter. At last he came to a southern land more kindly, of sandy spits and many new piping birds. And Tuor lost sight of the swans, and he never saw them again. And the Noldor came to him at night, and he arose from sleep. Then he followed them inland, and came to the land of [[Arlisgion]], the "place of reeds". And he rested by the [[Sirion]] that spring. He called it the Land of Willows, and the birds there were unequalled in all the world. And here there was the sweetest grass and many aged willows, and Tuor was loth to depart, and he tarried in the morn.

Here he saw the first butterflies. And as summer came he still lingered, and gave names to all things, and sang new songs on his old harp.

===Ulmo's message===

Then Ulmo feared that Tuor would dwell forever in the Land of Willows. Therefor he leaped upon his chariot drawn by a narwhal and a sealion, fashioned like a whale, and amidst the sounding of great conches sped up from [[Ulmonan]]. And he came to Tuor, blowing on his great instrument, to which Tuor hearkened. And Ulmo spoke to him.

"O Tuor of the lonely heart," he said, "I will not that thou dwell for ever in fair places of birds and flowers; nor would I lead thee through this pleasant land, but that so it must be. But fare now on thy destined journey and tarry not, for far from hence is thy weird set. Now must thou seek through the lands for the city of the folk called Gondothlim or the dwellers in stone, and the Noldoli shall escort thee thither in secret for fear of the spies of Melko. Words I will set to your mouth there, and there you shall abide awhile. Yet maybe thy life shall turn again to the mighty waters; and of surety a child shall come of thee than whom no man shall know more of the uttermost deeps, be it of the sea or of the firmament of heaven."

Then Tuor continued up the river, but he heard the conches of Ulmo calling him until he died.

A day came when he was weary, and he slept until it was almost night again. And the Noldor came to him and guided him. Now Tuor wandered with them, but the elves became ill at ease. And they told him of Morgoth, and what would happen if they were betrayed. And so they left him, though he wandered still in the hills. But it was said to Morgoth that there was a man there, and Morgoth doubted his own craft and watchfulness.

===Search for Gondolin===

But despite the desertation of Tuor by the elves out of fear, one elf named [[Voronwë of Gondolin|Voronwë]], or [[Bronweg]] remained with Tuor. Now Tuor was sitting wearily by the stream, considering returning to the sea. But Voronwë came up to him, and said "O Tuor, think not but that thou shalt again one day see thy desire; arise now, and behold, I will not leave thee. I am not of the road-learned of the Noldoli, being a craftsman and maker of things made by hand of wood and of metal, and I joined not the band of escort till late. Yet of old have I heard whispers and sayings said in secret amid the weariness of thraldom, concerning a city where Noldoli might be free could they find the hidden way thereto; and we twain may without a doubt find the road to the City of Stone, where is that freedom of the Gondothlim."

Long did Tuor and Bronweg seek that city, and after many days they came to a deep dale amid the hills. Here went the river over a very stony bed with much noise and rush, and it was curtained by alders; but the walls of the dale were sheer. Then Voronwë found a gate concealed by bushes and foliage, and they passed through it into deep tunnels. They heard echoes and footsteps behind them, and feared it was orcs. After a long time they came to a second gate. Then they passed through into the sunlight, and for a while they could not see anything. Then they were suddenly surrounded by warriors in steel. And even as they stood there they beheld Gondolin and the valley of [[Tumladen]].

Then Voronwë spoke with the guards, as did Tuor. The guards received them gladly, saying "We are the guardians of the issue of the Way of Escape. Rejoice that ye have found it, for behold before you the City of Seven Names where all who war with Melko may find hope."

Then Tuor asked "What be those names?"

"'Tis said," replied the chief of the Guard, "and 'tis sung: '[[Gondobar]] am I called and [[Gondothlimbar]], City of Stone and City of the Dwellers in Stone; [[Gondolin]] the Stone of Song and [[Gwarestrin]] I am named, the Tower of Guard, [[Gar Thurion]] or the Secret Place, for I am hidden from the eyes of Melko; but they who love me most greatly call me [[Loth]], for like a flower am I, even [[Lothengriol]] the flower that blooms upon the plain.'" But he added that usually they just called it ''Gondolin''.

Then Tuor and Voronwë asked to be brought thither. The chief of the Guard told them that the Guard must stay at their posts, but they could go themselves without a leader, for it was plain to see against the sky.

Therefor they marched across [[Tumladen]], and into Gondolin. Tuor was awestruck by the city, with its fountains and stairs, and high towers. A throng followed him, wondering at his rough clothes (for at this stage in the legendarium Tuor did not receive armor at [[Vinyamar]]). Tuor was taller even than the elves, for the Gondothlim were short, slender, and lithe.

But the guard pushed back the crowd and demanded their names. Voronwë called himself [[Bronweg]], ordered by Ulmo to guide Tuor. But Tuor said "I am Tuor son of [[Peleg]] son of [[Indor]] of the house of the Swan of the sons of the Men of the North who live far hence, and I fare hither by the will of Ulmo of the [[Outer Oceans]]."

Then the guardsmen led them before [[King Turgon]], Lord of Gondolin, who dwelt within a beautiful palace. The king was robed in white, wearing a golden belt and a crown of garnets. And he called out to Tuor, who replied with the message, Ulmo giving power to his voice.

"Behold, O father of the City of Stone," he said, "I am bidden by him who maketh deep music in the Abyss, and who knoweth the mind of Elves and Men, to say unto thee that the days of Release draw nigh. There have come to the ears of Ulmo whispers of your dwelling and your hill of vigilance against the evil of Melko, and he is glad: but his heart is wroth and the hearts of the Valar are angered who sit in the mountains of Valinor and look upon the world from the peak of Taniquetil, seeing the sorrow of the thraldom of the Noldoli and the wanderings of Men; for Melko ringeth them in the Land of Shadows beyond hills of iron. Therefor have I been brought by a secret way to bid you number your hosts and prepare for battle, for the time is ripe."

''To be continued. You can help [[Tolkien Gateway]] by completing this article''

=== The Siege ===

====The Breaking of the Gates====

This book states that in the eighth year of [[Eärendil the Mariner|Eärendil]], son of Tuor, plain riders came to the city crying "Melko is upon us." Then all were afraid, but the squares of the city were filled with the mustering of the companies (see [[Gondolin]] for a list). Tuor was in command of the twelfth company, the Folk of the Wing. Idril herself arrayed herself in mail, and sought Eärendil, who wept in fear because of the red lights dancing on the walls of his chamber. And she gave him a small coat of mail to put on, and this he did and feared no more.[[Image:Siege of Gondolin 1.jpg|thumb|200px]]

Turgon called a council, and though Tuor and others counselled him to fight out in the plain in the hope that they could break through and escape, Turgon listen to the counsel of Maeglin and [[Salgant]], and remained in the city to guard his treasures and the work of his hands behind strong walls.

Upon the reaching of the city by [[Gothmog, Lord of Balrogs|Gothmog]] and his army, the archers of Gondolin poured unavailing arrows upon them. All feared, but hope returned to them when it was found that the snakes of fire could not climb the hill for its steepness and glassiness, and because of the waters that poured down its sides. But they lay about the feet of the city and rose up such heat that all in the city panted and were weary, and all fountains save those of the king grew hot.

Then Gothmog gathered all things of iron and piled them upon the [[North Gate of Gondolin|North Gate]], and at last the gates broke. Then did the catapults and engines of the king pour down darts and boulders, but they bounced off the heavy bodies. Then the orcs poured through the gates.

But [[Rog]] and [[Galdor of the Tree|Galdor]] with the [[House of the Hammer of Wrath]] and the [[House of the Tree]] leaped forward, while the [[Folk of the Swallow]] and of the [[House of the Heavenly Arch|Arch]] poured down arrows. The orcs fell like leaves, but because of their might the Gondothlim were pushed back into the city until the orcs held the northernmost part of the city.[[Image:Siege of Gondolin 2.jpg|thumb|200px]]

====The Death of Maeglin====

Tuor was at this time leading the [[Folk of the Wing]] through the turmoil, and at last he won his way to his house, and found that Maeglin had been there first. Now Maeglin intended to escape the sack and have his revenge by first throwing Eärendil from the wall and then forcing Idril to lead him to her secret passage out of the city. But when he confided his task to Salgant, the elf-lord fell into such a quaking that he became sick and lay in bed.

Now Tuor had come to this house to say farewell to his wife and son, and sent a bodyguard with them to the secret passage, but found the [[House of the Mole]] about the door, and these the grimmest and least good-hearted in the city. Then Tuor saw Maeglin, who had Eärendil in his arms and Idril by the hair upon the battlements, but encumbered by the child and because Idril was fighting him he moved slowly, cursing as he went. Then Tuor gave such a shout that the orcs far away wavered, and the Folk of the Wing threw themselves upon the Folk of the Mole, and Tuor pushed past. Maeglin seeing Tuor drew a knife, and would have stabbed Eärendil, but the boy bit his hand, and the blow came down not solidly, bouncing off the mail coat. Then Tuor caught him up by the hand that held the knife and wrenching it broke Maeglin's arm. Then he lifted Maeglin up by the middle and hurled him out from the wall, and thrice did his body smite the slope of [[Amon Gwareth]], until if fell into the flames.

But then the Folk of the Mole came at Tuor, and they were put to blows. Yet none could stand before the wrath of Tuor, and they flew before him. Then Tuor and his men were forced to return to the gate, but Tuor left [[Voronwë of Gondolin|Voronwë]] and several swordsmen to guard Idril in his absence.[[Image:Siege of Gondolin 3.jpg|thumb|200px]]

====The Valor of the Hammer of Wrath====

Back at the gate the battle was evil, and [[Duilin of Gondolin|Duilin]] was stricken by a bolt from a [[balrog]], and fell from the walls and perished. The balrogs continued to shoot darts of fire and flaming arrows like small snakes into the sky, and these fell upon the roofs and gardens of Gondolin until all the trees and gardens were burnt, and the walls blackened. Worse still it was when the demons climbed upon the coils of the serpents of iron and thence loosed unceasingly from their bows and slings till a fire began to burn in the city to the back of the main army of the defenders.

Then Rog of the [[House of the Hammer of Wrath]] cried out "Who now shall fear the [[Balrogs]] for all their terror? See before us the accursed ones who for ages have tormented the children of the Noldoli ([[Noldor]]), and who now set a fire at our backs with their shooting. Come ye of the Hammer of Wrath and we will smite them for their evil." Then he lifted up his long-handled mace, and the people of the Stricken Anvil followed him, running like a wedge, and they were in a great rage. Many of the orcs were borne backwards, and they leaped even upon the coils of the serpents and came at those Balrogs and smote them greviously. A number of the balrogs were slain, and they were sung as heroes ever after.

But Gothmog fell upon them, and at the last Rog was slain, and all the folk of the Hammer of Wrath with him, and in those streets there perished also [[Penlod]] and many of the [[House of the Pillar]] and of the [[House of the Tower of Snow]].

====Battle within the City and at the Breach====

The orcs held the gates, and many of the archers of the [[House of the Swallow]] and of the [[House of the Heavenly Arch]] were thrust to doom, but they had won a great space reaching nigh to the center of the city, even to the [[Place of the Well]] that adjoined the [[Square of the Palace]]. Then came [[Ecthelion of the Fountain|Ecthelion]] and the [[House of the Fountain]], whom Turgon had till now held in reserve. And they fell upon the orcs with such fury that ever after "Ecthelion!" was a warcry of the [[Eldar]].[[Image:Siege of Gondolin 4.jpg|thumb|200px]]

Now Tuor and the Folk of the Wing arrayed themselves beside Ecthelion's company, and by their valiant blows pushed the orcs almost all the way back to the gate. Then there came a quaking, for the [[dragons]] were beating a path up Amon Gwareth and casting down the walls of the city, and already there was a gap. Little bands of the House of the Swallow and of the Arch fought bitterly amid the wreakage, but even as Tuor came one of the brazen snakes smote the western wall, and a great mass of it shook and fell. Behind came a [[Beast of Gondolin|creature of fire]] and Balrogs upon it. Flames shot from its mouth, clearing the streets, and the wings of the helm of Tuor were blackened.

Then the orcs returned, though Tuor slew [[Othrond]], the Lord of the Orcs, and [[Balcmeg]] and [[Lug]], and Ecthelion slew the champion [[Orcobal]]. At last the twain reached the balrogs, and Ecthelion alone slew three of them, and his sword (which might have been [[Orcrist]]) smote through their iron. But they feared Tuor's axe [[Dramborleg]] even more, and five went down before it.

Then at last Ecthelion was wounded, and Tuor would not leave him, though the feet of the beast were like to trample them. But Tuor hewed at the foot of the creature so that flame spouted forth, and the beast screamed and lashed its tale so that many orcs and Noldor were killed by its blows. Then Tuor lifted up Ecthelion and with his last remnant escaped the [[Fire-drake|drake]], but the Gondothlim were sorely shaken.

Tuor reached the [[Square of the Folwell]] by way of the north, and found there Galdor denying orcs the entrance by way of the [[Arch of Ingwë]], and but few of the men of the Tree were left. It was then that Galdor saved Tuor's life, for Tuor tripped over a dead body in the dark and the orcs would have caught him had not Galdor leaped forward and hurled them back single-handedly.

====Defense of the King's Square, and the Death of Ecthelion====

Gradually the remaining companies seeped out of the Place of the Well, and went to the more defensable Square of the Palace. Thus was the last gathering, and many among them were wounded, and Tuor was tired. Even as he led his battalion in via the [[Road of the Arches]] there arose a noise, for [[Glorfindel of Gondolin|Glorfindel]] and the last of the [[House of the Golden Flower]] returned, having fought a terrible conflict in the [[Great Market]] on the east side of the city, and Glorfindel only barely escaped.

Turgon had sent the [[House of the Harp]] to their aid, but Salgant concealed this bidding from his soldiers, saying that they were to garrison the square of the [[Lesser Market]] to the south. But they resisted Salgant and came before the king's hall, timely enough to save Glorfindel and push the enemy back into the market, though many perished there.

Tuor drank from the fountain, and gave the swooned Ecthelion a drink, so that he woke. Then [[Egalmoth of the Heavenly Arch|Egalmoth]] came, for he had gathered some of the Arch and Swallow about him, and cast away his bow. They went about the city dealing blows where they met the enemy, and men were glad to see him, for they had thought him dead, and he was a kingly lord. The women and children had been brought into the palace, and a few survivors from each company had made it there, save that of the Hammer of Wrath, and the [[House of the King]] was untouched. Long they resisted the press of foes around the Square of the Palace, but at last a drake broke through the line on the north, destroying the [[Alley of Roses]]. Tuor stood in the way of the beast, but was seperated from Egalmoth, and became weary. Then Gothmog came, and beat him down. But Ecthelion, who rose on weak legs, strode over Tuor's form. But when he thrust his sword at the balrog he recieved a wound on his sword-arm, so that he dropped the sword, and Gothmog was unhurt. As Gothmog raised his whip for a final blow, Ecthelion leaped forward, and drove the spike of his helm into the evil breast of the balrog. And he entwined his legs about the balrog's thighs, so that they both fell into the Fountain, and Gothmog's fire was quenched, for the fountain was very deep. And Tuor wept.

Then came the soldiers of the House of the King, and they threw themselves upon the enemy with such vigor as to slay two score (forty-eight) balrogs, and even pushed one of the Fire-drakes into the [[Fountain of the King]], destroying it. But a vast column of vapor rose, and many killed each other in the confusion. One thing notable about this is that this, while happening to the fire-drake, did not occur when Gothmog fell in. Despite the many deaths they rallied in a last stand beneath [[Glingal]] and [[Belthil]], the trees in the court.

====Last Words of the King====

Then said King Turgon "Great is the fall of Gondolin", and the elves about him shuddered, for such were the words of [[Amnon]] the [[prophet]]. But Tuor spoke wildly for ruth and love of the king.

"Gondolin stands yet, and Ulmo will not suffer it to perish!" he cried. But Turgon responded:

"Evil have I brought upon the Flower of the Plain in despite of Ulmo, and now he leaveth it to wither in the fire. Lo! hope is no more in my heart for my city of loveliness, but the children of the Noldoli shall not be worsted for ever." Thus he spake.

Then the Gondothlim clashed their weapons, and Turgon spoke again. "Fight not against doom, O my children! Seek ye who may safety in flight, if perhaps there be time yet: but let Tuor have your lealty." But Tuor said: "Thou art king;" and Turgon made answer: "Yet no blow will I strike more."

Then Turgon cast his crown at the roots of Glingal, the Golden Tree, and though Galdor who stood near picked it up, Turgon would not accept it, and bare of head he climbed to the topmost pinnacle of the [[Tower of the King|White Tower]]. There he shouted in a voice like a horn blown among the mountains: "Great is the victory of the Noldoli!" It was said to be the middle of the night at this time, and the orcs yelled in derision.

Then they spoke of a sally (that is, a sortie from the city). Many held that it was impossible to burst through, nor might they even get over the plain or through the hills, and that it was better therefor to die about the king. But Tuor at last revealed to them [[Idril's Secret Way]]. The plan seemed desperate, due to the narrowness of the tunnel and the great amount of people, but that was their only choice. But Turgon refused.

"Let Tuor," he said, "be your guide and your chieftain. But I Turgon will not leave my city, and will burn with it." Then again they urged him: "Sire, who are the Gondothlim if thou perish? Lead us!" But again he responded, "Lo! I abide here." And when again they urged him for a third time, he cried "If I am king, obey my behests, and dare not to parley further with my commands." After that they sent no more and made ready for the forlorn attempt. But the folk of the royal house that yet lived would not budge a foot, and gathered thickly about the base of the king's tower. "Here," said they, "We will stay if Turgon goes not forth." And they could not be persuaded.

====Retreat through the City====

Then Tuor's heart was split between love for the King and love for Idril and Eärendil. But even as he hesitated the last onslaught was being prepared, and he made his choice. Hearing the wailing of the women he at last gathered all his company, and they moved southward by way of the [[Road of Pomps]] and the [[Way of Running Waters]]. But fire-drakes came, some of the largest, and Tuor forced the company on at a run. But Glorfindel held them off at the rear, and many more of the House of the Golden Flower fell there. But even as they ran on Tuor halted at [[Gar Ainion]], where he and Idril were married. And there stood Idril before him, and beside her Voronwë. But Idril did not see him, for she gazed back at the palace of her father. Then all halted and looked back, and saw that a drake was coiled upon the very steps, and defiled their whiteness. Orcs were rushing about, dragging out the innocent and forgotten, the women and children who had not made it to the palace, and murduring them or making captives of them. The trees were withered, and the tower was besieged. Even they could see the king upon the topmost tower, standing tall.

"Woe is me whose father awaiteth doom even upon his topmost pinnacle; but seven times woe whose lord hath gone down before Melko and will stride home no more!" cried Idril.

"Lo! Idril, it is I, and I live," said Tuor, "yet now will I get thy father hence, be it from the Hells of Melko!" With that he would have gone down the hill alone, maddened with grief, but Idril coming to her wits grasped his heel, crying "My lord!" But even as she spoke thus the tower fell, and Turgon was buried.

Then Idril said heavily "Sad is the blindness of the wise."

"Sad too is the stubbornness of those we love," replied Tuor, and he kissed his wife, for he loved her more than all of the people of Gondolin, but still she wept for her father. Then Tuor turned to the captains, saying: "Lo, we must get hence with all speed, lest we be surrounded."

Then they moved quickly, and met only scattered bands of plunderers. But every now and then they met a woman or child, and they joined them, though Tuor allowed them to take nothing but a little food.

Then Voronwë told Tuor of how Idril had waited before the door of her house, and how she wept for lack of tidings of her husband. At length she sent most of her guard with Eärendil down the secret way, and girding up a sword went about the city gathering up the women and children and sending them down the tunnel.

Then they reached the house, and found it thrown down. The exiles said farewell to Gondolin, and went down into the tunnel.

====The Tunnel and the Splitting of the Company====

The tunnel was hot and stuffy, for the dragons above caused it. Many boulders were loosed by the trembling above, and not a few were crushed. The fumes caused their torches and lanterns to go out, so that they were in darkness. They found to their horror bodies of those who had gone before, and Tuor feared greatly for his son. They were in that tunnel two hours, until at last they reached a basin where once water had been, but was now full of bushes. There was gathered much of the folk that had gone on before, but Eärendil was not among them, and Tuor and Idril were in great anguish.

"Now," said Galdor, "We must get as far hence toward the Encircling Mountains as may be ere dawn come upon us, and that giveth no great space of time, for summer is at hand." But a dissension rose, for a number said it was folly to make for [[Cristhorn]], as Tuor had proposed.

"The sun," they said, "Will be up long ere we win the foothills, and we shall be whelmed in the plain by those drakes and those demons. Let us fare to [[Bad Uthwen]], the Way of Escape, for that is but half the journeying, and our weary and wounded may hope to win so far if no further."

But Idril spoke against this, and pursuaded the lords that they trust not to the magic of that way that had aforetime shielded it from discovery: "for what magic stands if Gondolin be fallen?"

But nonetheless a large body of men and women left Tuor and went to Bad Uthwen, and were destroyed by the jaws of a dragon that stood there at the order of Morgoth, as Maeglin had proposed. But those in Tuor's company were led by [[Legolas of Gondolin|Legolas Greenleaf]], who knew all the plain by night or day, and could see well in the dark.

====Return of Eärendil====

They made much speed despite their weariness, and a mist fell upon them. This was a marvel, for never before had mist come, and fared away in safety until they were too far away for any to see them from the hill or ruined walls.

The mists lifted at last late in the day, but Gondolin was still enshrouded. But at the edge of the clearing of the mist, but a few furlongs off, a knot of Noldor on foot were fleeing strange cavalry of orcs mounted on [[wolves]], carrying spears.

"Lo! there is Eärendil my son," cried Tuor. "Behold his face shineth as a star in the waste, and my men of the Wing are about him, and they are in sore straits." Then he chose fifty of those that were least weary, and leaving the main company fared over that plain swiftly as they could, and Tuor shouted to the soldiers below to stand and flee not, for the [[wolfriders]] were scattering them and killing them off, and the child was seated upon the shoulders of [[Hendor]], a house-carle of Idril's. Then they stood back to back, with Hendor amidmost, but Tuor soon came up, though all his troop was breathless.

The wolfriders numbered only a score, and only six men remained alive about Eärendil. Then Tuor arranged his men into a crescent of one rank, and hoped to envelop the riders, so that none could escape. Only two broke out, and these were wounded and without their mounts, so that tidings came too late to the city to be of any use.

Eärendil was glad to see his father again, and said: "I am thirsty, father, for I have run far — nor had Hendor need to bear me." Then his father said nothing, for he had no water, and was thinking of the needs of his company. But Eärendil spoke again: "'Twas good to see Maeglin die so, for he would se arms about my mother — and I liked him not; but I would travel in no tunnels for all of Melkor's wolfriders." Then Tuor smiled and set him upon his shoulders. Then the main company came up, and Tuor gave the child to his mother, who was in great joy, but Eärendil would not be borne in her arms.

"Mother Idril, thou art weary," he said, "And warriors in mail ride not among the Gondothlim, save it be old Salgant!" Idril laughed amid her sorrow. "Nay, where is Salgant?" Eärendil asked. Salgant had told him quaint tales or played drolleries with him at times, and the child had much laughter of the old Noldoin those days when he came many a day to the house of Tuor (loving the good wine and fair repast he there recieved). But none could say where Salgant was; he probably perished in the flames or was made a thrall.

====Passage of the Encircling Mountains====

They came to the foothills and it was full morning, but still grey, and there night to the beginning of the upward road folk stretched them and rested in a little dale finged with trees and hazel-bushes. Many slept, for they were greatly exhausted. Tuor, however, kept strict watch.

Eärendil, meanwhile, quenched his thirst and played beside a little brook with his mother. Then he said to her "Mother Idril, I would we had good Ecthelion of the Fountain here to play to me on his flute, or make me willow-whistles! Perchance he has gone on ahead?" But Idril said nay, and told him the fate of that lord. Eärendil wept, and said that he wished never to see the streets of Gondolin ever again. And Tuor responded that he would not. "For Gondolin is no more," he said.

At sunset they rose again, and they wound about through the hills. They turning saw Gondolin for the last time, and then the sun disappeared, and they saw it never again.

The Pass of Cristhorn, which is the [[Eagle's Cleft]] was dangerous going, and the host would not ventured it by dark, with no light to guide them, and many women, children, and sick, had not their fear of Melkor's scouts been greater. Darkness gathered, and they were forced to string out into a long straggling line. Galdor and a party of spearmen went ahead, and Legolas with them. Then came the least weary women and children supporting the sick that could go on foot, after which walked the House of the Wing. After the House of the Wing was Egalmoth leading the slower women and children, as well as the sick. At the back was the House of the Golden Flower of Glorfindel.

====Glorfindel and the Balrog====

As they came to Cristhorn, dark shapes that had lain hidden even from the eyes of Legolas leaped forward, and Galdor's men were beset. Tuor thought that they had fallen in with one of Melkor's ranging companies, and feared no more than a sharp brush in the dark. But he sent the women and sick rearward and joined with Galdor in the fray. But rocks fell from above, and it looked as if the battle would go ill for the Gondothlim. And with the enemies was a [[Balrog]].

Then Tuor realized that it was a trap, and now Galdor and Glorfindel held back the assault, and many of the orcs were stricken into the abyss. And [[Thorondor]] rose with his people, the [[Thornhoth]], and they fell upon the orcs, and the battle turned.

Suddenly the Balrog leaped across the chasm, and came among the women and children, lashing his great whip of flame. But Glorfindel was there, and long they fought. His mail defended him from whip and claw, and they fought on a high rock which all could see. Glorfindel had hewn off the Balrog's whip arm, but the balrog leaped forward, and though Glorfindel stabbed forward only the shoulder it found, and for a while they swayed upon the crag-top. Then Glorfindel drew a dirk, and pierced the Balrog's belly, which was up to his face. But even as the Balrog fell with a shriek it grasped Glorfindel's long golden hair, and both descended into the abyss.

Then the orcs fled, and Thorondor bore back up the body of Glorfindel, but the Balrog remained down in the abyss in the water of the [[Thorn Sir]], and it was black for many a day after.

And so they raised a cairn over the body of Glorfindel, and the yellow flowers grew there ever after. Thorondor would not allow orcs to come near from that moment on.

====The Coming to the Land of Willows====

After much suffering the exiles came at last to the Land of Willows, where once Tuor had dwelt, and [[Tulkas]] had fought Melkor. And there they healed themselves, and there their wounds were healed, and their women and maidens grew fair again. But they did not smile any more.

All that remained of the Gondothlim was three hundred and twenty men and boys, and two hundred and sixty women and children. And they dwelt at the [[Mouths of the Sirion]], and they took up the name [[Lothlim]], that is the People of the Flower, for no longer would they be called Gondothlim. And Eärendil grew great among that people, and there the tale of Tuor ends.

And Littleheart said "Alas for Gondolin." And no one in that room spoke or moved for a great while.

== Significance ==

The Fall of Gondolin was the first of the stories to be written in the [[Book of Lost Tales]] and was conceived when Tolkien was recovering in field hospital after the Battle of the Somme during the [[World War 1|First World War]]. This influence can be seen in a 'secret weapon' of Morgoth's that Tolkien describes:

"Melko assembled all his most cunning smiths and sorcorers, and of iron and flame they wrought a host of monsters such as have only at that time been seen and shall not again be until the Great End."

These "monsters" take the form of vast iron machines forged in the likeness of the dragons which also assault Gondolin. They act as an all terrain vehicle and troop transport during the battle. "But now Gothmog...gathered all his things of iron that could coil themselves around and above all obstacles"; "...and their hollow bellies clanged...Then were the topmost opened about their middles and an innumerable host of orcs...poured there from the breach".

While Tolkien often uses words such as 'iron' and 'brazen' in relation to monsters (particularly dragons) [[Christopher Tolkien]] confirms in the commentry that "the language employed suggest that some at least of the 'monsters' were inanimate 'devices'." Some (such as [[John Garth]] in 'Tolkien and the Great War') have suggested that with these 'iron serpents' Tolkien was inspired by the tanks which made their debut in the Battle of the Somme, a parralel to the real life battle he had just survived.

==See also==
*[[Twelve Houses of the Gondothlim]]
*[[Gondolin]]
*[[Fall of Gondolin screenplay]]

[[Category:Gondolin and Turgon]]
[[Category:Battles]]
[[Category:Writings]]

__NOTOC__

The Fall of Gondolin (chapter)

2007-05-31T02:08:36Z

Erniel: /* Defense of the King's Square, and the Death of Ecthelion */ typo fix

[[Image:John Howe - The Fall of Gondolin.jpg|thumb|300px|''The Fall of Gondolin'' by [[John Howe]]]]

===Introduction & History of the Writing===
The '''"Fall of Gondolin"''' is the name of one of the original [[The Book of Lost Tales|Lost Tales]] which formed the basis for a section in [[J.R.R. Tolkien|Tolkien's]] later work, ''[[The Silmarillion]]''.

"The Fall of Gondolin" tells of the founding of the [[Elves|Elven]] city of '''[[Gondolin]]''' (built in secret by [[Turgon]] and his people), of the arrival [[Tuor]], a prince of the [[Edain]], of the betrayal of the city to [[Morgoth]] by Turgon's nephew [[Maeglin]], and of its subsequent destruction by Morgoth's armies.

Tolkien actually began writing the story that would become "The Fall of Gondolin" in 1917 in an army barracks on the back of a sheet of military marching music. It is more or less the first traceable story he wrote down on paper about the Middle-earth legendarium.

Because he was constantly revising his [[First Age]] stories, the narrative Tolkien wrote in 1917 (published posthumously in the ''Book of Lost Tales'') remains the only full account of the fall of the city. The narrative in ''The Silmarillion'' was the result of the editing by his son [[Christopher Tolkien|Christopher]] of various different sources.

A partial new version of "The Fall of Gondolin" was published in the ''[[Unfinished Tales]]'' under the title "Of Tuor and his Coming to Gondolin". Actually titled "Of Tuor and the Fall of Gondolin", this narrative shows a great expansion of the earlier tale. It can be surmised from this text that Tolkien would have rewritten the entire story, but for reasons that are not known he abandoned the text before Tuor actually arrives in the city. For this reason Christopher Tolkien retitled the story before including it in ''Unfinished Tales''.[[Image:Gondolin Plan.jpg|thumb|200px]]

== The Fall ==

{{noncanon}}

[[Eriol]] listened in the [[Cottage of Lost Play]] as [[Lindo]] and others told tales of old. Then [[Ilfiniol]], called [[Littleheart]] son of [[Bronweg]], was asked by Lindo to tell of the '''Fall of Gondolin'''. And he did.

=== Prologue ===

===Tuor===

Now there was a man who dwelt in [[Dor Lómin]] named [[Tuor]]. And he was both a singer and a hunter, and played on a rough harp of wood and bear-sinews. He eventually departed from his people to lonely places, where he learned the speech and lore of the [[Noldor]] from wanderers there.

Later, it is said, [[magic]] and destiny led him one day do a cavernous opening through with a hidden river flowed from [[Mithrim]]. And he entered the cavern, curious. But the waters forced him futher and further down, until he could not force his way back into the light. And it is said that [[Ulmo]] had a hand in this. Then came Noldorin [[elves]] to Tuor, and guided him until he came out into the light again, and saw the river flowed swiftly in a ravine of great depth with sides unscalable. Then Tuor did not wish to return, but went ever forward, the river leading him to the west. And he called it the [[Golden Cleft]], or the [[Gully of the Rainbow Roof]], which was in the speech of the Noldor [[Glorfalc]] or [[Cris Ilbranteloth]].

He continued on, drinking the water of the river and eating the beautiful fish of the stream. One day a long time after he heard a cry, and could not decide what it came from.

"It is a fay-creature," he said. But after a while he said "Nay, 'tis but some small beast that waileth among the rocks." But then it seemed to him as an unknown bird with a voice new to his ears and strangely sad. And on the next day he heard the same cry over his head, and looking up saw three great white birds, [[Gulls]] of [[Ossë]].

At last Tuor found a spot where he could scale the cliffs surrounding him. A fresh wind touched his face, and he said "This is very good and like the drinking of wine", but he did not know he was near the [[Great Sea]]. Then he came to a narrow neck, where the river rumbled angrily. Then Tuor saw the sea for the first time, and he was afraid. He found himself in a country bare of trees and swept by winds of the west. Some have said he was the first of the [[men]] to see the sea and feel the desire it brings.

He took up his abode there, dwelling in a cove sheltered by black rocks. And he marvelled at the wonders there; the seaweed and the tide pools and the sea-fowl. He adorned the cave in which he dwelt with figures of birds and flowers, and beasts and trees. But chief among them was that of the swan, which he loved more than all others.

Once he saw three swans flying high and from the northward. And he followed them, heading south. Tuor bearing his harp and spear followed. After a great day's journey he came back into a region of trees; a rugged land. Yet he still followed the swans, even through the winter. At last he came to a southern land more kindly, of sandy spits and many new piping birds. And Tuor lost sight of the swans, and he never saw them again. And the Noldor came to him at night, and he arose from sleep. Then he followed them inland, and came to the land of [[Arlisgion]], the "place of reeds". And he rested by the [[Sirion]] that spring. He called it the Land of Willows, and the birds there were unequalled in all the world. And here there was the sweetest grass and many aged willows, and Tuor was loth to depart, and he tarried in the morn.

Here he saw the first butterflies. And as summer came he still lingered, and gave names to all things, and sang new songs on his old harp.

===Ulmo's message===

Then Ulmo feared that Tuor would dwell forever in the Land of Willows. Therefor he leaped upon his chariot drawn by a narwhal and a sealion, fashioned like a whale, and amidst the sounding of great conches sped up from [[Ulmonan]]. And he came to Tuor, blowing on his great instrument, to which Tuor hearkened. And Ulmo spoke to him.

"O Tuor of the lonely heart," he said, "I will not that thou dwell for ever in fair places of birds and flowers; nor would I lead thee through this pleasant land, but that so it must be. But fare now on thy destined journey and tarry not, for far from hence is thy weird set. Now must thou seek through the lands for the city of the folk called Gondothlim or the dwellers in stone, and the Noldoli shall escort thee thither in secret for fear of the spies of Melko. Words I will set to your mouth there, and there you shall abide awhile. Yet maybe thy life shall turn again to the mighty waters; and of surety a child shall come of thee than whom no man shall know more of the uttermost deeps, be it of the sea or of the firmament of heaven."

Then Tuor continued up the river, but he heard the conches of Ulmo calling him until he died.

A day came when he was weary, and he slept until it was almost night again. And the Noldor came to him and guided him. Now Tuor wandered with them, but the elves became ill at ease. And they told him of Morgoth, and what would happen if they were betrayed. And so they left him, though he wandered still in the hills. But it was said to Morgoth that there was a man there, and Morgoth doubted his own craft and watchfulness.

===Search for Gondolin===

But despite the desertation of Tuor by the elves out of fear, one elf named [[Voronwë of Gondolin|Voronwë]], or [[Bronweg]] remained with Tuor. Now Tuor was sitting wearily by the stream, considering returning to the sea. But Voronwë came up to him, and said "O Tuor, think not but that thou shalt again one day see thy desire; arise now, and behold, I will not leave thee. I am not of the road-learned of the Noldoli, being a craftsman and maker of things made by hand of wood and of metal, and I joined not the band of escort till late. Yet of old have I heard whispers and sayings said in secret amid the weariness of thraldom, concerning a city where Noldoli might be free could they find the hidden way thereto; and we twain may without a doubt find the road to the City of Stone, where is that freedom of the Gondothlim."

Long did Tuor and Bronweg seek that city, and after many days they came to a deep dale amid the hills. Here went the river over a very stony bed with much noise and rush, and it was curtained by alders; but the walls of the dale were sheer. Then Voronwë found a gate concealed by bushes and foliage, and they passed through it into deep tunnels. They heard echoes and footsteps behind them, and feared it was orcs. After a long time they came to a second gate. Then they passed through into the sunlight, and for a while they could not see anything. Then they were suddenly surrounded by warriors in steel. And even as they stood there they beheld Gondolin and the valley of [[Tumladen]].

Then Voronwë spoke with the guards, as did Tuor. The guards received them gladly, saying "We are the guardians of the issue of the Way of Escape. Rejoice that ye have found it, for behold before you the City of Seven Names where all who war with Melko may find hope."

Then Tuor asked "What be those names?"

"'Tis said," replied the chief of the Guard, "and 'tis sung: '[[Gondobar]] am I called and [[Gondothlimbar]], City of Stone and City of the Dwellers in Stone; [[Gondolin]] the Stone of Song and [[Gwarestrin]] I am named, the Tower of Guard, [[Gar Thurion]] or the Secret Place, for I am hidden from the eyes of Melko; but they who love me most greatly call me [[Loth]], for like a flower am I, even [[Lothengriol]] the flower that blooms upon the plain.'" But he added that usually they just called it ''Gondolin''.

Then Tuor and Voronwë asked to be brought thither. The chief of the Guard told them that the Guard must stay at their posts, but they could go themselves without a leader, for it was plain to see against the sky.

Therefor they marched across [[Tumladen]], and into Gondolin. Tuor was awestruck by the city, with its fountains and stairs, and high towers. A throng followed him, wondering at his rough clothes (for at this stage in the legendarium Tuor did not receive armor at [[Vinyamar]]). Tuor was taller even than the elves, for the Gondothlim were short, slender, and lithe.

But the guard pushed back the crowd and demanded their names. Voronwë called himself [[Bronweg]], ordered by Ulmo to guide Tuor. But Tuor said "I am Tuor son of [[Peleg]] son of [[Indor]] of the house of the Swan of the sons of the Men of the North who live far hence, and I fare hither by the will of Ulmo of the [[Outer Oceans]]."

Then the guardsmen led them before [[King Turgon]], Lord of Gondolin, who dwelt within a beautiful palace. The king was robed in white, wearing a golden belt and a crown of garnets. And he called out to Tuor, who replied with the message, Ulmo giving power to his voice.

"Behold, O father of the City of Stone," he said, "I am bidden by him who maketh deep music in the Abyss, and who knoweth the mind of Elves and Men, to say unto thee that the days of Release draw nigh. There have come to the ears of Ulmo whispers of your dwelling and your hill of vigilance against the evil of Melko, and he is glad: but his heart is wroth and the hearts of the Valar are angered who sit in the mountains of Valinor and look upon the world from the peak of Taniquetil, seeing the sorrow of the thraldom of the Noldoli and the wanderings of Men; for Melko ringeth them in the Land of Shadows beyond hills of iron. Therefor have I been brought by a secret way to bid you number your hosts and prepare for battle, for the time is ripe."

''To be continued. You can help [[Tolkien Gateway]] by completing this article''

=== The Siege ===

====The Breaking of the Gates====

This book states that in the eighth year of [[Eärendil the Mariner|Eärendil]], son of Tuor, plain riders came to the city crying "Melko is upon us." Then all were afraid, but the squares of the city were filled with the mustering of the companies (see [[Gondolin]] for a list). Tuor was in command of the twelfth company, the Folk of the Wing. Idril herself arrayed herself in mail, and sought Eärendil, who wept in fear because of the red lights dancing on the walls of his chamber. And she gave him a small coat of mail to put on, and this he did and feared no more.[[Image:Siege of Gondolin 1.jpg|thumb|200px]]

Turgon called a council, and though Tuor and others counselled him to fight out in the plain in the hope that they could break through and escape, Turgon listen to the counsel of Maeglin and [[Salgant]], and remained in the city to guard his treasures and the work of his hands behind strong walls.

Upon the reaching of the city by [[Gothmog, Lord of Balrogs|Gothmog]] and his army, the archers of Gondolin poured unavailing arrows upon them. All feared, but hope returned to them when it was found that the snakes of fire could not climb the hill for its steepness and glassiness, and because of the waters that poured down its sides. But they lay about the feet of the city and rose up such heat that all in the city panted and were weary, and all fountains save those of the king grew hot.

Then Gothmog gathered all things of iron and piled them upon the [[North Gate of Gondolin|North Gate]], and at last the gates broke. Then did the catapults and engines of the king pour down darts and boulders, but they bounced off the heavy bodies. Then the orcs poured through the gates.

But [[Rog]] and [[Galdor of the Tree|Galdor]] with the [[House of the Hammer of Wrath]] and the [[House of the Tree]] leaped forward, while the [[Folk of the Swallow]] and of the [[House of the Heavenly Arch|Arch]] poured down arrows. The orcs fell like leaves, but because of their might the Gondothlim were pushed back into the city until the orcs held the northernmost part of the city.[[Image:Siege of Gondolin 2.jpg|thumb|200px]]

====The Death of Maeglin====

Tuor was at this time leading the [[Folk of the Wing]] through the turmoil, and at last he won his way to his house, and found that Maeglin had been there first. Now Maeglin intended to escape the sack and have his revenge by first throwing Eärendil from the wall and then forcing Idril to lead him to her secret passage out of the city. But when he confided his task to Salgant, the elf-lord fell into such a quaking that he became sick and lay in bed.

Now Tuor had come to this house to say farewell to his wife and son, and sent a bodyguard with them to the secret passage, but found the [[House of the Mole]] about the door, and these the grimmest and least good-hearted in the city. Then Tuor saw Maeglin, who had Eärendil in his arms and Idril by the hair upon the battlements, but encumbered by the child and because Idril was fighting him he moved slowly, cursing as he went. Then Tuor gave such a shout that the orcs far away wavered, and the Folk of the Wing threw themselves upon the Folk of the Mole, and Tuor pushed past. Maeglin seeing Tuor drew a knife, and would have stabbed Eärendil, but the boy bit his hand, and the blow came down not solidly, bouncing off the mail coat. Then Tuor caught him up by the hand that held the knife and wrenching it broke Maeglin's arm. Then he lifted Maeglin up by the middle and hurled him out from the wall, and thrice did his body smite the slope of [[Amon Gwareth]], until if fell into the flames.

But then the Folk of the Mole came at Tuor, and they were put to blows. Yet none could stand before the wrath of Tuor, and they flew before him. Then Tuor and his men were forced to return to the gate, but Tuor left [[Voronwë of Gondolin|Voronwë]] and several swordsmen to guard Idril in his absence.[[Image:Siege of Gondolin 3.jpg|thumb|200px]]

====The Valor of the Hammer of Wrath====

Back at the gate the battle was evil, and [[Duilin of Gondolin|Duilin]] was stricken by a bolt from a [[balrog]], and fell from the walls and perished. The balrogs continued to shoot darts of fire and flaming arrows like small snakes into the sky, and these fell upon the roofs and gardens of Gondolin until all the trees and gardens were burnt, and the walls blackened. Worse still it was when the demons climbed upon the coils of the serpents of iron and thence loosed unceasingly from their bows and slings till a fire began to burn in the city to the back of the main army of the defenders.

Then Rog of the [[House of the Hammer of Wrath]] cried out "Who now shall fear the [[Balrogs]] for all their terror? See before us the accursed ones who for ages have tormented the children of the Noldoli ([[Noldor]]), and who now set a fire at our backs with their shooting. Come ye of the Hammer of Wrath and we will smite them for their evil." Then he lifted up his long-handled mace, and the people of the Stricken Anvil followed him, running like a wedge, and they were in a great rage. Many of the orcs were borne backwards, and they leaped even upon the coils of the serpents and came at those Balrogs and smote them greviously. A number of the balrogs were slain, and they were sung as heroes ever after.

But Gothmog fell upon them, and at the last Rog was slain, and all the folk of the Hammer of Wrath with him, and in those streets there perished also [[Penlod]] and many of the [[House of the Pillar]] and of the [[House of the Tower of Snow]].

====Battle within the City and at the Breach====

The orcs held the gates, and many of the archers of the [[House of the Swallow]] and of the [[House of the Heavenly Arch]] were thrust to doom, but they had won a great space reaching nigh to the center of the city, even to the [[Place of the Well]] that adjoined the [[Square of the Palace]]. Then came [[Ecthelion of the Fountain|Ecthelion]] and the [[House of the Fountain]], whom Turgon had till now held in reserve. And they fell upon the orcs with such fury that ever after "Ecthelion!" was a warcry of the [[Eldar]].[[Image:Siege of Gondolin 4.jpg|thumb|200px]]

Now Tuor and the Folk of the Wing arrayed themselves beside Ecthelion's company, and by their valiant blows pushed the orcs almost all the way back to the gate. Then there came a quaking, for the [[dragons]] were beating a path up Amon Gwareth and casting down the walls of the city, and already there was a gap. Little bands of the House of the Swallow and of the Arch fought bitterly amid the wreakage, but even as Tuor came one of the brazen snakes smote the western wall, and a great mass of it shook and fell. Behind came a [[Beast of Gondolin|creature of fire]] and Balrogs upon it. Flames shot from its mouth, clearing the streets, and the wings of the helm of Tuor were blackened.

Then the orcs returned, though Tuor slew [[Othrond]], the Lord of the Orcs, and [[Balcmeg]] and [[Lug]], and Ecthelion slew the champion [[Orcobal]]. At last the twain reached the balrogs, and Ecthelion alone slew three of them, and his sword (which might have been [[Orcrist]]) smote through their iron. But they feared Tuor's axe [[Dramborleg]] even more, and five went down before it.

Then at last Ecthelion was wounded, and Tuor would not leave him, though the feet of the beast were like to trample them. But Tuor hewed at the foot of the creature so that flame spouted forth, and the beast screamed and lashed its tale so that many orcs and Noldor were killed by its blows. Then Tuor lifted up Ecthelion and with his last remnant escaped the [[Fire-drake|drake]], but the Gondothlim were sorely shaken.

Tuor reached the [[Square of the Folwell]] by way of the north, and found there Galdor denying orcs the entrance by way of the [[Arch of Ingwë]], and but few of the men of the Tree were left. It was then that Galdor saved Tuor's life, for Tuor tripped over a dead body in the dark and the orcs would have caught him had not Galdor leaped forward and hurled them back single-handedly.

====Defense of the King's Square, and the Death of Ecthelion====

Gradually the remaining companies seeped out of the Place of the Well, and went to the more defensable Square of the Palace. Thus was the last gathering, and many among them were wounded, and Tuor was tired. Even as he led his battalion in via the [[Road of the Arches]] there arose a noise, for [[Glorfindel of Gondolin|Glorfindel]] and the last of the [[House of the Golden Flower]] returned, having fought a terrible conflict in the [[Great Market]] on the east side of the city, and Glorfindel only barely escaped.

Turgon had sent the [[House of the Harp]] to their aid, but Salgant concealed this bidding from his soldiers, saying that they were to garrison the square of the [[Lesser Market]] to the south. But they resisted Salgant and came before the king's hall, timely enough to save Glorfindel and push the enemy back into the market, though many perished there.

Tuor drank from the fountain, and gave the swooned Ecthelion a drink, so that he woke. Then [[Egalmoth of the Heavenly Arch|Egalmoth]] came, for he had gathered some of the Arch and Swallow about him, and cast away his bow. They went about the city dealing blows where they met the enemy, and men were glad to see him, for they had thought him dead, and he was a kingly lord. The women and children had been brought into the palace, and a few survivors from each company had made it there, save that of the Hammer of Wrath, and the [[House of the King]] was untouched. Long they resisted the press of foes around the Square of the Palace, but at last a drake broke through the line on the north, destroying the [[Alley of Roses]]. Tuor stood in the way of the beast, but was seperated from Egalmoth, and became weary. Then Gothmog came, and beat him down. But Ecthelion, who rose on weak legs, strode over Tuor's form. But when he thrust his sword at the balrog he recieved a wound on his sword-arm, so that he dropped the sword, and Gothmog was unhurt. As Gothmog raised his whip for a final blow, Ecthelion leaped forward, and drove the spike of his helm into the evil breast of the balrog. And he entwined his legs about the balrog's thighs, so that they both fell into the Fountain, and Gothmog's fire was quenched, for the fountain was very deep. And Tuor wept.

Then came the soldiers of the House of the King, and they threw themselves upon the enemy with such vigor as to slay two score (forty-eight) balrogs, and even pushed one of the Fire-drakes into the [[Fountain of the King]], destroying it. But a vast column of vapor rose, and many killed each other in the confusion. One thing notable about this is that this, while happening to the fire-drake, did not occur when Gothmog fell in. Despite the many deaths they rallied in a last stand beneath [[Glingal]] and [[Belthil]], the trees in the court.

====Last Words of the King====

Then said King Turgon "Great is the fall of Gondolin", and the elves about him shuddered, for such were the words of [[Amnon]] the [[prophet]]. But Tuor spoke wildly for ruth and love of the king.

"Gondolin stands yet, and Ulmo will not suffer it to perish!" he cried. But Turgon responded:

"Evil have I brought upon the Flower of the Plain in despite of Ulmo, and now he leaveth it to wither in the fire. Lo! hope is no more in my heart for my city of loveliness, but the children of the Noldoli shall not be worsted for ever." Thus he spake.

Then the Gondothlim clashed their weapons, and Turgon spoke again. "Fight not against doom, O my children! Seek ye who may safety in flight, if perhaps there be time yet: but let Tuor have your lealty." But Tuor said: "Thou art king;" and Turgon made answer: "Yet no blow will I strike more."

Then Turgon cast his crown at the roots of Glingal, the Golden Tree, and though Galdor who stood near picked it up, Turgon would not accept it, and bare of head he climbed to the topmost pinnacle of the [[Tower of the King|White Tower]]. There he shouted in a voice like a horn blown among the mountains: "Great is the victory of the Noldoli!" It was said to be the middle of the night at this time, and the orcs yelled in derision.

Then they spoke of a sally (that is, a sortie from the city). Many held that it was impossible to burst through, nor might they even get over the plain or through the hills, and that it was better therefor to die about the king. But Tuor at last revealed to them [[Idril's Secret Way]]. The plan seemed desperate, due to the narrowness of the tunnel and the great amount of people, but that was their only choice. But Turgon refused.

"Let Tuor," he said, "be your guide and your chieftain. But I Turgon will not leave my city, and will burn with it." Then again they urged him: "Sire, who are the Gondothlim if thou perish? Lead us!" But again he responded, "Lo! I abide here." And when again they urged him for a third time, he cried "If I am king, obey my behests, and dare not to parley further with my commands." After that they sent no more and made ready for the forlorn attempt. But the folk of the royal house that yet lived would not budge a foot, and gathered thickly about the base of the king's tower. "Here," said they, "We will stay if Turgon goes not forth." And they could not be persuaded.

====Retreat through the City====

Then Tuor's heart was split between love for the King and love for Idril and Eärendil. But even as he hesitated the last onslaught was being prepared, and he made his choice. Hearing the wailing of the women he at last gathered all his company, and they moved southward by way of the [[Road of Pomps]] and the [[Way of Running Waters]]. But fire-drakes came, some of the largest, and Tuor forced the company on at a run. But Glorfindel held them off at the rear, and many more of the House of the Golden Flower fell there. But even as they ran on Tuor halted at [[Gar Ainion]], where he and Idril were married. And there stood Idril before him, and beside her Voronwë. But Idril did not see him, for she gazed back at the palace of her father. Then all halted and looked back, and saw that a drake was coiled upon the very steps, and defiled their whiteness. Orcs were rushing about, dragging out the innocent and forgotten, the women and children who had not made it to the palace, and murduring them or making captives of them. The trees were withered, and the tower was besieged. Even they could see the king upon the topmost tower, standing tall.

"Woe is me whose father awaiteth doom even upon his topmost pinnacle; but seven times woe whose lord hath gone down before Melko and will stride home no more!" cried Idril.

"Lo! Idril, it is I, and I live," said Tuor, "yet now will I get thy father hence, be it from the Hells of Melko!" With that he would have gone down the hill alone, maddened with grief, but Idril coming to her wits grasped his heel, crying "My lord!" But even as she spoke thus the tower fell, and Turgon was buried.

Then Idril said heavily "Sad is the blindness of the wise."

"Sad too is the stubbornness of those we love," replied Tuor, and he kissed his wife, for he loved her more than all of the people of Gondolin, but still she wept for her father. Then Tuor turned to the captains, saying: "Lo, we must get hence with all speed, lest we be surrounded."

Then they moved quickly, and met only scattered bands of plunderers. But every now and then they met a woman or child, and they joined them, though Tuor allowed them to take nothing but a little food.

Then Voronwë told Tuor of how Idril had waited before the door of her house, and how she wept for lack of tidings of her husband. At length she sent most of her guard with Eärendil down the secret way, and girding up a sword went about the city gathering up the women and children and sending them down the tunnel.

Then they reached the house, and found it thrown down. The exiles said farewell to Gondolin, and went down into the tunnel.

====The Tunnel and the Splitting of the Company====

The tunnel was hot and stuffy, for the dragons above caused it. Many boulders were loosed by the trembling above, and not a few were crushed. The fumes caused their torches and lanterns to go out, so that they were in darkness. They found to their horror bodies of those who had gone before, and Tuor feared greatly for his son. They were in that tunnel two hours, until at last they reached a basin where once water had been, but was now full of bushed. There was gathered much of the folk that had gone on before, but Eärendil was not among them, and Tuor and Idril were in great anguish.

"Now," said Galdor, "We must get as far hence toward the Encircling Mountains as may be ere dawn come upon us, and that giveth no great space of time, for summer is at hand." But a dissension rose, for a number said it was folly to make for [[Cristhorn]], as Tuor had proposed.

"The sun," they said, "Will be up long ere we win the foothills, and we shall be whelmed in the plain by those drakes and those demons. Let us fare to [[Bad Uthwen]], the Way of Escape, for that is but half the journeying, and our weary and wounded may hope to win so far if no further."

But Idril spoke against this, and pursuaded the lords that they trust not to the magic of that way that had aforetime shielded it from discovery: "for what magic stands if Gondolin be fallen?"

But nonetheless a large body of men and women left Tuor and went to Bad Uthwen, and were destroyed by the jaws of a dragon that stood there at the order of Morgoth, as Maeglin had proposed. But those in Tuor's company were led by [[Legolas of Gondolin|Legolas Greenleaf]], who knew all the plain by night or day, and could see well in the dark.

====Return of Eärendil====

They made much speed despite their weariness, and a mist fell upon them. This was a marvel, for never before had mist come, and fared away in safety until they were too far away for any to see them from the hill or ruined walls.

The mists lifted at last late in the day, but Gondolin was still enshrouded. But at the edge of the clearing of the mist, but a few furlongs off, a knot of Noldor on foot were fleeing strange cavalry of orcs mounted on [[wolves]], carrying spears.

"Lo! there is Eärendil my son," cried Tuor. "Behold his face shineth as a star in the waste, and my men of the Wing are about him, and they are in sore straits." Then he chose fifty of those that were least weary, and leaving the main company fared over that plain swiftly as they could, and Tuor shouted to the soldiers below to stand and flee not, for the [[wolfriders]] were scattering them and killing them off, and the child was seated upon the shoulders of [[Hendor]], a house-carle of Idril's. Then they stood back to back, with Hendor amidmost, but Tuor soon came up, though all his troop was breathless.

The wolfriders numbered only a score, and only six men remained alive about Eärendil. Then Tuor arranged his men into a crescent of one rank, and hoped to envelop the riders, so that none could escape. Only two broke out, and these were wounded and without their mounts, so that tidings came too late to the city to be of any use.

Eärendil was glad to see his father again, and said: "I am thirsty, father, for I have run far — nor had Hendor need to bear me." Then his father said nothing, for he had no water, and was thinking of the needs of his company. But Eärendil spoke again: "'Twas good to see Maeglin die so, for he would se arms about my mother — and I liked him not; but I would travel in no tunnels for all of Melkor's wolfriders." Then Tuor smiled and set him upon his shoulders. Then the main company came up, and Tuor gave the child to his mother, who was in great joy, but Eärendil would not be borne in her arms.

"Mother Idril, thou art weary," he said, "And warriors in mail ride not among the Gondothlim, save it be old Salgant!" Idril laughed amid her sorrow. "Nay, where is Salgant?" Eärendil asked. Salgant had told him quaint tales or played drolleries with him at times, and the child had much laughter of the old Noldoin those days when he came many a day to the house of Tuor (loving the good wine and fair repast he there recieved). But none could say where Salgant was; he probably perished in the flames or was made a thrall.

====Passage of the Encircling Mountains====

They came to the foothills and it was full morning, but still grey, and there night to the beginning of the upward road folk stretched them and rested in a little dale finged with trees and hazel-bushes. Many slept, for they were greatly exhausted. Tuor, however, kept strict watch.

Eärendil, meanwhile, quenched his thirst and played beside a little brook with his mother. Then he said to her "Mother Idril, I would we had good Ecthelion of the Fountain here to play to me on his flute, or make me willow-whistles! Perchance he has gone on ahead?" But Idril said nay, and told him the fate of that lord. Eärendil wept, and said that he wished never to see the streets of Gondolin ever again. And Tuor responded that he would not. "For Gondolin is no more," he said.

At sunset they rose again, and they wound about through the hills. They turning saw Gondolin for the last time, and then the sun disappeared, and they saw it never again.

The Pass of Cristhorn, which is the [[Eagle's Cleft]] was dangerous going, and the host would not ventured it by dark, with no light to guide them, and many women, children, and sick, had not their fear of Melkor's scouts been greater. Darkness gathered, and they were forced to string out into a long straggling line. Galdor and a party of spearmen went ahead, and Legolas with them. Then came the least weary women and children supporting the sick that could go on foot, after which walked the House of the Wing. After the House of the Wing was Egalmoth leading the slower women and children, as well as the sick. At the back was the House of the Golden Flower of Glorfindel.

====Glorfindel and the Balrog====

As they came to Cristhorn, dark shapes that had lain hidden even from the eyes of Legolas leaped forward, and Galdor's men were beset. Tuor thought that they had fallen in with one of Melkor's ranging companies, and feared no more than a sharp brush in the dark. But he sent the women and sick rearward and joined with Galdor in the fray. But rocks fell from above, and it looked as if the battle would go ill for the Gondothlim. And with the enemies was a [[Balrog]].

Then Tuor realized that it was a trap, and now Galdor and Glorfindel held back the assault, and many of the orcs were stricken into the abyss. And [[Thorondor]] rose with his people, the [[Thornhoth]], and they fell upon the orcs, and the battle turned.

Suddenly the Balrog leaped across the chasm, and came among the women and children, lashing his great whip of flame. But Glorfindel was there, and long they fought. His mail defended him from whip and claw, and they fought on a high rock which all could see. Glorfindel had hewn off the Balrog's whip arm, but the balrog leaped forward, and though Glorfindel stabbed forward only the shoulder it found, and for a while they swayed upon the crag-top. Then Glorfindel drew a dirk, and pierced the Balrog's belly, which was up to his face. But even as the Balrog fell with a shriek it grasped Glorfindel's long golden hair, and both descended into the abyss.

Then the orcs fled, and Thorondor bore back up the body of Glorfindel, but the Balrog remained down in the abyss in the water of the [[Thorn Sir]], and it was black for many a day after.

And so they raised a cairn over the body of Glorfindel, and the yellow flowers grew there ever after. Thorondor would not allow orcs to come near from that moment on.

====The Coming to the Land of Willows====

After much suffering the exiles came at last to the Land of Willows, where once Tuor had dwelt, and [[Tulkas]] had fought Melkor. And there they healed themselves, and there their wounds were healed, and their women and maidens grew fair again. But they did not smile any more.

All that remained of the Gondothlim was three hundred and twenty men and boys, and two hundred and sixty women and children. And they dwelt at the [[Mouths of the Sirion]], and they took up the name [[Lothlim]], that is the People of the Flower, for no longer would they be called Gondothlim. And Eärendil grew great among that people, and there the tale of Tuor ends.

And Littleheart said "Alas for Gondolin." And no one in that room spoke or moved for a great while.

== Significance ==

The Fall of Gondolin was the first of the stories to be written in the [[Book of Lost Tales]] and was conceived when Tolkien was recovering in field hospital after the Battle of the Somme during the [[World War 1|First World War]]. This influence can be seen in a 'secret weapon' of Morgoth's that Tolkien describes:

"Melko assembled all his most cunning smiths and sorcorers, and of iron and flame they wrought a host of monsters such as have only at that time been seen and shall not again be until the Great End."

These "monsters" take the form of vast iron machines forged in the likeness of the dragons which also assault Gondolin. They act as an all terrain vehicle and troop transport during the battle. "But now Gothmog...gathered all his things of iron that could coil themselves around and above all obstacles"; "...and their hollow bellies clanged...Then were the topmost opened about their middles and an innumerable host of orcs...poured there from the breach".

While Tolkien often uses words such as 'iron' and 'brazen' in relation to monsters (particularly dragons) [[Christopher Tolkien]] confirms in the commentry that "the language employed suggest that some at least of the 'monsters' were inanimate 'devices'." Some (such as [[John Garth]] in 'Tolkien and the Great War') have suggested that with these 'iron serpents' Tolkien was inspired by the tanks which made their debut in the Battle of the Somme, a parralel to the real life battle he had just survived.

==See also==
*[[Twelve Houses of the Gondothlim]]
*[[Gondolin]]
*[[Fall of Gondolin screenplay]]

[[Category:Gondolin and Turgon]]
[[Category:Battles]]
[[Category:Writings]]

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The Fall of Gondolin (chapter)

2007-05-31T01:08:36Z

Erniel: /* Search for Gondolin */ typo fix

[[Image:John Howe - The Fall of Gondolin.jpg|thumb|300px|''The Fall of Gondolin'' by [[John Howe]]]]

===Introduction & History of the Writing===
The '''"Fall of Gondolin"''' is the name of one of the original [[The Book of Lost Tales|Lost Tales]] which formed the basis for a section in [[J.R.R. Tolkien|Tolkien's]] later work, ''[[The Silmarillion]]''.

"The Fall of Gondolin" tells of the founding of the [[Elves|Elven]] city of '''[[Gondolin]]''' (built in secret by [[Turgon]] and his people), of the arrival [[Tuor]], a prince of the [[Edain]], of the betrayal of the city to [[Morgoth]] by Turgon's nephew [[Maeglin]], and of its subsequent destruction by Morgoth's armies.

Tolkien actually began writing the story that would become "The Fall of Gondolin" in 1917 in an army barracks on the back of a sheet of military marching music. It is more or less the first traceable story he wrote down on paper about the Middle-earth legendarium.

Because he was constantly revising his [[First Age]] stories, the narrative Tolkien wrote in 1917 (published posthumously in the ''Book of Lost Tales'') remains the only full account of the fall of the city. The narrative in ''The Silmarillion'' was the result of the editing by his son [[Christopher Tolkien|Christopher]] of various different sources.

A partial new version of "The Fall of Gondolin" was published in the ''[[Unfinished Tales]]'' under the title "Of Tuor and his Coming to Gondolin". Actually titled "Of Tuor and the Fall of Gondolin", this narrative shows a great expansion of the earlier tale. It can be surmised from this text that Tolkien would have rewritten the entire story, but for reasons that are not known he abandoned the text before Tuor actually arrives in the city. For this reason Christopher Tolkien retitled the story before including it in ''Unfinished Tales''.[[Image:Gondolin Plan.jpg|thumb|200px]]

== The Fall ==

{{noncanon}}

[[Eriol]] listened in the [[Cottage of Lost Play]] as [[Lindo]] and others told tales of old. Then [[Ilfiniol]], called [[Littleheart]] son of [[Bronweg]], was asked by Lindo to tell of the '''Fall of Gondolin'''. And he did.

=== Prologue ===

===Tuor===

Now there was a man who dwelt in [[Dor Lómin]] named [[Tuor]]. And he was both a singer and a hunter, and played on a rough harp of wood and bear-sinews. He eventually departed from his people to lonely places, where he learned the speech and lore of the [[Noldor]] from wanderers there.

Later, it is said, [[magic]] and destiny led him one day do a cavernous opening through with a hidden river flowed from [[Mithrim]]. And he entered the cavern, curious. But the waters forced him futher and further down, until he could not force his way back into the light. And it is said that [[Ulmo]] had a hand in this. Then came Noldorin [[elves]] to Tuor, and guided him until he came out into the light again, and saw the river flowed swiftly in a ravine of great depth with sides unscalable. Then Tuor did not wish to return, but went ever forward, the river leading him to the west. And he called it the [[Golden Cleft]], or the [[Gully of the Rainbow Roof]], which was in the speech of the Noldor [[Glorfalc]] or [[Cris Ilbranteloth]].

He continued on, drinking the water of the river and eating the beautiful fish of the stream. One day a long time after he heard a cry, and could not decide what it came from.

"It is a fay-creature," he said. But after a while he said "Nay, 'tis but some small beast that waileth among the rocks." But then it seemed to him as an unknown bird with a voice new to his ears and strangely sad. And on the next day he heard the same cry over his head, and looking up saw three great white birds, [[Gulls]] of [[Ossë]].

At last Tuor found a spot where he could scale the cliffs surrounding him. A fresh wind touched his face, and he said "This is very good and like the drinking of wine", but he did not know he was near the [[Great Sea]]. Then he came to a narrow neck, where the river rumbled angrily. Then Tuor saw the sea for the first time, and he was afraid. He found himself in a country bare of trees and swept by winds of the west. Some have said he was the first of the [[men]] to see the sea and feel the desire it brings.

He took up his abode there, dwelling in a cove sheltered by black rocks. And he marvelled at the wonders there; the seaweed and the tide pools and the sea-fowl. He adorned the cave in which he dwelt with figures of birds and flowers, and beasts and trees. But chief among them was that of the swan, which he loved more than all others.

Once he saw three swans flying high and from the northward. And he followed them, heading south. Tuor bearing his harp and spear followed. After a great day's journey he came back into a region of trees; a rugged land. Yet he still followed the swans, even through the winter. At last he came to a southern land more kindly, of sandy spits and many new piping birds. And Tuor lost sight of the swans, and he never saw them again. And the Noldor came to him at night, and he arose from sleep. Then he followed them inland, and came to the land of [[Arlisgion]], the "place of reeds". And he rested by the [[Sirion]] that spring. He called it the Land of Willows, and the birds there were unequalled in all the world. And here there was the sweetest grass and many aged willows, and Tuor was loth to depart, and he tarried in the morn.

Here he saw the first butterflies. And as summer came he still lingered, and gave names to all things, and sang new songs on his old harp.

===Ulmo's message===

Then Ulmo feared that Tuor would dwell forever in the Land of Willows. Therefor he leaped upon his chariot drawn by a narwhal and a sealion, fashioned like a whale, and amidst the sounding of great conches sped up from [[Ulmonan]]. And he came to Tuor, blowing on his great instrument, to which Tuor hearkened. And Ulmo spoke to him.

"O Tuor of the lonely heart," he said, "I will not that thou dwell for ever in fair places of birds and flowers; nor would I lead thee through this pleasant land, but that so it must be. But fare now on thy destined journey and tarry not, for far from hence is thy weird set. Now must thou seek through the lands for the city of the folk called Gondothlim or the dwellers in stone, and the Noldoli shall escort thee thither in secret for fear of the spies of Melko. Words I will set to your mouth there, and there you shall abide awhile. Yet maybe thy life shall turn again to the mighty waters; and of surety a child shall come of thee than whom no man shall know more of the uttermost deeps, be it of the sea or of the firmament of heaven."

Then Tuor continued up the river, but he heard the conches of Ulmo calling him until he died.

A day came when he was weary, and he slept until it was almost night again. And the Noldor came to him and guided him. Now Tuor wandered with them, but the elves became ill at ease. And they told him of Morgoth, and what would happen if they were betrayed. And so they left him, though he wandered still in the hills. But it was said to Morgoth that there was a man there, and Morgoth doubted his own craft and watchfulness.

===Search for Gondolin===

But despite the desertation of Tuor by the elves out of fear, one elf named [[Voronwë of Gondolin|Voronwë]], or [[Bronweg]] remained with Tuor. Now Tuor was sitting wearily by the stream, considering returning to the sea. But Voronwë came up to him, and said "O Tuor, think not but that thou shalt again one day see thy desire; arise now, and behold, I will not leave thee. I am not of the road-learned of the Noldoli, being a craftsman and maker of things made by hand of wood and of metal, and I joined not the band of escort till late. Yet of old have I heard whispers and sayings said in secret amid the weariness of thraldom, concerning a city where Noldoli might be free could they find the hidden way thereto; and we twain may without a doubt find the road to the City of Stone, where is that freedom of the Gondothlim."

Long did Tuor and Bronweg seek that city, and after many days they came to a deep dale amid the hills. Here went the river over a very stony bed with much noise and rush, and it was curtained by alders; but the walls of the dale were sheer. Then Voronwë found a gate concealed by bushes and foliage, and they passed through it into deep tunnels. They heard echoes and footsteps behind them, and feared it was orcs. After a long time they came to a second gate. Then they passed through into the sunlight, and for a while they could not see anything. Then they were suddenly surrounded by warriors in steel. And even as they stood there they beheld Gondolin and the valley of [[Tumladen]].

Then Voronwë spoke with the guards, as did Tuor. The guards received them gladly, saying "We are the guardians of the issue of the Way of Escape. Rejoice that ye have found it, for behold before you the City of Seven Names where all who war with Melko may find hope."

Then Tuor asked "What be those names?"

"'Tis said," replied the chief of the Guard, "and 'tis sung: '[[Gondobar]] am I called and [[Gondothlimbar]], City of Stone and City of the Dwellers in Stone; [[Gondolin]] the Stone of Song and [[Gwarestrin]] I am named, the Tower of Guard, [[Gar Thurion]] or the Secret Place, for I am hidden from the eyes of Melko; but they who love me most greatly call me [[Loth]], for like a flower am I, even [[Lothengriol]] the flower that blooms upon the plain.'" But he added that usually they just called it ''Gondolin''.

Then Tuor and Voronwë asked to be brought thither. The chief of the Guard told them that the Guard must stay at their posts, but they could go themselves without a leader, for it was plain to see against the sky.

Therefor they marched across [[Tumladen]], and into Gondolin. Tuor was awestruck by the city, with its fountains and stairs, and high towers. A throng followed him, wondering at his rough clothes (for at this stage in the legendarium Tuor did not receive armor at [[Vinyamar]]). Tuor was taller even than the elves, for the Gondothlim were short, slender, and lithe.

But the guard pushed back the crowd and demanded their names. Voronwë called himself [[Bronweg]], ordered by Ulmo to guide Tuor. But Tuor said "I am Tuor son of [[Peleg]] son of [[Indor]] of the house of the Swan of the sons of the Men of the North who live far hence, and I fare hither by the will of Ulmo of the [[Outer Oceans]]."

Then the guardsmen led them before [[King Turgon]], Lord of Gondolin, who dwelt within a beautiful palace. The king was robed in white, wearing a golden belt and a crown of garnets. And he called out to Tuor, who replied with the message, Ulmo giving power to his voice.

"Behold, O father of the City of Stone," he said, "I am bidden by him who maketh deep music in the Abyss, and who knoweth the mind of Elves and Men, to say unto thee that the days of Release draw nigh. There have come to the ears of Ulmo whispers of your dwelling and your hill of vigilance against the evil of Melko, and he is glad: but his heart is wroth and the hearts of the Valar are angered who sit in the mountains of Valinor and look upon the world from the peak of Taniquetil, seeing the sorrow of the thraldom of the Noldoli and the wanderings of Men; for Melko ringeth them in the Land of Shadows beyond hills of iron. Therefor have I been brought by a secret way to bid you number your hosts and prepare for battle, for the time is ripe."

''To be continued. You can help [[Tolkien Gateway]] by completing this article''

=== The Siege ===

====The Breaking of the Gates====

This book states that in the eighth year of [[Eärendil the Mariner|Eärendil]], son of Tuor, plain riders came to the city crying "Melko is upon us." Then all were afraid, but the squares of the city were filled with the mustering of the companies (see [[Gondolin]] for a list). Tuor was in command of the twelfth company, the Folk of the Wing. Idril herself arrayed herself in mail, and sought Eärendil, who wept in fear because of the red lights dancing on the walls of his chamber. And she gave him a small coat of mail to put on, and this he did and feared no more.[[Image:Siege of Gondolin 1.jpg|thumb|200px]]

Turgon called a council, and though Tuor and others counselled him to fight out in the plain in the hope that they could break through and escape, Turgon listen to the counsel of Maeglin and [[Salgant]], and remained in the city to guard his treasures and the work of his hands behind strong walls.

Upon the reaching of the city by [[Gothmog, Lord of Balrogs|Gothmog]] and his army, the archers of Gondolin poured unavailing arrows upon them. All feared, but hope returned to them when it was found that the snakes of fire could not climb the hill for its steepness and glassiness, and because of the waters that poured down its sides. But they lay about the feet of the city and rose up such heat that all in the city panted and were weary, and all fountains save those of the king grew hot.

Then Gothmog gathered all things of iron and piled them upon the [[North Gate of Gondolin|North Gate]], and at last the gates broke. Then did the catapults and engines of the king pour down darts and boulders, but they bounced off the heavy bodies. Then the orcs poured through the gates.

But [[Rog]] and [[Galdor of the Tree|Galdor]] with the [[House of the Hammer of Wrath]] and the [[House of the Tree]] leaped forward, while the [[Folk of the Swallow]] and of the [[House of the Heavenly Arch|Arch]] poured down arrows. The orcs fell like leaves, but because of their might the Gondothlim were pushed back into the city until the orcs held the northernmost part of the city.[[Image:Siege of Gondolin 2.jpg|thumb|200px]]

====The Death of Maeglin====

Tuor was at this time leading the [[Folk of the Wing]] through the turmoil, and at last he won his way to his house, and found that Maeglin had been there first. Now Maeglin intended to escape the sack and have his revenge by first throwing Eärendil from the wall and then forcing Idril to lead him to her secret passage out of the city. But when he confided his task to Salgant, the elf-lord fell into such a quaking that he became sick and lay in bed.

Now Tuor had come to this house to say farewell to his wife and son, and sent a bodyguard with them to the secret passage, but found the [[House of the Mole]] about the door, and these the grimmest and least good-hearted in the city. Then Tuor saw Maeglin, who had Eärendil in his arms and Idril by the hair upon the battlements, but encumbered by the child and because Idril was fighting him he moved slowly, cursing as he went. Then Tuor gave such a shout that the orcs far away wavered, and the Folk of the Wing threw themselves upon the Folk of the Mole, and Tuor pushed past. Maeglin seeing Tuor drew a knife, and would have stabbed Eärendil, but the boy bit his hand, and the blow came down not solidly, bouncing off the mail coat. Then Tuor caught him up by the hand that held the knife and wrenching it broke Maeglin's arm. Then he lifted Maeglin up by the middle and hurled him out from the wall, and thrice did his body smite the slope of [[Amon Gwareth]], until if fell into the flames.

But then the Folk of the Mole came at Tuor, and they were put to blows. Yet none could stand before the wrath of Tuor, and they flew before him. Then Tuor and his men were forced to return to the gate, but Tuor left [[Voronwë of Gondolin|Voronwë]] and several swordsmen to guard Idril in his absence.[[Image:Siege of Gondolin 3.jpg|thumb|200px]]

====The Valor of the Hammer of Wrath====

Back at the gate the battle was evil, and [[Duilin of Gondolin|Duilin]] was stricken by a bolt from a [[balrog]], and fell from the walls and perished. The balrogs continued to shoot darts of fire and flaming arrows like small snakes into the sky, and these fell upon the roofs and gardens of Gondolin until all the trees and gardens were burnt, and the walls blackened. Worse still it was when the demons climbed upon the coils of the serpents of iron and thence loosed unceasingly from their bows and slings till a fire began to burn in the city to the back of the main army of the defenders.

Then Rog of the [[House of the Hammer of Wrath]] cried out "Who now shall fear the [[Balrogs]] for all their terror? See before us the accursed ones who for ages have tormented the children of the Noldoli ([[Noldor]]), and who now set a fire at our backs with their shooting. Come ye of the Hammer of Wrath and we will smite them for their evil." Then he lifted up his long-handled mace, and the people of the Stricken Anvil followed him, running like a wedge, and they were in a great rage. Many of the orcs were borne backwards, and they leaped even upon the coils of the serpents and came at those Balrogs and smote them greviously. A number of the balrogs were slain, and they were sung as heroes ever after.

But Gothmog fell upon them, and at the last Rog was slain, and all the folk of the Hammer of Wrath with him, and in those streets there perished also [[Penlod]] and many of the [[House of the Pillar]] and of the [[House of the Tower of Snow]].

====Battle within the City and at the Breach====

The orcs held the gates, and many of the archers of the [[House of the Swallow]] and of the [[House of the Heavenly Arch]] were thrust to doom, but they had won a great space reaching nigh to the center of the city, even to the [[Place of the Well]] that adjoined the [[Square of the Palace]]. Then came [[Ecthelion of the Fountain|Ecthelion]] and the [[House of the Fountain]], whom Turgon had till now held in reserve. And they fell upon the orcs with such fury that ever after "Ecthelion!" was a warcry of the [[Eldar]].[[Image:Siege of Gondolin 4.jpg|thumb|200px]]

Now Tuor and the Folk of the Wing arrayed themselves beside Ecthelion's company, and by their valiant blows pushed the orcs almost all the way back to the gate. Then there came a quaking, for the [[dragons]] were beating a path up Amon Gwareth and casting down the walls of the city, and already there was a gap. Little bands of the House of the Swallow and of the Arch fought bitterly amid the wreakage, but even as Tuor came one of the brazen snakes smote the western wall, and a great mass of it shook and fell. Behind came a [[Beast of Gondolin|creature of fire]] and Balrogs upon it. Flames shot from its mouth, clearing the streets, and the wings of the helm of Tuor were blackened.

Then the orcs returned, though Tuor slew [[Othrond]], the Lord of the Orcs, and [[Balcmeg]] and [[Lug]], and Ecthelion slew the champion [[Orcobal]]. At last the twain reached the balrogs, and Ecthelion alone slew three of them, and his sword (which might have been [[Orcrist]]) smote through their iron. But they feared Tuor's axe [[Dramborleg]] even more, and five went down before it.

Then at last Ecthelion was wounded, and Tuor would not leave him, though the feet of the beast were like to trample them. But Tuor hewed at the foot of the creature so that flame spouted forth, and the beast screamed and lashed its tale so that many orcs and Noldor were killed by its blows. Then Tuor lifted up Ecthelion and with his last remnant escaped the [[Fire-drake|drake]], but the Gondothlim were sorely shaken.

Tuor reached the [[Square of the Folwell]] by way of the north, and found there Galdor denying orcs the entrance by way of the [[Arch of Ingwë]], and but few of the men of the Tree were left. It was then that Galdor saved Tuor's life, for Tuor tripped over a dead body in the dark and the orcs would have caught him had not Galdor leaped forward and hurled them back single-handedly.

====Defense of the King's Square, and the Death of Ecthelion====

Gradually the remaining companies seeped out of the Place of the Well, and went to the more defensable Square of the Palace. Thus was the last gathering, and many among them were wounded, and Tuor was tired. Even as he led his battalion in via the [[Road of the Arches]] there arose a noise, for [[Glorfindel of Gondolin|Glorfindel]] and the last of the [[House of the Golden Flower]] returned, having fought a terrible conflict in the [[Great Market]] on the east side of the city, and Glorfindel only barely escaped.

Turgon had sent the [[House of the Harp]] to their aid, but Salgant concealed this bidding from his soldiers, saying that they were to garrison the square of the [[Lesser Market]] to the south. But they resisted Salgant and came before the king's hall, timely enough to save Glorfindel and push the enemy back into the market, though many perished there.

Tuor drank from the fountain, and gave the swooned Ecthelion a drink, so that he woke. Then [[Egalmoth of the Heavenly Arch|Egalmoth]] came, for he had gathered some of the Arch and Swallow about him, and cast away his bow. They went about the city dealing blows where they met the enemy, and men were glad to see him, for they had thought him dead, and he was a kingly lord. The women and children had been brought into the palace, and a few survivors from each company had made it there, save that of the Hammer of Wrath, and the [[House of the King]] was untouched. Long they resisted the press of foes around the Square of the Palace, but at last a drake broke through the line on the north, destroying the [[Alley of Roses]]. Tuor stood in the way of the beast, but was seperated from Egalmoth, and became weary. Then Gothmog came, and beat him down. But Ecthelion, who rose on weak legs, strode over Tuor's form. But when he thrust his sword at the balrog he recieved a wound on his sword-arm, so that he dropped the sword, and Gothmog was unhurt. As Gothmog raised his whip for a final blow, Ecthelion leaped forwar, and drove the spike of his helm into the evil breast of the balrog. And he entwined his legs about the balrog's thighs, so that they both fell into the Fountain, and Gothmog's fire was quenched, for the fountain was very deep. And Tuor wept.

Then came the soldiers of the House of the King, and they threw themselves upon the enemy with such vigor as to slay two score (forty-eight) balrogs, and even pushed one of the Fire-drakes into the [[Fountain of the King]], destroying it. But a vast column of vapor rose, and many killed each other in the confusion. One thing notable about this is that this, while happening to the fire-drake, did not occur when Gothmog fell in. Despite the many deaths they rallied in a last stand beneath [[Glingal]] and [[Belthil]], the trees in the court.

====Last Words of the King====

Then said King Turgon "Great is the fall of Gondolin", and the elves about him shuddered, for such were the words of [[Amnon]] the [[prophet]]. But Tuor spoke wildly for ruth and love of the king.

"Gondolin stands yet, and Ulmo will not suffer it to perish!" he cried. But Turgon responded:

"Evil have I brought upon the Flower of the Plain in despite of Ulmo, and now he leaveth it to wither in the fire. Lo! hope is no more in my heart for my city of loveliness, but the children of the Noldoli shall not be worsted for ever." Thus he spake.

Then the Gondothlim clashed their weapons, and Turgon spoke again. "Fight not against doom, O my children! Seek ye who may safety in flight, if perhaps there be time yet: but let Tuor have your lealty." But Tuor said: "Thou art king;" and Turgon made answer: "Yet no blow will I strike more."

Then Turgon cast his crown at the roots of Glingal, the Golden Tree, and though Galdor who stood near picked it up, Turgon would not accept it, and bare of head he climbed to the topmost pinnacle of the [[Tower of the King|White Tower]]. There he shouted in a voice like a horn blown among the mountains: "Great is the victory of the Noldoli!" It was said to be the middle of the night at this time, and the orcs yelled in derision.

Then they spoke of a sally (that is, a sortie from the city). Many held that it was impossible to burst through, nor might they even get over the plain or through the hills, and that it was better therefor to die about the king. But Tuor at last revealed to them [[Idril's Secret Way]]. The plan seemed desperate, due to the narrowness of the tunnel and the great amount of people, but that was their only choice. But Turgon refused.

"Let Tuor," he said, "be your guide and your chieftain. But I Turgon will not leave my city, and will burn with it." Then again they urged him: "Sire, who are the Gondothlim if thou perish? Lead us!" But again he responded, "Lo! I abide here." And when again they urged him for a third time, he cried "If I am king, obey my behests, and dare not to parley further with my commands." After that they sent no more and made ready for the forlorn attempt. But the folk of the royal house that yet lived would not budge a foot, and gathered thickly about the base of the king's tower. "Here," said they, "We will stay if Turgon goes not forth." And they could not be persuaded.

====Retreat through the City====

Then Tuor's heart was split between love for the King and love for Idril and Eärendil. But even as he hesitated the last onslaught was being prepared, and he made his choice. Hearing the wailing of the women he at last gathered all his company, and they moved southward by way of the [[Road of Pomps]] and the [[Way of Running Waters]]. But fire-drakes came, some of the largest, and Tuor forced the company on at a run. But Glorfindel held them off at the rear, and many more of the House of the Golden Flower fell there. But even as they ran on Tuor halted at [[Gar Ainion]], where he and Idril were married. And there stood Idril before him, and beside her Voronwë. But Idril did not see him, for she gazed back at the palace of her father. Then all halted and looked back, and saw that a drake was coiled upon the very steps, and defiled their whiteness. Orcs were rushing about, dragging out the innocent and forgotten, the women and children who had not made it to the palace, and murduring them or making captives of them. The trees were withered, and the tower was besieged. Even they could see the king upon the topmost tower, standing tall.

"Woe is me whose father awaiteth doom even upon his topmost pinnacle; but seven times woe whose lord hath gone down before Melko and will stride home no more!" cried Idril.

"Lo! Idril, it is I, and I live," said Tuor, "yet now will I get thy father hence, be it from the Hells of Melko!" With that he would have gone down the hill alone, maddened with grief, but Idril coming to her wits grasped his heel, crying "My lord!" But even as she spoke thus the tower fell, and Turgon was buried.

Then Idril said heavily "Sad is the blindness of the wise."

"Sad too is the stubbornness of those we love," replied Tuor, and he kissed his wife, for he loved her more than all of the people of Gondolin, but still she wept for her father. Then Tuor turned to the captains, saying: "Lo, we must get hence with all speed, lest we be surrounded."

Then they moved quickly, and met only scattered bands of plunderers. But every now and then they met a woman or child, and they joined them, though Tuor allowed them to take nothing but a little food.

Then Voronwë told Tuor of how Idril had waited before the door of her house, and how she wept for lack of tidings of her husband. At length she sent most of her guard with Eärendil down the secret way, and girding up a sword went about the city gathering up the women and children and sending them down the tunnel.

Then they reached the house, and found it thrown down. The exiles said farewell to Gondolin, and went down into the tunnel.

====The Tunnel and the Splitting of the Company====

The tunnel was hot and stuffy, for the dragons above caused it. Many boulders were loosed by the trembling above, and not a few were crushed. The fumes caused their torches and lanterns to go out, so that they were in darkness. They found to their horror bodies of those who had gone before, and Tuor feared greatly for his son. They were in that tunnel two hours, until at last they reached a basin where once water had been, but was now full of bushed. There was gathered much of the folk that had gone on before, but Eärendil was not among them, and Tuor and Idril were in great anguish.

"Now," said Galdor, "We must get as far hence toward the Encircling Mountains as may be ere dawn come upon us, and that giveth no great space of time, for summer is at hand." But a dissension rose, for a number said it was folly to make for [[Cristhorn]], as Tuor had proposed.

"The sun," they said, "Will be up long ere we win the foothills, and we shall be whelmed in the plain by those drakes and those demons. Let us fare to [[Bad Uthwen]], the Way of Escape, for that is but half the journeying, and our weary and wounded may hope to win so far if no further."

But Idril spoke against this, and pursuaded the lords that they trust not to the magic of that way that had aforetime shielded it from discovery: "for what magic stands if Gondolin be fallen?"

But nonetheless a large body of men and women left Tuor and went to Bad Uthwen, and were destroyed by the jaws of a dragon that stood there at the order of Morgoth, as Maeglin had proposed. But those in Tuor's company were led by [[Legolas of Gondolin|Legolas Greenleaf]], who knew all the plain by night or day, and could see well in the dark.

====Return of Eärendil====

They made much speed despite their weariness, and a mist fell upon them. This was a marvel, for never before had mist come, and fared away in safety until they were too far away for any to see them from the hill or ruined walls.

The mists lifted at last late in the day, but Gondolin was still enshrouded. But at the edge of the clearing of the mist, but a few furlongs off, a knot of Noldor on foot were fleeing strange cavalry of orcs mounted on [[wolves]], carrying spears.

"Lo! there is Eärendil my son," cried Tuor. "Behold his face shineth as a star in the waste, and my men of the Wing are about him, and they are in sore straits." Then he chose fifty of those that were least weary, and leaving the main company fared over that plain swiftly as they could, and Tuor shouted to the soldiers below to stand and flee not, for the [[wolfriders]] were scattering them and killing them off, and the child was seated upon the shoulders of [[Hendor]], a house-carle of Idril's. Then they stood back to back, with Hendor amidmost, but Tuor soon came up, though all his troop was breathless.

The wolfriders numbered only a score, and only six men remained alive about Eärendil. Then Tuor arranged his men into a crescent of one rank, and hoped to envelop the riders, so that none could escape. Only two broke out, and these were wounded and without their mounts, so that tidings came too late to the city to be of any use.

Eärendil was glad to see his father again, and said: "I am thirsty, father, for I have run far — nor had Hendor need to bear me." Then his father said nothing, for he had no water, and was thinking of the needs of his company. But Eärendil spoke again: "'Twas good to see Maeglin die so, for he would se arms about my mother — and I liked him not; but I would travel in no tunnels for all of Melkor's wolfriders." Then Tuor smiled and set him upon his shoulders. Then the main company came up, and Tuor gave the child to his mother, who was in great joy, but Eärendil would not be borne in her arms.

"Mother Idril, thou art weary," he said, "And warriors in mail ride not among the Gondothlim, save it be old Salgant!" Idril laughed amid her sorrow. "Nay, where is Salgant?" Eärendil asked. Salgant had told him quaint tales or played drolleries with him at times, and the child had much laughter of the old Noldoin those days when he came many a day to the house of Tuor (loving the good wine and fair repast he there recieved). But none could say where Salgant was; he probably perished in the flames or was made a thrall.

====Passage of the Encircling Mountains====

They came to the foothills and it was full morning, but still grey, and there night to the beginning of the upward road folk stretched them and rested in a little dale finged with trees and hazel-bushes. Many slept, for they were greatly exhausted. Tuor, however, kept strict watch.

Eärendil, meanwhile, quenched his thirst and played beside a little brook with his mother. Then he said to her "Mother Idril, I would we had good Ecthelion of the Fountain here to play to me on his flute, or make me willow-whistles! Perchance he has gone on ahead?" But Idril said nay, and told him the fate of that lord. Eärendil wept, and said that he wished never to see the streets of Gondolin ever again. And Tuor responded that he would not. "For Gondolin is no more," he said.

At sunset they rose again, and they wound about through the hills. They turning saw Gondolin for the last time, and then the sun disappeared, and they saw it never again.

The Pass of Cristhorn, which is the [[Eagle's Cleft]] was dangerous going, and the host would not ventured it by dark, with no light to guide them, and many women, children, and sick, had not their fear of Melkor's scouts been greater. Darkness gathered, and they were forced to string out into a long straggling line. Galdor and a party of spearmen went ahead, and Legolas with them. Then came the least weary women and children supporting the sick that could go on foot, after which walked the House of the Wing. After the House of the Wing was Egalmoth leading the slower women and children, as well as the sick. At the back was the House of the Golden Flower of Glorfindel.

====Glorfindel and the Balrog====

As they came to Cristhorn, dark shapes that had lain hidden even from the eyes of Legolas leaped forward, and Galdor's men were beset. Tuor thought that they had fallen in with one of Melkor's ranging companies, and feared no more than a sharp brush in the dark. But he sent the women and sick rearward and joined with Galdor in the fray. But rocks fell from above, and it looked as if the battle would go ill for the Gondothlim. And with the enemies was a [[Balrog]].

Then Tuor realized that it was a trap, and now Galdor and Glorfindel held back the assault, and many of the orcs were stricken into the abyss. And [[Thorondor]] rose with his people, the [[Thornhoth]], and they fell upon the orcs, and the battle turned.

Suddenly the Balrog leaped across the chasm, and came among the women and children, lashing his great whip of flame. But Glorfindel was there, and long they fought. His mail defended him from whip and claw, and they fought on a high rock which all could see. Glorfindel had hewn off the Balrog's whip arm, but the balrog leaped forward, and though Glorfindel stabbed forward only the shoulder it found, and for a while they swayed upon the crag-top. Then Glorfindel drew a dirk, and pierced the Balrog's belly, which was up to his face. But even as the Balrog fell with a shriek it grasped Glorfindel's long golden hair, and both descended into the abyss.

Then the orcs fled, and Thorondor bore back up the body of Glorfindel, but the Balrog remained down in the abyss in the water of the [[Thorn Sir]], and it was black for many a day after.

And so they raised a cairn over the body of Glorfindel, and the yellow flowers grew there ever after. Thorondor would not allow orcs to come near from that moment on.

====The Coming to the Land of Willows====

After much suffering the exiles came at last to the Land of Willows, where once Tuor had dwelt, and [[Tulkas]] had fought Melkor. And there they healed themselves, and there their wounds were healed, and their women and maidens grew fair again. But they did not smile any more.

All that remained of the Gondothlim was three hundred and twenty men and boys, and two hundred and sixty women and children. And they dwelt at the [[Mouths of the Sirion]], and they took up the name [[Lothlim]], that is the People of the Flower, for no longer would they be called Gondothlim. And Eärendil grew great among that people, and there the tale of Tuor ends.

And Littleheart said "Alas for Gondolin." And no one in that room spoke or moved for a great while.

== Significance ==

The Fall of Gondolin was the first of the stories to be written in the [[Book of Lost Tales]] and was conceived when Tolkien was recovering in field hospital after the Battle of the Somme during the [[World War 1|First World War]]. This influence can be seen in a 'secret weapon' of Morgoth's that Tolkien describes:

"Melko assembled all his most cunning smiths and sorcorers, and of iron and flame they wrought a host of monsters such as have only at that time been seen and shall not again be until the Great End."

These "monsters" take the form of vast iron machines forged in the likeness of the dragons which also assault Gondolin. They act as an all terrain vehicle and troop transport during the battle. "But now Gothmog...gathered all his things of iron that could coil themselves around and above all obstacles"; "...and their hollow bellies clanged...Then were the topmost opened about their middles and an innumerable host of orcs...poured there from the breach".

While Tolkien often uses words such as 'iron' and 'brazen' in relation to monsters (particularly dragons) [[Christopher Tolkien]] confirms in the commentry that "the language employed suggest that some at least of the 'monsters' were inanimate 'devices'." Some (such as [[John Garth]] in 'Tolkien and the Great War') have suggested that with these 'iron serpents' Tolkien was inspired by the tanks which made their debut in the Battle of the Somme, a parralel to the real life battle he had just survived.

==See also==
*[[Twelve Houses of the Gondothlim]]
*[[Gondolin]]
*[[Fall of Gondolin screenplay]]

[[Category:Gondolin and Turgon]]
[[Category:Battles]]
[[Category:Writings]]

__NOTOC__

The Fall of Gondolin (chapter)

2007-05-31T01:06:32Z

Erniel: /* Search for Gondolin */ typo fixes

[[Image:John Howe - The Fall of Gondolin.jpg|thumb|300px|''The Fall of Gondolin'' by [[John Howe]]]]

===Introduction & History of the Writing===
The '''"Fall of Gondolin"''' is the name of one of the original [[The Book of Lost Tales|Lost Tales]] which formed the basis for a section in [[J.R.R. Tolkien|Tolkien's]] later work, ''[[The Silmarillion]]''.

"The Fall of Gondolin" tells of the founding of the [[Elves|Elven]] city of '''[[Gondolin]]''' (built in secret by [[Turgon]] and his people), of the arrival [[Tuor]], a prince of the [[Edain]], of the betrayal of the city to [[Morgoth]] by Turgon's nephew [[Maeglin]], and of its subsequent destruction by Morgoth's armies.

Tolkien actually began writing the story that would become "The Fall of Gondolin" in 1917 in an army barracks on the back of a sheet of military marching music. It is more or less the first traceable story he wrote down on paper about the Middle-earth legendarium.

Because he was constantly revising his [[First Age]] stories, the narrative Tolkien wrote in 1917 (published posthumously in the ''Book of Lost Tales'') remains the only full account of the fall of the city. The narrative in ''The Silmarillion'' was the result of the editing by his son [[Christopher Tolkien|Christopher]] of various different sources.

A partial new version of "The Fall of Gondolin" was published in the ''[[Unfinished Tales]]'' under the title "Of Tuor and his Coming to Gondolin". Actually titled "Of Tuor and the Fall of Gondolin", this narrative shows a great expansion of the earlier tale. It can be surmised from this text that Tolkien would have rewritten the entire story, but for reasons that are not known he abandoned the text before Tuor actually arrives in the city. For this reason Christopher Tolkien retitled the story before including it in ''Unfinished Tales''.[[Image:Gondolin Plan.jpg|thumb|200px]]

== The Fall ==

{{noncanon}}

[[Eriol]] listened in the [[Cottage of Lost Play]] as [[Lindo]] and others told tales of old. Then [[Ilfiniol]], called [[Littleheart]] son of [[Bronweg]], was asked by Lindo to tell of the '''Fall of Gondolin'''. And he did.

=== Prologue ===

===Tuor===

Now there was a man who dwelt in [[Dor Lómin]] named [[Tuor]]. And he was both a singer and a hunter, and played on a rough harp of wood and bear-sinews. He eventually departed from his people to lonely places, where he learned the speech and lore of the [[Noldor]] from wanderers there.

Later, it is said, [[magic]] and destiny led him one day do a cavernous opening through with a hidden river flowed from [[Mithrim]]. And he entered the cavern, curious. But the waters forced him futher and further down, until he could not force his way back into the light. And it is said that [[Ulmo]] had a hand in this. Then came Noldorin [[elves]] to Tuor, and guided him until he came out into the light again, and saw the river flowed swiftly in a ravine of great depth with sides unscalable. Then Tuor did not wish to return, but went ever forward, the river leading him to the west. And he called it the [[Golden Cleft]], or the [[Gully of the Rainbow Roof]], which was in the speech of the Noldor [[Glorfalc]] or [[Cris Ilbranteloth]].

He continued on, drinking the water of the river and eating the beautiful fish of the stream. One day a long time after he heard a cry, and could not decide what it came from.

"It is a fay-creature," he said. But after a while he said "Nay, 'tis but some small beast that waileth among the rocks." But then it seemed to him as an unknown bird with a voice new to his ears and strangely sad. And on the next day he heard the same cry over his head, and looking up saw three great white birds, [[Gulls]] of [[Ossë]].

At last Tuor found a spot where he could scale the cliffs surrounding him. A fresh wind touched his face, and he said "This is very good and like the drinking of wine", but he did not know he was near the [[Great Sea]]. Then he came to a narrow neck, where the river rumbled angrily. Then Tuor saw the sea for the first time, and he was afraid. He found himself in a country bare of trees and swept by winds of the west. Some have said he was the first of the [[men]] to see the sea and feel the desire it brings.

He took up his abode there, dwelling in a cove sheltered by black rocks. And he marvelled at the wonders there; the seaweed and the tide pools and the sea-fowl. He adorned the cave in which he dwelt with figures of birds and flowers, and beasts and trees. But chief among them was that of the swan, which he loved more than all others.

Once he saw three swans flying high and from the northward. And he followed them, heading south. Tuor bearing his harp and spear followed. After a great day's journey he came back into a region of trees; a rugged land. Yet he still followed the swans, even through the winter. At last he came to a southern land more kindly, of sandy spits and many new piping birds. And Tuor lost sight of the swans, and he never saw them again. And the Noldor came to him at night, and he arose from sleep. Then he followed them inland, and came to the land of [[Arlisgion]], the "place of reeds". And he rested by the [[Sirion]] that spring. He called it the Land of Willows, and the birds there were unequalled in all the world. And here there was the sweetest grass and many aged willows, and Tuor was loth to depart, and he tarried in the morn.

Here he saw the first butterflies. And as summer came he still lingered, and gave names to all things, and sang new songs on his old harp.

===Ulmo's message===

Then Ulmo feared that Tuor would dwell forever in the Land of Willows. Therefor he leaped upon his chariot drawn by a narwhal and a sealion, fashioned like a whale, and amidst the sounding of great conches sped up from [[Ulmonan]]. And he came to Tuor, blowing on his great instrument, to which Tuor hearkened. And Ulmo spoke to him.

"O Tuor of the lonely heart," he said, "I will not that thou dwell for ever in fair places of birds and flowers; nor would I lead thee through this pleasant land, but that so it must be. But fare now on thy destined journey and tarry not, for far from hence is thy weird set. Now must thou seek through the lands for the city of the folk called Gondothlim or the dwellers in stone, and the Noldoli shall escort thee thither in secret for fear of the spies of Melko. Words I will set to your mouth there, and there you shall abide awhile. Yet maybe thy life shall turn again to the mighty waters; and of surety a child shall come of thee than whom no man shall know more of the uttermost deeps, be it of the sea or of the firmament of heaven."

Then Tuor continued up the river, but he heard the conches of Ulmo calling him until he died.

A day came when he was weary, and he slept until it was almost night again. And the Noldor came to him and guided him. Now Tuor wandered with them, but the elves became ill at ease. And they told him of Morgoth, and what would happen if they were betrayed. And so they left him, though he wandered still in the hills. But it was said to Morgoth that there was a man there, and Morgoth doubted his own craft and watchfulness.

===Search for Gondolin===

But despite the desertation of Tuor by the elves out of fear, one elf named [[Voronwë of Gondolin|Voronwë]], or [[Bronweg]] remained with Tuor. Now Tuor was sitting wearily by the stream, considering returning to the sea. But Voronwë came up to him, and said "O Tuor, think not but that thou shalt again one day see thy desire; arise now, and behold, I will not leave thee. I am not of the road-learned of the Noldoli, being a craftsman and maker of things made by hand of wood and of metal, and I joined not the band of escort till late. Yet of old have I heard whispers and sayings said in secret amid the weariness of thraldom, concerning a city where Noldoli might be free could they find the hidden way thereto; and we twain may without a doubt find the road to the City of Stone, where is that freedom of the Gondothlim."

Long did Tuor and Bronweg seek that city, and after many days they came to a deep dale amid the hills. Here went the river over a very stony bed with much noise and rush, and it was curtained by alders; but the walls of the dale were sheer. Then Voronwë found a gate concealed by bushes and foliage, and they passed through it into deep tunnels. They heard echoes and footsteps behind them, and feared it was orcs. After a long time they came to a second gate. Then they passed through into the sunlight, and for a while they could not see anything. Then they were suddenly surrounded by warriors in steel. And even as they stood there they beheld Gondolin and the valley of [[Tumladen]].

Then Voronwë spoke with the guards, as did Tuor. The guards received them gladly, saying "We are the guardians of the issue of the Way of Escape. Rejoice that ye have found it, for behold before you the City of Seven Names where all who war with Melko may find hope."

Then Tuor asked "What be those names?"

"'Tis said," replied the chief of the Guard, "and 'tis sung: '[[Gondobar]] am I called and [[Gondothlimbar]], City of Stone and City of the Dwellers in Stone; [[Gondolin]] the Stone of Song and [[Gwarestrin]] I am named, the Tower of Guard, [[Gar Thurion]] or the Secret Place, for I am hidden from the eyes of Melko; but they who love me most greatly call me [[Loth]], for like a flower am I, even [[Lothengriol]] the flower that blooms upon the plain.'" But he added that usually they just called it ''Gondolin''.

Then Tuor and Voronwë asked to be brought thither. The chief of the Guard told them that the Guard must stay at their posts, but they could go themselves without a leader, for it was plain to see against the sky.

Therefor they marched across [[Tumladen]], and into Gondolin. Tuor was awestruck by the city, with its fountains and stairs, and high towers. A throng followed him, wondering at his rough clothes (for at this stage in the legendarium Tuor did not recieve armor at [[Vinyamar]]). Tuor was taller even than the elves, for the Gondothlim were short, slender, and lithe.

But the guard pushed back the crowd and demanded their names. Voronwë called himself [[Bronweg]], ordered by Ulmo to guide Tuor. But Tuor said "I am Tuor son of [[Peleg]] son of [[Indor]] of the house of the Swan of the sons of the Men of the North who live far hence, and I fare hither by the will of Ulmo of the [[Outer Oceans]]."

Then the guardsmen led them before [[King Turgon]], Lord of Gondolin, who dwelt within a beautiful palace. The king was robed in white, wearing a golden belt and a crown of garnets. And he called out to Tuor, who replied with the message, Ulmo giving power to his voice.

"Behold, O father of the City of Stone," he said, "I am bidden by him who maketh deep music in the Abyss, and who knoweth the mind of Elves and Men, to say unto thee that the days of Release draw nigh. There have come to the ears of Ulmo whispers of your dwelling and your hill of vigilance against the evil of Melko, and he is glad: but his heart is wroth and the hearts of the Valar are angered who sit in the mountains of Valinor and look upon the world from the peak of Taniquetil, seeing the sorrow of the thraldom of the Noldoli and the wanderings of Men; for Melko ringeth them in the Land of Shadows beyond hills of iron. Therefor have I been brought by a secret way to bid you number your hosts and prepare for battle, for the time is ripe."

''To be continued. You can help [[Tolkien Gateway]] by completing this article''

=== The Siege ===

====The Breaking of the Gates====

This book states that in the eighth year of [[Eärendil the Mariner|Eärendil]], son of Tuor, plain riders came to the city crying "Melko is upon us." Then all were afraid, but the squares of the city were filled with the mustering of the companies (see [[Gondolin]] for a list). Tuor was in command of the twelfth company, the Folk of the Wing. Idril herself arrayed herself in mail, and sought Eärendil, who wept in fear because of the red lights dancing on the walls of his chamber. And she gave him a small coat of mail to put on, and this he did and feared no more.[[Image:Siege of Gondolin 1.jpg|thumb|200px]]

Turgon called a council, and though Tuor and others counselled him to fight out in the plain in the hope that they could break through and escape, Turgon listen to the counsel of Maeglin and [[Salgant]], and remained in the city to guard his treasures and the work of his hands behind strong walls.

Upon the reaching of the city by [[Gothmog, Lord of Balrogs|Gothmog]] and his army, the archers of Gondolin poured unavailing arrows upon them. All feared, but hope returned to them when it was found that the snakes of fire could not climb the hill for its steepness and glassiness, and because of the waters that poured down its sides. But they lay about the feet of the city and rose up such heat that all in the city panted and were weary, and all fountains save those of the king grew hot.

Then Gothmog gathered all things of iron and piled them upon the [[North Gate of Gondolin|North Gate]], and at last the gates broke. Then did the catapults and engines of the king pour down darts and boulders, but they bounced off the heavy bodies. Then the orcs poured through the gates.

But [[Rog]] and [[Galdor of the Tree|Galdor]] with the [[House of the Hammer of Wrath]] and the [[House of the Tree]] leaped forward, while the [[Folk of the Swallow]] and of the [[House of the Heavenly Arch|Arch]] poured down arrows. The orcs fell like leaves, but because of their might the Gondothlim were pushed back into the city until the orcs held the northernmost part of the city.[[Image:Siege of Gondolin 2.jpg|thumb|200px]]

====The Death of Maeglin====

Tuor was at this time leading the [[Folk of the Wing]] through the turmoil, and at last he won his way to his house, and found that Maeglin had been there first. Now Maeglin intended to escape the sack and have his revenge by first throwing Eärendil from the wall and then forcing Idril to lead him to her secret passage out of the city. But when he confided his task to Salgant, the elf-lord fell into such a quaking that he became sick and lay in bed.

Now Tuor had come to this house to say farewell to his wife and son, and sent a bodyguard with them to the secret passage, but found the [[House of the Mole]] about the door, and these the grimmest and least good-hearted in the city. Then Tuor saw Maeglin, who had Eärendil in his arms and Idril by the hair upon the battlements, but encumbered by the child and because Idril was fighting him he moved slowly, cursing as he went. Then Tuor gave such a shout that the orcs far away wavered, and the Folk of the Wing threw themselves upon the Folk of the Mole, and Tuor pushed past. Maeglin seeing Tuor drew a knife, and would have stabbed Eärendil, but the boy bit his hand, and the blow came down not solidly, bouncing off the mail coat. Then Tuor caught him up by the hand that held the knife and wrenching it broke Maeglin's arm. Then he lifted Maeglin up by the middle and hurled him out from the wall, and thrice did his body smite the slope of [[Amon Gwareth]], until if fell into the flames.

But then the Folk of the Mole came at Tuor, and they were put to blows. Yet none could stand before the wrath of Tuor, and they flew before him. Then Tuor and his men were forced to return to the gate, but Tuor left [[Voronwë of Gondolin|Voronwë]] and several swordsmen to guard Idril in his absence.[[Image:Siege of Gondolin 3.jpg|thumb|200px]]

====The Valor of the Hammer of Wrath====

Back at the gate the battle was evil, and [[Duilin of Gondolin|Duilin]] was stricken by a bolt from a [[balrog]], and fell from the walls and perished. The balrogs continued to shoot darts of fire and flaming arrows like small snakes into the sky, and these fell upon the roofs and gardens of Gondolin until all the trees and gardens were burnt, and the walls blackened. Worse still it was when the demons climbed upon the coils of the serpents of iron and thence loosed unceasingly from their bows and slings till a fire began to burn in the city to the back of the main army of the defenders.

Then Rog of the [[House of the Hammer of Wrath]] cried out "Who now shall fear the [[Balrogs]] for all their terror? See before us the accursed ones who for ages have tormented the children of the Noldoli ([[Noldor]]), and who now set a fire at our backs with their shooting. Come ye of the Hammer of Wrath and we will smite them for their evil." Then he lifted up his long-handled mace, and the people of the Stricken Anvil followed him, running like a wedge, and they were in a great rage. Many of the orcs were borne backwards, and they leaped even upon the coils of the serpents and came at those Balrogs and smote them greviously. A number of the balrogs were slain, and they were sung as heroes ever after.

But Gothmog fell upon them, and at the last Rog was slain, and all the folk of the Hammer of Wrath with him, and in those streets there perished also [[Penlod]] and many of the [[House of the Pillar]] and of the [[House of the Tower of Snow]].

====Battle within the City and at the Breach====

The orcs held the gates, and many of the archers of the [[House of the Swallow]] and of the [[House of the Heavenly Arch]] were thrust to doom, but they had won a great space reaching nigh to the center of the city, even to the [[Place of the Well]] that adjoined the [[Square of the Palace]]. Then came [[Ecthelion of the Fountain|Ecthelion]] and the [[House of the Fountain]], whom Turgon had till now held in reserve. And they fell upon the orcs with such fury that ever after "Ecthelion!" was a warcry of the [[Eldar]].[[Image:Siege of Gondolin 4.jpg|thumb|200px]]

Now Tuor and the Folk of the Wing arrayed themselves beside Ecthelion's company, and by their valiant blows pushed the orcs almost all the way back to the gate. Then there came a quaking, for the [[dragons]] were beating a path up Amon Gwareth and casting down the walls of the city, and already there was a gap. Little bands of the House of the Swallow and of the Arch fought bitterly amid the wreakage, but even as Tuor came one of the brazen snakes smote the western wall, and a great mass of it shook and fell. Behind came a [[Beast of Gondolin|creature of fire]] and Balrogs upon it. Flames shot from its mouth, clearing the streets, and the wings of the helm of Tuor were blackened.

Then the orcs returned, though Tuor slew [[Othrond]], the Lord of the Orcs, and [[Balcmeg]] and [[Lug]], and Ecthelion slew the champion [[Orcobal]]. At last the twain reached the balrogs, and Ecthelion alone slew three of them, and his sword (which might have been [[Orcrist]]) smote through their iron. But they feared Tuor's axe [[Dramborleg]] even more, and five went down before it.

Then at last Ecthelion was wounded, and Tuor would not leave him, though the feet of the beast were like to trample them. But Tuor hewed at the foot of the creature so that flame spouted forth, and the beast screamed and lashed its tale so that many orcs and Noldor were killed by its blows. Then Tuor lifted up Ecthelion and with his last remnant escaped the [[Fire-drake|drake]], but the Gondothlim were sorely shaken.

Tuor reached the [[Square of the Folwell]] by way of the north, and found there Galdor denying orcs the entrance by way of the [[Arch of Ingwë]], and but few of the men of the Tree were left. It was then that Galdor saved Tuor's life, for Tuor tripped over a dead body in the dark and the orcs would have caught him had not Galdor leaped forward and hurled them back single-handedly.

====Defense of the King's Square, and the Death of Ecthelion====

Gradually the remaining companies seeped out of the Place of the Well, and went to the more defensable Square of the Palace. Thus was the last gathering, and many among them were wounded, and Tuor was tired. Even as he led his battalion in via the [[Road of the Arches]] there arose a noise, for [[Glorfindel of Gondolin|Glorfindel]] and the last of the [[House of the Golden Flower]] returned, having fought a terrible conflict in the [[Great Market]] on the east side of the city, and Glorfindel only barely escaped.

Turgon had sent the [[House of the Harp]] to their aid, but Salgant concealed this bidding from his soldiers, saying that they were to garrison the square of the [[Lesser Market]] to the south. But they resisted Salgant and came before the king's hall, timely enough to save Glorfindel and push the enemy back into the market, though many perished there.

Tuor drank from the fountain, and gave the swooned Ecthelion a drink, so that he woke. Then [[Egalmoth of the Heavenly Arch|Egalmoth]] came, for he had gathered some of the Arch and Swallow about him, and cast away his bow. They went about the city dealing blows where they met the enemy, and men were glad to see him, for they had thought him dead, and he was a kingly lord. The women and children had been brought into the palace, and a few survivors from each company had made it there, save that of the Hammer of Wrath, and the [[House of the King]] was untouched. Long they resisted the press of foes around the Square of the Palace, but at last a drake broke through the line on the north, destroying the [[Alley of Roses]]. Tuor stood in the way of the beast, but was seperated from Egalmoth, and became weary. Then Gothmog came, and beat him down. But Ecthelion, who rose on weak legs, strode over Tuor's form. But when he thrust his sword at the balrog he recieved a wound on his sword-arm, so that he dropped the sword, and Gothmog was unhurt. As Gothmog raised his whip for a final blow, Ecthelion leaped forwar, and drove the spike of his helm into the evil breast of the balrog. And he entwined his legs about the balrog's thighs, so that they both fell into the Fountain, and Gothmog's fire was quenched, for the fountain was very deep. And Tuor wept.

Then came the soldiers of the House of the King, and they threw themselves upon the enemy with such vigor as to slay two score (forty-eight) balrogs, and even pushed one of the Fire-drakes into the [[Fountain of the King]], destroying it. But a vast column of vapor rose, and many killed each other in the confusion. One thing notable about this is that this, while happening to the fire-drake, did not occur when Gothmog fell in. Despite the many deaths they rallied in a last stand beneath [[Glingal]] and [[Belthil]], the trees in the court.

====Last Words of the King====

Then said King Turgon "Great is the fall of Gondolin", and the elves about him shuddered, for such were the words of [[Amnon]] the [[prophet]]. But Tuor spoke wildly for ruth and love of the king.

"Gondolin stands yet, and Ulmo will not suffer it to perish!" he cried. But Turgon responded:

"Evil have I brought upon the Flower of the Plain in despite of Ulmo, and now he leaveth it to wither in the fire. Lo! hope is no more in my heart for my city of loveliness, but the children of the Noldoli shall not be worsted for ever." Thus he spake.

Then the Gondothlim clashed their weapons, and Turgon spoke again. "Fight not against doom, O my children! Seek ye who may safety in flight, if perhaps there be time yet: but let Tuor have your lealty." But Tuor said: "Thou art king;" and Turgon made answer: "Yet no blow will I strike more."

Then Turgon cast his crown at the roots of Glingal, the Golden Tree, and though Galdor who stood near picked it up, Turgon would not accept it, and bare of head he climbed to the topmost pinnacle of the [[Tower of the King|White Tower]]. There he shouted in a voice like a horn blown among the mountains: "Great is the victory of the Noldoli!" It was said to be the middle of the night at this time, and the orcs yelled in derision.

Then they spoke of a sally (that is, a sortie from the city). Many held that it was impossible to burst through, nor might they even get over the plain or through the hills, and that it was better therefor to die about the king. But Tuor at last revealed to them [[Idril's Secret Way]]. The plan seemed desperate, due to the narrowness of the tunnel and the great amount of people, but that was their only choice. But Turgon refused.

"Let Tuor," he said, "be your guide and your chieftain. But I Turgon will not leave my city, and will burn with it." Then again they urged him: "Sire, who are the Gondothlim if thou perish? Lead us!" But again he responded, "Lo! I abide here." And when again they urged him for a third time, he cried "If I am king, obey my behests, and dare not to parley further with my commands." After that they sent no more and made ready for the forlorn attempt. But the folk of the royal house that yet lived would not budge a foot, and gathered thickly about the base of the king's tower. "Here," said they, "We will stay if Turgon goes not forth." And they could not be persuaded.

====Retreat through the City====

Then Tuor's heart was split between love for the King and love for Idril and Eärendil. But even as he hesitated the last onslaught was being prepared, and he made his choice. Hearing the wailing of the women he at last gathered all his company, and they moved southward by way of the [[Road of Pomps]] and the [[Way of Running Waters]]. But fire-drakes came, some of the largest, and Tuor forced the company on at a run. But Glorfindel held them off at the rear, and many more of the House of the Golden Flower fell there. But even as they ran on Tuor halted at [[Gar Ainion]], where he and Idril were married. And there stood Idril before him, and beside her Voronwë. But Idril did not see him, for she gazed back at the palace of her father. Then all halted and looked back, and saw that a drake was coiled upon the very steps, and defiled their whiteness. Orcs were rushing about, dragging out the innocent and forgotten, the women and children who had not made it to the palace, and murduring them or making captives of them. The trees were withered, and the tower was besieged. Even they could see the king upon the topmost tower, standing tall.

"Woe is me whose father awaiteth doom even upon his topmost pinnacle; but seven times woe whose lord hath gone down before Melko and will stride home no more!" cried Idril.

"Lo! Idril, it is I, and I live," said Tuor, "yet now will I get thy father hence, be it from the Hells of Melko!" With that he would have gone down the hill alone, maddened with grief, but Idril coming to her wits grasped his heel, crying "My lord!" But even as she spoke thus the tower fell, and Turgon was buried.

Then Idril said heavily "Sad is the blindness of the wise."

"Sad too is the stubbornness of those we love," replied Tuor, and he kissed his wife, for he loved her more than all of the people of Gondolin, but still she wept for her father. Then Tuor turned to the captains, saying: "Lo, we must get hence with all speed, lest we be surrounded."

Then they moved quickly, and met only scattered bands of plunderers. But every now and then they met a woman or child, and they joined them, though Tuor allowed them to take nothing but a little food.

Then Voronwë told Tuor of how Idril had waited before the door of her house, and how she wept for lack of tidings of her husband. At length she sent most of her guard with Eärendil down the secret way, and girding up a sword went about the city gathering up the women and children and sending them down the tunnel.

Then they reached the house, and found it thrown down. The exiles said farewell to Gondolin, and went down into the tunnel.

====The Tunnel and the Splitting of the Company====

The tunnel was hot and stuffy, for the dragons above caused it. Many boulders were loosed by the trembling above, and not a few were crushed. The fumes caused their torches and lanterns to go out, so that they were in darkness. They found to their horror bodies of those who had gone before, and Tuor feared greatly for his son. They were in that tunnel two hours, until at last they reached a basin where once water had been, but was now full of bushed. There was gathered much of the folk that had gone on before, but Eärendil was not among them, and Tuor and Idril were in great anguish.

"Now," said Galdor, "We must get as far hence toward the Encircling Mountains as may be ere dawn come upon us, and that giveth no great space of time, for summer is at hand." But a dissension rose, for a number said it was folly to make for [[Cristhorn]], as Tuor had proposed.

"The sun," they said, "Will be up long ere we win the foothills, and we shall be whelmed in the plain by those drakes and those demons. Let us fare to [[Bad Uthwen]], the Way of Escape, for that is but half the journeying, and our weary and wounded may hope to win so far if no further."

But Idril spoke against this, and pursuaded the lords that they trust not to the magic of that way that had aforetime shielded it from discovery: "for what magic stands if Gondolin be fallen?"

But nonetheless a large body of men and women left Tuor and went to Bad Uthwen, and were destroyed by the jaws of a dragon that stood there at the order of Morgoth, as Maeglin had proposed. But those in Tuor's company were led by [[Legolas of Gondolin|Legolas Greenleaf]], who knew all the plain by night or day, and could see well in the dark.

====Return of Eärendil====

They made much speed despite their weariness, and a mist fell upon them. This was a marvel, for never before had mist come, and fared away in safety until they were too far away for any to see them from the hill or ruined walls.

The mists lifted at last late in the day, but Gondolin was still enshrouded. But at the edge of the clearing of the mist, but a few furlongs off, a knot of Noldor on foot were fleeing strange cavalry of orcs mounted on [[wolves]], carrying spears.

"Lo! there is Eärendil my son," cried Tuor. "Behold his face shineth as a star in the waste, and my men of the Wing are about him, and they are in sore straits." Then he chose fifty of those that were least weary, and leaving the main company fared over that plain swiftly as they could, and Tuor shouted to the soldiers below to stand and flee not, for the [[wolfriders]] were scattering them and killing them off, and the child was seated upon the shoulders of [[Hendor]], a house-carle of Idril's. Then they stood back to back, with Hendor amidmost, but Tuor soon came up, though all his troop was breathless.

The wolfriders numbered only a score, and only six men remained alive about Eärendil. Then Tuor arranged his men into a crescent of one rank, and hoped to envelop the riders, so that none could escape. Only two broke out, and these were wounded and without their mounts, so that tidings came too late to the city to be of any use.

Eärendil was glad to see his father again, and said: "I am thirsty, father, for I have run far — nor had Hendor need to bear me." Then his father said nothing, for he had no water, and was thinking of the needs of his company. But Eärendil spoke again: "'Twas good to see Maeglin die so, for he would se arms about my mother — and I liked him not; but I would travel in no tunnels for all of Melkor's wolfriders." Then Tuor smiled and set him upon his shoulders. Then the main company came up, and Tuor gave the child to his mother, who was in great joy, but Eärendil would not be borne in her arms.

"Mother Idril, thou art weary," he said, "And warriors in mail ride not among the Gondothlim, save it be old Salgant!" Idril laughed amid her sorrow. "Nay, where is Salgant?" Eärendil asked. Salgant had told him quaint tales or played drolleries with him at times, and the child had much laughter of the old Noldoin those days when he came many a day to the house of Tuor (loving the good wine and fair repast he there recieved). But none could say where Salgant was; he probably perished in the flames or was made a thrall.

====Passage of the Encircling Mountains====

They came to the foothills and it was full morning, but still grey, and there night to the beginning of the upward road folk stretched them and rested in a little dale finged with trees and hazel-bushes. Many slept, for they were greatly exhausted. Tuor, however, kept strict watch.

Eärendil, meanwhile, quenched his thirst and played beside a little brook with his mother. Then he said to her "Mother Idril, I would we had good Ecthelion of the Fountain here to play to me on his flute, or make me willow-whistles! Perchance he has gone on ahead?" But Idril said nay, and told him the fate of that lord. Eärendil wept, and said that he wished never to see the streets of Gondolin ever again. And Tuor responded that he would not. "For Gondolin is no more," he said.

At sunset they rose again, and they wound about through the hills. They turning saw Gondolin for the last time, and then the sun disappeared, and they saw it never again.

The Pass of Cristhorn, which is the [[Eagle's Cleft]] was dangerous going, and the host would not ventured it by dark, with no light to guide them, and many women, children, and sick, had not their fear of Melkor's scouts been greater. Darkness gathered, and they were forced to string out into a long straggling line. Galdor and a party of spearmen went ahead, and Legolas with them. Then came the least weary women and children supporting the sick that could go on foot, after which walked the House of the Wing. After the House of the Wing was Egalmoth leading the slower women and children, as well as the sick. At the back was the House of the Golden Flower of Glorfindel.

====Glorfindel and the Balrog====

As they came to Cristhorn, dark shapes that had lain hidden even from the eyes of Legolas leaped forward, and Galdor's men were beset. Tuor thought that they had fallen in with one of Melkor's ranging companies, and feared no more than a sharp brush in the dark. But he sent the women and sick rearward and joined with Galdor in the fray. But rocks fell from above, and it looked as if the battle would go ill for the Gondothlim. And with the enemies was a [[Balrog]].

Then Tuor realized that it was a trap, and now Galdor and Glorfindel held back the assault, and many of the orcs were stricken into the abyss. And [[Thorondor]] rose with his people, the [[Thornhoth]], and they fell upon the orcs, and the battle turned.

Suddenly the Balrog leaped across the chasm, and came among the women and children, lashing his great whip of flame. But Glorfindel was there, and long they fought. His mail defended him from whip and claw, and they fought on a high rock which all could see. Glorfindel had hewn off the Balrog's whip arm, but the balrog leaped forward, and though Glorfindel stabbed forward only the shoulder it found, and for a while they swayed upon the crag-top. Then Glorfindel drew a dirk, and pierced the Balrog's belly, which was up to his face. But even as the Balrog fell with a shriek it grasped Glorfindel's long golden hair, and both descended into the abyss.

Then the orcs fled, and Thorondor bore back up the body of Glorfindel, but the Balrog remained down in the abyss in the water of the [[Thorn Sir]], and it was black for many a day after.

And so they raised a cairn over the body of Glorfindel, and the yellow flowers grew there ever after. Thorondor would not allow orcs to come near from that moment on.

====The Coming to the Land of Willows====

After much suffering the exiles came at last to the Land of Willows, where once Tuor had dwelt, and [[Tulkas]] had fought Melkor. And there they healed themselves, and there their wounds were healed, and their women and maidens grew fair again. But they did not smile any more.

All that remained of the Gondothlim was three hundred and twenty men and boys, and two hundred and sixty women and children. And they dwelt at the [[Mouths of the Sirion]], and they took up the name [[Lothlim]], that is the People of the Flower, for no longer would they be called Gondothlim. And Eärendil grew great among that people, and there the tale of Tuor ends.

And Littleheart said "Alas for Gondolin." And no one in that room spoke or moved for a great while.

== Significance ==

The Fall of Gondolin was the first of the stories to be written in the [[Book of Lost Tales]] and was conceived when Tolkien was recovering in field hospital after the Battle of the Somme during the [[World War 1|First World War]]. This influence can be seen in a 'secret weapon' of Morgoth's that Tolkien describes:

"Melko assembled all his most cunning smiths and sorcorers, and of iron and flame they wrought a host of monsters such as have only at that time been seen and shall not again be until the Great End."

These "monsters" take the form of vast iron machines forged in the likeness of the dragons which also assault Gondolin. They act as an all terrain vehicle and troop transport during the battle. "But now Gothmog...gathered all his things of iron that could coil themselves around and above all obstacles"; "...and their hollow bellies clanged...Then were the topmost opened about their middles and an innumerable host of orcs...poured there from the breach".

While Tolkien often uses words such as 'iron' and 'brazen' in relation to monsters (particularly dragons) [[Christopher Tolkien]] confirms in the commentry that "the language employed suggest that some at least of the 'monsters' were inanimate 'devices'." Some (such as [[John Garth]] in 'Tolkien and the Great War') have suggested that with these 'iron serpents' Tolkien was inspired by the tanks which made their debut in the Battle of the Somme, a parralel to the real life battle he had just survived.

==See also==
*[[Twelve Houses of the Gondothlim]]
*[[Gondolin]]
*[[Fall of Gondolin screenplay]]

[[Category:Gondolin and Turgon]]
[[Category:Battles]]
[[Category:Writings]]

__NOTOC__

The Fall of Gondolin (chapter)

2007-05-31T01:01:10Z

Erniel: /* Ulmo's message */ typo fix

[[Image:John Howe - The Fall of Gondolin.jpg|thumb|300px|''The Fall of Gondolin'' by [[John Howe]]]]

===Introduction & History of the Writing===
The '''"Fall of Gondolin"''' is the name of one of the original [[The Book of Lost Tales|Lost Tales]] which formed the basis for a section in [[J.R.R. Tolkien|Tolkien's]] later work, ''[[The Silmarillion]]''.

"The Fall of Gondolin" tells of the founding of the [[Elves|Elven]] city of '''[[Gondolin]]''' (built in secret by [[Turgon]] and his people), of the arrival [[Tuor]], a prince of the [[Edain]], of the betrayal of the city to [[Morgoth]] by Turgon's nephew [[Maeglin]], and of its subsequent destruction by Morgoth's armies.

Tolkien actually began writing the story that would become "The Fall of Gondolin" in 1917 in an army barracks on the back of a sheet of military marching music. It is more or less the first traceable story he wrote down on paper about the Middle-earth legendarium.

Because he was constantly revising his [[First Age]] stories, the narrative Tolkien wrote in 1917 (published posthumously in the ''Book of Lost Tales'') remains the only full account of the fall of the city. The narrative in ''The Silmarillion'' was the result of the editing by his son [[Christopher Tolkien|Christopher]] of various different sources.

A partial new version of "The Fall of Gondolin" was published in the ''[[Unfinished Tales]]'' under the title "Of Tuor and his Coming to Gondolin". Actually titled "Of Tuor and the Fall of Gondolin", this narrative shows a great expansion of the earlier tale. It can be surmised from this text that Tolkien would have rewritten the entire story, but for reasons that are not known he abandoned the text before Tuor actually arrives in the city. For this reason Christopher Tolkien retitled the story before including it in ''Unfinished Tales''.[[Image:Gondolin Plan.jpg|thumb|200px]]

== The Fall ==

{{noncanon}}

[[Eriol]] listened in the [[Cottage of Lost Play]] as [[Lindo]] and others told tales of old. Then [[Ilfiniol]], called [[Littleheart]] son of [[Bronweg]], was asked by Lindo to tell of the '''Fall of Gondolin'''. And he did.

=== Prologue ===

===Tuor===

Now there was a man who dwelt in [[Dor Lómin]] named [[Tuor]]. And he was both a singer and a hunter, and played on a rough harp of wood and bear-sinews. He eventually departed from his people to lonely places, where he learned the speech and lore of the [[Noldor]] from wanderers there.

Later, it is said, [[magic]] and destiny led him one day do a cavernous opening through with a hidden river flowed from [[Mithrim]]. And he entered the cavern, curious. But the waters forced him futher and further down, until he could not force his way back into the light. And it is said that [[Ulmo]] had a hand in this. Then came Noldorin [[elves]] to Tuor, and guided him until he came out into the light again, and saw the river flowed swiftly in a ravine of great depth with sides unscalable. Then Tuor did not wish to return, but went ever forward, the river leading him to the west. And he called it the [[Golden Cleft]], or the [[Gully of the Rainbow Roof]], which was in the speech of the Noldor [[Glorfalc]] or [[Cris Ilbranteloth]].

He continued on, drinking the water of the river and eating the beautiful fish of the stream. One day a long time after he heard a cry, and could not decide what it came from.

"It is a fay-creature," he said. But after a while he said "Nay, 'tis but some small beast that waileth among the rocks." But then it seemed to him as an unknown bird with a voice new to his ears and strangely sad. And on the next day he heard the same cry over his head, and looking up saw three great white birds, [[Gulls]] of [[Ossë]].

At last Tuor found a spot where he could scale the cliffs surrounding him. A fresh wind touched his face, and he said "This is very good and like the drinking of wine", but he did not know he was near the [[Great Sea]]. Then he came to a narrow neck, where the river rumbled angrily. Then Tuor saw the sea for the first time, and he was afraid. He found himself in a country bare of trees and swept by winds of the west. Some have said he was the first of the [[men]] to see the sea and feel the desire it brings.

He took up his abode there, dwelling in a cove sheltered by black rocks. And he marvelled at the wonders there; the seaweed and the tide pools and the sea-fowl. He adorned the cave in which he dwelt with figures of birds and flowers, and beasts and trees. But chief among them was that of the swan, which he loved more than all others.

Once he saw three swans flying high and from the northward. And he followed them, heading south. Tuor bearing his harp and spear followed. After a great day's journey he came back into a region of trees; a rugged land. Yet he still followed the swans, even through the winter. At last he came to a southern land more kindly, of sandy spits and many new piping birds. And Tuor lost sight of the swans, and he never saw them again. And the Noldor came to him at night, and he arose from sleep. Then he followed them inland, and came to the land of [[Arlisgion]], the "place of reeds". And he rested by the [[Sirion]] that spring. He called it the Land of Willows, and the birds there were unequalled in all the world. And here there was the sweetest grass and many aged willows, and Tuor was loth to depart, and he tarried in the morn.

Here he saw the first butterflies. And as summer came he still lingered, and gave names to all things, and sang new songs on his old harp.

===Ulmo's message===

Then Ulmo feared that Tuor would dwell forever in the Land of Willows. Therefor he leaped upon his chariot drawn by a narwhal and a sealion, fashioned like a whale, and amidst the sounding of great conches sped up from [[Ulmonan]]. And he came to Tuor, blowing on his great instrument, to which Tuor hearkened. And Ulmo spoke to him.

"O Tuor of the lonely heart," he said, "I will not that thou dwell for ever in fair places of birds and flowers; nor would I lead thee through this pleasant land, but that so it must be. But fare now on thy destined journey and tarry not, for far from hence is thy weird set. Now must thou seek through the lands for the city of the folk called Gondothlim or the dwellers in stone, and the Noldoli shall escort thee thither in secret for fear of the spies of Melko. Words I will set to your mouth there, and there you shall abide awhile. Yet maybe thy life shall turn again to the mighty waters; and of surety a child shall come of thee than whom no man shall know more of the uttermost deeps, be it of the sea or of the firmament of heaven."

Then Tuor continued up the river, but he heard the conches of Ulmo calling him until he died.

A day came when he was weary, and he slept until it was almost night again. And the Noldor came to him and guided him. Now Tuor wandered with them, but the elves became ill at ease. And they told him of Morgoth, and what would happen if they were betrayed. And so they left him, though he wandered still in the hills. But it was said to Morgoth that there was a man there, and Morgoth doubted his own craft and watchfulness.

===Search for Gondolin===

But despite the desertation of Tuor by the elves out of fear, one elf named [[Voronwë of Gondolin|Voronwë]], or [[Bronweg]] remained with Tuor. Now Tuor was sitting wearily by the stream, considering returning to the sea. But Voronwë came up to him, and said "O Tuor, think not but that thou shalt again one day see thy desire; arise now, and behold, I will not leave thee. I am not of the road-learned of the Noldoli, being a craftsman and maker of things made by hand of wood and of metal, and I joined not the band of escort till late. Yet of old have I heard whispers and sayings said in secret amid the weariness of thraldom, concerning a city where Noldoli might be free could they find the hidden way thereto; and we twain may without a doubt find the road to the City of Stone, where is that freedom of the Gondothlim."

Long did Tuor and Bronweg seek that city, and after many days they came to a deep dale amid the hills. Here went the river over a very stony bed with much noise and rush, and it was curtained by alders; but the walls of the dale were sheer. Then Voronwë found a gate concealed by bushes and foilage, and they passed through it into deep tunnels. They heard echoes and footsteps behind them, and feared it was orcs. After a long time they came to a second gate. Then they passed through into the sunlight, and for a while they could not see anything. Then they were suddenly surrounded by warriors in steel. And even as they stood there they beheld Gondolin and the valley of [[Tumladen]].

Then Voronwë spoke with the guards, as did Tuor. The guards received them gladly, saying "We are the guardians of the issue of the Way of Escape. Rejoice that ye have found it, for behold before you the City of Seven Names where all who war with Melko may find hope."

Then Tuor asked "What be those names?"

"'Tis said," replied the chief of the Guard, "and 'tis sung: '[[Gondobar]] am I called and [[Gondothlimbar]], City of Stone and City of the Dwellers in Stone; [[Gondolin]] the Stone of Song and [[Gwarestrin]] I am named, the Tower of Guard, [[Gar Thurion]] or the Secret Place, for I am hidden from the eyes of Melko; but they who love me most greatly call me [[Loth]], for like a flower am I, even [[Lothengriol]] the flower that blooms upon the plain.'" But he added that usually they just called it ''Gondolin''.

Then Tuor and Voronwë asked to be brought thither. The chief of the Guard told them that the Guard must stay at their posts, but they could go themselves without a leader, for it was plain to see against the sky.

Therefor they marched across [[Tumladen]], and into Gondolin. Tuor was awestruck by the city, with its fountains and stairs, and high towers. A throng followed him, wondering at his rough clothes (for at this stage in the legendarium Tuor did not recieve armor at [[Vinyamar]]). Tuor was taller even than the elves, for the Gondothlim were short, slender, and lithe.

But the guard pushed back the crowd and demanded their names. Voronwë called himself [[Bronweg]], ordered by Ulmo to guide Tuor. But Tuor said "I am Tuor son of [[Peleg]] son of [[Indor]] of the house of the Swan of the sons of the Men of the North who live far hence, and I fare hither by the will of Ulmo of the [[Outer Oceans]]."

Then the guardsmen led them before [[King Turgon]], Lord of Gondolin, who dwelt within a beautiful palace. The king was robed in white, wearing a golden belt and a crown of garnets. And he called out to Tuor, who replied with the message, Ulmo giving power to his voice.

"Behold, O father of the City of Stone," he said, "I am bidden by him who maketh deep music in the Abyss, and who knoweth the mind of Elves and Men, to say unto thee that the days of Release draw nigh. There have come to the ears of Ulmo whispers of your dwelling and your hill of vigilance against teh evil of Melko, and he is glad: but his heart is wroth and the hearts of the Valar are angered who sit in the mountains of Valinor and look upon the world from the peak of Taniquetil, seeing the sorrow of the thraldom of the Noldoli and the wanderings of Men; for Melko ringeth them in the Land of Shadows beyond hills of iron. Therefor have I been brought by a secret way to bid you number your hosts and prepare for battle, for the time is ripe."

''To be continued. You can help [[Tolkien Gateway]] by completing this article''

=== The Siege ===

====The Breaking of the Gates====

This book states that in the eighth year of [[Eärendil the Mariner|Eärendil]], son of Tuor, plain riders came to the city crying "Melko is upon us." Then all were afraid, but the squares of the city were filled with the mustering of the companies (see [[Gondolin]] for a list). Tuor was in command of the twelfth company, the Folk of the Wing. Idril herself arrayed herself in mail, and sought Eärendil, who wept in fear because of the red lights dancing on the walls of his chamber. And she gave him a small coat of mail to put on, and this he did and feared no more.[[Image:Siege of Gondolin 1.jpg|thumb|200px]]

Turgon called a council, and though Tuor and others counselled him to fight out in the plain in the hope that they could break through and escape, Turgon listen to the counsel of Maeglin and [[Salgant]], and remained in the city to guard his treasures and the work of his hands behind strong walls.

Upon the reaching of the city by [[Gothmog, Lord of Balrogs|Gothmog]] and his army, the archers of Gondolin poured unavailing arrows upon them. All feared, but hope returned to them when it was found that the snakes of fire could not climb the hill for its steepness and glassiness, and because of the waters that poured down its sides. But they lay about the feet of the city and rose up such heat that all in the city panted and were weary, and all fountains save those of the king grew hot.

Then Gothmog gathered all things of iron and piled them upon the [[North Gate of Gondolin|North Gate]], and at last the gates broke. Then did the catapults and engines of the king pour down darts and boulders, but they bounced off the heavy bodies. Then the orcs poured through the gates.

But [[Rog]] and [[Galdor of the Tree|Galdor]] with the [[House of the Hammer of Wrath]] and the [[House of the Tree]] leaped forward, while the [[Folk of the Swallow]] and of the [[House of the Heavenly Arch|Arch]] poured down arrows. The orcs fell like leaves, but because of their might the Gondothlim were pushed back into the city until the orcs held the northernmost part of the city.[[Image:Siege of Gondolin 2.jpg|thumb|200px]]

====The Death of Maeglin====

Tuor was at this time leading the [[Folk of the Wing]] through the turmoil, and at last he won his way to his house, and found that Maeglin had been there first. Now Maeglin intended to escape the sack and have his revenge by first throwing Eärendil from the wall and then forcing Idril to lead him to her secret passage out of the city. But when he confided his task to Salgant, the elf-lord fell into such a quaking that he became sick and lay in bed.

Now Tuor had come to this house to say farewell to his wife and son, and sent a bodyguard with them to the secret passage, but found the [[House of the Mole]] about the door, and these the grimmest and least good-hearted in the city. Then Tuor saw Maeglin, who had Eärendil in his arms and Idril by the hair upon the battlements, but encumbered by the child and because Idril was fighting him he moved slowly, cursing as he went. Then Tuor gave such a shout that the orcs far away wavered, and the Folk of the Wing threw themselves upon the Folk of the Mole, and Tuor pushed past. Maeglin seeing Tuor drew a knife, and would have stabbed Eärendil, but the boy bit his hand, and the blow came down not solidly, bouncing off the mail coat. Then Tuor caught him up by the hand that held the knife and wrenching it broke Maeglin's arm. Then he lifted Maeglin up by the middle and hurled him out from the wall, and thrice did his body smite the slope of [[Amon Gwareth]], until if fell into the flames.

But then the Folk of the Mole came at Tuor, and they were put to blows. Yet none could stand before the wrath of Tuor, and they flew before him. Then Tuor and his men were forced to return to the gate, but Tuor left [[Voronwë of Gondolin|Voronwë]] and several swordsmen to guard Idril in his absence.[[Image:Siege of Gondolin 3.jpg|thumb|200px]]

====The Valor of the Hammer of Wrath====

Back at the gate the battle was evil, and [[Duilin of Gondolin|Duilin]] was stricken by a bolt from a [[balrog]], and fell from the walls and perished. The balrogs continued to shoot darts of fire and flaming arrows like small snakes into the sky, and these fell upon the roofs and gardens of Gondolin until all the trees and gardens were burnt, and the walls blackened. Worse still it was when the demons climbed upon the coils of the serpents of iron and thence loosed unceasingly from their bows and slings till a fire began to burn in the city to the back of the main army of the defenders.

Then Rog of the [[House of the Hammer of Wrath]] cried out "Who now shall fear the [[Balrogs]] for all their terror? See before us the accursed ones who for ages have tormented the children of the Noldoli ([[Noldor]]), and who now set a fire at our backs with their shooting. Come ye of the Hammer of Wrath and we will smite them for their evil." Then he lifted up his long-handled mace, and the people of the Stricken Anvil followed him, running like a wedge, and they were in a great rage. Many of the orcs were borne backwards, and they leaped even upon the coils of the serpents and came at those Balrogs and smote them greviously. A number of the balrogs were slain, and they were sung as heroes ever after.

But Gothmog fell upon them, and at the last Rog was slain, and all the folk of the Hammer of Wrath with him, and in those streets there perished also [[Penlod]] and many of the [[House of the Pillar]] and of the [[House of the Tower of Snow]].

====Battle within the City and at the Breach====

The orcs held the gates, and many of the archers of the [[House of the Swallow]] and of the [[House of the Heavenly Arch]] were thrust to doom, but they had won a great space reaching nigh to the center of the city, even to the [[Place of the Well]] that adjoined the [[Square of the Palace]]. Then came [[Ecthelion of the Fountain|Ecthelion]] and the [[House of the Fountain]], whom Turgon had till now held in reserve. And they fell upon the orcs with such fury that ever after "Ecthelion!" was a warcry of the [[Eldar]].[[Image:Siege of Gondolin 4.jpg|thumb|200px]]

Now Tuor and the Folk of the Wing arrayed themselves beside Ecthelion's company, and by their valiant blows pushed the orcs almost all the way back to the gate. Then there came a quaking, for the [[dragons]] were beating a path up Amon Gwareth and casting down the walls of the city, and already there was a gap. Little bands of the House of the Swallow and of the Arch fought bitterly amid the wreakage, but even as Tuor came one of the brazen snakes smote the western wall, and a great mass of it shook and fell. Behind came a [[Beast of Gondolin|creature of fire]] and Balrogs upon it. Flames shot from its mouth, clearing the streets, and the wings of the helm of Tuor were blackened.

Then the orcs returned, though Tuor slew [[Othrond]], the Lord of the Orcs, and [[Balcmeg]] and [[Lug]], and Ecthelion slew the champion [[Orcobal]]. At last the twain reached the balrogs, and Ecthelion alone slew three of them, and his sword (which might have been [[Orcrist]]) smote through their iron. But they feared Tuor's axe [[Dramborleg]] even more, and five went down before it.

Then at last Ecthelion was wounded, and Tuor would not leave him, though the feet of the beast were like to trample them. But Tuor hewed at the foot of the creature so that flame spouted forth, and the beast screamed and lashed its tale so that many orcs and Noldor were killed by its blows. Then Tuor lifted up Ecthelion and with his last remnant escaped the [[Fire-drake|drake]], but the Gondothlim were sorely shaken.

Tuor reached the [[Square of the Folwell]] by way of the north, and found there Galdor denying orcs the entrance by way of the [[Arch of Ingwë]], and but few of the men of the Tree were left. It was then that Galdor saved Tuor's life, for Tuor tripped over a dead body in the dark and the orcs would have caught him had not Galdor leaped forward and hurled them back single-handedly.

====Defense of the King's Square, and the Death of Ecthelion====

Gradually the remaining companies seeped out of the Place of the Well, and went to the more defensable Square of the Palace. Thus was the last gathering, and many among them were wounded, and Tuor was tired. Even as he led his battalion in via the [[Road of the Arches]] there arose a noise, for [[Glorfindel of Gondolin|Glorfindel]] and the last of the [[House of the Golden Flower]] returned, having fought a terrible conflict in the [[Great Market]] on the east side of the city, and Glorfindel only barely escaped.

Turgon had sent the [[House of the Harp]] to their aid, but Salgant concealed this bidding from his soldiers, saying that they were to garrison the square of the [[Lesser Market]] to the south. But they resisted Salgant and came before the king's hall, timely enough to save Glorfindel and push the enemy back into the market, though many perished there.

Tuor drank from the fountain, and gave the swooned Ecthelion a drink, so that he woke. Then [[Egalmoth of the Heavenly Arch|Egalmoth]] came, for he had gathered some of the Arch and Swallow about him, and cast away his bow. They went about the city dealing blows where they met the enemy, and men were glad to see him, for they had thought him dead, and he was a kingly lord. The women and children had been brought into the palace, and a few survivors from each company had made it there, save that of the Hammer of Wrath, and the [[House of the King]] was untouched. Long they resisted the press of foes around the Square of the Palace, but at last a drake broke through the line on the north, destroying the [[Alley of Roses]]. Tuor stood in the way of the beast, but was seperated from Egalmoth, and became weary. Then Gothmog came, and beat him down. But Ecthelion, who rose on weak legs, strode over Tuor's form. But when he thrust his sword at the balrog he recieved a wound on his sword-arm, so that he dropped the sword, and Gothmog was unhurt. As Gothmog raised his whip for a final blow, Ecthelion leaped forwar, and drove the spike of his helm into the evil breast of the balrog. And he entwined his legs about the balrog's thighs, so that they both fell into the Fountain, and Gothmog's fire was quenched, for the fountain was very deep. And Tuor wept.

Then came the soldiers of the House of the King, and they threw themselves upon the enemy with such vigor as to slay two score (forty-eight) balrogs, and even pushed one of the Fire-drakes into the [[Fountain of the King]], destroying it. But a vast column of vapor rose, and many killed each other in the confusion. One thing notable about this is that this, while happening to the fire-drake, did not occur when Gothmog fell in. Despite the many deaths they rallied in a last stand beneath [[Glingal]] and [[Belthil]], the trees in the court.

====Last Words of the King====

Then said King Turgon "Great is the fall of Gondolin", and the elves about him shuddered, for such were the words of [[Amnon]] the [[prophet]]. But Tuor spoke wildly for ruth and love of the king.

"Gondolin stands yet, and Ulmo will not suffer it to perish!" he cried. But Turgon responded:

"Evil have I brought upon the Flower of the Plain in despite of Ulmo, and now he leaveth it to wither in the fire. Lo! hope is no more in my heart for my city of loveliness, but the children of the Noldoli shall not be worsted for ever." Thus he spake.

Then the Gondothlim clashed their weapons, and Turgon spoke again. "Fight not against doom, O my children! Seek ye who may safety in flight, if perhaps there be time yet: but let Tuor have your lealty." But Tuor said: "Thou art king;" and Turgon made answer: "Yet no blow will I strike more."

Then Turgon cast his crown at the roots of Glingal, the Golden Tree, and though Galdor who stood near picked it up, Turgon would not accept it, and bare of head he climbed to the topmost pinnacle of the [[Tower of the King|White Tower]]. There he shouted in a voice like a horn blown among the mountains: "Great is the victory of the Noldoli!" It was said to be the middle of the night at this time, and the orcs yelled in derision.

Then they spoke of a sally (that is, a sortie from the city). Many held that it was impossible to burst through, nor might they even get over the plain or through the hills, and that it was better therefor to die about the king. But Tuor at last revealed to them [[Idril's Secret Way]]. The plan seemed desperate, due to the narrowness of the tunnel and the great amount of people, but that was their only choice. But Turgon refused.

"Let Tuor," he said, "be your guide and your chieftain. But I Turgon will not leave my city, and will burn with it." Then again they urged him: "Sire, who are the Gondothlim if thou perish? Lead us!" But again he responded, "Lo! I abide here." And when again they urged him for a third time, he cried "If I am king, obey my behests, and dare not to parley further with my commands." After that they sent no more and made ready for the forlorn attempt. But the folk of the royal house that yet lived would not budge a foot, and gathered thickly about the base of the king's tower. "Here," said they, "We will stay if Turgon goes not forth." And they could not be persuaded.

====Retreat through the City====

Then Tuor's heart was split between love for the King and love for Idril and Eärendil. But even as he hesitated the last onslaught was being prepared, and he made his choice. Hearing the wailing of the women he at last gathered all his company, and they moved southward by way of the [[Road of Pomps]] and the [[Way of Running Waters]]. But fire-drakes came, some of the largest, and Tuor forced the company on at a run. But Glorfindel held them off at the rear, and many more of the House of the Golden Flower fell there. But even as they ran on Tuor halted at [[Gar Ainion]], where he and Idril were married. And there stood Idril before him, and beside her Voronwë. But Idril did not see him, for she gazed back at the palace of her father. Then all halted and looked back, and saw that a drake was coiled upon the very steps, and defiled their whiteness. Orcs were rushing about, dragging out the innocent and forgotten, the women and children who had not made it to the palace, and murduring them or making captives of them. The trees were withered, and the tower was besieged. Even they could see the king upon the topmost tower, standing tall.

"Woe is me whose father awaiteth doom even upon his topmost pinnacle; but seven times woe whose lord hath gone down before Melko and will stride home no more!" cried Idril.

"Lo! Idril, it is I, and I live," said Tuor, "yet now will I get thy father hence, be it from the Hells of Melko!" With that he would have gone down the hill alone, maddened with grief, but Idril coming to her wits grasped his heel, crying "My lord!" But even as she spoke thus the tower fell, and Turgon was buried.

Then Idril said heavily "Sad is the blindness of the wise."

"Sad too is the stubbornness of those we love," replied Tuor, and he kissed his wife, for he loved her more than all of the people of Gondolin, but still she wept for her father. Then Tuor turned to the captains, saying: "Lo, we must get hence with all speed, lest we be surrounded."

Then they moved quickly, and met only scattered bands of plunderers. But every now and then they met a woman or child, and they joined them, though Tuor allowed them to take nothing but a little food.

Then Voronwë told Tuor of how Idril had waited before the door of her house, and how she wept for lack of tidings of her husband. At length she sent most of her guard with Eärendil down the secret way, and girding up a sword went about the city gathering up the women and children and sending them down the tunnel.

Then they reached the house, and found it thrown down. The exiles said farewell to Gondolin, and went down into the tunnel.

====The Tunnel and the Splitting of the Company====

The tunnel was hot and stuffy, for the dragons above caused it. Many boulders were loosed by the trembling above, and not a few were crushed. The fumes caused their torches and lanterns to go out, so that they were in darkness. They found to their horror bodies of those who had gone before, and Tuor feared greatly for his son. They were in that tunnel two hours, until at last they reached a basin where once water had been, but was now full of bushed. There was gathered much of the folk that had gone on before, but Eärendil was not among them, and Tuor and Idril were in great anguish.

"Now," said Galdor, "We must get as far hence toward the Encircling Mountains as may be ere dawn come upon us, and that giveth no great space of time, for summer is at hand." But a dissension rose, for a number said it was folly to make for [[Cristhorn]], as Tuor had proposed.

"The sun," they said, "Will be up long ere we win the foothills, and we shall be whelmed in the plain by those drakes and those demons. Let us fare to [[Bad Uthwen]], the Way of Escape, for that is but half the journeying, and our weary and wounded may hope to win so far if no further."

But Idril spoke against this, and pursuaded the lords that they trust not to the magic of that way that had aforetime shielded it from discovery: "for what magic stands if Gondolin be fallen?"

But nonetheless a large body of men and women left Tuor and went to Bad Uthwen, and were destroyed by the jaws of a dragon that stood there at the order of Morgoth, as Maeglin had proposed. But those in Tuor's company were led by [[Legolas of Gondolin|Legolas Greenleaf]], who knew all the plain by night or day, and could see well in the dark.

====Return of Eärendil====

They made much speed despite their weariness, and a mist fell upon them. This was a marvel, for never before had mist come, and fared away in safety until they were too far away for any to see them from the hill or ruined walls.

The mists lifted at last late in the day, but Gondolin was still enshrouded. But at the edge of the clearing of the mist, but a few furlongs off, a knot of Noldor on foot were fleeing strange cavalry of orcs mounted on [[wolves]], carrying spears.

"Lo! there is Eärendil my son," cried Tuor. "Behold his face shineth as a star in the waste, and my men of the Wing are about him, and they are in sore straits." Then he chose fifty of those that were least weary, and leaving the main company fared over that plain swiftly as they could, and Tuor shouted to the soldiers below to stand and flee not, for the [[wolfriders]] were scattering them and killing them off, and the child was seated upon the shoulders of [[Hendor]], a house-carle of Idril's. Then they stood back to back, with Hendor amidmost, but Tuor soon came up, though all his troop was breathless.

The wolfriders numbered only a score, and only six men remained alive about Eärendil. Then Tuor arranged his men into a crescent of one rank, and hoped to envelop the riders, so that none could escape. Only two broke out, and these were wounded and without their mounts, so that tidings came too late to the city to be of any use.

Eärendil was glad to see his father again, and said: "I am thirsty, father, for I have run far — nor had Hendor need to bear me." Then his father said nothing, for he had no water, and was thinking of the needs of his company. But Eärendil spoke again: "'Twas good to see Maeglin die so, for he would se arms about my mother — and I liked him not; but I would travel in no tunnels for all of Melkor's wolfriders." Then Tuor smiled and set him upon his shoulders. Then the main company came up, and Tuor gave the child to his mother, who was in great joy, but Eärendil would not be borne in her arms.

"Mother Idril, thou art weary," he said, "And warriors in mail ride not among the Gondothlim, save it be old Salgant!" Idril laughed amid her sorrow. "Nay, where is Salgant?" Eärendil asked. Salgant had told him quaint tales or played drolleries with him at times, and the child had much laughter of the old Noldoin those days when he came many a day to the house of Tuor (loving the good wine and fair repast he there recieved). But none could say where Salgant was; he probably perished in the flames or was made a thrall.

====Passage of the Encircling Mountains====

They came to the foothills and it was full morning, but still grey, and there night to the beginning of the upward road folk stretched them and rested in a little dale finged with trees and hazel-bushes. Many slept, for they were greatly exhausted. Tuor, however, kept strict watch.

Eärendil, meanwhile, quenched his thirst and played beside a little brook with his mother. Then he said to her "Mother Idril, I would we had good Ecthelion of the Fountain here to play to me on his flute, or make me willow-whistles! Perchance he has gone on ahead?" But Idril said nay, and told him the fate of that lord. Eärendil wept, and said that he wished never to see the streets of Gondolin ever again. And Tuor responded that he would not. "For Gondolin is no more," he said.

At sunset they rose again, and they wound about through the hills. They turning saw Gondolin for the last time, and then the sun disappeared, and they saw it never again.

The Pass of Cristhorn, which is the [[Eagle's Cleft]] was dangerous going, and the host would not ventured it by dark, with no light to guide them, and many women, children, and sick, had not their fear of Melkor's scouts been greater. Darkness gathered, and they were forced to string out into a long straggling line. Galdor and a party of spearmen went ahead, and Legolas with them. Then came the least weary women and children supporting the sick that could go on foot, after which walked the House of the Wing. After the House of the Wing was Egalmoth leading the slower women and children, as well as the sick. At the back was the House of the Golden Flower of Glorfindel.

====Glorfindel and the Balrog====

As they came to Cristhorn, dark shapes that had lain hidden even from the eyes of Legolas leaped forward, and Galdor's men were beset. Tuor thought that they had fallen in with one of Melkor's ranging companies, and feared no more than a sharp brush in the dark. But he sent the women and sick rearward and joined with Galdor in the fray. But rocks fell from above, and it looked as if the battle would go ill for the Gondothlim. And with the enemies was a [[Balrog]].

Then Tuor realized that it was a trap, and now Galdor and Glorfindel held back the assault, and many of the orcs were stricken into the abyss. And [[Thorondor]] rose with his people, the [[Thornhoth]], and they fell upon the orcs, and the battle turned.

Suddenly the Balrog leaped across the chasm, and came among the women and children, lashing his great whip of flame. But Glorfindel was there, and long they fought. His mail defended him from whip and claw, and they fought on a high rock which all could see. Glorfindel had hewn off the Balrog's whip arm, but the balrog leaped forward, and though Glorfindel stabbed forward only the shoulder it found, and for a while they swayed upon the crag-top. Then Glorfindel drew a dirk, and pierced the Balrog's belly, which was up to his face. But even as the Balrog fell with a shriek it grasped Glorfindel's long golden hair, and both descended into the abyss.

Then the orcs fled, and Thorondor bore back up the body of Glorfindel, but the Balrog remained down in the abyss in the water of the [[Thorn Sir]], and it was black for many a day after.

And so they raised a cairn over the body of Glorfindel, and the yellow flowers grew there ever after. Thorondor would not allow orcs to come near from that moment on.

====The Coming to the Land of Willows====

After much suffering the exiles came at last to the Land of Willows, where once Tuor had dwelt, and [[Tulkas]] had fought Melkor. And there they healed themselves, and there their wounds were healed, and their women and maidens grew fair again. But they did not smile any more.

All that remained of the Gondothlim was three hundred and twenty men and boys, and two hundred and sixty women and children. And they dwelt at the [[Mouths of the Sirion]], and they took up the name [[Lothlim]], that is the People of the Flower, for no longer would they be called Gondothlim. And Eärendil grew great among that people, and there the tale of Tuor ends.

And Littleheart said "Alas for Gondolin." And no one in that room spoke or moved for a great while.

== Significance ==

The Fall of Gondolin was the first of the stories to be written in the [[Book of Lost Tales]] and was conceived when Tolkien was recovering in field hospital after the Battle of the Somme during the [[World War 1|First World War]]. This influence can be seen in a 'secret weapon' of Morgoth's that Tolkien describes:

"Melko assembled all his most cunning smiths and sorcorers, and of iron and flame they wrought a host of monsters such as have only at that time been seen and shall not again be until the Great End."

These "monsters" take the form of vast iron machines forged in the likeness of the dragons which also assault Gondolin. They act as an all terrain vehicle and troop transport during the battle. "But now Gothmog...gathered all his things of iron that could coil themselves around and above all obstacles"; "...and their hollow bellies clanged...Then were the topmost opened about their middles and an innumerable host of orcs...poured there from the breach".

While Tolkien often uses words such as 'iron' and 'brazen' in relation to monsters (particularly dragons) [[Christopher Tolkien]] confirms in the commentry that "the language employed suggest that some at least of the 'monsters' were inanimate 'devices'." Some (such as [[John Garth]] in 'Tolkien and the Great War') have suggested that with these 'iron serpents' Tolkien was inspired by the tanks which made their debut in the Battle of the Somme, a parralel to the real life battle he had just survived.

==See also==
*[[Twelve Houses of the Gondothlim]]
*[[Gondolin]]
*[[Fall of Gondolin screenplay]]

[[Category:Gondolin and Turgon]]
[[Category:Battles]]
[[Category:Writings]]

__NOTOC__

Hobbiton

2007-05-30T13:40:37Z

Erniel: minor typo fixes

{{location
| image=[[Image:J.R.R. Tolkien - The Hill - Hobbiton-across-the-Water (Colored).jpg|250px]]
| name=Hobbiton
| othernames=
| etymology=[[Westron]] ''[[Hobbit]]'' + anglicized ''town'' (''ton'')
| type=City
| location=The [[Westfarthing]]
| inhabitants=[[Hobbits]]
| realms=The [[Shire]]
| description=A small town overlooked by [[The Hill]]
| events=[[Scouring of the Shire]]
| references=''[[The Hobbit]]''
|}}

'''Hobbiton''' was a large town in the central regions of the [[Shire]], within the borders of the [[Westfarthing]]. The town was overlooked by [[Hobbiton Hill]] (usually called simply '[[The Hill]]'), in which was [[Bag End]], the ancestral smial of the [[Baggins Family]] and the famous [[Frodo Baggins|Frodo]] and [[Bilbo Baggins]]. Hobbiton was located on the [[Water]], approximately a mile northwest of the neighboring village of [[Bywater]]. The [[Bywater Road]] passed through both villages and connected them to the [[Great East Road]] to the south.

The village of Hobbiton was on both sides of the Water. The dwellings were standard of [[Hobbits]], referred to as [[smials]] or [[Hobbit-holes]] but there were also buildings of wood, brick, or stone. One of the more prominent buildings in Hobbiton was [[Sandyman's Mill]] which stood on the north side of the Water, near the bridge. The [[Old Grange]] was on the west side of the lane which ran from the bridge to the Hill where [[Bag End]] stood. On the southern side of the Hill were three smaller Hobbit-holes along [[Bagshot Row]], on the south of the Water there were several other dwellings. The town also has their own Post Office.

After the [[War of the Ring]], Hobbiton was devasted by [[The Scouring of the Shire]]. [[Lotho Sackville-Baggins]] had named himself Chief and rough-looking [[Men]] had come to Hobbiton on Lotho's invitation. Frodo and his companions were stunned to see their homes, trees and hedges all torn up.

{{quote|It was one of the saddest hours in their lives. The great chimney rose up before them; and as they drew near the old village across the Water, through rows of new mean houses along each side of the road, they saw the new mill in all its frowning and dirty ugliness: a great brick building straddling the stream, which it fouled with a steaming and stinking overflow. All along the Bywater Road every tree had been felled.|[[The Return of the King]]. [[The Scouring of the Shire]]}}

After the Scouring of the Shire, Bag End was restored and new holes were dug along Bagshot Row. The new mill was removed. [[Sam Gamgee]] spread [[Galadriel]]'s gift of earth from her orchard around the Shire, paying special attention to Hobbiton and Bywater. He planted the [[mallorn]] seed in the [[Party Field]] by the Hill where the [[Party Tree]] had once stood. Soon Hobbiton was a peaceful and beautiful village once again.

[[Category:Shire]]
[[Category:Cities]]

House of Haleth

2007-05-30T01:13:22Z

Erniel: /* Later History */ typo fix

The [[House of Haleth]], also known as the '''Haladin''' was the second House of the [[Edain]] to come over the [[Ered Luin]] into Beleriand and survived longest of all three houses, owing to their defensive strategy during [[The War of the Jewels]].

== History ==
The Haladin entered Beleriand in 311 F.A. Unlike The [[House of Bëor]] before them and the [[House of Hador]] after however they did not advance to [[Estolad]] but instead dwelt without leave in the south of [[Caranthir|Caranthir's]] realm of [[Thargelion]]. The Haladin had no overall leader and so settled in scattered groups in that region. This style of living though came to an end in 375F.A when a host of orcs assaulted their territory. In answer to this [[Haldad]] took command of the people, building a stockade between the angle of the rivers [[Gelion]] and [[Ascar]] south of [[Sarn Athrad]]. There he led the defence of his people until he and his son [[Haldar]] were slain whereupon his daughter [[Haleth]] took up the leadership of the house and held out for a week until Caranthir's army could relieve them. In honour of the valiance of Haleth Caranthir offered the House of Haleth a feif in his lands but Haleth declined and instead led her people away passing through Estolad and [[Nan Dungortheb]] before temporarily inhabiting Talath Dirnen and finally moving to the [[Forest of Brethil]] where the House of Haleth (as it was now named in their leader's honour) would remain, centered around the capital of [[Amon Obel]].

Eventually Haleth died but as she had produced no heirs the title of [[Chieftain of the Haladin]] returned to her brother Haldar's line and to his son [[Haldan]] who ruled for 31 years before dying leaving the leadership of the house to his son [[Halmir]]. Four years after in 455F.A [[Morgoth]] broke the [[Siege of Angband]] in the [[Dagor Bragollach]]. The House of Haleth played no active part in the battle but fought the hosts of orcs that threatened their realm with the aid of the [[Sindar]] of [[Doriath]] under [[Beleg Cúthalion]]. Both Doriath and Brethil refused to play any great part in the war of the [[Ñoldor]] and their allies and only seldom did the House of Haleth march to war alongside them.

Of Halmir's four children, two married into the House of Hador; [[Haldir of the Haladin|Haldir]], his heir married Hador's daughter [[Glóredhel]], while [[Hareth]] married [[Galdor of Dor-lómin|Galdor]] producing the famed brothers [[Húrin Thalion|Húrin]] and [[Huor]], who, in the upheaval following the Bragollach were fostered for a while by Haldir in Brethil.

When the [[Union of Maedhros]] was formed, Halmir offered the aid of the House of Haleth and made preparations for war but a year prior to the [[Nirnaeth Arnoediad]] he died and the promise was left for his son Haldir to fulfill. Haldir took part in the battle and was slain, alongside his brother [[Hundar]]. The son of Haldir [[Handir]] took up the leadership but he himself was slain in one of the many orc raids on Brethil at that time and the position passed to his son [[Brandir the Lame|Brandir]].

== Later History ==

After the death of [[Handir]] the House of Haleth dwindled and became more reclusive but survived on. It was during the reign of Brandir that [[Túrin Turambar]] son of Húrin came to Brethil and became in all but name it's leader, leading them in warfare in much the same manner as he had the elves of [[Nargothrond]]. Túrin's presence brought the dragon [[Glaurung]] to Brethil and though Túrin succeeded in slaying the beast, he slew Brandir in a rage as the final threads sparing him from his doom unravelled. Túrin's suicide ended that period in the history of the Haladin.

But their dealings with Húrin and his cursed kin were not yet over for Húrin himself came among them after twenty eight years of captivity in Angband. Now a broken man he succeeded in sparking a civil war in the House of Haleth owing to his perception of the treatment of his [[Morwen Eledhwen|wife]] whom he found at the [[Stone of the Hapless|grave of their children]]. [[Obel Halad]] was burnt and all potential heirs slain or driven away in the anarchy that followed. In that way did the House of Haleth cease to be in the year 500F.A

== Family tree of the House of Haleth and descendants ==

<code>

[[Haldad]]
|
-------------------
| |
[[Haleth]] [[Haldar]]
|
[[Haldan]]
|
[[Halmir]]
|
----------------------------------------------
| | | |
[[Galdor of Dor-lómin|Galdor]] = [[Hareth]] [[Haldir of the Haladin|Haldir]] = [[Glóredhel]] [[Hundar]] [[Hiril]] = [[Enthor]]
| | |
--------------------- [[Handir]] [[Meleth]]
| | |
[[Rían]] = [[Huor]] [[Morwen]] = [[Húrin]] [[Brandir]]
| |
| ----------------
| | | |
[[Idril]] = [[Tuor]] [[Túrin]] [[Lalaith]] [[Nienor]]
|
[[Eärendil]]
[[Category:Edain]]

House of Haleth

2007-05-30T01:11:21Z

Erniel: /* History */ typo fix

The [[House of Haleth]], also known as the '''Haladin''' was the second House of the [[Edain]] to come over the [[Ered Luin]] into Beleriand and survived longest of all three houses, owing to their defensive strategy during [[The War of the Jewels]].

== History ==
The Haladin entered Beleriand in 311 F.A. Unlike The [[House of Bëor]] before them and the [[House of Hador]] after however they did not advance to [[Estolad]] but instead dwelt without leave in the south of [[Caranthir|Caranthir's]] realm of [[Thargelion]]. The Haladin had no overall leader and so settled in scattered groups in that region. This style of living though came to an end in 375F.A when a host of orcs assaulted their territory. In answer to this [[Haldad]] took command of the people, building a stockade between the angle of the rivers [[Gelion]] and [[Ascar]] south of [[Sarn Athrad]]. There he led the defence of his people until he and his son [[Haldar]] were slain whereupon his daughter [[Haleth]] took up the leadership of the house and held out for a week until Caranthir's army could relieve them. In honour of the valiance of Haleth Caranthir offered the House of Haleth a feif in his lands but Haleth declined and instead led her people away passing through Estolad and [[Nan Dungortheb]] before temporarily inhabiting Talath Dirnen and finally moving to the [[Forest of Brethil]] where the House of Haleth (as it was now named in their leader's honour) would remain, centered around the capital of [[Amon Obel]].

Eventually Haleth died but as she had produced no heirs the title of [[Chieftain of the Haladin]] returned to her brother Haldar's line and to his son [[Haldan]] who ruled for 31 years before dying leaving the leadership of the house to his son [[Halmir]]. Four years after in 455F.A [[Morgoth]] broke the [[Siege of Angband]] in the [[Dagor Bragollach]]. The House of Haleth played no active part in the battle but fought the hosts of orcs that threatened their realm with the aid of the [[Sindar]] of [[Doriath]] under [[Beleg Cúthalion]]. Both Doriath and Brethil refused to play any great part in the war of the [[Ñoldor]] and their allies and only seldom did the House of Haleth march to war alongside them.

Of Halmir's four children, two married into the House of Hador; [[Haldir of the Haladin|Haldir]], his heir married Hador's daughter [[Glóredhel]], while [[Hareth]] married [[Galdor of Dor-lómin|Galdor]] producing the famed brothers [[Húrin Thalion|Húrin]] and [[Huor]], who, in the upheaval following the Bragollach were fostered for a while by Haldir in Brethil.

When the [[Union of Maedhros]] was formed, Halmir offered the aid of the House of Haleth and made preparations for war but a year prior to the [[Nirnaeth Arnoediad]] he died and the promise was left for his son Haldir to fulfill. Haldir took part in the battle and was slain, alongside his brother [[Hundar]]. The son of Haldir [[Handir]] took up the leadership but he himself was slain in one of the many orc raids on Brethil at that time and the position passed to his son [[Brandir the Lame|Brandir]].

== Later History ==

After the death of [[Handir]] the House of Haleth dwindled and became more reclusive but survived on. It was during the reign of Brandir that [[Túrin Turambar]] son of Húrin came to Brethil and became in all but name it's leader, leading them in warfare in much the same manner as he had the elves of [[Nargothrond]]. Túrin's presence brought the dragon [[Glaurung]] to Brethil and though Túrin succeeded in slaying the beast, he slew Brandir in a rage as the final threads sparing him from his doom unravelled. Túrin's suicide ended that period in the history of the Haladin.

But their dealings with Húrin and his cursed kin were not yet over for Húrin himself came among them after twenty eight years of captivity in Angband. Now a broken man he succeeded in sparking a civil war in the House of Haleth owing to his perception of the treatment of his [[Morwen Eledhwen|wife]] whom he found at the [[Stone of the Hapless|grave of their children]]. [[Obel Halad]] was burnt and all potential heirs slain or driven away in the anarchy was followed. In that way did the House of Haleth cease to be in the year 500F.A

== Family tree of the House of Haleth and descendants ==

<code>

[[Haldad]]
|
-------------------
| |
[[Haleth]] [[Haldar]]
|
[[Haldan]]
|
[[Halmir]]
|
----------------------------------------------
| | | |
[[Galdor of Dor-lómin|Galdor]] = [[Hareth]] [[Haldir of the Haladin|Haldir]] = [[Glóredhel]] [[Hundar]] [[Hiril]] = [[Enthor]]
| | |
--------------------- [[Handir]] [[Meleth]]
| | |
[[Rían]] = [[Huor]] [[Morwen]] = [[Húrin]] [[Brandir]]
| |
| ----------------
| | | |
[[Idril]] = [[Tuor]] [[Túrin]] [[Lalaith]] [[Nienor]]
|
[[Eärendil]]
[[Category:Edain]]

Livery of the heirs of Elendil

2007-05-26T19:22:52Z

Erniel: minor typo fixes

The [[Livery of Elendil]] were a number of symbols used by the [[Realms in Exile]] and their decendant kingdoms, [[Gondor]] and [[Arnor]]. It consisted of the [[Seven Stars]], the [[Crown of Gondor]] and the [[White Tree of Numenor|White Tree]]. Upon Arnor's fall and the failing of the line of the [[Kings of Gondor|Kings of Gondor]] the crown was largely dropped from usage and not until the coming of [[Aragorn II|Aragorn]], and the raising of his banner at the [[Battle of Pelennor Fields]], was the crown used again.

[[Category:Signs and Symbols]]

Sauron

2007-05-26T19:07:27Z

Erniel: /* Second Age */ typo fix

{{evil infobox
| image=[[Image:Dominic Norris - Sauron.jpg|250px]]
| name=Sauron
| othernames=[[Annatar]], [[Thû]], [[Necromancer]]
| birth=Before the [[Music of the Ainur]]
| rule=[[FA 590]] - [[TA 3019]]
| age=
| death=Diminished utterly [[TA 3019]]
| realm=[[Tol Sirion]], [[Dol Guldur]], [[Mordor]]
| gender=Male
| race=[[Maiar]]
| description=
| characteristics=
|}}

'''Sauron''' was the Lieutenant of [[Morgoth]], who after his fall became his own Dark Lord, his most famous role and the time of his passing recounted in ''[[Lord of the Rings]]''.

His name is pronounced "sour-on" (''sour'' as in not sweet), or in [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPA IPA] as: {{IPA|/'sɑʊɻɒn/}}.

== First Age ==
In the earliest of days, before the [[Valar]] entered [[Arda]], Sauron was in origin an "angelic" spirit called a [[Maiar|Maia]] in Tolkien's invented mythology. He was at first the chief servant of [[Aulë]], the Smith, one of the Valar, or ruling powers of the world. However, Sauron was soon perverted by the Dark Lord Melkor (later known as [[Morgoth]], an evil Vala), and Sauron himself turned to evil. Ever after, Sauron served Morgoth faithfully, and even in later days, after Morgoth was defeated and locked outside the confines of the world, Sauron encouraged and coerced [[Men]] to worship Morgoth as God. However, while Morgoth wanted to either control or destroy the very matter of [[Arda]] itself, Sauron's desire was to dominate the minds and wills of its creatures. It was in this that Sauron was wiser than Morgoth.

[[Image:Ted Nasmith - Huan Subdues Sauron.jpg|thumb|left|''Huan Subdues Sauron'', by [[Ted Nasmith]]]]
During the [[First Age]], the [[Noldor]]in [[Elves]] left the [[Blessed Realm]] of [[Valinor]] in the [[West|Utter West]] (against the counsel of the Valar) in order to wage war on Morgoth, who had stolen the precious [[Silmarils]]. In that war, Sauron served as Morgoth's chief lieutenant, surpassing all others in rank. Known as '''''Gorthaur the Cruel''''', Sauron at that time was a master of illusions and changes of form, and [[Werewolves]] were his servants, chief among them [[Draugluin]], Sire of Werewolves, and [[Thuringwethil]], his vampire herald. When Morgoth left [[Angband]] to corrupt the newly awakened [[Men]], Sauron directed the War against the [[Elves]]. He conquered the Elvish isle of [[Tol Sirion]], so that it became known as ''Tol-in-Gaurhoth'', the Isle of Werewolves.

Ten years later, [[Finrod Felagund]], the king of [[Nargothrond]] and former lord of [[Tol Sirion]], died protecting [[Beren Erchamion|Beren]] in captivity there; soon afterwards, [[Lúthien]] and [[Huan]] the Wolfhound defeated Sauron in that place and rescued Beren from the dungeons. After his resounding defeat by Lúthien, Sauron played little part in the events of the First Age (possibly hiding from Morgoth), and after his master was defeated and cast out by the Valar, Sauron repented (apparently) and pled for mercy. But he was unwilling to return to the Utter West for judgement, and so he fled and hid.

== Second Age ==
[[Image:Annatar.jpg|thumb|left|''Annatar'' as envisioned by [[Weta]] from [[Peter Jackson's The Lord of the Rings]]]]
After lying hidden and dormant for about one thousand years, Sauron put on a fair visage in the [[Second Age]]. Calling himself '''''Annatar''''', the Lord of Gifts, he befriended the Elvish smiths of [[Eregion]], and counseled them in arts and magic. Not all the Elves trusted him, particularly Lady [[Galadriel]] and [[Gil-galad]], High King of the Ñoldor, but few listened to them. The Elves forged [[Rings of Power]], but in secret Sauron forged the [[One Ring]] in [[Mount Doom]] to rule the other rings, investing most of his own power into the Ring as he forged it.

In this time Sauron became known as the [[Dark Lord]] of [[Mordor]]. He raised [[Barad-dûr]], the Dark Tower, near Mount Doom; constructed the [[Black Gate]] of Mordor to prevent invasion; corrupted nine mortal Men with Rings of Power and turned them into the [[Nazgûl]] (Ringwraiths), his chief servants; and raised massive armies of [[Orcs]], [[Trolls]], and Men, chiefly [[Easterlings]] and [[Southrons]]. Because of this, towards the end of the Second Age, Sauron assumed the titles of '''Lord of the Earth''' and '''King of Men'''.

[[Image:Ted Nasmith - The Forging of the One.jpg|thumb|''The Forging of the One'', by [[Ted Nasmith]]]]
This offended the Númenóreans, the powerful Men descended from the line of Beren and Lúthien, who lived on the island of Númenor in the sea between Middle-earth and Valinor. The proud Númenóreans came to Middle-earth with great force of arms, and Sauron's forces fled. Realizing he could not defeat the Numenoreans with military strength, Sauron allowed himself to be taken as a hostage to Númenor by King [[Ar-Pharazôn]]. There, he quickly grew from captive to advisor; he converted many Númenóreans to the worship of Morgoth, and raised a great temple in which he performed human sacrifices. Finally, he convinced the king to rebel against the Valar and attack Valinor itself. [[Eru]], the supreme god, then directly intervened: Númenor was drowned under the sea, and the great navy of Númenor was destroyed. Sauron was diminished in the flood of Númenor, and fled back to Mordor, where he slowly rebuilt his strength during the time known as the [[Dark Years]].

From this point on he was unable to assume a fair shape, and ruled now through terror and force. A few faithful Númenóreans were saved from the flood, and they founded [[Gondor]] and [[Arnor]] in Middle-earth. These faithful Men, led by [[Elendil]] and his sons, allied with the Elven-king, Gil-galad, and together fought Sauron and, after a long war, defeated him, although both Elendil and Gil-galad were killed. [[Isildur]], son of Elendil, cut the One Ring from Sauron's finger and claimed it. Later, the Ring betrayed him and was lost for more than two thousand years.

== Third Age ==
In the [[Third Age]], Sauron rose yet again, at first in a stronghold called [[Dol Guldur]], the Hill of Sorcery, in southern [[Mirkwood]]. There he was known as the '''''[[Necromancer]]''''', and the Elves did not recognize him at first. [[Gandalf]] the [[Wizards|Wizard]] stole into Dol Guldur and discovered the truth; eventually the [[White Council]] of Wizards and Elves put forth their might and drove Sauron out. But the White Council was led by [[Saruman]], who wanted the Ring for himself, and Sauron simply moved back to Mordor and raised Barad-dûr again. He fortified Mordor and prepared for war against Gondor and the Elves, with Saruman now his servant.

Sauron bred immense armies of Orcs and allies with which enslaved Men from the east and south. He adopted the symbol of a lidless eye, and he was able at that time to send out his will over Middle-earth, so that the [[Eye of Sauron]] was a symbol of power and fear. It is possible that he could still take physical form other than the lidless eye, as a former Ringbearer, [[Gollum]] (see below) speaks to [[Frodo Baggins|Frodo]] of Sauron only having four fingers on 'the Black Hand'.

After torturing Gollum, he learned that the One Ring had been found by [[Bilbo Baggins]] [[The Hobbit]]. He sent his agents to the [[Shire]], Bilbo's home, only to find that both Bilbo and his nephew, [[Frodo Baggins|Frodo]], had gone. Unbeknownst to Sauron, Frodo had, at the behest of Gandalf, joined the [[Fellowship of the Ring]] on a quest to destroy the Ring forever by casting it into the fires of Mount Doom, in the heart of Mordor. He rallied his vast armies to conquer the resistance's strongholds, and sent the Ringwraiths to find and kill Frodo. At about this time, he also learned that [[Aragorn II|Aragorn]], Isildur's heir, had also joined the Fellowship, and was rallying armies to defeat his.

[[Image:Ted Nasmith - The Shadow of Sauron.jpg|thumb|220px|left|''The Shadow of Sauron'', by [[Ted Nasmith]]]]
When Saruman's army is defeated at [[Isengard]], Aragorn uses the Palantir of Orthanc to reveal himself to Sauron. Sauron jumps to the conclusion that Aragorn has the ring and sends an army commanded by his strongest servant, The Witch-King of Angmar, to overthrow [[Minas Tirith in Gondor|Minas Tirith]] in what would become known as the [[Battle of the Pelennor Fields]].

Although Sauron loses the Battle of Pelennor Fields, the free forces of the west are greatly weakened, and Sauron still has sufficent armies in reserve to ensure military victory. He is outwitted, however, by the strategy of Gandalf, who urges the captains of the free peoples to march against Sauron, thus diverting the Dark Lord's eye from the real threat of Frodo, the Ring Bearer, who is nearing the end of his quest to destroy the One Ring.

Frodo, however, fails at the last moment, unable to resist the power of the Ring at the place of its birth. But Gollum inadvertently saves him by recovering the Ring in a desperate attempt to possess it and then falling with it into the fire. Thus Sauron's power is unmade, and his corporeal power in Middle-earth comes to an end. His spirit towers above Mordor like a black cloud, but is blown away by a powerful wind from the [[Aman|West]], and Sauron is now permanently crippled, never to rise again. ([[Saruman]] soon suffers a lesser version of this fate.)

== Names and Titles ==
''Sauron'' (originally '''''Thauron''''') is [[Quenya]], and can be translated as ''the Abhorred'' or ''the Abomination''; in [[Sindarin]] he is called ''Gorthaur'' the [[Necromancer]], ''the Abhorred Dread''. He is also called the '''Nameless Enemy''', which is hardly accurate (but perhaps an effort to lessen his psychological impact), whereas Morgoth is the Dark Enemy. The Dúnedain call him '''Sauron the Deceiver''' due to his role in the downfall of Númenor and the Forging of the Rings of Power. His two most common titles, the Dark Lord of Mordor and the ''Lord of the Rings'', appear only a few times in the books. His other titles were similar to Morgoth's.

== Other Versions of the Legendarium ==
Prior to the publication of ''The Silmarillion'' Sauron's origins and true identity were unclear to those without full access to Tolkien's notes. In early editions of the ''[[The Complete Guide to Middle-earth|Guide to Middle Earth]]'', Sauron is described as "probably of the Eldar elves."

Since the earliest versions of the ''Silmarillion'' legendarium as detailed in [[the History of Middle-earth]] series, Sauron has undergone many changes. The prototype of this character was '''[[Tevildo]]''', lord of the cats, who played the role later taken by Sauron in the earliest version of the story of [[Beren Erchamion|Beren]] and [[Lúthien]] in ''[[The Book of Lost Tales]]'', the '''[[Tale of Tinúviel]]'''. Tevildo later (but still in the ''Book of Lost Tales'' period) was transformed into '''[[Thû]]''', the Necromancer. The name was then changed to '''Gorthû''', '''Sûr''', and finally to Sauron. ''Gorthû'', in the form ''Gorthaur'' remained in ''The Silmarillion''.

== See Also ==
* '''[[:Category:Images of Sauron|Images of Sauron]]'''
* [[Akallabêth]]
* [[Of the Rings of Power and the Third Age]]
* [[The Dark Lord Sauron polystone statue]]

{{maiar}}

[[Category:Maiar]]

Egnor

2007-05-26T19:02:09Z

Erniel: minor typo fix

'''Egnor''' was a figure that never became prominent in [[J.R.R. Tolkien|Tolkien's]] legendarium. He appeared once as the [[Gnomes|Gnomish]] father of [[Beren Erchamion]] in the ''[[Tale of Tinúviel]]''. In the ''[[Lay of Leithian]]'' he was one of the sons of [[Finarfin]] (at that point called Finrod) falling during the [[Siege of Angband]]. It is possible that Egnor is who developed into [[Aegnor]] son of [[Finarfin]].

[[Category:Characters]]

Gorgol

2007-05-26T18:58:50Z

Erniel: typo fix

[[Gorgol the Butcher|Gorgol]] was an [[orc]] captain during the [[First Age]] found in the [[Lay of Leithian]]. He is noted as being the leader of the band who slew [[Barahir son of Bregor|Barahir]] and his men at [[massacre at Tarn Aeluin|Tarn Aeluin]] and as such claimed the [[Ring of Barahir]] which he was ordered to retrieve to prove the feat. Gorgol's orcs were later attacked by [[Beren Erchamion|Beren]], Barahir's son, and slain, Beren reclaiming his father's ring.

[[Category: Orcs]]

Aragorn II

2007-05-23T04:49:47Z

Erniel: /* Fellowship of the Ring and events preceding */ minor fix

{{Royalty infobox
| image= [[Image:John Howe - Elessar (Battlefields boardgame).jpg|250px]]
| name= Aragorn Elessar
| othernames= Estel, Thorongil, Strider, Wingfoot, Telcontar, Elfstone, Isildur's Heir, Elessar
| birth= III 2931
| rule= III 3019
| death= IV 120
| age= 210 years
| realms= [[Gondor]] and [[Arnor]] (the [[Reunited Kingdom]])
| race= [[Men]]
| gender= Male
| height=
| hair= Dark Brown
| eyes=
|}}
{{quote|...But he was called Estel, that is "Hope", and his true name and lineage were kept secret at the bidding of Elrond; for the Wise then knew that the Enemy was seeking to discover the Heir of Isildur, if any remained upon the earth.|[[Appendix A]]}}
'''Aragorn II''' ([[Third Age]] March 1, 2931 – [[Fourth Age]] 120, aged 210 years) was the son of [[Arathorn II]] and [[Gilraen]]. He was was a [[Chieftain of the Dúnedain]] and a direct descendant through many generations of [[Isildur]], the last [[High King]] of both [[Arnor]] and [[Gondor]]. Aragorn would become the greatest man of his time, leading the [[Men of the West]] against [[Sauron]]'s forces, helping to destroy the [[One Ring]], a reuniting the [[Reunited Kingdom|Kingdoms of Arnor and Gondor]].

Aragorn was named after his ancestor, [[Aragorn I]]. His name means "Lord of the Tree" in [[Sindarin]]. This name, belonging to him, may have been prophetically referring to the [[White Tree of Minas Tirith]].

==History==

===Early Life===
When Aragorn was two years old, his father was slain when a [[Orc]] arrow pierced his eye. As was the tradition of his people, Aragorn was fostered in [[Rivendell]] by [[Elrond]]. By Elrond's order, his identity was kept secret, as he feared he would be slain like his father and grandfather. Aragorn was named '''''[[Estel]]''''' ([[Sindarin]] for "Hope") instead, and was not told about his heritage until he came of age in 2951.

[[Image:Stephen Hickman - Aragorn and Arwen.jpg|thumb|200px|left|''Aragorn and Arwen'' by [[Stephen Hickman]]]]Elrond revealed to "Estel" his true name and ancestry in 2951, when Aragorn was twenty years old, and delivered to him the shards of [[Narsil]] and the [[Ring of Barahir]]. The next day, in the woods of Rivendell, Aragorn met and fell in love with [[Arwen Evenstar|Arwen]], daughter of Elrond, who had newly returned from [[Lórien in Middle-earth|Lórien]].

===Life as a Ranger===

Aragorn took up his proper name as Aragorn II, sixteenth of the Chieftains of the Dúnedain, and went into [[The Wild]].

In 2953 he was not present in Rivendell for the last meeting of the [[White Council]]. Aragorn met [[Gandalf the Grey]] in 2956, and they became great friends. At Gandalf's advice he started to become interested in the [[Shire]], and became known around the area as '''''Strider'''''.

From 2957 to 2980 Aragorn took great journeys, serving in the armies of King [[Thengel]] of [[Rohan]], and Steward [[Ecthelion II]] of Gondor. Many of his tasks weakened [[Sauron]] and his allies, which during the [[War of the Ring]] helped the West survive. His name in Gondor and Rohan was '''''Thorongil''''' (Sindarin for "Eagle of the Star"), and with a few Gondorian ships he led a night assault on the [[Haven of Umbar]] in 2980, destroying many of their ships and slaying its lord. He later left Gondor to travel into the far East and South "exploring the hearts of men good and evil". And learning about the "plots and devices" of the servants of the Dark Lord. Later in 2980 he was in Lórien, and there once again met Arwen. He gave her the heirloom of his House, the [[Ring of Barahir]], and Arwen pledged her hand to him in marriage.

Elrond gave his foster-son permission to marry his daughter, on the condition that he must first become king of both Gondor and Arnor, for only a king would be worthy of Arwen's hand. This may seem a harsh condition, but it should be noted that it is significantly more lenient than the closest precedent, King [[Thingol]]'s request that [[Beren Erchamion|Beren]] obtain a [[Silmaril]] from [[Morgoth]] before marrying his daughter [[Lúthien]].

===War of the Ring===
===Fellowship of the Ring and events preceding===

Aragorn occasionally went on errands for his friend [[Gandalf]], among them the search for [[Gollum]], as the Wizard sought information as to the queer [[One Ring|ring]] that had formerly been in his possession, his “birthday-present”.

As he passed through [[Bree]] one time in September of the year [[TA 3018|3018]], he spied upon and followed four suspicious [[Hobbits]]. By this spying and because of how clumsily they hid their true names and purpose, Aragorn made a reasonably accurate guess as to who they were. Aragorn had been told somewhat of the goings-on and Gandalf’s suspicions, and resolved to help them. [[Frodo Baggins]], the leader of the party, first saw and met him at [[The Prancing Pony]] inn. Aragorn, whose name was given as Strider, seemed to show no surprise, only annoyance at Frodo’s foolish vanishing act. He arranged for an interview that night, where he warned them of the [[Black Riders]] and [[Bill Ferny]], then bluntly requesting that they use him as a guide. After some consideration, and a note given them by the forgetful [[Barliman Butterbur]] from Gandalf condoning him, Frodo agreed.

Aragorn’s plan to get to Rivendell was to head first toward [[Archet]] and bear right to [[Weathertop]]. After the [[Ambush at Weathertop]] and the wounding of Frodo, [[Meriadoc Brandybuck|Merry]] took over the position as leader of the Hobbits. After a while they met [[Glorfindel of Rivendell|Glorfindel]], a friend of Aragorn’s, and it was not much later that they arrived in Rivendell.

Aragorn, when in Rivendell, switched cloaks from that of the Ranger to that of the Lord of the Dúnedain, the Elf-friend. He was elected as Gandalf’s second in the [[Fellowship of the Ring]], and served throughout their journeys together as his chief advisor.

Aragorn encouraged the taking of the [[Redhorn Pass]], which ended in disaster. He reluctantly conceded to Gandalf’s plan to pass through [[Moria]], though his sense of foresight warned him for Gandalf. Indeed, after Gandalf was taken down by [[Durin’s Bane]], Aragorn was naturally elected leader of the company, despite some resentment by his companion [[Boromir (son of Denethor II)|Boromir]].

Aragorn again amazed the rest of the Fellowship by his apparent closeness to the people of [[Lothlórien]], and his friendship with [[Celeborn (Lord of Lórien)|Celeborn]] and [[Galadriel]]. Even at the [[Falls of Rauros]] he was undecided, leaving it to Frodo for the final decision. For though it was obvious he wished to go to [[Minas Tirith]] with Boromir, he yet felt that it was his duty to go where the [[Ringbearer]] chose.

===The early War of the Ring===

After Frodo escaped him and Boromir perished, he with the remaining members of the Fellowship, namely [[Legolas of Mirkwood|Legolas]] and [[Gimli Elf-friend|Gimli]], chose to try and save Merry and [[Pippin]] from the [[Uruk-hai]] that had ambushed them, forming the group that would later be known as the [[Three Hunters]].

He met [[Éomer]] in the fields of [[Rohan]], and an instant friendship formed, both feeling the honesty and lordliness of the other. Éomer took a risk for his sake, giving him horses, with the promise that one day soon Aragorn would return to [[Edoras]]. Aragorn, tracking the Hobbits, followed into Fangorn forest, where he met the resurrected [[Gandalf the White]]. After the restoration of [[Théoden]], he rode to [[Helm’s Deep]] to fight in the [[Battle of the Hornburg]]. There he, alongside his new-found “brother” Éomer, and King Théoden, marshaled the defense against [[Saruman]]’s army. His revealed majesty upon the battlements of the Hornburg as he waited for the dawn caused some of the [[Wild men]] to pause and shudder, and he heralded the return of Gandalf with [[Erkenbrand]].

After Pippin’s terrifying experience with the [[Orthanc-stone]], Gandalf presented it in a formal manner to Aragorn, its rightful master, who hinted that it would be used by him eventually. After the departure of Gandalf and Pippin to Minas Tirith, he rode for a while longer with Théoden, meeting up with his friend [[Halbarad]] of the North, [[Elladan]] and [[Elrohir]], and a company of staunch and fearless Rangers. Elladan and Elrohir gave him a message from Elrond: “''The days are short. If thou art in haste, remember the [[Paths of the Dead]]''”. Halbarad bore a gift from the Lady Arwen – the [[Standard of Elendil]]. Aragorn knew the path set before him.

===Return of the King===

A little while later Aragorn took his companions and his rangers and set out for [[Dunharrow]], departing from the King’s company. His course was clear: to take the Paths of the Dead, to summon the [[Dead Men]]. He met in Dunharrow the lady [[Éowyn]], who had fallen in love with him. After making it clear that he could not accept her love, he turned away down the evil road with the dawn.

The [[Grey Company]] passed through the [[Dark Door]] and the [[Dwimorberg]], the Dead following, and coming at last to the [[Black Stone of Erech]], Aragorn summoned them to his aid. They drew their swords and blew their horns in answer, and swept down upon the [[Corsairs]] at [[Pelargir]] drove the mariners away. Aragorn released them, and took the [[Black Ships]] north to Minas Tirith, where the [[Battle of the Pelennor Fields]] raged. The Standard of Elendil broke forth, and his Dúnedain swept down, giving the final blow to the army of [[Gothmog (Lieutenant of Morgul)|Gothmog]]. The counterattacked army of [[Sauron]] crumbled utterly. But Aragorn did not enter the city.

Aragorn, furling his banner, appointed [[Imrahil]] the temporary lord of the City, as the law demanded. Eventually, however, Aragorn did come to the [[Houses of Healing]], where he tended and restored Merry, Éowyn, and [[Faramir]], in accordance with the prophecy “''The hands of the king are the hands of a healer, and so shall the rightful king be known''”. Aragorn then left the city, hooded and cloaked, and yet the people of Minas Tirith followed him, for they had heard rumors. Yet when in the morning they saw the banner of [[Dol Amroth]], they wondered if the Return of the King had been but a dream.

Aragorn held [[Last Debate|council]] with his trusted companions, namely Gandalf, Éomer, Imrahil, and Elrond’s sons – Halbarad had fallen in battle. He agreed to pull forth the forces of [[Mordor]] for the benefit of the [[Quest of the Ring]], and so arranged matters for the [[Battle of the Morannon]]. After the Destruction of the Ring in [[Orodruin]] and victory at the [[Morannon]], Aragorn returned at last in the triumphant manner that befitted his position. He was crowned at the gates of Minas Tirith, winning the hearts of the people of [[Gondor]]. Gandalf took him up the slopes of Mount [[Mindolluin]], and there Aragorn found the scion of [[Nimloth]], the symbol of his mastery of the [[Reunited Kingdom]]. He wedded Arwen shortly after, and then was forced to bid his old friends farewell. He turned back to his new kingdom as the [[Fourth Age]] dawned and the Ringbearers left the shores of Middle-earth forever.

===Reign as Elessar===

Aragorn ruled the [[Reunited Kingdom]] of Gondor and Arnor until year 120 of the [[Fourth Age]]. He died after 210 years of life and 122 years of rule. His wife Arwen, now mortal, gave up her life shortly afterwards in year 121, aged 2,901.

He founded the [[House of Telcontar]], and was succeeded by his son [[Eldarion]]. He also had a number of daughters, whose names were not recorded.

Through his ancestor Elendil, Aragorn was a descendant of the [[Númenóreans]], great [[Men]] who were granted long lives by the [[Valar]]. Though [[Númenor]] was destroyed, its people lived on as the [[Dúnedain]], and like their ancestors they too were long-lived. Thus Aragorn lived to a great age, finally passing on at 210 years.

==Other versions of the legendarium==
In the earliest unpublished versions of ''[[The Lord of the Rings]]'' (see ''[[The History of The Lord of the Rings]]''), the character that later became Aragorn was called '''''[[Trotter]]''''' instead of Strider, and was a [[Hobbit]] instead of a [[Men|Man]]. He had wooden feet, because he had once traveled to Mordor and been tortured there.

==Portrayal in adaptations==
<gallery>
Image:Aragorn from Rankin-Bass' The Return of the King.jpg|Aragorn as portrayed in [[Rankin/Bass' The Return of the King]]
Image:Strider from Ralph Bakshi's The Lord of the Rings.jpg|Aragorn as portrayed in [[Ralph Bakshi's The Lord of the Rings]]
Image:Aragorn grimace.jpg|[[Viggo Mortensen]] as Aragorn in [[Peter Jackson's The Lord of the Rings]]
</gallery>
In the [[Rankin/Bass]] animated version of [[Rankin/Bass' The Return of the King|The Return of the King]], Aragorn is voiced by [[Theodore Bikel]].

In Ralph Bakshi's animated film [[Ralph Bakshi's The Lord of the Rings|The Lord of the Rings]], Aragorn is voiced by [[John Hurt]].

In [[Peter Jackson's The Lord of the Rings]], Aragorn is played by American actor [[Viggo Mortensen]]. Instead of explaining the complicated circumstances of an heir of Isildur taking the throne in Gondor (see [[Pelendur]] for an example), in the movie Aragorn must overcome his self-doubt to choose the kingship. This cinematic element adds appeal to a modern audience, but in the books there is no doubt of his purpose to return as the king from the very first time his lineage is revealed.

==Genealogy==
<code>
[[Eärendil the Mariner|Eärendil]] = [[Elwing]]
| [[Celeborn, Lord of Lórien|Celeborn]] = [[Galadriel]]
| |
--------|-------- |
| | |
| | |
[[Elros]] [[Elrond]] = [[Celebrían]]
: |
[[Kings of Numenor]] |
: |
Lords of [[Andúnië]] |
: |
[[Elendil]] † |
| |
------|------ |
| | | † [[High King]] of [[Arnor]] ''and'' [[Gondor]]
| | |
[[Isildur]] † [[Anárion son of Elendil|Anárion]] |
: : |
: : |
''The Kings'' ''The Kings'' |
''of [[Arnor]]'' ''of [[Gondor]]'' |
: : |
: : |
: [[Eärnur]] ‡ | ‡ Last [[King of Gondor]]
: |
[[Chieftains of the Dúnedain|Chieftains of]] |
[[Chieftains of the Dúnedain|the Dúnedain]] |
: |
: |
[[Arathorn II]] = [[Gilraen]] |
| |
| |
'''ARAGORN II ELESSAR''' = [[Arwen]]
|
-------|-------
| |
| |
[[Eldarion]] ''numerous daughters''
</code>

==Other names and titles==
Aragorn was also known as '''Strider''', '''Elessar Telcontar''' ("Elfstone Strider"), '''Thorongil''', '''The Dúnadan''' ("Man of the West"), '''Longshanks''' (given by [[Bill Ferny]]), '''Wingfoot''' (given by [[Éomer]]), and '''Estel''' ("Hope"){{sequence
|prev=[[Arathorn II]]
|next=none (abandoned)
|list=[[Chieftain of the Dúnedain]] <code>III</code> 2933 – 3019
}} 
{{sequence
|prev=[[Eärnur]], 971 years earlier
|next=[[Eldarion]]
|list=[[King of Gondor]] <code>III</code> 3019 – <code>IV</code> 120
}} {{sequence
|prev=[[Arvedui]], 1,046 years earlier
|next=[[Eldarion]]
|list=[[King of Arnor]] <code>III</code> 3019 – <code>IV</code> 120
}} {{sequence
|prev=[[Isildur]], 3,017 years earlier
|next=[[Eldarion]]
|list=[[High King]] of the [[Reunited Kingdom]] <code>III</code> 3019 – <code>IV</code> 120
}} {{sequence
|prev=none
|next=[[Eldarion]]
|list=[[House of Telcontar]] <code>III</code> 3019 – <code>IV</code> 120
}}{{fellowship}}

==See also==
*[[:Category:Images of Aragorn|Images of Aragorn]]

[[Category:Dúnedain of the North]]
[[Category:Rulers of Arnor]]
[[Category:Rulers of Gondor]]
[[Category:Chieftains of the Dúnedain]]

Aragorn II

2007-05-23T04:45:25Z

Erniel: /* Life as a Ranger */ typo fix

{{Royalty infobox
| image= [[Image:John Howe - Elessar (Battlefields boardgame).jpg|250px]]
| name= Aragorn Elessar
| othernames= Estel, Thorongil, Strider, Wingfoot, Telcontar, Elfstone, Isildur's Heir, Elessar
| birth= III 2931
| rule= III 3019
| death= IV 120
| age= 210 years
| realms= [[Gondor]] and [[Arnor]] (the [[Reunited Kingdom]])
| race= [[Men]]
| gender= Male
| height=
| hair= Dark Brown
| eyes=
|}}
{{quote|...But he was called Estel, that is "Hope", and his true name and lineage were kept secret at the bidding of Elrond; for the Wise then knew that the Enemy was seeking to discover the Heir of Isildur, if any remained upon the earth.|[[Appendix A]]}}
'''Aragorn II''' ([[Third Age]] March 1, 2931 – [[Fourth Age]] 120, aged 210 years) was the son of [[Arathorn II]] and [[Gilraen]]. He was was a [[Chieftain of the Dúnedain]] and a direct descendant through many generations of [[Isildur]], the last [[High King]] of both [[Arnor]] and [[Gondor]]. Aragorn would become the greatest man of his time, leading the [[Men of the West]] against [[Sauron]]'s forces, helping to destroy the [[One Ring]], a reuniting the [[Reunited Kingdom|Kingdoms of Arnor and Gondor]].

Aragorn was named after his ancestor, [[Aragorn I]]. His name means "Lord of the Tree" in [[Sindarin]]. This name, belonging to him, may have been prophetically referring to the [[White Tree of Minas Tirith]].

==History==

===Early Life===
When Aragorn was two years old, his father was slain when a [[Orc]] arrow pierced his eye. As was the tradition of his people, Aragorn was fostered in [[Rivendell]] by [[Elrond]]. By Elrond's order, his identity was kept secret, as he feared he would be slain like his father and grandfather. Aragorn was named '''''[[Estel]]''''' ([[Sindarin]] for "Hope") instead, and was not told about his heritage until he came of age in 2951.

[[Image:Stephen Hickman - Aragorn and Arwen.jpg|thumb|200px|left|''Aragorn and Arwen'' by [[Stephen Hickman]]]]Elrond revealed to "Estel" his true name and ancestry in 2951, when Aragorn was twenty years old, and delivered to him the shards of [[Narsil]] and the [[Ring of Barahir]]. The next day, in the woods of Rivendell, Aragorn met and fell in love with [[Arwen Evenstar|Arwen]], daughter of Elrond, who had newly returned from [[Lórien in Middle-earth|Lórien]].

===Life as a Ranger===

Aragorn took up his proper name as Aragorn II, sixteenth of the Chieftains of the Dúnedain, and went into [[The Wild]].

In 2953 he was not present in Rivendell for the last meeting of the [[White Council]]. Aragorn met [[Gandalf the Grey]] in 2956, and they became great friends. At Gandalf's advice he started to become interested in the [[Shire]], and became known around the area as '''''Strider'''''.

From 2957 to 2980 Aragorn took great journeys, serving in the armies of King [[Thengel]] of [[Rohan]], and Steward [[Ecthelion II]] of Gondor. Many of his tasks weakened [[Sauron]] and his allies, which during the [[War of the Ring]] helped the West survive. His name in Gondor and Rohan was '''''Thorongil''''' (Sindarin for "Eagle of the Star"), and with a few Gondorian ships he led a night assault on the [[Haven of Umbar]] in 2980, destroying many of their ships and slaying its lord. He later left Gondor to travel into the far East and South "exploring the hearts of men good and evil". And learning about the "plots and devices" of the servants of the Dark Lord. Later in 2980 he was in Lórien, and there once again met Arwen. He gave her the heirloom of his House, the [[Ring of Barahir]], and Arwen pledged her hand to him in marriage.

Elrond gave his foster-son permission to marry his daughter, on the condition that he must first become king of both Gondor and Arnor, for only a king would be worthy of Arwen's hand. This may seem a harsh condition, but it should be noted that it is significantly more lenient than the closest precedent, King [[Thingol]]'s request that [[Beren Erchamion|Beren]] obtain a [[Silmaril]] from [[Morgoth]] before marrying his daughter [[Lúthien]].

===War of the Ring===
===Fellowship of the Ring and events preceding===

Aragorn occasionally went on errands for his friend [[Gandalf]], among them the search for [[Gollum]], as the Wizard sought information as to the queer [[One Ring|ring]] that had formerly been in his possession, his “birthday-present”.

As he passed through [[Bree]] one time in September of the year [[TA 3018|3018]], he spied upon and followed four suspicious [[Hobbits]]. By this spying and because of how clumsily they hid their true names and purpose, Aragorn made a reasonably accurate guess as to who they were. Aragorn had been told somewhat of the goings-on and Gandalf’s suspicions, and resolved to help them. [[Frodo Baggins]], the leader of the party, first saw and met him at [[The Prancing Pony]] inn. Aragorn, whose name was given as Strider, seemed to show no surprise, only annoyance at Frodo’s foolish vanishing act. He arranged for an interview that night, where he warned them of the [[Black Riders]] and [[Bill Ferny]], then bluntly requesting that they use him as a guide. After some consideration, and a note given them by the forgetful [[Barliman Butterbur]] from Gandalf condoning him, Frodo agreed.

Aragorn’s plan to get to Rivendell was to head first toward [[Archet]] and bear right to [[Weathertop]]. After the [[Ambush at Weathertop]] and the wounding of Frodo, [[Meriadoc Brandybuck|Merry]] took over the position as leader of the Hobbits. After a while they met [[Glorfindel of Rivendell|Glorfindel]], a friend of Aragorn’s, and it was not much longer that they arrived in Rivendell.

Aragorn, when in Rivendell, switched cloaks from that of the Ranger to that of the Lord of the Dúnedain, the Elf-friend. He was elected as Gandalf’s second in the [[Fellowship of the Ring]], and served throughout their journeys together as his chief advisor.

Aragorn encouraged the taking of the [[Redhorn Pass]], which ended in disaster. He reluctantly conceded to Gandalf’s plan to pass through [[Moria]], though his sense of foresight warned him for Gandalf. Indeed, after Gandalf was taken down by [[Durin’s Bane]], Aragorn was naturally elected leader of the company, despite some resentment by his companion [[Boromir (son of Denethor II)|Boromir]].

Aragorn again amazed the rest of the Fellowship by his apparent closeness to the people of [[Lothlórien]], and his friendship with [[Celeborn (Lord of Lórien)|Celeborn]] and [[Galadriel]]. Even at the [[Falls of Rauros]] he was undecided, leaving it to Frodo for the final decision. For though it was obvious he wished to go to [[Minas Tirith]] with Boromir, he yet felt that it was his duty to go where the [[Ringbearer]] chose.

===The early War of the Ring===

After Frodo escaped him and Boromir perished, he with the remaining members of the Fellowship, namely [[Legolas of Mirkwood|Legolas]] and [[Gimli Elf-friend|Gimli]], chose to try and save Merry and [[Pippin]] from the [[Uruk-hai]] that had ambushed them, forming the group that would later be known as the [[Three Hunters]].

He met [[Éomer]] in the fields of [[Rohan]], and an instant friendship formed, both feeling the honesty and lordliness of the other. Éomer took a risk for his sake, giving him horses, with the promise that one day soon Aragorn would return to [[Edoras]]. Aragorn, tracking the Hobbits, followed into Fangorn forest, where he met the resurrected [[Gandalf the White]]. After the restoration of [[Théoden]], he rode to [[Helm’s Deep]] to fight in the [[Battle of the Hornburg]]. There he, alongside his new-found “brother” Éomer, and King Théoden, marshaled the defense against [[Saruman]]’s army. His revealed majesty upon the battlements of the Hornburg as he waited for the dawn caused some of the [[Wild men]] to pause and shudder, and he heralded the return of Gandalf with [[Erkenbrand]].

After Pippin’s terrifying experience with the [[Orthanc-stone]], Gandalf presented it in a formal manner to Aragorn, its rightful master, who hinted that it would be used by him eventually. After the departure of Gandalf and Pippin to Minas Tirith, he rode for a while longer with Théoden, meeting up with his friend [[Halbarad]] of the North, [[Elladan]] and [[Elrohir]], and a company of staunch and fearless Rangers. Elladan and Elrohir gave him a message from Elrond: “''The days are short. If thou art in haste, remember the [[Paths of the Dead]]''”. Halbarad bore a gift from the Lady Arwen – the [[Standard of Elendil]]. Aragorn knew the path set before him.

===Return of the King===

A little while later Aragorn took his companions and his rangers and set out for [[Dunharrow]], departing from the King’s company. His course was clear: to take the Paths of the Dead, to summon the [[Dead Men]]. He met in Dunharrow the lady [[Éowyn]], who had fallen in love with him. After making it clear that he could not accept her love, he turned away down the evil road with the dawn.

The [[Grey Company]] passed through the [[Dark Door]] and the [[Dwimorberg]], the Dead following, and coming at last to the [[Black Stone of Erech]], Aragorn summoned them to his aid. They drew their swords and blew their horns in answer, and swept down upon the [[Corsairs]] at [[Pelargir]] drove the mariners away. Aragorn released them, and took the [[Black Ships]] north to Minas Tirith, where the [[Battle of the Pelennor Fields]] raged. The Standard of Elendil broke forth, and his Dúnedain swept down, giving the final blow to the army of [[Gothmog (Lieutenant of Morgul)|Gothmog]]. The counterattacked army of [[Sauron]] crumbled utterly. But Aragorn did not enter the city.

Aragorn, furling his banner, appointed [[Imrahil]] the temporary lord of the City, as the law demanded. Eventually, however, Aragorn did come to the [[Houses of Healing]], where he tended and restored Merry, Éowyn, and [[Faramir]], in accordance with the prophecy “''The hands of the king are the hands of a healer, and so shall the rightful king be known''”. Aragorn then left the city, hooded and cloaked, and yet the people of Minas Tirith followed him, for they had heard rumors. Yet when in the morning they saw the banner of [[Dol Amroth]], they wondered if the Return of the King had been but a dream.

Aragorn held [[Last Debate|council]] with his trusted companions, namely Gandalf, Éomer, Imrahil, and Elrond’s sons – Halbarad had fallen in battle. He agreed to pull forth the forces of [[Mordor]] for the benefit of the [[Quest of the Ring]], and so arranged matters for the [[Battle of the Morannon]]. After the Destruction of the Ring in [[Orodruin]] and victory at the [[Morannon]], Aragorn returned at last in the triumphant manner that befitted his position. He was crowned at the gates of Minas Tirith, winning the hearts of the people of [[Gondor]]. Gandalf took him up the slopes of Mount [[Mindolluin]], and there Aragorn found the scion of [[Nimloth]], the symbol of his mastery of the [[Reunited Kingdom]]. He wedded Arwen shortly after, and then was forced to bid his old friends farewell. He turned back to his new kingdom as the [[Fourth Age]] dawned and the Ringbearers left the shores of Middle-earth forever.

===Reign as Elessar===

Aragorn ruled the [[Reunited Kingdom]] of Gondor and Arnor until year 120 of the [[Fourth Age]]. He died after 210 years of life and 122 years of rule. His wife Arwen, now mortal, gave up her life shortly afterwards in year 121, aged 2,901.

He founded the [[House of Telcontar]], and was succeeded by his son [[Eldarion]]. He also had a number of daughters, whose names were not recorded.

Through his ancestor Elendil, Aragorn was a descendant of the [[Númenóreans]], great [[Men]] who were granted long lives by the [[Valar]]. Though [[Númenor]] was destroyed, its people lived on as the [[Dúnedain]], and like their ancestors they too were long-lived. Thus Aragorn lived to a great age, finally passing on at 210 years.

==Other versions of the legendarium==
In the earliest unpublished versions of ''[[The Lord of the Rings]]'' (see ''[[The History of The Lord of the Rings]]''), the character that later became Aragorn was called '''''[[Trotter]]''''' instead of Strider, and was a [[Hobbit]] instead of a [[Men|Man]]. He had wooden feet, because he had once traveled to Mordor and been tortured there.

==Portrayal in adaptations==
<gallery>
Image:Aragorn from Rankin-Bass' The Return of the King.jpg|Aragorn as portrayed in [[Rankin/Bass' The Return of the King]]
Image:Strider from Ralph Bakshi's The Lord of the Rings.jpg|Aragorn as portrayed in [[Ralph Bakshi's The Lord of the Rings]]
Image:Aragorn grimace.jpg|[[Viggo Mortensen]] as Aragorn in [[Peter Jackson's The Lord of the Rings]]
</gallery>
In the [[Rankin/Bass]] animated version of [[Rankin/Bass' The Return of the King|The Return of the King]], Aragorn is voiced by [[Theodore Bikel]].

In Ralph Bakshi's animated film [[Ralph Bakshi's The Lord of the Rings|The Lord of the Rings]], Aragorn is voiced by [[John Hurt]].

In [[Peter Jackson's The Lord of the Rings]], Aragorn is played by American actor [[Viggo Mortensen]]. Instead of explaining the complicated circumstances of an heir of Isildur taking the throne in Gondor (see [[Pelendur]] for an example), in the movie Aragorn must overcome his self-doubt to choose the kingship. This cinematic element adds appeal to a modern audience, but in the books there is no doubt of his purpose to return as the king from the very first time his lineage is revealed.

==Genealogy==
<code>
[[Eärendil the Mariner|Eärendil]] = [[Elwing]]
| [[Celeborn, Lord of Lórien|Celeborn]] = [[Galadriel]]
| |
--------|-------- |
| | |
| | |
[[Elros]] [[Elrond]] = [[Celebrían]]
: |
[[Kings of Numenor]] |
: |
Lords of [[Andúnië]] |
: |
[[Elendil]] † |
| |
------|------ |
| | | † [[High King]] of [[Arnor]] ''and'' [[Gondor]]
| | |
[[Isildur]] † [[Anárion son of Elendil|Anárion]] |
: : |
: : |
''The Kings'' ''The Kings'' |
''of [[Arnor]]'' ''of [[Gondor]]'' |
: : |
: : |
: [[Eärnur]] ‡ | ‡ Last [[King of Gondor]]
: |
[[Chieftains of the Dúnedain|Chieftains of]] |
[[Chieftains of the Dúnedain|the Dúnedain]] |
: |
: |
[[Arathorn II]] = [[Gilraen]] |
| |
| |
'''ARAGORN II ELESSAR''' = [[Arwen]]
|
-------|-------
| |
| |
[[Eldarion]] ''numerous daughters''
</code>

==Other names and titles==
Aragorn was also known as '''Strider''', '''Elessar Telcontar''' ("Elfstone Strider"), '''Thorongil''', '''The Dúnadan''' ("Man of the West"), '''Longshanks''' (given by [[Bill Ferny]]), '''Wingfoot''' (given by [[Éomer]]), and '''Estel''' ("Hope"){{sequence
|prev=[[Arathorn II]]
|next=none (abandoned)
|list=[[Chieftain of the Dúnedain]] <code>III</code> 2933 – 3019
}} 
{{sequence
|prev=[[Eärnur]], 971 years earlier
|next=[[Eldarion]]
|list=[[King of Gondor]] <code>III</code> 3019 – <code>IV</code> 120
}} {{sequence
|prev=[[Arvedui]], 1,046 years earlier
|next=[[Eldarion]]
|list=[[King of Arnor]] <code>III</code> 3019 – <code>IV</code> 120
}} {{sequence
|prev=[[Isildur]], 3,017 years earlier
|next=[[Eldarion]]
|list=[[High King]] of the [[Reunited Kingdom]] <code>III</code> 3019 – <code>IV</code> 120
}} {{sequence
|prev=none
|next=[[Eldarion]]
|list=[[House of Telcontar]] <code>III</code> 3019 – <code>IV</code> 120
}}{{fellowship}}

==See also==
*[[:Category:Images of Aragorn|Images of Aragorn]]

[[Category:Dúnedain of the North]]
[[Category:Rulers of Arnor]]
[[Category:Rulers of Gondor]]
[[Category:Chieftains of the Dúnedain]]

Meneldil

2007-05-23T04:04:05Z

Erniel: /* The Year of Transition */ typo fix

{{royalty infobox
|image=
|name=Meneldil
|othernames=
|birth= II 3299
|rule= III 2
|death= III 158
|realms= [[Gondor]]
|race=[[Men]]
|gender=Male
|height=
|hair=
|eyes=
|}}
'''Meneldil''' ([[Second Age]] 3299 – [[Third Age]] 158, aged 300 years), the son of [[Anárion son of Elendil|Anárion]] and grandson of [[High King]] [[Elendil]], was the third [[King of Gondor]] and the first to rule in his own name. He reigned 156 years, from Third Age 2 until his death. He was succeeded by his son [[Cemendur of Gondor|Cemendur]].

== Meneldil's Early Life ==
Of Meneldil's life before the [[War of the Last Alliance]] we know almost nothing, but it is possible to deduce some of the most important incidents in that time. He was born in the very last years of [[Númenor]], and was at most twenty years old at the time of the [[Downfall of Númenor|Downfall]]. He would have seen the drowning of the island with his own eyes, from the deck of one of his father's ships, and then was propelled by the rushing water to the shores of [[Middle-earth]].

What part he took in the building of the [[Realms in Exile]] is a mystery. During this time, he would have been considered a relatively minor nobleman. As the fourth child of Elendil's younger son, he was at best seventh in line to the succession, and the prospect of his becoming King was remote. After more than a century, [[Sauron]] rose again in the east, triggering the great events of the War of the Last Alliance. It is to be presumed that Meneldil played his part in that War—a war in which he lost his father Anárion—but we have no specific details of his deeds.

== The Year of Transition ==
Before the War, Elendil had sat as the [[High King]] in the northern realm of [[Arnor]], while [[Isildur]] and Anárion had ruled [[Gondor]] jointly in his name. Since both Elendil and Anárion had been lost in the War, these arrangements needed to be changed. Isildur inherited the High Kingship, and he placed the rule of Gondor in the hands of his brother's eldest eligible son, Meneldil.
Before departing for the North, Isildur spent a year ordering matters in the Gondor, and instructing Meneldil in his new duties. During this year, Isildur and Meneldil journeyed around the borderlands of the [[South-kingdom]], defining its bounds. It was while returning from their travels that they came upon [[Amon Anwar]], the [[Halifirien]], which at that time stood almost at the central point of the country. Isildur chose that hill as the resting place of his father's remains, and the [[Tomb of Elendil]] that he placed there was to last long after Meneldil's line had failed.

It was the beginning of [[Yavannië]], Third Age 2, when Isildur set out from [[Osgiliath]], leaving the South-kingdom in Meneldil's hands. We are told that Meneldil was not disappointed to see the High King and his sons leave for the North, and that he hoped to rule Gondor himself for a long time. Far-sighted as he was, though, even Meneldil couldn't have foreseen the events that were to unfold. A month after setting out, Isildur was set upon by Orcs and killed, together with his three elder sons. The [[Kingship in the North]] fell on Isildur's only surviving son, eleven-year-old [[Valandil]]. This unexpected turn of events transformed Meneldil from a mere caretaker into the true King of Gondor.

== King of Gondor ==
After the upheavals of Third Age 2, Meneldil was to rule Gondor for many years,but during this period he effectively disappears from history. With Sauron utterly defeated, his reign was a peaceful and quiet one. The only historical events recorded during this time are the wedding of [[Elrond]] to [[Celebrían]], and the birth of their twin sons [[Elladan]] and [[Elrohir]]. These would have been important events in the North, but we cannot be sure if the Gondorians were even aware of them.

Meneldil ruled in Gondor for one hundred and fifty-six years, and was succeeded by his son [[Cemendur of Gondor|Cemendur]].

== Genealogy ==
<code>
[[Elendil]]
|
--------|--------
| |
| |
[[Isildur]] [[Anárion son of Elendil|Anárion]]
|
-----------|-----------
| |
| |
''three unnamed daughters'' '''MENELDIL'''
|
|
[[Cemendur of Gondor|Cemendur]]
|
|
[[Eärendil of Gondor|Eärendil]]
</code>
{{sequence
|prev=[[Isildur]]
|next=[[Cemendur of Gondor|Cemendur]]
|list=3rd [[King of Gondor]] <code>III</code> 2 – 158
}}

[[Category:Dúnedain]]
[[Category:Rulers of Gondor]]
[[Category:Characters]]

Lamedon

2007-05-23T03:58:07Z

Erniel: minor typo fix

'''Lamedon''' was a region and fiefdom in southern [[Gondor]]; a series of valleys through which the [[Ciril]] river flowed south. It was one of the most densely populated regions in Gondor. At the time of the [[War of the Ring]] its lord was [[Angbor]].

During that war, Angbor did not send any soldiers to Minas Tirith during the initial assault, as he chose to defend instead the southern city of [[Linhir]], which rested near the mounds of the river [[Gilrain]]. He held off the [[Haradrim|Southron]] assailants coming from the [[Harad]] and the [[Haven of Umbar]] for a long while. The only men Minas Tirith received from Lamedon were some scattered woodsmen.

At the time [[Aragorn II|Aragorn]] passed through Lamedon with the [[Grey Company]], the [[Army of the Dead]] drove forth the assailants from Linhir, though the staunch defenders fled as well. But Angbor alone remained and braved the fear of the Dead. Then Aragorn bade him gather his folk and follow them. But the Grey Company departed first, and by the time Angbor joined them with all the horsemen he could muster, the [[Corsairs of Umbar]] had been driven forth, and the Dead released. But many of the men of Lamedon, as well as soldiers from Lebennin and various other southern fiefs, came on the Corsairs to Minas Tirith, where they bore themselves bravely in battle. But Angbor, leading four thousand, went by land, coming to garrison Minas Tirith after the hosts departed for the [[Black Gate]] and the ensuing [[Battle of the Morannon]].

[[Category:Regions]]
[[Category:Gondor]]

Kalevala

2007-05-21T01:04:25Z

Erniel: /* Similarities between Tolkien's work */ minor typo fixes

The '''Kalevala''' is an epic poem which Elias Lönnrot compiled from Finnish folk lore in the 19th century. It is commonly called the Finnish national epic and is traditionally thought of as one of the most significant works of Finnish-language literature. The Kalevala is credited with some of the inspiration for the national awakening that ultimately led to Finland's independence from Russia in 1917. The Kalevala consists of 50 cantons and 22,795 verses.

"Kalevala" is the name of the homeland of the heroes in the book Kalevala.

==Similarities between Tolkien's work==

A considerable part of the tale of [[Túrin Turambar]] is derived from Kalevala, where the counterpart of Túrin is [[Kullervo]], son of Kalervo. Kalervo comes into conflict with the kin of Untamo, and soon a gang of men attacks Kalervo killing his family and men, and only one maid is spared her life to serve as a slave for Kalervo. But soon the maid gives birth to Kullervo. Later Kullervo is sold to Ilmarinen, from who he soon escapes. Kullervo finds out that her parents are alive as well, and hears from them that his sister has disappeared. Kalervo has to go to pay the families taxes, and on his way back Kullervo meets a fair maiden and seduces her. Afterwards she realizes that Kullervo is her brother, and out of shame she jumps into rapids and drowns. Desperate and self destructive Kullervo returns home and attacks Untamo and slays him. After the killing he talks to his sword, and says that it has bled a lot of innocent blood, and tells it that now the sword can bleed some guilty blood as well. The sword replies:

:Thus his trusty sword makes answer,
:Well divining his intentions:
:Why should I not drink thy life-blood,
:Blood of guilty Kullerwoinen,
:Since I feast upon the worthy,
:Drink the life-blood of the righteous?"

After the sword replies, Kullervo thrusts himself to the blade and dies.

==References==

[http://www.sacred-texts.com/neu/kveng/index.htm John Martin Crawfords English translation of Kalevala]

==External links==

[http://www.kaapeli.fi/maailma/kalevala/kalevala.html Kalevala in Finnish]]
[[category:poems]]

Westron

2007-05-21T00:58:38Z

Erniel: minor typo fix

The '''Westron''' or '''Common Speech''' is the closest thing to a universal [[Languages|Language]], at least at the time during which ''[[The Lord of the Rings]]'' is set. ''Westron'' is an English word, derived from ''West'', not a word from the language itself.

The Westron speech is derived from the [[Adûnaic]] tongue of [[Númenor]], and originated as a creole language on the western coastlands of the continent of Middle-earth, when the Númenorians established trade outposts and forts there. From there, it spread to most of the lands through which the action of ''[[The Hobbit]]'' and ''The Lord of the Rings'' passes, with the notable exception of [[Mordor]].

Westron is a translation of the original name '''Adûni''', and "Common Speech" translates the Westron term '''Sôval Phârë''', of identical meaning. In [[Sindarin]] the language was called '''Annúnaid''' (Westron), or '''Falathren''' (Shore-language).

In ''The Hobbit'' and ''The Lord of the Rings'', Westron was presented as having been completely translated by English. This had certain important implications: first of all, proper names with derivations somewhat evident to speakers of Westron had been translated, to preserve the effect. Thus, names like ''Baggins'', ''Bagshot Row'', ''Peregrin'', ''Rivendell'' etc., are presented as not the ''actual'' names. (For example, [[Meriadoc Brandybuck]]'s actual name is supposed to have been ''Kalimac Brandagamba'', short ''Kali'' (meaning jolly, gay). 'Meriadoc', short 'Merry', is designed to maintain the reference to merriness contained in the original name. Likewise [[Peregrin Took]]'s actual name was ''Razanur Tuc'', short ''Razar'' (name of a small apple). 'Peregrin', short 'Pippin' contained both the actual meaning of the full name (traveler, stranger) and the reference to an apple). Sam Gamgee was actually named ''Ban Galpsi'', short for ''Banazir Galbassi''. The ending of the 'true' Hobbit name [[Bilbo Baggins|Bilbo]] was also changed: in Westron it was Bilba, but Tolkien changed this to -o because -a is usually a female ending in English.

Placenames and other features were also presented as having been translated from an original form: [[Rivendell]] ([[Sindarin]] Imladris, "cloven valley") was actually called ''Karningul'', and [[Bag End]] was actually called ''Labin-nec'', after ''Labingi'', the real form of [[Baggins]]. In some cases the explanations became quite involved, such as the river Brandywine (Sindarin [[Baranduin]], "golden-brown river") was actually called ''Branda-nîn'', a punning Westron name meaning "border-water", which was later punned again as ''Bralda-hîm'' meaning "heady ale".

The translation went one step further by also changing all languages akin to Westron. [[Rohirric]], the language of the [[Rohirrim]] was translated by Anglo-Saxon, as Rohirric is an archaic relative of Westron (since the Edain from whose speech Westron is derived were related to the ancestors of the Rohirrim) much as Anglo-Saxon is an archaic relative of English. Similarly, the tongue of [[Dale]], from which came the names of the [[Dwarves]] of [[Durin]]'s house, was translated by Old Norse, a language related to Anglo-Saxon and modern English as Dalish was related to Rohirric and Westron.

This utter translation of Westron by English was taken so far that some sources that should give actual Westron have been turned to English too. For instance, in Moria, an illustration of the runic text on Balin's gravestone is given. The text is said to mean "Balin Son of Fundin, Lord of Moria" in both Khuzdûl and Westron. But while the first part of the inscription seems to really be a bit of Khuzdûl (Moria is rendered as "Khazad-dûm"), the second part is actually plain English, just written in [[cirth]].

Outside the context of the story, it is clear that most of the "original" forms in Westron or other languages were devised by Tolkien long after the English "translations" were chosen. Several of the Westron forms given above were not published in Tolkien's lifetime. Tolkien never worked out Westron to the same extent as [[Quenya]] and [[Sindarin]] or even Adûnaic.

[[Category:Languages]]

Eglath

2007-05-21T00:48:26Z

Erniel: minor typo fix

'''Eglath''' translates to ''The Forsaken People'', which was a name given to themselves by the [[Telerin]] [[Elves]] who remained in [[Beleriand]] seeking [[Elwë]] ([[Thingol]]) when the main host of the Teleri departed to [[Aman]].

[[Category:Elves]]

The Children of Húrin Release Party

2007-05-16T01:48:57Z

Erniel: /* Contests */ *That Is*:"new contest at Tolkien Library for Deluxe "HM" Coh, May 16th 2007 to May 30th 2007...my mistake :(

[[Image:The Children of Hurin Release Party logo.jpg|350px|right]]
'''The Children of Húrin Release Party''' was an online event which took place around the release date of [[The Children of Húrin]]. The party was located on [[Tolkien Gateway:Chat|irc.tolkiengateway.net]]. It was organized by Tolkien Gateway and TolkienLibrary.com.

==Connecting==
For those who are familiar with IRC, you can use your preferred client to connect to irc.tolkiengateway.net through the default port. We suggest [http://www.silverex.org/download/xchat-2.8.0-1.exe X-Chat]. For everyone else, just click one of the links below:

* [http://tolkiengateway.net/java Version 1] (Java)
* [http://tolkiengateway.net/java2 Version 2] (Java)
* [http://tolkiengateway.net/java3 Version 3] (Java)

For those of you using [http://www.mozilla.com Firefox] there is an easy solution to enter the chat. Please install the add-on [https://addons.mozilla.org/de/firefox/addon/16 Chatzilla]. After installing you just type in this link into your URL bar on top of Firefox: [irc://irc.tolkiengateway.net/ irc://irc.tolkiengateway.net]. Chatzilla will automatically open and lead you directly to the chat.

==Prizes==
* 3 Deluxe editions of [[The Children of Húrin]] signed by [[Alan Lee]] and [[Christopher Tolkien]] - donated by [[HarperCollins]].
* 2 The Lord of the Rings 3 volume slip cased sets signed by [[Alan Lee]] - donated by [http://www.tolkienlibrary.com TolkienLibrary.com] and [[Houghton Mifflin]]
* [[The Lord of the Rings Sketchbook]] signed by [[Alan Lee]] donated by [[Houghton Mifflin]]
* The Hobbit signed by [[Alan Lee]] - donated by [http://www.tolkienlibrary.com TolkienLibrary.com]
* 2 one year memberships to [[The Tolkien Society]] - donated by [[The Tolkien Society]]
* A silver replica of either the Ring of Barahir or Nenya donated by [http://www.tolkienshop.com Tolkienshop.com]
* [[Beowulf and the Critics]] signed by [[Michael D.C. Drout]] - donated by [[Michael D.C. Drout]]
* 2 copies of [[The Company They Keep]] signed by [[Diana Glyer]] - donated by [[Diana Glyer]] and Josh B. Long
* The Lord of the Rings Trivia game, signed by Angie Gardner and [[Ted Nasmith]] - donated by [http://www.daerons.co.uk/ Daerons.co.uk]
* 2 copies of [[A Tolkienian Mathomium]] signed by [[Mark T. Hooker]] - donated by [[Mark T. Hooker]]
* 2 copies of Tolkien through Russian Eyes signed by [[Mark T. Hooker]] - donated by [[Mark T. Hooker]]
* The Hobbit Russian translation - donated by [[Mark T. Hooker]]
* 2 copies of In de Ban van de Hobbit signed by [[Johan Vanhecke]] donated by [[Johan Vanhecke]]
* A print of ''The Dragon's Lair'' signed by [[The Brothers Hildebrandt]] - donated by [http://www.tolkienguide.com TolkienGuide.com]
* A print of ''The Fellowship'' signed by [[The Brothers Hildebrandt]] - donated by [http://www.tolkienguide.com TolkienGuide.com]
* A mounted print of Inger Edelfeldt's ''The Death of Glaurung'' - donated by [http://www.daerons.co.uk/ Daerons.co.uk]
* A print of ''The Gates of Menegroth'' signed by [[Jef Murray]] donated by [[Jef Murray]]
* A print of ''The Bridge Over Narog'' signed by [[Jef Murray]] donated by Jeff Murray
* A print of ''The Seduction of Nienor'' signed by [[Jef Murray]] donated by [[Jef Murray]]
* A print of ''The Bridge of Khazad-Dûm'' signed by [[James Dunning]] donated by [[James Dunning]]
* Two $25 and one $50 gift certificate for Rowns.com - donated by [http://www.rowns.com Rowns.com]
* 5 copies of The Lord of the Rings Online game - donated by [[Houghton Mifflin]]
* The Children of Hurin posters - donated by [[Houghton Mifflin]]
* The Children of Hurin bookmarks - donated by [[Houghton Mifflin]]
* The Lord of the Rings Online Open Beta keys
* And various smaller prizes.
: ''More prizes coming soon!''

==Contests==
* Win the Houghton Mifflin Deluxe edition of The Children of Hurin by Alan Lee and Christopher Tolkien. Just fill out [http://www.tolkienlibrary.com/children-of-hurin-competition.html this form]and enter "DELUXE EDITION" as the code and "HOUGHTON MIFFLIN" as the answer. Contest will run from May 16th 2007 to May 30th 2007.

==Guests==
:'''[[The Children of Húrin Release Party/Questions|Submit your own questions to ask the Guests]]'''
* [[Johan Vanhecke]]
* [[Michaël Devaux]]
* [[Pieter Collier]]
* [[David Brawn]]
* [[Roger Garland]]
* [[Jef Murray]]
* [[Matt Blessing]]
* [[Michael D.C. Drout]]
* [[Mark T. Hooker]]
* [[Verlyn Flieger]]
* [[Nils Ivar Agøy]]
* [[James Dunning]]
* [[John Garth]]
* [[Diana Glyer]]
* [[Turbine]] - Jeffrey Steefel (Executive Producer) and Chris Pierson (Senior Designer)
* [[Michael Martinez]]
* [[Marcel Bülles]]

:''More guests coming soon!''

==Activities==
* Trivia
* Hangman
* Scavenger Hunt
* Audio streams
* Music streams
* Live news and images from the NYC launch

==Schedule==
* '''[[The Children of Húrin Release Party/Schedule|Schedule]]'''

__NOTOC__

The Children of Húrin Release Party

2007-05-16T01:31:29Z

Erniel: /* Contests */ new contest at Tolkien Library for Deluxe HC Coh, May 16th 2007 to May 30th 2007

[[Image:The Children of Hurin Release Party logo.jpg|350px|right]]
'''The Children of Húrin Release Party''' was an online event which took place around the release date of [[The Children of Húrin]]. The party was located on [[Tolkien Gateway:Chat|irc.tolkiengateway.net]]. It was organized by Tolkien Gateway and TolkienLibrary.com.

==Connecting==
For those who are familiar with IRC, you can use your preferred client to connect to irc.tolkiengateway.net through the default port. We suggest [http://www.silverex.org/download/xchat-2.8.0-1.exe X-Chat]. For everyone else, just click one of the links below:

* [http://tolkiengateway.net/java Version 1] (Java)
* [http://tolkiengateway.net/java2 Version 2] (Java)
* [http://tolkiengateway.net/java3 Version 3] (Java)

For those of you using [http://www.mozilla.com Firefox] there is an easy solution to enter the chat. Please install the add-on [https://addons.mozilla.org/de/firefox/addon/16 Chatzilla]. After installing you just type in this link into your URL bar on top of Firefox: [irc://irc.tolkiengateway.net/ irc://irc.tolkiengateway.net]. Chatzilla will automatically open and lead you directly to the chat.

==Prizes==
* 3 Deluxe editions of [[The Children of Húrin]] signed by [[Alan Lee]] and [[Christopher Tolkien]] - donated by [[HarperCollins]].
* 2 The Lord of the Rings 3 volume slip cased sets signed by [[Alan Lee]] - donated by [http://www.tolkienlibrary.com TolkienLibrary.com] and [[Houghton Mifflin]]
* [[The Lord of the Rings Sketchbook]] signed by [[Alan Lee]] donated by [[Houghton Mifflin]]
* The Hobbit signed by [[Alan Lee]] - donated by [http://www.tolkienlibrary.com TolkienLibrary.com]
* 2 one year memberships to [[The Tolkien Society]] - donated by [[The Tolkien Society]]
* A silver replica of either the Ring of Barahir or Nenya donated by [http://www.tolkienshop.com Tolkienshop.com]
* [[Beowulf and the Critics]] signed by [[Michael D.C. Drout]] - donated by [[Michael D.C. Drout]]
* 2 copies of [[The Company They Keep]] signed by [[Diana Glyer]] - donated by [[Diana Glyer]] and Josh B. Long
* The Lord of the Rings Trivia game, signed by Angie Gardner and [[Ted Nasmith]] - donated by [http://www.daerons.co.uk/ Daerons.co.uk]
* 2 copies of [[A Tolkienian Mathomium]] signed by [[Mark T. Hooker]] - donated by [[Mark T. Hooker]]
* 2 copies of Tolkien through Russian Eyes signed by [[Mark T. Hooker]] - donated by [[Mark T. Hooker]]
* The Hobbit Russian translation - donated by [[Mark T. Hooker]]
* 2 copies of In de Ban van de Hobbit signed by [[Johan Vanhecke]] donated by [[Johan Vanhecke]]
* A print of ''The Dragon's Lair'' signed by [[The Brothers Hildebrandt]] - donated by [http://www.tolkienguide.com TolkienGuide.com]
* A print of ''The Fellowship'' signed by [[The Brothers Hildebrandt]] - donated by [http://www.tolkienguide.com TolkienGuide.com]
* A mounted print of Inger Edelfeldt's ''The Death of Glaurung'' - donated by [http://www.daerons.co.uk/ Daerons.co.uk]
* A print of ''The Gates of Menegroth'' signed by [[Jef Murray]] donated by [[Jef Murray]]
* A print of ''The Bridge Over Narog'' signed by [[Jef Murray]] donated by Jeff Murray
* A print of ''The Seduction of Nienor'' signed by [[Jef Murray]] donated by [[Jef Murray]]
* A print of ''The Bridge of Khazad-Dûm'' signed by [[James Dunning]] donated by [[James Dunning]]
* Two $25 and one $50 gift certificate for Rowns.com - donated by [http://www.rowns.com Rowns.com]
* 5 copies of The Lord of the Rings Online game - donated by [[Houghton Mifflin]]
* The Children of Hurin posters - donated by [[Houghton Mifflin]]
* The Children of Hurin bookmarks - donated by [[Houghton Mifflin]]
* The Lord of the Rings Online Open Beta keys
* And various smaller prizes.
: ''More prizes coming soon!''

==Contests==
* Win the Houghton Mifflin Deluxe edition of The Children of Hurin by Alan Lee and Christopher Tolkien. Just [http://www.tolkienlibrary.com/children-of-hurin-competition.html fill out this form]and enter "DELUXE EDITION" as the code and "HOUGHTON MIFFLIN" as the answer. Contest will run from May 16th 2007 to May 30th 2007.

==Guests==
:'''[[The Children of Húrin Release Party/Questions|Submit your own questions to ask the Guests]]'''
* [[Johan Vanhecke]]
* [[Michaël Devaux]]
* [[Pieter Collier]]
* [[David Brawn]]
* [[Roger Garland]]
* [[Jef Murray]]
* [[Matt Blessing]]
* [[Michael D.C. Drout]]
* [[Mark T. Hooker]]
* [[Verlyn Flieger]]
* [[Nils Ivar Agøy]]
* [[James Dunning]]
* [[John Garth]]
* [[Diana Glyer]]
* [[Turbine]] - Jeffrey Steefel (Executive Producer) and Chris Pierson (Senior Designer)
* [[Michael Martinez]]
* [[Marcel Bülles]]

:''More guests coming soon!''

==Activities==
* Trivia
* Hangman
* Scavenger Hunt
* Audio streams
* Music streams
* Live news and images from the NYC launch

==Schedule==
* '''[[The Children of Húrin Release Party/Schedule|Schedule]]'''

__NOTOC__

The Children of Húrin

2007-05-16T01:25:08Z

Erniel: /* Publication */ more info on release

{{book|
title=The Children of Húrin|
image=[[Image:The Children of Hurin cover.jpg|225px]]|
author=[[J.R.R. Tolkien]], [[Christopher Tolkien]], with illustrations by [[Alan Lee]]|
isbn=0618894640|
publisher=[[HarperCollins]], [[Houghton Mifflin]]|
date=April 17th, 2007|
format=Hardcover|
pages= 320|
amazon=http://www.amazon.com/Children-Hurin-J-R-R-Tolkien/dp/0618894640|
amazonprice=$17.16
}}

'''The Children of Húrin''' was released on April 17th of 2007, it is the culmination of 12 years of development work by [[Christopher Tolkien]]. Working on unfinished material written by his father, he has pieced together a single narrative with minimal editorial presence. It includes 8 new color plates and 25 new black and white illustrations by [[Alan Lee]].

==Contents==
* Preface (7)
* Introduction (13)
* Note on Pronunciation (28)
* Narn I Chîn Húrin (31)
* The Tale of the Children of Húrin
::# [[The Childhood of Túrin]] (33)
::# [[The Battle of Unnumbered Tears]] (52)
::# [[The Words of Húrin and Morgoth]] (61)
::# [[The Departure of Túrin]] (66)
::# [[Túrin in Doriath]] (80)
::# [[Túrin among the Outlaws]] (98)
::# [[Of Mîm the Dwarf]] (121)
::# [[The Land of Bow and Helm]] (141)
::# [[The Death of Beleg]] (151)
::# [[Túrin in Nargothrond]] (159)
::# [[The Fall of Nargothrond]] (171)
::# [[The Return of Túrin to Dor-lómin]] (182)
::# [[The Coming of Túrin into Brethil]] (192)
::# [[The Journey of Morwen and Niënor to Nargothrond]] (198)
::# [[Niënor in Brethil]] (213)
::# [[The Coming of Glaurung]] (221)
::# [[The Death of Glaurung]] (234)
::# [[The Death of Túrin]] (248)
* Tables 261
* Genealogies:
::# The House of Hador & the People of Haleth (262)
::# The House of Bëor (263)
::# The Princes of the Noldor (264)
* Appendix (265)
::# The Evolution of the Great Tales (267)
::# The Composition of the Text (281)
* List of Names (291)
* Note on the map (319)

==Publication==
*The Children of Húrin was first announced on September 18th, 2006. It was published on April 16, 2007 by [[Houghton Mifflin]] in the United States, and [[HarperCollins]] in the UK / Canada.

*A HarperCollins Deluxe edition was simultaneously released with the hardback edition.

*A Houghton Mifflin Deluxe edition was released a month later, on May 16, 2007. A second impression has already been made as the first 10,00 books sold out before the original release date of Apr. 16th, 2007. A third impression is also underway.

*Houghton Mifflin has increased its printing run from 250,000 up to 625,000.

*HarperCollins increased its printing run from 250,000 to a total of 360,000

*The Children of Húrin became the #1 Bestseller on the NYTimes Top Ten List (Fiction - Hardcover) for the week of May 6, 2007.

==Press Release==

'''Date:''' Mon, 18 Sep 2006

'''J.R.R. TOLKIEN'S THE CHILDREN OF HÚRIN TO BE PUBLISHED IN 2007'''

Houghton Mifflin has acquired US rights to publish the first complete book by J.R.R. Tolkien since the posthumous Silmarillion in 1977. HarperCollins UK acquired the project from The Tolkien Estate in a world rights deal. Presented for the first time as a fully continuous and standalone story, the epic tale of The Children of Húrin will reunite fans of The Hobbit and The Lord of the Rings with Elves and Men, dragons and Dwarves, and the rich landscape and characters unique to Tolkien.

The Children of Húrin, begun in 1918, was one of three "Great Tales" J.R.R. Tolkien worked on throughout his life, though he never realized his ambition to see it published. Though familiar to many fans from extracts and references within other Tolkien books, it has long been assumed that the story would forever remain an "unfinished tale". Now reconstructed by Christopher Tolkien, painstakingly editing together the complete work from his father's many drafts, this book is the culmination of a tireless thirty-year endeavor by him to bring J.R.R. Tolkien's vast body of unpublished work to a wide audience.

Christopher Tolkien said: "''It has seemed to me for a long time that there was a good case for presenting my father's long version of the legend of the Children of Húrin as an independent work, between its own covers, with a minimum of editorial presence, and above all in continuous narrative without gaps or interruptions, if this could be done without distortion or invention, despite the unfinished state in which he left some parts of it.''"

[[Image:Alan Lee - Beleg Departs Menegroth.jpg|150px|thumb|left|''Beleg Departs Menegroth'' by [[Alan Lee]].]]
Having drawn the distinctive maps for the original The Lord of the Rings more than 50 years ago, Christopher has also created a detailed new map for this book. In addition, it will include a jacket and color paintings by Alan Lee, illustrator of The Hobbit and The Lord of the Rings Centenary Edition and Oscar ® -winning designer of the film trilogy.

The Lord of the Rings was already acclaimed worldwide as the most popular book of the 20th Century before the blockbuster films in 2001-3 broke new ground and inspired millions more to read J.R.R. Tolkien's books -- an additional 50 million copies were sold, leaving new fans wanting more. The Children of Húrin will be published by [[HarperCollins]] UK in April 2007, and on the same day in the United
States by [[Houghton Mifflin]].

[[Image:Children-of-hurin-deluxe-edition-w-stamp.jpg |thumb|right|The Deluxe Edition]]
Victoria Barnsley, CEO and Publisher of HarperCollins Publishers UK said: "''This epic story of adventure, tragedy, fellowship and heroism stands as one of the finest expressions of J.R.R. Tolkien's skills as a storyteller. With a narrative as dramatic and powerful as anything contained within The Lord of the Rings , it can now be read and enjoyed as Tolkien originally intended, and will doubtless be a revelation for millions of fans around the world.'''"

Janet Silver, Vice President and Publisher of Houghton Mifflin, said, "''As J.R.R. Tolkien's original American publisher, dating back to The Hobbit, we are extremely proud to be bringing this project to Tolkien's devoted readership in the United States. Christopher Tolkien has done a great service in realizing his father's vision for The Children of Húrin.''"

==See also==
* [[The Children of Húrin Release Party]]
* [[The Children of Húrin reviews]]

==External links==
* [http://www.tolkienlibrary.com/press/Children-of-Hurin-FAQ.htm Children of Húrin FAQ]
* [http://www.lotrplaza.com/archive5/display_topic_threads.asp?ForumID=24&TopicID=207607 Discussion at LotRPlaza.com]
* [http://wormtalk.blogspot.com/2006/09/j.html Blog post by Michael Drout]
* [http://www.tolkienlibrary.com/press/childrenofhurin.htm Article on TolkienLibrary.com]
* [http://www.harpercollins.ca:80/global_scripts/product_catalog/book_xml.asp?isbn=0007246226 News Release at HarperCollins.ca]
* [http://www.bitu.com/tolkien/tolkien-trailer.html The Children of Húrin Trailer US Edition]
* [http://tolkien.hcp-uk.co.uk/thechildrenofhurin.aspx The Children of Húrin Trailer]
* [http://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/feature.html/ref=amb_link_40925765_1/202-4391387-4644660?ie=UTF8&docId=1000064113&pf_rd_m=A3P5ROKL5A1OLE&pf_rd_s=special-offers-1&pf_rd_r=0GT0FB0WME2MCPMCJ9XP&pf_rd_t=201&pf_rd_p=137498491&pf_rd_i=0007252234 Amazon.co.uk "The Childhood of Túrin"]

==Purchase==
'''Regular edition'''
* [http://www.amazon.com/Children-Hurin-J-R-R-Tolkien/dp/0618894640/sr=8-1/qid=1170968587/ref=pd_bbs_sr_1/105-2987979-0667618?ie=UTF8&s=books Amazon.com]
* [http://www.amazon.co.uk/Children-Hurin-Christopher-Tolkien/dp/0007246226 Amazon.co.uk]
* [http://www.amazon.ca/Children-Hurin-J-R-R-Tolkien/dp/0007246226/sr=11-1/qid=1170986155/ref=sr_11_1/702-1711121-9420851 Amazon.ca]
*[http://search.barnesandnoble.com/booksearch/isbninquiry.asp?isbn=0618894640&z=y Barnes and Noble]
'''Deluxe edition'''
* [http://www.amazon.com/Children-Hurin-Deluxe-J-R-R-Tolkien/dp/0618904417/sr=8-2/qid=1170968587/ref=pd_bbs_2/105-2987979-0667618?ie=UTF8&s=books Amazon.com]
* [http://www.amazon.co.uk/Children-Hurin-J-R-R-Tolkien/dp/0007252234/sr=8-1/qid=1170968778/ref=pd_ka_1/203-1975989-7489551?ie=UTF8&s=books Amazon.co.uk]
* [http://www.amazon.ca/Children-Hurin-Deluxe-J-Tolkien/dp/0007252234/sr=8-1/qid=1170968875/ref=pd_ka_1/702-4168450-3416061?ie=UTF8&s=books Amazon.ca]
*[http://search.barnesandnoble.com/booksearch/isbnInquiry.asp?z=y&endeca=1&isbn=0618904417&itm=2 Barnes and Noble]
'''All editions (Book search - New/Used)'''
*[http://www3.addall.com/New/compare.cgi?dispCurr=USD&id=140237&isbn=0618894640&location=10000&thetime=20070429060810&author=&title=&state=AK addall.com]
*[http://www.pricescan.com/books/BookPrices.asp?region=none&fields=0618894640&searchSites=all&sortby=Total&title=The+Children+of+Hurin&author=J.R.R.+Tolkien&copyrdate=Houghton+Mifflin&binding=Hardcover&pages=&submit1=Get+Prices PriceSCAN]
[[Category:Books by J.R.R. Tolkien|Children of Húrin]]
[[Category:Books by Christopher Tolkien|Children of Húrin]]

The Children of Húrin

2007-05-16T01:03:00Z

Erniel: /* Publication */ updated release date for HM Deluxe CoH...

{{book|
title=The Children of Húrin|
image=[[Image:The Children of Hurin cover.jpg|225px]]|
author=[[J.R.R. Tolkien]], [[Christopher Tolkien]], with illustrations by [[Alan Lee]]|
isbn=0618894640|
publisher=[[HarperCollins]], [[Houghton Mifflin]]|
date=April 17th, 2007|
format=Hardcover|
pages= 320|
amazon=http://www.amazon.com/Children-Hurin-J-R-R-Tolkien/dp/0618894640|
amazonprice=$17.16
}}

'''The Children of Húrin''' was released on April 17th of 2007, it is the culmination of 12 years of development work by [[Christopher Tolkien]]. Working on unfinished material written by his father, he has pieced together a single narrative with minimal editorial presence. It includes 8 new color plates and 25 new black and white illustrations by [[Alan Lee]].

==Contents==
* Preface (7)
* Introduction (13)
* Note on Pronunciation (28)
* Narn I Chîn Húrin (31)
* The Tale of the Children of Húrin
::# [[The Childhood of Túrin]] (33)
::# [[The Battle of Unnumbered Tears]] (52)
::# [[The Words of Húrin and Morgoth]] (61)
::# [[The Departure of Túrin]] (66)
::# [[Túrin in Doriath]] (80)
::# [[Túrin among the Outlaws]] (98)
::# [[Of Mîm the Dwarf]] (121)
::# [[The Land of Bow and Helm]] (141)
::# [[The Death of Beleg]] (151)
::# [[Túrin in Nargothrond]] (159)
::# [[The Fall of Nargothrond]] (171)
::# [[The Return of Túrin to Dor-lómin]] (182)
::# [[The Coming of Túrin into Brethil]] (192)
::# [[The Journey of Morwen and Niënor to Nargothrond]] (198)
::# [[Niënor in Brethil]] (213)
::# [[The Coming of Glaurung]] (221)
::# [[The Death of Glaurung]] (234)
::# [[The Death of Túrin]] (248)
* Tables 261
* Genealogies:
::# The House of Hador & the People of Haleth (262)
::# The House of Bëor (263)
::# The Princes of the Noldor (264)
* Appendix (265)
::# The Evolution of the Great Tales (267)
::# The Composition of the Text (281)
* List of Names (291)
* Note on the map (319)

==Publication==
*The Children of Húrin was first announced on September 18th, 2006. It was published on April 16, 2007 by [[Houghton Mifflin]] in the United States, and [[HarperCollins]] in the UK / Canada.

*A HarperCollins Deluxe edition was simultaneously released with the regular edition.

*A Houghton Mifflin Deluxe edition was released a month later, on May 16, 2007.

*Houghton Mifflin has increased its printing run from 250,000 up to 550,000.

*HarperCollins increased its printing run from 250,000 to a total of 360,000

*The Children of Húrin became the #1 bestseller on the NYTimes Top Ten List (Fiction - Hardcover) for the week of May 6, 2007.

==Press Release==

'''Date:''' Mon, 18 Sep 2006

'''J.R.R. TOLKIEN'S THE CHILDREN OF HÚRIN TO BE PUBLISHED IN 2007'''

Houghton Mifflin has acquired US rights to publish the first complete book by J.R.R. Tolkien since the posthumous Silmarillion in 1977. HarperCollins UK acquired the project from The Tolkien Estate in a world rights deal. Presented for the first time as a fully continuous and standalone story, the epic tale of The Children of Húrin will reunite fans of The Hobbit and The Lord of the Rings with Elves and Men, dragons and Dwarves, and the rich landscape and characters unique to Tolkien.

The Children of Húrin, begun in 1918, was one of three "Great Tales" J.R.R. Tolkien worked on throughout his life, though he never realized his ambition to see it published. Though familiar to many fans from extracts and references within other Tolkien books, it has long been assumed that the story would forever remain an "unfinished tale". Now reconstructed by Christopher Tolkien, painstakingly editing together the complete work from his father's many drafts, this book is the culmination of a tireless thirty-year endeavor by him to bring J.R.R. Tolkien's vast body of unpublished work to a wide audience.

Christopher Tolkien said: "''It has seemed to me for a long time that there was a good case for presenting my father's long version of the legend of the Children of Húrin as an independent work, between its own covers, with a minimum of editorial presence, and above all in continuous narrative without gaps or interruptions, if this could be done without distortion or invention, despite the unfinished state in which he left some parts of it.''"

[[Image:Alan Lee - Beleg Departs Menegroth.jpg|150px|thumb|left|''Beleg Departs Menegroth'' by [[Alan Lee]].]]
Having drawn the distinctive maps for the original The Lord of the Rings more than 50 years ago, Christopher has also created a detailed new map for this book. In addition, it will include a jacket and color paintings by Alan Lee, illustrator of The Hobbit and The Lord of the Rings Centenary Edition and Oscar ® -winning designer of the film trilogy.

The Lord of the Rings was already acclaimed worldwide as the most popular book of the 20th Century before the blockbuster films in 2001-3 broke new ground and inspired millions more to read J.R.R. Tolkien's books -- an additional 50 million copies were sold, leaving new fans wanting more. The Children of Húrin will be published by [[HarperCollins]] UK in April 2007, and on the same day in the United
States by [[Houghton Mifflin]].

[[Image:Children-of-hurin-deluxe-edition-w-stamp.jpg |thumb|right|The Deluxe Edition]]
Victoria Barnsley, CEO and Publisher of HarperCollins Publishers UK said: "''This epic story of adventure, tragedy, fellowship and heroism stands as one of the finest expressions of J.R.R. Tolkien's skills as a storyteller. With a narrative as dramatic and powerful as anything contained within The Lord of the Rings , it can now be read and enjoyed as Tolkien originally intended, and will doubtless be a revelation for millions of fans around the world.'''"

Janet Silver, Vice President and Publisher of Houghton Mifflin, said, "''As J.R.R. Tolkien's original American publisher, dating back to The Hobbit, we are extremely proud to be bringing this project to Tolkien's devoted readership in the United States. Christopher Tolkien has done a great service in realizing his father's vision for The Children of Húrin.''"

==See also==
* [[The Children of Húrin Release Party]]
* [[The Children of Húrin reviews]]

==External links==
* [http://www.tolkienlibrary.com/press/Children-of-Hurin-FAQ.htm Children of Húrin FAQ]
* [http://www.lotrplaza.com/archive5/display_topic_threads.asp?ForumID=24&TopicID=207607 Discussion at LotRPlaza.com]
* [http://wormtalk.blogspot.com/2006/09/j.html Blog post by Michael Drout]
* [http://www.tolkienlibrary.com/press/childrenofhurin.htm Article on TolkienLibrary.com]
* [http://www.harpercollins.ca:80/global_scripts/product_catalog/book_xml.asp?isbn=0007246226 News Release at HarperCollins.ca]
* [http://www.bitu.com/tolkien/tolkien-trailer.html The Children of Húrin Trailer US Edition]
* [http://tolkien.hcp-uk.co.uk/thechildrenofhurin.aspx The Children of Húrin Trailer]
* [http://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/feature.html/ref=amb_link_40925765_1/202-4391387-4644660?ie=UTF8&docId=1000064113&pf_rd_m=A3P5ROKL5A1OLE&pf_rd_s=special-offers-1&pf_rd_r=0GT0FB0WME2MCPMCJ9XP&pf_rd_t=201&pf_rd_p=137498491&pf_rd_i=0007252234 Amazon.co.uk "The Childhood of Túrin"]

==Purchase==
'''Regular edition'''
* [http://www.amazon.com/Children-Hurin-J-R-R-Tolkien/dp/0618894640/sr=8-1/qid=1170968587/ref=pd_bbs_sr_1/105-2987979-0667618?ie=UTF8&s=books Amazon.com]
* [http://www.amazon.co.uk/Children-Hurin-Christopher-Tolkien/dp/0007246226 Amazon.co.uk]
* [http://www.amazon.ca/Children-Hurin-J-R-R-Tolkien/dp/0007246226/sr=11-1/qid=1170986155/ref=sr_11_1/702-1711121-9420851 Amazon.ca]
*[http://search.barnesandnoble.com/booksearch/isbninquiry.asp?isbn=0618894640&z=y Barnes and Noble]
'''Deluxe edition'''
* [http://www.amazon.com/Children-Hurin-Deluxe-J-R-R-Tolkien/dp/0618904417/sr=8-2/qid=1170968587/ref=pd_bbs_2/105-2987979-0667618?ie=UTF8&s=books Amazon.com]
* [http://www.amazon.co.uk/Children-Hurin-J-R-R-Tolkien/dp/0007252234/sr=8-1/qid=1170968778/ref=pd_ka_1/203-1975989-7489551?ie=UTF8&s=books Amazon.co.uk]
* [http://www.amazon.ca/Children-Hurin-Deluxe-J-Tolkien/dp/0007252234/sr=8-1/qid=1170968875/ref=pd_ka_1/702-4168450-3416061?ie=UTF8&s=books Amazon.ca]
*[http://search.barnesandnoble.com/booksearch/isbnInquiry.asp?z=y&endeca=1&isbn=0618904417&itm=2 Barnes and Noble]
'''All editions (Book search - New/Used)'''
*[http://www3.addall.com/New/compare.cgi?dispCurr=USD&id=140237&isbn=0618894640&location=10000&thetime=20070429060810&author=&title=&state=AK addall.com]
*[http://www.pricescan.com/books/BookPrices.asp?region=none&fields=0618894640&searchSites=all&sortby=Total&title=The+Children+of+Hurin&author=J.R.R.+Tolkien&copyrdate=Houghton+Mifflin&binding=Hardcover&pages=&submit1=Get+Prices PriceSCAN]
[[Category:Books by J.R.R. Tolkien|Children of Húrin]]
[[Category:Books by Christopher Tolkien|Children of Húrin]]