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Calenardhon

2009-10-27T06:10:33Z

Hokienut: added possible Quenya etymological data

{{Pronounce|Calenardhon.mp3|Ardamir}}

[[Image:Ted Nasmith - The Riders of Rohan.jpg|right|thumb|240px|''The Riders of Rohan'' by [[Ted Nasmith]].]]
==History==
'''Calenardhon''' was a wide green landscape in the north of [[Gondor]], but it became depopulated during the [[Third Age]]. It was devastated by the [[Great Plague]] of [[Third Age 1636]].

During the rule of the [[Steward of Gondor|Steward]] [[Cirion]], [[Gondor]] faced a series of attacks by the [[Balchoth]], and Calenardhon was overrun by these evil people. Cirion sent messages for help to Gondor's old allies, including the [[Éothéod]], to help defend Gondor.

[[Eorl the Young]] answered the call, and helped Gondor defeat the Balchoth at the [[Field of Celebrant]]. In gratitude, Cirion granted all Calenardhon, except for [[Anórien]], to the Éothéod.

After the Éothéod settled in Calenardhon, the land became known as [[Rohan]] or the [[Riddermark]].

==Etymology==
'''Calenardhon''' is [[Sindarin]], meaning ''Green Province'' (''[[calen]]'' "green" + ''[[ardhon]]'' "province, great region"). Though never published, its cognate in [[Quenya]] would likely be '''''[[Calinarda]]''''' (''[[calina]]'' "green" + ''[[arda]]'' "realm").

[[Category:Rohan]]
[[Category:Regions]]
[[Category:Pronounced articles]]

[[de:Calenardhon]]
[[fr:encyclo:geographie:regions:calenardhon]]
[[fi:Calenardhon]]

Calenardhon

2009-10-27T06:01:15Z

Hokienut: Added etymological data for Calenardhon

{{Pronounce|Calenardhon.mp3|Ardamir}}

[[Image:Ted Nasmith - The Riders of Rohan.jpg|right|thumb|240px|''The Riders of Rohan'' by [[Ted Nasmith]].]]
==History==
'''Calenardhon''' was a wide green landscape in the north of [[Gondor]], but it became depopulated during the [[Third Age]]. It was devastated by the [[Great Plague]] of [[Third Age 1636]].

During the rule of the [[Steward of Gondor|Steward]] [[Cirion]], [[Gondor]] faced a series of attacks by the [[Balchoth]], and Calenardhon was overrun by these evil people. Cirion sent messages for help to Gondor's old allies, including the [[Éothéod]], to help defend Gondor.

[[Eorl the Young]] answered the call, and helped Gondor defeat the Balchoth at the [[Field of Celebrant]]. In gratitude, Cirion granted all Calenardhon, except for [[Anórien]], to the Éothéod.

After the Éothéod settled in Calenardhon, the land became known as [[Rohan]] or the [[Riddermark]].

==Etymology==
'''Calenardhon''' is [[Sindarin]], meaning ''Green Province'' (''[[calen]]'' "green" + ''[[ardhon]]'' "province, great region").

[[Category:Rohan]]
[[Category:Regions]]
[[Category:Pronounced articles]]

[[de:Calenardhon]]
[[fr:encyclo:geographie:regions:calenardhon]]
[[fi:Calenardhon]]

Calaquendi

2009-10-27T05:45:17Z

Hokienut: edited a few spelling errors & added new sentence

'''Calaquendi''' (singular ''Calaquendë'') are the ''[[Elves of the Light]]'', those who have seen the light of the [[Two Trees]] in [[Valinor]] They include the [[Vanyar]], [[Ñoldor]], and those [[Teleri]] who passed over [[Belegaer]], as well as the [[Sindar]]in King [[Thingol]] alone of all his people. Another name for them is the [[Anamyar]] (With the exception of Thingol, who was not counted among them), "Those of Aman". Those kindreds who settled in Aman or descended from them were also referred to as High Elves, or "Tereldar".

Those of the Elves who refused the summons of the [[Valar]] or did not complete the [[Great Journey]] to [[Valinor]] are called the ''Úmanyar'', meaning "Not of Aman" and "[[Moriquendi]]", or Dark Elves (Those who had not seen the light). King [[Elu Thingol]] of Doriath holds the unique status of being both among the Calaquendi and the Úmanyar, since he originally saw the Light, being one of the three ambassadors brought to Aman by [[Oromë]], but did not return to Aman during the Great Journey.
==See also==
*[[Amanyar]]
==Etymology==
Quenya ''[[cala]]'', wich means light and ''[[quendi]]'', meaning elves; thus: "Elves of Light".
==Cognates==
*[[Telerin]] ''[[Calapendi]]''
*[[Sindarin]] ''[[Calben|Calbin]]''

[[Category:High Elves]]
[[category:Quenya nouns]]

[[de:Calaquendi]]
[[fr:encyclo:peuples:elfes:calaquendi]]
[[fi:Calaquendi]]

Aldor

2009-10-15T05:33:19Z

Hokienut: added etymological information

==History==
'''Aldor''' ([[Third Age]] 2544 – 2645, aged 101 years) was the second son of King [[Brego]] of [[Rohan]]. His elder brother [[Baldor]] had been lost while attempting to pass the [[Paths of the Dead]], and so Aldor succeeded his father to become the third King of Rohan. He was just twenty-six years old when he came to the throne, and his reign of seventy-five years was the longest in the annals of the Mark. On account of his great age—he reached his one hundred and second year before he died—he is often referred to as '''Aldor the Old'''.

Aldor was the founder of a golden age in Rohan's history. In his time, the [[Rohirrim]] increased greatly in numbers, and he succeeded in driving all the [[Dunlendings]] from his realm. Aldor had many children, of which the three eldest were daughters. It was his fourth child, [[Fréa]], who succeeded him as King, but due to Aldor's long life, Fréa had to wait until he was himself seventy-five years old before he became [[Lord of the Mark]].

==Etymology==
Aldor seems to come from the Old English ''ealdor'', meaning "Prince, Chief, Lord".

{{sequence
|prev=[[Brego]]
|next=[[Fréa]]
|list=3rd [[King of Rohan]] <code>III</code> 2570 – 2645
}}

[[Category:Rohirrim]]
[[Category:Rulers of Rohan]]
[[de:Aldor der Alte]]
[[fi:Aldor]]

==References==
[[James W. Bright]] (ed.), [http://www.jrrvf.com/hisweloke/sindar/online/goth-saxon/bright-oe.html James W. Bright's Glossary of the Anglo-Saxon Language]

Palantíri

2009-10-10T06:23:11Z

Hokienut: Added Etymology section

{{objects
| image=[[Image:Raphael Rau - Palantir.jpg|250px]]
| name=Palantíri
| othernames=Seeing Stones
| derivation=[[Q.]] ''[[palan]]'' "far, distant, wide" + ''[[tir]]'' "watch, guard"
| location=Various locations in [[Endor]]
| ownedby=[[Elendil]] and his line, [[Ruling Stewards]], [[Saruman]]
| maker=[[Noldor]] (likely [[Fëanor]])
| appearance=Smooth, round, dark stones
| references=''[[The Lord of the Rings]]'', ''[[The Palantíri]]''
|}}
{{quote|The ''palantír'' replied to each, but all those in [[Gondor]] were ever open to the view of [[Osgiliath]]. Now it appears that, as the [[Tower of Orthanc|rock of Orthanc]] has withstood the storms of time, so there the ''palantír'' of that tower has remained. But alone it could do nothing but see small images of things far off and days remote. Very useful, no doubt, that was to [[Saruman]]; yet it seems that he was not content. Further and further abroad he gazed, until he cast his gaze upon [[Barad-dûr]]. Then he was caught!|[[Gandalf]], ''[[The Palantír]]''}}
The '''''palantíri''''' (sometimes translated as "''Seeing Stones''") were stones that could be used in communication with one another, and also to see many things across the face of the world. When its master looked in it, he could communicate with other Stones and anyone who might be looking into them; people of great power can manipulate the Stones to see virtually any part of the world.

==History==
===Origin and Early History===
The ''palantíri'' were made by the Noldor of [[Valinor]] in the [[Uttermost West]], possibly by [[Fëanor]]. Many ''palantíri'' were made, but the number is not known. Some of the stones were given to the [[Dúnedain]] of [[Númenor]] as a gift during the [[Second Age]] by [[Gil-galad]]. Of these, [[Elendil]] took seven with him on his flight to [[Middle-earth]] upon the [[Downfall of Númenor]], and in time they were distributed among seven places: four in [[Gondor]] and three in [[Arnor]]. They were used largely for communication, but also to see what was occuring through the realms. Their existence was common knowledge, but no-one was allowed easy access to them save for kings and rulers, appointed wardens, or by royal command.

===Third Age and beyond===
One by one the stones vanished from public knowledge or were lost. The [[Osgiliath-stone]] fell into [[Anduin]] during the [[Kin-strife]] and burning of that city in [[Third Age 1437|T.A. 1437]]. When [[Arvedui]], [[King of Arnor]], was shipwrecked and his line ended in [[Third Age 1975|T.A. 1975]], he drowned with the ''palantíri'' of [[Amon Sûl-stone|Amon Sûl]] and [[Annúminas-stone|Annúminas]], the only communicating stones of Arnor. When [[Minas Ithil]] fell in [[Third Age 2002|2002]], the stone was assumed destroyed in general. The wiser and more foresighted men of Gondor decided that in case Sauron had seized the Stone, they would stop using the [[Anor-stone]] to prevent any contact with the [[Dark Lord]]. As the [[Elostirion-stone]] was locked away and could not answer the other stones anyway, the only remaining stone was the [[Orthanc-stone]], which became useless to the Gondorians. When [[Beren (Steward of Gondor)|Beren]] gave [[Saruman]] the deserted but secure [[Orthanc]] in [[Third Age 2759|2759]], he likely assumed that Saruman, head of the leading order against Sauron, would keep it safe.

Several of these hidden or lost stones came to light during the [[War of the Ring]]. Previous to this, Saruman used his ''palantír'' to gain knowledge, and eventually was caught when he dared to looked toward [[Mordor]]. Thus, the above war was greatly affected by these stones. Later, upon Saruman's downfall, its rightful master [[Aragorn II]] twisted it to his will, so that it no longer had a connection with the stolen Ithil stone.

The second ''palantír'' to be revealed was that of Minas Anor. Denethor, too, had glanced toward Mordor with it, but his great hate of incarnate evil and power of will prevented him from being snared, though it taxed him greatly. Partially because of what he saw he eventually committed suicide in the darkest hour. This stone was later used by King [[Aragorn II]], though it is said that anyone of weaker will who looked into it would see the writhing hands of Denethor in his final agony.

The final fate of most of the stones is unknown. The Elostirion-stone was taken west with the [[Ringbearer]]s in [[Third Age 3021|3021]] of the [[Third Age]], severing the last link of [[Middle-earth]] to [[Valinor]]. The stones of Anor and Orthanc are believed to have been reinstated in the [[Reunited Kingdom]] and used officially once more. The Ithil-stone may have been destroyed in the fall of Barad-dûr, but it is also possible that it too was found and reused in the Reunited Kingdom. Whether or not the other three lost stones were ever found is never indicated; the Osgiliath-stone may have rolled into the Sea, or it may have lain still in the Anduin. The stones of Arnor, however, were lost in the frozen seas of [[Forochel]], and therefore it is highly unlikely that they could ever be recovered.

==Appearance==
They were perfect spheres, appearing to be made of solid glass or deep black crystal. The smallest stones were one foot in diameter; the larger stones too large for a single man to bear. They were unbreakable save, some thought, by the fires of [[Orodruin]].

==The Stones==

* The '''[[Master-stone]]''' was not one of the seven, but remained in the [[Tower of Avallonë]] in [[Tol Eressëa]]. It was the master stone. It apparently could not communicate with the stones of [[Middle-earth]], or at least is not mentioned having done so.

* The '''[[Osgiliath-stone]]''' was the largest stone among the seven, and chief among them. It was placed in a prominent building in [[Osgiliath]], the capital city of the kingdom of [[Gondor]]. The ceiling of its chamber was painted to resemble a starry sky, and gave its name (''os-giliath'', the [[Dome of Stars]]) to the city itself. It was too large for one man to carry.

* The '''[[Elostirion-stone]]''', also known as the '''[[Elendil Stone]]''', was placed by [[Elendil]] in the tower of [[Elostirion]] in the [[Emyn Beraid]], just west of [[The Shire]]. The tower and stone were maintained and guarded by [[Círdan]] and the [[Lindon]]-[[elves]]. Elendil used it to looked back along the [[Straight Road]] to [[Eressëa]] and even the [[Tower of Avallonë]] and the [[Master-stone]], and though it is indicated that he tried, he could not see the fallen Númenor. It could not be used in communication with the other stones, and was unique in this respect.

* The '''[[Amon Sûl-stone]]''' was placed in the watch-tower of [[Amon Sûl]]. It was the largest and most powerful of the [[Arnor]]ian ''palantíri'' and the one most used in communication with [[Gondor]]. Like the Osgiliath-stone, it "could not be lifted by one man."

* The ''''[[Annúminas-stone]]''' was also placed in Arnor, in the city of [[Annúminas]].

* The '''[[Ithil-stone]]''' was placed in [[Minas Ithil]], in the mountains that came to be known as the [[Ephel Dúath]]. When Minas Ithil fell to the [[Nazgûl]], the Ithil-stone was taken to [[Barad-dûr]] and used by [[Sauron]].

* The '''[[Orthanc-stone]]''' was placed in the great tower built by the [[Dúnedain]] in the Second Age at the southern end of the [[Misty Mountains]], [[Orthanc]]. It fell into the hands of the wizard [[Saruman]], who used it to garner information on his neighbors and their activities. The stone was also partially responsible for Saruman's fall from grace, as he was using it when he came upon [[Sauron]], and was ensnared by him. After the [[War of the Ring]], the Orthanc-stone remained in the custody of the Kings of Gondor in the [[Fourth Age]].

* The '''[[Anor-stone]]''' was placed at [[Minas Anor]], later renamed [[Minas Tirith]] and made the capital of [[Gondor]]. It was kept an unused secret by the Ruling Stewards until it was ultimately used by Steward [[Denethor]] to watch his land, and he eventually even challenged Sauron in a battle of wills. [[Denethor]] did not become corrupted, but the great effort of will that this required of him led him to age quickly. [[Denethor]] was holding the stone when he committed suicide on a funeral pyre, and after this, only people of exceeding power could see in it anything other than two flaming hands.

==Usage==
[[Image:Saruman with Palantir from Peter Jackson's The Lord of the Rings.jpg|250px|thumb|[[Saruman]] with Palantir from Peter Jackson's The Lord of the Rings]]The purpose of the stones in general was dual: to communicate with one another, and to see afar. All the stones save for the Elostirion-stone could be used in communication with one another, although the bigger and more powerful stones were favored for this use over long distances. The great Osgiliath-stone could spy on communication by the lesser stones, and a few others apparently also had special abilities. The stones' gaze could penetrate beyond any solid object, such as into deep caverns, but required light to see anything. A technique called ''[[shrouding]]'' was used when something was to be kept secret from any possible watchers using the stones. Knowledge of this technique was lost in time, although Sauron probably knew of it.

The user or "surveyer" of a ''palantír'' would first assure himself that the stone was oriented properly. Usually the stones were held firmly so that this did not have to occur at each viewing. Then the surveyer would take up a position facing the direction he would want to look; for instance, if he wished to look west, he would stand on the eastern side of the stone. The major stones, however, could be rotated, and thus did not require moving about. The stones were apparently controlled by will power; although chance largely dictated precisely upon what the gaze of the stones lay, the surveyer could manipulate and shift the gaze by merely concentrating, even when not touching the stone. This concentrating, however, was quite taxing, and so was not generally used save in urgent situations. Zooming in could be accomplished through the same methods, and standing three feet away from the stone achieved the best clarity and widest scope. Stronger and more skilled surveyers could generally see more easily and with less difficulty than others.

To communicate with another stone, the viewer would orient himself and look toward the location of that stone, and the two stones would automatically connect with one another unless one was being used in another conversation. The surveyer would transmit his thoughts to the other stone by thinking, but the person on the other end would hear it in his head. The surveyer and his contact would see one another, but sounds could not be transmitted save through the above method of thought.

The stones were generally placed in bowls or depressions in tables of black marble, oriented through trial and error so that the poles of the stone aligned with the center of the world. The kings usually appointed deputies to look in the stone regularly, or on command, or in times of emergency. Others not authorized by the king could use them, but it took a great amount of willpower, and things were often less clear.

==Etymology==
'''[[Palantír]]''' (pl. ''Palantíri'') is [[Quenya]], essentially meaning "Seeing Stone". The [[Sindarin]] cognate is '''[[Gwachaedir]]''' (which is both the singular and plural form).

==See also==
* [[:Category:Images of Palantíri|Images of Palantíri]]

[[Category:Palantíri]]
[[Category:Objects]]

Ents

2009-10-10T06:04:07Z

Hokienut: /* History */ modified etymological data

[[Image:John Howe - Treebeard.jpg|thumb|''Treebeard'' by [[John Howe]].]]
'''Ents''' were created at the request of [[Yavanna]] to guard the trees, and thus were called "Shepherds of the Trees".

As with ''[[Hobbit]]'', '''Ent''' is a term that in modern times is almost exclusively connected with [[J.R.R. Tolkien]], and the usage of the term seldom evokes in people its earlier meanings.

==Concerning Ents==

Ents are a very old race that appeared in [[Middle-earth]] when the [[Elves]] did. They were apparently created by [[Ilúvatar|Eru Ilúvatar]] at the behest of Yavanna, after she learned that [[Aulë]]'s children, the [[Dwarves]], were wont to fell trees. Ents were envisioned as Shepherds of the Trees, to protect the forests from [[Orcs]], Dwarves and other perils. The Elves have tales of teaching the trees to talk, and they also taught the Ents to talk: although the Ents were sentient beings at the time, they did not know how to speak until the Elves taught them. [[Treebeard]] said of the Elves "curing the Ents of their dumbness" that it was a great gift that could not be forgotten ("Always wanted to talk to everything, the old Elves did").

[[Image:John Howe - Ents.jpg|thumb|200pxlleft|''Ents'' by [[John Howe]].]]
Ents are tree-like creatures, having become like the trees that they shepherd. They vary in traits, from everything to height and size, colouring, and the number of fingers and toes. An individual Ent more or less resembles the specific species of tree that they typically guard. For example, [[Quickbeam]] guarded Rowan trees and thus looked very much like a Rowan (tall and slender, etc.). In the [[Third Age]] of Middle-earth, the [[Fangorn Forest|Forest of Fangorn]] was apparently the only place Ents still inhabited, although the Ent-like [[Huorns]] may still have survived elsewhere, as in the Old Forest.

=== History ===
Almost nothing is known of the early history of the Ents — they apparently lived in and protected the large forests of Middle-earth in previous ages, and they briefly appear near the end of the [[First Age]], attacking a band of Dwarves, apparently summoned by [[Beren Erchamion|Beren]] and [[Lúthien Tinúviel|Lúthien]]. Treebeard told of a time when apparently all of [[Eriador]] was one huge forest and part of his domain, but these immense forests were cut by the [[Númenóreans]] of the Second Age, or destroyed in the calamitous War of the Elves and Sauron of the 17th century of the Second Age. Treebeard's statement is also supported by remarks [[Elrond]] Half-elven made at the Council of Elrond. Elrond said that "Time was once when a squirrel could carry a nut from tree to tree from Rivendell to the Great Sea...", further indicating that all of Eriador was once a single vast primeval forest, of which Fangorn Forest was just "the Eastern End of it" according to Treebeard.

[[Image:Luka Luka - Farewell to Fangorn.jpg|thumb|[[Entwives]] in ''Farewell to Fangorn'' by [[Luka Luka]].]]
There used to be ''[[Entwives]]'' (literally "Ent-women"), but they started to move farther away from the Ents because they liked to plant and control things, so they moved away to the region that would later become the [[Brown Lands]] across the Great River [[Anduin]]. This area was destroyed by [[Sauron]], and the Entwives disappeared. The Ents looked for them, but have never found them. It is sung by the Ents that one day they will find each other. In the Fellowship of the Ring, Sam Gamgee says his cousin Hal saw treelike giant in the north of the Shire. When Pippin and Merry tell Treebeard about the Shire, Treebread says the entwives would like that land.

[[Image:Treebeard.jpeg|thumb|[[Treebeard]] from [[Peter Jackson's The Lord of the Rings]].]]
Treebeard boasted to Merry and Pippin about the strength of the Ents. He said that they were much more powerful than [[Trolls]], which [[Morgoth]] (in the Elder Days or First Age) supposedly made as imitations of the Ents, but did not come near to their power. He compares this with how [[Orcs]] were Morgoth's imitation of [[Elves]].

The [[Sindarin]] name for Ents, as a race, is ''Onodrim'', and as individuals ''Onod'' (pl. ''Enyd'').

=== The March of the Ents ===
{{quote|The Ents are going to war!|[[Treebeard]]}}
In ''[[The Two Towers]]'', the second volume of Tolkien's ''[[The Lord of the Rings]]'', the Ents—usually a very patient, deliberate people—do become angry at [[Saruman]], whose armies are cutting down large numbers of their trees. They convene an ''Entmoot'', a meeting of the Ents of [[Fangorn Forest]] at Derndingle.

[[Image:Ted Nasmith - The Tree Shepherds.jpg|thumb|''The Tree Shepherds'' by [[Ted Nasmith]].]]
After lengthy deliberation (though from the perspective of the Ents, this is very quick action), they march on Saruman's fortress at [[Isengard]]: the last march of the Ents. They are led by Treebeard, the oldest Ent, and accompanied by the [[Hobbits]] [[Meriadoc Brandybuck]] and [[Peregrin Took]]. They destroy Isengard in an all-out assault and trap Saruman in the tower of [[Orthanc]]. Tolkien later noted that the destruction of Isengard by the Ents was based off of personal disappointment in MacBeth, when "Birnham Wood is come to castle Dunsinane", Tolkien was less than thrilled that it amounted to men walking on stage with leaves in their hats; he decided that when he did that scene for himself, he'd do it right.

==Portrayal in Adaptions==

Ents in [[Peter Jackson's The Lord of the Rings]] were portrayed as, perhaps, more tree-ish than in the books (the books describe them as having smooth skin; the movie has them with skin like thick and rough bark. They have been accused of being "stupidified", though the explanation that [[Peter Jackson]] gives is that he wanted to give Merry and Pippin a more important role in the action. In the movie adaption, the Ents at the Entmoot decide that this is "not our war", despite strong protest from Merry. The scene is also shorter, cutting out [[Bregalad]] completely; Treebeard is the only Ent who is named and speaks on screen..

Treebeard is about to take them north to the border, when Pippin insists that they go South instead, because "''the closer we are to danger, the farther we are from harm''". This "does not make sense" to Treebeard, but he does as they ask, and sees the ruin and destruction that Saruman has wrought on southern Fangorn. Treebeard then calls the Ents to battle with his booming Ent-call, and they appear out of the forest as if they had been standing there waiting for it. That they do not know the borders of their own forest is another possible logical gap. But others have accepted Jackson's technique as valid, because of the seemingly minor actions of Merry and Pippin throughout The Two Towers.

==Trivia==
J.R.R. Tolkien most likely had not heard of the phenomenon, but there are actually rare trees which can "walk" by growing roots on the side in which they intend to move and killing the roots on the opposite side. [http://boonedocks.net/pa/pa.php?p:339:15]

==External links==
* [http://icbirmingham.icnetwork.co.uk/birminghampost/news/tm_objectid=15530734&method=full&siteid=50002&headline=tolkien-statue-plan-splits-community-name_page.html Plan to construct a 25' Ent in Birmingham]

{{ents}}

[[Category:Races]]

[[de:Ents]]

Elvellon

2009-10-10T05:56:03Z

Hokienut:

'''Elvellon''' (pl. ''Elvellyn'') is the [[Sindarin]] term for "[[Elf-friend]]" (from the elements ''[[elen]]'' "elf" and ''[[mellon]]'' "friend"). In [[Quenya]], this corresponds with ''[[Elendil]]'' (pl. ''Elendili'').

== References ==
*[http://www.jrrvf.com/hisweloke/sindar/online/sindarin.html Hiswelókë's Sindarin Dictionary] compiled by [[Didier Willis]].

[[Category: Sindarin words]]

Elvellon

2009-10-10T05:55:01Z

Hokienut:

Elvellon

2009-10-10T05:52:59Z

Hokienut: added references

Elvellon

2009-10-10T05:45:32Z

Hokienut: Added new page for Elvellon

Elf-friends

2009-10-10T05:36:27Z

Hokienut: Added Sindarin etymological info

{{sources}}
The '''Elf-friends''' were those, usually among [[Men]], who were recognised by the [[Elves]] as providing special aid or alliance to their efforts. The [[Quenya]] terms were technically ''Eldandil'' ("Devoted to the [[Eldar]]"), or ''Quendil'' ("Devoted to the [[Quendi]]"). However, among the [[Edain]] and [[Dúnedain]], the Elvish words for "Elf" and "[[stars|star]]" were often confused, since they sounded similar. Thus [[Elendil]] was used by them to mean "Elf-friend", though it actually signifies "Devoted to the Stars" in Quenya. The plural form of this word, ''Elendili'', was one of the names for the [[Faithful]] [[Númenóreans]]. The Sindarin term for "Elf-friend" is ''[[Elvellon]]'' (with the plural form being ''Elvellyn'').
== Notable Elf-friends ==
* [[Beren Erchamion]]
* [[Húrin Thalion]]
* [[Túrin Turambar]]
* [[Bilbo Baggins]]
* [[Frodo Baggins]]
* [[Gimli]]
==Inspiration==
The concept of the "Elf-friend" is recurrent in Tolkien's legendarium, both in meaning and in name. The name Ælfwine/Elfwine is an actual [[Old English]] personal name that means "Elf-friend" and has survived as Alwin/Elwin. This word has been the basis for several characters and terms:
*[[Elendil]]
*[[Nimruzîr]]
*[[Elvellon]]
*[[Elfwine]] son of [[Éomer]]
*[[Ælfwine]] of England (also known as [[Eriol]])
*[[Alwin Lowdham]]
*[[Alboin]]
[[Category:Men]]
[[fi:Haltiamielet]]

Brego

2009-10-06T18:40:16Z

Hokienut:

{{youmay|Brego, King of [[Rohan]]|[[Brego (horse)|Brego the Horse, in Peter Jackson's The Lord of the Rings]]}}
{{rohirrim infobox
| image=
| name=Brego
| othernames=
| position=[[King of Rohan]]
| noinline=2 ([[First Line]])
| birth=[[Third Age 2512|T.A. 2512]]
| rule=[[Third Age 2545|T.A. 2545]] - [[Third Age 2570|T.A. 2570]]
| death=[[Third Age 2570|T.A. 2570]]
| gender=Male
| description=
| parentage=[[Eorl]]
| spouse=
| children=[[Baldor]], [[Aldor]], [[Eofor]]
|}}

==History==
'''Brego''' ([[Third Age]] 2512 – 2570, aged 58 years) was the second [[King of Rohan]].

Brego became King at the death of his father ''[[Eorl the Young]]'' in Third Age 2545. During his rule the migration of the [[Éothéod]] to [[Calenardhon]] continued, and Brego defended the borders of [[Rohan]] against their enemies (the [[Dunlendings]] and [[Easterlings]]).

Brego built the [[Golden Hall]] of [[Meduseld]], and made [[Edoras]] the capital of Rohan.

His eldest son [[Baldor]] in his pride went into the [[Paths of the Dead]] never to be found again, and Brego died of grief soon after. He was followed by his second son, [[Aldor]].

==Etymology==
Brego would seem to mean "chief, leader, king, lord" in [[Old English]], which Tolkien used to represent [[Rohirric]] in his works.

{{sequence
|prev=[[Eorl]]
|next=[[Aldor]]
|list=2nd [[King of Rohan]] <code>III</code> 2545 – 2570
}}

[[Category:Rohirrim]]
[[Category:Rulers of Rohan]]
[[de:Brego (Sohn von Eorl)]]
[[fr:encyclo:personnages:hommes:3a:hommes_du_nord:rohirrim:brego]]
[[fi:Brego]]

Brego

2009-10-06T18:39:18Z

Hokienut: added etymological data for Brego

{{youmay|Brego, King of [[Rohan]]|[[Brego (horse)|Brego the Horse, in Peter Jackson's The Lord of the Rings]]}}
{{rohirrim infobox
| image=
| name=Brego
| othernames=
| position=[[King of Rohan]]
| noinline=2 ([[First Line]])
| birth=[[Third Age 2512|T.A. 2512]]
| rule=[[Third Age 2545|T.A. 2545]] - [[Third Age 2570|T.A. 2570]]
| death=[[Third Age 2570|T.A. 2570]]
| gender=Male
| description=
| parentage=[[Eorl]]
| spouse=
| children=[[Baldor]], [[Aldor]], [[Eofor]]
|}}

'''Brego''' ([[Third Age]] 2512 – 2570, aged 58 years) was the second [[King of Rohan]].

Brego became King at the death of his father ''[[Eorl the Young]]'' in Third Age 2545. During his rule the migration of the [[Éothéod]] to [[Calenardhon]] continued, and Brego defended the borders of [[Rohan]] against their enemies (the [[Dunlendings]] and [[Easterlings]]).

Brego built the [[Golden Hall]] of [[Meduseld]], and made [[Edoras]] the capital of Rohan.

His eldest son [[Baldor]] in his pride went into the [[Paths of the Dead]] never to be found again, and Brego died of grief soon after. He was followed by his second son, [[Aldor]].

==Etymology==
Brego would seem to mean "chief, leader, king, lord" in [[Old English]], which Tolkien used to represent [[Rohirric]] in his works.

{{sequence
|prev=[[Eorl]]
|next=[[Aldor]]
|list=2nd [[King of Rohan]] <code>III</code> 2545 – 2570
}}

[[Category:Rohirrim]]
[[Category:Rulers of Rohan]]
[[de:Brego (Sohn von Eorl)]]
[[fr:encyclo:personnages:hommes:3a:hommes_du_nord:rohirrim:brego]]
[[fi:Brego]]

Borgil

2009-10-06T03:57:56Z

Hokienut:

'''Borgil''' was a bright red star in the constellation of [[Menelvagor]] ([[Wikipedia:Orion (constellation)|Orion]]), corresponding to the star we call Alpha Orionis or, more commonly, [[Wikipedia:Betelgeuse|Betelgeuse]]. Borgil would seem to mean "Steadfast Star" in [[Sindarin]] (from ''[[bôr]]'' "steadfast, trustworthy, faithful" and ''[[gîl]]'' "star").

[[Category:Stars]]

[[de:Borgil]]
[[fi:Borgil]]

Borgil

2009-10-06T00:40:15Z

Hokienut: added Wikipedia links for "Orion" and "Betelgeuse"

'''Borgil''' was a bright red star in the constellation of [[Menelvagor]] ([[Wikipedia:Orion (constellation)|Orion]]), corresponding to the star we call Alpha Orionis or, more commonly, [[Wikipedia:Betelgeuse|Betelgeuse]]. Borgil would seem to mean "Steadfast Star" in [[Sindarin]] (from ''[[bôr]]'' "steadfast, trustworthy, faithful" and ''[[gîl]]'' star).

[[Category:Stars]]

[[de:Borgil]]
[[fi:Borgil]]

Borgil

2009-10-06T00:26:07Z

Hokienut: added etymological info

'''Borgil''' was a bright red star in the constellation of [[Menelvagor]] (Orion), corresponding to the star we call Betelgeuse. Borgil would seem to mean "Steadfast Star" in [[Sindarin]] (from ''[[bôr]]'' "steadfast, trustworthy, faithful" and ''[[gîl]]'' star).

[[Category:Stars]]

[[de:Borgil]]
[[fi:Borgil]]

Valar

2008-03-14T15:36:48Z

Hokienut: /* Names */

{{expansion}}
{{Transcribed|Valar_tengwar.png|Valar|Tengwar, Quenya mode}}

The '''Valar''' ([[Quenya]], sg."''Vala''") are the ''Powers of Arda'' who live on the Western continent of [[Aman]].

The Valar were the fourteen powerful spirits of the [[Races|race]] of the [[Ainur]] who entered [[Arda]] after its creation to give order to the world and combat the evils of [[Melkor]]. They dwelt originally on the Isle of [[Almaren]], but after its destruction, long before the Awakening of the [[Elves]], they moved to [[Aman]] and founded [[Valinor]].

They were the greatest of the Ainur who witnessed the Vision of [[Ilúvatar]] and so came to create Arda. Melkor came to Arda to claim it for his own.

Manwë and Melkor fought, and Manwë called other spirits to help him in his battle. Among these were the other Valar and the [[Maiar]]. Melkor withdrew from the battle, and the others continued their creation of the World. But Melkor saw this, and returned to fight for control of Arda.

The Valar have no fixed shape, but often take the shapes of Men and Elves, or they can remain invisible.

The Valar are not gods, though Men have often mistaken them as such in the beginning of [[Arda]]. They are actually emissaries or regents of Ilúvatar, the monotheistic God of the world, who rarely directly intervenes in the world's course of events.

==Names==

These are the names of the Valar as they were known to the [[Eldar]]. In Middle-earth, they were known by other names of [[Sindarin]] origin; for example they called Varda [[Elbereth]]. [[Men]] knew them by many other names, sometimes referring to them as "gods" at first. The [[Dwarves]] called Aulë, their creator, ''[[Mahal]]''. It should be noted that, with the exception of Oromë, the names listed below are not actual names but rather titles: the true names of the Valar are nowhere recorded. Male Valar are called "Lords of the Valar"; females are called "Queens of the Valar," or '''Valier'''. In [[Sindarin]], the equivalents to ''Vala'' and ''Valar'' would be '''Balan''' and '''Belain''', respectively.

=== Lords of the Valar ===
* [[Manwë]] Súlimo, King of the Valar
* [[Ulmo]], King of the Sea
* [[Aulë]], the Smith
* [[Oromë]] Aldaron, the Great Rider
* [[Námo]] ([[Mandos]]), Judge of the Dead
* [[Irmo]] ([[Lórien]]), Master of Dreams and Desires
* [[Tulkas]] Astaldo, Champion of Valinor

=== Queens of the Valar (''Valier'') ===
* [[Varda]] Elentári, Queen of the Stars, wife of Manwë
* [[Yavanna]] Kementári (Palùrien), Giver of Fruits, wife of Aulë
* [[Nienna]], Lady of Mercy
* [[Estë]] the Gentle
* [[Vairë]] the Weaver
* [[Vána]] the Ever-young
* [[Nessa]] the Dancer

===Other names===

The '''[[Aratar]]''' ([[Sindarin]]: ''Exalted'') or '''High Ones of Arda''' are the eight greatest of the Valar: [[Manwë]], [[Varda]], [[Ulmo]], [[Yavanna]], [[Aulë]], [[Mandos]], [[Nienna]], and [[Oromë]]. Melkor, the most powerful of all, is not counted among them.

[[Irmo|Lórien]] and [[Mandos]] are brothers and are referred to collectively as the '''''Fëanturi''''' or "Masters of Spirits".

==Relationships between the Valar==
Ilúvatar brought the Valar (and all of the Ainur) into being by his thought, and may therefore be considered their father. However, not all of the Valar are siblings; where this is held to be so it is because they are so "in the thought of Ilúvatar".

It was the Valar who first practiced marriage, and later passed on their custom to the Elves. However only one such marriage among the Valar took place within the world, that of Tulkas and Nessa after the raising of the [[Two Lamps]].

<code>
[[Ilúvatar]]
||||||||||_____________________________________________
____________________________________|||||||||____________________________________ |
| _________________________|||||||________________________ | |
| | ______________|||||_______________ | | |
| | | _________|||__________ | | | |
| _______|_______ | | ___|_____ | | ___|____ ___|____ |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
[[Vairë]]=[[Námo]] [[Nienna]] [[Irmo]]=[[Estë]] [[Ulmo]] [[Melkor]] [[Manwë]]=[[Varda]] [[Aulë]]=[[Yavanna]] [[Vána]]=[[Oromë]] [[Nessa]]=[[Tulkas]]
</code>

==See also==
*[[Valaquenta]]

{{valar}}

[[de:Valar]]

Ar-Zimrathôn

2008-03-13T05:11:23Z

Hokienut: Added etymological data

{{numenorean
| image=
| name=Ar-Zimrathôn
| othernames=Tar-Hostamir
| birth=[[Second Age 2798|S.A. 2798]]
| rule=[[Second Age 2962|S.A. 2962]] until death (71 [[Years of the Sun|years]])
| death=[[Second Age 3033|S.A. 3033]]
| age=235 years
| party=[[King's Men]]
| language=[[Adûnaic]]
| gender=Male
| height=
| hair=
| eyes=
| parentage=[[Ar-Adûnakhôr]]
| siblings=
| spouse=
| children=[[Ar-Sakalthôr]]
|}}
'''Ar-Zimrathôn''' was the son and heir to [[Ar-Adûnakhôr]], and would became the twenty-first [[King of Númenor]]. His father was the first King to take his name in the [[Adûnaic]] tongue, and Ar-Zimrathôn established this tradition by doing the same, though the [[Quenya]] form of his name, '''Tar-Hostamir''', is also recorded. ''Zimrathôn'' seems to mean "Collector of Jewels" in [[Adûnaic]].

Ar-Zimrathôn held the Sceptre of [[Númenor]] for seventy-one years, and was succeeded by his son, who ruled as [[Ar-Sakalthôr]].
{{sequence
|prev=[[Ar-Adûnakhôr]]
|next=[[Ar-Sakalthôr]]
|list=21st [[King of Númenor]] <code>II</code> 2962 – 3033
}}

[[Category:Númenóreans]]
[[Category:Rulers of Númenor]]
[[de:Ar-Zimrathôn]]
[[fi:Ar-Zimrathôn]]

Arwen

2008-03-13T04:23:17Z

Hokienut: /* Etymology */

{{half-elf infobox
| image=[[Image:Anya Valle - Evenstar.jpg|250px]]
| name=Arwen
| quenya=
| titles=Undómiel, Evenstar, Queen of Gondor.
| birth=[[Third Age 241|T.A. 241]], [[Rivendell]].
| realm=[[Gondor]].
| death=[[Fourth Age 121|F.A. 121]].
| age=2,901 [[Years of the Sun|years]].
| gender=Female.
| parentage=[[Elrond]] and [[Celebrían]].
| heritage=[[Half-elven]] father, [[Elf]] mother.
| spouse=[[Aragorn II]].
| children=[[Eldarion]] and several daughters.
| hair=Dark.
|}}
{{quote|[[Frodo Baggins|Frodo]] saw her whom few [[mortals]] had yet seen; '''Arwen''', daughter of [[Elrond]], in whom it was said that the likeness of [[Lúthien]] had come on earth again; and she was called [[Undómiel]], for she was the [[Evenstar]] of her people.|''[[The Fellowship of the Ring]]'', [[Many Meetings]]}}
'''Arwen Undómiel''', often called '''Arwen Evenstar''', was the betrothed of [[Aragorn II]] in [[J.R.R. Tolkien|Tolkien's]] ''[[The Lord of the Rings]]''. She is the daughter of [[Elrond]] and [[Celebrían]] (and therefore grand-daughter of [[Galadriel]]). She rejects her [[Elves|Elven]] immortality (which she had the ability to do, since she was a [[half-elven|half-elf]], thus having the choice to be counted as an elf or a man) to marry Aragorn and die with him.

== History ==
The romance between Aragorn and Arwen is reminiscent of that between the Man [[Beren Erchamion|Beren]] and the Elf Lúthien, but as with many other tales of the Third Age, theirs is considered to be a pale copy of the deeds of earlier ages (Lúthien, for example, once defeated [[Sauron]] to rescue Beren). Still, few other marriages between Man and Elf are recorded in the annals of Tolkien.

A very young Aragorn encountered Arwen for the first time at [[Rivendell]], where he had been living; she had been staying with her grandmother in [[Lórien in Middle-earth|Lórien]]. He fell in love with her when he first saw her, but it was not until they met many years later in Lórien that she fell in love with him.

Arwen's first appearance in ''The Lord of the Rings'' is at Rivendell, when the [[Hobbit|Hobbits]] arrive there, and Aragorn is seen with her at one point—the first hint of their relationship. Later, when the [[Fellowship of the Ring|Fellowship]] come to [[Lórien in Middle-earth|Lothlórien]], he remembers their earlier meeting.

She enters the story again when, before taking to the [[Paths of the Dead]], Aragorn is met by a group consisting of [[Dúnedain]], his people, from the North, and Arwen's brothers, [[Elladan]] and [[Elrohir]]. They bring to him a banner on black cloth: a gift made by the hands of Arwen, and a sign that encourages him to take the difficult path. When it is unfurled at the [[Battle of the Pelennor Fields]] to reveal the emblem of [[Elendil]] in ''[[mithril]]'', gems, and gold, it is the first triumphant announcement of the King's return.

Arwen is mostly a minor character in Tolkien's ''Lord of the Rings'', but she is nevertheless described in detail in the Appendices after the third volume, ''[[The Return of the King]]''. She does, however, play a role in the plot which is disproportionate to the number of scenes in which she appears. When [[Éowyn]] falls in love with Aragorn it is his fidelity to Arwen that forbids him from reciprocating, thereby motivating Éowyn's subsequent actions during the [[Battle of the Pelennor Fields]] which have major repercussions for the defence of Middle-earth. Arwen continually serves as inspiration and motivation for Aragorn, who must become King before he may wed her—not an insignificant task, considering the many long years he devotes to this cause.

Arwen was actually a very distant relative of Aragorn, being his first cousin sixty-three times removed. By their marriages the long-sundered lines of the [[Half-elven]] were joined. Their union also served to unite and preserve the bloodlines of the Three Kings of the High Elves ([[Ingwë]], [[Finwë]], and brothers [[Olwë]] and [[Elwë]]) as well as the only line with [[Maiar]] blood through Arwen's great-great-great grandmother, [[Melian]].

Arwen gave up her life in 121 of the Fourth Age, at [[Cerin Amroth]] in Lórien, after the death of Aragorn.

== Etymology ==
''Arwen'' means "Noble Maiden" in [[Sindarin]] (from ''[[ara]]-'' = "noble" and ''[[wen]]'' = "maiden"). Her [[epessë]], "'''Undómiel'''", means "Evenstar", from ''Undómë'' "evening twilight" and ''[[elen|el]]'' "star". Arwen's name in [[Quenya]] (if she'd had one) might have been something like '''Artaven'''.

== Portrayal in Adaptations ==
[[Image:Arwen from Peter Jackson's The Lord of the Rings.jpg|thumb|left|[[Liv Tyler]] plays as Arwen in [[Peter Jackson's The Lord of the Rings]] Trilogy.]]
Arwen does not appear in [[Ralph Bakshi]]'s 1978 adaptation of ''[[Ralph Bakshi's The Lord of the Rings|The Lord of the Rings]]'', nor in the 1980 [[Rankin-Bass]] adaptation of ''[[Rankin-Bass's The Return of the King|The Return of the King]]''.

In [[Peter Jackson]]'s [[Peter Jackson's The Lord of the Rings|''The Lord of the Rings'' film trilogy]], Arwen is played by [[Liv Tyler]]. Various additional scenes pertaining to Arwen are inserted, some of which deviate from the books and some of which seem inspired by the ''Tale of Aragorn and Arwen''.

In the first film, she sneaks up to find Aragorn and single-handedly rescues [[Frodo Baggins]] from the [[Black Riders]] at [[Bruinen]], thwarting them with a sudden flood, summoned by an incantation. In the book, it was [[Glorfindel]] who put Frodo on horseback and sent him alone to flee the Black Riders, and Elrond and [[Gandalf]] who arranged the flood. In the book, Frodo makes his own stand against the Black Riders; in the movie Arwen defends him. During this flight, Arwen wields the sword Hadhafang, stated to have once been wielded by her father in film merchandise. This sword, however, does not appear in the books at all; in fact, in the books, Arwen is never mentioned as armed (but she ''could'' have armed and defended herself as need; see below).

Following the aforementioned scenes, the deviations include a scene in which Aragorn is injured and has a dream about Arwen (who kisses him), a scene where Arwen has a fight with her father about leaving for [[Valinor]], and a scene where she (with [[Figwit]]) actually departs for Valinor and then suddenly returns when she sees an image of her future son, Eldarion. (In the books, it can hardly have been surprising to Arwen that she and Aragorn might have children together, since she herself is the descendant of two similar unions.)

Also, and perhaps most importantly, she apparently becomes sick with grief in the film version of ''The Return of the King'' — possibly over Aragorn's seemingly hopeless cause and his impending death — soon after she rides back from the road to the [[Grey Havens]]. Elrond takes the reforged [[Narsil]], now [[Andúril]], to Aragorn at Dunharrow, and tells him that her fate has become bound with the [[One Ring]], and that she is dying. However, no explanation is ever given for these statements, not even in the Extended Editions. Later, after the Ring is destroyed, Arwen shows up at Aragorn's coronation looking no worse for wear.

====Reaction====
[[Image:John_Howe_-_Arwen.jpg|thumb|''Arwen'' by [[John Howe]].]]
Arwen had a very small visible role in the books outside of the Appendix (due to Tolkien conceiving the character late in the writing; Aragorn was originally supposed to marry Éowyn, as related in ''[[The History of Middle-earth]]''). In addition to making Arwen a more visible character, the change employs the principle of "economy of characters". Characters like Glorfindel (the Elf who helps Frodo by lending him his horse and later aiding his companions in driving the Ringwraiths into the water in the book), who appear once and perform only a few tasks, are often excised from film interpretations.

In earlier copies of the script (when the movies were supposed to be filmed in two parts under a different production company), Arwen actually fought in the [[Battle of the Hornburg|Battle of Helm's Deep]] and brought the sword Andúril to Aragorn. Some attribute the elimination of her character from the sequence to an early script leak. Another story is that Liv Tyler herself felt that the character's involvement in Helm's Deep was inappropriate, and convinced Jackson and his team to leave her out of the sequence, although the team did film at least part of her planned appearance at Helm's Deep.

These changes have met with mixed reactions. Many fans were upset because they seemed to pander to the lowest common denominator — that in order to make Arwen a "worthwhile" or "strong" character, she had to be a warrior — while in the books, her strength stems from her brave choice to forsake immortality and live a mortal life with Aragorn, which did not involve martial skill. Furthermore, there is already a skilled female warrior present in the story — namely Éowyn, but she first appears in the second part of the film trilogy. Some fans felt it odd to make it a point to insert a female warrior into a story which already had a prominent one, because this detracts from Éowyn's bravery in riding to battle. Also, he dominance at the Ford scene detracts from Frodo's bravery in the book (though admittedly the film Frodo is barely conscious - a case of Jackson "upping the ante"). However, in the second and third films in which Éowyn appears, Arwen's martial abilities are not shown at all.

Some criticize ''The Lord of the Rings'' for including few named female characters (though of course unnamed women are present, along with unnamed men) and thus accuse Tolkien of sexism. However, in the essay ''Laws and Customs among the Eldar'', which appears in ''[[Morgoth's Ring]]'', Tolkien writes that male and female Elves are in fact viewed in Elven society as equals, save for the fact that only the females are capable of childbearing and are thus viewed as literally holding the future of their people in their hands. It is for this reason that they traditionally refrain from going to war (although they are still trained in all the aspects of combat taught to male Elves), usually occupying themselves during wartime as healers. As the text itself states:

:''In all such things, not concerned with the bringing forth of children, the ''neri'' and ''nissi'' (that is, the men and women) of the Eldar are equal – unless it be in this (as they themselves say) that for the ''nissi'' the making of things new is for the most part shown in the forming of their children, so that invention and change is otherwise mostly brought about by the ''neri''. There are, however, no matters which among the Eldar only a ''nér'' can think or do, or others with which only a ''nís'' is concerned. There are indeed some differences between the natural inclinations of ''neri'' and ''nissi'', and other differences that have been established by custom (varying in place and in time, and in the several races of the Eldar). For instance, the arts of healing, and all that touches on the care of the body, are among the Eldar most practised by the ''nissi''; whereas it was the elven-men who bore arms at need. And the Eldar deemed that the dealing of death, even when lawful or under necessity, diminished the power of healing, and that the virtue of the ''nissi'' in this matter was due rather to their abstaining from hunting or war than to any special power that went with their womanhood. Indeed in dire straits or desperate defence, the ''nissi'' fought valiantly, and there was less difference in strength in speed between elven-men and elven-women that had not borne child that is seen among mortals. On the other hand many elven-men were great healers and skilled in the lore of living bodies, though such men abstained from hunting, and went not to war until the last need.'' '''''(Morgoth's Ring, The Second Phase, Laws and Customs Among the Eldar)'''''

== See Also ==
* [[:Category:Images of Arwen|Images of Arwen]]

[[Category:Half-elven]]
[[Category:Characters in The Lord of the Rings]]
[[de:Arwen]]
[[fi:Arwen]]

Ar-Sakalthôr

2008-03-13T02:42:49Z

Hokienut:

{{numenorean
| image=
| name=Ar-Sakalthôr
| othernames=Tar-Falassion
| birth=[[Second Age 2876|S.A. 2876]]
| rule=[[Second Age 3033|S.A. 3033]] until death (69 [[Years of the Sun|years]])
| death=[[Second Age 3102|S.A. 3102]]
| age=226 years
| party=[[King's Men]]
| language=[[Adûnaic]]
| gender=Male
| height=
| hair=
| eyes=
| parentage=[[Ar-Zimrathôn]]
| siblings=
| spouse=
| children=[[Ar-Gimilzôr]]
|}}
'''Ar-Sakalthôr''' was the son and heir of [[Ar-Zimrathôn]], [[King of Númenor]]. He followed the tradition of his grandfather [[Ar-Adûnakhôr]] and took his king-name in the [[Adûnaic]] tongue.

Ar-Sakalthôr ruled [[Númenor]] for sixty-nine years. He was succeeded by his son, who took the [[Sceptre]] as [[Ar-Gimilzôr]].

Had Ar-Sakalthôr taken a Quenya name, he would have ruled as '''Tar-Falassion'''. This seems to translate as ''King of Coasts''.
{{sequence
|prev=[[Ar-Zimrathôn]]
|next=[[Ar-Gimilzôr]]
|list=22nd [[King of Númenor]] <code>II</code> 3033 – 3102
}}

[[Category:Númenóreans]]
[[Category:Rulers of Númenor]]
[[de:Ar-Sakalthôr]]
[[fi:Ar-Sakalthôr]]

Ar-Sakalthôr

2008-03-13T02:41:50Z

Hokienut:

{{numenorean
| image=
| name=Ar-Sakalthôr
| othernames=Tar-Falassion
| birth=[[Second Age 2876|S.A. 2876]]
| rule=[[Second Age 3033|S.A. 3033]] until death (69 [[Years of the Sun|years]])
| death=[[Second Age 3102|S.A. 3102]]
| age=226 years
| party=[[King's Men]]
| language=[[Adûnaic]]
| gender=Male
| height=
| hair=
| eyes=
| parentage=[[Ar-Zimrathôn]]
| siblings=
| spouse=
| children=[[Ar-Gimilzôr]]
|}}
'''Ar-Sakalthôr''' was the son and heir of [[Ar-Zimrathôn]], [[King of Númenor]]. He followed the tradition of his grandfather [[Ar-Adûnakhôr]] and took his king-name in the [[Adûnaic]] tongue.

Ar-Sakalthôr ruled [[Númenor]] for sixty-nine years. He was succeeded by his son, who took the [[Sceptre]] as [[Ar-Gimilzôr]].

Had Ar-Sakalthôr taken a Quenya name, he would have ruled as '''Tar-Falassion'''. This means ''King of Coasts''.
{{sequence
|prev=[[Ar-Zimrathôn]]
|next=[[Ar-Gimilzôr]]
|list=22nd [[King of Númenor]] <code>II</code> 3033 – 3102
}}

[[Category:Númenóreans]]
[[Category:Rulers of Númenor]]
[[de:Ar-Sakalthôr]]
[[fi:Ar-Sakalthôr]]

Lúthien

2008-03-12T04:35:42Z

Hokienut: Added Etymology section

{{sindar infobox
| image=[[Image:Anya_Valle_-_Luthien_Tinuviel.jpg|250px]]
| name=Lúthien Tinúviel
| othernames=
| titles=Princess of [[Doriath]]
| birth=[[Years of the Trees 1200|Y.T. 1200]]
| realm=[[Doriath]], [[Dor Firn-i-Guinar]]
| death= c. [[First Age 505|F.A. 505]]
| age=c. 3,400 [[Years of the Sun|years]]
| gender=Female
| hair=Black
| eyes=Grey
| parentage=[[Thingol]] + [[Melian]]
| spouse=[[Beren Erchamion|Beren]]
| children=[[Dior Eluchíl|Dior]]
|}}
'''Lúthien Tinúviel''' was the only daughter of King [[Thingol]] of [[Doriath]] and [[Melian]] the [[Maia]]. She was said to be the fairest maiden to have ever lived.

== History ==
===Early History===

Lúthien would often dance in the woods, while her friend [[Daeron]] would play his flute. Daeron came to love her, and while she enjoyed his company, she did not return his love.

===Quest for the Silmaril===

[[Image:Ted Nasmith - Lúthien.jpg|thumb|200px|left|''Lúthien'' by [[Ted Nasmith]]]]During such an occasion she was discovered by [[Beren Erchamion|Beren]] as he wandered the woods of her father's kingdom, and instantly fell in love with her. Daeron chirped out a warning, and she hid. While he searched for her, he accidentally laid his hand on her arm. He caught her alone some months later, and they grew to love one another. When Lúthien took Beren before her father, he was apalled that his royal daughter should wish to wed a mortal, and as is recounted in the ''[[Lay of Leithian]]'' so set Beren what he thought was an unachievable task, to recover a [[Silmaril]] from the [[Iron Crown]] of [[Morgoth]] himself. So Beren left Doriath in pursuit of his hopeless quest.

After a time, a darkness fell on Lúthien's heart, and she learned from her mother Melian what this meant; Beren had been captured by [[Sauron]], and was held in the dungeons of [[Tol-in-Gaurhoth]]. Though Thingol sought to stop her, Lúthien set out from Doriath to rescue Beren, if she could. Passing through many adventures, she gained the help of [[Huan the Hound]], and together they came to [[Tol-in-Gaurhoth|Sauron's Isle]]. Through Lúthien's magic and Huan's strength they defeated Sauron and rescued Beren. Eventually Beren set out for [[Angband]] once again, and Lúthien accompanied him.

Through Lúthien's powers, they passed the gates of Angband, and the great wolf [[Carcharoth]] that guarded them. Coming before the [[Dark Throne]] itself, she wove a spell that put Morgoth and his court into a deep sleep, and Beren cut a Silmaril from the Iron Crown. Returning to the gates, they found that Carcharoth barred their escape. Beren held up the hallowed jewel to protect them, but the monstrous wolf bit off his hand, and with it consumed the Silmaril. But the Silmarils were blessed by [[Varda]] herself, so that any unclean flesh that touched them would be withered and burnt. The wolf's innards were consumed with that burning, and it ran howling into the south.

Lúthien healed Beren, and they came at last back to her father's halls at [[Menegroth]]. There they heard tidings that the maddened wolf had entered Thingol's realm, and Beren set out with the King to the [[Hunting of the Wolf]]. After nightfall they returned; the wolf was slain and the Silmaril recovered, but Beren was wounded mortally. So he passed away, and soon after Lúthien too wasted of grief.

===Aftermath===

[[Image:Luca Michelucci - 1999 - May.jpg|right|200px|thumb|''Lúthien Dances Before Morgoth'' by [[Luca Michelucci]]]]Their spirits were gathered in the [[Halls of Mandos]] in the [[Uttermost West]], and there Lúthien sang a song of such extraordinary power and beauty that it moved even the implacable heart of [[Mandos]] himself. So she was granted a unique fate, to become mortal and return to [[Middle-earth]] with Beren, where they dwelt for a time in happiness on the green island of [[Tol Galen]] in the River [[Adurant]].

== Etymology ==

According to ''The Etymologies'' in ''The History of Middle-earth'' Volume 5, ''[[The Lost Road and Other Writings]]'', ''Lúthien'' seems to mean '''Enchantress'''. ''Tinúviel'' means '''Nightingale''', or, more literally, '''Dusk-Singer'''. Both are Sindarin.

== Genealogy ==
<code>
[[Elu Thingol]] = [[Melian]]
|
|
| [[House of Bëor]]
| :
| :
'''LÚTHIEN''' = [[Beren Erchamion|Beren]]
|
|
[[Dior Eluchíl]] = [[Nimloth of Doriath|Nimloth]]
|
________|________
| | |
| | |
[[Eärendil the Mariner|Eärendil]] = [[Elwing]] [[Eluréd]] [[Elurín]]
|
____|____
| |
| |
[[Elrond]] [[Elros]]
</code>
== See Also ==
* [[:Category:Images of Lúthien Tinúviel|Images of Lúthien Tinúviel]]

[[Category:Quest for the Silmaril]]

Arda

2007-06-22T22:13:04Z

Hokienut:

{{Pronounce|Arda.mp3|Ardamir}}
'''Arda''' ([[Quenya|Q]]: Realm) was the [[Quenya]] name for the world as a whole, containing the continental masses of [[Middle-earth]] and [[Aman]] in particular. It lay within [[Eä]] as a creation of [[Eru Ilúvatar]]. Arda is linguistically a derivation from the [[Valarin]] word for the same subject, ''[[Aþâraphelûn]]''. Though not found in Tolkien's writings, the [[Sindarin]] name would likely have been '''Ardhon'''.

==Beginnings==
(''Main article: [[Years of the Lamps]]'')

[[Image:Ted Nasmith - Illuin, Lamp of the Valar.jpg|thumb|right|200px|''Illuin, Lamp of the Valar'' by [[Ted Nasmith]] (actually [[Ormal]])]]Arda was first brought into existence with the [[Music of the Ainur]], for the purpose of creating a home for the [[Children of Ilúvatar]]. Ilúvatar appointed the [[Valar]] as its masters, and they invented its geography, for at the time it was largely without feature. They gave it symmetry and form.

As for light source, the Valar decided upon [[two lamps]]. One, a blue light, was placed at the north, and it was called [[Illuin]]. The other, a golden light, was placed at the very southernmost point, and was called [[Ormal]]. [[Aulë]], craftsman of the Valar, forged two towers: [[Helcar]] and [[Ringil]], placed at the north and south respectively. The Valar chose as their own home the green isle [[Almaren]].

It was at that time that [[Melkor]] made his first attempt, spreading chaos across Arda. He destroyed the Lamps and the Towers, ruining the symmetry of the world. Continents formed: especially [[Aman]], [[Endor]], the [[Dark Land]], the [[Hither Lands]], and the [[Land of the Sun]]. So Arda was created.

==Geography==

===Before the Shifting===

Arda was originally flat, like a plate. Encircling the continents was [[Ekkaia]], the Encircling Sea. Farthest to the West was the great continent of [[Aman]], composed primarily of two geographical features: the [[Plain of Valinor]], and the [[Pelóri]] Mountains. [[Taniquetil]] was the highest mountain in this range, and in the world. To the east was the great sea of [[Belegaer]].

Across Belegaer, to the north, was [[Endor]], or [[Middle-earth]]. The west side of this land mass was called [[Beleriand]], the north [[Dor Daidelos]], and the east [[Palisor]]. According to [[J.R.R. Tolkien|Tolkien]]’s earlier maps, it was in Palisor that there was the great inland [[Sea of Helcar]], and the shores of [[Cuiviénen]]. Middle-earth was dominated by many mountain ranges and forests.

To the south of Endor, connected by the [[Straits of the World]], was the [[Hither Lands]] according to Tolkien’s earlier maps, corresponding closely with Africa.

Across the great [[East Sea]] was the [[Dark Land]], also known as the South Land. No-one lived there, [[elf]] or [[dwarf]], except for perhaps some wild men.

To the farthest east possible was the [[Land of the Sun]], with a great curved mountain range called the [[Wall of the Sun]]. In the ''[[Ambarkanta]]'' it is called the “''Dark Land of the Sun''”. Corresponding to Taniquetil was the mountain [[Kalórmë]].

===2nd Age and Beyond===

During the tumultuous [[War of Wrath]], the Valar broke and reshaped much of the world. The most prominent change was the drowning of Beleriand. Also [[Ossë]] raised [[Andor]] – an large, star-shaped isle – out of Belegaer. The world was stretched and made into the shape of a sphere. The continents shifted.

[[Image:Darrell Sweet - The Fall of Numenor.jpg|thumb|left|200px|''The Fall of Númenor'' by [[Darrell Sweet]]]]The second great change was the [[Drowning of Númenor]]. The most significant changes were that Andor sank and Aman was removed from the [[Circles of the World]] – Arda, inaccessible save by the [[Straight Way]].

The Númenóreans were great sailors and explorers. They may have been the ones to discover the Dark Land and the Land of the Sun. Otherwise, Tolkien tells us little about the lands beyond Aman and Middle-earth.

==Arda Marred and Arda Unmarred==

The [[Elves]] held to the concept of [[Arda Marred]] (Quenya: ''[[Arda Hastaina]]''). In the beginning, at the time of the Music of the Ainur, was [[Arda Unmarred]]. According to the idea of Arda Unmarred, the world was originally “unstained” by evil. It became Arda Marred after Melkor entered and introduced chaos. They also clung to the idea that one day the world would become [[Arda Healed]] (Quenya: ''[[Arda Envinyanta]]''). According to this belief, Arda Healed will not come about until the [[Dagor Dagorath]], the Last Battle.

==See Also==
* [[Timeline]]
* [[:Category:Arda]]
* [[:Category:Images of Arda]]

[[Category:Arda]]

Voronwë

2007-06-19T07:33:02Z

Hokienut: Added etymological data

'''Voronwë''' ([[Quenya|Q]]: "Enduring One") (surname: [[Aranwion]]) was a mariner of [[Gondolin]], sent by King [[Turgon of Gondolin|Turgon]] to seek a passage to [[Aman]] and call on the [[Valar]] for aid against [[Morgoth]]. He failed, and was washed ashore in [[Nevrast]], where he encountered [[Tuor]] and led him back as messenger of [[Ulmo]] to the city of Gondolin. During the [[Fall of Gondolin]] he was ordered by Tuor to guard [[Idril]]. He escaped the sack, and some accounts say that he sailed with [[Eärendil the Mariner|Eärendil]] on his voyages.

== Other Versions of the Legendarium ==
The [[Gnomish]] form of his name was '''[[Bronweg]]''', who was also another character in [[J.R.R. Tolkien|Tolkien's]] [[legendarium]].

[[Category:Noldor]]
[[Category:Gondolin and Turgon]]

Ancalimë

2007-06-11T04:10:27Z

Hokienut: Added etymological date

'''Ancalimë''' ([[Quenya|Q]]: "Radiance") was the daughter and only child of [[Aldarion]] and [[Erendis]]. Her father was a great adventurer and traveller, and he left [[Númenor]] on a voyage to [[Middle-earth]] when Ancalimë was just four years old. For the five years that followed, [[Erendis]] raised her daughter in her White House in [[Emerië]]. At the end of that time, when [[Aldarion]] at last returned, the young Ancalimë had forgotten him.

Soon after his return, Aldarion's father [[Tar-Meneldur]] passed the Sceptre on to him. Having become King, [[Aldarion]] (now [[Tar-Aldarion]]) revised the laws of succession, which had previously allowed only men to rule [[Númenor]], so that his daughter could become Queen. Ancalimë was officially named King's Heir when she was only nineteen years old.

Because of her lonely upbringing, she disliked the notion of marriage, but it was necessary for her to continue the royal line. She eventually wedded one [[Hallacar]] of [[Hyarastorni]], a descendant of [[Vardamir Nólimon]], and they had a son, [[Anárion]]. Their marriage was not a happy one, and they soon became estranged.

Ancalimë received the Sceptre to become the first Ruling Queen of [[Númenor]] long after she had been named Heir, at the age of 202. Nonetheless, she enjoyed the longest reign of any of [[Númenor]]'s rulers since [[Elros]] [[Tar-Minyatur]] himself: a total of two hundred and five years.

[[Category:Rulers of Númenor]]

Anardil (King of Gondor)

2007-06-06T21:57:30Z

Hokienut:

{{youmay|Anardil of Gondor|[[Anardil of Númenor]]}}
{{royalty infobox
|image=
|name=Anardil of Gondor
|othernames=
|birth= III 136
|rule= III 324
|death= III 411
|realms=[[Gondor]]
|race=[[Men]]
|gender=Male
|height=
|hair=
|eyes=
|}}

'''Anardil''' ([[Quenya|Q]]: "Devoted to the Sun") ([[Third Age]] 136 – 411, aged 275 years) was the sixth [[King of Gondor]], ruling for 87 years, from Third Age 324 until his death. He was succeeded by his son, [[Ostoher]].

Anardil's reign over [[Gondor]] was uneventful. He is remembered as the last of [[Gondor|Gondor's]] kings to dwell exclusively in the capital of [[Osgiliath]]. Anardil's son, Ostoher, was to set the precedent of the kings spending the summer at [[Minas Anor]], the citadel later known as [[Minas Tirith in Gondor|Minas Tirith]].

== Genealogy ==
<code>
[[Cemendur of Gondor|Cemendur]]
|
|
[[Eärendil of Gondor|Eärendil]]
|
|
'''ANARDIL'''
|
|
[[Ostoher]]
|
|
[[Tarostar]] (also known as [[Rómendacil I]])
</code>
{{sequence
|prev=[[Eärendil of Gondor|Eärendil]]
|next=[[Ostoher]]
|list=6th [[King of Gondor]] <code>III</code> 324 – 411
}}

[[Category:Dúnedain]]
[[Category:Rulers of Gondor]]
[[Category:Characters]]

Isil

2007-06-06T08:09:18Z

Hokienut:

[[Image:Tengwar Isil.gif|right|150px]]'''Isil''' was a name given to the [[Moon]] in [[Quenya]] by the [[Vanyar]]. It is said to mean 'the Sheen'. In [[Sindarin]], the name of the Moon is '''Ithil'''.

[[Category:Quenya words]]

Anar

2007-06-06T08:08:19Z

Hokienut:

[[Image:Tengwar Anar.gif|right|150px]]'''Anar''' is [[Quenya]] for ''sun'' or ''The Fire-Golden'' (root [[nar]]) and during the [[Years of the Trees]], [[Valinor]] was lit for many thousands of years by the light of the [[Two Trees]], [[Telperion]] the Silver and [[Laurelin]] the Gold. When these were destroyed by [[Melkor]] and [[Ungoliant]], [[Arda]] was plunged into darkness. Through the power of [[Nienna]] and [[Yavanna]], though, [[Laurelin]] produced a single fiery fruit before it died. This golden fire was set in a vessel, and steered into the sky by the [[Arien|Maia Arien]]. The [[Vanyar]] gave it the name Anar the fire-golden: this was the origin of the Sun. The [[Sindarin]] name for the Sun is '''Anor'''.

[[Valinor]] was in the West of the World, and so the first sunrise was in the west, not the east. Originally, [[Arien]] was to have steered Anar ceaselessly from west to east and back again, always remaining in the sky, but the [[Valar]] changed this counsel, so that each evening Anar would descend into the distant western seas, and re-emerge each morning in the east.

[[Category:Creations of the Valar]]
[[Category:Quenya words]]

Amon Uilos

2007-06-06T06:55:17Z

Hokienut:

'''Amon Uilos''' ([[Sindarin|S]]. ''[[amon]]'' "steep-sided mount" + ''[[uilos]]'' "always white") was the [[Sindarin]] translation of the [[Quenya]] name [[Oiolossë]]. It was better known by the name of [[Taniquetil]].

[[Category:Mountains]]

Elessar (disambiguation)

2007-05-29T05:15:21Z

Hokienut:

'''Elessar''' means "Elf-stone" in [[Quenya]] (from ''[[elen]]'' = "star, Elf" and ''[[sar]]'' = "stone"). The [[Sindarin]] is equivalent is '''Edhelharn'''.

* The [[Elessar of Eärendil]], two fabled gems, one of the [[First Age]] and one of the [[Third Age]]
* '''King [[Aragorn II|Aragorn Elessar]], also known as [[Aragorn II]], one of the [[Fellowship of the Ring]]'''

{{disambig}}

-ndil

2007-05-29T02:40:17Z

Hokienut: Added new example; fixed links

'''''-dil''''' or '''''-ndil''''' is a [[Quenya]] suffix added to names to indicate friendship, love, or devotion to an object, idea, grouping, or spirit ([[Ainur]]).

Examples:
* [[Eärendil the Mariner|Eärendil]] = "Devoted to the [[Belegaer|Sea]]"
* [[Ornendil]] = "Friend of the [[Trees]]"
* [[Valandil]] = "Devoted to the [[Valar]]"
* [[Elendil]] = "Friend of the [[Elves]]"

== References ==
* ''[[The Languages of Tolkien's Middle-earth]]'' by [[Ruth S. Noel]]
* [http://www.uib.no/People/hnohf/qlist.htm Quenya Corpus Wordlist] edited by [[Helge Kåre Fauskanger]]

[[Category: Quenya words]]

Alqualondë

2007-05-25T04:54:56Z

Hokienut:

{{Pronounce|Alqualonde.mp3|Ardamir}}
[[Image:Ted Nasmith - The Kinslaying at Alqualondë.jpg|thumb|250px|''The Kinslaying at Alqualondë'' by [[Ted Nasmith]]]]
'''Alqualondë''' was the chief city of the [[Falmari]] on the shores of [[Valinor]].

[[Olwë]], King of the Falmari, lived in Alqualondë. The city is said to be north and east of [[Tirion]] between the [[Calacirya]] and [[Araman]] in northern [[Eldamar]]. It is perhaps best known as the site of the [[First Kinslaying]] recounted in ''[[The Silmarillion]]''.

The city was built in a natural harbour made of rock, and was also walled. Other than the great harbours it also housed the [[Tower of Olwë]]. The city was covered with the pearls the Elves had found in the sea and jewels which they obtained from the [[Noldor]]. The famed swanships were moored here.

Alqualondë means "Swanhaven" in [[Quenya]] (from ''[[alqua]]'' = "swan", ''[[londë]]'' = "harbor, haven"). The [[Sindarin]] equivalent would be '''Alflond'''.

[[Category:Aman]]
[[Category:Cities]]
[[Category:Harbors]]

Aldudénië

2007-05-24T14:49:21Z

Hokienut:

([[Quenya]] for "Lament for the [[Two Trees]]")

A poem lamenting the death of the [[Two Trees]], composed by [[Elemmírë (Elf)|Elemmírë]] of the [[Vanyar]], soon after the event. Famous to all the [[Eldar]] but not recorded.

The name is problematic for the [[Tolkien]] scholars, because the sound "d" doesn't exist in [[Quenya]] (only the "ld" and "nd" diphthongs are present). It might be some idiom of the [[Vanyarin]].

[[Category:Poems]]

Aldudénië

2007-05-24T14:48:25Z

Hokienut:

([[Quenya]] for "Lament for the [[Two Trees]]")

A poem lamenting the death of the [[Two Trees]], composed by [[Elemmírë (Elf)|Elemmírë]] of the [[Vanyar]], soon after the event. Famous to all the [[Eldar]] but not recorded.

The name is problematic for the [[Tolkien]] scholars, because the sound "d" doesn't exist in [[Quenya]] (only the "ld" diphthong is present). It might be some idiom of the [[Vanyarin]].

[[Category:Poems]]

Aldudénië

2007-05-24T14:47:32Z

Hokienut:

([[Quenya]] for "Lament for the [[Two Trees]]")

A poem lamenting the death of the [[Two Trees]], composed by [[Elemmírë (Elf)|Elemmírë]] of the [[Vanyar]], soon after the event. Famous to all the [[Eldar]] but not recorded.

The name is problematic for the [[Tolkien]] scholars, because the sound "d" doesn't exist in [[Quenya]]. It might be some idiom of the [[Vanyarin]].

[[Category:Poems]]

Irmo

2007-05-24T05:41:56Z

Hokienut:

'''Irmo''' is the true name of the [[Valar|Vala]] who is usually named [[Lórien the Vala|Lórien]], which is rightly the place of his dwelling. He is the husband of [[Estë]] and the brother of Námo ([[Mandos]]) and [[Nienna]].

Lórien and Mandos are the [[Fëanturi]], masters of spirits. Lórien the younger is the master of visions and dreams. His gardens in the land of the Valar at Lórien, where he dwells with Estë the gentle, healer of hurts and weariness, are the fairest place the world and are filled with many spirits. All those who dwell in [[Valinor]] find rest and refreshment at the fountain of Irmo and Estë.

When the [[Sun]] and [[Moon]] were originally set in their paths "[[Varda]] purposed that the two vessels should journey in [[Ilmen]] and ever be aloft". It was largely due to the prayers of Lórien and Estë, "who said that sleep and rest had been banished from the Earth", that Varda changed her council and allowed a time of night.

After the birth of [[Fëanor]], [[Míriel]] his mother, wife of [[Finwë]], languished and [[Manwë]] delivered her to the care of Irmo.

''Irmo'' means ''Desirer'' or ''Master of Desire'', he is also given the title ''Master of Dreams''.

{{valar}}

[[Category:Valar]]

Námo

2007-05-24T04:46:22Z

Hokienut:

'''Námo''' ([[Quenya|Q:]] "Judge" or "Ordainer") was the true name of the [[Valar|Vala]] more commonly known as [[Mandos]]. That name was taken from the halls of his dwelling. The [[Sindarin]] equivalent of Námo is '''Badhron'''.

{{valar}}

[[Category:Valar]]

Samwise Gamgee

2007-05-21T07:04:05Z

Hokienut: /* Name */

[[Image:Peter Jackson's Samwise Gamgee.jpg|thumb|[[Sean Astin]] as Samwise Gamgee in [[Peter Jackson's The Lord of the Rings]] trilogy]]
'''Samwise Gamgee''' ([[Third Age]] April 6, 2983 — [[Fourth Age]] 61; [[Shire Reckoning]]: 1383 — 1482; 99 years old when he sailed into the [[West]]) was [[Frodo Baggins]]' servant and the only original member of the [[Fellowship of the Ring]] to remain with him till the very end of the journey to [[Mount Doom]].

== History ==
A gardener by trade, Sam seemed to be a simple [[Hobbit]] of plain speech. However, his love for [[Elves]], his gift for poetry, and his belief that the world contains greater wonders than most hobbits are aware of (all nurtured by his tutor [[Bilbo Baggins]]) set him apart from the beginning. It was Sam who first introduced the theme of the Elves' sailing from [[Middle-earth]], a subtle foreshadowing of Bilbo and Frodo's final journey across the Sea. He lived with his father, Hamfast Gamgee, better known as "[[The Gaffer]]", on [[Bagshot Row]] in the [[Shire]], close to [[Bag End]]. Sam's mother was [[Bell Goodchild]]; he had five siblings: [[Hamson Gamgee|Hamson]], [[Halfred Gamgee|Halfred]], [[Daisy Gamgee|Daisy]], [[May Gamgee|May]], and [[Marigold Gamgee|Marigold]].

As "punishment" for eavesdropping on [[Gandalf]]'s conversation with [[Frodo Baggins|Frodo]] regarding the dangers of the [[One Ring]], Sam was made Frodo's first companion on his journey to [[Rivendell]] in the beginning of ''[[The Lord of the Rings]]''. Sam saved Frodo's life more than once during the quest to destroy the Ring, and he accompanied him all the way to [[Mount Doom]].

After [[Shelob]] attacked and seemingly killed Frodo, Sam took the Ring, intending to complete the quest. Because he held the Ring for a time, he is considered one of the [[Ring-bearers]].

After the [[War of the Ring]], he married [[Rose Cotton|Rose "Rosie" Cotton]] back in the Shire. They had thirteen children: [[Elanor Gardner|Elanor the Fair]], [[Frodo Gardner|Frodo]], [[Rose Gardner|Rose]], [[Merry Gardner|Merry]], [[Pippin Gardner|Pippin]], [[Goldilocks Gardner|Goldilocks]], [[Hamfast Gardner|Hamfast]], [[Daisy Gardner|Daisy]], [[Primrose Gardner|Primrose]], [[Bilbo Gardner|Bilbo]], [[Ruby Gardner|Ruby]], [[Robin Gardner|Robin]], and [[Tolman Gardner|Tolman]]. After [[Will Whitfoot]] resigned his post as [[Mayor of Michel Delving]] (the largest town in the Shire and the "unofficial capital"), in Fourth Age 7, Sam was elected Mayor of the Shire for seven consecutive 7-year terms.

After his wife died in Fourth Age 61, Sam entrusted the [[Red Book of Westmarch|Red Book]] to Elanor and left Middle-earth to sail across the Sea and be reunited with Frodo in the [[Undying Lands]], (though it should be noted that as they were both born mortals, they would still eventually die a mortal death).

== Name ==
[[J.R.R. Tolkien]] took the name from ''Gamgee Tissue'', a surgical dressing invented by a 19th century [[Birmingham]] surgeon called Joseph Sampson Gamgee. "Gamgee" became the colloquial name in Birmingham for cotton wool. Here, Tolkien describes why he had chosen that name for his character:
{{quote|The choice of Gamgee was primarily directed by alliteration; but I did not invent it. It was caught out of childhood memory, as a comic word or name. It was in fact the name when I was small (in Birmingham) for 'cotton-wool'. (Hence the association of the Gamgees with the Cottons.) I knew nothing of its origin.|''[[The Letters of J.R.R. Tolkien]]''}}

It is possible that Tolkien may have subconsciously recalled Dr. Gamgee (who died in 1886 but is commemorated by a plaque at the Birmingham Medical Institute, only yards from Tolkien's childhood home) but he claimed to be genuinely surprised when, in March 1956, he received a letter from one Sam Gamgee, who had heard that his name was in ''The Lord of the Rings'' but had not read the book. Tolkien replied on March 18:
{{quote|Dear Mr. Gamgee,It was very kind of you to write. You can imagine my astonishment when I saw your signature! I can only say, for your comfort, I hope, that the 'Sam Gamgee' of my story is a most heroic character, now widely beloved by many readers, even though his origins are rustic. So that perhaps you will not be displeased at the coincidence of the name of this imaginary character of supposedly many centuries ago being the same as yours.|''[[The Letters of J.R.R. Tolkien]]''}}

He proceeded to send Mr Gamgee a signed copy of all three volumes of the book. However, the incident sparked a nagging worry in Tolkien's mind, as he recorded in his journal:
{{quote|For some time I lived in fear of receiving a letter signed 'S. Gollum'. That would have been more difficult to deal with.|''[[J.R.R. Tolkien: A Biography]]''}}

In [[Appendix F]] of ''The Lord of the Rings'', it is mentioned that the [[Westron]] form of Sam's name is '''Banazîr Galbasi''' (''also spelled Galpsi''). ''Banazîr'' comes from elements meaning "halfwise" or "simple". ''Galbasi'' comes from the name of the village ''Galabas''. The name ''Galabas'' uses the elements ''galab-'', meaning "game", and ''bas-'', corresponding somewhat to "-wich" or "-wick". Tolkien's English translation, ''Samwís Gamwich'', could have come to ''Samwise Gamgee'' in modern English.

The [[Sindarin]] version of Samwise is '''Perhael'''.

== Portrayal in Adaptations ==
[[Image:Rankin-Bass' Samwise Gamgee.jpg|thumb|left|Samwise Gamgee as portrayed in [[Rankin/Bass' The Return of the King]]]]
In [[Ralph Bakshi's The Lord of the Rings]], released in 1978, [[Michael Scholes]] was the voice of Sam. [[Roddy McDowall]] voiced the character in the 1980 animated short of ''[[Rankin/Bass' The Return of the King]]''.

In the 1981 BBC radio [[The Lord of the Rings (1981 radio series)|serial of ''The Lord of the Rings'']], Sam is played by [[William Nighy]].

In ''[[Peter Jackson's The Lord of the Rings]]'', Sam is played by [[Sean Astin]]. It is not clear whether Astin had heard Nighy's radio performance, but both actors bring very similar characterisations and accents to the role.

== Commentary ==
Sam Gamgee is by many regarded as the "true hero" of Tolkien's story. Tolkien himself expressed this view in one of his letters: Sam is referred to as the "chief hero", and special emphasis is placed on Sam's "rustic love" for Rosie.1 The quest to destroy the Ring only succeeds because of Sam, who repeatedly saves Frodo from disaster (such as rescuing him at [[Cirith Ungol]] and carrying him up [[Mount Doom]]). He was one of three Ring-bearers strong enough to surrender the Ring voluntarily.

The relationship between Frodo and Sam is, in many respects, at the center of ''The Lord of the Rings''. To the modern reader, it seems archaic, as it is extremely class-oriented. Sam's humbleness and "plain speaking" is frequently emphasised in contrast to Frodo's "gentility", and he often shows deference to Frodo, calling him "Mister Frodo" or "Master". At the same time, a strong bond of love and trust grows between them, portrayed most poignantly during the events of Cirith Ungol, where Sam vows to return to his (apparently) dead master, to be reunited with Frodo in death.

[[Tolkienists]] regard Sam as Frodo's ''[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batman_%28army%29 batman]''. In the British Army, a batman was an orderly who acted as the personal servant of an officer. It was a role with which Tolkien (who served as an Army officer in the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I First World War]) would have been extremely familiar. Sam undertakes all of the typical roles of a batman — he runs errands for Frodo, he cooks, he transports him (or at least carries him), and he carries his luggage. Tolkien confirmed this interpretation when he wrote in a private letter that:
{{quote|My Sam Gamgee is indeed a reflexion of the English soldier, of the privates and batmen I knew in the 1914 war, and recognized as so far superior to myself|''[[The Letters of J.R.R. Tolkien]]''}}

Compare to the relation between [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don_Quixote Don Quixote] and his squire [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sancho_Panza Sancho Panza], and the gradual "Quixotization" of Sancho.

== Notes ==
# In the long summary-letter sent to Milton Waldman, published in ''[[The Letters of J.R.R. Tolkien]]'' as #131.

{{fellowship}}

[[Category:Characters]]
[[Category:Hobbits]]
[[Category:Gamgee]]

Varda

2007-05-19T04:53:46Z

Hokienut:

'''Varda Elentári''' is a [[Valar|Valië]], wife of [[Manwë]].

When [[Melkor]] first began to create his discord, Varda saw his mind, and hated him. Melkor fears and hates Varda the most out of the Valar.

Varda is said to be too beautiful for words. Within her face radiates the light of [[Iluvatar]]. She resides with [[Manwë]] in [[Valinor]]. Varda created the stars with the dews from the vats of [[Telperion]], the silver of the [[Two Trees]]. Varda is said to be the Vala most loved and revered by the Elves in Middle-earth.

The Valar, being divine beings below a greater, more ultimate Creator, [[Ilúvatar]], are thought of as being the [[Middle-earth]] equivalent of saints and angels; it has therefore been suggested that Varda, in her role as the most loved and prayed-to Vala, may be an equivalent of the Virgin Mary in Tolkien's own Catholic faith.

[[Image:Ted Nasmith - Varda and Manwë in Valinor.jpg|thumb|left|Varda with Manwë in Valinor, by [[Ted Nasmith]].]]
==Names==
''Varda'' means ''sublime'' or ''lofty'' in [[Quenya]], and ''Elentári'' means ''Star-queen''. An epithet of her is ''Tintalle'' which means ''Star-kindler''.

In [[Sindarin]] she is also known as '''Elbereth''' (Star-queen), '''Gilthoniel''' (Starkindler), '''Fanuilos''' (Ever-white), and '''Baráda''' or '''Bridhil''' (the equivalent of ''Varda'' in Sindarin). In [[Telerin]] she is called '''Baradis'''.

She is also referred to by the epithets ''The Kindler'', ''Lady of the Stars'', ''Queen of the Stars'', ''Snow-white''. They are translations of her Elvish names.

In NetHack and some other Roguelike games, the name ''Elbereth'' is used as a protective charm. [http://www.steelypips.org/nethack/elbereth_faq.html]

{{valar}}

[[Category:Valar]]

Vána

2007-05-19T04:50:14Z

Hokienut:

[[Vána]] ([[Quenya|Q]]: "Beauty") is the name of a [[Valar|Valië]] also called ''the Ever-young''. In [[Sindarin]], her name is '''Gwann'''. She is the younger sister of [[Yavanna]] and wife of [[Oromë]]. "All flowers spring as she passes and open if she glances upon them; and all birds sing at her coming." She dwells in gardens filled with golden flowers and often comes to the forests of Oromë.

{{valar}}

[[category:Valar]]

Vairë

2007-05-19T04:49:47Z

Hokienut:

'''Vairë the Weaver''' is a [[Valar|Valië]] and the wife of [[Mandos]], and is responsible for weaving the story of the World.

Vairë is counted among the Valier, the Queens of the Valar; though not as great in power or prestige as some, her "storied webs" cover the Halls of Mandos, where she apparently lived.

In the [[The Lost Road and Other Writings|Etymologies]], the [[Sindarin]] equivalent of her name ([[Quenya]] "weaver") is given as '''Gwîr'''.

----

A different ''' Vairë''' appeared in some of Tolkien's earliest writings. In ''[[The Book of Lost Tales]]'', she was an [[Elves|Elf]] of [[Tol Eressëa]]. She and her husband Lindo tell the stories that would become the [[Quenta Silmarillion|Silmarillion]] to the human mariner [[Ælfwine]]/Eriol. Her role as storyteller may have influenced the naming of the Vala responsible for recording stories.

{{valar}}

[[Category:Valar]]

Varda

2007-05-19T04:48:43Z

Hokienut:

'''Varda Elentári''' is a [[Valar|Valië]], wife of [[Manwë]].

When [[Melkor]] first began to create his discord, Varda saw his mind, and hated him. Melkor fears and hates Varda the most out of the Valar.

Varda is said to be too beautiful for words. Within her face radiates the light of [[Iluvatar]]. She resides with [[Manwë]] in [[Valinor]]. Varda created the stars with the dews from the vats of [[Telperion]], the silver of the [[Two Trees]]. Varda is said to be the Vala most loved and revered by the Elves in Middle-earth.

The Valar, being divine beings below a greater, more ultimate Creator, [[Ilúvatar]], are thought of as being the [[Middle-earth]] equivalent of saints and angels; it has therefore been suggested that Varda, in her role as the most loved and prayed-to Vala, may be an equivalent of the Virgin Mary in Tolkien's own Catholic faith.

[[Image:Ted Nasmith - Varda and Manwë in Valinor.jpg|thumb|left|Varda with Manwë in Valinor, by [[Ted Nasmith]].]]
==Names==
''Varda'' means ''sublime'' or ''lofty'' in [[Quenya]], and ''Elentári'' means ''Star-queen''. An epithet of her is ''Tintalle'' which means ''Star-kindler''.

In [[Sindarin]] she is also known as ''Elbereth'' (Star-queen), ''Gilthoniel'' (Starkindler), ''Fanuilos'' (Ever-white), and ''Baráda'' or ''Bridhil'' (the equivalent of ''Varda'' in Sindarin). In [[Telerin]] she is called ''Baradis''.

She is also referred to by the epithets ''The Kindler'', ''Lady of the Stars'', ''Queen of the Stars'', ''Snow-white''. They are translations of her Elvish names.

In NetHack and some other Roguelike games, the name ''Elbereth'' is used as a protective charm. [http://www.steelypips.org/nethack/elbereth_faq.html]

{{valar}}

[[Category:Valar]]

Yavanna

2007-05-19T04:48:18Z

Hokienut:

[[Image:Daniel Govar - Yavanna.jpg|thumb|''Yavanna'', by [[Daniel Govar]]]]
'''Yavanna Kementári''' is a [[Valar|Valië]], her first name (in [[Quenya]]) means "Giver of Fruits" and her surname ''Kementári'' means "Queen of the Earth". She is also called ''Palúrien''. The [[Sindarin]] form of ''Yavanna'' is '''Ivon''', while the Sindarin form of ''Kementári'' is '''Címir'''. She is the wife of [[Aulë]] and is responsible for the growth of all the fruits and growing things of the World.

After [[Eru]] allowed Aulë's creations, the [[Dwarves]], to survive, Yavanna feared that they would cut down all the trees in [[Middle-earth]]. [[Aulë]], in reply, told her that even [[Elves]] and [[Men]], the true [[Children of Ilúvatar]] would have need of her trees as well. Yavanna lamented to [[Manwë]], questioning whether anything she had made would be free from the dominion of others. Manwë brought her concerns before [[Ilúvatar]] in prayer, and Eru did indeed have pity upon Yavanna: He answered her plea by creating the [[Ents]] to protect the trees.

{{valar}}

[[Category:Valar]]

Nessa

2007-05-19T04:47:38Z

Hokienut:

[[Image:Olga Kukhtenkova - Nessa.jpg|thumb|''Nessa'' by [[Olga Kukhtenkova]]]]
Nessa ([[Quenya|Q]]: "Young") is a [[Vala|Valië]]. She is the wife of [[Tulkas]] and sister of [[Oromë]]. Her name in [[Sindarin]] is '''Neth'''. Nessa is noted for her speed, able to outrun the deer who follow her in the wild, and also for her dancing ability, as she dances on the ever-green lawns of [[Valinor]].

{{valar}}

[[category:Valar]]

Tulkas

2007-05-19T04:42:23Z

Hokienut:

[[Image:Jenny Dolfen - Tulkas the Strong.jpg|thumb|''Tulkas the Strong'' by [[Jenny Dolfen]].]]
'''Tulkas''' ([[Quenya|Q]]: "Strong, steadfast") (from the [[Valarin]] '''''Tulukastâz''''') is a [[Valar|Vala]]. In [[Sindarin]], his name is '''Tulcus'''. He is also called '''''Astaldo''''' ([[Quenya|Q]]: "the Valiant"). He is the spouse of [[Nessa]].

Tulkas was the most warlike of the Valar and the last of them to descend into [[Arda]], coming to the aid of the others when he heard of their war with [[Melkor]]. Melkor fled before him, and the [[Spring of Arda]] was begun.

After the [[Two Lamps]] were erected and the Valar had made their first dwelling at [[Almaren]], Tulkas wedded [[Nessa]] in a great feast. Being weary and content he slept, and Melkor decided his hour to retaliate had come.

Tulkas is described as delighting in wrestling and contests of strength. He wields no weapon, and rides no steed. As he cares little about either past or future, he is not a good councillor, but nonetheless a very hardy friend. He is described as being slow to wrath, but also slow to forgive—for that reason, he was one of the Valar that opposed the release of Melkor.

Tulkas also tends to be impatient; before the [[Awakening of the Elves]] he urged the other Valar to wage war against Melkor. After the [[Darkening of Valinor]] he also hurried [[Fëanor]] to take a decision about surrendering the [[Silmarils]].

{{valar}}

[[Category:Valar]]
[[Category:Images of Tulkas]]

Vána

2007-05-19T04:30:17Z

Hokienut:

[[Vána]] ([[Quenya|Q]]: "Beauty") is the name of a [[Valië]] also called ''the Ever-young''. In [[Sindarin]], her name is '''Gwann'''. She is the younger sister of [[Yavanna]] and wife of [[Oromë]]. "All flowers spring as she passes and open if she glances upon them; and all birds sing at her coming." She dwells in gardens filled with golden flowers and often comes to the forests of Oromë.

{{valar}}

[[category:Valar]]

Vairë

2007-05-19T04:21:59Z

Hokienut:

'''Vairë the Weaver''' is a [[Valar|Vala]] and the wife of [[Mandos]], and is responsible for weaving the story of the World.

Vairë is counted among the Valier, the Queens of the Valar; though not as great in power or prestige as some, her "storied webs" cover the Halls of Mandos, where she apparently lived.

In the [[The Lost Road and Other Writings|Etymologies]], the [[Sindarin]] equivalent of her name ([[Quenya]] "weaver") is given as '''Gwîr'''.

----

A different ''' Vairë''' appeared in some of Tolkien's earliest writings. In ''[[The Book of Lost Tales]]'', she was an [[Elves|Elf]] of [[Tol Eressëa]]. She and her husband Lindo tell the stories that would become the [[Quenta Silmarillion|Silmarillion]] to the human mariner [[Ælfwine]]/Eriol. Her role as storyteller may have influenced the naming of the Vala responsible for recording stories.

{{valar}}

[[Category:Valar]]

Lórien the Vala

2007-05-19T04:19:39Z

Hokienut:

''(For other meanings see [[Lórien|Lórien (disambiguation)]])''

The common name given to the [[Valar|Vala]] [[Irmo]], from the gardens in [[Valinor]] where he dwelt with his spouse [[Estë]]. Lórien (in [[Quenya]]) means "Land of Dreams". His [[Sindarin]] name is '''Lúrin'''. Lórien is called ''The Master of Dreams''.

Lórien the Vala

2007-05-19T04:15:48Z

Hokienut:

Estë

2007-05-19T04:01:57Z

Hokienut:

[[Image:Olga Kukhtenkova - Este.jpg|thumb|''Estë'' by [[Olga Kukhtenkova]]]]
'''Estë''' ([[Quenya|Q:]] "Rest") was a lady of the [[Valar]], the spouse of [[Irmo]], who dwelt with him in the gardens of [[Lórien in Valinor|Lórien]] in [[Valinor]]. Her name in [[Sindarin]] is '''Îdh'''. She was often called "The Gentle". She was the healer of hurts and weariness.
{{valar}}

[[Category:Images of Estë]]