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	<updated>2026-06-04T17:09:46Z</updated>
	<subtitle>User contributions</subtitle>
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	<entry>
		<id>https://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=John_Garth&amp;diff=304829</id>
		<title>John Garth</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=John_Garth&amp;diff=304829"/>
		<updated>2019-05-17T04:49:33Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Idhrendin: /* Books */&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;[[File:John Garth.jpg|thumb|John Garth at [[The Return of the Ring]], 2012]]&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;John Garth&#039;&#039;&#039; (b. [[9 June]] [[1966]]), winner of the 2004 [[Mythopoeic Society]] Scholarship Award, studied English at [[Oxford University]] and has since worked as a newspaper journalist in London. A long-standing taste for the works of Tolkien, combined with an interest in the First World War, fueled the five years of research that have gone into &#039;&#039;[[Tolkien and the Great War]]&#039;&#039; and he has drawn extensively on previously unpublished personal papers as well as Tolkien&#039;s service record and other unique military documents. Since 2005, he is a member of the Review Panel of &#039;&#039;[[Vinyar Tengwar]]&#039;&#039;.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{VT|47}}, p. 2&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Bibliography, selected==&lt;br /&gt;
===Books===&lt;br /&gt;
*[[2003]]: &#039;&#039;[[Tolkien and the Great War]]&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
*[[2020]]: &#039;&#039;[[Tolkien&#039;s Worlds: The places that inspired the writer&#039;s imagination]]&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Booklets===&lt;br /&gt;
*[[2014]]: &#039;&#039;[[Tolkien at Exeter College|Tolkien at Exeter College: How an Oxford undergraduate created Middle-earth]]&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Articles===&lt;br /&gt;
*[[2006]]: &#039;&#039;[[The Lord of the Rings 1954-2004|The Lord of the Rings 1954–2004: Scholarship in Honor of Richard E. Blackwelder]]&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
**&amp;quot;Frodo and the Great War&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
*[[2006]]: Various entries in &#039;&#039;[[J.R.R. Tolkien Encyclopedia|J.R.R. Tolkien Encyclopedia: Scholarship and Critical Assessment]]&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
*[[2007]]: &#039;&#039;[[Myth and Magic|Myth and Magic: Art according to the Inklings]]&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
** &amp;quot;&#039;As under a green sea&#039;: visions of war in the Dead Marshes&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
*[[2008]]: &#039;&#039;[[The Lord of the Rings: Sources of Inspiration]]&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
**&amp;quot;Tolkien, Exeter College, and the Great War&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
*[[2008]]: &#039;&#039;[[The Ring Goes Ever On: Proceedings of the Tolkien 2005 Conference]]&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
**&amp;quot;As under a green sea&#039;: visions of war in the Dead Marshes&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
*[[2009]]: [[Mallorn 48|&#039;&#039;Mallorn&#039;&#039; 48]]&lt;br /&gt;
** &amp;quot;Tolkien of the Many Names&amp;quot; (guest editorial)&lt;br /&gt;
** &amp;quot;Views of a lost world&amp;quot; (review of [[Black &amp;amp; White Ogre Country]]&#039;&#039;)&lt;br /&gt;
*[[2011]]: [[Tolkien Studies: Volume 8|&#039;&#039;Tolkien Studies&#039;&#039;: Volume 8]]&lt;br /&gt;
**&amp;quot;Robert Quilter Gilson, T.C.B.S.: A Brief Life in Letters&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
*[[2014]]: [[Tolkien Studies: Volume 11|&#039;&#039;Tolkien Studies&#039;&#039;: Volume 11]]&lt;br /&gt;
**&amp;quot;&#039;The road from adaptation to invention&#039;: How Tolkien Came to the Brink of Middle-earth in 1914&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
* [[2016]]: &#039;&#039;[[The Return Of The Ring: Proceedings of the Tolkien Society Conference 2012]]&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
** &amp;quot;Robert Quilter Gilson, [[T.C.B.S.]]: A brief life in letters&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
*[[2016]]: &#039;&#039;The Telegraph&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
**&amp;quot;[http://www.telegraph.co.uk/books/what-to-read/jrr-tolkien-bet-cs-lewis-wager-gave-birth-lord-rings/ When JRR Tolkien bet CS Lewis: the wager that gave birth to &#039;&#039;The Lord of the Rings&#039;&#039;]&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
*[[2018]]: &#039;&#039;[[Tolkien: Maker of Middle-earth]]&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
**&amp;quot;Tolkien and the Inklings&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Reviews===&lt;br /&gt;
*[[2013]]: &#039;&#039;The Daily Beast&#039;&#039; (23 March)&lt;br /&gt;
**&amp;quot;[http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2013/05/23/tolkien-s-unfinished-epic-the-fall-of-arthur.html Tolkien’s Unfinished Epic: ‘The Fall of Arthur’]&lt;br /&gt;
*[[2014]]: &#039;&#039;New Statesman&#039;&#039; (29 May)&lt;br /&gt;
**&amp;quot;[http://www.newstatesman.com/culture/2014/05/j-r-r-tolkien-beowulf-one-mans-passion-threshold-between-myth-and-reality J R R Tolkien&#039;s Beowulf: one man&#039;s passion for the threshold between myth and reality]&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
*[[2016]]: &#039;&#039;New Statesman&#039;&#039; (15 April)&lt;br /&gt;
**&amp;quot;[http://www.newstatesman.com/culture/books/2016/04/teach-yourself-dwarvish-behind-tolkien-s-invented-languages Teach yourself Dwarvish: behind Tolkien’s invented languages]&amp;quot; (review of &#039;&#039;[[A Secret Vice (book)|A Secret Vice: Tolkien on Invented Languages]]&#039;&#039;)&lt;br /&gt;
*[[2016]]: &#039;&#039;The Telegraph&#039;&#039; (12/16 November)&lt;br /&gt;
**&amp;quot;[http://www.telegraph.co.uk/books/what-to-read/unseen-tolkien-sex-infertility-adultery-and-the-birth-of-galadri/ Unseen Tolkien: sex, infertility, adultery and the birth of Galadriel]&amp;quot; (review of &#039;&#039;[[The Lay of Aotrou and Itroun]]&#039;&#039;)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Filmography===&lt;br /&gt;
*[[2001]]: [[Beyond the Movie: The Lord of the Rings]]&lt;br /&gt;
*[[2004]]: [[The Real Middle-earth (documentary)]]&lt;br /&gt;
*[[2004]]: [[J.R.R. Tolkien: The Legacy of Middle-Earth]]&lt;br /&gt;
*[[2014]]: [[War of Words: Soldier-Poets of the Somme]]&lt;br /&gt;
*[[2014]]: [[Tolkien&#039;s Great War (documentary)]]&lt;br /&gt;
*[[2014]]: [[JRR Tolkien, le seigneur des écrivains]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==External links==&lt;br /&gt;
*[http://www.johngarth.co.uk Official website]&lt;br /&gt;
*[http://johngarth.wordpress.com/ Official blog]&lt;br /&gt;
*[http://middle-earth.xenite.org/2012/06/15/an-interview-with-john-garth/ An Interview with John Garth] by [[Michael Martinez]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{DEFAULTSORT:Garth, John}}&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Authors]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:JRRTE contributors]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:British people]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:People by name]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[fi:John Garth]]&lt;br /&gt;
{{references}}&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Idhrendin</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=Alan_Lee&amp;diff=302333</id>
		<title>Alan Lee</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=Alan_Lee&amp;diff=302333"/>
		<updated>2019-01-05T12:15:35Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Idhrendin: /* Published artwork */&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;{{cleanup}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{artist infobox&lt;br /&gt;
| image=[[File:Alan Lee.jpg|250px]]&lt;br /&gt;
| name=Alan Lee&lt;br /&gt;
| born=[[20 August]], [[1947]]&lt;br /&gt;
| died=&lt;br /&gt;
| style=Realistic/Romantic&lt;br /&gt;
| images=[[:Category:Images by Alan Lee|Gallery]]&lt;br /&gt;
| location=Dartmoor, Devon, UK&lt;br /&gt;
| website=&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;Alan Lee&#039;&#039;&#039; is a renowned British artist. He has illustrated numerous [[J.R.R. Tolkien|Tolkien]] books and calendars. Together with [[John Howe]], Lee was a concept artist for both [[The Lord of the Rings (film series)|&#039;&#039;The Lord of the Rings&#039;&#039;]] and [[The Hobbit (film series)|&#039;&#039;The Hobbit&#039;&#039; film series]].&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==History==&lt;br /&gt;
Alan Lee was born in London, and attended the [[Wikipedia:Ealing|Ealing]] School of Art.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;[http://www.imdb.com/name/nm0496769/bio IMDb biography]&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; At the advice of a friend, he read &#039;&#039;[[The Lord of the Rings]]&#039;&#039; when he was 17, and it greatly influenced his professional work. He had at that time never heard of [[J.R.R. Tolkien]] or &#039;&#039;[[The Hobbit]]&#039;&#039;.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;[http://einsiders.com/features/interviews/alanlee.php Interview], EInsiders.com.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; He moved to Dartmoor and married Marja Kruÿt. They have one daughter together, Virginia.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;[http://www.visionary-artist.co.uk/index.html Biography] of Marja Lee Kruÿt.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;[http://www.herenistarion.org/index.php?option=com_content&amp;amp;task=view&amp;amp;id=37&amp;amp;Itemid=33 Interview], [[North East Tolkien Society|HerenIstarion.org]].&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Alan has suffered many deaths in his lifetime, including his father&#039;s when he was only 13 years of age.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In his paintings, Lee uses watercolour. He describes his style as a combination of [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Realism_(visual_arts) Realistic] and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanticism Romantic].&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;&amp;quot;Designing Middle-earth&amp;quot;, [[The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring]], Extended Edition.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===The Lord of the Rings: The Motion Picture Trilogy===&lt;br /&gt;
On [[13 November|November 13]], [[1997]], New Zealand filmmaker [[Peter Jackson]] sent a parcel containing [http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0116344/ &amp;quot;Forgotten Silver&amp;quot;] and [http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0110005/  &amp;quot;Heavenly Creatures&amp;quot;], and a letter explaining an upcoming movie project, then still for Miramax. Jackson was greatly inspired by Lee, and wanted him to be part of the crew. Lee watched the movies, and phoned back 3,5 hours later to say yes.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;[http://www.bbc.co.uk/devon/content/articles/2006/01/23/alan_lee_feature.shtml &amp;quot;Lord of the Drawings&amp;quot;], BBC Interview.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; Three weeks later he flew to New Zealand, where he and [[John Howe]] joined the [[Weta Workshop]]. He would live in New Zealand for six years, before returning to Dartmoor.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;designing&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&amp;quot;Designing Middle-earth&amp;quot;, [[The Lord of the Rings: The Two Towers]], Extended Edition.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; His daughter Virginia also worked on the movie; one of her contributions was woodwork for the throne of [[Théoden]].&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;designing&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Lee has two cameos in Peter Jackson&#039;s movies: he appears as the second from the right of the nine [[Nazgûl|Kings of Men]] in &#039;&#039;[[The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring|The Fellowship of the Ring]]&#039;&#039;, along with John Howe, and as a man of [[Rohan]] at the armoury of the [[Hornburg]] in &#039;&#039;[[The Lord of the Rings: The Two Towers|The Two Towers]]&#039;&#039;, along with [[Dan Hennah]].&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Lee expressed interest in working on &#039;&#039;The Hobbit&#039;&#039;, and stated that &amp;quot;It would have to be a pretty special film to match the experience of working on The Lord of the Rings&amp;quot;.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;[http://www.bbc.co.uk/devon/content/articles/2006/01/23/alan_lee_feature.shtml &amp;quot;Lord of the Drawings&amp;quot;], BBC Interview.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; Lee was involved on work on [[The Hobbit (film series)|The Hobbit]], once again along with John Howe. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Lee and Howe together drew the artwork of the cast at the end of &#039;&#039;[[The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King]]&#039;&#039; and &#039;&#039;[[The Hobbit: The Battle of the Five Armies]]&#039;&#039;. For &#039;&#039;The Battle of the Five Armies&#039;&#039;, the sketching of the cast was split by nationality; John Howe drew [[Tauriel]] / [[Evangeline Lilly]], as they are both Canadian.{{fact}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Published artwork==&lt;br /&gt;
* [[1984]]: &#039;&#039;Castles&#039;&#039; (text by [[David Day]])&lt;br /&gt;
* [[1991]]: &#039;&#039;[[The Lord of the Rings]]&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* [[1992]]: &#039;&#039;[[Tolkien&#039;s World: Paintings of Middle-earth]]&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* [[1992]]: &#039;&#039;[[The Fellowship of the Ring]]&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* [[1992]]: &#039;&#039;[[The Two Towers]]&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* [[1992]]: &#039;&#039;[[The Return of the King]]&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* [[1993]]: &#039;&#039;[[The 1993 J.R.R. Tolkien Calendar|Tolkien Calendar]]&lt;br /&gt;
* [[1994]]: &#039;&#039;[[Tolkien&#039;s Ring]]&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* [[1994]]: &#039;&#039;[[Realms of Tolkien|Realms of Tolkien: Images of Middle-earth]]&lt;br /&gt;
* [[1997]]: &#039;&#039;[[The Hobbit]]&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* [[2005]]: &#039;&#039;[[The Lord of the Rings Sketchbook]]&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* [[2007]]: &#039;&#039;[[The Children of Húrin]]&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* [[2007]]: &#039;&#039;The Lord of the Rings Calendar&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* [[2008]]: &#039;&#039;The Children of Húrin Calendar&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* [[2008]]: &#039;&#039;[[Tales from the Perilous Realm]]&lt;br /&gt;
* [[2018]]: &#039;&#039;[[The Fall of Gondolin]]&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* [[2018]]: &#039;&#039;[[Tolkien Calendar 2019]]&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* [[2019]]: &#039;&#039;[[The Hobbit Sketchbook]]&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Awards==&lt;br /&gt;
* [[1998]] - &#039;&#039;&#039;[http://www.worldfantasy.org/awards/1998.html World Fantasy Award]&#039;&#039;&#039;, Best Artist. &lt;br /&gt;
* [[2002]] - &#039;&#039;&#039;[http://www.nbrmp.org/ NBR Award]&#039;&#039;&#039;, Best Production Design/Art Direction, &#039;&#039;[[The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring]]&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* [[2003]] - &#039;&#039;&#039;[http://www.vesawards.com/ VES Award]&#039;&#039;&#039;, Best Effects Art Direction in a Motion Picture, &#039;&#039;[[The Lord of the Rings: The Two Towers]]&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* [[2004]] - &#039;&#039;&#039;[http://www.oscars.org/ Academy Award]&#039;&#039;&#039;, Best Art Direction-Set Decoration, &#039;&#039;[[The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King]]&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* [[2004]] -  &#039;&#039;&#039;[http://pressacademy.com/ Golden Satellite Award]&#039;&#039;&#039;, Best Art Direction, &#039;&#039;Peter Jackson&#039;s The Return of the King&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Bibliography, selected==&lt;br /&gt;
*[[2008]]: &#039;&#039;[[Tales from the Perilous Realm]]&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
**&amp;quot;Afterword&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
*[[2013]]: &#039;&#039;[[The Hobbit: The Desolation of Smaug: Chronicles: Art &amp;amp; Design]]&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
**&amp;quot;Introduction&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==See also==&lt;br /&gt;
* [[:Category:Images by Alan Lee|Images by Alan Lee]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==External links==&lt;br /&gt;
*[http://www.tolkiensociety.org/2016/05/watch-alan-lee-discusses-his-artwork-at-the-tolkien-society-annual-dinner-2016/ Watch: Alan Lee discusses his artwork at the Tolkien Society Annual Dinner 2016] at [http://www.tolkiensociety.org/ Tolkiensociety.org]&lt;br /&gt;
* {{WP|Alan Lee}}&lt;br /&gt;
* [http://www.imdb.com/name/nm0496769/ Alan Lee] at [http://www.imdb.com IMDb]&lt;br /&gt;
{{references}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{IllustratorsHobbit}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{IllustratorsLOTR}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{IllustratorsCalendars}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{DEFAULTSORT:Lee, Alan}}&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Actors and actresses]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Artists]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:British people]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:People by name]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[de:Alan Lee]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[fi:Alan Lee]]&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Idhrendin</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=Donato_Giancola&amp;diff=300873</id>
		<title>Donato Giancola</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=Donato_Giancola&amp;diff=300873"/>
		<updated>2018-08-25T09:20:14Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Idhrendin: /* Bibliography, selected */&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;[[Image:Donato Giancola.jpg|thumb|250px|Donato Giancola]]&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;Donato Giancola&#039;&#039;&#039; (born [[1967]]) is an American artist specializing in science-fiction and fantasy illustrations, especially [[J.R.R. Tolkien|Tolkien]]-related depictions. &#039;&#039;[[The Hobbit]]&#039;&#039; and &#039;&#039;[[The Lord of the Rings]]&#039;&#039; were the first books he read for pleasure and &amp;quot;they left an impression so deep on my psyche that they are forever a standard to which other novels are compared.&amp;quot; His proudest achievement artistically has been [[:Image:Donato_Giancola_-_The_Hobbit_-_Expulsion.jpg|The Hobbit: Explusion]].&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;[http://www.donatoart.com/faq.html Giancola&#039;s Official FAQ] (accessed 20 January 2011)&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Bibliography, selected==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* [[2010]]: &#039;&#039;[[Middle-earth: Visions of a Modern Myth]]&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* [[2019]]: &#039;&#039;[[Middle-earth: Journeys in Myth and Legend]]&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Awards==&lt;br /&gt;
* [[2004]] - [http://www.worldfantasy.org/awards/2004.html World Fantasy Award], Best Artist. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==See also==&lt;br /&gt;
* [[:Category:Images by Donato Giancola|Images by Donato Giancola]].&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== External Links ==&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;[http://www.donatoart.com/ Official Website]&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* {{WP|Donato Giancola}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{references}}&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category: Artists|Giancola, Donato]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:American people|Giancola, Donato]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:People by name|Giancola, Donato]]&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Idhrendin</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=User:Idhrendin&amp;diff=298401</id>
		<title>User:Idhrendin</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=User:Idhrendin&amp;diff=298401"/>
		<updated>2018-04-09T12:43:56Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Idhrendin: &lt;/p&gt;
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| style=&amp;quot;font-size:8pt;padding:4pt;line-height:1.25em&amp;quot; | Number of edits. &lt;br /&gt;
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|}&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/td&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/tr&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/table&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
Hi. I am &#039;&#039;&#039;Idhrendin&#039;&#039;&#039; and I am from South Korea.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Subpages==&lt;br /&gt;
[[user:Idhrendin/Sandbox|Sandbox]]&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Idhrendin</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=Christopher_Tolkien&amp;diff=298400</id>
		<title>Christopher Tolkien</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=Christopher_Tolkien&amp;diff=298400"/>
		<updated>2018-04-09T12:41:08Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Idhrendin: /* Books */&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;{{author infobox&lt;br /&gt;
| image=[[File:Christopher Tolkien.jpg|250px]]&lt;br /&gt;
| name=Christopher Tolkien&lt;br /&gt;
| born=[[21 November]], [[1924]]&lt;br /&gt;
| died=&lt;br /&gt;
| education=[[Wikipedia:Trinity College, Oxford|Trinity College]], [[Oxford]]&lt;br /&gt;
| occupation=Author, Professor&lt;br /&gt;
| location=England&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;France&lt;br /&gt;
| website=[http://www.tolkienestate.com TolkienEstate.com]&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;Christopher John Reuel Tolkien&#039;&#039;&#039; (born [[21 November]], [[1924]]) is the third child and youngest son of [[J.R.R. Tolkien]] and [[Edith Tolkien]]. He is the literary executor of the [[Tolkien Estate]] and has edited much of his father&#039;s work for posthumous publication.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{webcite|author=|articleurl=http://www.tolkien.co.uk/Non-Fiction/Pages/History-of-Middle-earth.aspx?page=2&amp;amp;sdt=1&amp;amp;sort=pno&amp;amp;objsct=History%20of%20Middle-earth|articlename=History of Middle-earth|dated=|website=[http://www.tolkien.co.uk Tolkien.co.uk]|accessed=18-11-2012}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Early life==&lt;br /&gt;
Christopher Tolkien was named after his father&#039;s friend, [[Christopher Wiseman]] (he also sometimes uses his confirmation name, &amp;quot;John&amp;quot; as seen on his initials of maps of [[The Lord of the Rings]], &amp;quot;CJRT&amp;quot;). &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Born in [[Leeds]] and raised in [[Oxford]], Christopher went to the Dragon School in Oxford and Oratory School in Caversham, Berkshire. Due to a heart ailment, he was forced to stay at home and work with a private tutor. He enjoyed watching stars with a telescope as well as a passion for railways. As early as age four and five, Christopher was concerned with the consistency of &#039;&#039;[[The Hobbit]]&#039;&#039;.&lt;br /&gt;
{{Blockquote|Last time, you said Bilbo&#039;s front door was blue, and you said Thorin had a golden tassel on his hood, but you&#039;ve just said that Bilbo&#039;s front door was green and that Thorin&#039;s hood was silver|Christopher Tolkien, foreword to The Hobbit}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Christopher proved invaluable in correcting &#039;&#039;The Hobbit&#039;&#039; after its publication and was paid twopence a correction.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Young adulthood==&lt;br /&gt;
In July of [[1943]] he entered the Royal Air Force and in November of that year he went to South Africa to train as a pilot. His absence did not however slow his contributions to his father&#039;s works as his father continually sent him parts of &#039;&#039;The Lord of the Rings&#039;&#039; to go over. In [[1945]] he returned to England and was stationed in Shropshire and later that year he returned to Oxford. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
On October 9th, [[1945]] his father informed him that the [[Inklings]] wished to consider him a permanent member. The task of reading &#039;&#039;The Lord of the Rings&#039;&#039; to the Inklings was passed on to Christopher and it was generally agreed that he was a better reader than his father.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In 1954-55 Christopher was delegated the re-drawing of his father&#039;s &#039;&#039;Lord of the Rings&#039;&#039; maps for publication.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Adulthood==&lt;br /&gt;
In [[1946]] Christopher returned to Trinity College to resume his studies and reading English. For a while his tutor was [[C.S. Lewis]]. His thesis was a translation of &#039;&#039;[[The Saga of King Heidrek the Wise]]&#039;&#039; and he received his B.A. in [[1949]]. Christopher also became a lecturer in Old and Middle English as well as Old Icelandic at Oxford. He worked as an editor on Chaucer&#039;s &#039;&#039;Canterbury Tales,&#039;&#039; the &#039;&#039;Pardoner&#039;s Tale&#039;&#039;, and the &#039;&#039;Nun&#039;s Priest&#039;s Tale&#039;&#039;. From [[1963]] to [[1975]] he was a Fellow of New College, Oxford but resigned when he began to devote his time to his father&#039;s literary affairs, and soon afterward moved with his family to southern France.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==After his father&#039;s death==&lt;br /&gt;
After his father&#039;s death, Christopher embarked on organizing the masses of his father&#039;s notes, some of them written on odd scraps of paper a half-century earlier. Much of the material was handwritten, frequently a fair draft was written over a half-erased first draft, and names of characters routinely changed between the beginning and end of the same draft. Deciphering this was an arduous task, and perhaps only someone with personal experience of J.R.R. and the evolution of his stories could have made any sense of it; even so, Christopher has admitted to having to occasionally guess at what his father intended.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
With the help of [[Guy Gavriel Kay]] he managed to compile &#039;&#039;[[The Silmarillion]]&#039;&#039; in only four years. During this time he also edited his father&#039;s translations of &#039;&#039;[[Sir Gawain and the Green Knight]]&#039;&#039;, and &#039;&#039;[[Sir Orfeo]]&#039;&#039;. He also worked on the &#039;&#039;[[Guide to the Names in The Lord of the Rings|Nomenclature of The Lord of the Rings]]&#039;&#039; which was first published in [[1975]] as &#039;&#039;[[Guide to the Names in The Lord of the Rings]]&#039;&#039; in &#039;&#039;[[A Tolkien Compass]]&#039;&#039;.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Christopher spent the years after continuing to study his father&#039;s works and taking the responsibilities of the [[Tolkien Estate]]. He recorded portions of &#039;&#039;The Silmarillion&#039;&#039; in [[1977]] and [[1978]] which was issued by Caedmon Records, New York. In [[1979]] he wrote about his father&#039;s illustrations and drawings for their publication in Tolkien calendars and &#039;&#039;[[Pictures by J.R.R. Tolkien]]&#039;&#039;. Through [[1980]] and [[1983]] Christopher edited &#039;&#039;[[Unfinished Tales]]&#039;&#039;, &#039;&#039;[[The Letters of J.R.R. Tolkien]]&#039;&#039;, &#039;&#039;[[The Monsters and the Critics|The Monsters and the Critics and Other Essays]]&#039;&#039;, and &#039;&#039;[[The Book of Lost Tales Part One]]&#039;&#039; which was the first volume in his twelve volume series of &#039;&#039;[[The History of Middle-earth]]&#039;&#039;, the last of which was published in [[1996]]. In 1998 he edited a new edition of &#039;&#039;[[Tree and Leaf]]&#039;&#039; including the poem [[Mythopoeia]]. In [[2007]], he edited &#039;&#039;[[The Children of Húrin]]&#039;&#039;. His latest publications have been the editing of &#039;&#039;[[The Legend of Sigurd and Gudrún]]&#039;&#039; ([[2009]]), &#039;&#039;[[The Fall of Arthur]]&#039;&#039; ([[2013]]), and &#039;&#039;[[Beowulf: A Translation and Commentary ]]&#039;&#039; ([[2014]]).&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In 2016, Christopher Tolkien was awarded the [[Wikipedia:Bodley Medal|Bodley Medal]], the [[Wikipedia:Bodleian Libraries|Bodleian Libraries]]&#039; highest honour, for his &amp;quot;&#039;&#039;editorial work on his father&#039;s manuscripts&#039;&#039;&amp;quot; and his &amp;quot;&#039;&#039;academic career at the [[University of Oxford]]&#039;&#039;&amp;quot;.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{webcite|author=|articleurl=http://www.bodleian.ox.ac.uk/news/2016/nov-03|articlename=Editor and Scholar Christopher Tolkien awarded Bodley Medal|dated=3 November 2016|website=[http://www.bodleian.ox.ac.uk/ bodleian.ox.ac.uk]|accessed=6 November 2016}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In August [[2017]], Christopher Tolkien resigned from his appointment as director of the Tolkien Estate.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{webcite|author=|articleurl=http://beta.companieshouse.gov.uk/company/07842430/officers|articlename=The Tolkien Estate Limited, Officers|dated=|website=[http://beta.companieshouse.gov.uk/ Companies House] |accessed=14 November 2017}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{webcite|author=|articleurl=http://tolkienbrasil.com/noticias/sobre-livros/christopher-tolkien-resignou-a-direcao-da-tolkien-estate/|articlename= Christopher Tolkien deixa Tolkien Estate|dated=|website=[http://tolkienbrasil.com/ Tolkien Brasil] |accessed=15 November 2017}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Response to adaptations==&lt;br /&gt;
{{Expansion}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{Blockquote|...I recognize that this is a debatable and complex question of art, and the suggestions that have been made that I &#039;disapprove&#039; of the films, whatever their cinematic quality, even to the extent of thinking ill of those with whom I may differ, are wholly without foundation.|Christopher Tolkien}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Family==&lt;br /&gt;
Christopher&#039;s first wife, [[Faith Tolkien|Faith]] (1928) took an English degree at Oxford and they had one son, [[Simon Tolkien]]. A [[:File:J.R.R. Tolkien&#039;s bust at Exeter.jpg|bust]] of Tolkien by Faith was exhibited at the Royal Academy: Tolkien paid for its casting in bronze. It is now in the English Library in Oxford.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Christopher&#039;s second wife, [[Baillie Tolkien|Baillie]] (1941) is Canadian, and is the daughter of Winnipeg surgeon [[Alan Klass]], and Helen Klass (née Jacob). She has a BA in English from the University of Manitoba and an MA from Oxford. She worked as J.R.R. Tolkien&#039;s secretary and was responsible for the section on poetry in the 1965 index to &#039;&#039;The Lord of the Rings&#039;&#039;. She later edited &#039;&#039;[[The Father Christmas Letters]]&#039;&#039;. She and Christopher have two children, [[Adam Tolkien]] and [[Rachel Tolkien]].&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Bibliography==&lt;br /&gt;
===Books===&lt;br /&gt;
*195?: &#039;&#039;Tolkien Hervarar Saga ok Heidreks Konungs&#039;&#039;. C.J.R. Tolkien (Oxford University, Trinity College). B. Litt. thesis. 1953/4. [Year uncertain]&lt;br /&gt;
*[[1956]]: &#039;&#039;Hervarar Saga ok Heidreks&#039;&#039;. Ed. [E.O.] G. Turville-Petre. London: University College London, for the Viking Society for Northern Research, 1956; introduction by Christopher Tolkien.&lt;br /&gt;
*[[1958]]: &#039;&#039;The Pardoner&#039;s Tale&#039;&#039;. Geoffrey Chaucer, ed. Nevill Coghill and Christopher Tolkien. London: George G. Harrap, 1958. [29 Oct 58]&lt;br /&gt;
*[[1959]]: T&#039;&#039;he Nun&#039;s Priest&#039;s Tale&#039;&#039;. Geoffrey Chaucer, ed. Nevill Coghill and Christopher Tolkien. London: George G. Harrap, 1959. [28 Feb 60]&lt;br /&gt;
*[[1960]]: &#039;&#039;The Saga of King Heidrek the Wise&#039;&#039;. Ed. and trans. Christopher Tolkien. London: Thomas Nelson &amp;amp; Sons (Icelandic Texts), 1960. [30 Jun 60]&lt;br /&gt;
*[[1969]]: &#039;&#039;The Man of Law&#039;s Tale&#039;&#039;. Geoffrey Chaucer, ed. Nevill Coghill and Christopher Tolkien. London: George G. Harrap, 1969. [Jun 69]&lt;br /&gt;
*[[1975]]: &#039;&#039;[[Sir Gawain and the Green Knight, Pearl and Sir Orfeo]]&#039;&#039; (editor)&lt;br /&gt;
*[[1977]]: &#039;&#039;[[The Silmarillion]]&#039;&#039; (editor)&lt;br /&gt;
*[[1979]]: &#039;&#039;[[Pictures by J.R.R. Tolkien]]&#039;&#039; (editor)&lt;br /&gt;
*[[1980]]: &#039;&#039;[[Unfinished Tales|Unfinished Tales of Númenor and Middle-earth]]&#039;&#039; (editor)&lt;br /&gt;
*[[1981]]: &#039;&#039;[[The Letters of J.R.R. Tolkien]]&#039;&#039; (editor with [[Humphrey Carpenter]])&lt;br /&gt;
*[[1983]]: &#039;&#039;[[The Monsters and the Critics and Other Essays]]&#039;&#039; (editor)&lt;br /&gt;
*[[1983]]: &#039;&#039;[[The Book of Lost Tales Part One]]&#039;&#039; (editor)&lt;br /&gt;
*[[1984]]: &#039;&#039;[[The Book of Lost Tales Part Two]]&#039;&#039; (editor)&lt;br /&gt;
*[[1985]]: &#039;&#039;[[The Lays of Beleriand]]&#039;&#039; (editor)&lt;br /&gt;
*[[1986]]: &#039;&#039;[[The Shaping of Middle-earth]]&#039;&#039; (editor)&lt;br /&gt;
*[[1987]]: &#039;&#039;[[The Lost Road and Other Writings]]&#039;&#039; (editor)&lt;br /&gt;
*[[1988]]: &#039;&#039;[[Tree and Leaf]]&#039;&#039; (editor)&lt;br /&gt;
*[[1988]]: &#039;&#039;[[The Return of the Shadow]]&#039;&#039; (editor)&lt;br /&gt;
*[[1989]]: &#039;&#039;[[The Treason of Isengard]]&#039;&#039; (editor)&lt;br /&gt;
*[[1990]]: &#039;&#039;[[The War of the Ring]]&#039;&#039; (editor)&lt;br /&gt;
*[[1992]]: &#039;&#039;[[Sauron Defeated]]&#039;&#039; (editor)&lt;br /&gt;
*[[1993]]: &#039;&#039;[[Morgoth&#039;s Ring]]&#039;&#039; (editor)&lt;br /&gt;
*[[1994]]: &#039;&#039;[[The War of the Jewels]]&#039;&#039; (editor)&lt;br /&gt;
*[[1996]]: &#039;&#039;[[The Peoples of Middle-earth]]&#039;&#039; (editor)&lt;br /&gt;
*[[2007]]: &#039;&#039;[[The Children of Húrin]]&#039;&#039; (editor)&lt;br /&gt;
*[[2009]]: &#039;&#039;[[The Legend of Sigurd and Gudrún]]&#039;&#039; (editor)&lt;br /&gt;
*[[2013]]: &#039;&#039;[[The Fall of Arthur]]&#039;&#039; (editor)&lt;br /&gt;
*[[2014]]: &#039;&#039;[[Beowulf: A Translation and Commentary]]&#039;&#039; (editor)&lt;br /&gt;
*[[2017]]: &#039;&#039;[[Beren and Lúthien]]&#039;&#039; (editor)&lt;br /&gt;
*[[2018]]: &#039;&#039;[[The Fall of Gondolin (book)|&lt;br /&gt;
The Fall of Gondolin]]&#039;&#039; (editor)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Articles===&lt;br /&gt;
*[[1955]]-[[1956|6]]: &#039;&#039;Saga-Book&#039;&#039; (University College, London, for the Viking Society for Northern Research) 14, part 3 (1955-6), pp. [141]-63.&lt;br /&gt;
**&amp;quot;The Battle of the Goths and the Huns&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
*[[1975]]: &#039;&#039;[[A Tolkien Compass]]&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
**&amp;quot;[[Guide to the Names in The Lord of the Rings|Guide to the Names in &#039;&#039;The Lord of the Rings&#039;&#039;]]&amp;quot;. J.R.R. Tolkien, ed. Christopher Tolkien&lt;br /&gt;
*[[1975]]: &#039;&#039;[[Les aventures de Tom Bombadil]]&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
**[Handwritten note by Christopher Tolkien, dated March 1974, introducing two pages of script by J.R.R. Tolkien]&lt;br /&gt;
*[[1980]]: [[Mallorn 14|&#039;&#039;Mallorn&#039;&#039; 14]]&lt;br /&gt;
** &amp;quot;&#039;&#039;The Silmarillion&#039;&#039;, by J.R.R. Tolkien: A brief account of the book and its making&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
*[[1982]]: [[Quettar 13]], Feb. 1982, pp. 8-9&lt;br /&gt;
**&amp;quot;The Tengwar Numerals&amp;quot;. Christopher Tolkien (&#039;CRT after JRRT&#039;); rptd. &#039;&#039;Beyond Bree&#039;&#039; Dec. 1984, p. 1. Further, untitled, explanation of Tengwar numerals by Christopher Tolkien (&#039;CRT after JRRT 10 March 1982&#039;), in [[Quettar 14]], May 1982, pp. 6-7.&lt;br /&gt;
*[[1983]]: [[Amon Hen 63|&#039;&#039;Amon Hen&#039;&#039; 63]], August 1983, p. 4&lt;br /&gt;
**&amp;quot;...Future Publishing&amp;quot;. Reproduced as &#039;Statement by Christopher Tolkien&#039; in &#039;&#039;Beyond Bree&#039;&#039;, November 1983, p. 2.&lt;br /&gt;
*[[1984]]:  [[Amon Hen 70|&#039;&#039;Amon Hen&#039;&#039; 70]], November 1984, p.3.&lt;br /&gt;
**&amp;quot;&#039;Moria Gate&#039; ... Another Look&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
*[[1986]]: &#039;&#039;[[Beyond Bree July 1986]]&#039;&#039;, pp. 1-3&lt;br /&gt;
**&amp;quot;Notes on the Differences in editions of &#039;&#039;The Hobbit&#039;&#039; cited by Mr. David Cofield&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
*[[1987]]: &#039;&#039;[[The Hobbit (50th Anniversary edition)|The Hobbit]]&#039;&#039;. J.R.R. Tolkien. London: Unwin Hyman, 1987; fiftieth anniversary edition.&lt;br /&gt;
**Foreword&lt;br /&gt;
*[[1988]]: &#039;&#039;Beyond Bree&#039;&#039;, August 1988, pp. 1-2&lt;br /&gt;
**&amp;quot;The BBC Pronunciation Guide to &#039;&#039;The Lord of the Rings&#039;&#039;&amp;quot;. Nancy Martsch. [About the transcription of Christopher Tolkien&#039;s recording of words and names in &#039;&#039;The Lord of the Rings&#039;&#039; for the BBC production by Brian Sibley.]&lt;br /&gt;
*[[1994]]: &#039;&#039;[[The Lord of the Rings]]&#039;&#039;, (1994 edition by HarperCollins Publishers, p.1140 of the one-volume edition)&lt;br /&gt;
**&amp;quot;A Note on the Maps&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
*[[2012]]: &#039;&#039;Le Monde&#039;&#039;, 5 July&lt;br /&gt;
**&amp;quot;Tolkien, l&#039;anneau de la discorde&amp;quot; by Raphaëlle Rérolle (interview; [http://www.worldcrunch.com/culture-society/my-father-039-s-quot-eviscerated-quot-work-son-of-hobbit-scribe-j.r.r.-tolkien-finally-speaks-out/hobbit-silmarillion-lord-of-rings/c3s10299/ English translation])&lt;br /&gt;
*[[2016]]: &#039;&#039;[[The Lay of Aotrou and Itroun]]&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
**&amp;quot;Note on the text&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Ephemera===&lt;br /&gt;
*[[1976]]: [[The Lord of the Rings 1977 Calendar]]. London: George Allen &amp;amp; Unwin, 1976. Notes on the Pictures by Christopher Tolkien.&lt;br /&gt;
*[[1976]]: Catalogue of an Exhibition of Drawings by J.R.R. Tolkien at the Ashmolean Museum Oxford ... Oxford: The Ashmolean Museum, 1976. Introduction by Baillie Tolkien. [?14 Dec 76]&lt;br /&gt;
*[[1977]]: &#039;&#039;[[The Silmarillion by J.R.R. Tolkien: A Brief Account of the Book and its Making]]&#039;&#039; (pamphlet)&lt;br /&gt;
*[[1977]]: [[The Silmarillion Calendar 1978]]. London: George Allen &amp;amp; Unwin, 1977. Notes on the Pictures by Christopher Tolkien.&lt;br /&gt;
*[[1978]]: [[J.R.R. Tolkien Calendar 1979]]. London: George Allen &amp;amp; Unwin, 1978. Notes on the Pictures by Christopher Tolkien.&lt;br /&gt;
*[[1978]]: Map of Beleriand and the Lands to the North [poster]. London: George Allen &amp;amp; Unwin, 1978. As drawn by Christopher Tolkien for The Silmarillion, with colouring by H.E. Riddett.&lt;br /&gt;
*[[1980]]: Letter from Christopher Tolkien to Jared Lobdell, 21 June 1974, reproduced in: Eorclanstanar [Precious Stones] or The Hobbitiana: an offering of rarities by J.R.R. Tolkien [catalogue]. Melissa and Mark Hime [booksellers]. Idyllwild, California: 1980.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Audio===&lt;br /&gt;
*[[1977]]: &#039;&#039;J.R.R. Tolkien: The Silmarillion: Of Beren and Luthien, read by Christopher Tolkien&#039;&#039;. New York: Caedmon Records TC1564, 1977. Sleeve notes by Christopher Tolkien. (Sleeve also has photo of CT.)&lt;br /&gt;
*[[1978]]: &#039;&#039;J.R.R. Tolkien: Of the Darkening of Valinor, and Of the Flight of the Noldor, from The Silmarillion, read by Christopher Tolkien&#039;&#039;. New York: Caedmon Records TC 1579, 1978. Sleeve notes by Christopher Tolkien. (Sleeve also has photo of CT.)&lt;br /&gt;
*[[1992]]:&#039;&#039;The Homecoming of Beorhtnoth Beorhthelm’s Son&#039;&#039;, Read by J.R.R.Tolkien and Christopher Tolkien, HarperCollins Audiobooks.&lt;br /&gt;
*[[2007]]: &#039;&#039;The Children of Húrin Audiobook&#039;&#039;, Preface and introduction Read by Christopher Tolkien. HarperCollins Audiobooks.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Family Tree==&lt;br /&gt;
{{familytree/start}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{familytree| | | | | | | | | | | EDB |y| JRR | | | | | | | | | | | |JRR=[[J.R.R. Tolkien]]|EDB=[[Edith Tolkien|Edith Bratt]]}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{familytree| |,|-|-|-|v|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|+|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|.| |}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{familytree| JOT | | MIT | | FAI |y|CHT |y| BAT | | PRT |JOT=[[John Tolkien]]|MIT=[[Michael Tolkien (b. 1920)|Michael Tolkien]]|CHT=[[Christopher Tolkien]]|FAI=[[Faith Tolkien|Faith Faulconbridge]]|BAT=[[Baillie Tolkien]]|PRT=[[Priscilla Tolkien]]}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{familytree| | | | | | | | |,|-|-|&#039;| |,|-|^|-|.| |}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{familytree| | | | | | | | SIT | | | ADT | | RAT |SIT=[[Simon Tolkien]]|ADT=[[Adam Tolkien]]|RAT=[[Rachel Tolkien]]}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{familytree/end}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==See also==&lt;br /&gt;
* [[:Category:Books by Christopher Tolkien|Books by Christopher Tolkien]]&lt;br /&gt;
* [[:Category:Images of Christopher Tolkien|Images of Christopher Tolkien]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==External links==&lt;br /&gt;
*[http://www.thehalloffire.net/forum/viewtopic.php?f=28&amp;amp;t=2250&amp;amp;sid=8cd1494eb408ae53eef603baf6be5ec6 History of the Silmarillion vs. History of Middle-earth] at thehalloffire.net (Quote a letter of [[Christopher Tolkien]])&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{references}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{DEFAULTSORT:Tolkien, Christopher}}&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Authors]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:British people]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Cartographers]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Inklings]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Letter receivers]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:People by name]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Tolkien Family]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[de:Christopher Tolkien]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[fi:Christopher Tolkien]]&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Idhrendin</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=Christopher_Tolkien&amp;diff=298399</id>
		<title>Christopher Tolkien</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=Christopher_Tolkien&amp;diff=298399"/>
		<updated>2018-04-09T12:37:26Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Idhrendin: /* Books */&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;{{author infobox&lt;br /&gt;
| image=[[File:Christopher Tolkien.jpg|250px]]&lt;br /&gt;
| name=Christopher Tolkien&lt;br /&gt;
| born=[[21 November]], [[1924]]&lt;br /&gt;
| died=&lt;br /&gt;
| education=[[Wikipedia:Trinity College, Oxford|Trinity College]], [[Oxford]]&lt;br /&gt;
| occupation=Author, Professor&lt;br /&gt;
| location=England&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;France&lt;br /&gt;
| website=[http://www.tolkienestate.com TolkienEstate.com]&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;Christopher John Reuel Tolkien&#039;&#039;&#039; (born [[21 November]], [[1924]]) is the third child and youngest son of [[J.R.R. Tolkien]] and [[Edith Tolkien]]. He is the literary executor of the [[Tolkien Estate]] and has edited much of his father&#039;s work for posthumous publication.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{webcite|author=|articleurl=http://www.tolkien.co.uk/Non-Fiction/Pages/History-of-Middle-earth.aspx?page=2&amp;amp;sdt=1&amp;amp;sort=pno&amp;amp;objsct=History%20of%20Middle-earth|articlename=History of Middle-earth|dated=|website=[http://www.tolkien.co.uk Tolkien.co.uk]|accessed=18-11-2012}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Early life==&lt;br /&gt;
Christopher Tolkien was named after his father&#039;s friend, [[Christopher Wiseman]] (he also sometimes uses his confirmation name, &amp;quot;John&amp;quot; as seen on his initials of maps of [[The Lord of the Rings]], &amp;quot;CJRT&amp;quot;). &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Born in [[Leeds]] and raised in [[Oxford]], Christopher went to the Dragon School in Oxford and Oratory School in Caversham, Berkshire. Due to a heart ailment, he was forced to stay at home and work with a private tutor. He enjoyed watching stars with a telescope as well as a passion for railways. As early as age four and five, Christopher was concerned with the consistency of &#039;&#039;[[The Hobbit]]&#039;&#039;.&lt;br /&gt;
{{Blockquote|Last time, you said Bilbo&#039;s front door was blue, and you said Thorin had a golden tassel on his hood, but you&#039;ve just said that Bilbo&#039;s front door was green and that Thorin&#039;s hood was silver|Christopher Tolkien, foreword to The Hobbit}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Christopher proved invaluable in correcting &#039;&#039;The Hobbit&#039;&#039; after its publication and was paid twopence a correction.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Young adulthood==&lt;br /&gt;
In July of [[1943]] he entered the Royal Air Force and in November of that year he went to South Africa to train as a pilot. His absence did not however slow his contributions to his father&#039;s works as his father continually sent him parts of &#039;&#039;The Lord of the Rings&#039;&#039; to go over. In [[1945]] he returned to England and was stationed in Shropshire and later that year he returned to Oxford. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
On October 9th, [[1945]] his father informed him that the [[Inklings]] wished to consider him a permanent member. The task of reading &#039;&#039;The Lord of the Rings&#039;&#039; to the Inklings was passed on to Christopher and it was generally agreed that he was a better reader than his father.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In 1954-55 Christopher was delegated the re-drawing of his father&#039;s &#039;&#039;Lord of the Rings&#039;&#039; maps for publication.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Adulthood==&lt;br /&gt;
In [[1946]] Christopher returned to Trinity College to resume his studies and reading English. For a while his tutor was [[C.S. Lewis]]. His thesis was a translation of &#039;&#039;[[The Saga of King Heidrek the Wise]]&#039;&#039; and he received his B.A. in [[1949]]. Christopher also became a lecturer in Old and Middle English as well as Old Icelandic at Oxford. He worked as an editor on Chaucer&#039;s &#039;&#039;Canterbury Tales,&#039;&#039; the &#039;&#039;Pardoner&#039;s Tale&#039;&#039;, and the &#039;&#039;Nun&#039;s Priest&#039;s Tale&#039;&#039;. From [[1963]] to [[1975]] he was a Fellow of New College, Oxford but resigned when he began to devote his time to his father&#039;s literary affairs, and soon afterward moved with his family to southern France.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==After his father&#039;s death==&lt;br /&gt;
After his father&#039;s death, Christopher embarked on organizing the masses of his father&#039;s notes, some of them written on odd scraps of paper a half-century earlier. Much of the material was handwritten, frequently a fair draft was written over a half-erased first draft, and names of characters routinely changed between the beginning and end of the same draft. Deciphering this was an arduous task, and perhaps only someone with personal experience of J.R.R. and the evolution of his stories could have made any sense of it; even so, Christopher has admitted to having to occasionally guess at what his father intended.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
With the help of [[Guy Gavriel Kay]] he managed to compile &#039;&#039;[[The Silmarillion]]&#039;&#039; in only four years. During this time he also edited his father&#039;s translations of &#039;&#039;[[Sir Gawain and the Green Knight]]&#039;&#039;, and &#039;&#039;[[Sir Orfeo]]&#039;&#039;. He also worked on the &#039;&#039;[[Guide to the Names in The Lord of the Rings|Nomenclature of The Lord of the Rings]]&#039;&#039; which was first published in [[1975]] as &#039;&#039;[[Guide to the Names in The Lord of the Rings]]&#039;&#039; in &#039;&#039;[[A Tolkien Compass]]&#039;&#039;.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Christopher spent the years after continuing to study his father&#039;s works and taking the responsibilities of the [[Tolkien Estate]]. He recorded portions of &#039;&#039;The Silmarillion&#039;&#039; in [[1977]] and [[1978]] which was issued by Caedmon Records, New York. In [[1979]] he wrote about his father&#039;s illustrations and drawings for their publication in Tolkien calendars and &#039;&#039;[[Pictures by J.R.R. Tolkien]]&#039;&#039;. Through [[1980]] and [[1983]] Christopher edited &#039;&#039;[[Unfinished Tales]]&#039;&#039;, &#039;&#039;[[The Letters of J.R.R. Tolkien]]&#039;&#039;, &#039;&#039;[[The Monsters and the Critics|The Monsters and the Critics and Other Essays]]&#039;&#039;, and &#039;&#039;[[The Book of Lost Tales Part One]]&#039;&#039; which was the first volume in his twelve volume series of &#039;&#039;[[The History of Middle-earth]]&#039;&#039;, the last of which was published in [[1996]]. In 1998 he edited a new edition of &#039;&#039;[[Tree and Leaf]]&#039;&#039; including the poem [[Mythopoeia]]. In [[2007]], he edited &#039;&#039;[[The Children of Húrin]]&#039;&#039;. His latest publications have been the editing of &#039;&#039;[[The Legend of Sigurd and Gudrún]]&#039;&#039; ([[2009]]), &#039;&#039;[[The Fall of Arthur]]&#039;&#039; ([[2013]]), and &#039;&#039;[[Beowulf: A Translation and Commentary ]]&#039;&#039; ([[2014]]).&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In 2016, Christopher Tolkien was awarded the [[Wikipedia:Bodley Medal|Bodley Medal]], the [[Wikipedia:Bodleian Libraries|Bodleian Libraries]]&#039; highest honour, for his &amp;quot;&#039;&#039;editorial work on his father&#039;s manuscripts&#039;&#039;&amp;quot; and his &amp;quot;&#039;&#039;academic career at the [[University of Oxford]]&#039;&#039;&amp;quot;.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{webcite|author=|articleurl=http://www.bodleian.ox.ac.uk/news/2016/nov-03|articlename=Editor and Scholar Christopher Tolkien awarded Bodley Medal|dated=3 November 2016|website=[http://www.bodleian.ox.ac.uk/ bodleian.ox.ac.uk]|accessed=6 November 2016}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In August [[2017]], Christopher Tolkien resigned from his appointment as director of the Tolkien Estate.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{webcite|author=|articleurl=http://beta.companieshouse.gov.uk/company/07842430/officers|articlename=The Tolkien Estate Limited, Officers|dated=|website=[http://beta.companieshouse.gov.uk/ Companies House] |accessed=14 November 2017}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{webcite|author=|articleurl=http://tolkienbrasil.com/noticias/sobre-livros/christopher-tolkien-resignou-a-direcao-da-tolkien-estate/|articlename= Christopher Tolkien deixa Tolkien Estate|dated=|website=[http://tolkienbrasil.com/ Tolkien Brasil] |accessed=15 November 2017}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Response to adaptations==&lt;br /&gt;
{{Expansion}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{Blockquote|...I recognize that this is a debatable and complex question of art, and the suggestions that have been made that I &#039;disapprove&#039; of the films, whatever their cinematic quality, even to the extent of thinking ill of those with whom I may differ, are wholly without foundation.|Christopher Tolkien}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Family==&lt;br /&gt;
Christopher&#039;s first wife, [[Faith Tolkien|Faith]] (1928) took an English degree at Oxford and they had one son, [[Simon Tolkien]]. A [[:File:J.R.R. Tolkien&#039;s bust at Exeter.jpg|bust]] of Tolkien by Faith was exhibited at the Royal Academy: Tolkien paid for its casting in bronze. It is now in the English Library in Oxford.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Christopher&#039;s second wife, [[Baillie Tolkien|Baillie]] (1941) is Canadian, and is the daughter of Winnipeg surgeon [[Alan Klass]], and Helen Klass (née Jacob). She has a BA in English from the University of Manitoba and an MA from Oxford. She worked as J.R.R. Tolkien&#039;s secretary and was responsible for the section on poetry in the 1965 index to &#039;&#039;The Lord of the Rings&#039;&#039;. She later edited &#039;&#039;[[The Father Christmas Letters]]&#039;&#039;. She and Christopher have two children, [[Adam Tolkien]] and [[Rachel Tolkien]].&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Bibliography==&lt;br /&gt;
===Books===&lt;br /&gt;
*195?: &#039;&#039;Tolkien Hervarar Saga ok Heidreks Konungs&#039;&#039;. C.J.R. Tolkien (Oxford University, Trinity College). B. Litt. thesis. 1953/4. [Year uncertain]&lt;br /&gt;
*[[1956]]: &#039;&#039;Hervarar Saga ok Heidreks&#039;&#039;. Ed. [E.O.] G. Turville-Petre. London: University College London, for the Viking Society for Northern Research, 1956; introduction by Christopher Tolkien.&lt;br /&gt;
*[[1958]]: &#039;&#039;The Pardoner&#039;s Tale&#039;&#039;. Geoffrey Chaucer, ed. Nevill Coghill and Christopher Tolkien. London: George G. Harrap, 1958. [29 Oct 58]&lt;br /&gt;
*[[1959]]: T&#039;&#039;he Nun&#039;s Priest&#039;s Tale&#039;&#039;. Geoffrey Chaucer, ed. Nevill Coghill and Christopher Tolkien. London: George G. Harrap, 1959. [28 Feb 60]&lt;br /&gt;
*[[1960]]: &#039;&#039;The Saga of King Heidrek the Wise&#039;&#039;. Ed. and trans. Christopher Tolkien. London: Thomas Nelson &amp;amp; Sons (Icelandic Texts), 1960. [30 Jun 60]&lt;br /&gt;
*[[1969]]: &#039;&#039;The Man of Law&#039;s Tale&#039;&#039;. Geoffrey Chaucer, ed. Nevill Coghill and Christopher Tolkien. London: George G. Harrap, 1969. [Jun 69]&lt;br /&gt;
*[[1975]]: &#039;&#039;[[Sir Gawain and the Green Knight, Pearl and Sir Orfeo]]&#039;&#039; (editor)&lt;br /&gt;
*[[1977]]: &#039;&#039;[[The Silmarillion]]&#039;&#039; (editor)&lt;br /&gt;
*[[1979]]: &#039;&#039;[[Pictures by J.R.R. Tolkien]]&#039;&#039; (editor)&lt;br /&gt;
*[[1980]]: &#039;&#039;[[Unfinished Tales|Unfinished Tales of Númenor and Middle-earth]]&#039;&#039; (editor)&lt;br /&gt;
*[[1981]]: &#039;&#039;[[The Letters of J.R.R. Tolkien]]&#039;&#039; (editor with [[Humphrey Carpenter]])&lt;br /&gt;
*[[1983]]: &#039;&#039;[[The Monsters and the Critics and Other Essays]]&#039;&#039; (editor)&lt;br /&gt;
*[[1983]]: &#039;&#039;[[The Book of Lost Tales Part One]]&#039;&#039; (editor)&lt;br /&gt;
*[[1984]]: &#039;&#039;[[The Book of Lost Tales Part Two]]&#039;&#039; (editor)&lt;br /&gt;
*[[1985]]: &#039;&#039;[[The Lays of Beleriand]]&#039;&#039; (editor)&lt;br /&gt;
*[[1986]]: &#039;&#039;[[The Shaping of Middle-earth]]&#039;&#039; (editor)&lt;br /&gt;
*[[1987]]: &#039;&#039;[[The Lost Road and Other Writings]]&#039;&#039; (editor)&lt;br /&gt;
*[[1988]]: &#039;&#039;[[Tree and Leaf]]&#039;&#039; (editor)&lt;br /&gt;
*[[1988]]: &#039;&#039;[[The Return of the Shadow]]&#039;&#039; (editor)&lt;br /&gt;
*[[1989]]: &#039;&#039;[[The Treason of Isengard]]&#039;&#039; (editor)&lt;br /&gt;
*[[1990]]: &#039;&#039;[[The War of the Ring]]&#039;&#039; (editor)&lt;br /&gt;
*[[1992]]: &#039;&#039;[[Sauron Defeated]]&#039;&#039; (editor)&lt;br /&gt;
*[[1993]]: &#039;&#039;[[Morgoth&#039;s Ring]]&#039;&#039; (editor)&lt;br /&gt;
*[[1994]]: &#039;&#039;[[The War of the Jewels]]&#039;&#039; (editor)&lt;br /&gt;
*[[1996]]: &#039;&#039;[[The Peoples of Middle-earth]]&#039;&#039; (editor)&lt;br /&gt;
*[[2007]]: &#039;&#039;[[The Children of Húrin]]&#039;&#039; (editor)&lt;br /&gt;
*[[2009]]: &#039;&#039;[[The Legend of Sigurd and Gudrún]]&#039;&#039; (editor)&lt;br /&gt;
*[[2013]]: &#039;&#039;[[The Fall of Arthur]]&#039;&#039; (editor)&lt;br /&gt;
*[[2014]]: &#039;&#039;[[Beowulf: A Translation and Commentary]]&#039;&#039; (editor)&lt;br /&gt;
*[[2017]]: &#039;&#039;[[Beren and Lúthien]]&#039;&#039; (editor)&lt;br /&gt;
*[[2018]]: &#039;&#039;[[The Fall of Gondolin (book)]]&#039;&#039; (editor)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Articles===&lt;br /&gt;
*[[1955]]-[[1956|6]]: &#039;&#039;Saga-Book&#039;&#039; (University College, London, for the Viking Society for Northern Research) 14, part 3 (1955-6), pp. [141]-63.&lt;br /&gt;
**&amp;quot;The Battle of the Goths and the Huns&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
*[[1975]]: &#039;&#039;[[A Tolkien Compass]]&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
**&amp;quot;[[Guide to the Names in The Lord of the Rings|Guide to the Names in &#039;&#039;The Lord of the Rings&#039;&#039;]]&amp;quot;. J.R.R. Tolkien, ed. Christopher Tolkien&lt;br /&gt;
*[[1975]]: &#039;&#039;[[Les aventures de Tom Bombadil]]&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
**[Handwritten note by Christopher Tolkien, dated March 1974, introducing two pages of script by J.R.R. Tolkien]&lt;br /&gt;
*[[1980]]: [[Mallorn 14|&#039;&#039;Mallorn&#039;&#039; 14]]&lt;br /&gt;
** &amp;quot;&#039;&#039;The Silmarillion&#039;&#039;, by J.R.R. Tolkien: A brief account of the book and its making&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
*[[1982]]: [[Quettar 13]], Feb. 1982, pp. 8-9&lt;br /&gt;
**&amp;quot;The Tengwar Numerals&amp;quot;. Christopher Tolkien (&#039;CRT after JRRT&#039;); rptd. &#039;&#039;Beyond Bree&#039;&#039; Dec. 1984, p. 1. Further, untitled, explanation of Tengwar numerals by Christopher Tolkien (&#039;CRT after JRRT 10 March 1982&#039;), in [[Quettar 14]], May 1982, pp. 6-7.&lt;br /&gt;
*[[1983]]: [[Amon Hen 63|&#039;&#039;Amon Hen&#039;&#039; 63]], August 1983, p. 4&lt;br /&gt;
**&amp;quot;...Future Publishing&amp;quot;. Reproduced as &#039;Statement by Christopher Tolkien&#039; in &#039;&#039;Beyond Bree&#039;&#039;, November 1983, p. 2.&lt;br /&gt;
*[[1984]]:  [[Amon Hen 70|&#039;&#039;Amon Hen&#039;&#039; 70]], November 1984, p.3.&lt;br /&gt;
**&amp;quot;&#039;Moria Gate&#039; ... Another Look&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
*[[1986]]: &#039;&#039;[[Beyond Bree July 1986]]&#039;&#039;, pp. 1-3&lt;br /&gt;
**&amp;quot;Notes on the Differences in editions of &#039;&#039;The Hobbit&#039;&#039; cited by Mr. David Cofield&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
*[[1987]]: &#039;&#039;[[The Hobbit (50th Anniversary edition)|The Hobbit]]&#039;&#039;. J.R.R. Tolkien. London: Unwin Hyman, 1987; fiftieth anniversary edition.&lt;br /&gt;
**Foreword&lt;br /&gt;
*[[1988]]: &#039;&#039;Beyond Bree&#039;&#039;, August 1988, pp. 1-2&lt;br /&gt;
**&amp;quot;The BBC Pronunciation Guide to &#039;&#039;The Lord of the Rings&#039;&#039;&amp;quot;. Nancy Martsch. [About the transcription of Christopher Tolkien&#039;s recording of words and names in &#039;&#039;The Lord of the Rings&#039;&#039; for the BBC production by Brian Sibley.]&lt;br /&gt;
*[[1994]]: &#039;&#039;[[The Lord of the Rings]]&#039;&#039;, (1994 edition by HarperCollins Publishers, p.1140 of the one-volume edition)&lt;br /&gt;
**&amp;quot;A Note on the Maps&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
*[[2012]]: &#039;&#039;Le Monde&#039;&#039;, 5 July&lt;br /&gt;
**&amp;quot;Tolkien, l&#039;anneau de la discorde&amp;quot; by Raphaëlle Rérolle (interview; [http://www.worldcrunch.com/culture-society/my-father-039-s-quot-eviscerated-quot-work-son-of-hobbit-scribe-j.r.r.-tolkien-finally-speaks-out/hobbit-silmarillion-lord-of-rings/c3s10299/ English translation])&lt;br /&gt;
*[[2016]]: &#039;&#039;[[The Lay of Aotrou and Itroun]]&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
**&amp;quot;Note on the text&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Ephemera===&lt;br /&gt;
*[[1976]]: [[The Lord of the Rings 1977 Calendar]]. London: George Allen &amp;amp; Unwin, 1976. Notes on the Pictures by Christopher Tolkien.&lt;br /&gt;
*[[1976]]: Catalogue of an Exhibition of Drawings by J.R.R. Tolkien at the Ashmolean Museum Oxford ... Oxford: The Ashmolean Museum, 1976. Introduction by Baillie Tolkien. [?14 Dec 76]&lt;br /&gt;
*[[1977]]: &#039;&#039;[[The Silmarillion by J.R.R. Tolkien: A Brief Account of the Book and its Making]]&#039;&#039; (pamphlet)&lt;br /&gt;
*[[1977]]: [[The Silmarillion Calendar 1978]]. London: George Allen &amp;amp; Unwin, 1977. Notes on the Pictures by Christopher Tolkien.&lt;br /&gt;
*[[1978]]: [[J.R.R. Tolkien Calendar 1979]]. London: George Allen &amp;amp; Unwin, 1978. Notes on the Pictures by Christopher Tolkien.&lt;br /&gt;
*[[1978]]: Map of Beleriand and the Lands to the North [poster]. London: George Allen &amp;amp; Unwin, 1978. As drawn by Christopher Tolkien for The Silmarillion, with colouring by H.E. Riddett.&lt;br /&gt;
*[[1980]]: Letter from Christopher Tolkien to Jared Lobdell, 21 June 1974, reproduced in: Eorclanstanar [Precious Stones] or The Hobbitiana: an offering of rarities by J.R.R. Tolkien [catalogue]. Melissa and Mark Hime [booksellers]. Idyllwild, California: 1980.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Audio===&lt;br /&gt;
*[[1977]]: &#039;&#039;J.R.R. Tolkien: The Silmarillion: Of Beren and Luthien, read by Christopher Tolkien&#039;&#039;. New York: Caedmon Records TC1564, 1977. Sleeve notes by Christopher Tolkien. (Sleeve also has photo of CT.)&lt;br /&gt;
*[[1978]]: &#039;&#039;J.R.R. Tolkien: Of the Darkening of Valinor, and Of the Flight of the Noldor, from The Silmarillion, read by Christopher Tolkien&#039;&#039;. New York: Caedmon Records TC 1579, 1978. Sleeve notes by Christopher Tolkien. (Sleeve also has photo of CT.)&lt;br /&gt;
*[[1992]]:&#039;&#039;The Homecoming of Beorhtnoth Beorhthelm’s Son&#039;&#039;, Read by J.R.R.Tolkien and Christopher Tolkien, HarperCollins Audiobooks.&lt;br /&gt;
*[[2007]]: &#039;&#039;The Children of Húrin Audiobook&#039;&#039;, Preface and introduction Read by Christopher Tolkien. HarperCollins Audiobooks.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Family Tree==&lt;br /&gt;
{{familytree/start}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{familytree| | | | | | | | | | | EDB |y| JRR | | | | | | | | | | | |JRR=[[J.R.R. Tolkien]]|EDB=[[Edith Tolkien|Edith Bratt]]}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{familytree| |,|-|-|-|v|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|+|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|.| |}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{familytree| JOT | | MIT | | FAI |y|CHT |y| BAT | | PRT |JOT=[[John Tolkien]]|MIT=[[Michael Tolkien (b. 1920)|Michael Tolkien]]|CHT=[[Christopher Tolkien]]|FAI=[[Faith Tolkien|Faith Faulconbridge]]|BAT=[[Baillie Tolkien]]|PRT=[[Priscilla Tolkien]]}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{familytree| | | | | | | | |,|-|-|&#039;| |,|-|^|-|.| |}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{familytree| | | | | | | | SIT | | | ADT | | RAT |SIT=[[Simon Tolkien]]|ADT=[[Adam Tolkien]]|RAT=[[Rachel Tolkien]]}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{familytree/end}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==See also==&lt;br /&gt;
* [[:Category:Books by Christopher Tolkien|Books by Christopher Tolkien]]&lt;br /&gt;
* [[:Category:Images of Christopher Tolkien|Images of Christopher Tolkien]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==External links==&lt;br /&gt;
*[http://www.thehalloffire.net/forum/viewtopic.php?f=28&amp;amp;t=2250&amp;amp;sid=8cd1494eb408ae53eef603baf6be5ec6 History of the Silmarillion vs. History of Middle-earth] at thehalloffire.net (Quote a letter of [[Christopher Tolkien]])&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{references}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{DEFAULTSORT:Tolkien, Christopher}}&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Authors]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:British people]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Cartographers]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Inklings]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Letter receivers]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:People by name]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Tolkien Family]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[de:Christopher Tolkien]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[fi:Christopher Tolkien]]&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Idhrendin</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=Christopher_Tolkien&amp;diff=298398</id>
		<title>Christopher Tolkien</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=Christopher_Tolkien&amp;diff=298398"/>
		<updated>2018-04-09T12:34:33Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Idhrendin: /* Books */&lt;/p&gt;
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&lt;div&gt;{{author infobox&lt;br /&gt;
| image=[[File:Christopher Tolkien.jpg|250px]]&lt;br /&gt;
| name=Christopher Tolkien&lt;br /&gt;
| born=[[21 November]], [[1924]]&lt;br /&gt;
| died=&lt;br /&gt;
| education=[[Wikipedia:Trinity College, Oxford|Trinity College]], [[Oxford]]&lt;br /&gt;
| occupation=Author, Professor&lt;br /&gt;
| location=England&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;France&lt;br /&gt;
| website=[http://www.tolkienestate.com TolkienEstate.com]&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;Christopher John Reuel Tolkien&#039;&#039;&#039; (born [[21 November]], [[1924]]) is the third child and youngest son of [[J.R.R. Tolkien]] and [[Edith Tolkien]]. He is the literary executor of the [[Tolkien Estate]] and has edited much of his father&#039;s work for posthumous publication.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{webcite|author=|articleurl=http://www.tolkien.co.uk/Non-Fiction/Pages/History-of-Middle-earth.aspx?page=2&amp;amp;sdt=1&amp;amp;sort=pno&amp;amp;objsct=History%20of%20Middle-earth|articlename=History of Middle-earth|dated=|website=[http://www.tolkien.co.uk Tolkien.co.uk]|accessed=18-11-2012}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Early life==&lt;br /&gt;
Christopher Tolkien was named after his father&#039;s friend, [[Christopher Wiseman]] (he also sometimes uses his confirmation name, &amp;quot;John&amp;quot; as seen on his initials of maps of [[The Lord of the Rings]], &amp;quot;CJRT&amp;quot;). &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Born in [[Leeds]] and raised in [[Oxford]], Christopher went to the Dragon School in Oxford and Oratory School in Caversham, Berkshire. Due to a heart ailment, he was forced to stay at home and work with a private tutor. He enjoyed watching stars with a telescope as well as a passion for railways. As early as age four and five, Christopher was concerned with the consistency of &#039;&#039;[[The Hobbit]]&#039;&#039;.&lt;br /&gt;
{{Blockquote|Last time, you said Bilbo&#039;s front door was blue, and you said Thorin had a golden tassel on his hood, but you&#039;ve just said that Bilbo&#039;s front door was green and that Thorin&#039;s hood was silver|Christopher Tolkien, foreword to The Hobbit}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Christopher proved invaluable in correcting &#039;&#039;The Hobbit&#039;&#039; after its publication and was paid twopence a correction.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Young adulthood==&lt;br /&gt;
In July of [[1943]] he entered the Royal Air Force and in November of that year he went to South Africa to train as a pilot. His absence did not however slow his contributions to his father&#039;s works as his father continually sent him parts of &#039;&#039;The Lord of the Rings&#039;&#039; to go over. In [[1945]] he returned to England and was stationed in Shropshire and later that year he returned to Oxford. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
On October 9th, [[1945]] his father informed him that the [[Inklings]] wished to consider him a permanent member. The task of reading &#039;&#039;The Lord of the Rings&#039;&#039; to the Inklings was passed on to Christopher and it was generally agreed that he was a better reader than his father.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In 1954-55 Christopher was delegated the re-drawing of his father&#039;s &#039;&#039;Lord of the Rings&#039;&#039; maps for publication.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Adulthood==&lt;br /&gt;
In [[1946]] Christopher returned to Trinity College to resume his studies and reading English. For a while his tutor was [[C.S. Lewis]]. His thesis was a translation of &#039;&#039;[[The Saga of King Heidrek the Wise]]&#039;&#039; and he received his B.A. in [[1949]]. Christopher also became a lecturer in Old and Middle English as well as Old Icelandic at Oxford. He worked as an editor on Chaucer&#039;s &#039;&#039;Canterbury Tales,&#039;&#039; the &#039;&#039;Pardoner&#039;s Tale&#039;&#039;, and the &#039;&#039;Nun&#039;s Priest&#039;s Tale&#039;&#039;. From [[1963]] to [[1975]] he was a Fellow of New College, Oxford but resigned when he began to devote his time to his father&#039;s literary affairs, and soon afterward moved with his family to southern France.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==After his father&#039;s death==&lt;br /&gt;
After his father&#039;s death, Christopher embarked on organizing the masses of his father&#039;s notes, some of them written on odd scraps of paper a half-century earlier. Much of the material was handwritten, frequently a fair draft was written over a half-erased first draft, and names of characters routinely changed between the beginning and end of the same draft. Deciphering this was an arduous task, and perhaps only someone with personal experience of J.R.R. and the evolution of his stories could have made any sense of it; even so, Christopher has admitted to having to occasionally guess at what his father intended.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
With the help of [[Guy Gavriel Kay]] he managed to compile &#039;&#039;[[The Silmarillion]]&#039;&#039; in only four years. During this time he also edited his father&#039;s translations of &#039;&#039;[[Sir Gawain and the Green Knight]]&#039;&#039;, and &#039;&#039;[[Sir Orfeo]]&#039;&#039;. He also worked on the &#039;&#039;[[Guide to the Names in The Lord of the Rings|Nomenclature of The Lord of the Rings]]&#039;&#039; which was first published in [[1975]] as &#039;&#039;[[Guide to the Names in The Lord of the Rings]]&#039;&#039; in &#039;&#039;[[A Tolkien Compass]]&#039;&#039;.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Christopher spent the years after continuing to study his father&#039;s works and taking the responsibilities of the [[Tolkien Estate]]. He recorded portions of &#039;&#039;The Silmarillion&#039;&#039; in [[1977]] and [[1978]] which was issued by Caedmon Records, New York. In [[1979]] he wrote about his father&#039;s illustrations and drawings for their publication in Tolkien calendars and &#039;&#039;[[Pictures by J.R.R. Tolkien]]&#039;&#039;. Through [[1980]] and [[1983]] Christopher edited &#039;&#039;[[Unfinished Tales]]&#039;&#039;, &#039;&#039;[[The Letters of J.R.R. Tolkien]]&#039;&#039;, &#039;&#039;[[The Monsters and the Critics|The Monsters and the Critics and Other Essays]]&#039;&#039;, and &#039;&#039;[[The Book of Lost Tales Part One]]&#039;&#039; which was the first volume in his twelve volume series of &#039;&#039;[[The History of Middle-earth]]&#039;&#039;, the last of which was published in [[1996]]. In 1998 he edited a new edition of &#039;&#039;[[Tree and Leaf]]&#039;&#039; including the poem [[Mythopoeia]]. In [[2007]], he edited &#039;&#039;[[The Children of Húrin]]&#039;&#039;. His latest publications have been the editing of &#039;&#039;[[The Legend of Sigurd and Gudrún]]&#039;&#039; ([[2009]]), &#039;&#039;[[The Fall of Arthur]]&#039;&#039; ([[2013]]), and &#039;&#039;[[Beowulf: A Translation and Commentary ]]&#039;&#039; ([[2014]]).&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In 2016, Christopher Tolkien was awarded the [[Wikipedia:Bodley Medal|Bodley Medal]], the [[Wikipedia:Bodleian Libraries|Bodleian Libraries]]&#039; highest honour, for his &amp;quot;&#039;&#039;editorial work on his father&#039;s manuscripts&#039;&#039;&amp;quot; and his &amp;quot;&#039;&#039;academic career at the [[University of Oxford]]&#039;&#039;&amp;quot;.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{webcite|author=|articleurl=http://www.bodleian.ox.ac.uk/news/2016/nov-03|articlename=Editor and Scholar Christopher Tolkien awarded Bodley Medal|dated=3 November 2016|website=[http://www.bodleian.ox.ac.uk/ bodleian.ox.ac.uk]|accessed=6 November 2016}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In August [[2017]], Christopher Tolkien resigned from his appointment as director of the Tolkien Estate.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{webcite|author=|articleurl=http://beta.companieshouse.gov.uk/company/07842430/officers|articlename=The Tolkien Estate Limited, Officers|dated=|website=[http://beta.companieshouse.gov.uk/ Companies House] |accessed=14 November 2017}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{webcite|author=|articleurl=http://tolkienbrasil.com/noticias/sobre-livros/christopher-tolkien-resignou-a-direcao-da-tolkien-estate/|articlename= Christopher Tolkien deixa Tolkien Estate|dated=|website=[http://tolkienbrasil.com/ Tolkien Brasil] |accessed=15 November 2017}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Response to adaptations==&lt;br /&gt;
{{Expansion}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{Blockquote|...I recognize that this is a debatable and complex question of art, and the suggestions that have been made that I &#039;disapprove&#039; of the films, whatever their cinematic quality, even to the extent of thinking ill of those with whom I may differ, are wholly without foundation.|Christopher Tolkien}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Family==&lt;br /&gt;
Christopher&#039;s first wife, [[Faith Tolkien|Faith]] (1928) took an English degree at Oxford and they had one son, [[Simon Tolkien]]. A [[:File:J.R.R. Tolkien&#039;s bust at Exeter.jpg|bust]] of Tolkien by Faith was exhibited at the Royal Academy: Tolkien paid for its casting in bronze. It is now in the English Library in Oxford.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Christopher&#039;s second wife, [[Baillie Tolkien|Baillie]] (1941) is Canadian, and is the daughter of Winnipeg surgeon [[Alan Klass]], and Helen Klass (née Jacob). She has a BA in English from the University of Manitoba and an MA from Oxford. She worked as J.R.R. Tolkien&#039;s secretary and was responsible for the section on poetry in the 1965 index to &#039;&#039;The Lord of the Rings&#039;&#039;. She later edited &#039;&#039;[[The Father Christmas Letters]]&#039;&#039;. She and Christopher have two children, [[Adam Tolkien]] and [[Rachel Tolkien]].&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Bibliography==&lt;br /&gt;
===Books===&lt;br /&gt;
*195?: &#039;&#039;Tolkien Hervarar Saga ok Heidreks Konungs&#039;&#039;. C.J.R. Tolkien (Oxford University, Trinity College). B. Litt. thesis. 1953/4. [Year uncertain]&lt;br /&gt;
*[[1956]]: &#039;&#039;Hervarar Saga ok Heidreks&#039;&#039;. Ed. [E.O.] G. Turville-Petre. London: University College London, for the Viking Society for Northern Research, 1956; introduction by Christopher Tolkien.&lt;br /&gt;
*[[1958]]: &#039;&#039;The Pardoner&#039;s Tale&#039;&#039;. Geoffrey Chaucer, ed. Nevill Coghill and Christopher Tolkien. London: George G. Harrap, 1958. [29 Oct 58]&lt;br /&gt;
*[[1959]]: T&#039;&#039;he Nun&#039;s Priest&#039;s Tale&#039;&#039;. Geoffrey Chaucer, ed. Nevill Coghill and Christopher Tolkien. London: George G. Harrap, 1959. [28 Feb 60]&lt;br /&gt;
*[[1960]]: &#039;&#039;The Saga of King Heidrek the Wise&#039;&#039;. Ed. and trans. Christopher Tolkien. London: Thomas Nelson &amp;amp; Sons (Icelandic Texts), 1960. [30 Jun 60]&lt;br /&gt;
*[[1969]]: &#039;&#039;The Man of Law&#039;s Tale&#039;&#039;. Geoffrey Chaucer, ed. Nevill Coghill and Christopher Tolkien. London: George G. Harrap, 1969. [Jun 69]&lt;br /&gt;
*[[1975]]: &#039;&#039;[[Sir Gawain and the Green Knight, Pearl and Sir Orfeo]]&#039;&#039; (editor)&lt;br /&gt;
*[[1977]]: &#039;&#039;[[The Silmarillion]]&#039;&#039; (editor)&lt;br /&gt;
*[[1979]]: &#039;&#039;[[Pictures by J.R.R. Tolkien]]&#039;&#039; (editor)&lt;br /&gt;
*[[1980]]: &#039;&#039;[[Unfinished Tales|Unfinished Tales of Númenor and Middle-earth]]&#039;&#039; (editor)&lt;br /&gt;
*[[1981]]: &#039;&#039;[[The Letters of J.R.R. Tolkien]]&#039;&#039; (editor with [[Humphrey Carpenter]])&lt;br /&gt;
*[[1983]]: &#039;&#039;[[The Monsters and the Critics and Other Essays]]&#039;&#039; (editor)&lt;br /&gt;
*[[1983]]: &#039;&#039;[[The Book of Lost Tales Part One]]&#039;&#039; (editor)&lt;br /&gt;
*[[1984]]: &#039;&#039;[[The Book of Lost Tales Part Two]]&#039;&#039; (editor)&lt;br /&gt;
*[[1985]]: &#039;&#039;[[The Lays of Beleriand]]&#039;&#039; (editor)&lt;br /&gt;
*[[1986]]: &#039;&#039;[[The Shaping of Middle-earth]]&#039;&#039; (editor)&lt;br /&gt;
*[[1987]]: &#039;&#039;[[The Lost Road and Other Writings]]&#039;&#039; (editor)&lt;br /&gt;
*[[1988]]: &#039;&#039;[[Tree and Leaf]]&#039;&#039; (editor)&lt;br /&gt;
*[[1988]]: &#039;&#039;[[The Return of the Shadow]]&#039;&#039; (editor)&lt;br /&gt;
*[[1989]]: &#039;&#039;[[The Treason of Isengard]]&#039;&#039; (editor)&lt;br /&gt;
*[[1990]]: &#039;&#039;[[The War of the Ring]]&#039;&#039; (editor)&lt;br /&gt;
*[[1992]]: &#039;&#039;[[Sauron Defeated]]&#039;&#039; (editor)&lt;br /&gt;
*[[1993]]: &#039;&#039;[[Morgoth&#039;s Ring]]&#039;&#039; (editor)&lt;br /&gt;
*[[1994]]: &#039;&#039;[[The War of the Jewels]]&#039;&#039; (editor)&lt;br /&gt;
*[[1996]]: &#039;&#039;[[The Peoples of Middle-earth]]&#039;&#039; (editor)&lt;br /&gt;
*[[2007]]: &#039;&#039;[[The Children of Húrin]]&#039;&#039; (editor)&lt;br /&gt;
*[[2009]]: &#039;&#039;[[The Legend of Sigurd and Gudrún]]&#039;&#039; (editor)&lt;br /&gt;
*[[2013]]: &#039;&#039;[[The Fall of Arthur]]&#039;&#039; (editor)&lt;br /&gt;
*[[2014]]: &#039;&#039;[[Beowulf: A Translation and Commentary]]&#039;&#039; (editor)&lt;br /&gt;
*[[2017]]: &#039;&#039;[[Beren and Lúthien]]&#039;&#039; (editor)&lt;br /&gt;
*[[2018]]: &#039;&#039;[[The Fall of Gondolin]]&#039;&#039; (editor)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Articles===&lt;br /&gt;
*[[1955]]-[[1956|6]]: &#039;&#039;Saga-Book&#039;&#039; (University College, London, for the Viking Society for Northern Research) 14, part 3 (1955-6), pp. [141]-63.&lt;br /&gt;
**&amp;quot;The Battle of the Goths and the Huns&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
*[[1975]]: &#039;&#039;[[A Tolkien Compass]]&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
**&amp;quot;[[Guide to the Names in The Lord of the Rings|Guide to the Names in &#039;&#039;The Lord of the Rings&#039;&#039;]]&amp;quot;. J.R.R. Tolkien, ed. Christopher Tolkien&lt;br /&gt;
*[[1975]]: &#039;&#039;[[Les aventures de Tom Bombadil]]&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
**[Handwritten note by Christopher Tolkien, dated March 1974, introducing two pages of script by J.R.R. Tolkien]&lt;br /&gt;
*[[1980]]: [[Mallorn 14|&#039;&#039;Mallorn&#039;&#039; 14]]&lt;br /&gt;
** &amp;quot;&#039;&#039;The Silmarillion&#039;&#039;, by J.R.R. Tolkien: A brief account of the book and its making&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
*[[1982]]: [[Quettar 13]], Feb. 1982, pp. 8-9&lt;br /&gt;
**&amp;quot;The Tengwar Numerals&amp;quot;. Christopher Tolkien (&#039;CRT after JRRT&#039;); rptd. &#039;&#039;Beyond Bree&#039;&#039; Dec. 1984, p. 1. Further, untitled, explanation of Tengwar numerals by Christopher Tolkien (&#039;CRT after JRRT 10 March 1982&#039;), in [[Quettar 14]], May 1982, pp. 6-7.&lt;br /&gt;
*[[1983]]: [[Amon Hen 63|&#039;&#039;Amon Hen&#039;&#039; 63]], August 1983, p. 4&lt;br /&gt;
**&amp;quot;...Future Publishing&amp;quot;. Reproduced as &#039;Statement by Christopher Tolkien&#039; in &#039;&#039;Beyond Bree&#039;&#039;, November 1983, p. 2.&lt;br /&gt;
*[[1984]]:  [[Amon Hen 70|&#039;&#039;Amon Hen&#039;&#039; 70]], November 1984, p.3.&lt;br /&gt;
**&amp;quot;&#039;Moria Gate&#039; ... Another Look&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
*[[1986]]: &#039;&#039;[[Beyond Bree July 1986]]&#039;&#039;, pp. 1-3&lt;br /&gt;
**&amp;quot;Notes on the Differences in editions of &#039;&#039;The Hobbit&#039;&#039; cited by Mr. David Cofield&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
*[[1987]]: &#039;&#039;[[The Hobbit (50th Anniversary edition)|The Hobbit]]&#039;&#039;. J.R.R. Tolkien. London: Unwin Hyman, 1987; fiftieth anniversary edition.&lt;br /&gt;
**Foreword&lt;br /&gt;
*[[1988]]: &#039;&#039;Beyond Bree&#039;&#039;, August 1988, pp. 1-2&lt;br /&gt;
**&amp;quot;The BBC Pronunciation Guide to &#039;&#039;The Lord of the Rings&#039;&#039;&amp;quot;. Nancy Martsch. [About the transcription of Christopher Tolkien&#039;s recording of words and names in &#039;&#039;The Lord of the Rings&#039;&#039; for the BBC production by Brian Sibley.]&lt;br /&gt;
*[[1994]]: &#039;&#039;[[The Lord of the Rings]]&#039;&#039;, (1994 edition by HarperCollins Publishers, p.1140 of the one-volume edition)&lt;br /&gt;
**&amp;quot;A Note on the Maps&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
*[[2012]]: &#039;&#039;Le Monde&#039;&#039;, 5 July&lt;br /&gt;
**&amp;quot;Tolkien, l&#039;anneau de la discorde&amp;quot; by Raphaëlle Rérolle (interview; [http://www.worldcrunch.com/culture-society/my-father-039-s-quot-eviscerated-quot-work-son-of-hobbit-scribe-j.r.r.-tolkien-finally-speaks-out/hobbit-silmarillion-lord-of-rings/c3s10299/ English translation])&lt;br /&gt;
*[[2016]]: &#039;&#039;[[The Lay of Aotrou and Itroun]]&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
**&amp;quot;Note on the text&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Ephemera===&lt;br /&gt;
*[[1976]]: [[The Lord of the Rings 1977 Calendar]]. London: George Allen &amp;amp; Unwin, 1976. Notes on the Pictures by Christopher Tolkien.&lt;br /&gt;
*[[1976]]: Catalogue of an Exhibition of Drawings by J.R.R. Tolkien at the Ashmolean Museum Oxford ... Oxford: The Ashmolean Museum, 1976. Introduction by Baillie Tolkien. [?14 Dec 76]&lt;br /&gt;
*[[1977]]: &#039;&#039;[[The Silmarillion by J.R.R. Tolkien: A Brief Account of the Book and its Making]]&#039;&#039; (pamphlet)&lt;br /&gt;
*[[1977]]: [[The Silmarillion Calendar 1978]]. London: George Allen &amp;amp; Unwin, 1977. Notes on the Pictures by Christopher Tolkien.&lt;br /&gt;
*[[1978]]: [[J.R.R. Tolkien Calendar 1979]]. London: George Allen &amp;amp; Unwin, 1978. Notes on the Pictures by Christopher Tolkien.&lt;br /&gt;
*[[1978]]: Map of Beleriand and the Lands to the North [poster]. London: George Allen &amp;amp; Unwin, 1978. As drawn by Christopher Tolkien for The Silmarillion, with colouring by H.E. Riddett.&lt;br /&gt;
*[[1980]]: Letter from Christopher Tolkien to Jared Lobdell, 21 June 1974, reproduced in: Eorclanstanar [Precious Stones] or The Hobbitiana: an offering of rarities by J.R.R. Tolkien [catalogue]. Melissa and Mark Hime [booksellers]. Idyllwild, California: 1980.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Audio===&lt;br /&gt;
*[[1977]]: &#039;&#039;J.R.R. Tolkien: The Silmarillion: Of Beren and Luthien, read by Christopher Tolkien&#039;&#039;. New York: Caedmon Records TC1564, 1977. Sleeve notes by Christopher Tolkien. (Sleeve also has photo of CT.)&lt;br /&gt;
*[[1978]]: &#039;&#039;J.R.R. Tolkien: Of the Darkening of Valinor, and Of the Flight of the Noldor, from The Silmarillion, read by Christopher Tolkien&#039;&#039;. New York: Caedmon Records TC 1579, 1978. Sleeve notes by Christopher Tolkien. (Sleeve also has photo of CT.)&lt;br /&gt;
*[[1992]]:&#039;&#039;The Homecoming of Beorhtnoth Beorhthelm’s Son&#039;&#039;, Read by J.R.R.Tolkien and Christopher Tolkien, HarperCollins Audiobooks.&lt;br /&gt;
*[[2007]]: &#039;&#039;The Children of Húrin Audiobook&#039;&#039;, Preface and introduction Read by Christopher Tolkien. HarperCollins Audiobooks.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Family Tree==&lt;br /&gt;
{{familytree/start}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{familytree| | | | | | | | | | | EDB |y| JRR | | | | | | | | | | | |JRR=[[J.R.R. Tolkien]]|EDB=[[Edith Tolkien|Edith Bratt]]}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{familytree| |,|-|-|-|v|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|+|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|.| |}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{familytree| JOT | | MIT | | FAI |y|CHT |y| BAT | | PRT |JOT=[[John Tolkien]]|MIT=[[Michael Tolkien (b. 1920)|Michael Tolkien]]|CHT=[[Christopher Tolkien]]|FAI=[[Faith Tolkien|Faith Faulconbridge]]|BAT=[[Baillie Tolkien]]|PRT=[[Priscilla Tolkien]]}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{familytree| | | | | | | | |,|-|-|&#039;| |,|-|^|-|.| |}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{familytree| | | | | | | | SIT | | | ADT | | RAT |SIT=[[Simon Tolkien]]|ADT=[[Adam Tolkien]]|RAT=[[Rachel Tolkien]]}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{familytree/end}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==See also==&lt;br /&gt;
* [[:Category:Books by Christopher Tolkien|Books by Christopher Tolkien]]&lt;br /&gt;
* [[:Category:Images of Christopher Tolkien|Images of Christopher Tolkien]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==External links==&lt;br /&gt;
*[http://www.thehalloffire.net/forum/viewtopic.php?f=28&amp;amp;t=2250&amp;amp;sid=8cd1494eb408ae53eef603baf6be5ec6 History of the Silmarillion vs. History of Middle-earth] at thehalloffire.net (Quote a letter of [[Christopher Tolkien]])&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{references}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{DEFAULTSORT:Tolkien, Christopher}}&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Authors]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:British people]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Cartographers]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Inklings]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Letter receivers]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:People by name]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Tolkien Family]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[de:Christopher Tolkien]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[fi:Christopher Tolkien]]&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Idhrendin</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=Tolkien:_Maker_of_Middle-earth&amp;diff=295170</id>
		<title>Tolkien: Maker of Middle-earth</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=Tolkien:_Maker_of_Middle-earth&amp;diff=295170"/>
		<updated>2017-11-17T02:51:21Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Idhrendin: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;{{book&lt;br /&gt;
| title=Tolkien: Maker of Middle-earth&lt;br /&gt;
| image=&lt;br /&gt;
| author=&lt;br /&gt;
| editor=Catherine McIlwaine&lt;br /&gt;
| illustrator=&lt;br /&gt;
| publisher=[[Bodleian Library]]&lt;br /&gt;
| date=[[1 June]] [[2018]]&lt;br /&gt;
| format=Hardcover/Paperback&lt;br /&gt;
| pages=416&lt;br /&gt;
| isbn=9781851244850&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;Tolkien: Maker of Middle-earth&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039; is a forthcoming book from the publishing division of the [[Bodleian Library]]. The book will be &amp;quot;featuring illustrations, letters and other material from J.R.R. Tolkien&#039;s archives&amp;quot; at the Bodleian and [[Marquette University]], such as &amp;quot;draft manuscripts of &#039;&#039;[[The Hobbit]]&#039;&#039;, Middle-Earth [&#039;&#039;sic!&#039;&#039;] illustrations and paintings by Tolkien, and &#039;letters from admirers including [[W.H. Auden|W H Auden]], [[Letters not published in &amp;quot;The Letters of J.R.R. Tolkien&amp;quot;#Unexposed collections and rumours#Correspondence between Tolkien and Joni Mitchell|Joni Mitchell]] and Iris Murdoch&#039;&amp;quot;.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{webcite|author=Tom Tivnan|articleurl=http://www.thebookseller.com/news/bodleian-library-unearths-new-tolkien-507701|articlename=Bodleian Library unearths new Tolkien|dated=14 March 2017|website=[http://www.thebookseller.com/ www.thebookseller.com]|accessed=14 March 2017}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
{{references}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{title|italics}}&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Publications by title]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Scholarly books]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[fi:Tolkien: The Maker of Middle-earth]]&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Idhrendin</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=John_Howe&amp;diff=294827</id>
		<title>John Howe</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=John_Howe&amp;diff=294827"/>
		<updated>2017-10-13T02:01:36Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Idhrendin: /* Calendars and books */&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;{{Cleanup}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{artist infobox&lt;br /&gt;
| image=[[File:John Howe.jpg|250px]]&lt;br /&gt;
| name=John Howe&lt;br /&gt;
| born=[[21 August]], [[1957]]&lt;br /&gt;
| died=&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&lt;br /&gt;
| images=&lt;br /&gt;
| location=[[Wikipedia:Switzerland|Switzerland]]&lt;br /&gt;
| website=[http://www.john-howe.com/ John-Howe.com]&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;John Howe&#039;&#039;&#039; is a renowned artist. He has illustrated numerous [[J.R.R. Tolkien|Tolkien]] books and calendars. Together with [[Alan Lee]], Howe was a concept artist for both [[The Lord of the Rings (film series)|&#039;&#039;The Lord of the Rings&#039;&#039; (film series)]] and [[The Hobbit (film series)|&#039;&#039;The Hobbit&#039;&#039; (film series)]].&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==History==&lt;br /&gt;
John Howe was born in Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. He graduated from the École des Arts Dècoratifs of [[wikipedia:Strasbourg|Strasbourg]]. Howe has illustrated many of Tolkien&#039;s works including &#039;&#039;[[The Hobbit]]&#039;&#039;, &#039;&#039;[[The Lord of the Rings]]&#039;&#039;, and &#039;&#039;[[The Silmarillion]]&#039;&#039;. He now lives in [[wikipedia:Neuchatel|Neuchatel]] with his wife and son.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Howe&#039;s [[:File:John Howe - Boromir 01.jpg|version]] of [[Boromir]] is based on his own face. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===The Lord of the Rings: The Motion Picture Trilogy===&lt;br /&gt;
Howe, along with his colleague [[Alan Lee]], was the lead artist for [[The Lord of the Rings (film series)|&#039;&#039;The Lord of the Rings&#039;&#039; (film series)]]. Contrary to popular belief, he does not appear as one of the nine [[Nazgûl|Kings of Men]] in the Prologue of [[The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring]]. Howe is often identified as the second from the left, but a picture with better light shows that to be a different person.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;[[Chris Smith]], &#039;&#039;[[The Lord of the Rings: Weapons and Warfare]]&#039;&#039;, p. 3; [[Jude Fisher]], &#039;&#039;[[The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King Visual Companion|The Return of the King Visual Companion]]&#039;&#039;, p. 32.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Published Artwork==&lt;br /&gt;
Howe is one of [[HarperCollins]]&#039; most used artists, and his cover art is frequently featured on translations as well. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Multiple editions===&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;[[The Hobbit]]&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;[[The Fellowship of the Ring]]&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;[[The Two Towers]]&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;[[The Return of the King]]&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;[[Unfinished Tales]]&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;[[The Silmarillion]]&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;[[The Book of Lost Tales Part One]]&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;[[The Book of Lost Tales Part Two]]&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;[[The Lays of Beleriand]]&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;[[The Shaping of Middle-earth]]&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;[[The Lost Road and Other Writings]]&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;[[The Return of the Shadow]]&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;[[The Treason of Isengard]]&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;[[The War of the Ring]]&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;[[Sauron Defeated]]&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;[[Morgoth&#039;s Ring]]&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;[[The War of the Jewels]]&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;[[The Peoples of Middle-earth]]&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;[[The History of Middle-earth Index]]&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Calendars and books===&lt;br /&gt;
* [[1987]] - &#039;&#039;[[The 1987 J.R.R. Tolkien Calendar|Tolkien Calendar]]&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* [[1988]] - &#039;&#039;[[The 1988 J.R.R. Tolkien Calendar|Tolkien Calendar]]&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* [[1991]] - &#039;&#039;[[The 1991 J.R.R. Tolkien Calendar|Tolkien Calendar]]&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* [[1995]] - &#039;&#039;[[J.R.R. Tolkien Calendar 1995|Tolkien Calendar]]&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* [[1995]] - &#039;&#039;[[The Tolkien Diary 1995|The Tolkien Diary]]&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* [[1995]] - &#039;&#039;[[There and Back Again: The Map of the Hobbit]]&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* [[1995]] - &#039;&#039;[[The Map of Tolkien&#039;s Middle-earth]]&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* [[1997]] - &#039;&#039;[[Tolkien Calendar 1997|Tolkien Calendar]]&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* [[1997]] - [[Iron Crown Enterprises]]&#039; &#039;&#039;[[Middle-earth Collectible Card Game]]&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* [[1998]] - &#039;&#039;[[The History of The Lord of the Rings]]&#039;&#039; boxset&lt;br /&gt;
* [[1999]] - &#039;&#039;[[The Map of Tolkien&#039;s Beleriand and the Lands to the North]]&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* [[2000]] - &#039;&#039;[[Images of Middle-Earth]]&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* 2000 - &#039;&#039;[[Lord of the Rings (board game)|Lord of the Rings]]&#039;&#039; (board game)&lt;br /&gt;
* [[2001]] - &#039;&#039;[[The Lord of the Rings Calendar 2001|Tolkien Calendar]]&#039;&#039; &lt;br /&gt;
* [[2001]] - &#039;&#039;[[The Lord of the Rings Tolkien Diary 2001|The Lord of the Rings Tolkien Diary]]&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* 2001 - &#039;&#039;Myth and Magic: The Art of John Howe&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* [[2003]] - &#039;&#039;[[The Maps of Tolkien&#039;s Middle-earth]]&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* [[2004]] - &#039;&#039;[[War of the Ring (Board game)|War of the Ring]]&#039;&#039; (board game)&lt;br /&gt;
* [[2004]] - &#039;&#039;John Howe - Artbook&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* [[2006]] - &#039;&#039;[[Battles of the Third Age]]&#039;&#039; (board game)&lt;br /&gt;
* [[2007]] - &#039;&#039;John Howe Fantasy Art Workshop&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* [[2008]] - &#039;&#039;John Howe Forging Dragons&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* [[2009]] - &#039;&#039;John Howe Fantasy Drawing Workshop&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* [[2014]] - &#039;&#039;Coloring Dragons: Featuring the artwork of John Howe from The Lord of the Rings &amp;amp; The Hobbit movies&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* [[2017]] - &#039;&#039;[[A Middle-earth Traveller: Sketches From Bag End To Mordor]]&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Articles===&lt;br /&gt;
* [[2014]]: &#039;&#039;[[The Hobbit: The Battle of the Five Armies: Chronicles: Art &amp;amp; Design]]&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
** &amp;quot;Introduction&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Filmography===&lt;br /&gt;
* [[2001]] - [[Beyond the Movie: The Lord of the Rings]]&lt;br /&gt;
* [[2002]] - [[The Making of &#039;The Lord of the Rings&#039;]]&lt;br /&gt;
* [[2003]] - [[J.R.R. Tolkien: Origins of Middle-Earth]] &lt;br /&gt;
* [[2004]] - [[Designing Middle-Earth]]&lt;br /&gt;
* [[2004]] - [[John Howe: There and Back Again]]&lt;br /&gt;
* [[2009]] - [[Reclaiming the Blade]]&lt;br /&gt;
* [[2014]] - [[A la recherche du Hobbit]] series (episodes 1-5)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Quotations==&lt;br /&gt;
{{quote|Illustrating Tolkien means treading warily, dipping one&#039;s brush in shadow and rinsing them in light. Battle and balance, down the impossible path between the clear and the obscure.|John Howe on painting Middle-earth, &#039;&#039;[[Tolkien&#039;s World: Paintings of Middle-earth|Tolkien&#039;s World]]&#039;&#039;.}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{quote|Somewhat shamefully I am obliged to admit that I first read &#039;&#039;[[The Two Towers]]&#039;&#039; and &#039;&#039;[[The Return of the King]]&#039;&#039;, and finally &#039;&#039;[[The Fellowship of the Ring]]&#039;&#039;. [...] Thus, I plunged directly into the world of Tolkien just above the [[Rauros|Falls of Rauros]] and have been swimming diligently ever since.|John Howe on his reading experience, &#039;&#039;[[Tolkien&#039;s World: Paintings of Middle-earth|Tolkien&#039;s World]]&#039;&#039;.}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{quote|It was this place in North Island, and we wandered round these fields saying, well, [[Bag End]] can go here, that can be our party tree; it was very exciting. It&#039;s almost even more fun to have a location imposed upon you, because you really have to get down to brass tacks and figure it out, imagine it on paper. It&#039;s a real illustrator&#039;s job.|John Howe on working for [[Weta Workshop|Weta]], [http://movies.ign.com/articles/034/034289p1.html Interview].}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==See also==&lt;br /&gt;
* [[:Category:Images by John Howe|Images by John Howe]]&lt;br /&gt;
* [[:Category:Images of John Howe|Images of John Howe]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==External links==&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;[http://www.john-howe.com Official website]&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* {{WP|John Howe}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{references}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{DEFAULTSORT:Howe, John}}&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Artists]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Canadian people]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:People by name]]&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Idhrendin</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=The_Lonely_Mountain_Band&amp;diff=291345</id>
		<title>The Lonely Mountain Band</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=The_Lonely_Mountain_Band&amp;diff=291345"/>
		<updated>2017-01-12T15:06:50Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Idhrendin: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;{{disambig-more|Lonely Mountain|[[Lonely Mountain (disambiguation)]]}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{band&lt;br /&gt;
| image=&lt;br /&gt;
| name=The Lonely Mountain Band&lt;br /&gt;
| origin=&lt;br /&gt;
| genre=Folk&lt;br /&gt;
| years=2008-present&lt;br /&gt;
| label=&lt;br /&gt;
| website=[http://lonelymountainband.com/ Official Website]&lt;br /&gt;
| members=&lt;br /&gt;
| formermembers=&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;The Lonely Mountain Band&#039;&#039;&#039; is a [[J.R.R. Tolkien]]-inspired musical project and [[The Lord of the Rings Online]] &lt;br /&gt;
[[Kinships (The Lord of the Rings Online)|kinship]] made up of members of the Celtic rock band Fathom.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Discography==&lt;br /&gt;
===Full-length albums===&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;[[Beyond the Western Seas]]&#039;&#039; (2010)&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;[[Second Breakfast]]&#039;&#039; (2011)&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;[[Song of the Dwarves]]&#039;&#039; (2012)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Singles===&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;The Night&#039;s Watch&#039;&#039; (2013)&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;Beowulf Awaits&#039;&#039; (2014)&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;Stand by the Grey Stone&#039;&#039; (2015)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==External Links==&lt;br /&gt;
* [http://lonelymountainband.com Lonely Mountain Band] &lt;br /&gt;
* [https://www.facebook.com/lonelymountainband/app_155326481208883 Fathom]&lt;br /&gt;
{{DEFAULTSORT:Lonely Mountain Band, The}}&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Bands]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Folk music]]&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Idhrendin</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=The_Lonely_Mountain_Band&amp;diff=291344</id>
		<title>The Lonely Mountain Band</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=The_Lonely_Mountain_Band&amp;diff=291344"/>
		<updated>2017-01-12T14:39:01Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Idhrendin: According to their post, LMB was founded in March, 2008.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;{{disambig-more|Lonely Mountain|[[Lonely Mountain (disambiguation)]]}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{band&lt;br /&gt;
| image=&lt;br /&gt;
| name=The Lonely Mountain Band&lt;br /&gt;
| origin=&lt;br /&gt;
| genre=Folk&lt;br /&gt;
| years=2008-present&lt;br /&gt;
| label=&lt;br /&gt;
| website=[http://lonelymountainband.com/ Official Website]&lt;br /&gt;
| members=&lt;br /&gt;
| formermembers=&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;The Lonely Mountain Band&#039;&#039;&#039; is a [[J.R.R. Tolkien]]-inspired folk band made up of members of the Celtic rock band Fathom.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Discography==&lt;br /&gt;
===Full-length albums===&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;[[Beyond the Western Seas]]&#039;&#039; (2010)&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;[[Second Breakfast]]&#039;&#039; (2011)&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;[[Song of the Dwarves]]&#039;&#039; (2012)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Singles===&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;The Night&#039;s Watch&#039;&#039; (2013)&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;Beowulf Awaits&#039;&#039; (2014)&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;Stand by the Grey Stone&#039;&#039; (2015)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==External Links==&lt;br /&gt;
* [http://lonelymountainband.com Lonely Mountain Band] &lt;br /&gt;
* [https://www.facebook.com/lonelymountainband/app_155326481208883 Fathom]&lt;br /&gt;
{{DEFAULTSORT:Lonely Mountain Band, The}}&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Bands]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Folk music]]&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Idhrendin</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=Fish&amp;diff=290895</id>
		<title>Fish</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=Fish&amp;diff=290895"/>
		<updated>2017-01-01T10:53:51Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Idhrendin: /* Portrayal in adaptations */&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;{{quote|The rock and pool, &amp;lt;br&amp;gt;is nice and cool.&amp;lt;br&amp;gt; So Juicy Sweet!&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Our only wish&amp;lt;br&amp;gt; is to catch a fish.&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;So juicy sweet!|[[Gollum]]&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Pool&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{TT|Pool}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;}}&lt;br /&gt;
[[File:J.R.R. Tolkien - The fish we couldn&#039;t get at Swanwick&#039;s (excerpt).png|frame|A fish illustrated by [[J.R.R. Tolkien|Tolkien]].]]&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;Fish&#039;&#039;&#039; were common throughout the bodies of water in [[Arda]]. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==History==&lt;br /&gt;
Fish formed the chief source of food in [[Númenor]], as it was abundant throughout the coast of the island. The fisherfolk dwelt mainly in [[Nindamos]], built on the hards of a marshy land. [[Guild of Venturers|Mariners]] of Númenor were mostly drawn from the fisher folk.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Descr&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{UT|Numenor}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;  &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
When the [[Númenóreans]] travelled to [[Middle-earth]], they encountered the [[Pre-Númenóreans|primitive tribes]] there. Though some of them, along the mouths of [[Morthond]] and [[Gwathló]], had crude fisheries, they had fallen out of use as its people fled towards the mountains.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{UT|Druedain}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{PM|Elmar}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; The [[Stoors]] that dwelt in the [[Vales of Anduin]] also had fish as their main food. Two of them, [[Déagol]] and [[Sméagol]], were fishing when they found [[the One Ring]], lost in the river [[Anduin]].&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Shadow&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{FR|Shadow}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The [[Gondorians]], much like their forefathers, ate fish. The [[Ethir Anduin|Ethir]] was populated by fisher-folk, who often went out to [[Belegaer|sea]] on boats,&amp;lt;ref name=&#039;MT&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{RK|MT}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; because fishing was the most profitable business.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{PM|Shadow}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Though [[Hobbits]] did not generally hunt or fish for leasure,&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{FR|Hobbits}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; they did angle for food now and then. One of the favourite spots for anglers was near &#039;&#039;[[The Golden Perch]]&#039;&#039;, which took its name for the golden fish that swam there.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;[[J.R.R. Tolkien]]; [[Wayne G. Hammond]] and [[Christina Scull]] (eds.), &amp;quot;[[Guide to the Names in The Lord of the Rings|Nomenclature of The Lord of the Rings]]&amp;quot;, in &#039;&#039;[[The Lord of the Rings: A Reader&#039;s Companion]]&#039;&#039; by Wayne G. Hammond and Christina Scull, p. 771&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Etymology==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The [[Quenya]] name for &amp;quot;fish&amp;quot; is &#039;&#039;[[lingwe]]&#039;&#039; (Quenya also has a word for &amp;quot;(small) fish&amp;quot;, &#039;&#039;[[hala]]&#039;&#039;). The [[Noldorin]] name, derived from the same [[Sundocarme|root]] is &#039;&#039;[[lhimb]]&#039;&#039; or &#039;&#039;lhim&#039;&#039;, and [[Doriathrin]] has &#039;&#039;[[líw]]&#039;&#039;.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{LR|Etymologies}} (roots [[KHAL|KHAL&amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;1&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt;-]] and [[LIW|LIW-]])&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In [[Gnomish]], one of [[J.R.R. Tolkien|Tolkien]]&#039;s early conceptions of an [[Elvish|Elven]] language, &amp;quot;fish&amp;quot; is &#039;&#039;ing&#039;&#039;, and &amp;quot;young of fish, small fry&amp;quot; is &#039;&#039;igli&#039;&#039;.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{PE|11}}, p. 51&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; A [[Qenya]] name for &amp;quot;little fish&amp;quot; (also &amp;quot;[[Wikipedia:Minnow|minnow]]&amp;quot;) is given as &#039;&#039;nis&#039;&#039;.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{PE|21}}, p. 20&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Portrayal in adaptations==&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;2002: [[The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring (video game)|&#039;&#039;The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring&#039;&#039; (video game)]]:&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
:Gollum throws a fish called &amp;quot;Xiphiidae&amp;quot; at [[Aragorn]].&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;[[The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring (video game)|&#039;&#039;The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring&#039;&#039; (video game)]], &amp;quot;[[The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring (video game)#River Anduin|River Anduin-Amon Hen]]&amp;quot;&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; It becomes Aragorn&#039;s most dangerous weapon. Xiphiidae are swordfish. Swordfish are saltwater fish, but that matter is overlooked here.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;2007: &#039;&#039;[[The Lord of the Rings Online: Shadows of Angmar]]&#039;&#039;:&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
:As of the thirteenth book, &#039;&#039;[[Doom of the Last-King]]&#039;&#039;, fishing became a &amp;quot;hobby&amp;quot;, a pastime for players.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;&amp;quot;[http://www.lotro.com/component/content/article/190-book-13-doom-of-the-last-king-all-in-mail-never-clinking-fishing-in-lotro Book 13: Doom of the Last-king – All in Mail, Never Clinking – Fishing in LOTRO]&amp;quot;, [http://www.lotro.com/trial/index.php Lotro.com], dated [[15 April|April 15]], [[2008]] (accessed 31 August 2010)&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
{{references}}&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Animals]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Food]]&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Idhrendin</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=The_Hunt_for_Gollum&amp;diff=290734</id>
		<title>The Hunt for Gollum</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=The_Hunt_for_Gollum&amp;diff=290734"/>
		<updated>2016-12-24T01:52:53Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Idhrendin: /* Trailer */&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;{{film infobox&lt;br /&gt;
| image=[[Image:The Hunt for Gollum Poster.jpg|250px]]&lt;br /&gt;
| name=The Hunt for Gollum&lt;br /&gt;
| director=Chris Bouchard&lt;br /&gt;
| producer=Chris Bouchard, Spencer Duru, Noel Gale, Julianne Honey-Mennal, Brian Lavery, Kate Madison, Ashram Maharaj, Gladys San Juan, Sabina Sattar	&lt;br /&gt;
| writer=&#039;&#039;&#039;Novel:&#039;&#039;&#039;&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;[[J.R.R. Tolkien]]&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;&#039;&#039;&#039;Screenplay:&#039;&#039;&#039;&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Chris Bouchard&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;&#039;&#039;&#039;Additional Writing:&#039;&#039;&#039;&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Sabina Sattar&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Julianne Honey-Mennal&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Stuart Price&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Lewis Albrow&lt;br /&gt;
| narrator=&lt;br /&gt;
| starring=Adrian Webster&lt;br /&gt;
| music=Adam Langston, Andrew Skrabutenas	 	&lt;br /&gt;
| cinematography=Gareth Brough, Chris Child, John-Paul Frazer, Neill Phillips, &lt;br /&gt;
Mike Ritchie, Stein Stie&lt;br /&gt;
| editing=Lewis Albrow	&lt;br /&gt;
| distributor=Internet&lt;br /&gt;
| released=May 3, 2009&lt;br /&gt;
| runtime=38 min &lt;br /&gt;
| country=UK&lt;br /&gt;
| language=English&lt;br /&gt;
| budget=£3000&lt;br /&gt;
| website=[http://www.thehuntforgollum.com Official website]&lt;br /&gt;
| imdb_id=tt1323925&lt;br /&gt;
}}&#039;&#039;&#039;The Hunt for Gollum&#039;&#039;&#039; is a fan film based on &#039;&#039;[[The Lord of the Rings]]&#039;&#039;. The film focuses on the events prior to &#039;&#039;[[The Fellowship of the Ring]]&#039;&#039; but after &#039;&#039;[[The Hobbit]]&#039;&#039; as [[Aragorn]] tracks down [[Gollum]]. Featured characters include [[Aragorn]], [[Gandalf]], [[Arwen]] and [[Gollum]], with new characters &#039;&#039;Arithir&#039;&#039;, and &#039;&#039;Goblok&#039;&#039;. The film was made available to download for free on [[3 May|May 3]], [[2009]].&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;http://www.theonering.net/torwp/2009/02/02/31077-fanfilm-the-hunt-for-gollum-online-may-3rd&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Synopsis==&lt;br /&gt;
As Gandalf learns the truth about the ring in Frodo&#039;s possession, he dispatches Aragorn to find and capture the creature Gollum, the ring&#039;s former carrier.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Cast==&lt;br /&gt;
{| class=&amp;quot;wikitable&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
|- bgcolor=&amp;quot;#CCCCCC&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
! Role !! Actor&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| [[Aragorn|Aragorn II]] || [http://www.imdb.com/name/nm2423411/ Adrian Webster]&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| [[Arwen]] || [http://www.imdb.com/name/nm2645682/ Rita Ramnani]&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Gandalf]] || Patrick O&#039;Connell&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| [[Gollum]] (Voice) || [http://www.imdb.com/name/nm2421667/ Gareth Brough]&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| [[Gollum]] (Performer) || [http://www.imdb.com/name/nm2423282/ Matthew Cunningham] &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| Elf of Mirkwood || [http://www.imdb.com/name/nm3329553/ Max Bracey]&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| Arithir || [http://www.imdb.com/name/nm0020164/ Arin Alldridge]&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| Goblok || Gareth Brough&lt;br /&gt;
|}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Crew==&lt;br /&gt;
*Director: Chris Bouchard&lt;br /&gt;
*Co-Producers:&lt;br /&gt;
**Brian Lavery&lt;br /&gt;
**Gladys San Juan&lt;br /&gt;
**Julianne Honey-Mennal&lt;br /&gt;
**Spencer Duru&lt;br /&gt;
*1st Assistant Director: Irene Maffei&lt;br /&gt;
*Assistant Producer: Agatha O&#039;Neil&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Music by Adam Langston and Andrew Skrabutenas, based on music by [[Howard Shore]] and [[Requiem for a Tower|Clint Mansell]]. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[The Hunt for Gollum (soundtrack)|Read more...]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Trailer==&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;center&amp;gt;{{#ev:youtube|HSTYubpLxg8|400}}&amp;lt;/center&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;center&amp;gt;{{#ev:youtube|LkSa-pmknfY|400}}&amp;lt;/center&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{references}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==External links==&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;[http://www.thehuntforgollum.com/ Official Website]&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* [http://www.imdb.com/title/tt1323925/ The Hunt for Gollum] at [http://www.imdb.com/ IMDb]&lt;br /&gt;
* [http://www.filmaffinity.com/en/film258572.html The Hunt for Gollum] at [http://www.filmaffinity.com/en/main.html FilmAffinity]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{Fan films}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Fan films|Hunt for Gollum]]&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Idhrendin</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=The_Lonely_Mountain_Band&amp;diff=290733</id>
		<title>The Lonely Mountain Band</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=The_Lonely_Mountain_Band&amp;diff=290733"/>
		<updated>2016-12-24T01:41:00Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Idhrendin: /* Discography */&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;{{disambig-more|Lonely Mountain|[[Lonely Mountain (disambiguation)]]}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{band&lt;br /&gt;
| image=&lt;br /&gt;
| name=The Lonely Mountain Band&lt;br /&gt;
| origin=&lt;br /&gt;
| genre=Folk&lt;br /&gt;
| years=2007-present&lt;br /&gt;
| label=&lt;br /&gt;
| website=[http://lonelymountainband.com/ Official Website]&lt;br /&gt;
| members=&lt;br /&gt;
| formermembers=&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;The Lonely Mountain Band&#039;&#039;&#039; is a [[J.R.R. Tolkien]]-inspired folk band made up of members of the Celtic rock band Fathom.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Discography==&lt;br /&gt;
===Full-length albums===&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;[[Beyond the Western Seas]]&#039;&#039; (2010)&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;[[Second Breakfast]]&#039;&#039; (2011)&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;[[Song of the Dwarves]]&#039;&#039; (2012)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Singles===&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;The Night&#039;s Watch&#039;&#039; (2013)&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;Beowulf Awaits&#039;&#039; (2014)&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;Stand by the Grey Stone&#039;&#039; (2015)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==External Links==&lt;br /&gt;
* [http://lonelymountainband.com Lonely Mountain Band] &lt;br /&gt;
* [https://www.facebook.com/lonelymountainband/app_155326481208883 Fathom]&lt;br /&gt;
{{DEFAULTSORT:Lonely Mountain Band, The}}&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Bands]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Folk music]]&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Idhrendin</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=The_Lonely_Mountain_Band&amp;diff=290732</id>
		<title>The Lonely Mountain Band</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=The_Lonely_Mountain_Band&amp;diff=290732"/>
		<updated>2016-12-24T01:31:04Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Idhrendin: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;{{disambig-more|Lonely Mountain|[[Lonely Mountain (disambiguation)]]}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{band&lt;br /&gt;
| image=&lt;br /&gt;
| name=The Lonely Mountain Band&lt;br /&gt;
| origin=&lt;br /&gt;
| genre=Folk&lt;br /&gt;
| years=2007-present&lt;br /&gt;
| label=&lt;br /&gt;
| website=[http://lonelymountainband.com/ Official Website]&lt;br /&gt;
| members=&lt;br /&gt;
| formermembers=&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;The Lonely Mountain Band&#039;&#039;&#039; is a [[J.R.R. Tolkien]]-inspired folk band made up of members of the Celtic rock band Fathom.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Discography==&lt;br /&gt;
===Full-length albums===&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;[[Beyond the Western Seas]]&#039;&#039; (2010)&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;[[Second Breakfast]]&#039;&#039; (2011)&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;[[Song of the Dwarves]]&#039;&#039; (2012)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Singles===&lt;br /&gt;
*  &#039;&#039;The Night&#039;s Watch&#039;&#039; (2013)&lt;br /&gt;
*  &#039;&#039;Beowulf Awaits&#039;&#039; (2014)&lt;br /&gt;
*  &#039;&#039;Stand by the Grey Stone&#039;&#039; (2015)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==External Links==&lt;br /&gt;
* [http://lonelymountainband.com Lonely Mountain Band] &lt;br /&gt;
* [https://www.facebook.com/lonelymountainband/app_155326481208883 Fathom]&lt;br /&gt;
{{DEFAULTSORT:Lonely Mountain Band, The}}&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Bands]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Folk music]]&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Idhrendin</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=Tengwar&amp;diff=290325</id>
		<title>Tengwar</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=Tengwar&amp;diff=290325"/>
		<updated>2016-11-18T07:45:38Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Idhrendin: /* The Classical Quenya mode */&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;{{cleanup}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{font|[http://at.mansbjorkman.net/parmaite.htm Tengwar Parmaite] by [[Måns Björkman]]}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{disambig-more|Fëanorian|[[Fëanorian (disambiguation)]]}}&lt;br /&gt;
[[Image:Ryszard Derdzinski - Feanor.jpg|thumb|[[Fëanor]] designs the first Tengwar]]&lt;br /&gt;
The &#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;Tengwar&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039; ([[Quenya]] &amp;quot;letters&amp;quot;, pron. {{IPA|[ˈteŋʷɡʷar]}}; [[Sindarin]] &#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;Tîw&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{App|E2}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;) was a writing system invented by [[Fëanor]] (and was therefore also called the &#039;&#039;&#039;Fëanorian alphabet&#039;&#039;&#039;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{L|25}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; or &#039;&#039;&#039;script&#039;&#039;&#039;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{L|168}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;). It was used for a variety of languages among the [[Free peoples]] and became perhaps the most prominent writing system of [[Arda]], used by a variety of [[:Portal:Characters|Races]] through the [[Ages]].&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==History==&lt;br /&gt;
===The Classical Quenya mode===&lt;br /&gt;
{{main|Quenya mode}}&lt;br /&gt;
[[Fëanor]] invented the Tengwar on the [[Year of the Trees 1250]], strongly influenced by the [[Sarati]] of [[Rúmil (elf of Tirion)|Rúmil the Loremaster]].&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{WJ|P4}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ApD&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{VT|39a}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; Fëanor both constructed the Tengwar as a general phonetic alphabet and devised special arrangements to fit the characteristics of all languages of [[Valinor]].&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{TI|Runes}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Unlike Rúmil, Fëanor considered vowels as indepedent sounds and not just “colours” of the consonants, so he devised the “full writing” ([[Quanta Sarmë]]).&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ApD&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
However, Fëanor also used a more &#039;conservative&#039; system which seem to have been proved far more popular; he held Rúmil&#039;s idea of syllabic analysis of the words by the Sarati and made also use of [[tehtar]] instead of the full letters.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ApD&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The classical Quenya mode of the Tengwar may have originated from Fëanor&#039;s own arrangement. There is no direct evidence for this hypothesis, but the use of the Quenya names for the individual letters hints to a primate of the Quenya mode. Another hint to a very old age of the classical Quenya mode is that it uses the [[Calmatéma]] as a k-series, like the mode of Beleriand which we can assume to have originated in the First Age.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===The Mode of Beleriand===&lt;br /&gt;
{{main|Mode of Beleriand}}&lt;br /&gt;
[[Image:J.R.R. Tolkien - Doors of Durin.jpg|thumb|The [[Doors of Durin]] created during the [[Second Age]]]]&lt;br /&gt;
When the [[Noldor]] rebelled and came to [[Middle-earth]], they adapted their writing for the new languages they learned. Quanta Sarmë was used for languages where the tehtar were not useful&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ApD&amp;quot; /&amp;gt; which could have been the origin for the Mode of Beleriand. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
It is also possible that the Tengwar influenced the evolution of the [[Cirth]] of [[Daeron]] in Beleriand, mainly in their shape and arrangement. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
We know from the inscription on the Western [[Moria Gate]] that a Tengwar mode called the [[Mode of Beleriand]] was used in [[Eregion]]. This name allows for the assumption that the same mode was used already in the [[First Age]].&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
At the end of the [[Third Age]], the Elves of [[Rivendell]] probably still used that mode, since a transcription of the Rivendell [[aerlinn]] &#039;&#039;[[A Elbereth Gilthoniel]]&#039;&#039; features it.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{RGEO|7}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; Frodo, however, even though literate in Sindarin, was appearently unable to read this mode.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===The General Use===&lt;br /&gt;
By the end of the Third Age, there was a &#039;&#039;general use&#039;&#039; that could be used for a variety of languages including Quenya, Sindarin and the Common Speech.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;[[J.R.R. Tolkien]], &amp;quot;[[Letter to Anthony D. Howlett]] (letter); see also [http://www.forodrim.org/daeron/mdtci.html#DTS58 DTS58]&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; This use could have evolved during the [[Second Age]] in [[Eregion]] or even in [[Númenor]].&lt;br /&gt;
[[Image:One ring.png|thumb|left|The [[Ring Verse|inscription]] on [[The One Ring]].]]&lt;br /&gt;
The same mode appears on the [[Ring-inscription]]&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{FR|Shadow}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; that the [[Númenorean]] [[Isildur]] observed it to be &amp;quot;fashioned in an elven-script of Eregion&amp;quot;.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{FR|Council}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
It is not certain whether the whole &#039;&#039;mode&#039;&#039; itself was from Eregion or simply just the &#039;&#039;script&#039;&#039; was of an Elvish fashion. Some [[Adûnaic]] words use this mode.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{HM|SD}}, Lowdham&#039;s Inscription&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Another mode that was based on the &amp;quot;general use&amp;quot; but used full letters for the representation of vowels was used in the Northern part of the [[Westron]]-speaking regions, perhaps by influence of the Elves of [[Rivendell]]. This might explain why Frodo was unable to read either the Mode of Beleriand or the Ring Inscription.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Spelling and Pronunciation ==&lt;br /&gt;
=== Structure ===&lt;br /&gt;
The most notable characteristic of the Tengwar script is that the shapes of the letters correspond to the features of the sounds they represent.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The shape of the Tengwar uniformly consisted of two elements, the &#039;&#039;[[telco]]&#039;&#039; (stem) to which is attached a &#039;&#039;[[lúva]]&#039;&#039; (bow). &lt;br /&gt;
It is noticeable that some of the letters of the Sarati resembled the telco/lúva shape seen on the Tengwar. Therefore it is possible that those particular letters influenced stylistically the Tengwar.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The telco could be normal, raised, shortened or heightened. The lúva would be single or doubled, and these could be open or closed. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
All the above combinations can create 32 to 40 different shapes of letters. These shapes mirrored phonological significances: the basic form of a tengwa was used for the [[patakar]], the voiceless fricatives; telcor determined how the sound was articulated, and the lúvar where in the mouth it was made:&lt;br /&gt;
* Doubling the bow turns the voiceless consonant into a voiced one.&lt;br /&gt;
* Raising the stem above the line turns it into the corresponding fricative or a corresponding soft version of it.&lt;br /&gt;
* Shortening it (so it is only the height of the bow) indicates the corresponding nasal or, mostly, the approximants.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
According to their shape, the 32 different glyphs could be arranged and presented consistently on a table. The principal letters are divided into series (&#039;&#039;témar&#039;&#039;) that correspond to the main places of articulation and into six rows (&#039;&#039;tyeller&#039;&#039;) that correspond to the main manners of articulation. Both vary among modes.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The table below gives the &#039;&#039;&#039;theoretical&#039;&#039;&#039;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Observations made by [[Jim Allan]]&#039;s &#039;&#039;[[An Introduction to Elvish]]&#039;&#039;, The Evolution of the Tengwar&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; values of the Tengwar based consistently on the abovementioned rules. Note that no language possessed all these sounds and the following does not represent an actual table of values of a particular language. In actuality, the languages used modifications or variations of them.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{| border=&amp;quot;1&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
! | &lt;br /&gt;
! colspan=&amp;quot;2&amp;quot; | Labial&lt;br /&gt;
! colspan=&amp;quot;2&amp;quot; | Dental&lt;br /&gt;
! colspan=&amp;quot;2&amp;quot; | Velar&lt;br /&gt;
! colspan=&amp;quot;2&amp;quot; | Labiovelar&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Voiceless&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;plosives&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|q}}&lt;br /&gt;
| p&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|1}}&lt;br /&gt;
| t&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|a}}&lt;br /&gt;
| k&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|z}}&lt;br /&gt;
| kw&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Voiced&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;plosives&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|w}}&lt;br /&gt;
| b&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|2}}&lt;br /&gt;
| d&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|s}}&lt;br /&gt;
| g&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|x}}&lt;br /&gt;
| gw&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Aspirated&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;voiceless plosives&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|Q}}&lt;br /&gt;
| p&amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;h&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|!}}&lt;br /&gt;
| t&amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;h&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|A}}&lt;br /&gt;
| k&amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;h&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|Z}}&lt;br /&gt;
| k&amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;h&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt;w&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Aspirated&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;voiced plosives&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|W}}&lt;br /&gt;
| b&amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;h&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|@}}&lt;br /&gt;
| d&amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;h&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|S}}&lt;br /&gt;
| g&amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;h&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|X}}&lt;br /&gt;
| g&amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;h&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt;w&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Voiceless&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;fricatives&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|e}}&lt;br /&gt;
| f&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|3}}&lt;br /&gt;
| th&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|d}}&lt;br /&gt;
| ch&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|c}}&lt;br /&gt;
| chw&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Voiced&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;fricatives&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|r}}&lt;br /&gt;
| v&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|4}}&lt;br /&gt;
| dh&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|f}}&lt;br /&gt;
| gh&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|v}}&lt;br /&gt;
| ghw&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Voiceless&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;nasals&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|y}}&lt;br /&gt;
| hm&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|6}}&lt;br /&gt;
| hn&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|h}}&lt;br /&gt;
| hñ&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|n}}&lt;br /&gt;
| hñw&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Nasals&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|t}}&lt;br /&gt;
| m&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|5}}&lt;br /&gt;
| n&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|g}}&lt;br /&gt;
| ñ&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|b}}&lt;br /&gt;
| ñw&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Arrangement===&lt;br /&gt;
By the end of the [[Third Age]], the Tengwar were somehow standardized. Their Quenya names became standard for all modes, and less used ones were not included (although still used), such as those of the extended stems and the [[Tyelpetéma]]. The table displayed 36 letters: the 24 standard Tengwar, plus 12 of the additional Tengwar.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Also, the Tengwar were assigned numeric values.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{| border=&amp;quot;1&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
! &lt;br /&gt;
! colspan=&amp;quot;2&amp;quot; | Tincotéma&lt;br /&gt;
! colspan=&amp;quot;2&amp;quot; | Parmatéma&lt;br /&gt;
! colspan=&amp;quot;2&amp;quot; | Calmatéma&lt;br /&gt;
! colspan=&amp;quot;2&amp;quot; | Quessetéma&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Grade I&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|1}}&lt;br /&gt;
| [[Tinco]]&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|q}}&lt;br /&gt;
| [[Parma]]&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|a}}&lt;br /&gt;
| [[Calma]]&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|z}}&lt;br /&gt;
| [[Quesse]]&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Grade II&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|2}}&lt;br /&gt;
| [[Ando]]&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|w}}&lt;br /&gt;
| [[Umbar (word)|Umbar]]&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|s}}&lt;br /&gt;
| [[Anga]]&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|x}}&lt;br /&gt;
| [[Ungwe]]&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Grade III&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|3}}&lt;br /&gt;
| [[Súlë]]&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|e}}&lt;br /&gt;
| [[Formen]]&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|d}}&lt;br /&gt;
| [[Aha]]&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|c}}&lt;br /&gt;
| [[Hwesta]]&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Grade IV&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|4}}&lt;br /&gt;
| [[Anto]]&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|r}}&lt;br /&gt;
| [[Ampa]]&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|f}}&lt;br /&gt;
| [[Anca]]&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|v}}&lt;br /&gt;
| [[Unque]]&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Grade V&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|5}}&lt;br /&gt;
| [[Númen]]&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|t}}&lt;br /&gt;
| [[Malta]]&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|g}}&lt;br /&gt;
| [[Noldo]]&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|b}}&lt;br /&gt;
| [[Nwalme]]&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Grade VI&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|6}}&lt;br /&gt;
| [[Óre]]&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|y}}&lt;br /&gt;
| [[Valar|Vala]]&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|h}}&lt;br /&gt;
| [[Anna]]&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|n}}&lt;br /&gt;
| [[Vilya]]&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
!&lt;br /&gt;
! colspan=&amp;quot;8&amp;quot; | &#039;&#039;&#039;Additional Tengwar:&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|7}}&lt;br /&gt;
| [[Rómen]]&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|u}}&lt;br /&gt;
| [[Arda]]&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|j}}&lt;br /&gt;
| [[Lambe]]&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|m}}&lt;br /&gt;
| [[Alda]]&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|8}}&lt;br /&gt;
| [[Silme]]&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|i}}&lt;br /&gt;
| [[Silme nuquerna]]&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|k}}&lt;br /&gt;
| [[Essë]]&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|,}}&lt;br /&gt;
| [[Esse nuquerna]]&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|9}}&lt;br /&gt;
| [[Hyarmen]]&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|l}}&lt;br /&gt;
| [[Yanta]]&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|o}}&lt;br /&gt;
| [[Hwesta Sindarinwa]]&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|.}}&lt;br /&gt;
| [[Úrë]]&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|&amp;amp;#189;}}&lt;br /&gt;
| [[Halla]]&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|`}}&lt;br /&gt;
| [[Telco]]&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|~}}&lt;br /&gt;
| [[Ára]]&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Values==&lt;br /&gt;
As mentioned, the Tengwar had a generic mode that covered a wide range of phonemes. This mode perhaps originated in [[Eregion]] and exemplified in the verse of [[the One Ring]] and other Westron Tengwar texts. It could be used for both Quenya and Sindarin.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The following table gives both the formal Quenya and Numenian&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;[[Jim Allan]]&#039;s &#039;&#039;[[Report from Marquette]]&#039;&#039;&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; names of the Tengwar. When two values are given (separated with a &#039;&#039;&#039;/&#039;&#039;&#039; slash), the first refers to the Elvish variation and the second to the [[Mannish]] or Westron variation. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Note that the dashes indicate when the letter is used initially or finally and/or as a diphthong element.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{| border=&amp;quot;1&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
! colspan=&amp;quot;2&amp;quot; | Tincotéma&lt;br /&gt;
! colspan=&amp;quot;2&amp;quot; | Parmatéma&lt;br /&gt;
! colspan=&amp;quot;2&amp;quot; | Calmatéma&lt;br /&gt;
! colspan=&amp;quot;2&amp;quot; | Quessetéma&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|1}}&lt;br /&gt;
| t&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Tinco/Tó&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|q}}&lt;br /&gt;
| p&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Parma/Pí&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|a}}&lt;br /&gt;
| ch (as in &#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;ch&#039;&#039;&#039;ur&#039;&#039;&#039;ch&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;)&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Calma/Ché&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|z}}&lt;br /&gt;
| k&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Quesse/Ká&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|2}}&lt;br /&gt;
| d&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Ando/Dó&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|w}}&lt;br /&gt;
| b&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Umbar/Bí&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|s}}&lt;br /&gt;
|j&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Anga/Jé&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|x}}&lt;br /&gt;
| g&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Ungwe/Gá&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|3}}&lt;br /&gt;
| th&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Súle/Thó&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|e}}&lt;br /&gt;
| f&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Formen/Fí&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|d}}&lt;br /&gt;
|sh&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Aha/Shé&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|c}}&lt;br /&gt;
| ch/h (as in &#039;&#039;lo&#039;&#039;&#039;ch&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;)&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Hwesta/Aha (or Oha)&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|4}}&lt;br /&gt;
| dh&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Anto/Adhó&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|r}}&lt;br /&gt;
| v&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Ampa/Ví&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|f}}&lt;br /&gt;
| zh&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Anca/Izhe&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|v}}&lt;br /&gt;
|gh&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Unque/Agha&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|5}}&lt;br /&gt;
| n&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Númen/Nó&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|t}}&lt;br /&gt;
| m&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Malta/Mí&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|g}}&lt;br /&gt;
| ny&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Noldo/Nyé&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|b}}&lt;br /&gt;
| ng&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Nwalme/Ngá&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|6}}&lt;br /&gt;
| -r/r&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Óre/Ar&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|y}}&lt;br /&gt;
| w, -u/w&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Vala/Wí&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|h}}&lt;br /&gt;
| -i/y&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Anna/Yé&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|n}}&lt;br /&gt;
|&amp;amp;rsquo;?&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;&amp;amp;rsquo;á&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! colspan=&amp;quot;8&amp;quot; | Additional Tengwar:&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|7}}&lt;br /&gt;
| r&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Rómen/Aro&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|u}}&lt;br /&gt;
| rh&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Arda/Rho&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|j}}&lt;br /&gt;
| l&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Lambe/Alo&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|m}}&lt;br /&gt;
| lh&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Alda/Lho&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|8}}&lt;br /&gt;
| s&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Silme/Só&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|i}}&lt;br /&gt;
|s&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Silme Nuquerna/Ós&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|k}}&lt;br /&gt;
| ss/z&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Esse/Azo&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|,}}&lt;br /&gt;
| z&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Oza&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|9}}&lt;br /&gt;
| h&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Hyarmen/Há&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|l}}&lt;br /&gt;
| i-, -e&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Yanta/Ai&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|o}}&lt;br /&gt;
| wh&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Hwesta Sindarinwa/Whí&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|.}}&lt;br /&gt;
| -u?&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Úre/Au&lt;br /&gt;
|}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The following is a full mode variety, related mainly to the north, and uses Tengwar (and carriers) as vowels. It was probably created in [[Arnor]], influenced from the Mode of Beleriand used in [[Rivendell]]. Even the [[Dwarves|dwarf]] [[Ori]] wrote in this hand in the [[Book of Mazarbul]]&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;The second page of the Book of Mazarbul ([http://www.forodrim.org/daeron/mdtci.html#DTS13 DTS13]) said to be written by Ori, is categorized to belong to the Northern Variety [http://at.mansbjorkman.net/teng_modes.htm here]&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{| border=&amp;quot;1&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
! colspan=&amp;quot;2&amp;quot; | Tincotéma&lt;br /&gt;
! colspan=&amp;quot;2&amp;quot; | Parmatéma&lt;br /&gt;
! colspan=&amp;quot;2&amp;quot; | Calmatéma&lt;br /&gt;
! colspan=&amp;quot;2&amp;quot; | Quessetéma&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|1}}&lt;br /&gt;
| t&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Tinco/Tó&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|q}}&lt;br /&gt;
| p&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Parma/Pí&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|a}}&lt;br /&gt;
|ch (as in &#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;ch&#039;&#039;&#039;ur&#039;&#039;&#039;ch&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;)&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Calma/Ché&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|z}}&lt;br /&gt;
| k&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Quesse/Ká&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|2}}&lt;br /&gt;
| d&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Ando/Dó&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|w}}&lt;br /&gt;
| b&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Umbar/Bí&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|s}}&lt;br /&gt;
|j&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;AngaJé&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|x}}&lt;br /&gt;
| g&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Ungwe/Gá&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|3}}&lt;br /&gt;
| th&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Súle/Thó&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|e}}&lt;br /&gt;
| f&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Formen/Fí&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|d}}&lt;br /&gt;
|sh&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Aha/Shé&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|c}}&lt;br /&gt;
| ch/h (as in &#039;&#039;lo&#039;&#039;&#039;ch&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Hwesta/Aha&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|4}}&lt;br /&gt;
| dh&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Anto/Adhó&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|r}}&lt;br /&gt;
| v&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Ampa/Ví&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|f}}&lt;br /&gt;
|zh&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Anca/Izhe&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|v}}&lt;br /&gt;
|gh&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Unque/Agha&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|5}}&lt;br /&gt;
| n&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Númen/Nó&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|t}}&lt;br /&gt;
| m&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Malta/Mí&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|g}}&lt;br /&gt;
|ny&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Noldo/Nyé&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|b}}&lt;br /&gt;
| ng&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Nwalme/Ngá&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|6}}&lt;br /&gt;
| -r/r&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Óre/Ar&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|y}}&lt;br /&gt;
| w, -u/u&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Vala/Wí&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|h}}&lt;br /&gt;
| o&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Anna/Yé&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|n}}&lt;br /&gt;
|a&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;&#039;a&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! colspan=&amp;quot;8&amp;quot; | Additional Tengwar:&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|7}}&lt;br /&gt;
| r&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Rómen/Aro&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|u}}&lt;br /&gt;
| rh&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Arda/Rho&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|j}}&lt;br /&gt;
| l&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Lambe/Alo&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|m}}&lt;br /&gt;
| lh&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Alda/Lho&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|8}}&lt;br /&gt;
| s&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Silme/Só&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|i}}&lt;br /&gt;
|s&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Silme Nuquerna/Ós&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|k}}&lt;br /&gt;
| ss/z&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Esse/Azo&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|,}}&lt;br /&gt;
| z&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Esse Nuquerna/Oza&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|9}}&lt;br /&gt;
| h&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Hyarmen/Há&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|l}}&lt;br /&gt;
| i-, -e/e&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Yanta/Ai&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|o}}&lt;br /&gt;
| wh&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Hwesta Sindarinwa/Whí&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|.}}&lt;br /&gt;
| w&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Úre/Au&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|{{tg|`B}}	&lt;br /&gt;
|i	&lt;br /&gt;
|{{tg|~B}}	&lt;br /&gt;
|i-/y-&lt;br /&gt;
|{{tg|]}}&lt;br /&gt;
|a	&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|š}}&lt;br /&gt;
| mh&lt;br /&gt;
|}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Other modes==&lt;br /&gt;
Just as with any alphabetic writing system, every specific language written in Tengwar requires a specific orthography, depending on the phonology of that language. These Tengwar orthographies are usually called &#039;&#039;modes&#039;&#039;. All of them use as a basis the &amp;quot;[[Tengwar#Structure|theoretical values]]&amp;quot; table above, corresponding the letters to the phonemes of each language&#039;s phonology, and even drop out the characters that would be useless.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
All the modes can be divided into two large categories: &lt;br /&gt;
*Some represent vowels with diacritics called &#039;&#039;&#039;[[tehtar]]&#039;&#039;&#039; or &#039;&#039;[[ómatehtar]]&#039;&#039; (&amp;quot;vowel tehtar&amp;quot;), like the [[Quenya mode]].&lt;br /&gt;
*The &amp;quot;full writing&amp;quot; modes represent vowels by normal letters, such as the [[Quanta Sarmë]] or the [[Mode of Beleriand]].&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Furthermore, some modes map the basic consonants to {{IPA|/t/}}, {{IPA|/p/}}, {{IPA|/k/}}, and {{IPA|/kʷ/}}, while others (generally [[Mannish]]) use them to represent {{IPA|/t/}}, {{IPA|/p/}}, {{IPA|/tʃ/}}, and {{IPA|/k/}}.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== External History ==&lt;br /&gt;
The [[sarati]], a script developed by Tolkien in the late 1910s that is described in &#039;&#039;[[Parma Eldalamberon]] 13&#039;&#039;, anticipates many features of the Tengwar, especially the vowel representation by diacritics (which is found in many Tengwar varieties), different Tengwar shapes and a few correspondances between sound features and letter shape features (though inconsistent).&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Even closer to the Tengwar is the [[Valmaric script]], described in &#039;&#039;Parma Eldalamberon 14&#039;&#039;, which Tolkien used from about 1922 to 1925. It features many Tengwar shapes and the inherent vowel {{IPA|[a]}} found in some Tengwar varieties. The tables in the samples V12 and V13 show an arrangement that is very similar to the one of the primary Tengwar in the classical Quenya &amp;quot;mode&amp;quot;.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The Tengwar were probably developed in the late 1920s or in the early 1930s. &#039;&#039;The Lonely Mountain Jar Inscription&#039;&#039;, the first published Tengwar sample, dates to 1937 (&#039;&#039;[[The Hobbit]]&#039;&#039;, most editions). The full explanation of the Tengwar was published in Appendix E of &#039;&#039;[[The Lord of the Rings]]&#039;&#039; in 1955.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Inspiration==&lt;br /&gt;
[[Jim Allan]] (&#039;&#039;[[An Introduction to Elvish]]&#039;&#039;, ISBN 0-905220-10-2) compared the Tengwar with the &#039;&#039;Universal Alphabet&#039;&#039; of Francis Lodwick of 1686, both on grounds of the correspondence between shape features, sound features and of the actual letter shapes. A correspondence between shape features and sound features is also found in the Korean Hangul alphabet. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
It is not known whether Tolkien was aware of these previous scripts. However, considering the sarati and the valmaric script that he already invented in his youth, it is conceivable that Tolkien developed the idea of a general correspondence between shape features and sound features by himself.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
It is likewise not known whether the shapes of several Tengwar were inspired by the insular minuscule script (used to write Anglo-saxon) or the gothic textura and cursive scripts (used to write Middle English), with which Tolkien was familiar through reading medieval manuscripts in these languages in his professional capacity as a linguist.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Tengwar study==&lt;br /&gt;
===Modes===&lt;br /&gt;
As the peoples of Middle-earth used various modes of Tengwar, and as Tolkien wrote English, [[Old English]] and [[Norse]] in Tengwar, [[fandom|fans]] have created Tengwar modes for real languages. There are modes to write French, Swedish, Latin or Spanish. &lt;br /&gt;
=== Encoding Schemes ===&lt;br /&gt;
==== Non-Unicode ====&lt;br /&gt;
The contemporary de facto standard in the Tengwar user community maps the Tengwar characters onto the regular English character encoding following the example of the [http://www.gis.net/~dansmith/fonts/font_tengwar/ Tengwar typefaces] by [[Dan Smith]]. A drawback of the font solution is that, if no corresponding Tengwar font is installed, an awful string of [[wikipedia:Mojibake|nonsense characters]] appears.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Since there is not enough place for all the signs, certain signs are included in a &amp;quot;Tengwar A&amp;quot; font which also maps its characters on ISO 8859-1, overlapping with the first font.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
For each Tengwar diacritic there are four different codepoints that are used depending on the width of the character which bears it.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Other Tengwar typefaces with Dan Smith&#039;s encoding include [http://home.student.uu.se/j/jowi4905/fonts/annatar.html Johan Winge&#039;s Tengwar Annatar], [http://at.mansbjorkman.net/parmaite.htm Måns Björkman&#039;s Tengwar Parmaite], [http://www.geocities.com/enrombell/Archivos.htm Enrique Mombello&#039;s Tengwar Élfica] or [http://www.limes.com.pl/~miszka/ Michal Nowakowski&#039;s Tengwar Formal] (note that most of these differ in details).&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The following sample shows the first article of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights written in English according to the traditional English orthography. If no Tengwar font is installed, it will look nonsense since the corresponding ISO 8859-1 characters (Roman letters, numbers and signs) will appear instead.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{tg|j#¸ 9t&amp;amp;5# w`Vb%_ 6EO w6Y5 e7~V 2{( zèVj# 5% 2x%51T`Û 2{( 7v%1+º 4hR 7EO 2{$yYO2 y4% 7]F85^ 2{( z5^8i`B5$i( 2{( dyYj2 zE1 1`N ]Fa 4^(6 5% `C 8q7T1T W w74^(69~N2º}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==== Unicode ====&lt;br /&gt;
A proposal has been made by Michael Everson to include the Tengwar in the [[Unicode]] standard. The codepoints are subject to change; the range U+016080 to U+0160FF in the Supplementary Multilingual Plane is tentatively allocated for Tengwar according to the current [http://www.unicode.org/roadmaps/smp/ Unicode roadmap].&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Tengwar are currently included in the unofficial ConScript Unicode Registry, which assigns codepoints in the Private Use Area. Tengwar are mapped to the range U+E000 to U+E07F. The following Unicode sample (which repeats the one above) is meaningful when viewed under a typeface supporting Tengwar glyphs in the area defined in the ConScript Tengwar proposal. Some typefaces that support this proposal are [http://www.evertype.com/emono/ Everson Mono], [http://freetengwar.sourceforge.net/tengtelc.html Tengwar Telcontar], [http://www.kreativekorp.com/software/fonts/constructium.shtml Constructium], [http://freetengwar.sourceforge.net/formal.html Tengwar Formal Unicode], and [http://freetengwar.sourceforge.net/freemonotengwar.html FreeMonoTengwar] ([http://www.code2000.net/ James Kass]&#039;s Code2000 and Code2001 use an older, incompatible version of the proposal).&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;blockquote style=&amp;quot;font-family: &#039;Tengwar Formal CSUR&#039;, &#039;FreeMonoTengwar&#039;, &#039;Constructium&#039;, &#039;Everson Mono&#039;, &#039;Tengwar Formal Unicode&#039;, &#039;Tengwar Telcontar&#039;, &#039;Everson Mono&#039;; font-size: 150%; line-height: 120%&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&amp;amp;#xe022;&amp;amp;#xe051;&amp;amp;#xe040; &amp;amp;#xe028;&amp;amp;#xe011;&amp;amp;#xe04c;&amp;amp;#xe010;&amp;amp;#xe040; &amp;amp;#xe005;&amp;amp;#xe02e;&amp;amp;#xe046;&amp;amp;#xe013;&amp;amp;#xe044;&amp;amp;#xe058; &amp;amp;#xe014;&amp;amp;#xe045;&amp;amp;#xe040; &amp;amp;#xe005;&amp;amp;#xe014;&amp;amp;#xe04a;&amp;amp;#xe010; &amp;amp;#xe009;&amp;amp;#xe020;&amp;amp;#xe02e;&amp;amp;#xe046;&amp;amp;#xe02e;&amp;amp;#xe046; &amp;amp;#xe004;&amp;amp;#xe050;&amp;amp;#xe045; &amp;amp;#xe003;&amp;amp;#xe052;&amp;amp;#xe046;&amp;amp;#xe022;&amp;amp;#xe040; &amp;amp;#xe010;&amp;amp;#xe044; &amp;amp;#xe004;&amp;amp;#xe007;&amp;amp;#xe044;&amp;amp;#xe010;&amp;amp;#xe000;&amp;amp;#xe044;&amp;amp;#xe02e;&amp;amp;#xe053; &amp;amp;#xe004;&amp;amp;#xe050;&amp;amp;#xe045; &amp;amp;#xe020;&amp;amp;#xe00f;&amp;amp;#xe044;&amp;amp;#xe000;&amp;amp;#xe058; ⸬ &amp;amp;#xe00c;&amp;amp;#xe016;&amp;amp;#xe046; &amp;amp;#xe020;&amp;amp;#xe045;&amp;amp;#xe040; &amp;amp;#xe004;&amp;amp;#xe050;&amp;amp;#xe046;&amp;amp;#xe015;&amp;amp;#xe045;&amp;amp;#xe04a;&amp;amp;#xe004; &amp;amp;#xe015;&amp;amp;#xe00c;&amp;amp;#xe044; &amp;amp;#xe020;&amp;amp;#xe032;&amp;amp;#xe046;&amp;amp;#xe024;&amp;amp;#xe010;&amp;amp;#xe04a; &amp;amp;#xe004;&amp;amp;#xe050;&amp;amp;#xe045; &amp;amp;#xe003;&amp;amp;#xe010;&amp;amp;#xe04a;&amp;amp;#xe024;&amp;amp;#xe025;&amp;amp;#xe02e;&amp;amp;#xe044;&amp;amp;#xe025;&amp;amp;#xe050;&amp;amp;#xe045; &amp;amp;#xe004;&amp;amp;#xe050;&amp;amp;#xe045; &amp;amp;#xe00a;&amp;amp;#xe015;&amp;amp;#xe04a;&amp;amp;#xe022;&amp;amp;#xe004; &amp;amp;#xe003;&amp;amp;#xe040;&amp;amp;#xe000; &amp;amp;#xe000;&amp;amp;#xe015;&amp;amp;#xe04a;&amp;amp;#xe014;&amp;amp;#xe040;&amp;amp;#xe004;&amp;amp;#xe058; &amp;amp;#xe010;&amp;amp;#xe045;&amp;amp;#xe04a; &amp;amp;#xe010;&amp;amp;#xe040;&amp;amp;#xe00c;&amp;amp;#xe04a;&amp;amp;#xe020;&amp;amp;#xe046; &amp;amp;#xe010;&amp;amp;#xe044; &amp;amp;#xe02e;&amp;amp;#xe040; &amp;amp;#xe024;&amp;amp;#xe001;&amp;amp;#xe020;&amp;amp;#xe044;&amp;amp;#xe000;&amp;amp;#xe044; &amp;amp;#xe01d; &amp;amp;#xe005;&amp;amp;#xe020;&amp;amp;#xe00c;&amp;amp;#xe04a;&amp;amp;#xe014;&amp;amp;#xe046;&amp;amp;#xe028;&amp;amp;#xe004;&amp;amp;#xe04a;&amp;amp;#xe04a; ⸬&amp;lt;/blockquote&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Uses outside the legendarium===&lt;br /&gt;
Random (meaningless) Tengwar appears stylistically in a prop of an ancient tome in the [[Wikipedia:Within Temptation|Within Temptation]] music video for &amp;quot;Stand My Ground&amp;quot;. Tengwar also appears in the computer game &#039;&#039;[[Wikipedia:Atlantis: The Lost Tales|Atlantis: The Lost Tales]]&#039;&#039; and the &#039;&#039;[[Wikipedia:Alone in the Dar|Alone in the Dark]]&#039;&#039; comic book.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Several linguists, such as [[Wikipedia:Eric S. Raymond|Eric S. Raymond]], promote the usage of Tengwar for the constructed language [[Wikipedia:Lojban|Lojban]] as it is culturally neutral and contains some main Lojban morphology rules, making Lojban easier to learn when it is written with Tengwar.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Kena. [http://vodka-pomme.net/projects/tengwar-for-lojban/lojteng#learn  &#039;&#039;Lojban using tengwar - why?&#039;&#039;] (accessed August 2007)&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; (Another suggested mode can be seen [http://www.catb.org/~esr/tengwar/lojban-tengwar.html there]).&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== See also ==&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Sarati]]&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Cirth]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== External Links ==&lt;br /&gt;
*[http://www.forodrim.org/daeron/md_teng_primers.html Tengwar tutorials]&lt;br /&gt;
* [http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/History_of_Elven_writing_systems History of Elven writing systems] Wikibook on the secondary-world history of the Elven writing systems&lt;br /&gt;
* [http://at.mansbjorkman.net/tengwar.htm Amanye Tenceli - The Tengwar] A comprehensive study of the Tengwar script&lt;br /&gt;
* [http://www.forodrim.org/daeron/mdtci.html The Mellonath Daeron Index of Tengwar Specimina] &amp;amp;mdash; a continuously expanding list of all published Tengwar samples&lt;br /&gt;
* [http://www.tengwar.art.pl/tengwar/fonty.php A comprehensive list of Tengwar fonts] (in Polish, but still useful even if you can&#039;t read the language)&lt;br /&gt;
* [http://www.omniglot.com/conscripts/tengwar.htm Omniglot reference]&lt;br /&gt;
* [http://www.geocities.com/TimesSquare/4948/tengwar Tengwar] by Dan Smith&lt;br /&gt;
* [http://www.geocities.com/tengwar2001/ Tolkien Script Publishing]&lt;br /&gt;
* [http://tengwar.art.pl/tengwar/ott/start.php?l=en Online Tengwar transcriber]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== Modes ===&lt;br /&gt;
* [http://at.mansbjorkman.net/teng_general_english.htm Tengwar Mode for English (general use)]&lt;br /&gt;
* [http://www.duvendor.com.br/amanye/Downloads/FTMME_Text.pdf Full Tengwar Modes for Modern English]&lt;br /&gt;
* [http://catb.org/~esr/tengwar/ ESR&#039;s Tengwar modes for Esperanto and Lojban languages]&lt;br /&gt;
* [http://lambenor.free.fr/tengwar/espanol.html Tengwar mode for Spanish]&lt;br /&gt;
* [http://my.opera.com/tengwarblog/blog/deutscher-tengwar-modus Tengwar mode for German (full writing)]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== Software ===&lt;br /&gt;
* [http://tengwar.art.pl/tengwar/ott/start.php?l=en Online Tengwar transcriber]&lt;br /&gt;
* [http://at.mansbjorkman.net/tengscribe.htm  Tengwar Scribe] (Win32)&lt;br /&gt;
* [http://jadro.ludviku.cz/yatt/  YATT (Win32) and YATT lite (Linux, Mac)]&lt;br /&gt;
* [http://tengwar.art.pl/ktt/  KTT] (Linux+KDE)&lt;br /&gt;
* [http://www.acondia.com/font_tengwar/TengwarMacros_v19F.zip Tengwar Macros for Microsoft Word/97 and Word/2000]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
More of Tengwar software on [http://tengwar.art.pl/tengwar/programy.php Tengwar Feanora] web-site (in Polish).&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== Technical ===&lt;br /&gt;
* [http://wikisophia.org/wiki/Wikitex#Teng WikiTeX] supports editing Tengwar directly in Wiki articles.&lt;br /&gt;
* [http://std.dkuug.dk/jtc1/sc2/wg2/docs/n1641/n1641.htm Official proposal to encode Tengwar in Unicode]&lt;br /&gt;
* [http://www.evertype.com/standards/csur/tengwar.html Tengwar proposal for ConScript Unicode Registry]&lt;br /&gt;
* [http://movies.groups.yahoo.com/group/elfscript/message/30 Critique on the official proposal to encode Tengwar in Unicode]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{references}}&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;small&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
* Christopher Tolkien, &#039;&#039;The Tengwar Numerals&#039;&#039;, in &#039;&#039;[[Quettar]]&#039;&#039; 13, Feb. 1982, pp. 8-9; a further, untitled, explanation of the Tengwar numerals by Christopher Tolkien appeared in &#039;&#039;Quettar&#039;&#039; 14, May 1982, pp. 6-7.&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/small&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Quenya nouns]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Tengwar]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Writing systems]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[de:Tengwar]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[fr:encyclo/langues/tengwar]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[fi:Tengwar]]&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Idhrendin</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=Jane_Neave&amp;diff=290323</id>
		<title>Jane Neave</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=Jane_Neave&amp;diff=290323"/>
		<updated>2016-11-18T06:54:46Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Idhrendin: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;{{stub}}&lt;br /&gt;
[[File:Jane Suffield3.jpg|thumb|225px]]&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;Emily Jane Neave (&#039;&#039;née&#039;&#039; Suffield)&#039;&#039;&#039; ([[June]] [[1872]] - [[22 February]] [[1963]]&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;[[Andrew H. Morton]], John Hayes, &#039;&#039;[[Tolkien&#039;s Gedling]]&#039;&#039;, p. 24&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;) was [[Mabel Tolkien]]&#039;s sister, and thus one of [[J.R.R. Tolkien]]&#039;s aunts.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Jane Neave worked as a schoolteacher, and the young J.R.R. Tolkien on occasion stayed with his aunt and her husband Edvin Neave while [[Mabel Tolkien]] was hospitalized.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{CG|RG}}, pp. 637-8&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;Jane Neave&#039;s farm was called Bag End by the locals in Dormston, Worcestershire.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{HM|N}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Because of a suggestion from Jane Neave, J.R.R. Tolkien published the book &#039;&#039;[[The Adventures of Tom Bombadil]]&#039;&#039; in [[1962]].&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;[[Tom Shippey]], &amp;quot;Introduction&amp;quot;, in &#039;&#039;[[Tales from the Perilous Realm]]&#039;&#039; ([[J.R.R. Tolkien]]; HarperCollins 2008), p. xix&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==See Also==&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Letter to Jane Neave (22 September 1937)]]&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Letter to Jane Neave (15 November 1961)]]&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Lamb&#039;s Farm, Gedling]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==External links==&lt;br /&gt;
*[http://www.search.connectinghistories.org.uk/engine/resource/exhibition/sequential/default.asp?theme=133&amp;amp;originator=/engine/theme/default.asp&amp;amp;page=&amp;amp;records=&amp;amp;direction=&amp;amp;pointer=9&amp;amp;text=0&amp;amp;resource=1150 Jane Suffield part 1] by Maggie Burns&lt;br /&gt;
*[http://www.search.connectinghistories.org.uk/engine/resource/exhibition/sequential/child.asp?txtKeywords=&amp;amp;lstContext=&amp;amp;lstResourceType=&amp;amp;lstExhibitionType=&amp;amp;chkPurchaseVisible=&amp;amp;txtDateFrom=&amp;amp;txtDateTo=&amp;amp;x1=&amp;amp;y1=&amp;amp;x2=&amp;amp;y2=&amp;amp;scale=&amp;amp;theme=133&amp;amp;album=&amp;amp;resource=1150&amp;amp;viewpage=%2Fengine%2Fresource%2Fexhibition%2Fsequential%2Fdefault%2Easp&amp;amp;originator=%2Fengine%2Ftheme%2Fdefault%2Easp&amp;amp;page=&amp;amp;records=&amp;amp;direction=&amp;amp;pointer=9&amp;amp;text=0&amp;amp;exhibition=750 Jane Suffield part 2] by Maggie Burns&lt;br /&gt;
*[http://www.search.connectinghistories.org.uk/engine/resource/exhibition/sequential/child.asp?txtKeywords=&amp;amp;lstContext=&amp;amp;lstResourceType=&amp;amp;lstExhibitionType=&amp;amp;chkPurchaseVisible=&amp;amp;txtDateFrom=&amp;amp;txtDateTo=&amp;amp;x1=&amp;amp;y1=&amp;amp;x2=&amp;amp;y2=&amp;amp;scale=&amp;amp;theme=133&amp;amp;album=&amp;amp;viewpage=%2Fengine%2Fresource%2Fexhibition%2Fsequential%2Fchild%2Easp&amp;amp;originator=%2Fengine%2Ftheme%2Fdefault%2Easp&amp;amp;page=&amp;amp;records=&amp;amp;direction=&amp;amp;pointer=9&amp;amp;text=0&amp;amp;resource=1150&amp;amp;exhibition=751 Jane Suffield part 3] by Maggie Burns&lt;br /&gt;
*[http://www.search.connectinghistories.org.uk/engine/resource/exhibition/sequential/child.asp?txtKeywords=&amp;amp;lstContext=&amp;amp;lstResourceType=&amp;amp;lstExhibitionType=&amp;amp;chkPurchaseVisible=&amp;amp;txtDateFrom=&amp;amp;txtDateTo=&amp;amp;x1=&amp;amp;y1=&amp;amp;x2=&amp;amp;y2=&amp;amp;scale=&amp;amp;theme=133&amp;amp;album=&amp;amp;viewpage=%2Fengine%2Fresource%2Fexhibition%2Fsequential%2Fchild%2Easp&amp;amp;originator=%2Fengine%2Ftheme%2Fdefault%2Easp&amp;amp;page=&amp;amp;records=&amp;amp;direction=&amp;amp;pointer=9&amp;amp;text=0&amp;amp;resource=1150&amp;amp;exhibition=752 Jane Suffield part 4] by Maggie Burns&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{References}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{DEFAULTSORT:Neave, Jane}}&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:British people]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Letter receivers]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:People by name]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Tolkien Family]]&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Idhrendin</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=3_November&amp;diff=290170</id>
		<title>3 November</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=3_November&amp;diff=290170"/>
		<updated>2016-11-03T09:07:22Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Idhrendin: /* On Earth */&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;&amp;lt;noinclude&amp;gt;{{month|November|hide31=yes}}&lt;br /&gt;
Events that occurred on {{PAGENAME}}.&lt;br /&gt;
==On Earth==&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/noinclude&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;[[1968]]&#039;&#039;&#039; - &#039;&#039;A Warm Welcome&#039;&#039;, the sixth episode of the [[The Hobbit (1968 radio series)|1968 radio series]] of &#039;&#039;[[The Hobbit]]&#039;&#039;, is aired on [[BBC|BBC Radio]].&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;[[2004]]&#039;&#039;&#039; - &amp;quot;Shadows&amp;quot;, the eleventh set in &#039;&#039;[[The Lord of the Rings Trading Card Game]]&#039;&#039;, is released.&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;[[2010]]&#039;&#039;&#039; - Author [[Glen GoodKnight]] dies.&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;[[2016]]&#039;&#039;&#039; - &#039;&#039;[[The Lay of Aotrou and Itroun]]&#039;&#039; is published.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==In Arda==&lt;br /&gt;
* {{FA|495}}:&lt;br /&gt;
** [[Tuor]], guided by [[Voronwë]], travels to [[Gondolin]] in order to deliver [[Ulmo]]&#039;s message to [[Turgon]].&lt;br /&gt;
* {{TA|3018}}:&lt;br /&gt;
** {{Cal Preparation-Company}}&lt;br /&gt;
* {{TA|3019}}:&lt;br /&gt;
** [[Battle of Bywater]]&lt;br /&gt;
** Passing of [[Saruman]]&lt;br /&gt;
** Death of [[Gríma|Gríma Wormtongue]]&amp;lt;noinclude&amp;gt;[[Category:Dates|308]]&amp;lt;/noinclude&amp;gt;&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Idhrendin</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=The_Lay_of_Aotrou_and_Itroun&amp;diff=290169</id>
		<title>The Lay of Aotrou and Itroun</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=The_Lay_of_Aotrou_and_Itroun&amp;diff=290169"/>
		<updated>2016-11-03T08:47:30Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Idhrendin: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;{{Book&lt;br /&gt;
| title=The Lay of Aotrou and Itroun&lt;br /&gt;
| image=&lt;br /&gt;
| author=[[J.R.R. Tolkien]]&lt;br /&gt;
| editor=[[Verlyn Flieger]]&lt;br /&gt;
| illustrator=&lt;br /&gt;
| publisherUK=[[HarperCollins]]&lt;br /&gt;
| publisherUS=&lt;br /&gt;
| date=[[3 November]] [[2016]]&lt;br /&gt;
| format=Hardback&lt;br /&gt;
| pages=128&lt;br /&gt;
| isbn=9780008202132&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;The Lay of Aotrou and Itroun&#039;&#039;&#039; is a 506-line poem written by [[J.R.R. Tolkien]] in [[1930]]. It was first published in &#039;&#039;[[The Welsh Review (Vol.IV, No.4)|The Welsh Review]]&#039;&#039; in December [[1945]], and has been published in its own volume edited by [[Verlyn Flieger]] on [[3 November]] [[2016]].&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;HarperCollinsLay&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{webcite|articleurl=https://www.harpercollins.co.uk/9780008202132/the-lay-of-aotrou-and-itroun|articlename=The Lay of Aotrou and Itroun|website=HarperCollins|accessed=3 November 2016}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==From the publisher==&lt;br /&gt;
Coming from the darker side of J.R.R. Tolkien&#039;s imagination, &amp;quot;The Lay of Aotrou and Itroun&amp;quot; is an important non Middle-earth work to set alongside his other retellings of existing myth and legend, The Legend of Sigurd and Gudrún, The Fall of Arthur and The Story of Kullervo.&lt;br /&gt;
Together with Tolkien’s “Corrigan Poems”, which are included in this book, the Aotrou and Itroun texts comprise a sequence that was the outcome of a comparatively short but intense period in Tolkien&#039;s life when he was deeply engaged with Celtic languages and mythologies.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The sequence shows the corrigan’s increasingly powerful presence, as she takes an ever more active role in the lives of Aotrou and Itroun, Lord and Lady. She would finally emerge, changed in motive and character but still recognizable, in The Lord of the Rings as the beautiful and terrible Lady of the Golden Wood, the Elven queen Galadriel.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The book is edited and introduced by Verlyn Flieger, and includes a new prefatory note on the text by Christopher Tolkien.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==The poem==&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;Aotrou&#039;&#039; and &#039;&#039;Itrou&#039;&#039; are Breton words for &amp;quot;lord&amp;quot; and &amp;quot;lady&amp;quot;. The poem is modelled on the genre of the &amp;quot;[[wikipedia:Breton lai|Breton lay]]&amp;quot; popular in [[Middle English]] literature of the 12th century, and it explores the conflict of heroic or chivalric values and Christianity, and their relation to the institution of marriage.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In the poem, Aotrou and Itroun are a couple of Breton nobility. They are childless, and Aotrou seeks the help of a witch. When Itroun is with child, the witch reappears, revealing herself as the Corrigan, and asks for Atrou&#039;s love as payment. Aotrou sacrifices his knightly honour to Christian values, and breaks his word.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&#039;&#039;&amp;quot;I gave no love. My love is wed;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
:&#039;&#039;my wife now lieth in child-bed,&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
:&#039;&#039;and I curse the beast that cheated me&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
:&#039;&#039;and drew me to this dell to thee.&amp;quot;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Cursed by the Corrigan to die in three days, Aotrou takes the consequences and places his trust in Providence:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&#039;&#039;In three days I shall live at ease&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
:&#039;&#039;and die but when it God doth please&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
:&#039;&#039;in eld, or in some time to come&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
:&#039;&#039;in the brave wars of Christendom.&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Aotrou passes away after three days, his wife dies of broken heart and they are buried together, and they do not live to see their offspring grow up.  &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Publication history==&lt;br /&gt;
Since its publication in &#039;&#039;[[The Welsh Review (Vol.IV, No.4)|The Welsh Review]]&#039;&#039; in [[1945]], the poem was reprinted in a bilingual (Serbian/English) edition in [[2002]], entitled &#039;&#039;[[Pesma o Otruu i Itrun]]&#039;&#039;.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{webcite|author=|articleurl=http://www.tolkienbooks.net/php/details.php?reference=31350|articlename=Welsh Review. 1945|dated=|website=TB|accessed=22 June 2013}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{webcite|author=|articleurl=http://www.unesco.org/xtrans/bsresult.aspx?lg=0&amp;amp;a=Tolkien&amp;amp;l=srp&amp;amp;fr=10|articlename=Index Translationum (search result for Tolkien + Serbian)|dated=|website=[http://www.unesco.org Unesco.org]|accessed=22 June 2013}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
It has been published in its own volume edited by Verlyn Flieger on 3 November 2016.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;HarperCollinsLay&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==See also==&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Index:Poems by J.R.R. Tolkien|Poems by J.R.R. Tolkien]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==External links==&lt;br /&gt;
*[http://ae-lib.org.ua/texts-c/tolkien__the_lay_of_aotrou_and_itroun__en.htm The Lay of Aotrou and Itroun]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{references}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{title|italics}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{DEFAULTSORT:Lay of Aotrou and Itroun, The}}&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Books by J.R.R. Tolkien]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Books by Verlyn Flieger]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Poems by J.R.R. Tolkien]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Fiction books]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Posthumous publications]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Publications by title]]&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Idhrendin</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=The_Lay_of_Aotrou_and_Itroun&amp;diff=290168</id>
		<title>The Lay of Aotrou and Itroun</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=The_Lay_of_Aotrou_and_Itroun&amp;diff=290168"/>
		<updated>2016-11-03T08:43:37Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Idhrendin: The cover was also released, but I cannot upload it.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;{{Book&lt;br /&gt;
| title=The Lay of Aotrou and Itroun&lt;br /&gt;
| image=&lt;br /&gt;
| author=[[J.R.R. Tolkien]]&lt;br /&gt;
| editor=[[Verlyn Flieger]]&lt;br /&gt;
| illustrator=&lt;br /&gt;
| publisherUK=[[HarperCollins]]&lt;br /&gt;
| publisherUS=&lt;br /&gt;
| date=[[3 November]] [[2016]]&lt;br /&gt;
| format=Hardback&lt;br /&gt;
| pages=128&lt;br /&gt;
| isbn=9780008202132&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;The Lay of Aotrou and Itroun&#039;&#039;&#039; is a 506-line poem written by [[J.R.R. Tolkien]] in [[1930]]. It was first published in &#039;&#039;[[The Welsh Review (Vol.IV, No.4)|The Welsh Review]]&#039;&#039; in December [[1945]], and has been published in its own volume edited by [[Verlyn Flieger]] on [[3 November]] [[2016]].&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;HarperCollinsLay&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{webcite|articleurl=https://www.harpercollins.co.uk/9780008202132/the-lay-of-aotrou-and-itroun|articlename=The Lay of Aotrou and Itroun|website=HarperCollins|accessed=11 July 2016}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==From the publisher==&lt;br /&gt;
Coming from the darker side of J.R.R. Tolkien&#039;s imagination, &amp;quot;The Lay of Aotrou and Itroun&amp;quot; is an important non Middle-earth work to set alongside his other retellings of existing myth and legend, The Legend of Sigurd and Gudrún, The Fall of Arthur and The Story of Kullervo.&lt;br /&gt;
Together with Tolkien’s “Corrigan Poems”, which are included in this book, the Aotrou and Itroun texts comprise a sequence that was the outcome of a comparatively short but intense period in Tolkien&#039;s life when he was deeply engaged with Celtic languages and mythologies.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The sequence shows the corrigan’s increasingly powerful presence, as she takes an ever more active role in the lives of Aotrou and Itroun, Lord and Lady. She would finally emerge, changed in motive and character but still recognizable, in The Lord of the Rings as the beautiful and terrible Lady of the Golden Wood, the Elven queen Galadriel.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The book is edited and introduced by Verlyn Flieger, and includes a new prefatory note on the text by Christopher Tolkien.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==The poem==&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;Aotrou&#039;&#039; and &#039;&#039;Itrou&#039;&#039; are Breton words for &amp;quot;lord&amp;quot; and &amp;quot;lady&amp;quot;. The poem is modelled on the genre of the &amp;quot;[[wikipedia:Breton lai|Breton lay]]&amp;quot; popular in [[Middle English]] literature of the 12th century, and it explores the conflict of heroic or chivalric values and Christianity, and their relation to the institution of marriage.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In the poem, Aotrou and Itroun are a couple of Breton nobility. They are childless, and Aotrou seeks the help of a witch. When Itroun is with child, the witch reappears, revealing herself as the Corrigan, and asks for Atrou&#039;s love as payment. Aotrou sacrifices his knightly honour to Christian values, and breaks his word.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&#039;&#039;&amp;quot;I gave no love. My love is wed;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
:&#039;&#039;my wife now lieth in child-bed,&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
:&#039;&#039;and I curse the beast that cheated me&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
:&#039;&#039;and drew me to this dell to thee.&amp;quot;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Cursed by the Corrigan to die in three days, Aotrou takes the consequences and places his trust in Providence:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&#039;&#039;In three days I shall live at ease&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
:&#039;&#039;and die but when it God doth please&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
:&#039;&#039;in eld, or in some time to come&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
:&#039;&#039;in the brave wars of Christendom.&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Aotrou passes away after three days, his wife dies of broken heart and they are buried together, and they do not live to see their offspring grow up.  &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Publication history==&lt;br /&gt;
Since its publication in &#039;&#039;[[The Welsh Review (Vol.IV, No.4)|The Welsh Review]]&#039;&#039; in [[1945]], the poem was reprinted in a bilingual (Serbian/English) edition in [[2002]], entitled &#039;&#039;[[Pesma o Otruu i Itrun]]&#039;&#039;.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{webcite|author=|articleurl=http://www.tolkienbooks.net/php/details.php?reference=31350|articlename=Welsh Review. 1945|dated=|website=TB|accessed=22 June 2013}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{webcite|author=|articleurl=http://www.unesco.org/xtrans/bsresult.aspx?lg=0&amp;amp;a=Tolkien&amp;amp;l=srp&amp;amp;fr=10|articlename=Index Translationum (search result for Tolkien + Serbian)|dated=|website=[http://www.unesco.org Unesco.org]|accessed=22 June 2013}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
It will be published in its own volume edited by Verlyn Flieger on 3 November 2016.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;HarperCollinsLay&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==See also==&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Index:Poems by J.R.R. Tolkien|Poems by J.R.R. Tolkien]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==External links==&lt;br /&gt;
*[http://ae-lib.org.ua/texts-c/tolkien__the_lay_of_aotrou_and_itroun__en.htm The Lay of Aotrou and Itroun]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{references}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{title|italics}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{DEFAULTSORT:Lay of Aotrou and Itroun, The}}&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Books by J.R.R. Tolkien]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Books by Verlyn Flieger]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Poems by J.R.R. Tolkien]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Fiction books]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Posthumous publications]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Publications by title]]&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Idhrendin</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=User:Idhrendin/Sandbox&amp;diff=289962</id>
		<title>User:Idhrendin/Sandbox</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=User:Idhrendin/Sandbox&amp;diff=289962"/>
		<updated>2016-10-20T07:54:51Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Idhrendin: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;&#039;&#039;&#039;Swig and Toss&#039;&#039;&#039; was the second game in a series of minigames that were made to promote [[Turbine]]&#039;s [[The Lord of the Rings Online: Mines of Moria|Mines of Moria]].&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Gameplay==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Deeds==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==References==&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;references/&amp;gt;&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Idhrendin</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=User:Idhrendin/Sandbox&amp;diff=289961</id>
		<title>User:Idhrendin/Sandbox</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=User:Idhrendin/Sandbox&amp;diff=289961"/>
		<updated>2016-10-20T07:53:11Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Idhrendin: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;&#039;&#039;&#039;Swig and Toss&#039;&#039;&#039; was the second game in a series of minigames that were made to promote [[Turbine]]&#039;s [[The Lord of the Rings Online: Mines of Moria|Mines of Moria]].&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Idhrendin</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=Arwen&amp;diff=289960</id>
		<title>Arwen</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=Arwen&amp;diff=289960"/>
		<updated>2016-10-20T07:35:02Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Idhrendin: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;{{sources}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{half-elf infobox&lt;br /&gt;
| name=Arwen&lt;br /&gt;
| image=[[File:John Howe - Arwen.jpg|250px]]&lt;br /&gt;
| caption=&amp;quot;Arwen&amp;quot; by [[John Howe]]&lt;br /&gt;
| pronun=&lt;br /&gt;
| othernames=&#039;&#039;Undómiel&#039;&#039; ([[Quenya|Q]], &amp;quot;Evenstar&amp;quot;)&lt;br /&gt;
| titles=Queen of Gondor&lt;br /&gt;
| location=[[Rivendell]], [[Lothlórien]], [[Reunited Kingdom]]&lt;br /&gt;
| position=&lt;br /&gt;
| affiliation=&lt;br /&gt;
| language=Primarily [[Sindarin]]&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Languages&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{App|Elves}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| birth={{TA|241}}&lt;br /&gt;
| birthlocation=&lt;br /&gt;
| rule={{TA|3019}} - {{FoA|120}}&lt;br /&gt;
| death={{FoA|121}}&lt;br /&gt;
| deathlocation=[[Cerin Amroth]], [[Lothlórien]]&lt;br /&gt;
| age=2,901&lt;br /&gt;
| notablefor=&lt;br /&gt;
| house=&lt;br /&gt;
| heritage=[[Half-elven]] father, [[Elves|Elf]] mother&lt;br /&gt;
| parentage=[[Elrond]] and [[Celebrían]]&lt;br /&gt;
| siblings=[[Elladan]] and [[Elrohir]]&lt;br /&gt;
| spouse=[[Aragorn]]&lt;br /&gt;
| children=[[Eldarion]] and several daughters&lt;br /&gt;
| gender=Female&lt;br /&gt;
| height=&lt;br /&gt;
| hair=Dark&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Many&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{FR|Meetings}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| eyes=Grey&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Many&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| clothing=Grey raiment with girdle of silver leaves;&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Many&amp;quot;/&amp;gt; silver and blue mantle&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Tale&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{App|A1v}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| weapons=&lt;br /&gt;
| steed=&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{quote|[[Frodo Baggins|Frodo]] saw her whom few [[mortals]] had yet seen; &#039;&#039;&#039;Arwen&#039;&#039;&#039;, daughter of [[Elrond]], in whom it was said that the likeness of [[Lúthien]] had come on earth again; and she was called [[Undómiel]], for she was the Evenstar of her people.|&#039;&#039;[[The Fellowship of the Ring]]&#039;&#039;, [[Many Meetings]]&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Many&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{FR|II1}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;}}&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;Arwen Undómiel&#039;&#039;&#039; (&#039;&#039;Arwen&#039;&#039; is [[Sindarin|S]], pron. {{IPA|[ˈarwen]}}; &#039;&#039;Undómiel&#039;&#039; is [[Quenya|Q]], pron. {{IPA|[unˈdoːmi.el]}}), often called &#039;&#039;&#039;Arwen Evenstar&#039;&#039;&#039;, was the betrothed of [[Aragorn|Aragorn II]]. She is the daughter of [[Elrond]] and [[Celebrían]]. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
She was considered to be the fairest of the [[Children of Ilúvatar]], resembling [[Lúthien]] of the [[First Age]] who would never again appear in [[Middle-earth]]. Her romance with [[Aragorn]] was reminiscent of that between the Man [[Beren]] and the Elf Lúthien.  Few other marriages between Man and Elf were known. Like Lúthien, she rejected her [[Elves|Elven]] immortality to marry Aragorn and die with him.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== History ==&lt;br /&gt;
[[File:Anna Lee - Evenstar.jpg|thumb|left|Anna Lee - &#039;&#039;Evenstar&#039;&#039;]]&lt;br /&gt;
Arwen was born in {{TA|241}} and was the younger sister of [[Elladan]] and [[Elrohir]]. From her mother she inherited the [[Elfstone]].&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;CG&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{UT|6}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; As a [[Half-elven]] she shared the right of her father to choose her fate. She lived most of her life in her homestead in [[Imladris]] or [[Lothlórien]] with her grandparents.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Tale&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Her father fostered the sons of the [[Chieftains of the Dúnedain]], who were the exiled [[Heir of Isildur|Heirs of Isildur]].&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{App|Eriador}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; It was in {{TA|2952}} when she returned from Lothlórien to Rivendell when she met a young foster-son of her father, [[Aragorn]]. The young [[Dúnadan]] fell in love when he first saw her, but Elrond insisted that Arwen could not marry Aragorn until he became king of both [[Gondor]] and [[Arnor]]. Whatever Arwen&#039;s choice, she would be parted from either Elrond or Aragorn for ever.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Tale&amp;quot;/&amp;gt; &lt;br /&gt;
[[File:Stephen Hickman - Aragorn and Arwen.jpg|thumb|left|Stephen Hickman - &#039;&#039;Aragorn and Arwen&#039;&#039;]]&lt;br /&gt;
It was not until they met many years later in Lórien that she returned in love, and in {{TA|2980}} they plighted their troth on [[Cerin Amroth]]. Aragorn gave her the [[Ring of Barahir]]. After Aragorn left for his travels and deeds, Arwen continually served as inspiration and motivation for him, who had to become King before he could wed her and devoted many long years to this cause.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Tale&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
When Aragorn brought the [[Hobbits]] to [[Rivendell]], during the [[War of the Ring]], he reunited with Arwen. [[Frodo Baggins|Frodo]] saw Aragorn with her at one point—the first hint of their relationship.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Many&amp;quot;/&amp;gt; Later, when the [[Fellowship of the Ring|Fellowship]] came to [[Lothlórien]], Aragorn  remembered their earlier meeting on Cerin Amroth. When the Fellowship departed and [[Galadriel]] offered them [[gifts of Galadriel|her gifts]], Arwen&#039;s Elfstone was the gift for Aragorn, which he would wear ever after.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{FR|II8}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;. This giving held the function of a wedding gift from the family of the bride to the groom, foretelling his marriage to Arwen.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{MR|Laws}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
When [[Éowyn]] fell in love with Aragorn it was his fidelity to Arwen that forbade him from reciprocating, thereby motivating Éowyn&#039;s subsequent actions.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{RK|Houses}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
While Aragorn was out in the War, Arwen made, with her hands, the [[Livery of Elendil]] in [[mithril]], gems and gold on black cloth. This was taken by her brothers and a group of [[Rangers of the North]] to Aragorn before taking the [[Paths of the Dead]], and was an encouraging sign for him to take the difficult path.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{RK|V2}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; It was unfurled at the [[Battle of the Pelennor Fields]] to triumphantly announce the King&#039;s return.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{RK|V6}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
[[File:Janka Latečková - King and his Queen.jpg|thumb|right|Janka Latečková - &#039;&#039;King and his Queen&#039;&#039;]]&lt;br /&gt;
Aragorn wed Arwen after the War of the Ring when he finally became a King of the new [[Reunited Kingdom]]. Arwen chose a fate different from her father&#039;s and did not sail to the [[Aman|West]]. As Queen of Gondor, Arwen bore one son, [[Eldarion]], and several daughters. Even after Aragorn&#039;s death, Arwen did not repent, and eventually gave up her life in {{FoA|121}}, at [[Cerin Amroth]] in Lórien, and she was buried there.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Tale&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Genealogy ==&lt;br /&gt;
[[File:Abe Papakhian - Lord of Rivendell.jpg|thumb|Arwen in Rivendell]]&lt;br /&gt;
Arwen was actually a very distant relative of Aragorn, being his first cousin sixty-three times removed. By their marriage, the long-sundered lines of the [[Half-elven]] were joined.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{App|A1}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; Their union also served to unite and preserve the bloodlines of the Three Kings of the High Elves ([[Ingwë]], [[Finwë]], and brothers [[Olwë]] and [[Elwë]]) as well as the only line with [[Maiar]]in blood through Arwen&#039;s great-great grandmother, [[Melian]].&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;div style=&amp;quot;overflow-x: scroll; overflow-y: hidden; border: 1px solid #AAAAAA; padding: 3px; background: #EEEEEE;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
{{familytree/start}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{familytree| FIN |y| EAW | | GLN | | TUO |y| IDR | | DIO |y| NIM | |FIN=[[Finarfin]]&amp;lt;/br&amp;gt;&amp;lt;small&amp;gt;&#039;&#039;b. {{YT|1230}}&#039;&#039;&amp;lt;/small&amp;gt;|EAW=[[Eärwen]]&amp;lt;/br&amp;gt;&amp;lt;small&amp;gt;&#039;&#039;b. {{YT}}&#039;&#039;&amp;lt;/small&amp;gt;|GLN=[[Galadhon]]&amp;lt;/br&amp;gt;&amp;lt;small&amp;gt;&#039;&#039;b. {{FA}}&#039;&#039;&amp;lt;/small&amp;gt;|TUO=[[Tuor]]&amp;lt;/br&amp;gt;&amp;lt;small&amp;gt;&#039;&#039;b. {{FA|472}}&#039;&#039;&amp;lt;/small&amp;gt;|IDR=[[Idril]]&amp;lt;/br&amp;gt;&amp;lt;small&amp;gt;&#039;&#039;b. {{YT}}&#039;&#039;&amp;lt;/small&amp;gt;|DIO=[[Dior]]&amp;lt;/br&amp;gt;&amp;lt;small&amp;gt;&#039;&#039;{{FA|470}} - {{FA|506|n}}&#039;&#039;&amp;lt;/small&amp;gt;|NIM=[[Nimloth]]&amp;lt;/br&amp;gt;&amp;lt;small&amp;gt;&#039;&#039;d. {{FA|506}}&#039;&#039;&amp;lt;/small&amp;gt;}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{familytree| | | |!| | | | | |!| | | | | |!| | | | | | | |!| | | | |}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{familytree| | | GAL |~|y|~| CEL | | | | EAR |~|~|y|~|~| ELW | | | |GAL=[[Galadriel]]&amp;lt;/br&amp;gt;&amp;lt;small&amp;gt;&#039;&#039;b. {{YT|1362}}&#039;&#039;&amp;lt;/small&amp;gt;|CEL=[[Celeborn]]&amp;lt;/br&amp;gt;&amp;lt;small&amp;gt;&#039;&#039;b. {{FA}}&#039;&#039;&amp;lt;/small&amp;gt;|EAR=[[Eärendil]]&amp;lt;/br&amp;gt;&amp;lt;small&amp;gt;&#039;&#039;b. {{FA|503}}&#039;&#039;&amp;lt;/small&amp;gt;|ELW=[[Elwing]]&amp;lt;/br&amp;gt;&amp;lt;small&amp;gt;&#039;&#039;b. {{FA|503}}&#039;&#039;&amp;lt;/small&amp;gt;}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{familytree| | | | | | |!| | | | | | | | | |,|-|-|^|-|.| | | | | | | |}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{familytree| | | | | | CLB |~|~|~|y|~|~|~| ELR | | | ELS | | | | | | |CLB=[[Celebrían]]&amp;lt;/br&amp;gt;&amp;lt;small&amp;gt;&#039;&#039;b. {{SA}}&#039;&#039;&amp;lt;/small&amp;gt;|ELR=[[Elrond]]&amp;lt;/br&amp;gt;&amp;lt;small&amp;gt;&#039;&#039;b. {{FA|532}}&#039;&#039;&amp;lt;/small&amp;gt;|ELS=[[Elros]]&amp;lt;/br&amp;gt;&amp;lt;small&amp;gt;&#039;&#039;{{FA|532}} - {{SA|442}}&#039;&#039;&amp;lt;/small&amp;gt;}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{familytree| | | | | | | |,|-|-|-|+|-|-|-|.| | | | | |:| | | | | | | |}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{familytree| | | | | | | ELL | | ELO | | ARW |~|y|~| ARA | | | | | | |ELL=[[Elladan]]&amp;lt;/br&amp;gt;&amp;lt;small&amp;gt;&#039;&#039;b. {{TA|130}}&#039;&#039;&amp;lt;/small&amp;gt;|ELO=[[Elrohir]]&amp;lt;/br&amp;gt;&amp;lt;small&amp;gt;&#039;&#039;b. {{TA|130}}&#039;&#039;&amp;lt;/small&amp;gt;|ARW=&#039;&#039;&#039;ARWEN&#039;&#039;&#039;&amp;lt;/br&amp;gt;&amp;lt;small&amp;gt;&#039;&#039;{{TA|241}} - {{FoA|121}}&#039;&#039;&amp;lt;/small&amp;gt;|ARA=[[Aragorn|Aragorn II]]&amp;lt;/br&amp;gt;&amp;lt;small&amp;gt;&#039;&#039;{{TA|2931}} - {{FoA|120}}&#039;&#039;&amp;lt;/small&amp;gt;}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{familytree| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |,|-|^|-|.| | | | | | | | |}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{familytree| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | EDN | | DAU | | | | | | | |EDN=[[Eldarion]]&amp;lt;/br&amp;gt;&amp;lt;small&amp;gt;&#039;&#039;b. {{FoA}}&#039;&#039;&amp;lt;/small&amp;gt;|DAU=&#039;&#039;unknown&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;daughters&#039;&#039;}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{familytree/end}}&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Etymology ==&lt;br /&gt;
{{Pronounce|Arwen Undomiel.mp3|Ardamir}}&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;Arwen&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039; means &amp;quot;Noble Maiden&amp;quot; in [[Sindarin]] (from &#039;&#039;[[ara]]-&#039;&#039; = &amp;quot;noble&amp;quot; and &#039;&#039;[[gwenn]]&#039;&#039; = &amp;quot;maiden&amp;quot;).&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{HM|RC}}, p. 205&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The [[Quenya]] form of her name is not entirely certain, but in his Quenya greeting, Aragorn refers to her again as &amp;quot;Arwen&amp;quot; (&#039;&#039;Arwen vanimelda, namárië!&#039;&#039;).&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{FR|Farewell}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; This suggests that the form &#039;&#039;&#039;Arwen&#039;&#039;&#039; itself is also coincidentally a valid, or at least understandable, Quenya calque (using &#039;&#039;[[ar]]-&#039;&#039;, stem &#039;&#039;Arwend-&#039;&#039;).  &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Her [[epessë]], &#039;&#039;&#039;[[Undómiel]]&#039;&#039;&#039;, means &amp;quot;Evenstar&amp;quot;, from &#039;&#039;[[Undómë]]&#039;&#039; &amp;quot;evening twilight&amp;quot; and &#039;&#039;[[elen|el]]&#039;&#039; &amp;quot;star&amp;quot;.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Portrayal in adaptations==&lt;br /&gt;
{{Gallery&lt;br /&gt;
|title=Arwen in adaptations&lt;br /&gt;
|height=150&lt;br /&gt;
|width=250&lt;br /&gt;
|lines=2&lt;br /&gt;
|File:Arwen viv lotr.JPG|[[The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring (video game)|&#039;&#039;The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring&#039;&#039; (video game)]]&lt;br /&gt;
|File:The Lord of the Rings (film series) - Arwen 3.jpg|[[The Lord of the Rings (film series)|&#039;&#039;The Lord of the Rings&#039;&#039; (film series)]]&lt;br /&gt;
|File:Arwen-LOTRO.jpg|[[Arwen]] in &#039;&#039;[[The Lord of the Rings Online]]&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;1978: [[The Lord of the Rings (1978 film)|&#039;&#039;The Lord of the Rings&#039;&#039; (1978 film)]]:&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
:Arwen does not appear.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;1981: [[The Lord of the Rings (1981 radio series)|&#039;&#039;The Lord of the Rings&#039;&#039; (1981 radio series)]]:&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
:Arwen is voiced by [[Sonia Fraser]].&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;2002: [[The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring (video game)|&#039;&#039;The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring&#039;&#039; (video game)]]:&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
:Arwen appears in Rivendell after the [[Council of Elrond]]. She has a brief dialogue with Aragorn, and recites several lines from the [[The Riddle of Strider|Riddle of Strider]]. No voice actress is specified, but it is likely [[Kath Soucie]]. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;2001-03: [[The Lord of the Rings (film series)|&#039;&#039;The Lord of the Rings&#039;&#039; (film series)]]:&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Arwen is played by [[Liv Tyler]]. Various additional scenes pertaining to Arwen are inserted, some of which deviate from the books and some of which seem inspired by &#039;&#039;[[The Tale of Aragorn and Arwen]]&#039;&#039;. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In the first film, she rescues [[Frodo Baggins]] from the [[Nazgûl|Black Riders]] at [[Bruinen]], thwarting them with a sudden flood, summoned by an incantation. In the book, it was [[Glorfindel]] who put Frodo on horseback and sent him alone to flee the Black Riders, and Elrond and [[Gandalf]] arranged the flood. Also, in the book, Frodo defends himself against the Black Riders, whereas in the movie Arwen defends him.  Arwen wields the sword [[Hadhafang]],a non-canonical sword that belonged to her father. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
There are  scene in which Aragorn has a dream about Arwen in which they kiss, a scene where Arwen has an argument with her father about leaving for [[Valinor]], and a scene where she actually departs for Valinor and then changes her mind and returns when she sees a vision of her future son, Eldarion. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In addition, towards the end of the cinematic trilogy she apparently becomes sick with grief possibly over Aragorn&#039;s seemingly hopeless cause and his impending death. Elrond takes the reforged [[Narsil]], now [[Andúril]], to Aragorn at Dunharrow, and tells him that her fate has become bound with [[the One Ring]], and that she is dying. However, no explanation is ever given for these statements. Later, after the Ring is destroyed, Arwen is present at Aragorn&#039;s coronation without any signs of illness.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;2007: &#039;&#039;[[The Lord of the Rings Online]]&#039;&#039;:&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
:Arwen is a non-playable character and can be found in a gazebo overlooking the path from Rivendell into the Misty Mountains. She was not involved in the main storyline - or any side-quests for that matter - until 2010, when she passed Halbarad the banner she had made for Aragorn during the Epic Book [[Oath of the Rangers]].&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;2011: &#039;&#039;[[The Lord of the Rings: War in the North]]&#039;&#039;:&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
:Arwen resides in Rivendell, where players can discuss with her both historical and present subjects. While spotting appearance of [[Liv Tyler]], her role is closer to the book that in the movie: for example, she provides Halbarad and the Grey Company the banner she had made for Aragorn, an event omitted from movie adaptation. She is voiced by [[Courtenay Taylor]].&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== See Also ==&lt;br /&gt;
* [[:Category:Images of Arwen|Images of Arwen]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{references}}&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Characters in The Lord of the Rings]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Feminine names]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Fourth Age characters]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Half-elven]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:House of Finarfin]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Gondorians]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Noldor]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Sindarin names]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Third Age characters]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Quenya names]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[de:Arwen]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[fr:encyclo:personnages:elfes:semi-elfes:arwen]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[fi:Arwen]]&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Idhrendin</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=Nazg%C3%BBl&amp;diff=289938</id>
		<title>Nazgûl</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=Nazg%C3%BBl&amp;diff=289938"/>
		<updated>2016-10-19T09:44:36Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Idhrendin: Undo revision 289937 by Idhrendin (talk)&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;{{Sources}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{race infobox&lt;br /&gt;
| name=Nazgûl&lt;br /&gt;
| image=[[File:Nick Deligaris - Nazgûl.jpg|250px]]&lt;br /&gt;
| caption=&amp;quot;Nazgûl&amp;quot; by [[:Category:Images by Nick Deligaris|Nick Deligaris]]&lt;br /&gt;
| pronun=&lt;br /&gt;
| othernames=Ringwraiths, the Black Riders, the Nine, &#039;&#039;Úlairi&#039;&#039; ([[Quenya|Q]])&lt;br /&gt;
| origin=[[Men]] who received the [[Nine Rings]]; corrupted by [[Sauron]]&lt;br /&gt;
| location=[[Mordor]], [[Angmar]], [[Dol Guldur]], [[Minas Morgul]]&lt;br /&gt;
| affiliation=[[Sauron]]&lt;br /&gt;
| rivalry=&lt;br /&gt;
| language=[[Black Speech]], [[Westron]]&lt;br /&gt;
| people=&lt;br /&gt;
| members=[[Witch-king]], [[Khamûl]]&lt;br /&gt;
| lifespan=Indefinite&lt;br /&gt;
| distinctions=Without physical form&lt;br /&gt;
| height=Man-high&lt;br /&gt;
| hair=&lt;br /&gt;
| skin=&lt;br /&gt;
| clothing=Black robes&lt;br /&gt;
| weapons=[[Morgul-knife]]&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;center&amp;gt;{{quote| &#039;They come from [[Mordor]],&#039; said [[Aragorn|Strider]] in a low voice. &#039;From Mordor, [[Barliman Butterbur|Barliman]], if that means anything to you.&#039; |&#039;&#039;[[The Fellowship of the Ring]]&#039;&#039;, [[Strider (chapter)|Strider]]}}&amp;lt;/center&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
The &#039;&#039;&#039;[[#Etymology|Nazgûl]]&#039;&#039;&#039; ([[Black Speech]]: &#039;&#039;&#039;Ringwraiths&#039;&#039;&#039;, sometimes written &#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;Ring-wraiths&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;), also known as the &#039;&#039;&#039;Nine Riders&#039;&#039;&#039; or &#039;&#039;&#039;Black Riders&#039;&#039;&#039; (or simply &#039;&#039;&#039;the Nine&#039;&#039;&#039;), were [[Sauron]]&#039;s &amp;quot;most terrible servants&amp;quot; in [[Middle-earth]].&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==History==&lt;br /&gt;
Sometime during the [[Second Age]] (after year {{SA|1600}}&amp;lt;ref group=note&amp;gt;Sauron created the One Ring around this year, and later distributed the Nine Rings (cf. {{App|B}} and {{UT|Concerning}}).&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;) Sauron gave [[Nine Rings|nine Rings of Power]] to powerful mortal [[Men]]. It is said that three of the Nine were lords of [[Númenor]] corrupted by Sauron,&amp;lt;ref name=Akallabeth&amp;gt;{{S|Akallabeth}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; and one was a king among the [[Easterlings]].&amp;lt;ref name=Black/&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
For many years the bearers used the rings to gain great wealth, prestige and power, becoming &amp;quot;&#039;&#039;mighty in their day, kings, sorcerers, and warriors of old&#039;&#039;&amp;quot;. The effect of the rings caused their lives to be prolonged, and to see things of the [[Unseen]]. But over time their bodily forms faded until they became [[wraiths]] entirely, slaves under the domination of Sauron&#039;s [[The One Ring|One Ring]].&amp;lt;ref name=Rings/&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Known as the Nazgûl, they first appeared around {{SA|2251}}&amp;lt;ref name=AppB1/&amp;gt; and were soon established as Sauron&#039;s principal servants. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
When Sauron was overthrown in {{SA|3441}} at the hands of the [[Last Alliance of Elves and Men]], the wraiths faded into the shadows.&amp;lt;ref name=AppB1&amp;gt;{{App|B1}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Third Age===&lt;br /&gt;
However around {{TA|1050|n}} of the [[Third Age]] Sauron returned in the form of a shadow in [[Mirkwood|Greenwood the Great]], triggering also the return of his servants. It was around {{TA|1300}} when the [[Witch-king|Lord of the Nazgûl]] gathered evil [[Men]] and founded the Witch-kingdom of [[Angmar]]. From there he led Sauron&#039;s forces against the mannish kingdom of [[Arnor]] in {{TA|1409}}. He was eventually defeated in battle in {{TA|1975}} and returned to [[Mordor]], gathering the other Nazgûl in preparation for the return of Sauron to that realm.&amp;lt;ref name=AppB2/&amp;gt; &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In {{TA|2000}}, they besieged [[Minas Ithil]] and captured it after a two-year siege. The city thereafter became the stronghold of the Nazgûl, from where they directed the rebuilding of Sauron&#039;s armies, also acquiring a &#039;&#039;[[palantíri|palantír]]&#039;&#039; for the Dark Lord.&amp;lt;ref name=AppB2&amp;gt;{{App|B2}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
[[File:Ted_Nasmith_-_The_Nazgûl.jpg|thumb|200px|[[Ted Nasmith]] - &#039;&#039;The Nazgûl&#039;&#039;]]&lt;br /&gt;
Indeed, after his defeat in [[Dol Guldur]], Sauron returned to Mordor in {{TA|2942}} and declared himself openly in {{TA|2951}}. Three of the Nazgûl were sent to his fortress at [[Dol Guldur]] to garrison that outpost.&amp;lt;ref name=AppB2/&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In {{TA|3017}} Sauron commanded the Ringwraiths to recover [[the One Ring]] of Power from &amp;quot;Baggins of the Shire&amp;quot;. Disguised as horse riders clad in black (hence the term &#039;&#039;Black Riders&#039;&#039;), they sought out [[Bilbo Baggins]] who, as [[Gollum]] had revealed, had the One Ring in his possession.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The [[Dwarves]] of [[Lonely Mountain|Erebor]] spoke of a rider who had come to offer Sauron&#039;s friendship and ask about [[Hobbits]].  As a token of their friendship he asked for a &amp;quot;trifle&amp;quot;, a ring, &amp;quot;the least of rings&amp;quot;, that the [[Bilbo Baggins|thief]] had stolen.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{FR|II2}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref group=note&amp;gt;The identity of the messenger is unknown. In [[fandom]] it has been proposed that he was the [[Mouth of Sauron]]. [[Michael Martinez]] [http://middle-earth.xenite.org/2012/01/26/is-the-messenger-sent-to-dain-a-black-rider-or-the-mouth-of-sauron/ considers more possible] that it was a Nazgûl .&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The Nazgûl at this point were dependent on their black horses (stolen from [[Rohan]]) for transportation. When they were swept away by the waters of the river [[Bruinen]], their horses were killed.  The Ringwraiths were forced to return to Mordor to regroup. They reappeared later mounted on [[Fell beasts|flying creatures]], at which point they were referred to as &#039;&#039;&#039;Winged Nazgûl&#039;&#039;&#039;.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
By the conclusion of the [[War of the Ring]], all of the Nine Nazgûl were destroyed.  The [[Witch-king|Lord of the Nazgûl]] himself was slain by [[Éowyn]], the niece of King [[Théoden]] (with help from [[Meriadoc Brandybuck|Merry]], known as &amp;quot;The Magnificent&amp;quot; thereafter) during the [[Battle of the Pelennor Fields]].  The remaining eight Ringwraiths attacked the Army of the West during the last battle at the [[Black Gate]].  However, when [[Frodo Baggins]] put on the ring in the fires of [[Mount Doom]], Sauron ordered the eight remaining Nazgûl to fly with all possible speed to Mount Doom to intercept Frodo. They arrived too late, with the Ring falling into the fire along with the hapless Gollum. The Nazgûl were caught in the firestorm of the erupting mountain and were destroyed.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Powers and abilities ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{quote|The Nazgûl were they, the Ringwraiths, the Enemy&#039;s most terrible servants; darkness went with them, and they cried with the voices of death.|&#039;&#039;[[The Silmarillion]]&#039;&#039;, &amp;quot;[[Of the Rings of Power and the Third Age]]&amp;quot;}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Given form only through the attire of black cloaks and hauberks of silver mail, their original form was completely gone and invisible to mortal eyes. Their hypnotic eyes could be plainly distinguished from their dark clothing, and in a rage they appeared in a hellish fire. Mortal men could not touch them (unless blessed by weapons or tools of the ancient [[Elves]] of the [[First Age]] or by the [[Dúnedain]], such as the barrow-blade used by [[Meriadoc Brandybuck|Merry]] on the [[Witch-king|Witch-king of Angmar]]). The Ringwraiths had many weapons, which included long swords of steel and flame, daggers with venomous properties, poisonous darts and black maces of great strength.&lt;br /&gt;
[[File:Ted Nasmith - The Attack of the Wraiths.jpg|thumb|[[Ted Nasmith]] - &#039;&#039;The Attack of the Wraiths&#039;&#039;]]&lt;br /&gt;
Their arsenal of deadly armaments was not confined to physical means; they also had seemingly magical weapons of devastating power. They were surrounded by an aura of terror, which affected all living creatures; their &amp;quot;breath&amp;quot; (called the &#039;&#039;[[Black Breath]]&#039;&#039;) was poisonous, and their cries caused terror and despair in all who heard them. Some of the Nazgûl appear to have been accomplished sorcerers and used magic to devastating effect. According to Tolkien, though, it was the fear they inspired that was the chief danger:&lt;br /&gt;
{{quote|They have no great physical power against the fearless,&amp;quot; he wrote, &amp;quot;but what they have, and the fear that they inspire, is enormously increased in darkness|&#039;&#039;[[The Letters of J.R.R. Tolkien]]&#039;&#039;}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The Nazgûl existed mostly in the wraith world (the [[Unseen]]), making them extremely difficult to harm.  Ordinary weapons would not hurt them, and even weapons of [[Númenóreans|Númenórean]] manufacture would be destroyed if they passed through the wraith forms of the Nazgûl.  They could not, however, interact normally with the material world (the [[Seen]]): they needed garments and weapons provided by Sauron to give them form.  Consequently, they could be defeated by attacks that destroyed their disguises, forcing them to return to [[Sauron]] to receive new ones.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The Nazgûl spread terror in mortal creatures merely by their presence.  Only specially trained horses or the [[fell beasts]] of [[Mordor]] could bear them.  They caused panic and despair in their enemies simply by flying overhead, and only individuals of great courage could face them in combat.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
They were also poisonous to mortal beings, causing a condition known as the [[Black Breath]].  Merely being in the vicinity of one of them could cause disorientation and illness.  Intense exposure could be lethal.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The Nazgûl had poor vision in the material world, but they were acutely aware of the beings with a presence in the wraith world, like the wearer of [[the One Ring]] and certain Elves, such as Glorfindel.  Anyone who could see into the wraith world could see the Nazgûl as they had appeared in their mortal lives.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The [[Witch-king]] could also affect matter with his voice, shattering the dagger that Frodo had gotten in the [[Barrow-downs]] and weakening the gates of [[Minas Tirith]].  Whether other Nazgûl could perform similar feats is unknown.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Identities ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Only a few of the Nazgûl are named or identified individually. Their leader was the [[Witch-king|Witch-king of Angmar]], and his second in command was named [[Khamûl]]. Khamûl was a lord of [[Easterlings]],&amp;lt;ref name=Black&amp;gt;{{UT|Black}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; and was the only Nazgûl known by his name. Three of them were [[Númenóreans]].&amp;lt;ref name=Akallabeth/&amp;gt; &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Etymology==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;Nazgûl&#039;&#039; means &amp;quot;ringwraiths&amp;quot; in the [[Black Speech]] (consisting of &#039;&#039;[[nazg]]&#039;&#039; + &#039;&#039;[[gûl]]&#039;&#039;).&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{PE|17}}, pp. 31, 79, 125&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Other names and titles ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Among their many names and titles were: the Ringwraiths, the Black Riders, the Fell Riders, the Nine Riders, the Black Wings, the Shadows, the Nine, the Nine Servants of the Lord of the Rings, and the Shriekers.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
An [[Elvish]] name given for the Ringwraiths is &#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;Úlairi&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;.&amp;lt;ref name=Rings&amp;gt;{{S|Rings}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{PM|Akallabeth}}, p. 153 (§30)&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; Linguists have remarked that it is a [[Quenya]] plural name of unknown meaning and etymology.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{webcite|author=[[Helge Fauskanger]]|articleurl=http://folk.uib.no/hnohf/eng-quen.rtf|articlename=English-Quenya Wordlist (Quettaparma Quenyanna)|dated=|website=Arda|accessed=25 June 2011}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;[[Ruth S. Noel]], &#039;&#039;[[The Languages of Tolkien&#039;s Middle-earth]]&#039;&#039;&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; [[Michael Martinez]], analysing the word, has tentatively suggested that: &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{blockquote| &#039;&#039;Úlairi&#039;&#039; is a compound formed from &#039;&#039;Ú&#039;&#039; + &#039;&#039;lai&#039;&#039; + &#039;&#039;ri&#039;&#039; with probable meaning of &amp;quot;un (bad or immoral)&amp;quot; + &amp;quot;shadow&amp;quot; + &amp;quot;ones&amp;quot;. In other words, the name may mean something like &amp;quot;those who are in/of unnatural shadow&amp;quot;.|&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{webcite|author=[[Michael Martinez]]|articleurl=http://middle-earth.xenite.org/2014/08/15/what-is-the-literal-translation-of-ulairi/|articlename=What is the Literal Translation of Úlairi?|dated=15 August 2014|website=[http://middle-earth.xenite.org/ middle-earth.xenite.org]|accessed=16 August 2014}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Portrayal in adaptations ==&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;gallery&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
File:The Lord of the Rings (1978 film) - Ringwraiths.jpg|Four of the Nazgûl on horseback in [[The Lord of the Rings (1978 film)|&#039;&#039;The Lord of the Rings&#039;&#039; (1978 film)]]&lt;br /&gt;
File:The Return of the King (1980 film) - Ringwraith.jpg|A Ringwraith in [[The Return of the King (1980 film)|&#039;&#039;The Return of the King&#039;&#039; (1980 film)]]&lt;br /&gt;
File:The Lord of the Rings - The Fellowship of the Ring - Ringwraiths.jpg|The Nazgûl in [[The Lord of the Rings (film series)|&#039;&#039;The Lord of the Rings&#039;&#039; (film series)]]&amp;lt;/gallery&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;1978: [[The Lord of the Rings (1978 film)|&#039;&#039;The Lord of the Rings&#039;&#039; (1978 film)]]:&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
:The Nine are clad in brown and black, and have red eyes. The attack on &#039;&#039;[[The Prancing Pony]]&#039;&#039; is their deed, not that of any accomplices. After the attack, they cast off their hoods, revealing the black armour and hideous masks they wear beneath their cloaks.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;1980: [[The Return of the King (1980 film)|&#039;&#039;The Return of the King&#039;&#039; (1980 film)]]&lt;br /&gt;
:The Nine are skull headed demons, who ride winged horses. The [[Witch-king]] himself rides a dragon-like creature, and has no face. Only a suspended crown and two red eyes can be seen. The Nazgûl have the [[Red Eye]] of [[Barad-dûr]] rather than the emblem of [[Minas Morgul]]. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;1981: [[The Lord of the Rings (1981 radio series)|&#039;&#039;The Lord of the Rings&#039;&#039; (1981 radio series)]]:&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
:The role of the Ringwraiths was expanded with material from &#039;&#039;[[The Hunt for the Ring]]&#039;&#039;. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;1982-97: &#039;&#039;[[Middle-earth Role Playing]]&#039;&#039;:&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
:The name of the eight, other than Khamûl, are given as &#039;&#039;Er-Murazor&#039;&#039; (the [[Witch-king]], of Númenórean race), &#039;&#039;Dwar&#039;&#039;, &#039;&#039;Ji Indur&#039;&#039;, &#039;&#039;Akhorahil&#039;&#039; (Númenórean), &#039;&#039;Hoarmurath&#039;&#039;, &#039;&#039;Adunaphel&#039;&#039; (female Númenórean), &#039;&#039;Ren&#039;&#039; and &#039;&#039;Uvatha&#039;&#039;.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{ICE|Mannish}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{ICE|Angus}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;1988: &#039;&#039;[[J.R.R. Tolkien&#039;s War in Middle Earth]]&#039;&#039;:&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
[[File:WiMe-Nazgûl-1-.png|thumb|200px]]&lt;br /&gt;
:The Nazgûl are portrayed as black figures with red eyes and purple mantle.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;2001-: &#039;&#039;[[The Lord of the Rings Strategy Battle Game]]&#039;&#039;:&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
:All the Nazgûl are named - The Witch-king of [[Angmar]], The Dark Marshal, Khamûl The [[Easterlings|Easterling]], The Betrayer, The Shadow Lord, The Undying, The [[Dwimmerlaik]], The Tainted and The Knight of [[Umbar]].&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;2002: [[The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring (video game)|&#039;&#039;The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring&#039;&#039; (video game)]]&lt;br /&gt;
:Black Riders form a threat in the Shire-stages of the game, where they need to be avoided by the player (in the persona of [[Frodo Baggins]]), and as the end boss for the game (in the persona of [[Aragorn]]). They are tall and robed in black, and nothing is seen underneath. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;2001-03: [[The Lord of the Rings (film series)|&#039;&#039;The Lord of the Rings&#039;&#039; (film series)]]:&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
:The Nazgûl serve as the suspense in the first half of [[The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring|the first film]]. Their dialogue is changed; the conversation with [[Gaffer Gamgee]] is omitted, and the conversation with [[Farmer Maggot]] is reduced. The Nine have an iconic scream, provided by [[Fran Walsh]]. Under their robes, they are pale white ghostly creatures.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:After the death of the Witch-king, the other eight are taken out by [[Eagles]] and debris from [[Mount Doom]], however, nothing is told of their individual fates. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;2001-7: &#039;&#039;[[The Lord of the Rings Trading Card Game]]&#039;&#039;:&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
:The Nazgûl, other than the Witch-king, are given [[Neo-Elvish|Neo-Quenya]] titles based on their numbers, and various English titles:&lt;br /&gt;
*Úlairë Attëa (from &#039;&#039;[[atta]]&#039;&#039; = 2); Black Predator, Keeper of [[Dol Guldur]], Second of the Nine Riders, The Easterling. &lt;br /&gt;
*Úlairë Nelya (from &#039;&#039;[[neldë]]&#039;&#039; = 3); Black Hunter, Lieutenant of Morgul, Third of the Nine Riders&lt;br /&gt;
*Úlairë Cantëa (from &#039;&#039;[[canta]]&#039;&#039; = 4); Black Assassin, Lieutenant of Dol Guldur, Fourth of the Nine Riders&lt;br /&gt;
*Úlairë Lemenya (from &#039;&#039;[[lempe]]&#039;&#039; = 5); Black Enemy, Lieutenant of Morgul, Fifth of the Nine Riders&lt;br /&gt;
*Úlairë Enquëa (from &#039;&#039;[[enquë]]&#039;&#039; = 6); Black Threat, Lieutenant of Morgul, Sixth of the Nine Riders&lt;br /&gt;
*Úlairë Ostëa [&#039;&#039;sic&#039;&#039;, later corrected to Úlairë Otsëa] (from &#039;&#039;[[otso]]&#039;&#039; = 7); Black Specter, Lieutenant of Morgul, Seventh of the Nine Riders&lt;br /&gt;
*Úlairë Toldëa (from &#039;&#039;[[tolto]]&#039;&#039; = 8); Black Shadow, Messenger of Morgul, Eight of the Nine Riders&lt;br /&gt;
*Úlairë Nertëa (from &#039;&#039;[[nertë]]&#039;&#039; = 9); Black Horseman, Messenger of Dol Guldur, Ninth of the Nine Riders.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{webcite|author=|articleurl=http://forum.barrowdowns.com/showthread.php?t=801|articlename=Naming the Nazgul|dated=|website=[http://forum.barrowdowns.com/index.php? Forum.Barrowdowns.com]|accessed=31 July 2012}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{webcite|author=|articleurl=http://www.tradecardsonline.com/im/selectCard/game_id/1/goal/|articlename=Lord Of The Rings (search function)|dated=|website=[http://www.tradecardsonline.com/ Trade Cards Online]|accessed=31 July 2012}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;2004: &#039;&#039;[[The Lord of the Rings: The Battle for Middle-earth]]&#039;&#039;:&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
:The Mordor faction has two different Nazgûl units: &amp;quot;Witch-king on Fell Beast&amp;quot; and &amp;quot;Nazgûl on Fell Beast&amp;quot;. They are primarily used for scouting and surprise attacks.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[File:The Lord of the Rings War in the North - Nazgûl.jpg|200px|thumb|The Nazgûl attack [[Sarn Ford]] in &#039;&#039;[[The Lord of the Rings: War in the North]]&#039;&#039;.]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;2006: &#039;&#039;[[The Lord of the Rings: The Battle for Middle-earth II]]&#039;&#039;:&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
:A new Ringwraith is introduced in the expansion pack, &#039;&#039;[[The Lord of the Rings: The Battle for Middle-earth II: The Rise of the Witch-king|The Rise of the Witch-king]]&#039;&#039;. Morgomir is the &amp;quot;Lieutenant of Carn-Dûm&amp;quot;, the right-hand man of the Witch-king, of [[Black Númenóreans|Black Númenórean]] descent. The design is similar to that in [[Peter Jackson]]&#039;s films: he is hooded and cloaked when he works for the [[Mordor]] faction, and white and ghostly when he fights for Angmar.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;2007: &#039;&#039;[[The Lord of the Rings Online]]&#039;&#039;:&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
:The Nazgûl appear several times throughout the game. Hobbit characters first witness the Black Riders in the Shire during the Prologue. Early in the game one of the Nine wounds a [[Dúnedain]] Ranger Amdir with a [[Morgul-knife|Morgul blade]], who is later transformed into a Wraith himself, despite the best efforts of Free Peoples. Later, the player attempts to resist the troubles the Nine are spreading in Bree-Land. Various people along their path - from Hobbits, to Men of Bree, to people east of [[Weathertop]] - note how the local wildlife became unusually aggressive lately, though few connect it to the influence of Nazgûl.&lt;br /&gt;
:As stated in &#039;&#039;[[The Fellowship of the Ring]]&#039;&#039;, only eight horses of the Wraiths were found along the shores of [[Bruinen]]. [[Glorfindel]], [[Elrond]], and his sons all enlist you to find the missing one - and while the horse is eventually found, it is clear the the Nazgûl himself escaped. The player foils his attempts to organize the [[Trolls]] of the [[Trollshaws]] and pursues him into the [[Misty Mountains]], where the severely weakened Wraith is finally defeated, with his spirit send back to Mordor.&lt;br /&gt;
:During the Fellowship&#039;s stay in [[Lothlórien]], the [[Galadhrim]] Elves launch a military strike against [[Dol Guldur]], to draw the attention of the Eye from the company departing down the Shores of Anduin. At this point, three Nazgûl reside in the fortress, their names are given as &amp;quot;The Black Blade of Lebennin&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;The Gloom of Nurn&amp;quot; and the strongest of them three &amp;quot;The Lieutenant of Dol Guldur&amp;quot;. A large force of players confronts the Lieutenant and his Fell Beast at the chief tower of Dol Guldur.&lt;br /&gt;
:During their travel down the waters of the Great River, Legolas shot and killed a fell shadow in the sky, not knowing it to be a Nazgûl. The player is later able to find the corpse of the fell beast in the [[Brown Lands]] and it becomes clear that a Nazgûl is not far - only this time the player cannot receive help from Elrond or Galadriel, who helped him survive two last encounters. At night, the Wraith ambushes your friends, but the player manages to drive him away with the use of fire. A girl named Nona is wounded in this fight, but the Free Peoples managed to bring her to Lady Galadriel in time to heal the wound. The player later meets the Bane of Rhun in the [[Blackroot Vale]] and the Black Blade of Lebennin in [[Osgiliath]]. When [[Minas Tirith]] is attacked, the Witch-King breaks the gate with [[Grond (battering ram)|Grond]]. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;2009: &#039;&#039;[[The Lord of the Rings: Conquest]]&#039;&#039;:&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
:In the Evil Campaign, the Eight Nazgûl bring Witch-King back to life after Sauron reclaims The One Ring.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;2011: &#039;&#039;[[The Lord of the Rings: War in the North]]&#039;&#039;:&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
:The Nazgûl appear in a flasback during the prologue of the game, in which they attack the [[Rangers of the North|Rangers]] at [[Sarn Ford]], the entrance of [[the Shire]]. Later in the flashback their leader, the [[Witch-king]], speaks with [[Agandaûr]].&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;[[The Lord of the Rings: War in the North]], &#039;&#039;Prologue&#039;&#039;&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;2012-14: [[The Hobbit (film series)|&#039;&#039;The Hobbit&#039;&#039; (film series) ]]:&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
:In the context of the film adaptation, the Witch-king and the other Ringwraiths were buried in a dungeon in the [[High Fells of Rhudaur]] after the [[Battle of Fornost|fall]] of Angmar. The Witch-king of Angmar initially appears in Dol Guldur, where he briefly fights [[Radagast]] (who also discovers a [[Sauron#Sauron&#039;s Return|Necromancer]] within the fortress) with his Morgul-blade. He drops it and  Radagast takes it with him, ultimately bringing it to [[Gandalf]], who then shows to the [[White Council]] in [[Rivendell]]. Later, Gandalf, per Galadriel&#039;s advice, visits the High Fells dungeons and discovers that they had been brought back to life, as their cells were empty, broken open from the inside. Through this investigation, he is convinced that the Necromancer is indeed Sauron.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:During the [[Attack on Dol Guldur]] they appeared in armored, ghostly versions of their mortal forms after Galadriel rescues Gandalf From his cage in Dol Guldur. The Nine do battle with Galadriel, [[Saruman]], and Elrond. During a confrontation between Galadriel and Sauron, they are driven to Mordor, with their master eventually following suit.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==See also==&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;[[:Category:Images of Nazgûl|Images of Nazgûl]]&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* the [[Witch-king]] of [[Angmar]]&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Khamûl]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==External links==&lt;br /&gt;
*[http://middle-earth.xenite.org/2014/01/29/what-is-the-history-of-the-nazgul/ What is the History of the Nazgul?] by [[Michael Martinez]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{references|note}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{DEFAULTSORT:Nazgul}}&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Black Speech words]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Characters in The Lord of the Rings]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Characters in The Silmarillion]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Second Age characters]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Third Age characters]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Nazgûl]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Undead]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[fr:encyclo/personnages/hommes/3a/nazgul]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[fa:نزگول]]&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Idhrendin</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=Nazg%C3%BBl&amp;diff=289937</id>
		<title>Nazgûl</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=Nazg%C3%BBl&amp;diff=289937"/>
		<updated>2016-10-19T08:52:53Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Idhrendin: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;{{Sources}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{race infobox&lt;br /&gt;
| name=Nazgûl&lt;br /&gt;
| image=[[File:Nick Deligaris - Nazgûl.jpg|250px]]&lt;br /&gt;
| caption=&amp;quot;Nazgûl&amp;quot; by [[:Category:Images by Nick Deligaris|Nick Deligaris]]&lt;br /&gt;
| pronun=&lt;br /&gt;
| othernames=Ringwraiths, the Black Riders, the Nine, &#039;&#039;Úlairi&#039;&#039; ([[Quenya|Q]])&lt;br /&gt;
| origin=[[Men]] who received the [[Nine Rings]]; corrupted by [[Sauron]]&lt;br /&gt;
| location=[[Mordor]], [[Angmar]], [[Dol Guldur]], [[Minas Morgul]]&lt;br /&gt;
| affiliation=[[Sauron]]&lt;br /&gt;
| rivalry=&lt;br /&gt;
| language=[[Black Speech]], [[Westron]]&lt;br /&gt;
| people=&lt;br /&gt;
| members=[[Witch-king]], [[Khamûl]]&lt;br /&gt;
| lifespan=Indefinite&lt;br /&gt;
| distinctions=Without physical form&lt;br /&gt;
| height=Man-high&lt;br /&gt;
| hair=&lt;br /&gt;
| skin=&lt;br /&gt;
| clothing=Black robes&lt;br /&gt;
| weapons=[[Morgul-knife]]&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;center&amp;gt;{{quote| &#039;They come from [[Mordor]],&#039; said [[Aragorn|Strider]] in a low voice. &#039;From Mordor, [[Barliman Butterbur|Barliman]], if that means anything to you.&#039; |&#039;&#039;[[The Fellowship of the Ring]]&#039;&#039;, [[Strider (chapter)|Strider]]}}&amp;lt;/center&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
The &#039;&#039;&#039;[[#Etymology|Nazgûl]]&#039;&#039;&#039; ([[Black Speech]]: &#039;&#039;&#039;Ringwraiths&#039;&#039;&#039;, sometimes written &#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;Ring-wraiths&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;), also known as the &#039;&#039;&#039;Nine Riders&#039;&#039;&#039; or &#039;&#039;&#039;Black Riders&#039;&#039;&#039; (or simply &#039;&#039;&#039;the Nine&#039;&#039;&#039;), were [[Sauron]]&#039;s &amp;quot;most terrible servants&amp;quot; in [[Middle-earth]].&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==History==&lt;br /&gt;
Sometime during the [[Second Age]] (after year {{SA|1600}}&amp;lt;ref group=note&amp;gt;Sauron created the One Ring around this year, and later distributed the Nine Rings (cf. {{App|B}} and {{UT|Concerning}}).&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;) Sauron gave [[Nine Rings|nine Rings of Power]] to powerful mortal [[Men]]. It is said that three of the Nine were lords of [[Númenor]] corrupted by Sauron,&amp;lt;ref name=Akallabeth&amp;gt;{{S|Akallabeth}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; and one was a king among the [[Easterlings]].&amp;lt;ref name=Black/&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
For many years the bearers used the rings to gain great wealth, prestige and power, becoming &amp;quot;&#039;&#039;mighty in their day, kings, sorcerers, and warriors of old&#039;&#039;&amp;quot;. The effect of the rings caused their lives to be prolonged, and to see things of the [[Unseen]]. But over time their bodily forms faded until they became [[wraiths]] entirely, slaves under the domination of Sauron&#039;s [[The One Ring|One Ring]].&amp;lt;ref name=Rings/&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Known as the Nazgûl, they first appeared around {{SA|2251}}&amp;lt;ref name=AppB1/&amp;gt; and were soon established as Sauron&#039;s principal servants. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
When Sauron was overthrown in {{SA|3441}} at the hands of the [[Last Alliance of Elves and Men]], the wraiths faded into the shadows.&amp;lt;ref name=AppB1&amp;gt;{{App|B1}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Third Age===&lt;br /&gt;
However around {{TA|1050|n}} of the [[Third Age]] Sauron returned in the form of a shadow in [[Mirkwood|Greenwood the Great]], triggering also the return of his servants. It was around {{TA|1300}} when the [[Witch-king|Lord of the Nazgûl]] gathered evil [[Men]] and founded the Witch-kingdom of [[Angmar]]. From there he led Sauron&#039;s forces against the mannish kingdom of [[Arnor]] in {{TA|1409}}. He was eventually defeated in battle in {{TA|1975}} and returned to [[Mordor]], gathering the other Nazgûl in preparation for the return of Sauron to that realm.&amp;lt;ref name=AppB2/&amp;gt; &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In {{TA|2000}}, they besieged [[Minas Ithil]] and captured it after a two-year siege. The city thereafter became the stronghold of the Nazgûl, from where they directed the rebuilding of Sauron&#039;s armies, also acquiring a &#039;&#039;[[palantíri|palantír]]&#039;&#039; for the Dark Lord.&amp;lt;ref name=AppB2&amp;gt;{{App|B2}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
[[File:Ted_Nasmith_-_The_Nazgûl.jpg|thumb|200px|[[Ted Nasmith]] - &#039;&#039;The Nazgûl&#039;&#039;]]&lt;br /&gt;
Indeed, after his defeat in [[Dol Guldur]], Sauron returned to Mordor in {{TA|2942}} and declared himself openly in {{TA|2951}}. Three of the Nazgûl were sent to his fortress at [[Dol Guldur]] to garrison that outpost.&amp;lt;ref name=AppB2/&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In {{TA|3017}} Sauron commanded the Ringwraiths to recover [[the One Ring]] of Power from &amp;quot;Baggins of the Shire&amp;quot;. Disguised as horse riders clad in black (hence the term &#039;&#039;Black Riders&#039;&#039;), they sought out [[Bilbo Baggins]] who, as [[Gollum]] had revealed, had the One Ring in his possession.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The [[Dwarves]] of [[Lonely Mountain|Erebor]] spoke of a rider who had come to offer Sauron&#039;s friendship and ask about [[Hobbits]].  As a token of their friendship he asked for a &amp;quot;trifle&amp;quot;, a ring, &amp;quot;the least of rings&amp;quot;, that the [[Bilbo Baggins|thief]] had stolen.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{FR|II2}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref group=note&amp;gt;The identity of the messenger is unknown. In [[fandom]] it has been proposed that he was the [[Mouth of Sauron]]. [[Michael Martinez]] [http://middle-earth.xenite.org/2012/01/26/is-the-messenger-sent-to-dain-a-black-rider-or-the-mouth-of-sauron/ considers more possible] that it was a Nazgûl .&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The Nazgûl at this point were dependent on their black horses (stolen from [[Rohan]]) for transportation. When they were swept away by the waters of the river [[Bruinen]], their horses were killed.  The Ringwraiths were forced to return to Mordor to regroup. They reappeared later mounted on [[Fell beasts|flying creatures]], at which point they were referred to as &#039;&#039;&#039;Winged Nazgûl&#039;&#039;&#039;.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
By the conclusion of the [[War of the Ring]], all of the Nine Nazgûl were destroyed.  The [[Witch-king|Lord of the Nazgûl]] himself was slain by [[Éowyn]], the niece of King [[Théoden]] (with help from [[Meriadoc Brandybuck|Merry]], known as &amp;quot;The Magnificent&amp;quot; thereafter) during the [[Battle of the Pelennor Fields]].  The remaining eight Ringwraiths attacked the Army of the West during the last battle at the [[Black Gate]].  However, when [[Frodo Baggins]] put on the ring in the fires of [[Mount Doom]], Sauron ordered the eight remaining Nazgûl to fly with all possible speed to Mount Doom to intercept Frodo. They arrived too late, with the Ring falling into the fire along with the hapless Gollum. The Nazgûl were caught in the firestorm of the erupting mountain and were destroyed.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Powers and abilities ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{quote|The Nazgûl were they, the Ringwraiths, the Enemy&#039;s most terrible servants; darkness went with them, and they cried with the voices of death.|&#039;&#039;[[The Silmarillion]]&#039;&#039;, &amp;quot;[[Of the Rings of Power and the Third Age]]&amp;quot;}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Given form only through the attire of black cloaks and hauberks of silver mail, their original form was completely gone and invisible to mortal eyes. Their hypnotic eyes could be plainly distinguished from their dark clothing, and in a rage they appeared in a hellish fire. Mortal men could not touch them (unless blessed by weapons or tools of the ancient [[Elves]] of the [[First Age]] or by the [[Dúnedain]], such as the barrow-blade used by [[Meriadoc Brandybuck|Merry]] on the [[Witch-king|Witch-king of Angmar]]). The Ringwraiths had many weapons, which included long swords of steel and flame, daggers with venomous properties, poisonous darts and black maces of great strength.&lt;br /&gt;
[[File:Ted Nasmith - The Attack of the Wraiths.jpg|thumb|[[Ted Nasmith]] - &#039;&#039;The Attack of the Wraiths&#039;&#039;]]&lt;br /&gt;
Their arsenal of deadly armaments was not confined to physical means; they also had seemingly magical weapons of devastating power. They were surrounded by an aura of terror, which affected all living creatures; their &amp;quot;breath&amp;quot; (called the &#039;&#039;[[Black Breath]]&#039;&#039;) was poisonous, and their cries caused terror and despair in all who heard them. Some of the Nazgûl appear to have been accomplished sorcerers and used magic to devastating effect. According to Tolkien, though, it was the fear they inspired that was the chief danger:&lt;br /&gt;
{{quote|They have no great physical power against the fearless,&amp;quot; he wrote, &amp;quot;but what they have, and the fear that they inspire, is enormously increased in darkness|&#039;&#039;[[The Letters of J.R.R. Tolkien]]&#039;&#039;}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The Nazgûl existed mostly in the wraith world (the [[Unseen]]), making them extremely difficult to harm.  Ordinary weapons would not hurt them, and even weapons of [[Númenóreans|Númenórean]] manufacture would be destroyed if they passed through the wraith forms of the Nazgûl.  They could not, however, interact normally with the material world (the [[Seen]]): they needed garments and weapons provided by Sauron to give them form.  Consequently, they could be defeated by attacks that destroyed their disguises, forcing them to return to [[Sauron]] to receive new ones.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The Nazgûl spread terror in mortal creatures merely by their presence.  Only specially trained horses or the [[fell beasts]] of [[Mordor]] could bear them.  They caused panic and despair in their enemies simply by flying overhead, and only individuals of great courage could face them in combat.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
They were also poisonous to mortal beings, causing a condition known as the [[Black Breath]].  Merely being in the vicinity of one of them could cause disorientation and illness.  Intense exposure could be lethal.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The Nazgûl had poor vision in the material world, but they were acutely aware of the beings with a presence in the wraith world, like the wearer of [[the One Ring]] and certain Elves, such as Glorfindel.  Anyone who could see into the wraith world could see the Nazgûl as they had appeared in their mortal lives.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The [[Witch-king]] could also affect matter with his voice, shattering the dagger that Frodo had gotten in the [[Barrow-downs]] and weakening the gates of [[Minas Tirith]].  Whether other Nazgûl could perform similar feats is unknown.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Identities ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Only a few of the Nazgûl are named or identified individually. Their leader was the [[Witch-king|Witch-king of Angmar]], and his second in command was named [[Khamûl]]. Khamûl was a lord of [[Easterlings]],&amp;lt;ref name=Black&amp;gt;{{UT|Black}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; and was the only Nazgûl known by his name. Three of them were [[Númenóreans]].&amp;lt;ref name=Akallabeth/&amp;gt; &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Etymology==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;Nazgûl&#039;&#039; means &amp;quot;ringwraiths&amp;quot; in the [[Black Speech]] (consisting of &#039;&#039;[[nazg]]&#039;&#039; + &#039;&#039;[[gûl]]&#039;&#039;).&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{PE|17}}, pp. 31, 79, 125&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Other names and titles ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Among their many names and titles were: the Ringwraiths, the Black Riders, the Fell Riders, the Nine Riders, the Black Wings, the Shadows, the Nine, the Nine Servants of the Lord of the Rings, and the Shriekers.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
An [[Elvish]] name given for the Ringwraiths is &#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;Úlairi&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;.&amp;lt;ref name=Rings&amp;gt;{{S|Rings}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{PM|Akallabeth}}, p. 153 (§30)&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; Linguists have remarked that it is a [[Quenya]] plural name of unknown meaning and etymology.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{webcite|author=[[Helge Fauskanger]]|articleurl=http://folk.uib.no/hnohf/eng-quen.rtf|articlename=English-Quenya Wordlist (Quettaparma Quenyanna)|dated=|website=Arda|accessed=25 June 2011}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;[[Ruth S. Noel]], &#039;&#039;[[The Languages of Tolkien&#039;s Middle-earth]]&#039;&#039;&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; [[Michael Martinez]], analysing the word, has tentatively suggested that: &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{blockquote| &#039;&#039;Úlairi&#039;&#039; is a compound formed from &#039;&#039;Ú&#039;&#039; + &#039;&#039;lai&#039;&#039; + &#039;&#039;ri&#039;&#039; with probable meaning of &amp;quot;un (bad or immoral)&amp;quot; + &amp;quot;shadow&amp;quot; + &amp;quot;ones&amp;quot;. In other words, the name may mean something like &amp;quot;those who are in/of unnatural shadow&amp;quot;.|&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{webcite|author=[[Michael Martinez]]|articleurl=http://middle-earth.xenite.org/2014/08/15/what-is-the-literal-translation-of-ulairi/|articlename=What is the Literal Translation of Úlairi?|dated=15 August 2014|website=[http://middle-earth.xenite.org/ middle-earth.xenite.org]|accessed=16 August 2014}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Portrayal in adaptations ==&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;gallery&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
File:The Lord of the Rings (1978 film) - Ringwraiths.jpg|Four of the Nazgûl on horseback in [[The Lord of the Rings (1978 film)|&#039;&#039;The Lord of the Rings&#039;&#039; (1978 film)]]&lt;br /&gt;
File:The Return of the King (1980 film) - Ringwraith.jpg|A Ringwraith in [[The Return of the King (1980 film)|&#039;&#039;The Return of the King&#039;&#039; (1980 film)]]&lt;br /&gt;
File:The Lord of the Rings - The Fellowship of the Ring - Ringwraiths.jpg|The Nazgûl in [[The Lord of the Rings (film series)|&#039;&#039;The Lord of the Rings&#039;&#039; (film series)]]&amp;lt;/gallery&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;1978: [[The Lord of the Rings (1978 film)|&#039;&#039;The Lord of the Rings&#039;&#039; (1978 film)]]:&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
:The Nine are clad in brown and black, and have red eyes. The attack on &#039;&#039;[[The Prancing Pony]]&#039;&#039; is their deed, not that of any accomplices. After the attack, they cast off their hoods, revealing the black armour and hideous masks they wear beneath their cloaks.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;1980: [[The Return of the King (1980 film)|&#039;&#039;The Return of the King&#039;&#039; (1980 film)]]&lt;br /&gt;
:The Nine are skull headed demons, who ride winged horses. The [[Witch-king]] himself rides a dragon-like creature, and has no face. Only a suspended crown and two red eyes can be seen. The Nazgûl have the [[Red Eye]] of [[Barad-dûr]] rather than the emblem of [[Minas Morgul]]. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;1981: [[The Lord of the Rings (1981 radio series)|&#039;&#039;The Lord of the Rings&#039;&#039; (1981 radio series)]]:&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
:The role of the Ringwraiths was expanded with material from &#039;&#039;[[The Hunt for the Ring]]&#039;&#039;. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;1982-97: &#039;&#039;[[Middle-earth Role Playing]]&#039;&#039;:&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
:The name of the eight, other than Khamûl, are given as &#039;&#039;Er-Murazor&#039;&#039; (the [[Witch-king]], of Númenórean race), &#039;&#039;Dwar&#039;&#039;, &#039;&#039;Ji Indur&#039;&#039;, &#039;&#039;Akhorahil&#039;&#039; (Númenórean), &#039;&#039;Hoarmurath&#039;&#039;, &#039;&#039;Adunaphel&#039;&#039; (female Númenórean), &#039;&#039;Ren&#039;&#039; and &#039;&#039;Uvatha&#039;&#039;.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{ICE|Mannish}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{ICE|Angus}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;1988: &#039;&#039;[[J.R.R. Tolkien&#039;s War in Middle Earth]]&#039;&#039;:&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
[[File:WiMe-Nazgûl-1-.png|thumb|200px]]&lt;br /&gt;
:The Nazgûl are portrayed as black figures with red eyes and purple mantle.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;2001-: &#039;&#039;[[The Lord of the Rings Strategy Battle Game]]&#039;&#039;:&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
:All the Nazgûl are named - The Witch-king of [[Angmar]], The Dark Marshal, Khamûl The [[Easterlings|Easterling]], The Betrayer, The Shadow Lord, The Undying, The [[Dwimmerlaik]], The Tainted and The Knight of [[Umbar]].&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;2002: [[The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring (video game)|&#039;&#039;The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring&#039;&#039; (video game)]]&lt;br /&gt;
:Black Riders form a threat in the Shire-stages of the game, where they need to be avoided by the player (in the persona of [[Frodo Baggins]]), and as the end boss for the game (in the persona of [[Aragorn]]). They are tall and robed in black, and nothing is seen underneath. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;2001-03: [[The Lord of the Rings (film series)|&#039;&#039;The Lord of the Rings&#039;&#039; (film series)]]:&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
:The Nazgûl serve as the suspense in the first half of [[The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring|the first film]]. Their dialogue is changed; the conversation with [[Gaffer Gamgee]] is omitted, and the conversation with [[Farmer Maggot]] is reduced. The Nine have an iconic scream, provided by [[Fran Walsh]]. Under their robes, they are pale white ghostly creatures.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:After the death of the Witch-king, the other eight are taken out by [[Eagles]] and debris from [[Mount Doom]], however, nothing is told of their individual fates. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;2001-7: &#039;&#039;[[The Lord of the Rings Trading Card Game]]&#039;&#039;:&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
:The Nazgûl, other than the Witch-king, are given [[Neo-Elvish|Neo-Quenya]] titles based on their numbers, and various English titles:&lt;br /&gt;
*Úlairë Attëa (from &#039;&#039;[[atta]]&#039;&#039; = 2); Black Predator, Keeper of [[Dol Guldur]], Second of the Nine Riders, The Easterling. &lt;br /&gt;
*Úlairë Nelya (from &#039;&#039;[[neldë]]&#039;&#039; = 3); Black Hunter, Lieutenant of Morgul, Third of the Nine Riders&lt;br /&gt;
*Úlairë Cantëa (from &#039;&#039;[[canta]]&#039;&#039; = 4); Black Assassin, Lieutenant of Dol Guldur, Fourth of the Nine Riders&lt;br /&gt;
*Úlairë Lemenya (from &#039;&#039;[[lempe]]&#039;&#039; = 5); Black Enemy, Lieutenant of Morgul, Fifth of the Nine Riders&lt;br /&gt;
*Úlairë Enquëa (from &#039;&#039;[[enquë]]&#039;&#039; = 6); Black Threat, Lieutenant of Morgul, Sixth of the Nine Riders&lt;br /&gt;
*Úlairë Ostëa [&#039;&#039;sic&#039;&#039;, later corrected to Úlairë Otsëa] (from &#039;&#039;[[otso]]&#039;&#039; = 7); Black Specter, Lieutenant of Morgul, Seventh of the Nine Riders&lt;br /&gt;
*Úlairë Toldëa (from &#039;&#039;[[tolto]]&#039;&#039; = 8); Black Shadow, Messenger of Morgul, Eight of the Nine Riders&lt;br /&gt;
*Úlairë Nertëa (from &#039;&#039;[[nertë]]&#039;&#039; = 9); Black Horseman, Messenger of Dol Guldur, Ninth of the Nine Riders.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{webcite|author=|articleurl=http://forum.barrowdowns.com/showthread.php?t=801|articlename=Naming the Nazgul|dated=|website=[http://forum.barrowdowns.com/index.php? Forum.Barrowdowns.com]|accessed=31 July 2012}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{webcite|author=|articleurl=http://www.tradecardsonline.com/im/selectCard/game_id/1/goal/|articlename=Lord Of The Rings (search function)|dated=|website=[http://www.tradecardsonline.com/ Trade Cards Online]|accessed=31 July 2012}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;2004: &#039;&#039;[[The Lord of the Rings: The Battle for Middle-earth]]&#039;&#039;:&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
:The Mordor faction has two different Nazgûl units: &amp;quot;Witch-king on Fell Beast&amp;quot; and &amp;quot;Nazgûl on Fell Beast&amp;quot;. They are primarily used for scouting and surprise attacks.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[File:The Lord of the Rings War in the North - Nazgûl.jpg|200px|thumb|The Nazgûl attack [[Sarn Ford]] in &#039;&#039;[[The Lord of the Rings: War in the North]]&#039;&#039;.]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;2006: &#039;&#039;[[The Lord of the Rings: The Battle for Middle-earth II]]&#039;&#039;:&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
:A new Ringwraith is introduced in the expansion pack, &#039;&#039;[[The Lord of the Rings: The Battle for Middle-earth II: The Rise of the Witch-king|The Rise of the Witch-king]]&#039;&#039;. Morgomir is the &amp;quot;Lieutenant of Carn-Dûm&amp;quot;, the right-hand man of the Witch-king, of [[Black Númenóreans|Black Númenórean]] descent. The design is similar to that in [[Peter Jackson]]&#039;s films: he is hooded and cloaked when he works for the [[Mordor]] faction, and white and ghostly when he fights for Angmar.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;2007: &#039;&#039;[[The Lord of the Rings Online]]&#039;&#039;:&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
:The Nazgûl appear several times throughout the game. Hobbit characters first witness the Black Riders in the Shire during the Prologue. Early in the game one of the Nine wounds a [[Dúnedain]] Ranger Amdir with a [[Morgul-knife|Morgul blade]], who is later transformed into a Wraith himself, despite the best efforts of Free Peoples. Later, the player attempts to resist the troubles the Nine are spreading in Bree-Land. Various people along their path - from Hobbits, to Men of Bree, to people east of [[Weathertop]] - note how the local wildlife became unusually aggressive lately, though few connect it to the influence of Nazgûl.&lt;br /&gt;
:As stated in &#039;&#039;[[The Fellowship of the Ring]]&#039;&#039;, only eight horses of the Wraiths were found along the shores of [[Bruinen]]. [[Glorfindel]], [[Elrond]], and his sons all enlist you to find the missing one - and while the horse is eventually found, it is clear the the Nazgûl himself escaped. The player foils his attempts to organize the [[Trolls]] of the [[Trollshaws]] and pursues him into the [[Misty Mountains]], where the severely weakened Wraith is finally defeated, with his spirit send back to Mordor.&lt;br /&gt;
:During the Fellowship&#039;s stay in [[Lothlórien]], the [[Galadhrim]] Elves launch a military strike against [[Dol Guldur]], to draw the attention of the Eye from the company departing down the Shores of Anduin. At this point, three Nazgûl reside in the fortress, their names are given as &amp;quot;The Black Blade of Lebennin&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;The Gloom of Nurn&amp;quot; and the strongest of them three &amp;quot;The Lieutenant of Dol Guldur&amp;quot;. A large force of players confronts the Lieutenant and his Fell Beast at the chief tower of Dol Guldur.&lt;br /&gt;
:During their travel down the waters of the Great River, Legolas shot and killed a fell shadow in the sky, not knowing it to be a Nazgûl. The player is later able to find the corpse of the fell beast in the [[Brown Lands]] and it becomes clear that a Nazgûl is not far - only this time the player cannot receive help from Elrond or Galadriel, who helped him survive two last encounters. At night, the Wraith ambushes your friends, but the player manages to drive him away with the use of fire. A girl named Nona is wounded in this fight, but the Free Peoples managed to bring her to Lady Galadriel in time to heal the wound. The player later meets the Bane of Rhun in the [[Blackroot Vale]] and the Black Blade of Lebennin in [[Osgiliath]]. When [[Minas Tirith]] is attacked, the Witch-King breaks the gate with [[Grond (battering ram)|Grond]]. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;2009: &#039;&#039;[[The Lord of the Rings: Conquest]]&#039;&#039;:&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
:In the Evil Campaign, the Eight Nazgûl bring Witch-King back to life after Sauron reclaims The One Ring.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;2011: &#039;&#039;[[The Lord of the Rings: War in the North]]&#039;&#039;:&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
:The Nazgûl appear in a flasback during the prologue of the game, in which they attack the [[Rangers of the North|Rangers]] at [[Sarn Ford]], the entrance of [[the Shire]]. Later in the flashback their leader, the [[Witch-king]], speaks with [[Agandaûr]].&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;[[The Lord of the Rings: War in the North]], &#039;&#039;Prologue&#039;&#039;&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;2012-14: [[The Hobbit (film series)|&#039;&#039;The Hobbit&#039;&#039; (film series) ]]:&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
:In the context of the film adaptation, the Witch-king and the other Ringwraiths were buried in a dungeon in the [[High Fells of Rhudaur]] after the [[Battle of Fornost|fall]] of Angmar. The Witch-king of Angmar initially appears in Dol Guldur, where he briefly fights [[Radagast]] (who also discovers a [[Sauron#Sauron&#039;s Return|Necromancer]] within the fortress) with his Morgul-blade. He drops it and  Radagast takes it with him, ultimately bringing it to [[Gandalf]], who then shows to the [[White Council]] in [[Rivendell]]. Later, Gandalf, per Galadriel&#039;s advice, visits the High Fells dungeons and discovers that they had been brought back to life, as their cells were empty, broken open from the inside. Through this investigation, he is convinced that the Necromancer is indeed Sauron.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:During the [[Attack on Dol Guldur]] they appeared in armored, ghostly versions of their mortal forms after Galadriel rescues Gandalf From his cage in Dol Guldur. The Nine do battle with Galadriel, [[Saruman]], and Elrond. During a confrontation between Galadriel and Sauron, they are driven to Mordor, with their master eventually following suit.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==See also==&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;[[:Category:Images of Nazgûl|Images of Nazgûl]]&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* the [[Witch-king]] of [[Angmar]]&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Khamûl]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==External links==&lt;br /&gt;
*[http://middle-earth.xenite.org/2014/01/29/what-is-the-history-of-the-nazgul/ What is the History of the Nazgul?] by [[Michael Martinez]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{references|note}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{DEFAULTSORT:Nazgul}}&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Black Speech words]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Characters in The Lord of the Rings]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Characters in The Silmarillion]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Second Age characters]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Third Age characters]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Nazgûl]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Undead]]&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Idhrendin</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=Aragorn&amp;diff=289880</id>
		<title>Aragorn</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=Aragorn&amp;diff=289880"/>
		<updated>2016-10-09T14:38:57Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Idhrendin: /* Early Life */&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;{{disambig-two|the King of [[Gondor]] and [[Arnor]]|[[Chieftains of the Dúnedain|Chieftain of the Dúnedain]]|[[Aragorn I]]}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{arnorian infobox&lt;br /&gt;
| name=Aragorn&lt;br /&gt;
| image=[[File:John Howe - Elessar.jpg|250px]]&lt;br /&gt;
| caption=&amp;quot;Elessar&amp;quot; by [[John Howe]]&lt;br /&gt;
| pronun=&lt;br /&gt;
| othernames=Aragorn II, [[Elessar]], [[Strider (Aragorn)|Strider]], [[Thorongil]] (&#039;&#039;[[Aragorn#Names and titles|see below]]&#039;&#039;)&lt;br /&gt;
| titles=[[Chieftains of the Dúnedain|Chieftain of the Dúnedain]]&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;King of the [[Reunited Kingdom]]&lt;br /&gt;
| position=[[Rangers of the North|Ranger]]&lt;br /&gt;
| location=[[Rivendell]]&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;[[Gondor]] and [[Arnor]]&lt;br /&gt;
| affiliation=[[Fellowship of the Ring]]&lt;br /&gt;
| language=[[Westron]], [[Sindarin]] and [[Quenya]]&lt;br /&gt;
| birth=[[1 March]] {{TA|2931}}&lt;br /&gt;
| birthlocation=[[Eriador]]&lt;br /&gt;
| rule={{TA|2933}} - {{TA|3019|n}} (Chieftain)&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;{{TA|3019}} - {{FoA|120}} (King)&lt;br /&gt;
| death={{FoA|120}}&lt;br /&gt;
| deathlocation=[[Gondor]]&lt;br /&gt;
| age=210&lt;br /&gt;
| notablefor=&lt;br /&gt;
| house=[[House of Isildur]]&lt;br /&gt;
| parentage=[[Arathorn II]], father &amp;lt;br/&amp;gt; [[Gilraen]], mother &amp;lt;br/&amp;gt; [[Elrond]], foster father&lt;br /&gt;
| siblings=&lt;br /&gt;
| spouse=[[Arwen]]&lt;br /&gt;
| children=[[Eldarion]], at least two daughters&lt;br /&gt;
| gender=Male&lt;br /&gt;
| height=6&#039;6&amp;lt;nowiki&amp;gt;&#039;&#039;&amp;lt;/nowiki&amp;gt; (198cm)&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;RC&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{HM|RC}}, p. 229&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| hair=Dark, flecked with grey&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Sign&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{FR|Sign}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; &lt;br /&gt;
| eyes=Grey&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Sign&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| clothing=High leather boots, dark-green cloak (As a [[Rangers of the North|Ranger]])&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Sign&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Pure white mantle, black mail girt with silver (As a King)&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{RK|Steward}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| weapons=[[Andúril]]&lt;br /&gt;
| steed=[[Roheryn]] and [[Hasufel]]&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;center&amp;gt;{{quote|Tall as the sea-kings of old, he stood above all that were near; ancient of days he seemed and yet in the flower of manhood; and wisdom sat upon his brow, and strength and healing were in his hands, and a light was about him.|&#039;&#039;[[The Return of the King]]&#039;&#039;, [[The Steward and the King]]}}&amp;lt;/center&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;Aragorn II&#039;&#039;&#039; ([[Sindarin|S]], pron. {{IPA|[ˈaraɡorn]}}; 1 March [[Third Age]] {{TA|2931|n}} – [[Fourth Age]] {{FoA|120|n}}, aged 210 years&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{HM|AB}}.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;) was the son of [[Arathorn II]] and [[Gilraen]]. He was the last [[Chieftains of the Dúnedain|Chieftain of the Dúnedain]] and a direct descendant through many generations of [[Isildur]], the last [[High King of the Dúnedain|High King]] of both [[Arnor]] and [[Gondor]]. Aragorn would become the greatest [[Men|Man]] of his time, leading the [[Dúnedain|Men of the West]] against [[Sauron]]&#039;s forces, helping to destroy [[the One Ring]], and reuniting the [[Reunited Kingdom|Kingdoms of Arnor and Gondor]]. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==History==&lt;br /&gt;
===Early Life===&lt;br /&gt;
Aragorn was born in {{TA|2931}} to the Chieftain Arathorn, and received the name Aragorn. But his grandmother, [[Ivorwen]], noted with foresight that Aragorn would one day wear on his breast a green stone.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{PM|Foreword}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
A legend says that the [[Wizards|Wizard]] [[Gandalf]] had brought [[Elfstone|such a stone]] from [[Valinor]]. He gave the Elessar to the [[Elves|Elven]] Lady [[Galadriel]], and remarked prophetically that she would pass it to another, who will also be called Elessar.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{UT|6}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; From this would come his royal name &#039;&#039;Elessar&#039;&#039; ([[Quenya]] for &amp;quot;Elfstone&amp;quot;), and he would be a healer and a renewer. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
When Aragorn was two years old, his father was slain when an [[Orcs|Orc]] arrow pierced his eye. As was the tradition of his people, Aragorn was fostered in [[Rivendell]] by [[Elrond]] as if he was his own son. By Elrond&#039;s order, his identity was kept secret, as he feared he would be slain like his father and grandfather. Aragorn was named &#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;[[Estel]]&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039; ([[Sindarin]] for &amp;quot;Hope&amp;quot;) instead.  During his life in Rivendell he accompanied the sons of Elrond, [[Elrohir]] and [[Elladan]], on their journeys. &amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;A1v&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{App|A1v}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
[[File:Stephen Hickman - Aragorn and Arwen.jpg|thumb|left|[[Stephen Hickman]] - &#039;&#039;Aragorn and Arwen&#039;&#039;]]&lt;br /&gt;
Elrond revealed to &amp;quot;Estel&amp;quot; his true name and ancestry when he returned from a journey with Elrohir and Elladan in {{TA|2952}}, when Aragorn was twenty-one years old; as part of this revelation, he delivered to him the heirlooms of [[House of Isildur|his House]]: the shards of [[Narsil]] and the [[Ring of Barahir]]. Later, Aragorn met and fell in love with [[Arwen]], daughter of Elrond, who had newly returned from [[Lothlórien]].&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;A1v&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Life as a Ranger===&lt;br /&gt;
Estel took up his proper name as Aragorn, sixteenth of the Chieftains of the Dúnedain, and after he took leave of his mother and Elrond he went into [[The Wild]].&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;A1v&amp;quot;/&amp;gt; In {{TA|2953}} he was not present in Rivendell for the last meeting of the [[White Council]]. Aragorn met [[Gandalf|Gandalf the Grey]] in {{TA|2956}}, and they became great friends.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;TA&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{App|TA}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; At Gandalf&#039;s advice he started to become interested in [[the Shire]] and became known as &#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;Strider&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039; in this region.&lt;br /&gt;
[[File:Catherine Chmiel - Ecthelion,Thorongil and Boromir study.jpg|thumb|200px|right|[[Catherine Karina Chmiel]] - &#039;&#039;&amp;quot;Thorongil&amp;quot; with Ecthelion II&#039;&#039;]]&lt;br /&gt;
From {{TA|2957}} to {{TA|2980}} Aragorn took great journeys, serving in the armies of King [[Thengel]] of [[Rohan]], and [[Steward]] [[Ecthelion II]] of Gondor.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;TA&amp;quot;/&amp;gt; Many of his tasks weakened [[Sauron]] and his allies, which during the [[War of the Ring]] helped the West survive. His name in Gondor and Rohan was &#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;Thorongil&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039; (Sindarin for &amp;quot;Eagle of the Star&amp;quot;), and became one of Ecthelion II&#039;s most important advisers. He warned Ecthelion of the [[Corsairs of Umbar]], who threathened the [[Southern Fiefs]] and was eventually allowed by Ecthelion to attack [[Umbar]]. He led a [[Surprise Attack on Umbar|Surprise Attack on the Havens of Umbar]] with a few Gondorian ships, destroying many of their ships and slaying its lord with only few casualties. After his return in [[Pelargir]] he crossed the [[Anduin]] and left Gondor to travel into the far East and South &amp;quot;exploring the hearts of men good and evil&amp;quot; and learning about the &amp;quot;plots and devices&amp;quot; of the servants of the Dark Lord.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{App|A1ivS}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Later in 2980 on his return to Rivendell he entered [[Lothlórien]], and there once again met Arwen in [[Caras Galadhon]]. For one season they lived together in Lothlórien. At midsummer he gave her the heirloom of his House, the [[Ring of Barahir]], and Arwen pledged her hand to him in marriage.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;A1v&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Elrond gave his foster-son permission to marry his daughter, on the condition that he must first become king of both Gondor and Arnor, for only a king would be worthy of Arwen&#039;s hand. This harsh condition had a precedent: King [[Thingol]]&#039;s request that [[Beren]] obtain a [[Silmarils|Silmaril]] from [[Morgoth]] before marrying his daughter [[Lúthien]].&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;A1v&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Hunt for Gollum===&lt;br /&gt;
In the year [[Third Age 3001|3001]], as a now revealed [[Sauron]] continued to regain power in [[Mordor]], Aragorn began assisting [[Gandalf]] in his search for  news of [[Gollum]]. Gandalf suspected that the ring [[Bilbo Baggins]] found near Gollum&#039;s lake was in fact [[the One Ring]]. In {{TA|3007}}, he shortly returns to [[Eriador]] where he visits his mother for the last time, she dies before that year&#039;s spring. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In [[Third Age 3017|3017]] after searching intermittently over the years,&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;TA&amp;quot;/&amp;gt; Aragorn finally overtakes Gollum in the [[Dead Marshes]] on [[1 February]]. With Gollum he travelled through the northern [[Emyn Muil]], to prevent being found by Sauron&#039;s spies, and crossed the Anduin at the [[Sarn Gebir]]. He travelled further north along the edges of [[Fangorn Forest]] and through Lothlórien,&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;UT&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{UT|Hunt}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; where the Elves sent a message to Gandalf.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{UT|Hunt}}, Note 5&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; He travelled alongside the Anduin to the north until he arrived at the [[Carrock]]. With the aid of the [[Beornings]] he crossed the Anduin with Gollum and entered [[Mirkwood]]. He took Gollum to [[Thranduil]] in to be held captive.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;UT&amp;quot;/&amp;gt; He then returns west where he meets with Gandalf at [[Sarn Ford]] and learns of [[Frodo Baggins]]&#039; plan to leave the shire with the Ring late September and then went to his own journey.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Strider&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{FR|Strider}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===War of the Ring===&lt;br /&gt;
When Aragorn returned to his area, the [[Elves]] who followed [[Gildor Inglorion]] told Aragorn the Black Riders had been seen, and Gandalf had been missing and there were no messages from him. Aragorn and his [[Rangers of the North|Rangers]] kept watch over the border of [[the Shire]] and the [[East Road]] waiting for sight of Frodo but there were no news of them leaving [[Buckland]].&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Strider&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
While staying in [[Bree]], Aragorn crossed the paths of four hobbits in [[The Prancing Pony]].  Aragorn watched as the hobbits clumsily hid their names and intentions. He watched as [[Frodo Baggins]], the leader of the party, fell from a table and disappeared as he put the ring on.  Aragorn, whose name was given as Strider, seemed to show no surprise, only annoyance at Frodo’s foolish vanishing act.  He arranged for an interview that night, where he warned them of the [[Nazgûl|Black Riders]] and [[Bill Ferny]], then bluntly requested that they use him as a guide.  After some consideration, and a note given them by the forgetful [[Barliman Butterbur]] from Gandalf condoning him, Frodo agreed.&lt;br /&gt;
[[File:Jef Murray - Amon Sûl.jpg|thumb|left|[[Jef Murray]] - &#039;&#039;Amon Sûl&#039;&#039;]]&lt;br /&gt;
Aragorn’s plan to reach Rivendell was to first head  toward [[Archet]] and bear right to [[Weathertop]].  After the ambush at Weathertop and the wounding of Frodo, [[Meriadoc Brandybuck|Merry]] took over the position as leader of the Hobbits.  After a while they met [[Glorfindel]], a friend of Aragorn’s, and it was not much later that they arrived in Rivendell.&lt;br /&gt;
[[File:Darrell Sweet - The Reforging of the Sword.jpg|thumb|[[Darrell Sweet]] - &#039;&#039;The Reforging of the Sword&#039;&#039;]]&lt;br /&gt;
After the Council of Elrond Aragorn became a member of the [[Fellowship of the Ring]]. As a preparation for his travel, the ancient shards of [[Narsil]], the heirloom of his House, were reforged after 3 millennia. Aragorn carried the Sword Reforged, and renamed it [[Andúril]]. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Aragorn&#039;s intentions were to travel with the company for a while before returning to [[Gondor]] with [[Boromir]]. Aragorn encouraged the taking of the [[Caradhras|Redhorn Pass]], which ended in disaster. He reluctantly conceded to Gandalf’s choice to pass through [[Moria]], though his sense of foresight warned him for Gandalf.  Indeed, after Gandalf fell into the  abyss with [[Durin&#039;s Bane]], Aragorn was naturally elected leader of the company, despite some resentment by Boromir.&lt;br /&gt;
====Leading the Fellowship of the Ring====&lt;br /&gt;
Aragorn again amazed the rest of the Fellowship by his apparent closeness to the people of [[Lothlórien]], and his friendship with [[Celeborn]] and [[Galadriel]]. At their departure, Galadriel offered him the [[Elfstone]] as a wedding gift from the family of the Elven bride to the groom, foretelling his marriage to Arwen.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{MR|P3II3}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;. It was worn by Aragorn ever after and from that he later took the name &#039;&#039;&#039;Elessar&#039;&#039;&#039;.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Even at the [[Rauros|Falls of Rauros]] he was undecided, leaving it to Frodo for the final decision.  For though it was obvious he wished to go to [[Minas Tirith]] with Boromir, he yet felt that it was his duty to go where the [[Ring-bearers|Ring-bearer]] chose.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[File:Inger Edelfeldt - Death of Boromir.jpg|thumb|200px|right|[[Inger Edelfeldt]] - &#039;&#039;Death of Boromir&#039;&#039;]]&lt;br /&gt;
After Frodo escaped him and Boromir perished, he with the remaining members of the Fellowship, namely [[Legolas]] and [[Gimli]], chose to try and save [[Meriadoc Brandybuck|Merry]] and [[Peregrin Took|Pippin]] from the [[Uruk-hai]] that had ambushed them, forming the group that would later be known as the [[Three Hunters]].&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
He met [[Éomer]] in the fields of [[Rohan]], and an instant friendship formed, both feeling the honesty and lordliness of the other.  Éomer took a risk for his sake, giving him horses, with the promise that one day soon Aragorn would return to [[Edoras]].  Aragorn, tracking the Hobbits, followed into Fangorn Forest, where he met the resurrected [[Gandalf|Gandalf the White]].  After the restoration of [[Théoden]], he rode to [[Helm&#039;s Deep]] to fight in the [[Battle of the Hornburg]].  There he, alongside his new-found “brother” Éomer, and King Théoden, marshaled the defense against [[Saruman]]’s army.  His revealed majesty upon the battlements of the Hornburg as he waited for the dawn caused some of the [[Dunlendings|Wild men]] to pause and shudder, and he heralded the return of Gandalf with [[Erkenbrand]].&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
After Pippin’s terrifying experience with the [[Orthanc-stone]], Gandalf presented it in a formal manner to Aragorn, its rightful master, who hinted that it would be used by him eventually. After the departure of Gandalf and Pippin to Minas Tirith, he rode for a while longer with Théoden, meeting up with his friend [[Halbarad]] of the North, [[Elladan]] and [[Elrohir]], and a company of staunch and fearless Rangers. Elladan and Elrohir gave him a message from Elrond: &amp;quot;&#039;&#039;The days are short. If thou art in haste, remember the [[Paths of the Dead]]&#039;&#039;&amp;quot;. Halbarad bore a gift from the Lady Arwen – the [[Standard of Elendil]]. Aragorn knew the path set before him.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
====Return of the King====&lt;br /&gt;
A little while later Aragorn took his companions and his rangers and set out for [[Dunharrow]], departing from the King’s company. His course was clear: to take the Paths of the Dead, to summon the [[Oathbreakers|Dead Men]].  In Dunharrow, he met the lady [[Éowyn]], who had fallen in love with him.  After making it clear that he could not accept her love, he turned towards the evil road with the dawn.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The [[Grey Company]] passed through the [[Dark Door]] and the [[Dwimorberg]], the Dead following, and coming at last to the [[Stone of Erech]], Aragorn summoned them to his aid. They drew their swords and blew their horns in answer, and swept down upon the [[Corsairs of Umbar|Corsairs]] at [[Pelargir]] drove the mariners away. Aragorn released them, and took the [[Black Ships]] north to Minas Tirith, where the [[Battle of the Pelennor Fields]] raged. The Standard of Elendil broke forth, and his Dúnedain swept down, giving the final blow to the army of [[Gothmog (Lieutenant of Morgul)|Gothmog]]. The counter-attacked army of [[Sauron]] crumbled utterly. But Aragorn did not enter the city.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Aragorn, furling his banner, appointed [[Imrahil]] the temporary lord of the City, as the law demanded.  Eventually, however, Aragorn did come to the [[Houses of Healing]], where he tended and restored Merry, Éowyn, and [[Faramir]], in accordance with the prophecy “&#039;&#039;The hands of the king are the hands of a healer, and so shall the rightful king be known&#039;&#039;”. Aragorn then left the city, hooded and cloaked, and yet the people of Minas Tirith followed him, for they had heard rumours. Yet when in the morning they saw the banner of [[Dol Amroth]], they wondered if the Return of the King had been but a dream.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Aragorn held [[Last Debate|council]] with his trusted companions, namely Gandalf, Éomer, Imrahil, and Elrond’s sons – Halbarad had fallen in battle.  He agreed to draw forth the forces of [[Mordor]] for the benefit of the [[Quest of the Ring]], and so arranged matters for the [[Battle of the Morannon]].  After the destruction of the Ring in [[Mount Doom|Orodruin]] and victory at the [[Morannon]], Aragorn returned at last in the triumphant manner that befitted his position. He was crowned at the gates of Minas Tirith, winning the hearts of the people of [[Gondor]].&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Reign as Elessar===&lt;br /&gt;
Aragorn ruled the [[Reunited Kingdom]] of Gondor and Arnor until year 120 of the [[Fourth Age]]. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Some days after his coronation, Gandalf took Elessar up the slopes of Mount [[Mindolluin]], and there he found the scion of [[Nimloth of Númenor|Nimloth]], the symbol of his mastery of the [[Reunited Kingdom]]. Elrond and Arwen came to Gondor and Elrond gave Elessar the [[Sceptre of Annúminas]] signifying the Kingship of Arnor. He wedded Arwen on Midsummer&#039;s day of 3019, and then was forced to bid his old friends farewell.  He turned back to his new kingdom as the [[Fourth Age]] dawned and the Ringbearers left the shores of Middle-earth forever.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
One of his first tasks in the re-ordering of his realm was the restoration of [[Orthanc]] and ordered the [[Orthanc-stone]] to be returned there. With this opportunity, many secrets and hoarded treasures were revealed including the [[Elendilmir]] which Saruman took from Isildur&#039;s body. Elessar received the Elemdilmir with reverence and took it with him as he established his full kingship of [[Arnor]].&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{UT|Isen}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Elessar gave his [[Steward]] Faramir the title [[Lord of Emyn Arnen]] and created him as [[Prince of Ithilien]]&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{RK|Steward}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;. He declared the [[Drúadan Forest]] to belong to the [[Drúedain]] and a protected enclave of his Kingdom.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{RK|Partings}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; He also re-established the Great [[Council of Gondor]] whose chief councellor was the Steward&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{L|244}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;. He also renewed the [[Oath of Cirion]] with Éomer.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
As for [[the Shire]], he declared it a Free Land under the protection of the Northern Sceptre and forbid Men from entering it. He appointed the [[Thain]], the [[Master of Buckland]], and the [[Mayor of Michel Delving]] Counsellors of the North-kingdom. Also he offered to the Shire the [[Westmarch|lands]] up to the [[Tower Hills|Emyn Beraid]].&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{App|Later}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
He founded the royal [[House of Telcontar]], he had a son and a number of daughters.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
King Elessar died after 210 years of life and 122 years of rule and was succeeded by his son [[Eldarion]]. His wife Arwen, now mortal, gave up her life shortly afterwards in year 121, aged 2,901.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Etymology==&lt;br /&gt;
{{Pronounce|Aragorn Elessar.mp3|Ardamir}}&lt;br /&gt;
The name &#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;Aragorn&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039; is [[Sindarin]], meaning &#039;&#039;&#039;&amp;quot;Revered King&amp;quot;&#039;&#039;&#039;, from &#039;&#039;[[aran]]&#039;&#039; (&amp;quot;king&amp;quot;) and &#039;&#039;[[gorn|(n)gorn]]&#039;&#039; (&amp;quot;dreaded, revered&amp;quot;).&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{PE|17}}, p. 113&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
This clear etymology from Tolkien was not revealed until the publication in 2007 of &amp;quot;Words, Phrases &amp;amp; Passages in &#039;&#039;The Lord of the Rings&#039;&#039;&amp;quot;, a late 1950s manuscript. Before that, several theories were proposed:&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Ruth S. Noel]] and several others proposed  &amp;quot;King of the Tree&amp;quot;,&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;[[Ruth S. Noel]], &#039;&#039;[[The Languages of Tolkien&#039;s Middle-earth]]&#039;&#039;, p. 114&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; but Tolkien specifically said that this was not the case.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{L|347}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; &lt;br /&gt;
*[[David Salo]] deduces &amp;quot;Having Kingly Valor&amp;quot;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;[[David Salo]], &#039;&#039;[[A Gateway to Sindarin]]&#039;&#039;, p. 341&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; from Tolkien&#039;s cryptic &amp;quot;&#039;Kingly Valour&#039; (for so is that name interpreted)&amp;quot;.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{PM|Foreword}}, p. xii&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; This is still the most often cited etymology; Robert Ireland&#039;s &#039;&#039;[[A Tolkien Dictionary]]&#039;&#039; gives the variation &amp;quot;Royal Zeal&amp;quot;.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Robert Ireland, &#039;&#039;[[A Tolkien Dictionary]]&#039;&#039;, [http://www.quicksilver899.com/Tolkien/LOTR/LOTR_AC.html The Lord of the Rings A-C].&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Carl F. Hostetter]] proposed the meanings &amp;quot;King of the Globe&amp;quot; or &amp;quot;King of the Hill&amp;quot; in his analysis of the [[King&#039;s Letter]].&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;[[Carl F. Hostetter]], &amp;quot;The &#039;King&#039;s Letter&#039;: An Historical and Comparative Analysis&amp;quot;, [[Vinyar Tengwar 31|&#039;&#039;Vinyar Tengwar&#039;&#039; 31]], p. 18&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The [[Quenya]] form of &#039;&#039;Aragorn&#039;&#039; was &#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;Aracorno&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;WP&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{PE|17}}, p. 71&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Names and titles===&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;Aragorn II&#039;&#039;&#039; - Aragorn&#039;s name as [[Chieftains of the Dúnedain|Chieftain of the Dúnedain]]. He was likely named after [[Aragorn I]].&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Thorongil]] - [[Sindarin|S]] &amp;quot;Eagle of the Star&amp;quot;, a pseudonym used in [[Gondor]] and [[Rohan]].  Pronounced {{IPA|[θoˈroŋɡil]}}.&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;Elessar&#039;&#039;&#039; - [[Quenya|Q]] &amp;quot;Elfstone&amp;quot;, Aragorn&#039;s name as a king. Despite popular use as such, Aragorn was never known as &amp;quot;Aragorn Elessar&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Aragorn II Elessar&amp;quot; or &amp;quot;[[The Return of the King (1980 film)|King Aragorn]]&amp;quot;.  Pronounced {{IPA|[eˈlesːar]}}.&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Envinyatar|&#039;&#039;Envinyatar&#039;&#039;, the Renewer]]&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;Edhelharn&#039;&#039;&#039; - The [[Sindarin]] equivalent of Elessar, used in the King&#039;s Letter.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{SD|XI2}}, p. 128ff&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;  Pronounced {{IPA|[eˈðel.harn]}}.&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Elfstone]] - The [[Westron|Common Speech]] version of the previous two. &lt;br /&gt;
* [[Estel]] - [[Quenya|Q]].  Usually glossed as &amp;quot;Hope&amp;quot;, the concept &#039;&#039;estel&#039;&#039; more widely means &amp;quot;hope, trust, a temper of mind, steady fixed in purpose, and difficult to dissuade and unlikely to fall into despair or abandon its purpose&amp;quot;.  Pronounced {{IPA|[ˈestel]}}.&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Strider (Aragorn)|Strider]] - A sobriquet given by the men of [[Bree]]. Aragorn used it mockingly.&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;Wingfoot&#039;&#039;&#039; - A honorary name given by [[Éomer]] after the pursuit of the [[Uruk-hai]] through the [[Eastemnet]].&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{TT|III2}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Telcontar]] - A [[Quenya]] form of &amp;quot;Strider&amp;quot;, this was the name of Elessar&#039;s Royal House. It was not used independently.  Pronounced {{IPA|[telˈkontar]}}.&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Heir of Isildur|Isildur&#039;s Heir]] - A poetic address, as he was the heir of [[Isildur]]. &lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;The Dúnadan&#039;&#039;&#039; - &amp;quot;[[Dúnedain|Man of the West]]&amp;quot;, a name given by [[Bilbo Baggins]] when their friendship evolved. &lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;Longshanks&#039;&#039;&#039; - another, though less frequently used, sobriquet in Bree, ascribed to [[Bill Ferny]]. The legs of the [[Bree-landers|Bree-men]] were shorter than the legs of the [[Dúnedain]].&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;Arakorno&#039;&#039;&#039; - A rare Quenya form of Aragorn, which only appeared in a discussion about the words for Quenya &amp;quot;and&amp;quot;.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;WP&amp;quot;/&amp;gt; Pronounced {{IPA|[ˌaraˈkorno]}}.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Family tree==&lt;br /&gt;
{{familytree/start}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{familytree | EAR |y| ELW | | GAL |y| CEL |GAL=[[Galadriel]]|CEL=[[Celeborn]]|EAR=[[Eärendil]]|ELW=[[Elwing]]}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{familytree | | | |)|-|-|-|.| | | |!| | | |}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{familytree | | | ROS | | RON |y| CLB | | |ROS=[[Elros]]|RON=[[Elrond]]|CLB=[[Celebrían]]}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{familytree | | | |:| | | | | |!| | | | | |}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{familytree | | | KON | | | | |!| | | | | |KON=&amp;lt;small&amp;gt;&#039;&#039;[[Kings of Númenor]]&#039;&#039;&amp;lt;/small&amp;gt;}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{familytree | | | |:| | | | | |!| | | | | |}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{familytree | | | LOA | | | | |!| | | | | |LOA=&amp;lt;small&amp;gt;&#039;&#039;[[Lords of Andúnië]]&#039;&#039;&amp;lt;/small&amp;gt;}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{familytree | | | |:| | | | | |!| | | | | |}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{familytree | | | ELE | | | | |!| | | | | |ELE=[[Elendil]]}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{familytree | |,|-|^|-|.| | | |!| | | | | |}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{familytree | ISI | | ANA | | |!| | | | | |ISI=[[Isildur]]|ANA=[[Anárion]]}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{familytree | |:| | | |:| | | |!| | | | | |}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{familytree | KOA | | KOG | | |!| | | | | |KOA=&amp;lt;small&amp;gt;&#039;&#039;[[Kings of Arnor]]&#039;&#039;&amp;lt;/small&amp;gt;|KOG=&amp;lt;small&amp;gt;&#039;&#039;[[Kings of Gondor]]&#039;&#039;&amp;lt;/small&amp;gt;}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{familytree | |:| | | |:| | | |!| | | | | |}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{familytree | KOA | | OND | | |!| | | | | |OND=[[Ondoher]]|KOA=&amp;lt;small&amp;gt;&#039;&#039;[[Kings of Arthedain]]&#039;&#039;&amp;lt;/small&amp;gt;}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{familytree | |:| | | |!| | | |!| | | | | |}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{familytree | ARV |V| FIR | | |!| | | | | |ARV=[[Arvedui]]|FIR=[[Fíriel]]}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{familytree | | | |:| | | | | |!| | | | | |}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{familytree | | | COD | | | | |!| | | | | |COD=&amp;lt;small&amp;gt;&#039;&#039;[[Chieftains of the Dúnedain]]&#039;&#039;&amp;lt;/small&amp;gt;}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{familytree | | | |:| | | | | |!| | | | | |}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{familytree | | | ART |y| GIL |!| | | | | |ART=[[Arathorn II]]|GIL=[[Gilraen]]}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{familytree | | | | | |!| | | |!| | | | | |}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{familytree | | | | | ARA |y| ARW | | | | |ARA=&#039;&#039;&#039;ARAGORN &#039;&#039;&#039;|ARW=[[Arwen]]}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{familytree | | | | | |,|-|^|-|.| | | | | |}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{familytree | | | | | ELD | | SDS | | | | |ELD=[[Eldarion]]|SDS=&#039;&#039;several sisters&#039;&#039;}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{familytree/end}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Other versions of the legendarium==&lt;br /&gt;
In the earliest unpublished versions of &#039;&#039;[[The Lord of the Rings]]&#039;&#039; (see &#039;&#039;[[The History of The Lord of the Rings]]&#039;&#039;), the character that later became Aragorn was called &#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;[[Trotter]]&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039; instead of Strider, and was a [[Hobbits|Hobbit]] instead of a [[Men|Man]]. He had wooden feet, because he had once traveled to Mordor and been tortured there.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Portrayal in adaptations==&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;center&amp;gt;&amp;lt;gallery&amp;gt; &lt;br /&gt;
File:WiMe-Aragorn&amp;amp;Frodo VS Nazgul-1-.png|&amp;lt;center&amp;gt;&#039;&#039;[[J.R.R. Tolkien&#039;s War in Middle Earth]]&#039;&#039;&amp;lt;/center&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
File:The Lord of the Rings (1978 film) - Strider.jpg|&amp;lt;center&amp;gt;[[The Lord of the Rings (1978 film)|&#039;&#039;The Lord of the Rings&#039;&#039; (1978 film)]]&amp;lt;/center&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
File:The Return of the King (1980 film) - Aragorn.jpg|&amp;lt;center&amp;gt;[[The Return of the King (1980 film)|&#039;&#039;The Return of the King&#039;&#039; (1980 film)]]&amp;lt;/center&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
File:The Lord of the Rings (film series) - Aragorn.jpg|&amp;lt;center&amp;gt;[[The Lord of the Rings (film series)|&#039;&#039;The Lord of the Rings&#039;&#039; (film series)]]&amp;lt;/center&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
File:Aragorn Anduril viv lotr.JPG|&amp;lt;center&amp;gt;[[The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring (video game)|&#039;&#039;The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring&#039;&#039; (video game)]]&amp;lt;/center&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
File:Aragorn LOTRO.jpg|&amp;lt;center&amp;gt;&#039;&#039;[[The Lord of the Rings Online]]&#039;&#039;&amp;lt;/center&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
File:2011-12-23 00061.jpg|&amp;lt;center&amp;gt;&#039;&#039;[[The Lord of the Rings: War in the North]]&#039;&#039;&amp;lt;/center&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
File:LEGO Aragorn poster.png|&amp;lt;center&amp;gt;Aragorn as a &#039;&#039;[[Lego]] mini figure&#039;&#039;&amp;lt;/center&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/gallery&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/center&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;1955: [[The Lord of the Rings (1955 radio series)|&#039;&#039;The Lord of the Rings&#039;&#039; (1955 radio series)]]:&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
:The voice of Aragorn is provided by [[Godfrey Kenton]].&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;1978: [[The Lord of the Rings (1978 film)|&#039;&#039;The Lord of the Rings&#039;&#039; (1978 film)]]:&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
:The voice of Aragorn is provided by [[John Hurt]]. Some critics have accused this character of looking too much like a [[wikipedia:Stereotypes_of_Native_Americans|Native American stereotype]].&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;1979: [[The Lord of the Rings (1979 radio series)|&#039;&#039;The Lord of the Rings&#039;&#039; (1979 radio series)]]:&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
:The voice of Aragorn is provided by [[Tom Luce]].&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;1980: &#039;&#039;[[The Return of the King (1980 film)|Rankin/Bass&#039; The Return of the King]]&#039;&#039;:&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
:Aragorn was voiced by [[Theodore Bikel]].&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;1981: [[The Lord of the Rings (1981 radio series)|&#039;&#039;The Lord of the Rings&#039;&#039; (1981 radio series)]]:&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
:Aragorn was voiced by [[Robert Stephens]].  For his early scenes, according to [[John McAndrew]] (Pippin) Stephens adopted an accurate Bristol accent to help suggest the disguise Strider adopted in Bree.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;1988: &#039;&#039;[[J.R.R. Tolkien&#039;s War in Middle Earth]]&#039;&#039;:&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
:Aragorn is a playable character. He has brown hair and is bearded, he bears a golden sword. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;2001: &#039;&#039;[[The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring|Peter Jackson&#039;s The Fellowship of the Ring]]&#039;&#039;:&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
:Aragorn is played by [[Viggo Mortensen]], though [[Stuart Townsend]] was originally cast in the role. Townsend was deemed too young. Mortensen had just two weeks to train for his first scene, the standoff with the [[Nazgûl]] at [[Weathertop]]. Mortensen portrays Aragorn full of self-doubt. Jackson explained that this was to give him a character development arc.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;2002: [[The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring (video game)|&#039;&#039;The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring&#039;&#039; (video game)]]:&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
:[[Daran Norris]] provided the voice of Aragorn, who is one of the three playable characters.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;2002: &#039;&#039;[[The Lord of the Rings: The Two Towers|Peter Jackson&#039;s The Two Towers]]&#039;&#039;:&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
:Aragorn&#039;s part is this film is largely similar to the events in book. The most significant difference is that, in the book, there was no [[Wargs|Warg]] attack on the party traveling to Helm&#039;s Deep and Aragorn did not fall down a cliff.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;2002: [[The Lord of the Rings: The Two Towers (video game)|&#039;&#039;The Lord of the Rings: The Two Towers&#039;&#039; (video game)]]:&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
:Aragorn is one of the three playable characters.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;2003: &#039;&#039;[[The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King|Peter Jackson&#039;s The Return of the King]]&#039;&#039;:&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
:Aragorn shows great trouble over the choice whether or not he should become king, whereas in the book, there is no doubt of his purpose to return as the king from the very first time his lineage is revealed.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;2003: [[The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King (video game)|&#039;&#039;The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King&#039;&#039; (video game)]]:&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
:Aragorn is a playable character, his storyline is dubbed &amp;quot;Path of a King&amp;quot;. He journey through Paths of the Dead with Legolas and Gimli, later they fight on Pelennor fields and at the Black Gate.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;2003: &#039;&#039;[[The Lord of the Rings: War of the Ring|Sierra&#039;s War of the Ring]]&#039;&#039;:&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
:Aragorn is a Hero Unit for the Free People side. He is present in Lothlorien, Battle of Hornburg and Siege of the Minas Morgul.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;2004: &#039;&#039;[[The Lord of the Rings: The Battle for Middle-earth]]&#039;&#039;:&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
:Aragorn is a Hero Unit for the Rohan faction in skirmishes, he also accompanies the Fellowship in the storyline mode.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;2006: &#039;&#039;[[The Lord of the Rings: The Battle for Middle-earth II]]&#039;&#039;:&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
:Aragorn is now the Hero for the Men of the West faction.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;2007: &#039;&#039;[[The Lord of the Rings Online]]&#039;&#039;:&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
:In the Prologue, Aragorn saves Men/Hobbit characters from brigands, but is forced to leave soon, as he has to intercept Frodo in Bree. Later arriving at the Prancing Pony, the characters meet him again and help him looking in surrounding area for Hobbits, who did not arrive in time. When player returns, Aragorn and the Hobbits already departed, and their next meeting is in Rivendell, where Aragorn entrusts the player with defense of the North while the Fellowship is gone. Later, in [[Lothlórien]], Aragorn is seen residing in [[Caras Galadhon]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;2009: &#039;&#039;[[The Lord of the Rings: Conquest]]&#039;&#039;:&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
:Aragorn is a playable hero available in several missions.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;2011: &#039;&#039;[[The Lord of the Rings: War in the North]]&#039;&#039;:&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
:Aragorn is an important character of the game, and is mentioned as one of the much honored heroes of the [[War of the Ring]] in the introduction of the game.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Prologue&amp;quot;&amp;gt;[[The Lord of the Rings: War in the North]], &#039;&#039;Prologue&#039;&#039;&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
:He is a friend of two of the game&#039;s main characters, [[Eradan (video game character)|Eradan]] and [[Andriel]]. Aragorn had met [[Andriel]] during his visits at [[Rivendell]],&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Backstory Andriel&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{webcite|author=|articleurl=http://www.warinthenorth.com/the-game/heroes/backstory#elfAnchor|articlename=Elven Character: Andriel&#039;s History|dated=|website=War in the North|accessed=25 December 2011}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; while he had met Eradan, when he served as Ranger at Sarn Ford. Aragorn was impressed by his skills and bravery, and taught him much about tracking. Eradan was a companion of Aragorn on many of his journeys. Aragorn trusted Eradan much, though he never told him what the reason was behind the protection of [[the Shire]].&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{webcite|author=|articleurl=http://www.warinthenorth.com/the-game/heroes/backstory#dunedainAnchor|articlename=Human Character: Eradan&#039;s History|dated=|website=War in the North|accessed=24 December 2011}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:Eradan, Andriel and [[Farin (video game character)|Farin]] meet Aragorn in the Prancing Pony to warn him, on Halbarad&#039;s request, after the Nazgûl attacked and defeated the [[Rangers of the North|Rangers]] at [[Sarn Ford]], and entered the Shire. They also tell him about an conservation between the Witch-king and [[Agandaûr]], which the three heroes overheard shortly after the attack. Agandaûr summoned the [[Orcs of the Misty Mountains]] and assembled an army in [[Fornost]], which plans to aid the Nazgûl in their search to [[the One Ring]]. Aragorn sends Eradan, Andriel and Farin to Fornost, to stop Agandaûr and his army.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Prologue&amp;quot;/&amp;gt; While Eradan, Andriel, Farin, [[Elladan]] and [[Elrohir]] stopped Agandaûr&#039;s army,&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;[[The Lord of the Rings: War in the North]], &#039;&#039;Chapter 1: Fornost&#039;&#039;&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; Aragorn met with [[Frodo Baggins]] and left Bree.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;[[The Lord of the Rings: War in the North]], &#039;&#039;Chapter 2: The Barrow Downs&#039;&#039;, Bree&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;2012: &#039;&#039;[[Lego|Lego The Lord of the Rings]]&#039;&#039;:&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
:A mini figure of Aragorn is included in the [[Lego#Sets|sets]] &#039;&#039;&#039;Attack at Weathertop&#039;&#039;&#039;, &#039;&#039;&#039;The Battle of Helm&#039;s Deep&#039;&#039;&#039;, &#039;&#039;&#039;The Battle at the Black gate&#039;&#039;&#039;, and &#039;&#039;&#039;The Pirate ship ambush&#039;&#039;&#039;.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;2012 sets&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{webcite|author=Calisuri|articleurl=http://www.theonering.net/torwp/2012/02/12/53563-more-lord-of-the-rings-lego-details-from-toy-fare-2012/|articlename=More Lord of the Rings LEGO Details from Toy Fare 2012|dated=12 February 2012|website=TORN|accessed=18 February 2012}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;2014: &#039;&#039;[[The Hobbit: The Battle of the Five Armies]]&#039;&#039;:&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
:Although he is not physically present, he is mentioned by [[Thranduil]] to his son, [[Legolas]]. Thranduil tells Legolas to seek a young ranger known as &amp;quot;Strider&amp;quot; and that Legolas would have to discover Strider&#039;s true name for himself. In the continuity of the films, Aragorn would have been 27 rather than a ten-year-old child.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==See also==&lt;br /&gt;
*[[:Category:Images of Aragorn|Images of Aragorn]]&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Timeline of Aragorn]]&lt;br /&gt;
*[http://dare.ubvu.vu.nl/bitstream/1871/10975/1/Aragorn_Final.pdf &amp;quot;Aragorn Seen Through Different Media&amp;quot;] by [[Connie Veugen]], comparing the introduction of Strider in Ralph Bakshi&#039;s film, the 1981 BBC radio play, Peter Jackson&#039;s film and [[Vivendi]]&#039;s [[The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring (video game)|video game]] of &#039;&#039;The Fellowship of the Ring.&lt;br /&gt;
{{references}}&lt;br /&gt;
==Titles==&lt;br /&gt;
{{seq-start}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{seq-head&lt;br /&gt;
| race=arnorian&lt;br /&gt;
| house=[[House of Telcontar]]&amp;lt;small&amp;gt;&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;Continuation of the senior branch of the [[House of Isildur]]&amp;lt;/small&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| born=[[1 March|March 1]], {{TA|2931}}&lt;br /&gt;
| died={{FoA|120}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{seq&lt;br /&gt;
| prow=2&lt;br /&gt;
| prev=[[Arathorn II]]&lt;br /&gt;
| list=16th [[Chieftains of the Dúnedain|Chieftain of the Dúnedain]]&lt;br /&gt;
| dates={{TA|2933}} – {{TA|3019|n}}&lt;br /&gt;
| next=Position abolished&lt;br /&gt;
| nvac=None&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{seq&lt;br /&gt;
| list=39th [[Heir of Isildur|Heir]] of [[Isildur]]&lt;br /&gt;
| dates={{TA|2933}} - {{FoA|120}}&lt;br /&gt;
| next=[[Eldarion]]&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{seq&lt;br /&gt;
| prev=[[Gandalf]]&lt;br /&gt;
| list=Leader of the [[Fellowship of the Ring]]&lt;br /&gt;
| dates=[[15 January|January 15]] - [[22 August|August 22]], {{TA|3019}}&lt;br /&gt;
| next=Position abolished&lt;br /&gt;
| nvac=None&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{seq&lt;br /&gt;
| pvac=Vacant&lt;br /&gt;
| prev=Last held by:&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;&#039;&#039;&#039;[[Eärnur]]&#039;&#039;&#039;, 969 years earlier&lt;br /&gt;
| list=34th [[Kings of Gondor|King of Gondor]]&lt;br /&gt;
| dates={{TA|3019}} – {{FoA|120}}&lt;br /&gt;
| next=[[Eldarion]]&lt;br /&gt;
| nrow=4&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{seq&lt;br /&gt;
| pvac=Vacant&lt;br /&gt;
| prev=Last held by:&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;&#039;&#039;&#039;[[Eärendur (King of Arnor)|Eärendur]]&#039;&#039;&#039;, 2,158 years earlier&lt;br /&gt;
| list=11th [[Kings of Arnor|King of Arnor]]&lt;br /&gt;
| dates={{TA|3019}} – {{FoA|120}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{seq&lt;br /&gt;
| pvac=Vacant&lt;br /&gt;
| prev=Last held by:&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;&#039;&#039;&#039;[[Isildur]]&#039;&#039;&#039;, 3,017 years earlier&lt;br /&gt;
| list=1st [[High King of the Dúnedain|High King]] of the [[Reunited Kingdom]]&lt;br /&gt;
| dates={{TA|3019}} – {{FoA|120}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{seq&lt;br /&gt;
| pvac=None&lt;br /&gt;
| prev=New title&lt;br /&gt;
| list=Head of the [[House of Telcontar]]&lt;br /&gt;
| dates={{TA|3019}} – {{FoA|120}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{seq-end}}{{councilofelrond}}{{fellowship}}{{FellowshipRoute}}{{northernline}}{{southernline}}&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Characters in The Silmarillion]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Characters in The Lord of the Rings]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Chieftains of the Dúnedain]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Featured Articles]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Fourth Age characters]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:House of Isildur]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:House of Telcontar| ]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Masculine names]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Rulers of Arnor]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Rulers of Gondor]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Sindarin names]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Third Age characters]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[de:Aragorn II.]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[fa:آراگورن دوم]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[fi:Aragorn II]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[fr:/encyclo/personnages/hommes/3a/dunedain/dunedain_du_nord/aragorn_ii]]&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Idhrendin</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=The_Lord_of_the_Rings_Online:_Mines_of_Moria&amp;diff=289879</id>
		<title>The Lord of the Rings Online: Mines of Moria</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=The_Lord_of_the_Rings_Online:_Mines_of_Moria&amp;diff=289879"/>
		<updated>2016-10-09T10:44:48Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Idhrendin: /* Trailer */&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;{{disambig-more|Mines of Moria|[[The Mines of Moria (disambiguation)]]}}{{video game infobox&lt;br /&gt;
| image=[[Image:The Lord of the Rings Online- Mines of Moria.jpg|250px]]&lt;br /&gt;
| name=The Lord of the Rings Online:&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Mines of Moria&lt;br /&gt;
| developer=[[Turbine|Turbine, Inc]]&lt;br /&gt;
| publisher=[[Turbine|Turbine, Inc]]&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;[[Midway Games]]&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;[[Codemasters]]&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;[[NHN Corporation]] (South Korea)&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{webcite|author=William Dobson|articleurl=http://massively.joystiq.com/2009/04/23/lord-of-the-rings-online-launches-in-korea-and-russia/|articlename=Lord of the Rings Online launches in Korea and Russia|dated=23 April 2009|website=Massively|accessed=2 January 2012}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| platform=Microsoft Windows&lt;br /&gt;
| releasedate=[[18 November|November 18]], [[2008]]&lt;br /&gt;
| genre=MMORPG&lt;br /&gt;
|}}&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;The Lord of the Rings Online: Mines of Moria&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039; is a massively multiplayer online role-playing game (MMORPG) set in [[Middle-earth]] during the time of [[The Lord of the Rings]]. It is the first expansion for &#039;&#039;[[The Lord of the Rings Online]]&#039;&#039; and is referred to as volume II of the game.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The game&#039;s story line starts at the beginning of &#039;&#039;[[The Fellowship of the Ring]]&#039;&#039; Book II, Chapter III &amp;quot;[[The Ring goes South]]&amp;quot; and currently ends at the midpoint of Book II, Chapter VI &amp;quot;[[Lothlórien (chapter)|Lothlórien]]&amp;quot;.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Release==&lt;br /&gt;
The second volume of &#039;&#039;[[The Lord of the Rings Online]]&#039;&#039; was announced by Turbine on March 18, 2008 at at Codemasters Online Connect. The game was eventually released on November 18, 2008.&lt;br /&gt;
===Unlock the Mines of Moria===&lt;br /&gt;
The expansion was promoted through playing web-based minigames. Visitors could play three games: King Under the Mountain, Swig &amp;amp; Toss, Eleventy-Seven Morsels at the [http://www.unlocktheminesofmoria.com/ official site]. By performing certain tasks players could complete &amp;quot;deeds&amp;quot;, three of which unlocked a &amp;quot;goodie&amp;quot;. These included one trailer and three pieces of game art. By applying for a beta invitation, players could also receive a fourth game art.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==New Classes==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The expansion adds two new classes to the game: Warden and Rune-keeper.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;Wardens&#039;&#039;&#039; primarily use spears (though they can opt for other small arms) and wear medium armour, making them neither a tank nor a DPS class specifically. Designed to represent the equivalent of a town sheriff, Wardens are protectors that specialize in combination attacks using their Gambit User Interface. The idea is that a Warden will execute their abilities in certain sequences that eventually culminate in a special attack only available after completing the prescribed set of moves. In practice, the Warden&#039;s Gambit UI is an array of two to five (depending on character level) squares that slot the abilities as you use them. Once all of the squares have been filled, a new skill will flash at the end of the bar as it becomes available. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;Rune-keepers&#039;&#039;&#039; are the closest things to magic-users offered in The Lord of the Rings Online, but they aren&#039;t magicians in the traditional sense. Their new Attunement mechanic is represented by a bar with a sliding scale to illustrate whether they&#039;re attuned to dealing damage or healing wounds. As a Rune-keeper uses either healing or damaging abilities, the scale slides towards either end of the bar and the Rune-keeper&#039;s proficiency in either focus increases. As the Rune-keeper increases focus towards one end of the scale, more of those skills become available in greater power. However, the Rune-keeper will then also lose focus on the other end of the scale, making the skills associated with the opposite end unavailable. Therefore, the Rune-keeper can only effectively maneuver either their healing or damage abilities, but not both. Switching between proficiencies requires time. This release of this class was very controversial, as Turbine claims to have no use of magic in the Lord of the Rings worlds, as in the lore magic was restricted to the Valar. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
As well as these new classes, current classes that were available with the release of [[The Lord of the Rings Online: Shadows of Angmar]] were improved with added skills for the additional levels included in the expansion.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Synopsis==&lt;br /&gt;
{{Lotromombooks}}&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;[[Prologue (Mines of Moria)|Prologue]]&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;Book I - [[The Walls of Moria]]&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
An expedition of dwarves known as the Iron Garrison begins its attempts to excavate and enter the [[Hollin Gate]], lead by Brogur and Bosi. They finally succeeding with the player&#039;s help, yet when the last rocks are cleared, the [[Watcher in the Water]] attacks the assembled dwarves, claiming the life of Brogur&#039;s son Broin. As they regroup, they turn their hope to a discovered cache of older weapons, tasking the player with discovering if one such weapon might be endowed with the power to fight off such a foe as the Watcher. After selecting, training with, and reforging such a weapon, the Iron Garrison faces the Watcher again. This time, it is forced from the [[Black Pool]], and the Iron Garrison passes into [[Moria]].&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;Book II - [[Echoes in the Dark]]&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Establishing themselves in their new home, the Iron Garrison begins the task of rediscovering the lore and artifacts of their heritage. One such passage of lore speaks of an ancient dwarf-smith, favored by [[Durin VI|Durin]], who endeavored to create an axe of solid mithril. So large was the task that an entire forge was created specifically for it: [[The Heart of Fire]]. After searching the mines for clues to its location, the Heart of Fire is unearthed, yet the axe, [[Zigilburk]], is nowhere to be found. Nevertheless, the dwarves are heartened by the recovery of one of their greatest forges, and Brogur pushes onward into Moria, establishing a command post in the [[Twenty-First Hall]].&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;Book III - [[The Lord of Moria]]&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Brogur sees to the defense of the Twenty-First Hall, only to learn of the presence of the White Hand&#039;s minions nearby. Meanwhile, excavation begins in the [[Chamber of Mazarbul]], producing the [[Book of Mazarbul]], a record of the demise of Balin&#039;s Company. While Bosi takes on the task of reading the tome in its entirety, his son Bori plans a strike against the White Hand in Broin&#039;s honor. While a pair of dwarves cause a diversion, Bori and the player sneak into the White Hand camp and confront the commander, Ashpar. Before he dies, he boasts that his is not the major power, and mentions the name Mazog. Brogur rests assured that Ashpar was simply boasting, yet the news weighs heavy on Bosi. [[Mazog]], he reveals, was the orc commander who slew Balin&#039;s company at Mazarbul.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;Book IV - [[Fire and Water (Mines of Moria)|Fire and Water]]&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
[[Image:Gorrem - Orc of Moria.jpg|thumb|Concept art of an [[Orcs|Orc]] of [[Moria]].]]&lt;br /&gt;
The Orcs and Dwarves each prepare for war. Fearing that attacks may be imminent, Brogur and Bori see that the defenses are secured at the Twenty-First Hall, the [[Chamber of Crossroads]], and the Heart of Fire. The player is sent into the rotting Waterworks and orc-infested Flaming Deeps beneath Moria to both harass the orcs and gather supplies. In the meantime, Bori sneaks a look at the [[Book of Mazarbul]], finding mention there of a dwarf named [[Óin|Oin]] who went off in search of [[Zigilburk]]. Bori and the player follow Oin&#039;s path, arriving after a time at a flooded treasury, [[The Hall of Mithril]]. There they find not only Zigilburk, but also Broin (wounded, but alive) and the [[Watcher in the Water]]. The player drives the Watcher from the hall, and the dwarves return in victory. Yet Broin confesses from his sickbed that he feels a dread about Zigilburk, and fears it may be cursed.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;Book V - [[Drums in the Deep]]&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Broin is still worried about the repercussions of recovering Zigilburk, and asks the player to tell Bori of his reservations. Bori laughs them off, and sends the player to [[Zabadgathol]], Mazog&#039;s fortress, to defeat some of his bodyguards. Some of these in their dying words speak of an alliance they have obtained, and the player is again sent away to collect some of the treasure in Zabadgathol to see if it can shed some light on the issue. It is discovered that Mazog is indeed allied with [[Dol Guldur]]. After learning this, Bori plans a raid on Zabadgathol to defeat Mazog once and for all. Even with Zigilburk, Bori and the player are unsuccessful, and Bori along with the legendary axe are captured. After this blow, the player is sent by Brogur to consult with Bosi. He, too has lost hope in the expedition to reclaim Moria, and leaves it up to the player to see to the defenses during a major raid by Mazog&#039;s forces.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;Book VI - [[The Shadowy Abyss]]&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Even after the successful defense of several key locations, Bosi&#039;s spirits are still low. He sends the player to [[Lothlórien]] to seek help from the Elves of the Golden Wood. After proving to [[Haldir]] that you are indeed a friend, he asks the player to assist his brothers in patrolling the borders of the Wood while messengers are sent to [[Galadriel]] to relay Bosi&#039;s request for aid. By the time the task is done, a company of elves has already been sent to the Foundations of Stone, and the player is directed to help them. Once there, the player is directed to defeat some of Mazog&#039;s minions that are believed to have been sent into the Foundations to search for something, but the Elves believe Dol Guldur is behind this move of the orcs. After collecting confirmation that the orcs are indeed searching for something, the player is sent back to defeat some of them. After the player has slain many of the orcs, some more of the elves sent from Lorien ask for aid in other tasks. The player is instructed to find clues of [[Gandalf]]&#039;s passage through the area, and also to help contain some of the nameless creatures that dwell in the Foundations. Finally, an elf named Magor has gone missing, and the others are getting worried. A clue is found outside a dark cave, and the player is sent in to see if Magor is inside. It is revealed that Magor was captured by orcs who took him inside the cave, and the player is able to free him from his captors. Magor then asks for the player&#039;s help in defeating the source of the evil that Galadriel sensed beneath Moria. After a hard-fought battle, the player defeats the nameless creature in the depths of the cave. Finally, hearing of the victory the Lady Galadriel summons the player to her garden where many secrets are revealed, including a partial explanation of the fate of Gandalf.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;Book VII - [[Leaves of Lórien]]&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The Fellowship rests in [[Lothlórien|Lórien]], while elves and dwarves take their first steps toward peace. Bosi is granted an audience with [[Celeborn]] and [[Galadriel]], resulting in a contingent of [[Galadhrim]] being dispatched to aid the dwarves in Moria. Among their first joint tasks is to sweep an infestation of Globsnaga from a recent excavation in Buzun-ghar - a matter that proves especially frustrating to Broin, in the wake of Bori&#039;s capture. Instead of working to free their kinsmen, Brogur is pushing ahead with mining efforts, tasking Broin with searching old mining records for notes on potential nodes. Yet such efforts once again prove fruitful, as one record speaks of a secret emergency passage leading from Durin&#039;s throne (on which Mazog sits) to Buzun-ghar. Through its use, and the cooperation of elf and dwarf, Mazog is soon captured, yet Bori is nowhere to be found, having been sent away to [[Dol Guldur]]. [[Celeborn]] grants the player an audience, commending them while also disagreeing on the notion of sparing Mazog&#039;s life. And afterword, [[Haldir]] confesses the time may be drawing near for the elves to cross the [[Anduin]] to confront the evil in [[Mirkwood]].&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;Book VIII - [[Scourge of Khazad-dûm]]&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
After talking to Haldir the player visits the elves of Lothlorien and their history keeper asks the player to recount the finer points of how the player escaped with Mazog from his throne room, causing the player to &amp;quot;relive&amp;quot; the escape with varying results based on your prowess. Broin here helps with a changeable banner and by fighting alongside the player. Things get dangerous in spots but eventually the player escapes with Mazog and Broin (who has to survive). Mazog lets slip a chilling fact, that he&#039;s not interested in being a king of Moria because Moria will soon not be fit to rule. This probably refers to the fungus taking over the lower regions. The player then talks to the elves about this vile pestilence.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Trailer==&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;center&amp;gt;{{#ev:youtubehd|SaZ0Ow6zxPM|600}}&amp;lt;/center&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==See Also==&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Mines of Moria (volume)|Mines of Moria]], the second volume of [[The Lord of the Rings Online]].&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{references}}&lt;br /&gt;
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{{lotro}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{title|italics}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{DEFAULTSORT:Lord of the Rings Online Mines of Moria}}&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:The Lord of the Rings Online|Mines of Moria]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Microsoft Windows games]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Turbine games]]&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Idhrendin</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=User:Idhrendin/Sandbox&amp;diff=289878</id>
		<title>User:Idhrendin/Sandbox</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=User:Idhrendin/Sandbox&amp;diff=289878"/>
		<updated>2016-10-09T10:42:26Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Idhrendin: Created page with &amp;quot;&amp;lt;center&amp;gt;{{#ev:youtubehd|SaZ0Ow6zxPM|600}}&amp;lt;/center&amp;gt;&amp;quot;&lt;/p&gt;
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&lt;div&gt;&amp;lt;center&amp;gt;{{#ev:youtubehd|SaZ0Ow6zxPM|600}}&amp;lt;/center&amp;gt;&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Idhrendin</name></author>
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	<entry>
		<id>https://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=User:Idhrendin&amp;diff=289877</id>
		<title>User:Idhrendin</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=User:Idhrendin&amp;diff=289877"/>
		<updated>2016-10-09T10:24:08Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Idhrendin: &lt;/p&gt;
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|}&lt;br /&gt;
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Hi. I am &#039;&#039;&#039;Idhrendin&#039;&#039;&#039; and I am from South Korea. I also administer inactive Korean Tolkien wika called 톨킨위키 (Tolkien wiki).&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Subpages==&lt;br /&gt;
[[user:Idhrendin/Sandbox|Sandbox]]&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Idhrendin</name></author>
	</entry>
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		<title>User:Idhrendin</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=User:Idhrendin&amp;diff=289875"/>
		<updated>2016-10-09T06:11:14Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Idhrendin: Created page with &amp;quot;&amp;lt;table style=&amp;quot;padding: 5px; width: 300px; border: 1px solid #AAAAAA; -moz-border-radius: 6px; margin-bottom: 4px; clear: left; clear: right;&amp;quot; align=&amp;quot;right&amp;quot;&amp;gt; &amp;lt;tr&amp;gt;&amp;lt;td&amp;gt; {|align=cent...&amp;quot;&lt;/p&gt;
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| style=&amp;quot;font-size:8pt;padding:4pt;line-height:1.25em&amp;quot; | Number of edits. &lt;br /&gt;
|}&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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==Subpages==&lt;br /&gt;
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		<author><name>Idhrendin</name></author>
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