Tolkien Gateway - User contributions [en]

User talk:Hyarion

2024-10-30T21:07:43Z

LordoftheEarth:

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! align="center" |[[Image:archive.png|50px|Archive]] Archives
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|-
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*[[User_talk:Hyarion/Archive 1|2005]]     
*[[User_talk:Hyarion/Archive 2|2006]]     
*[[User_talk:Hyarion/Archive 3|2007]]     
*[[User_talk:Hyarion/Archive 4|2008]]     
*[[User_talk:Hyarion/Archive 5|2009]]     
*[[User_talk:Hyarion/Archive 6|2010]]     
*[[User_talk:Hyarion/Archive 7|2011]]     
*[[User_talk:Hyarion/Archive 8|2012]]     
*[[User_talk:Hyarion/Archive 9|2013]]     
*[[User_talk:Hyarion/Archive 10|2014]]     
*[[User_talk:Hyarion/Archive 11|2015]]     
*[[User_talk:Hyarion/Archive 12|2016]]     
*[[User_talk:Hyarion/Archive 13|2017]]     
*[[User_talk:Hyarion/Archive 14|2018]]     
*[[User_talk:Hyarion/Archive 15|2019]]     
*[[User_talk:Hyarion/Archive 16|2020]]     
*[[User_talk:Hyarion/Archive 17|2021]]     
*[[User_talk:Hyarion/Archive 18|2022]]     
*[[User_talk:Hyarion/Archive 19|2023]]     
|}
{{usertalk}}

==Rewriting pages==

Hey, I noticed there are headings above some articles saying that the page needs to be rewritten. I’d love to try and help, but I’m not really sure what that means. Is it just fixing grammatical errors and helping the overall clarity and cohesion, or does that tag also mean that there are incorrect facts in the page or something like that? I rewrote the [[Bilbo's Farewell Party|page about Bilbo’s party]] and removed the rewrite tag, but then I realized that, since I haven’t done this before, I might have done something wrong. I’d appreciate it if you could take a look at my edit and let me know if that was what was needed! It would be great :) [[User:Thingol|Thingol]] ([[User talk:Thingol|talk]]) 21:39, 19 January 2024 (UTC)

==Talk:Fraud of the Rings==

Pls see a comment I left [[Talk:Fraud of the Rings|here]] for you. Reply function wasn't working. BTW, thanks for your thanks the other day, re [[Morgai]]). [[User:Bunt|Bunt]] ([[User talk:Bunt|talk]]) 08:43, 26 April 2024 (UTC)

==Spotify Plugin Appearance==

Hello sir! Is there anything we can do about the Spotify plugin's appearance? It's an awesome feature, but the white parts appearing against the regular background stick out like a sore thumb. See [[User:Theolaa/sandbox|my sandbox]] for some visual references. [[User:Theolaa|Theolaa]] ([[User talk:Theolaa|talk]]) 07:15, 12 July 2024 (UTC)

==Deletion notice==
I was hoping that you could delete the [[Hunter and Rider]] page so that I can move [[The Hunter (creature)]] page to [[Hunter and Rider]] so as to preserve the lengthy edit history of that page?[[User:Dour1234|Dour1234]] ([[User talk:Dour1234|talk]]) 19:26, 17 July 2024 (UTC)

:No problem! The article has been deleted. [[User:Hyarion|Hyarion]] ([[User talk:Hyarion|talk]]) 00:08, 19 July 2024 (UTC)
::Thank you.[[User:Dour1234|Dour1234]] ([[User talk:Dour1234|talk]]) 01:55, 19 July 2024 (UTC)

==Hello there==
Don't know if you remember me - I left this site sometime ago - I'm the guy with YouTube channel. Thank you very much for your words on Mitth's page. And I appreciate your subscription. I've actually went on ahead and started the channel this year! I'm pretty pleased with my latest work even though I still feel there are parts that require improvement. I can't say it's a very successful channel - people who support me are kind of just some of the friends that are interested in Tolkien's legendarium (unfortunately there's not a great many of them), but regardless, I'm still working on it. I just like talking about Middle-earth, even if it's just a few people who listen to me. I grew up with PJ's films and began picking up Tolkien's books themselves (starting with ''The Hobbit'') when I was 6 :)) If you have any suggestions, either content-wise or to improve something, I'd welcome it. I've actually changed the channel (the older one you're subscribed to is the secondary one now) - it's [https://www.youtube.com/@thegreatwandererofarda The Great Wanderer of Middle-earth] now (though I may change the name). Hope I'm not being a bother. Thanks again! --[[User:LordoftheEarth|LordoftheEarth]] ([[User talk:LordoftheEarth|talk]]) 21:07, 30 October 2024 (UTC)

Gothmog (balrog)

2023-12-13T17:13:01Z

LordoftheEarth:

{{disambig-two|the Balrog of the First Age|the Lieutenant of Morgul|[[Gothmog (Lieutenant of Morgul)]]}}
{{evil infobox
| name=Gothmog
| image=[[Image:Ted Nasmith - Fingon and Gothmog.jpg|250px]]
| caption="Fingon and Gothmog" by [[Ted Nasmith]]
| pronun=[[Sindarin|S]], {{IPA|[ˈɡoθmoɡ]}}
| othernames=
| titles=
| position=Lord of Balrogs High-captain of Angband
| location=[[Angband]]
| affiliation=[[Morgoth]]
| language=
| birth=[[Creation of the Ainur]]
| birthlocation=[[Timeless Halls]]
| rule=
| death={{FA|510}}
| deathlocation=[[Fall of Gondolin]]
| slayer=[[Ecthelion]]
| age=
| notablefor=Killing [[Fëanor]], [[Fingon]] and [[Ecthelion]] Capturing [[Húrin]] Being victorious in [[Nirnaeth Arnoediad]] Leading the assault on [[Gondolin]]
| parentage=
| siblings=
| spouse=
| children=
| race=[[Maiar|Maia]] ([[Balrog]])
| gender=Male
| height=Possibly twice man-height
| hair=
| eyes=
| clothing=
| weapons=Black axe and whip
| steed=
}}
'''Gothmog''' was the Lord of [[Balrogs]] and the High-captain of Angband, one of the foremost captains of the Dark Lord [[Morgoth]] during the [[First Age]].

== History ==
He is first mentioned at the [[Dagor-nuin-Giliath]] when his Balrogs surrounded and attacked [[Fëanor]], whom Gothmog himself mortally wounded, before they were forced to depart to Angband when the [[Sons of Fëanor]] came to their fathers aid.<ref>{{S|Flight}}</ref>

He next appeared at the [[Nirnaeth Arnoediad]] where he was named high-captain of [[Angband]], signifying his status as one of Morgoth's most important servants. <ref group=note>[[Sauron]], Morgoth's chief agent, played a more domestic role compared to Gothmog’s front-line role</ref>. There at the Nirnaeth Arnoediad he slew [[Fingon]], thus allowing him to boast of having slain two of the five [[High Kings of the Noldor]].<ref>{{S|Fifth}}</ref> During this same battle he captured [[Húrin|Húrin Thalion]] alive by the command of Morgoth, although this order allowed Húrin to slaughter many of Gothmog's troll-guards he was eventually captured, bound and dragged to Angband by Gothmog.<ref>{{CH|2}}</ref>{{rp|59}}

His final appearance was as the marshal of the hosts at the [[Fall of Gondolin]], where he slew, and was slain by, [[Ecthelion of the Fountain|Ecthelion]] in the square of the King.<ref>{{S|Gondolin}}</ref>

== Etymology ==
{{Pronounce|Gothmog.mp3|Ardamir}}
The name ''Gothmog'' is derived from the roots GOS-/GOTH- ("dread"), and MBAW- ("compel, force, subject, oppress") (found also in the title for Morgoth ''Bauglir'': the tyrant or oppressor).<ref>{{LR|Etymologies}}</ref>{{rp|359, 372}}

== Other versions of the legendarium ==
=== The Book of Lost Tales ===
[[File:Abe Papakhian - Ecthelion and Gothmog (colour).jpg|thumb|''Ecthelion and Gothmog'' by [[:Category:Images by Abe Papakhian|Abe Papakhian]]]]
Gothmog already appears in the earliest stage of the [[legendarium]] of ''[[The Book of Lost Tales]]''. His name is [[Gnomish]] and means "Strife-and-hatred".<ref name=List>{{LT2|IIIn}}, p. 216</ref> Other [[Qenya]] names were '''Kalimbo''',<ref>{{PE|14}}, p. 12</ref> '''Kosomot'''<ref>{{LT1|IIIn}}, p. 93</ref> or '''Kosmoko'''.<ref name=List></ref>

In the character list appended to ''[[The Fall of Gondolin (chapter)|The Fall of Gondolin]]'' Gothmog was described as "a son of Melko and the ogress [[Fluithuin]],"<ref>{{LT2|IIIn}}</ref>{{rp|216}} but eventually, the idea that the Valar had [[Valarindi|children]] was discarded altogether.

According to the own Lost Tale, when the armies of Melko attacked [[Gondolin]] and surrounded it, they could not climb the slippery stone of [[Amon Gwareth]]. Then Gothmog led them to the northern gate of the city and piled his iron siege equipment against it until it broke from sheer pressure.<ref name="III">{{LT2|III}}</ref>{{rp|176}} He also took a front-line position against [[Rog]], and with treacherous strategy he cut off the rearguard of the [[House of the Hammer of Wrath]], destroying them completely.<ref name="III"/>{{rp|179}} Later he beat down [[Tuor]] in single combat in the [[Square of the Palace]], but the elf-lord [[Ecthelion|Ecthelion of the Fountain]], who was badly wounded, rose and stood over him. Ecthelion stood no chance against the Lord of Balrogs, and lost his sword in the brief struggle. But then Ecthelion leaped forward, and stabbed Gothmog in the breast with the spike atop his helm. They both fell into the [[Fountain of the King]], where Gothmog, if not already killed by the spike, drowned with his opponent.<ref name="III"/>{{rp|183-4}}

=== Later concepts ===
In one of Tolkien's early Middle-earth writings, ''[[The Lay of the Children of Húrin]]'', "[[Lungorthin]], Lord of Balrogs" is mentioned.<ref>{{LB|1e}}, p. 98</ref> It is not, however, certain if it was another name for Gothmog, or it simply meant "a Balrog lord". According to [[Christopher Tolkien]], the latter is more probable, as the name ''Gothmog'' was mentioned in the earliest writings, as well as the final version of Tolkien's mythology.<ref>{{LB|1e}}, Commentary on Part I of the second version, pp. 102-103</ref>

{{references|note}}
{{references}}
{{ainur}}
{{title}}
[[Category:Balrogs]]
[[Category:Characters in The Book of Lost Tales]]
[[Category:Characters in The Children of Húrin]]
[[Category:Characters in The Silmarillion]]
[[Category:First Age characters]]
[[Category:Gnomish names]]
[[Category:Maiar]]
[[Category:Servants of Melkor]]
[[Category:Sindarin names]]
[[Category:Valarindi]]
[[de:Gothmog (Balrog)]]
[[fi:Gothmog (balrog)]]

Gothmog (balrog)

2023-12-13T17:12:00Z

LordoftheEarth: this works better as a note

{{disambig-two|the Balrog of the First Age|the Lieutenant of Morgul|[[Gothmog (Lieutenant of Morgul)]]}}
{{evil infobox
| name=Gothmog
| image=[[Image:Ted Nasmith - Fingon and Gothmog.jpg|250px]]
| caption="Fingon and Gothmog" by [[Ted Nasmith]]
| pronun=[[Sindarin|S]], {{IPA|[ˈɡoθmoɡ]}}
| othernames=
| titles=
| position=Lord of Balrogs High-captain of Angband
| location=[[Angband]]
| affiliation=[[Morgoth]]
| language=
| birth=[[Creation of the Ainur]]
| birthlocation=[[Timeless Halls]]
| rule=
| death={{FA|510}}
| deathlocation=[[Fall of Gondolin]]
| slayer=[[Ecthelion]]
| age=
| notablefor=Killing [[Fëanor]], [[Fingon]] and [[Ecthelion]] Capturing [[Húrin]] Being victorious in [[Nirnaeth Arnoediad]] Leading the assault on [[Gondolin]]
| parentage=
| siblings=
| spouse=
| children=
| race=[[Maiar|Maia]] ([[Balrog]])
| gender=Male
| height=Possibly twice man-height
| hair=
| eyes=
| clothing=
| weapons=Black axe and whip
| steed=
}}
'''Gothmog''' was the Lord of [[Balrogs]] and the High-captain of Angband, one of the foremost captains of the Dark Lord [[Morgoth]] during the [[First Age]].

== History ==
He is first mentioned at the [[Dagor-nuin-Giliath]] when his Balrogs surrounded and attacked [[Fëanor]], whom Gothmog himself mortally wounded, before they were forced to depart to Angband when the [[Sons of Fëanor]] came to their fathers aid.<ref>{{S|Flight}}</ref>

He next appeared at the [[Nirnaeth Arnoediad]] where he was named high-captain of [[Angband]], signifying his status as one of Morgoth's most important servants. <ref group=note>[[Sauron]], Morgoth's chief agent, played a more domestic role compared to Gothmog’s front-line role</ref>. There at the Nirnaeth Arnoediad he slew [[Fingon]], thus allowing him to boast of having slain two of the five [[High Kings of the Noldor]].<ref>{{S|Fifth}}</ref> During this same battle he captured [[Húrin|Húrin Thalion]] alive by the command of Morgoth, although this order allowed Húrin to slaughter many of Gothmog's troll-guards he was eventually captured, bound and dragged to Angband by Gothmog.<ref>{{CH|2}}</ref>{{rp|59}}

His final appearance was as the marshal of the hosts at the [[Fall of Gondolin]], where he slew, and was slain by, [[Ecthelion of the Fountain|Ecthelion]] in the square of the King.<ref>{{S|Gondolin}}</ref>

== Etymology ==
{{Pronounce|Gothmog.mp3|Ardamir}}
The name ''Gothmog'' is derived from the roots GOS-/GOTH- ("dread"), and MBAW- ("compel, force, subject, oppress") (found also in the title for Morgoth ''Bauglir'': the tyrant or oppressor).<ref>{{LR|Etymologies}}</ref>{{rp|359, 372}}

== Other versions of the legendarium ==
=== The Book of Lost Tales ===
[[File:Abe Papakhian - Ecthelion and Gothmog (colour).jpg|thumb|''Ecthelion and Gothmog'' by [[:Category:Images by Abe Papakhian|Abe Papakhian]]]]
Gothmog already appears in the earliest stage of the [[legendarium]] of ''[[The Book of Lost Tales]]''. His name is [[Gnomish]] and means "Strife-and-hatred".<ref name=List>{{LT2|IIIn}}, p. 216</ref> Other [[Qenya]] names were '''Kalimbo''',<ref>{{PE|14}}, p. 12</ref> '''Kosomot'''<ref>{{LT1|IIIn}}, p. 93</ref> or '''Kosmoko'''.<ref name=List></ref>

In the character list appended to ''[[The Fall of Gondolin (chapter)|The Fall of Gondolin]]'' Gothmog was described as "a son of Melko and the ogress [[Fluithuin]],"<ref>{{LT2|IIIn}}</ref>{{rp|216}} but eventually, the idea that the Valar had [[Valarindi|children]] was discarded altogether.

According to the own Lost Tale, when the armies of Melko attacked [[Gondolin]] and surrounded it, they could not climb the slippery stone of [[Amon Gwareth]]. Then Gothmog led them to the northern gate of the city and piled his iron siege equipment against it until it broke from sheer pressure.<ref name="III">{{LT2|III}}</ref>{{rp|176}} He also took a front-line position against [[Rog]], and with treacherous strategy he cut off the rearguard of the [[House of the Hammer of Wrath]], destroying them completely.<ref name="III"/>{{rp|179}} Later he beat down [[Tuor]] in single combat in the [[Square of the Palace]], but the elf-lord [[Ecthelion|Ecthelion of the Fountain]], who was badly wounded, rose and stood over him. Ecthelion stood no chance against the Lord of Balrogs, and lost his sword in the brief struggle. But then Ecthelion leaped forward, and stabbed Gothmog in the breast with the spike atop his helm. They both fell into the [[Fountain of the King]], where Gothmog, if not already killed by the spike, drowned with his opponent.<ref name="III"/>{{rp|183-4}}

=== Later concepts ===
In one of Tolkien's early Middle-earth writings, ''[[The Lay of the Children of Húrin]]'', "[[Lungorthin]], Lord of Balrogs" is mentioned.<ref>{{LB|1e}}, p. 98</ref> It is not, however, certain if it was another name for Gothmog, or it simply meant "a Balrog lord". According to [[Christopher Tolkien]], the latter is more probable, as the name ''Gothmog'' was mentioned in the earliest writings, as well as the final version of Tolkien's mythology.<ref>{{LB|1e}}, Commentary on Part I of the second version, pp. 102-103</ref>

{{references}}
{{ainur}}
{{title}}
[[Category:Balrogs]]
[[Category:Characters in The Book of Lost Tales]]
[[Category:Characters in The Children of Húrin]]
[[Category:Characters in The Silmarillion]]
[[Category:First Age characters]]
[[Category:Gnomish names]]
[[Category:Maiar]]
[[Category:Servants of Melkor]]
[[Category:Sindarin names]]
[[Category:Valarindi]]
[[de:Gothmog (Balrog)]]
[[fi:Gothmog (balrog)]]

Morgoth

2023-12-13T17:06:25Z

LordoftheEarth: once or twice at least he is named 'The Nameless' by Andreth when she and Finrod talk about the Gift of Men

{{sources}}
{{evil infobox
| name=Morgoth
| image=[[File:Jenny Dolfen - And Morgoth came.jpg|250px]]
| caption="And Morgoth came" by [[Jenny Dolfen]]
| pronun=[[Sindarin|S]], {{IPA|[ˈmorɡoθ]}}
| othernames=''Melkor'' ([[Quenya|Q]]) ''Bauglir'' ([[Sindarin|S]]) The Great Enemy ''[[#Other names|See below]]''
| titles=The [[Dark Lord]] Lord of Men King of the World
| position=
| location=[[Utumno]] [[Angband]]
| affiliation=
| language=
| birth=[[Creation of the Ainur]]
| birthlocation=
| rule=[[Timeline#Years of the Lamps|V.Y. 3400]] - {{FA|587}}
| death={{FA|590}}
| deathlocation=Executed in [[Valinor]]<ref name="Void"/> [[Second Prophecy of Mandos|Prophesied]] to return at the [[Dagor Dagorath]]<ref name="Dagorath"/>
| age=
| notablefor=Disrupting the [[Music of the Ainur|Music]] Controlling most of [[Middle-earth]] Creating [[Orcs]] and [[Dragons]] Destroying the [[Two Trees]] Stealing the [[Silmarils]] Taking over [[Beleriand]] Corrupting [[Men]] Warring with the [[Valar]]
| parentage=
| siblings=[[Manwë]]
| spouse=
| children=
| race=[[Ainur|Ainu]]
| gender=Male
| height=Tall
| hair=
| eyes=
| clothing=
| weapons=[[Grond (Hammer of the Underworld)|Grond]]
| steed=
}}
{{Quote|And he descended upon Arda in power and majesty greater than any other of the Valar, as a mountain that wades in the sea and has its head above the clouds and is clad in ice and crowned with smoke and fire; and the light of the eyes of Melkor was like a flame that withers with heat and pierces with a deadly cold.|''[[The Silmarillion]]'', "[[Ainulindalë]]"}}

'''Morgoth''', also known as '''Melkor''', was the greatest of the [[Ainur]]. He fell from glory when he disrupted the [[Music of the Ainur]] and defied the will of [[Ilúvatar]]. Morgoth corrupted many of the Ainur to his service, fought the [[Valar]], and marred [[Arda]]. His theft of the [[Silmarils]] and [[Wars of Beleriand|wars]] against [[Elves]] and [[Men]] encompassed much of the history of the late [[First Age]]. Eventually, Morgoth was bound in chains by the Valar and thrown into the [[Void]], leaving the permanent damage his evils had done, and his former lieutenant [[Sauron]], to trouble the world.

One day, according to a prophecy, Morgoth will rise again in great wrath, but he will be destroyed in the [[Final Battle|Dagor Dagorath]].

== History ==
The most powerful of the [[Ainur]] that [[Ilúvatar]] created was a spirit known as Melkor. Because he wandered through the [[Void]] in an attempt to find and use the [[Flame Imperishable]], the source of [[Ilúvatar]]'s creative activity, Melkor developed ideas unlike those of the other Ainur. His feelings grew rebellious against his creator, for he wished to create sentient beings to inhabit the Void and was dissatisfied by the fact that Ilúvatar had not done so. However, Melkor could not find the Flame, for it was not in the Void, but with Ilúvatar.

=== Music of the Ainur ===
[[Image:Ted Nasmith - Melkor Weaves Opposing Music.jpg|thumb|left|''Melkor weaves opposing Music'' by [[Ted Nasmith]]]]
When the Ainur [[Music of the Ainur|made music]], Melkor wove his strange thoughts into his song. His song clashed against the Theme of Ilúvatar, disturbing the Ainur around him and causing some of them to attune their music to his. For a while the Theme of Ilúvatar and the discords of Melkor warred against one another. But [[Eru]] smiled, and sent forth a new theme. Most of the Ainur joined with it, but Melkor rebelliously opposed it even more violently. At last, many of the Ainur stopped singing in dismay, and Melkor's discords gained dominance. Eru sent out a third Theme against Melkor, sweeter and more beautiful than the others, and unquenchable. But though Melkor could not defeat it, still he opposed it. At last, Eru halted the music completely with a single chord.

Eru then publicly rebuked Melkor, saying that all music finds its source in himself, and thus Melkor could not create his own song or truly alter the Themes of Ilúvatar. Thus, though Melkor opposed Eru to his last breath, he only furthered the cause of Ilúvatar in new and wondrous ways. Melkor was shamed and angered by this judgement, but hid his feelings. When Eru showed the Ainur the product of their music, [[Eä]], Melkor was one of those who begged to enter [[Arda]], pretending to be willing to cultivate it and guide it for Ilúvatar's glory. He actually wished to dominate Arda and its creatures, especially the [[Children of Ilúvatar]].

Nonetheless, he was allowed to enter Eä and come to Arda with the other [[Valar]]. Once there, Melkor declared to his colleagues that he was the master of Arda henceforth. [[Manwë]], his brother, did not understand his evil, but fearing that Melkor might try and disrupt their labours in Arda, called forth many more Ainur to protect them. Melkor departed to the remote regions of Eä, leaving the world in peace for a while.

=== Wars of the Valar ===
[[File:Jerrel Salvatierra - The Enemy.jpg|thumb|''The Enemy'' by [[:Category:Images by Jerrel Salvatierra|Salvatierra]]]]
But Melkor took form more majestic than any of the Valar, great and terrible and burning with his malice, and he came to Arda to destroy the Valar's work in preparing it. There was war, the [[First War with Melkor]], in which mountains were felled and brutality inflicted on the Valar. Though he disrupted their work and destroyed much, a great spirit named [[Tulkas]] came to Arda from other regions of Eä to combat him. After Tulkas drove Melkor away, the Valar managed to complete Arda, and the world was established.

The Valar dwelt in a land called [[Almaren]], and raised up [[two lamps]] to light the young earth: [[Illuin]] and [[Ormal]]. Melkor, meanwhile, had attracted the attention--and in a few cases, admiration--of the [[Maiar]], the lesser spirits of [[Arda]]. Melkor had many spies among them, and from them learned all that the Valar did, and bided his time. As the Valar sat down to a feast at the completion of their labours, Melkor gathered together those loyal to him, and looking down on the beautiful Arda, was filled with hatred. Tulkas was wedded to [[Nessa]] at that feast, and she danced before the Valar. Tulkas fell asleep, and that is when Melkor struck.

Melkor with his host passed over the [[Walls of Night]] and returned to Arda once more. Without the watchfulness of Tulkas, the Valar were unaware of his coming, and he began to delve in the depths of the earth, making a fortress called [[Utumno]] northwards beneath the mountains in the dimness of Illuin. The [[Spring of Arda]] became blighted as the cold evil flowed out of the fortress. Death and illness took the green things of Arda, and animals fought and killed one another, while flies brooded in massive numbers. The Valar knew then that Melkor was at work, and sought his hiding place.

But Melkor struck the first blow. He came to them in fire and war, destroying [[Almaren]] and the Two Lamps, and caused the world to be filled with flowing fire and surging water. The symmetry of Arda was broken. And in the darkness and confusion Melkor escaped, returning to Utumno. All combined, the Valar were a match for Melkor, but they needed their strength to keep the world from collapsing into ruin and could not pursue him, nor did they know exactly where he had fled to. The Spring of Arda had ended in turmoil.

=== Dominance of Middle-earth ===
With Almaren destroyed, the Valar departed to a new continent across the [[Belegaer|sea]], [[Aman]], and built [[Valinor]]. They also established new sources of light, the [[Two Trees]], to light the world. Melkor, meanwhile, wandered across the face of [[Middle-earth]], in various guises, but armed with cold and fire. Some of the Valar were unwilling to forsake Middle-earth, however; [[Ulmo]] and [[Yavanna]], particularly. Also [[Oromë]] would ride in Middle-earth, killing the terrors of Melkor, who began to fear that the Valar might rise up against him in wrath.

Melkor brooded in the north and built his strength, gathering his demons about him, breeding great monsters, attended by his Maiar-servants later known as [[Balrogs]]. He also created another fortress and armory called [[Angband]], in the north-west of Middle Earth, to resist any Valarin attacks. He placed his greatest servant, [[Sauron]], in control of that stronghold. The Valar acted against Melkor in force, but they were routed, his might too great for them to overcome.

After his victory, Melkor began to delve more great fortresses and pits where he massed his hordes and wicked armies, confident in his domination of the world. Melkor, by wandering about in the dominion he now wrested, also learned of the awakening of the first of the [[Children of Ilúvatar]], the [[Elves]]. He instilled fear in them, and slew or captured many of them. Some of those he captured, it is believed, may have been transformed into [[Orcs]] by torture and breeding.

=== Time in Valinor ===
[[File:Jacek Kopalski - The Captivity of Morgoth.jpg|thumb|left|''The Captivity of Morgoth'' by [[:Category:Images by Jacek Kopalski|Jacek Kopalski]]]]

The Valar were not long, however, in discovering the Elves. Fearing that they would be destroyed or corrupted by Melkor, Manwë decided that Ilúvatar wished them to recover Middle-earth at all costs. Bitter from their previous defeat, they arrived in Middle-earth with their full might. They began the [[Battle of the Powers]], and eventually destroyed Utumno after a great battle during which the face of Middle-earth was transformed, though their losses were devastating in the process. Melkor was [[Captivity of Melkor|captured]] and chained with the chain [[Angainor]], but Sauron escaped. Melkor was imprisoned in the [[Halls of Mandos|Halls of]] [[Mandos]], and remained there for three ages, plotting revenge. Still recovering from the grievous siege, the Valar could not pursue and destroy all of Melkor's forces that scattered from the icy fortress, and many foul creatures and minions escaped, left to brood amongst themselves until their master's return.

At the end of his time, Melkor was presented to his brother Manwë. Melkor, swallowing his pride with thoughts of vengeance, prostrated himself before the throne of Manwë, begging for pardon. Manwë granted him thus, though [[Ulmo]] and [[Tulkas]] were displeased with this judgement. Yet the Valar would not let him leave their sight, and he stayed in [[Valmar]]. Before long, he began to exert his corrupting influence on the Elves, especially the [[Noldor]]. For the [[Vanyar]] did not trust him, and the [[Teleri]] he thought too weak for his designs, but the Noldor were curious, and eager to learn what he could teach them.

=== Revenge against the Valar ===
[[File:Lída Holubová - Laurelin and Telperion.jpg|thumb|''Laurelin and Telperion'' by [[:Category:Images by Lída Holubová|Lída Holubová]]]]
{{Main|Darkening of Valinor}}
In time Melkor found his greatest adversary and yet greatest tool in the form of [[Fëanor]], the eldest son of [[Finwë]], [[High King of the Noldor]]. Fëanor was the creator of the [[Silmarils]], which Melkor lusted after. As Melkor subtly spread lies and half-truths about the Valar and the Coming of [[Men]] in the form of rumours, Fëanor was greatly influenced, though he hated Melkor himself and had no idea that he was their source. His new ideas of wide lands and realms to rule touched the heart of Fëanor, and the hearts of many other Noldor. They began to murmur against the Valar, and the peace of Valinor was disturbed. Fëanor soon stirred up trouble, and while on trial before the Valar it was revealed that Melkor was at the bottom of the murmurings and troubles. Tulkas left straight-away to deal with him, but found Melkor gone. He had escaped.

Melkor was not seen for a while, but then appeared at [[Formenos]] to Fëanor, tempting him with words of friendship, and an offer of vengeance against the Valar whom Fëanor perceived had wronged him. Fëanor wavered, but Melkor pressed his advantage too much. He touched a chord about the Silmarils, and Fëanor, seeing his designs and lust for the jewels, cursed and rejected him. Melkor departed in anger, and went south past the mountain of [[Hyarmentir]], to the shadowed valley of [[Avathar]] where there dwelt [[Ungoliant]], a mysterious dark spirit in spider-form once his servant, but who had disowned him after his failure. After some time he convinced her to dismiss her fears with the offer of rich rewards. He imbued her with power, and she wove a cloak of shadow about them both.<ref name=Powerboost>{{S|9}}</ref>

Then Melkor and Ungoliant attacked while there was a [[High feast|high feast]] in [[Valmar]]. Melkor pierced the [[Two Trees]] with his lance, and Ungoliant drank their sap. Then she drank dry the [[Wells of Varda]]<ref>{{S|8}}</ref>, and the two fled north to [[Formenos]], leaving the land once more in darkness and confusion. At Formenos Melkor slew [[Finwë]] and ravished the treasury of Fëanor, including the [[Silmarils]]. Then he passed over the icy [[Helcaraxë]], entering once more into [[Middle-earth]]. He had struck swiftly and surely. Fëanor cursed him, naming him [[Morgoth]], and by that name he was known ever after to the Eldar.<ref name=Return>{{S|9}}</ref>

=== Return to Beleriand ===
[[File:Ted Nasmith - Ungoliant Demands the Silmarils.jpg|thumb|right|''Ungoliant Demands the Silmarils'' by [[Ted Nasmith]] ]]

Once in safety, Ungoliant turned on her partner, demanding the jewels of Fëanor. The spider had grown greatly in size and strength from feasting upon the Trees and from Morgoth's own gifted power, and he, now very weak from his efforts, feared her suddenly. Lacking the strength to fight the monstrous spider in that moment, he reluctantly parted with each of the beautiful gems, and Ungoliant devoured them. But Morgoth refused to give up the Silmarils, and she encased him in webs, torturing him and nearly devouring him. A loud cry of desperation from Morgoth penetrated deep into the walls of Angband and was heeded by [[Gothmog (balrog)|Gothmog]] and the [[balrogs]], and they rescued him from her clutches, driving Ungoliant away with their whips. So Morgoth returned to Angband, where he wrought an [[Iron Crown]] for the three jewels.<ref name=Return></ref>

=== Wars of Beleriand ===
Morgoth rebuilt the fortress there, and learned of the Elves who had remained in Middle-earth. [[Thingol|Elu Thingol]] and the [[Sindar]] dwelt in the woodland kingdom of [[Doriath]], while [[Círdan]] and the [[Teleri]] lived at the [[Falas]] and [[Denethor of the Nandor|Denethor]] and the [[Nandor]] camped in [[Ossiriand]]. Morgoth made war on Thingol, surrounding Doriath and cutting Thingol off from Círdan. But Thingol was able to contact Denethor for help, and the Nandor joined with the Sindar to fight the [[Orcs]] between [[Aros]] and [[Gelion]]. Caught between the two armies, the Orcs of Morgoth were utterly defeated in the [[First Battle]]. Fleeing north they were intercepted and further demolished by the [[Naugrim]]. The Orcs attacking Círdan were more successful – pushing the Teleri to the very edge of the sea.

==== Dagor-nuin-Giliath ====
{{Main|Dagor-nuin-Giliath}}
Morgoth was confronted by further challenges when Fëanor landed in Middle-earth. They set up camp at [[Mithrim]], but Morgoth [[Dagor-nuin-Giliath|attacked them]] quickly, hoping to dislodge them before they settled in too much and became a threat. But the Elves were just come out of [[Aman]], and they had the light of that country in their eyes. The Orcs dreaded them, and were swept before them like chaff before wind. Fëanor pursued them even nigh to the [[Thangorodrim]] and the gates of [[Angband]], but Morgoth sent out Gothmog and his balrogs. Fëanor was killed, but the balrogs were driven back. The Falas were freed, and though Morgoth had practically lost [[Beleriand]] outside of the [[Ered Engrin]], he was comforted in the fact that Fëanor was dead.

==== Dagor Aglareb ====
Yet [[Fingolfin]] came next, with his sons and the sons of [[Finarfin]]. They marched even to the gates of Angband, and yet could not go farther. As the Elves began to build (or rebuild) their kingdoms in Middle-earth, Morgoth waited sixty years before he struck again. It was the [[Dagor Aglareb]], the "Glorious Battle", called such because it was a great victory for the Elves. Fingolfin and [[Maedhros]], eldest son of Fëanor, combined their strength and repelled Morgoth. They then set up the [[Siege of Angband]], which was designed to keep Morgoth holed up in his fortress.

==== Dagor Bragollach and Fingolfin ====
[[Image:John Howe - Fingolfin's Challenge.jpg|thumb|right|200px|''Fingolfin's Challenge'' by [[John Howe]]]]
{{blockquote|Thus [[Fingolfin|he]] came alone to Angband’s gates, and he sounded his horn, and smote once more upon the brazen doors, and challenged Morgoth to come forth to single combat. And Morgoth came.|''[[The Silmarillion]]'', "[[Of the Ruin of Beleriand and the Fall of Fingolfin]]"}}
Morgoth appeared all but defeated to his foes; he remained dormant and hidden until {{FA|455}}. He surged forth suddenly in great wrath, his armies taking the slackened besiegers by surprise. In the winter he cast great rivers of flame over the formerly green [[Ard-galen]] (causing the battle to be known as the [[Dagor Bragollach]]), burning many Elven horsemen alive. His forces beset strongholds on all sides, led by Glaurung and Gothmog, and several Noldor-lords fell in the succeeding combat. Much of Beleriand was overrun and [[Dorthonion]] was taken, as were northern [[Sirion]] and [[Maglor's Gap]].

In a single stroke Morgoth had broken the Siege of Angband, but the victory was not as complete as he would have preferred. [[Ered Wethrin]], [[Himring]] and [[Hithlum]] had held against him, though just barely. King [[Fingolfin]] was dismayed and enraged by the defeat, and went to Angband in anger. With fire in his eyes, Morgoth's Orcs mistook him for a vengeful spirit and fled from him. There he challenged Morgoth to [[Fall of Fingolfin|single combat]]. Despite Morgoth's power, he held a fear of death greater than any other Valar, and was hesitant even against Fingolfin. When Fingolfin declared Morgoth craven, he scoffed the Elf-Lord and did not dare refuse his challenge. He strode out, his footsteps like thunder on the earth. He was clad in black armour with a spiked crown and shield, with [[Grond (Hammer of the Underworld)|Grond]], the Hammer of the Underworld, and he and Fingolfin fought in a ferocious duel. Flames gashed from the earth with each strike of his hammer, but Fingolfin was faster and avoided each powerful, but slow, swing. The Elf-lord gave Morgoth seven wounds, and though Morgoth shouted in anguish, he was too powerful to be slain. Fingolfin grew weary and was struck down by Morgoth's shield. Thrice he staggered to his feet in vain, his crown and shield broken, and thrice Morgoth cast him down, before Fingolfin collapsed over one of the pits left by Grond.

As Morgoth placed his foot on Fingolfin's neck to break it, Fingolfin in one last strike ran his blade through the Dark Lord's foot, and Morgoth's blood filled pools made by his hammer. The enraged Morgoth crushed Fingolfin, though he was left with a permanent limp from the injury. Morgoth wished to rend the corpse and feed it to his wolves, but could not desecrate the fallen King, for [[Thorondor]] flew in, scratching Morgoth's face and escaping with Fingolfin's body.<ref name="Ruin">{{S|Fingolfin}}</ref>

==== Quest for the Silmaril ====
[[File:Pete Amachree - Luthien in the court of Morgoth.jpg|thumb|300px|''Luthien in the court of Morgoth'' by [[:Category:Images by Pete Amachree|Pete Amachree]]]]
For some time after that the world lay in watchful discomfort. The southern part of [[Beleriand]] was, for the most part, free from Morgoth's direct wrath. There arose two in [[Doriath]], [[Beren]] of [[House of Bëor|Bëor's House]] and [[Lúthien|Lúthien Tinúviel]], Thingol's daughter. These two lovers embarked on the [[Quest for the Silmaril]], in the process removing [[Sauron]] from [[Tol-in-Gaurhoth]] and entering Angband in disguise. Morgoth plotted some evil against Lúthien when she stood exposed in his presence, but allowed her to dance for him and she lured him to sleep with her song. One of the Silmarils was stolen from his crown, and Morgoth bore only two until the [[War of Wrath]].

==== Nirnaeth Arnoediad ====
Some time after, in {{FA|471}}, [[Maedhros]] made a great [[Union of Maedhros|alliance]] with the [[Naugrim]], [[Edain]], and other [[Noldor]]. They marched to challenge Morgoth, clearing Beleriand of his scattered forces. But Morgoth through his spies anticipated their actions, and met them with his allies the [[Easterlings]] in a huge battle in which he prevailed, and many princes and rulers of Men, Elves, and Dwarves fell. Thus the battle was named ''[[Nirnaeth Arnoediad]]'', "Battle of Unnumbered Tears". Morgoth's victory was almost complete, as he razed [[Hithlum]], the [[Falas]], the [[March of Maedhros]], as well as [[Nargothrond]] in {{FA|495|n}}. But [[Turgon]], King of [[Gondolin]], escaped by the valiant actions of the [[House of Hador]], the last of the [[Edain]] in the north. The survivors had all gone down to the [[Isle of Balar]] and the [[Mouths of Sirion]].

==== Curse upon Húrin ====
[[File:Ted Nasmith - Morgoth Punishes Húrin.jpg|thumb|left|200px|''Morgoth Punishes Húrin'' by [[Ted Nasmith]]]]
Morgoth took [[Húrin]], who had been captured during the Nirnaeth Arnoediad, and set him in the high places of Thangorodrim, to watch his family, whom Morgoth cursed. Upon the death of [[Túrin|Túrin Turambar]] and [[Nienor]], Húrin's children, Morgoth released Húrin to further his cause.

==== Fall of Gondolin ====
Some time later, by the aid of [[Maeglin]], a traitor-elf, Morgoth discovered and laid siege to [[Gondolin]]. King [[Turgon]], the last male heir of Fingolfin's house, was killed during the siege. Morgoth's victory in the north was now complete, though he had lost [[Gothmog (balrog)|Gothmog]] his captain and marshall of his armies. Also, a small remnant including [[Tuor]] and [[Idril]] escaped the destruction of the city, bearing their son [[Eärendil]].

==== War of Wrath ====
This was to be Morgoth's doom, for some years later, Eärendil sailed to [[Valinor]] seeking the pardon of the [[Valar]]. This he earned, and the Valar advanced across [[Belegaer]] with a mighty host. Morgoth loosed all his demons and defenses against them, but could not stop their might. His dragons fell to the [[Eagles]], and [[Ancalagon]] was brought down by Eärendil himself from his ship, [[Vingilot]]. Morgoth was seized in his fortress Angband, his feet "hewn from under him, and he was hurled upon his face", the Silmarils were removed from his crown, and he was bound once more with the chain called Angainor.<ref name=Earendil>{{S|24}}</ref> This time, however, he was ejected from Arda and thrust into the [[Void|Timeless Void]],<ref name=Earendil/> and thus was put outside Time and Space, outside [[Eä]] altogether.<ref name="Void">{{MR|P5VII}}, p. 403</ref>

== Legacy ==
[[File:Šárka Škorpíková - Numenor.jpg|thumb|''Númenor'' by [[:Category:Images by Šárka Škorpíková|Šárka Škorpíková]]]]
Morgoth remains in the Void, watched by [[Eärendil]] and unable to return to Arda as long as the Valar maintain their power over it. However, the lies he put in the hearts of the Children of Ilúvatar still remain and will create their evil results till the end of days.<ref name=Earendil>{{S|24}}</ref> Morgoth's will was suffused into the matter of Arda, so in a sense he is never truly gone. Arda was [[Arda Marred|marred]] by him so deeply that only Eru could fully repair the damage. Those who wished to follow in Morgoth's footsteps, such as Sauron, found that by using his residual influence, they could easily corrupt races they wished to dominate.

About his servant and heir Sauron it is said that "''in after years he rose like a shadow of Morgoth and a ghost of his malice, and walked behind him on the same ruinous path down into the Void''".<ref>{{S|IId}}</ref> Also, during the last days of [[Númenor]] in the [[Second Age]], Sauron corrupted the King [[Ar-Pharazôn]] and the [[King's Men]] to the worship of Melkor, describing his old master as a god of deliverance while denying the existence of [[the One]]. Thus he began a cult in the [[Temple]] in which the Númenóreans made sacrifices to Melkor.<ref name=Akallabeth>{{S|Akallabeth}}</ref> By the [[Third Age]], Sauron's pride overreached itself yet again and "''he claimed to be Morgoth returned''".<ref name="L183">{{L|183}}</ref>

Nevertheless, according to the [[Second Prophecy of Mandos]], Morgoth will come back and attack Arda. He will fight in the [[Last Battle]] against the Valar and their allies, but will ultimately be slain by [[Túrin|Túrin Turambar]], the Man he cursed. By finally defeating Morgoth, Túrin will avenge not only himself, but all members of the race of Men.<ref name="Dagorath">{{LR|Quenta}}, p. 333</ref>

== Characteristics ==
It was said of Morgoth that "his might was greatest of all things in this world." He was the most powerful being in existence, second only to Ilúvatar, and perhaps more powerful than every Vala put together. Fitting to his name, Morgoth eventually took a form great and terrible, and soon was unable to leave it. He received many scars and wounds over the ages: his hands were burned forever when he touched the Silmarils, Fingolfin wounded him seven times during their battle and inflicted a wound to the foot that caused him ever after to limp, and Thorondor scarred Morgoth's face.

When Morgoth first took visible form he was said to be of greater power and majesty than any other Vala, as a colossal mountain wading in the sea with its head above the clouds, his appearance both of splendour and terror. As a physical being Morgoth was described as highly imposing, and was reckoned to a tower compared to the warrior Fingolfin, and the shadow of the shield he wielded was like a stormcloud. Ever since his downfall, Morgoth held a desire for destruction; above all else, however, Morgoth held deep hatred of the mere existence of intelligent or beautiful life. Unlike his servant Sauron, Morgoth's ultimate goal was solely the corruption, not control, of all that he despised. He was nonetheless persuasive, and could sway and corrupt many forms of life to become his willing servants.<ref name="Ruin"></ref><ref>{{MR|P5VII}}, pp. 395-6</ref>

Morgoth wielded [[Grond (Hammer of the Underworld)|Grond]] in battle, a weapon he presumably forged himself in [[Angband]] (unless Sauron or [[Gothmog]] had held it safe after the [[Battle of the Powers]]), and was clad in black armor, with an iron crown. Despite his strength initially, he continually spread his residual influence, corruption, and might thin across Arda after his treachery and suffered several defeats, and his power slowly, though significantly, weakened. He alone of the Valar had a deep fear of death, and even against inferior foes he held a hesitance to ever risk his own life.<ref name="Ruin"/>

== Etymology ==
{{Pronounce|Sindarin - Morgoth.mp3|Gilgamesh}}
The [[Sindarin]] name ''Morgoth'' ("the Black Foe"<ref name=VT49a>{{VT|49a}}, pp. 24-5</ref> or "Dark Tyrant"<ref>{{PE|21}}, p. 85</ref>) was given him by [[Fëanor]].

Tolkien experimented (but apparently never reached a decision) with different [[Quenya]] translations of ''Morgoth'': ''Moringotto'', ''Moriñgotho'', or ''Morikotto''.<ref name=VT49a/>

=== Melkor ===
'''''Melkor''''' is [[Quenya]] for "He who arises in Might",<ref>{{S|Index}}, entry "Melkor"</ref> literally "Mighty Arising",<ref name=PE17>{{PE|17}}, p. 115</ref> "uprising of power" or "Mighty One".<ref name=P4k>{{MR|P4k}}, p. 350</ref> The name is generally used to refer to this [[Valar|Vala]] prior to his theft of the [[Silmarils]]; for after the theft [[Fëanor]] named him ''Morgoth''.

''Melkor'' is a compound of [[Common Eldarin]] ''mbelek-'' (''melek'', "great, mighty, powerful"; root [[BEL|BEL, MBEL]]) + ''[[óre]]''.<ref name=PE17/>

The older form of ''Melkor'' is said to be ''Melkórë''.<ref name=P4k/>

In earlier versions of the [[legendarium]], the form of the name was '''''Melko'''''.<ref>{{HM|HM}}</ref>; other variations included '''''Belcha'''''<ref>{{LT2|VI}}</ref>, '''''Melegor'''''<ref>{{LB|1a}}</ref>, '''''Melekō'''''<ref>{{MR|Star}}</ref>''. At one instance in a late glossary (c. 1959), ''Melko'', meaning "simply 'the Mighty One'", is also said to be an alternative form of ''Melkor''.<ref name=P4k/> '

== Other names ==
'''''Bauglir''''' was a name used of Morgoth by the [[Sindar]] following his return in the late [[First Age]] , meaning "the Constrainer".<ref name=Index>{{S|Index}}</ref> It was often combined with the name ''Morgoth'' to become the full title ''Morgoth Bauglir''.
Another of his names was '''''Belegûr''''', meaning "He who arises in Might", but this was rather used in the altered form of '''''Belegurth''''', meaning "Great Death".<ref>{{PM|Shibboleth}}, p. 358 (note 21)</ref><ref name=Index></ref>

Among his many epithets and titles were:
* The '''[[Black Hand]]''', called thus by [[Beleg]].<ref>{{S|21}}.</ref>
* The '''Black King''', used once by [[Sador]].<ref>{{CH|1}}, p. 42</ref>
* The '''Dark King''', given by the [[Edain]].<ref name=Men>{{S|17}}</ref>
* The '''[[Dark Lord]]''', given by the Edain.<ref name=Men></ref>
* The '''Dark Power of the North''', probably given by the [[Free Peoples]].<ref>{{MR|P2}}</ref>
* The '''[[Elder King]]''', title of Manwë, claimed by himself when speaking to [[Húrin]].<ref>{{CH|3}}, p. 64</ref>
* The '''First Enemy''', given by the [[Free Peoples]] after his downfall at the end of the [[First Age]]<ref name=L131>{{L|131}}</ref>
* The '''Great Enemy''', used once by [[Aragorn]].<ref>{{FR|I11}}</ref>
* The '''King of the World''', given by himself after his return to Middle-earth.<ref name=Return>{{S|9}}</ref>
* The '''Lord of All''' and the '''Giver of Freedom''', used by [[Sauron]] when he encouraged [[Ar-Pharazôn]] to engage in Morgoth-worship.<ref name=Akallabeth></ref>
* The '''Lord of the Dark''', given by the Edain.<ref name=Men></ref> The very similar '''Lord of the Darkness''' was used by [[Sauron]] when he encouraged [[Ar-Pharazôn]] to worship Melkor.<ref name=Akallabeth></ref>
* The '''Marrer of Middle-earth''', used once by Húrin <ref name=CH1>{{CH|1}}</ref>
* '''Master of Lies''', given by [[Amlach]].<ref name=Men></ref>
* '''Master of the fates of Arda''', used by himself when speaking to Húrin.<ref>{{CH|3}}, p. 65</ref>
* The '''Nameless''', given by [[Andreth]].<ref name="finrod">{{MR|Finrod}}</ref>
* The '''Wicked King''', used once by [[Túrin]].<ref name=CH1></ref>

== Genealogy ==
{{familytree/start}}
{{familytree| |,|-|-|-|.| | | | | | |}}
{{familytree| MEL | | MAN |~| VAR | |MEL='''MELKOR'''|MAN=[[Manwë]]|VAR=[[Varda]]}}
{{familytree/end}}

== Minions and allies ==
* [[Sauron]] – Chief agent; became his heir as the second [[Dark Lord]] and was eventually maimed by the [[One Ring]]'s destruction
* [[Gothmog (balrog)|Gothmog]] - [[Lord of Balrogs]] and High-Captain of Angband; slain by [[Ecthelion]]
* [[Durin's Bane]] - One of the [[Balrogs]]; usurped [[Moria]] and was later vanquished by [[Gandalf]]
* [[Ungoliant]] - Former servant, spirit of darkness and shadow in the shape of a giant spider devourer of the sapped [[Two Trees]]
* [[Glaurung]] – [[Father of Dragons]]; slain by [[Túrin]]
* [[Ancalagon]] – Greatest of the [[Winged Dragons]]; slain by [[Eärendil]]
* [[Draugluin]] - First of the Werewolves of Angband; slain by [[Huan]]
* [[Carcharoth]] - Greatest of the Werewolves of Angband; slain by Huan and [[Beren]]
* [[Thuringwethil]] - Vampire Herald of Sauron; presumably slain by Huan
* [[Ulfang]] - Chieftain of [[Easterlings (First Age)|Easterlings]]
** [[Uldor]] - Son of Ulfang, secretly in league with Morgoth; slain by [[Maglor]]
** [[Ulwarth]] - Son of Ulfang, secretly in league with Morgoth; slain by the sons of [[Bór]]
** [[Ulfast]] - Son of Ulfang, secretly in league with Morgoth; slain by the sons of Bór
* [[Lorgan]] - Lord of the Easterlings in [[Hithlum]]
** [[Brodda]] - Easterling chief in Hithlum; slain by Túrin
* [[Maeglin]] - Coerced turncoat, revealed the location of [[Gondolin]] in exchange for [[Idril]]; slain by [[Tuor]]
;Characters from older concepts
* [[Langon]] - Messenger, sent to negotiate with the Valar when they besieged [[Utumno]]
* [[Fankil]] - Lieutenant, escaped from Utumno after its fall, leader of dark armies in the East ([[Palisor]])
* [[Tevildo]] - Cat possessed by an evil spirit, companion
** [[Oikeroi]] - Tevildo's guard; slain by Huan
** [[Miaulë]] - Cook of Tevildo
** [[Umuiyan]] - Tevildo's Doorkeeper
* [[Lungorthin]] - Balrog-lord
* [[Boldog]] - Orc-chieftain sent to attack [[Doriath]]; slain by [[Thingol]]
* [[Othrod]] – [[Orcs|Orc]]-lord during the [[Fall of Gondolin]]; slain by Tuor
* [[Balcmeg]] - Orc-general during the Fall of Gondolin; slain by Tuor
* [[Lug]] - Orc-warrior during the Fall of Gondolin; slain by Tuor
* [[Orcobal]] - Orc champion during the Fall of Gondolin; slain by Ecthelion
* [[Gorgol]] - Orc of renown; slain by Beren

== Other versions of the Legendarium ==
===Morgoth's Ring===
In an essay dated 1955, appearing in a 1959 newspaper article, Tolkien detailed several events regarding Melkor quite differently than what appeared in ''The Silmarillion''. In this essay, Tolkien emphasized the vastness of Melkor's power at the beginning of Arda, placing him as far beyond all of the other Valar combined and capable of singlehandedly besting them at the outset of his rebellion.

{{blockquote|Melkor must be made far more powerful in original nature [...] The greatest power under Eru. Later, he must not be able to be controlled or 'chained' by all the Valar combined. Note that in the early age of Arda he was alone able to drive the Valar out of Middle-earth into retreat.<ref>{{MR|P5VI}}, p. 339</ref>}}

The intervention of Manwë and the Valar in besieging Utumno was an act of desperation and fear, one which they believed would have had no chance of success, but would merely serve as a distraction for the Quendi to escape his influence. When Manwë and Melkor confronted one another in the fortress's depths, both were surprised; Manwë to see his brother so weakened, and Melkor to see that he was no longer capable of daunting Manwë by his gaze alone. In this version of the [[Battle of the Powers|battle]], Melkor never fights Tulkas,{{Fact}} nor is he overcome by the might of the Valar, rather he deliberately humbles himself before Manwë and asks to be pardoned.

Though he briefly considers truly repenting, he decides to deceive his brother instead, for it is at this moment that Melkor desires to bring ruin to Valinor itself. His surrender and pleading to the Valar are not out of fear or guilt, but out of a sense of wicked pleasure and mockery of them, as he devised to feign aid to the Valar by claiming to serve them as penance, and in secret would ruin and corrupt their very domain. The Valar are hesitant, but Manwë in both pity and fear of his brother, agrees to his terms.<ref>{{MR|P5VI}}, p. 340</ref>

The Valar, however, do not fully pardon him in this version of the story, and he remained under the watch of Mandos while in Valinor. Unable to enact his plans unnoticed, and realizing he was now separated from his servants and armies, whom he divested a large portion of power into, he grows doubtful of his plans, wishing that he had instead fought Manwë and the others in fiery rebellion rather than willingly submit to them.<ref>{{MR|P5VI}}, p. 341</ref>

==Portrayal in adaptations==
[[File:The Rings of Power (TV series) - Morgoth.png|thumb|The [[Darkness]] of Morgoth in''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Rings of Power]]''.]]
'''2022: ''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Rings of Power]]'':'''
:'''1 September: ''[[A Shadow of the Past]]'':'''
:Morgoth is seen taking on the form of a giant cloud of [[Darkness]] that appears to look similar to a humanoid. The [[Two Trees of Valinor]] are seen being burnt up beneath his darkness.

==External links==
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZuHLyviVamA Morgoth: The Origins of Melkor] video by [[Nerd of the Rings]]

{{references}}
{{seq-start}}
{{seq-head
| race=evil
| house=Fallen [[Valar|Vala]]
| born = [[Creation of the Ainur]]
| died={{FA|590}}
}}
{{seq
| prev=New title
| pvac=None
| list=1st [[Dark Lord]]
| dates=[[Timeline#Years of the Lamps|V.Y. 3400]] - {{FA|587}}
| nvac=Vacant
| next=Next held by: '''[[Sauron]]''', c. 1603 years later
}}
{{seq-end}}
{{ainur}}
[[Category:Ainur]]
[[Category:Characters in The Book of Lost Tales]]
[[Category:Characters in The Children of Húrin]]
[[Category:Characters in The Silmarillion]]
[[Category:Evil]]
[[Category:First Age characters]]
[[Category:Gnomish names]]
[[Category:Noldorin names]]
[[Category:Rulers in the Great Lands]]
[[Category:Rulers in Middle-earth]]
[[Category:Sindarin names]]
[[Category:Valar]]
[[de:Morgoth]]
[[fr:encyclo/personnages/ainur/valar/morgoth]]
[[fi:Morgoth]]

Sauron

2023-12-13T17:00:44Z

LordoftheEarth:

{{evil infobox
| name=Sauron
| image=[[File:Alaïs - Annatar.jpg|250px]]
| caption="Annatar" by [[:Category:Images by Alaïs|Alaïs]]
| pronun=[[Quenya|Q]], {{IPA|[ˈsaʊron]}}
| othernames=''Annatar'' ([[Quenya|Q]]) ''Gorthaur'' ([[Sindarin|S]]) ''Mairon'' ([[Quenya|Q]]) ''Zigûr'' ([[Adûnaic|A]]) The Enemy [[Eye of Sauron|The Eye]] The Necromancer The Shadow ''([[#Other names|See below]])''
| titles=The [[Dark Lord]] The [[Lord of the Ring (title)|Lord of the Rings]] [[King of Men]] Lord of the World Ring-maker
| position=Smith of [[Aulë]] Lieutenant to [[Morgoth]]
| location=[[Timeless Halls]], [[Almaren]], [[Valinor]], [[Utumno]], [[Angband]], [[Tol-in-Gaurhoth]], [[Barad-dûr]], [[Ost-in-Edhil]], [[Armenelos]], [[Temple]], [[Dol Guldur]], and [[Window of the Eye]]
| affiliation=[[Maiar]] [[Angband]]
| language=[[Valarin]], [[Black Speech]], [[Adûnaic]], and possibly [[Westron]]
| birth=[[Creation of the Ainur]]
| birthlocation=[[Timeless Halls]]
| rule={{SA|1600}} - {{TA|3019}}
| death=[[25 March]], {{TA|3019}}
| deathlocation=[[Barad-dûr]], [[Plateau of Gorgoroth]]
| age=
| notablefor=Deceived the [[Elves]] into forging the [[Rings of Power]]; Created [[The One Ring]]; Brought about the [[Downfall of Númenor]]; Nearly conquered the whole of [[Middle-earth]]
| parentage=
| siblings=
| spouse=
| children=
| race=[[Maiar|Maia]]
| gender=Male
| height=''[[#Physical form|See below]]''
| hair=
| eyes=''[[#Eye of Sauron|See below]]''
| clothing=
| weapons=[[The One Ring]]
| steed=
}}
<center>{{Quote|But in after days he rose like a shadow of Morgoth and a ghost of his malice, and walked behind him on the same ruinous path down into the Void.|''[[Valaquenta]]'': Of the Enemies}}</center>

'''Sauron''', once known as '''Mairon''', was a highly gifted [[Maia]], being originally a renowned and skilled disciple of [[Aulë]]. Coveting the power through which he would coordinate all things according to his own will, he joined with [[Melkor]]. As "Gorthaur" he became the chief agent of Morgoth, playing a crucial part in all his evil deeds upon [[Arda]] throughout the [[Elder Days]]. Initially granted command of the stronghold of [[Angband]] before the Valar's assault, Sauron directed his captive master's servants abroad and readied the fortress for his return. From his later abode in [[Tol-in-Gaurhoth]], Sauron was directly responsible for the death of [[Barahir]] and later the [[Noldor|Noldorin]] king [[Finrod]] during the [[Quest for the Silmaril]].

After the downfall of Morgoth, Sauron continually strove to conquer [[Middle-earth]], and even [[Númenor]] throughout the [[Second Age]]. Under the guise of '''Annatar''', he deceived the [[Elves]] of [[Eregion]], who under his guidance had created the [[Rings of Power]], whilst he secretly forged [[the One Ring]] in [[Mount Doom]]. Thus Sauron became "'''[[Lord of the Ring|the Lord of the Rings]]'''". Failing to corrupt the Elves, he assaulted the [[Westlands]], beginning a period called the [[Dark Years]], the first time he became known as the '''[[Dark Lord]]'''. The arrogant [[Númenóreans]], contesting their rule on Middle-earth, challenged him, and Sauron accepted to be brought to Númenor as a captive; however his influence corrupted the Númenóreans further - leading to the [[Downfall of Númenor]]. His spirit escaped, as did [[Elendil]] and his sons, founding the Realms in Exile of [[Arnor]] and [[Gondor]]. Elves and the [[Dúnedain]], formed the [[Last Alliance]] and, in {{SA|3441}}, Elendil and Elven [[High King of the Noldor|High King]] [[Gil-galad]] died fighting Sauron. Following Sauron's defeat, Elendil's son, [[Isildur]], severed his Ringed finger and took the One Ring for himself.

In the [[Third Age]], Sauron the One Enemy returned to Middle-earth and, as the '''Necromancer''', took the hill of [[Amon Lanc]] as his fortress of [[Dol Guldur]]; one of his foremost pawns, the [[Witch-king]], formed the realm of [[Angmar]] in the north of [[Eriador]]. Following an attack by the [[White Council]] in {{TA|2941}}, the Dark Lord Sauron returned to his fortress of [[Barad-dûr]] in [[Mordor]], and compelled the [[Wizards|Wizard]] [[Saruman]] into his service. By {{TA|3018}}, [[Frodo Baggins]] was in possession of the Ring, and he was led by [[Gandalf]] as a member of the [[Fellowship of the Ring]] in the [[Quest of the Ring]]. Whilst Sauron waged the [[War of the Ring]] against the [[Free peoples]] of Middle-earth, Frodo Baggins, [[Samwise Gamgee]] and [[Gollum]] reached Mount Doom on [[25 March]] {{TA|3019}}, and the Ring was destroyed. The breaking of the Ring caused Sauron's fall, and his stepping on Morgoth's path down into the [[Void]], resulting in the start of the [[Fourth Age]] and the [[Dominion of Men]].

== History ==
=== Origin ===
[[File:Maureval - Mairon.jpg|thumb|left|''Mairon'' by [[:Category:Images by Maureval|Maureval]]]]
{{quote|For nothing is evil in the beginning. Even Sauron was not so.|[[Elrond]]<ref>{{FR|Council}}</ref>}}
As one of the most powerful [[Maiar]], Sauron was created by [[Ilúvatar]] before the [[Music of the Ainur]].<ref name="Ainu">{{S|Ainu}}</ref> At the beginning of Time, he was amongst the [[Ainur]] who entered into [[Eä]].<ref name="SVala">{{S|IId}}</ref> Here he became one of the Maiar of [[Aulë]], among whose people he was deemed mighty and surpassed only by the Smith himself,<ref name="SVala"/> and was known as '''''Mairon'''''.<ref name="PE17.1">{{PE|17}}, p. 183</ref>

Mairon's virtue was his love for order, planning and coordination, disliking confusion and chaos. But his obsession with order gradually overshadowed his love for the other intelligent beings of Arda, who would benefit from his planning; it became the sole object of his will, the end in itself. He started admiring [[Melkor]]'s power to realize his designs quickly and masterfully.<ref name=myths/>

Early on, already by the blissful [[Spring of Arda]], he was ensnared by Melkor, becoming his spy on the isle of [[Almaren]], the dwelling-place of the Valar.<ref name="Annals">{{MR|P2a}}, p. 52</ref> While [[Tulkas]] was asleep, Melkor ruined the [[Two Lamps]], and when Almaren was also destroyed, the [[Valar]] moved to the [[Aman|Blessed Realm of Aman]], still not perceiving Sauron's treachery.<ref name=Valinor>{{L|131}}: "''… Sauron was a being of Valinor perverted to the service of the Enemy …''"</ref> Soon Mairon left the Blessed Realm for [[Middle-earth]], [[Sleep of Yavanna|in a dark time]] where Melkor dominated limitlessly, and bent the knee before him as his greatest and most trusted servant.<ref name="SRings">{{S|Rings}}</ref> Thus he came to be known as '''''Gorthaur''''' by the [[Sindar]] of [[Beleriand]] and '''''Sauron''''' by others. Sauron initially was not as evil as Morgoth, as he was serving someone and not himself;<ref name="SVala"/> and unlike Melkor, who wanted to unmake and corrupt the world, Sauron wished to rule it and do what he wanted with it.<ref name=myths>{{MR|Myths}}, pp. 394-398</ref>

After [[Morgoth]] made his great fortress of [[Angband]] in the north-west of [[Middle-earth]], he appointed Sauron to be its commander.<ref name="SCaptivity">{{S|Captivity}}</ref>

=== First Age ===
{{quote|Sauron was become now a sorcerer of dreadful power, master of shadows and of phantoms, foul in wisdom, cruel in strength, misshaping what he touched, twisting what he ruled, lord of werewolves; his dominion was torment.|''[[Quenta Silmarillion]]'', "[[Of the Ruin of Beleriand and the Fall of Fingolfin]]"}}
It was the time of the [[Awakening of the Elves]], and the Valar made war against Melkor to protect them. At the [[Battle of the Powers]], they stormed Utumno and Angband with a full might of [[Valinor]] and searched both fortresses; however, they failed to find Sauron.<ref name="SCaptivity"/> Thus Sauron continued his evil operations; during the [[Great March]] of the [[Eldar]] to Valinor, it is said that he afflicted the [[Atyamar|land of the Elves]] in the [[Vales of Anduin]], forcing the [[Elves]] to resume their journey.<ref>{{NM|P1vii}}, pp. 50-51</ref>

With the unchaining of Morgoth and his subsequent destruction of the [[Two Trees|Two Trees of Valinor]], the [[Sun]] first rose and ushered in the awakening of [[Men]]. Leaving Sauron in command of the war, Morgoth left Angband in secret to find the second-born kindred of the [[Children of Ilúvatar]] and to corrupt them to his will.<ref name="SWest">{{S|West}}</ref>

After the [[Fall of Fingolfin]], Sauron launched an attack on [[Tol Sirion]]. Utter fear descended upon [[Orodreth]] and those who defended the isle. Sauron assailed [[Minas Tirith (Beleriand)|Minas Tirith]] and turned it into a watch tower for Morgoth. Therein Sauron sat and Tol Sirion the fair became [[Tol-in-Gaurhoth]], the Isle of Werewolves.<ref name="SFingolfin">{{S|Fingolfin}}</ref>

Upon hearing of the deeds of [[Barahir]] and his companions, Morgoth ordered Sauron to find and kill them. [[Gorlim]], one of Barahir's companions, was captured and brought before Sauron. Sauron promised that he would free Gorlim and his wife [[Eilinel]] in return for information. Under the terror of Sauron's eyes, Gorlim revealed everything he knew, and thus the hiding place of Barahir was betrayed to the enemy. Subsequently, Sauron revealed Eilinel was dead and had Gorlim put to death.<ref name="Beren">{{S|Beren}}</ref>

[[Beren]], son of [[Barahir]], promised to avenge his father's death. He wandered [[Dorthonion]] as an outlaw and achieved great deeds that were heard far and wide. Morgoth set a high price on his head and Sauron, commanding a great army of [[werewolves]] and [[fell beasts]], sought for Beren.<ref name="Beren"/>

Later, [[Finrod|Finrod Felagund]], Beren, and their ten companions left [[Nargothrond]] in search of the [[Silmarils]]. Despite their being disguised as Orcs, Sauron espied them as they entered into the vale between [[Ered Wethrin]] and [[Taur-nu-Fuin (Dorthonion)|Taur-nu-Fuin]] and was suspicious, as Orcs passing were supposed to report to him. He had them captured and they were brought to him. There Finrod and Sauron fought in songs of power; the strength of both was great, but Sauron was more powerful. He then stripped them of their Orc disguises but failed to discern who they were. He had them thrown into a dark pit where one by one they were devoured by a werewolf. Withstanding this horror, they refused to betray one another.<ref name="Beren"/>

[[File:Ted Nasmith - Huan Subdues Sauron.jpg|thumb|''Huan subdues Sauron'' by [[Ted Nasmith]]]]
When all of their companions were dead, Finrod and Beren were the last who remained alive in Sauron's pit. When a werewolf went to attack Beren, Finrod Felagund used all his power to defeat it. In this he was successful. However, he was critically wounded and soon passed away. In that dark moment, [[Lúthien]] came to the bridge of [[Tol-in-Gaurhoth]] and sang. From his tower of Minas Tirith, Sauron saw Lúthien and knew that it was the famous daughter of [[Melian]] and [[Thingol]]. He desired to capture her and hand her over to Morgoth. Therefore, he sent a wolf to the bridge, but it was quickly and silently slain by [[Huan]]. He sent many more, and each one Huan killed. Finally, he sent [[Draugluin]], sire of the werewolves of Angband. The fight between Huan and Draugluin was fierce. Eventually Draugluin fled and, before dying, he told his master that Huan was there. According to prophecy, Huan would not die until he had encountered the greatest of all wolves, so Sauron contrived to take on that role and defeat the hound. Therefore Sauron took on the form of a werewolf, the greatest the world had ever seen then, and went towards the bridge. So great was the terror of his approach that even Huan momentarily recoiled. Sauron leaped to attack Lúthien, but she drew her magic veil over his eyes, afflicting him with fatigue and blindness. Then Huan sprang upon Sauron and there they fought. The force of Sauron's malice alone left Lúthien weak and nearly unconscious, and the fighting was brutal and prolonged; however, he could not subdue the hound of [[Valinor]]. He was trapped within Huan's jaws and could not break free, even when he took the form of a serpent and finally his own shape. Rather than leave his physical form, he yielded to Lúthien, giving her control of the isle in return for his release. He then took the form of a vampire and fled to [[Taur-nu-Fuin (Dorthonion)|Taur-nu-Fuin]], filling the forest with horror.<ref name="Beren"/>

After the [[War of Wrath]], with the downfall of [[Morgoth]] and the destruction of [[Thangorodrim]], Sauron adopted a fair form and repented his evil deeds in fear of the wrath of the Valar. [[Eönwë]] ordered Sauron to return to [[Valinor]] in order to receive the judgement of Manwë. Sauron was not willing to suffer such humiliation, and he instead fled and hid himself in [[Middle-earth]].<ref name="SRings"/>

=== Second Age ===
[[File:Mysilvergreen - Sauron-Annatar and the creation of the One Ring.png|thumb|right|''Sauron-Annatar and the creation of the One Ring'' by [[:Category:Images by Mysilvergreen|Mysilvergreen]]]]
It was {{SA|500|n}} years into the [[Second Age]] when Sauron started to stir again.<ref name="lotr-toy"/> Sauron decided that the [[Valar]] had forgotten about [[Middle-earth]] and he once again turned to evil; many Men in [[East]] and [[South]], already corrupted by Melkor, fell under the [[Shadow]] by following him.<ref name="SRings"/> By {{SA|882}}, [[Gil-galad]] sensed a shadow arising in the East and sent a [[Gil-galad's letter|warning]] to [[Númenor]].<ref>{{UT|Wife}}</ref> Around {{SA|1000}} Sauron was alarmed by the growing power of the [[Númenóreans]], and chose [[Mordor]] as a land to make into a stronghold. He began the building of [[Barad-dûr]], the Dark Tower, near Mount Doom.<ref name="lotr-toy"/>

Although Sauron long knew that [[Men]] were easier to sway, he sought to bring the [[Elves]] into his service, as they were far more powerful.<ref name="SRings"/> After lying hidden and increasing his power in secret, in {{SA|1200}} Sauron put on a fair visage, calling himself '''Annatar''', the Lord of Gifts, an emissary from the Valar. He was never welcome in [[Lindon]] as [[Elrond]] and [[Gil-galad]] did not trust him and refused to treat with him, although they did not perceive who he truly was.<ref name="SRings"/>

Elsewhere Annatar was gladly received, especially in [[Eregion]], where only [[Galadriel]] distrusted him. The [[Noldorin]] smiths there learned much from him in art and magic, as their thirst for knowledge was great.<ref name="lotr-coe">{{FR|Council}}</ref><ref name="lotr-toy">{{App|SA}}</ref> Under the tutelage of Annatar and the leadership of [[Celebrimbor]], grandson of [[Fëanor]], the [[Gwaith-i-Mírdain]], became more skilled than anyone save Fëanor himself. In the year {{SA|1500}}, when they reached the very height of their power, the Elves began the forging of the [[Rings of Power]], which according to Annatar would help them preserve their powers over Middle-earth.

But Sauron was ready to begin his own plans, and in {{SA|1600}} - ten years after the completion of the Rings of Power - he created [[The One Ring]] to control the bearers of the other Rings. He invested most of his own power into the Ring as he forged it, so that it would be more powerful than the others. With its power he completed the building of the Dark Tower.<ref name="SRings"/><ref name="lotr-toy" />

But the Elves were not so easily ensnared, and as soon as Sauron put on the One Ring they and Celebrimbor were aware of him, and realised they were betrayed.<ref name="lotr-coe" /><ref name="lotr-toy" /> They hid their Rings from Sauron and did not use them. Sauron demanded that the other Rings be given to him, for they would not have been made without his knowledge. The Elves refused, and the War was inevitable.<ref name="SRings"/>

==== [[Black Years]] ====
During this time Sauron constructed the [[Black Gate]] of Mordor to prevent invasion, and raised massive armies of [[Orcs]], [[Trolls]], and Men, chiefly [[Easterlings]] and [[Southrons]] whom he dominated as a king and god. He had them make many fortified towns, and armed those under him with iron.<ref name=dm/><ref name="SRings"/>

The [[War of the Elves and Sauron]] began in {{SA|1693}} and was a bloody conflict which destroyed Eregion and devastated much of Eriador.<ref name="lotr-toy"/> Celebrimbor was slain and his body impaled on a spike paraded at the head of Sauron's legions. The Elves were pushed back almost to the Blue Mountains, while their Dwarven allies (who had also rejected Sauron) retreated behind the walls of [[Moria]] where Sauron could not assail them.

Sauron was the [[Dark Lord]] of almost all of Middle-earth beyond the coasts, but the [[Númenóreans]] responded to the Elves' call for aid and sent a relief force. With united forces, Sauron's army was driven back and defeated near the [[Sarn Ford]] and withdrew to [[Tharbad]] where he was reinforced. But the Númenórean admiral [[Ciryatur]] had sent a fleet up the river Gwathló and Sauron's army was [[Battle of the Gwathló|attacked in the rear and utterly defeated]]. The Dark Lord fled back to Mordor with little more than his own bodyguard and a handful of orcs.<ref>{{UT|Galadriel}}</ref>

Nonetheless, while Sauron's subsequent power never quite matched the height it had during the War with the Elves, many of his most powerful enemies' homelands had been devastated. As the Númenóreans established dominions around the [[Westlands]] (c. {{SA|1800}}),<ref name="lotr-toy"/> Sauron's empire continued to expand to dominate barbarian Men as servants and worshippers to the far south and east.<ref name=dm>{{PM|Dwarves}}</ref><ref>{{UT|Amroth}}</ref>

As the Elves had failed him, he had decided to distribute the Rings of Power to three corrupted lords of [[Númenor]]<ref name=Akallabeth>{{S|Akallabeth}}</ref> and [[Khamûl|an Easterling king]] and other five Men, as well as lords of the Dwarves. The Dwarves proved too hardy and resistant to their effects; but the Men eventually faded and in {{SA|2251}} they appeared as [[Ringwraiths]], his greatest slaves.<ref name="lotr-toy"/>

Believing he would dominate all of Middle-earth, Sauron assumed many glorious titles: '''King of Kings''',<ref name=L131>{{L|131}}</ref> '''King of Men''',<ref name=Akallabeth/> '''Lord of the Earth''',<ref name="SRings"/> and even '''Lord of the World'''.<ref name=L131/>

==== On Númenor ====
[[File:Elena Kukanova - The Temple of Melkor.jpg|200px|thumb|right|''The Temple of Melkor'' by [[Elena Kukanova]]]]
This offended the arrogant [[Númenóreans]] who had already started to fall under the [[Shadow]]. The proud Númenóreans came to Middle-earth with great force of arms, and Sauron's forces fled. Realising he could not defeat the Númenóreans with military strength, Sauron allowed himself to be taken as a hostage to Númenor by King [[Ar-Pharazôn]] in {{SA|3262}}.<ref name="lotr-toy"/>

There, he quickly grew from captive to adviser and was known as '''Zigûr''', the Wizard;<ref name=Defeated>{{HM|SD}}, ''passim''</ref> he seduced the King and further corrupted the people.<ref name="lotr-toy"/> He converted many Númenóreans to the worship of Darkness, becoming High Priest of a Melkor cult. He had the [[White Tree]] cut down and in its place raised a great [[Temple]] in which he performed human sacrifices, persecuting those who were still [[Faithful]]. Finally, he convinced the king to rebel against the Valar and attack Valinor itself, claiming they would gain immortality. [[Ilúvatar|Eru]], the supreme God, then directly intervened: Númenor was drowned under the sea, and the great navy of Númenor was destroyed.

Sauron was on Númenor in the Temple of Melkor and was caught in the ensuing [[Drowning of Númenor|flood]]. However, his spirit survived, although severely weakened by the destruction, and it fled back to Middle-earth.

==== Against the Faithful ====
Sauron's spirit returned to Mordor in {{SA|3320}},<ref name="lotr-toy"/> where he slowly rebuilt his strength, although he was unable to assume a fair shape. From this point on he started to rule through terror and force, largely filling the fearsome role left vacant by his former master.

Meanwhile, a few faithful Númenóreans, led by [[Elendil]], were saved from the flood, and they founded [[Gondor]] and [[Arnor]] in Middle-earth. Sauron still considered them his hated enemies and he launched a pre-emptive attack on Gondor in {{SA|3429}}.<ref name="lotr-toy"/>

In response, the Númenóreans formed the [[Last Alliance of Elves and Men|Last Alliance]] with the Elven-king [[Gil-galad]]. Learning of them, Sauron dispatched some [[Orcs of Mordor]] to the [[Misty Mountains]] to ambush them.<ref>{{UT|Gladden}}, Note #20</ref> He also burned the [[Brown Lands|gardens]] of the [[Entwives]] against the advance of the Allies down the [[Anduin]].<ref>{{L|144}}</ref> Nonetheless the Allies reached Mordor and defeated Sauron's forces in the [[Battle of Dagorlad]] in {{SA|3434}} and finally laid siege before [[Barad-dûr]].<ref name="lotr-toy"/>

The siege lasted for seven years until {{SA|3441}}, when Sauron left his fortress, engaging in direct combat. Elendil and Gil-galad fought Sauron and vanquished him, but both were killed.<ref name="lotr-toy"/> [[Isildur]], son of Elendil, cut the One Ring from Sauron's finger and claimed it. Later, the Ring betrayed him and was lost for more than two thousand years. After his defeat in the War of the Last Alliance, Sauron lost his ability to form a physical body for a great while.

=== Third Age ===
Sauron's defeat released his subjects, like the [[Easterlings]], from his tyranny, but they fell into chaos. Their tribes and kingdoms battled against each other and some withdrew to the hated west.<ref>{{UT|6b}}, p. 259</ref> Weakened by his defeat and the loss of the One Ring, it is thought that he fled to the far east to regain his power and strength before returning.

It was not until c. {{TA|1000}} that Sauron could again begin to take shape in a physical living body. Worried by this prospect, the [[Valar]] sent [[Wizards|five]] [[Maiar]] from the West to assist the peoples of Middle-earth against Sauron.<ref>{{UT|Istari}}, pp. 388-389</ref>

His power was enough that he began again to throw a shadow across portions of [[Middle-earth]]. Apparently, Sauron's spirit managed to move some Easterlings, who invaded [[Rhovanion]] and came to the [[Vales of Anduin]].<ref>{{PM|XNotes}}, #60</ref>

==== The Necromancer ====
These moves coincided with the coming of the [[Shadow]] to [[Greenwood the Great]].<ref>{{PM|Atani}}</ref> Around {{TA|1050|n}} he chose [[Amon Lanc|a hill]] in southern Greenwood as a place to build the fortress of [[Dol Guldur]]. At first, [[the Wise]] thought that this "Necromancer" was one of the [[Nazgûl]] who had returned and taken up residence in southern Greenwood.<ref name=TA/>

The year {{TA|1300}} marked Sauron's increased power, evidenced by "evil things" who multiplied and grew bold again, like the [[Orcs of the Misty Mountains]] and some of the [[Dragons]], who attacked the [[Dwarves]]; and the return of the Nazgûl, with the founding of the evil realm of [[Angmar]].<ref name=TA/> In the following centuries, Sauron's subjects in Angmar, the East and the South concentrated against his ancient enemies. Kings [[Araphant]] of [[Arnor]] and [[Ondoher]] of [[Gondor]] realised that a single force was coordinating the attacks on both of their kingdoms and that they needed to work together to combat this evil. However, Angmar was successful in destroying Arnor, and soon after the Nazgûl gathered in Mordor and [[Second Fall of Minas Ithil|conquered]] [[Minas Ithil]] to prepare for Sauron's return; their final success was ending the [[Kings of Gondor|royal line]] of Gondor.<ref name=gondor>{{App|Gondor}}</ref><ref name="SRings"/><ref name=TA/> As his shadow deepened, [[Durin's Bane|a balrog]] awoke, causing the desertion of [[Moria]].<ref name=TA/>
[[File:John Howe - Pass the Doors of Dol Guldur.jpg|thumb|left|''Pass the Doors of Dol Guldur'' by [[John Howe]]]]
By {{TA|2060}} the power of Dol Guldur grew so much that [[the Wise]] were alerted that Sauron was returning. [[Gandalf]] entered the fortress in {{TA|2063|n}} but the shadow fled before him. Returning to the [[East]],<ref name=TA/> Sauron started corrupting the [[Easterlings]] and forging a strong alliance between their tribes.{{fact}} The period of his absence was known as the ''[[Watchful Peace]]'', because the Shadow on Mirkwood had lessened and the Nazgûl stayed quiet in Minas Morgul,<ref name=TA/> using this period to prepare for Sauron's return.

==== Return to Dol Guldur ====
The Necromancer returned in {{TA|2460|n}} more powerful, with many Men in his service, and again took up residence in [[Dol Guldur]].<ref name=TA/> His return coincided with the One Ring revealing itself [[Third Age 2463|three years later]], falling in the hands of [[Gollum|a Stoor]]. Sensing the danger, the [[Wise]] formed the [[White Council]].<ref name=TA/>

The Necromancer's aims remained to gather the Rings of Power, find news about the One Ring, and eliminate the [[Heir of Isildur]], if one remained in [[Middle-earth]].<ref>{{App|Tale}}</ref><ref name=TA/> In {{TA|2475}} the [[Uruk-hai]] exited Mordor and briefly conquered [[Ithilien]]. [[Third Age 2480|Some years later]] the Orcs of the Mountains organized themselves, blocking the passes to the West; Moria had been depopulated centuries earlier by the Balrog, and Sauron sent Orcs and [[Trolls]] there.<ref name=TA/> Also under his shadow were the [[Balchoth]], who invaded Mirkwood and cooperated with Orcs to attack Gondor.<ref name=stew/> Sauron's servants captured the [[King of Durin's Folk|Dwarf King]] [[Thráin|Thráin II]] and took [[Ring of Thrór|one]] of the [[Seven Rings|Seven Dwarf rings]] from him.<ref name=TA/>

Still investigating the Necromancer, [[Gandalf]] snuck into Dol Guldur in {{TA|2850|n}} and met the dying Dwarf King, learning that the Necromancer was none other than Sauron. [[Third Age 2851|The next year]], Gandalf informed the White Council and urged an immediate attack upon the fortress, but [[Saruman|Saruman the White]] had learned of the presence of the [[The One Ring|Ruling Ring]] near the [[Gladden Fields]], and he thought it best to allow Sauron to build up his strength in order to reveal its location so that Saruman could seize it himself. Following this strategy, Saruman opposed Gandalf.<ref name=TA>{{App|TA}}</ref>

As his power was growing and his arising came closer, his minions moved again against Gondor; his agents stirred the [[Haradrim]] to resume attacking Gondor, while [[Uruk-hai]] and [[Orcs of Mordor]] infested [[Ithilien]]<Ref name=stew/><Ref name=TA/> but never managed to pass beyond Anduin, further into Gondor.<ref name=hunt>{{UT|Hunt}}</ref> All this time Sauron apparently had learned about the [[Disaster of the Gladden Fields]] where his old enemy Isildur was killed, shortly after his own demise, almost three millennia ago. He sent his minions to look for the One Ring around [[Anduin]] near the [[Gladden Fields]], not knowing that it had been already in the possession of [[Gollum|a Stoor]].<Ref name=TA/>

==== Attack of the White Council ====
Considering the situations, and the occupation of the dragon [[Smaug]] of [[Erebor]], Gandalf was worried that Sauron's military assault against the [[West]] was a matter of time, and that he would use Smaug in his force; Gandalf started considering a simultaneous attack both against Dol Guldur and against Smaug, to weaken Sauron.<ref name=erebor>{{UT|Erebor}}</ref>
[[File:Angus McBride - Dol Guldur.jpg|thumb|''Dol Guldur'' by [[Angus McBride]]]]
In {{TA|2939}}, Saruman learned that Sauron was searching for the Ring, and worried that he would find it sooner than he. In {{TA|2941|n}}, he conceded with Gandalf to [[Attack on Dol Guldur|attack Dol Guldur]].<ref name=TA/> Indeed, in the meantime Gandalf managed to eliminate Smaug, and the Orcs of the Mountains were decimated in the [[Battle of Five Armies|ensuing battle]], allowing the [[Kingdom Under the Mountain]] and [[Dale]] to flourish again.<ref name=erebor/><ref>{{H|Return}}</ref>

Although Gandalf was weakening Sauron's potential grasp in the [[Wilderland|North]],<ref name=erebor/> Sauron had been expecting the White Council's attack against Dol Guldur and fled from there.<ref name=TA/>

==== Return to Mordor ====
The [[Nazgûl]] had been preparing [[Barad-dûr]] for Sauron's return, so it was easy for Sauron to return secretly to his old stronghold [[Third Age 2942|a year later]]. Sauron declared himself openly in {{TA|2951}}, sent three Nazgûl back to Dol Guldur and started rebuilding the Dark Tower, and once it was completed, the [[Mount Doom]] erupted.<Ref name=stew>{{App|Stewards}}</ref><ref name=TA/>

From then on Sauron stayed in Barad-dûr to conduct his war on the [[Free peoples]]. The shadow of Mordor caused despair and sickness to the Gondorians, like [[Finduilas_(wife_of_Denethor)|Finduilas]], and in his desperation, the Steward [[Denethor]], Sauron's most immediate enemy, used the [[Anor-stone]] to gain knowledge. That ''[[palantír]]'' was directly linked to the [[Ithil-stone]] that the Nazgûl had taken from Minas Morgul, and when Sauron used it, he discovered Denethor was using his. Sauron attempted to wrench the Anor-stone to his will, but failed due to Denethor's strength of will and birth-right to the stone. But this stressed and wore out the steward, who lost his hope.<ref name=stew/><ref>{{UT|Palantiri}}</ref>

By {{TA|3000}}, the shadow lengthened, and Saruman, who was residing in [[Orthanc]], had secretly found and decided to use the [[Orthanc-stone]]. As happened with Denethor, Sauron linked with his mind, managing to corrupt him;<ref name=TA/> from one of his wisest enemies, Saruman became one of his greatest servants. However, the White Wizard would also prove a faithless subordinate, plotting to usurp the Dark Lord's place; Sauron suspected the double-game, but kept using Saruman as an instrument of subjugation, until the time would to discard him.

Around {{TA|3009}}, [[Gollum]], who formerly bore the One Ring and now pursued its thief, ventured into Mordor and was captured by Sauron's minions. Gollum was tortured and interrogated for the following years,<ref name=TA/> and before releasing him, Sauron learned that the One Ring had been found by [[Bilbo Baggins]] of [[the Shire]].

Sauron bred immense armies of Orcs and enslaved Men from the east and south. He adopted the symbol of a lidless eye, and he was able at that time to send out his will over Middle-earth, so that the [[Eye of Sauron]] became a symbol of power and fear.

==== The War of the Ring ====
Sauron was alarmed when the [[Elves of Mirkwood]] captured Gollum,<ref name=TA/> so in June of {{TA|3018}} he dispatched the Nazgûl to hunt for the [[One Ring]] in secrecy. To disguise the crossing of the Nine over the Great River, Sauron staged an [[Sauron's attack on Osgiliath|attack on Osgiliath]]. This feint served two purposes: first, to test the strength and preparedness of Denethor, and second and more importantly, to present the Nazgûl as merely a military asset, concealing from the [[Wise]] their true mission.<ref name=hunt/> Denethor's forces were stronger than Sauron hoped, but Sauron took the eastern half of the city nonetheless. This allowed the Nazgûl to cross the Great River and begin their hunt.<ref name=hunt/> Now knowing the measure of his enemy, Sauron continued to amass his forces in Minas Morgul and Mordor in preparation for the siege of Gondor.<ref>{{TT|IV4}}</ref>

By September, the Nazgûl had failed to discover the Shire, and Sauron's wrath and fear were mounting. Via messenger, Sauron ordered the Nine to discard secrecy in favour of speed and go to Isengard to confront Saruman about his knowledge of the whereabouts of the Ring. At this time, Sauron also conveyed to the Nine such dire threats as to dismay even the Lord of Morgul.<ref name=hunt/> The Nine ultimately failed in their mission, being defeated and unhorsed by the flood of the Bruinen. The Witch-king returned alone to Mordor in December of 3018 to Sauron's great fear, for Sauron perceived that his foes still had strength left in them, and luck seemed to be on their side.<ref>{{HM|RC}}, "The Ring Goes South", p. 262</ref>

Sauron's next glimpse of the Ring (or so he believed) would come in the late hours of [[5 March]] T.A. 3019, when Pippin looked into the [[palantir]] of Orthanc that he had recovered from the flood of Isengard. Sauron, unaware of Saruman's defeat at hands of the [[Ents]], assumed Pippin was his treacherous servant's prisoner, and was being forced to look into the Palantir as a form of cruel sport. Rather than interrogate Pippin immediately, Sauron chose to torment him, and bid him tell Saruman that he would send for the prisoner immediately.<ref>{{TT|Palantir}}</ref> He was therefore deceived into thinking the Ring was finally within his grasp.

A few hours later, on the morning of [[6 March]], Sauron encountered one of his foes in the ''palantír'' of Orthanc: Aragorn looked into the Stone, revealing himself to Sauron as the Heir of Isildur and wielder of [[Andúril]], the Blade Reforged. Aragorn spoke no word to Sauron and with a great effort of will wrested control of the Stone from him. As Aragorn intended, this played on Sauron's gnawing doubts and filled him with fear, believing that Aragorn might have overthrown Saruman, seizing Pippin and therefore the Ring. Thus, he ordered the Witch-king to launch his long-planned assault on Gondor immediately, rather than wait for all preparations to be made, hoping to destroy his enemies before they had a chance to make full use of the Ring's power.<ref name=RKV2>{{RK|V2}}</ref>

The death of the Witch-king and the defeat of his army in the [[Battle of the Pelennor Fields]] were a setback to Sauron, but he still had a great force of arms held in reserve in Mordor, more than enough to eventually secure military victory against all of his enemies combined. After his encounter with Aragorn in the ''palantír'', Sauron believed that one of his foes in Minas Tirith held the One Ring and would soon attempt to use it. As such, Gandalf was able to exploit Sauron's false beliefs with an audacious plan: the army of the Free Peoples would march on the Black Gate as a feint, keeping Sauron's Eye fixed upon them and blind to all else that moved, as the true Ringbearer made his way to Mount Doom.<ref name=RKV9>{{RK|V9}}</ref>

For the next nine days, Gandalf's plan worked - as the Host of the West made its way east and north, Sauron kept his entire focus upon it and diverted the whole strength of Mordor to the Black Gate to meet them. Even when Shagrat brought news of an "Elvish" intruder in [[Cirith Ungol]], Sauron's belief that the Ring was with the Host of the West remained unshaken and he made no attempt to investigate further; he could certainly not imagine that his enemies were trying to sneak the Ring into Mordor. Frodo and Sam thus made it to the [[Cracks of Doom|Sammath Naur]] undetected, and Sauron did not become aware of them until the very moment that Frodo claimed the Ring for himself.<ref name=RKVI3>{{RK|VI3}}</ref> [[File:Ted Nasmith - The Shadow of Sauron.jpg|thumb|''The Shadow of Sauron'' by [[Ted Nasmith]]]]

Only then did Sauron finally perceive Frodo and, realising he had been tricked, was overwhelmed with wrath and fear. He instantly lost all interest in the ongoing [[Battle of the Morannon]] and dispatched the Nazgûl from the skies above the battle to Mount Doom with all haste. It was too late; Gollum fell into the Crack of Doom with the Ring, destroying it and himself. In the moment of the Ring's destruction, Barad-dûr and many other of Sauron's fortresses crumbled to ruin. Sauron's spirit emerged and rose above Mordor like a black cloud - he stretched out his hand towards the army of the West, but even as he did so, he was blown away by a great wind and vanished.<ref name=RKVI4>{{RK|VI4}}</ref>

== Legacy ==
Thus Sauron's power was unmade, and his dominion in Middle-earth came to an end. According to Gandalf, Sauron was "maimed for ever, becoming a mere spirit of malice that gnaws itself in the shadows, but cannot again grow or take shape."<ref name=RKV9 /> Sauron's corporeal body that was in the Dark Tower died, and without the Ring his spirit no longer had the power to create a new one. Though his indestructible mind and being were bound forever to [[Eä]], Sauron had lost all power to effect his will upon the world<ref>{{L|200}}</ref> and could never again grow in strength.<ref>{{MR|P5VII}}, section iii, p. 403 and note 11, p. 407</ref>

It is said of Sauron, in summary of his long career of wickedness in Arda, that "he rose like a shadow of Morgoth and a ghost of his malice, and walked behind him on the same ruinous path down into the Void."<ref>{{S|IId}}</ref>

==Characteristics==
Sauron was a being of exceptional power, both in personal might and in sorcery, yet his greatest strength lie in his cunning, intellect, and charisma; through persuasion, deception, and coercion, he brought ruin to many mortal realms and united others unto himself, often without ever having to physically intervene, and he nearly cast Middle-earth into darkness several times throughout his existence.

Much like his [[Melkor|master]], pride in his own abilities was his greatest personal weakness, and this arrogance, coupled with an underestimation of his enemies, would ultimately doom him.<ref>{{RK|Doom}}</ref>

=== Physical form ===
[[File:J.R.R. Tolkien - Sauron.jpg|thumb|right|Tolkien's unfinished sketch of Sauron, apparently showing him just after the destruction of the Ring]]
At first Sauron appeared as a royal and commanding figure in a strong body. He was also able to veil his power and change his shape. Later, however, he could take only a terrible form, of a stature greater than a [[Men|Man]]'s, though not giant,<ref>{{L|246}}</ref> "an image of malice and hatred made visible; and the Eye of Sauron the Terrible few could endure."<ref name=Akallabeth/> [[Isildur]] recounted that at the [[Siege of Barad-dûr]], Sauron's hand was black with a deadly burning touch.<ref name="lotr-coe"/> Gollum would also call him "Black Hand", noticing he only had four fingers after Isildur cut one off.<ref name=Closed>{{TT|IV3}}</ref>

=== Eye of Sauron ===
The '''[[Eye of Sauron]]''', called by various names, was the symbol of [[Sauron]] the Dark Lord following the loss of [[the One Ring]]. This symbol was adopted to show his unceasing vigilance and piercing perception, and was displayed on the weaponry of his servants, or at least the [[orcs]].

Sauron's Eye as Frodo sees it in the [[Mirror of Galadriel]] is the only feature of his later form described in detail. It is yellow and rimmed with fire, with a slit pupil, "a window into nothing."<ref>{{FR|II7}}</ref> The colour is compared to that of a cat's eye, but because of the references to Sauron's Lidless Eye, it may also resemble that of a snake, such as an adder. Readers differ as to whether Sauron's eyes were literally lidless and resembled what Frodo saw, or instead the Eye was only a symbol that Frodo saw in the Mirror in an elaborate form.

Sauron's gaze, even indirectly, was known to wither, exhaust, and weaken his foes, with [[Denethor II|Denethor]], [[Aragorn II|Aragorn]], and [[Gandalf the Grey|Gandalf]] all rendered weary and dreadful after confronting him.<ref>{{FR|Breaking}}</ref> The sheer malevolence Sauron exuded through his presence alone was enough to render Lúthien frail and nearly unconscious.<ref>{{S|Beren}}</ref>

== Etymology ==
{{pronounce|Quenya - Sauron.mp3|Gilgamesh}}
'''''Sauron''''' (pron. {{IPA|[ˈsaʊron]}})<ref group=note>''Sauron'' is pronounced "sour-on" (''sour'' as in not sweet).</ref> is a [[Quenya]] name, said to mean "the Abhorred".<ref>{{S|Index}}, entry "Sauron"</ref>

Several accounts of the origin of the name ''Sauron'' were suggested in different linguistic manuscripts:
*deriving from Quenya ''[[saura]]'' ("foul, evil-smelling, putrid", from the [[Sundocarme|root]] [[THUS#Other versions|THUS]]).<ref>{{LR|Etymologies}}, entry "[[THUS]]-"</ref>
*deriving from Quenya ''[[saura]]'' ("foul, vile"; from root [[SAWA]]). The manuscript continues saying that ''Sauron'' "could be a genuine [[Sindarin]] formation from ''[[saur]]''; but is probably from Quenya". However, this origin appears to have been rejected, as it is followed by the comment "No. [[THAW|THAW-]], cruel. ''[[Saura]]'', cruel" in the manuscript.<ref>{{PE|17}}, pp. 183-4</ref>
*deriving from the [[Primitive Quendian]] form ''þaurond-'' (formed from the adjective ''þaurā'' "detestable", from root [[THAW]]).<ref>{{L|297}}, p. 380</ref>
*deriving from '''''Thauron''''', which includes the [[Sindarin]] element ''[[thaur]]'' ("abominable, abhorrent"; also found in [[Sauron#Other names|''Gor'''thaur''''']]).<ref name=Appendix>{{S|Appendix}}, entries ''gor'', ''thaur''</ref>

== Other names ==
{{pronounce|Sindarin - Gorthaur.mp3|Gilgamesh}}
{{pronounce|Quenya - Mairon.mp3|Gilgamesh}}
{{Pronounce|Annatar.mp3|Ardamir}}
'''''Gorthaur''''' was a name used of Sauron by the [[Sindar]] during the [[First Age]],<ref name="SVala"></ref><ref>{{WJ|15}}, p. 240</ref> which was composed of the elements ''[[gor]]'' ("horror, dread") and ''[[thaur]]'' ("abominable, abhorrent"), thus meaning "Terrible Dread";<ref name=Appendix></ref> an alternate variation of this name was '''''Gorsodh'''''.<ref>{{WJ|One}}, entry 455, §153, p. 54</ref> The Quenya equivalent was '''''Ñorsus'''''.<ref name="PE17.1"></ref>

In some of Tolkien's notes from the 1950s, it is said that Sauron's original name was '''''Mairon''''' ([[Quenya|Q]], "the Admirable"), but this was altered after he was suborned by Melkor. He continued to call himself Mairon the Admirable, or '''Tar-mairon''' ("King Excellent"), until after Númenor's downfall,<ref name="PE17.1"/> although he could not use that name in Númenor, as it was a Quenya name with royal implications. There he was called '''''Zigûr''''',<ref name=Defeated></ref> meaning "Wizard" in [[Adûnaic]].<ref>{{SD|3vi9}}, p. 437</ref>

'''''Annatar''''' is Quenya for "Lord of Gifts", from ''[[anna]]'' + ''[[tar]]''.<ref>{{S|Appendix}}, entries ''anna'', ''tar''</ref> It can be noticed that Morgoth used a similar name when he seduced the first [[Men]]: "Giver of Gifts".<ref>{{MR|P4i}}, The '[[Tale of Adanel]]', p. 344</ref> In an isolated note, Tolkien gives other names used by Sauron when he seduced the Elves in the Second Age: '''''Artano''''' ("High-smith") and '''''Aulendil''''' ("Devoted to Aulë").<ref>{{UT|6}}, Notes, p. 254</ref>

Among his many titles and epithets were:
*The '''Base Master of Treachery''', used once by Gandalf to explain why the [[Mouth of Sauron]] should not be trusted.<ref name=Mouth>{{RK|V10}}</ref>
*The '''Black One''', used once by [[Gollum]].<ref>{{TT|IV3}}</ref>
*The '''[[Black Hand]]''', used twice by Gollum.<ref name=Closed>{{TT|IV3}}</ref>
*The '''[[Master|Black Master]]''', used by [[Isildur]] when cursing Sauron's former servants, the [[Men of the Mountains|Oathbreakers]].<ref name=RKV2/>
*The '''[[Dark Lord]]''', given by the [[Free Peoples]] after he rose in the Second Age.<ref name="SRings"/>
*The '''Dark Power''', used by Gandalf.<ref name=Shadow>{{FR|I2}}</ref>
*The '''Deceiver''', given by [[Amandil]] before departing to ask the Valar deliverance from Sauron's corruption.<ref name=Akallabeth>{{S|Akallabeth}}</ref>
*The '''Enemy''', given by the [[Free Peoples]] after he rose in the Second Age.<ref name="SRings"/>
*The '''One Enemy''', used once by Frodo Baggins.<ref>{{TT|IV4}}</ref>
*The '''[[Eye of Sauron|Eye]]''', with its variants, mainly referred to his mental form and his [[Eye of Sauron|emblem]], but also applied to Sauron himself.<ref>{{RK|I3}}, entry "Eye, The"</ref>
*The '''Great''', following the name of ''Sauron'', it is only used once by Gandalf,<ref name=Shadow>{{FR|I2}}</ref> once by [[Glóin]],<ref name="lotr-coe"/> and once by the Mouth of Sauron.<ref name=Mouth>{{RK|V10}}</ref>
*The '''[[King of Kings]]''', given by himself when he rose in the Second Age, enraging Ar-Pharazôn.<ref name=L131/>
*The '''Lord of the Earth''', given by himself when he rose in the Second Age.<ref name="SRings"/>
*The '''[[King of Men]]''', given by himself when he rose in the Second Age, enraging Ar-Pharazôn.<ref name=Akallabeth>{{S|Akallabeth}}</ref>
*The '''Lord of the World''', given by himself when he rose in the Second Age, enraging Ar-Pharazôn.<ref name=L131/>
*The '''North King''', given by the people of [[Agar]].<ref>{{PM|Elmar}}</ref>
*The '''Necromancer''', used during his rule in [[Dol Guldur]] when his identity was unknown.<ref name="lotr-coe"/>
*The '''Nameless''', probably given by the [[Gondorians|people of Gondor]], as it is only used by Boromir as '''Nameless Enemy''',<ref name="lotr-coe"/> by Faramir as '''Nameless One''',<ref>{{TT|IV5}}</ref> and by the watchmen of Gondor.<ref>{{RK|V4}}</ref>
*The '''[[Lord of the Ring]]''' or '''Lord of the Rings'''.
*The '''[[Ring-maker]]'''.<ref name=Shadow/>
*The '''Ruler''', used once by Saruman during his confrontation with Gandalf.<ref name="lotr-coe"/>
*The '''[[Shadow]]''', not properly given to him, but to his power when he expanded it in the Third Age.<ref name="SRings"/>
*The '''Sorcerer''', used during his rule in [[Dol Guldur]] when his identity was unknown.<ref name="lotr-coe"/>
*'''Wolf-Sauron''', the name given to the dreadful werewolf-shape that [[Sauron]] took on when he went to do battle with [[Huan]].<ref name="Beren"/>

== Other versions of the legendarium ==
Since the earliest versions of the [[legendarium]], Sauron has undergone many changes. The prototype of this character was '''[[Tevildo]]''', lord of the cats, who played the role later taken by Sauron in the earliest version of the story of [[Beren]] and [[Lúthien]] in ''[[The Book of Lost Tales Part Two]]'', "[[The Tale of Tinúviel]]". Morgoth also had another servant named '''[[Fankil]]''' who led evil [[Dwarves]] and notably acted as his lieutenant, a role assumed by Sauron in the final works.

Tevildo later was transformed into '''[[Thû]]''', the Necromancer - the first proper iteration of the later Sauron. The name was then changed to ''Gorthû'', ''Sûr'', and finally to Sauron. ''Gorthû'', in the form ''Gorthaur'', remained in ''The Silmarillion''.

Prior to the publication of ''The Silmarillion'', Sauron's origins and true identity were unclear to those without full access to Tolkien's notes. For example, in early editions of ''[[The Complete Guide to Middle-earth|The Guide to Middle Earth]]'', Sauron was described as "probably of the Eldar elves".

=== The Necromancer ===
In ''[[The Hobbit]]'', the Necromancer is an obscure villainous entity mentioned fleetingly by [[Gandalf]] as one of the dangers of the wider world. He is peripheral to the plot of the book: explaining why the company takes the dangerous road through Mirkwood rather than going around, and providing a reason for Gandalf's absence for that section of the journey. Thematically the Necromancer, a truly 'terrible' force beyond the power of the main protagonists, gives the world of ''The Hobbit'' a greater level of reality which Tolkien felt was necessary for a "fairy-tale" to ring true.<ref name="Letter17">{{L|17}}</ref>

Despite the alias, it would appear that the Necromancer was always intended to stand for [[Sauron]], a figure from the very earliest phases of his legendarium (as [[Tevildo]] in "[[The Tale of Tinúviel]]"). Shortly after the publication of ''The Hobbit'' Tolkien wrote:

{{blockquote|Mr Baggins began as a comic tale among conventional and inconsistent Grimm's fairy-tale dwarves, and got drawn into the edge of it – so that even Sauron the terrible peeped over the edge.|[[Letter 19]]}}

Indeed, in the ''[[Lay of Leithian]]'', [[Thû]] is called a "necromancer" who "held his hosts of [[phantoms]] and of wandering [[ghosts]]" (l. 2075) in [[Tol-in-Gaurhoth]].<ref>{{LB|C7}}</ref>

However, as ''The Hobbit'' was not originally intended to be integrated with Tolkien's wider mythology the Necromancer did not necessarily need to be consistent with his [[First Age]] counterpart Sauron, rather the two were loosely linked to add an 'impression of depth' to the narrative of ''The Hobbit''. With Tolkien's decision to merge the two 'worlds' and make Sauron the central antagonist of ''[[The Lord of the Rings]]'' came the need to reconcile the two figures and account for his whereabouts in the millennia between the end of the First Age and his dwelling in Bilbo's Mirkwood. This was largely achieved in the ''[[Appendix B|Tale of Years]]'', with Sauron becoming a much greater figure after the fall of his master, one who arguably drove the history of the entire Second and Third Ages of Middle-earth.

Fans have noted that the alias "Necromancer" for Sauron is obscure, as in the context of neither ''The Hobbit'' nor ''The Lord of the Rings'' Sauron is ever specifically mentioned to use [[Wikipedia:necromancy|necromancy]], i.e. controlling the [[spirits]] of the dead.<ref>{{webcite|author=|articleurl=http://scifi.stackexchange.com/questions/47756/why-is-sauron-called-the-necromancer|articlename=Why is Sauron called the "Necromancer"?|dated=|website=Stackexchange|accessed=9 January 2020}}</ref>

A later essay mentions the practice of necromancy concerning the ''[[fëar]]'' of the [[Unbodied]] Elves, mentioning that Sauron possibly did so and also taught his followers,<ref>{{MR|P3II3c}}, p. 224</ref> although this reference is not given in the context of the story.

== Minions and allies ==
*[[Thuringwethil]]- Vampire Herald
*[[Draugluin]]- First of the Werewolves of Angband; mortally-wounded by [[Huan]]
*The [[Witch-king of Angmar]] - Lord of Morgul, Lord of the Nazgûl and deadliest servant; vanquished by [[Éowyn]] and [[Merry]]
**[[Khamûl]] - Lieutenant of Dol Guldur, second only to the Witch-king among the Nazgûl; undone by the destruction of the [[One Ring]]
**Other 7 [[Nazgûl]] - Most terrible of his servants; perished with the One Ring
*The [[King of the Dead]] - King of the Oathbreakers, former servant bound to the [[Heir of Isildur]]
*[[Ar-Pharazôn]] - Last King of Númenor, rival-turned-puppet, coerced to the worship of the Darkness
*[[Herumor]] - Lord among the Haradrim
*[[Fuinur]] - Chief among the Haradrim
*[[Captain of the Haven]] - Commander of the Corsairs of Umbar; slain by [[Aragorn]]
*The [[Mouth of Sauron]] - Lieutenant of the Dark Tower and personal Ambassador
**[[Grishnákh]] - Orc captain of the Dark Tower; slain by the Riders of Rohan
*[[Saruman]] - Lord of Isengard, corrupted White [[Wizard]] and treacherous servant; stabbed in the back by Gríma
**[[Gríma]] - Chief counsellor of King [[Théoden]] in Rohan, Saruman's mole at the court; shot by Hobbit arrows
**[[Squint-eyed southerner]] - Dunlending spy at the Prancing Pony Inn
**[[Bill Ferny]] - Outlaw of Bree-land
**[[Harry Goatleaf]] - Gate-keeper of the West-gate of Bree, informant
*[[Gothmog (Lieutenant of Morgul)|Gothmog]] - Lieutenant of Morgul, second only to the Witch-king among the Morgul-host
**[[Gorbag]] - Captain of the Orcs of Morgul that captured [[Frodo Baggins]]; murdered by Shagrat
*[[Shagrat]] - Captain of Cirith Ungol; put to death for his failures
**[[Muzgash]] - Orc guard at Cirith Ungol; shot by treacherous comrades
**[[Lagduf]] - Orc sentry stationed at Cirith Ungol; shot by treacherous comrades
**[[Radbug]] - Orc sentinel of Cirith Ungol; had his eyes squeezed out by Shagrat
**[[Snaga (orc of Mordor)|Snaga]] - Torturer of Cirith Ungol; fell to his demise in a fight with [[Samwise Gamgee]]
**[[Ufthak]] - Orc subordinate in Cirith Ungol; caught by Shelob in her webs
*[[Shelob]] - Descendant of [[Ungoliant]] and convenient guardian of the pass through Mordor
*The [[Two Watchers]] - Statues inhabited by evil spirits
;Characters from older concepts
*[[Naglur-Danlo]] - Orc of Cirith Ungol
*[[Shagram]] - Orc soldier of Cirith Ungol

== Portrayal in adaptations ==
{{Gallery
|title=Sauron in Adaptations
|width=160
|height=160
|lines=3
|File:The Lord of the Rings (1978 film) - Prologue.jpg|Sauron in [[The Lord of the Rings (1978 film)|''The Lord of the Rings'' (1978 film)]]
|File:LOTR-vol2-Sauron1.png|Sauron in ''[[J.R.R. Tolkien's The Lord of the Rings, Vol. II: The Two Towers]]''
|File:The Lord of the Rings - The Motion Picture Trilogy - Sauron.jpg|Sauron ''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring]]''
|File:The Eye Of Sauron.jpg|Eye of Sauron in ''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Two Towers]]''
|File:Necromancer.jpg|The Necromancer in the ''[[Lord of the Rings Strategy Battle Game]]''
|File:Lord of the Rings The Third Age - Eye of Sauron.png|Eye of Sauron in ''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Third Age]]''
|File:The Lord of the Rings Online Shadows of Angmar - Eye of Sauron.png|Eye of Sauron in ''[[The Lord of the Rings Online: Shadows of Angmar]]''
|File:The Lord of the Rings Online Shadows of Angmar - Annatar.png|[[Annatar|Antheron]] in ''[[The Lord of the Rings Online: Shadows of Angmar]]''
|File:The Lord of the Rings Online - Sauron.jpg|Sauron in ''[[The Lord of the Rings Online]]: [[Minas Morgul]]''
|File:The Lord of the Rings Conquest - Sauron1.png|Sauron in ''[[The Lord of the Rings: Conquest]]''
|File:Guardians of Middle-earth - Sauron.png|Sauron in ''[[Guardians of Middle-earth]]''
|File:The Hobbit - An Unexpected Journey - Necromancer.jpg|The Necromancer in ''[[The Hobbit: An Unexpected Journey]]''
|File:Shadow of Mordor - Annatar.png|[[Annatar]] in ''[[Middle-earth: Shadow of Mordor]]''
|File:Shadow of Mordor - Sauron.png|Sauron in ''[[Middle-earth: Shadow of Mordor]]''
|File:The Rings of Power (TV series) - Sauron in Dúrnost.jpg|Sauron in [[Dúrnost]] within ''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Rings of Power]]''
|File:The Rings of Power (TV series) - Halbrand in Mordor.jpg|[[Charlie Vickers]] as Sauron/[[Halbrand]] in [[Mordor]] within ''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Rings of Power]]''
}}

=== Films ===
'''1978: [[The Lord of the Rings (1978 film)|''The Lord of the Rings'' (1978 film)]]:'''
: Sauron is briefly shown in the prologue sequence as a shadowy figure in a horned helmet in a non-speaking role.

'''2001-03: [[The Lord of the Rings (film series)|''The Lord of the Rings'' (film series)]]:'''
:Sauron is played by [[Sala Baker]] and voiced by [[Alan Howard]]. In these films, he is depicted as a tall -yet not gigantic - armored warlord wielding a huge mace (a blend between his vague description by Tolkien and the more detailed appearance of [[Morgoth]] as described in ''[[The Silmarillion]]''). In the first film, he is depicted dispatching a number of Elves and Men with his mace, before killing [[Gil-galad]] (offscreen; the scene figured in the concept art done for the prologue, however) and then [[Elendil]] before being defeated by [[Isildur]] using his father's [[Narsil|broken sword]] to cut off the finger wearing [[the One Ring]], as well as three others on the same hand. This strangely causes his body to explode, producing a shockwave that knocks everyone on the battlefield off their feet.

:Later on, [[Saruman]] implies to [[Gandalf]] that Sauron was unable to retain his physical form and that the Eye was his astral form, a detail which is never brought up in the novel. It is unknown if Saruman was truthful with this statement, or if he was either misinformed or lying (since he was already corrupted by his yearning for power and Sauron's influence).

:For the portrayal of Sauron as a giant eye of fire in these movies, see [[Eye of Sauron#Portrayal in adaptations]].

'''2012-14: [[The Hobbit (film series)|''The Hobbit'' (film series)]]:'''
: Sauron is played and voiced by [[Benedict Cumberbatch]], under his assumed identity as the Necromancer. In these films, it is stated that the White Council does not discover he is Sauron until much later, during the events of these films, previously believing him to be a human with skills in magic. In these films, Sauron initially appears as a shadowy figure before assuming his armoured form from the previous films. With him as the slit black pupil, he projects flames around him, creating the visage of the Great Eye.

===Television ===
'''2022: [[The Lord of the Rings: The Rings of Power|''The Lord of the Rings: The Rings of Power]]:'''
:'''1 September: Episode 1. ''[[A Shadow of the Past]]'':'''
::Sauron appears overseeing an army of [[Orcs]] at [[Dúrnost]] during the prologue, narrated by [[Galadriel]]. No actor is credited for the specific role.

:'''14 October: Episode 8. ''[[Alloyed]]'':'''
::It is revealed that Sauron was disguised as [[Halbrand]] (portrayed by [[Charlie Vickers]]) the entire time. After being supposedly "split open" by [[Adar (The Rings of Power)|Adar]], he took on the form of a mortal [[Men|Man]] and gave to himself the name Halbrand. At some point in time, he came upon the corpse of the last King of the [[Southlands]] and took up the crest because he thought that it suited him well.

=== Radio series ===
'''1955: [[The Lord of the Rings (1955 radio series)|''The Lord of the Rings'' (1955 radio series)]]:'''
:The voice of Sauron is provided by [[Felix Felton]].<ref name="RT1724">Radio Times, Volume 133, No. 1724, [[23 November|November 23]], [[1956]]</ref>

'''1968: [[The Hobbit (1968 radio series)|''The Hobbit'' (1968 radio series)]]:'''
:Sauron is mentioned only very briefly at the end; [[Gandalf]] and [[Elrond]] discuss how the "Necromancer" had been driven from his abode in the south of [[Mirkwood]].

'''1981: [[The Lord of the Rings (1981 radio series)|''The Lord of the Rings'' (1981 radio series)]]:'''

'''1979: [[The Hobbit (1979 radio series)|''The Hobbit'' (1979 radio series)]]:'''

'''1979: [[The Lord of the Rings (1979 radio series)|''The Lord of the Rings'' (1979 radio series)]]:'''

=== Video games ===
'''1985: ''[[Lord of the Rings: Game One]]'':'''

'''1988: ''[[J.R.R. Tolkien's War in Middle Earth]]''

'''1990: [[J.R.R. Tolkien's The Lord of the Rings, Vol. I (1990 video game)|''J.R.R. Tolkien's The Lord of the Rings, Vol. I'' (1990 video game)]]:'''
:Sauron is mentioned by [[Gandalf]] in the beginning of the game.

'''1993: ''[[J.R.R. Tolkien's The Lord of the Rings, Vol. II: The Two Towers]]'':'''
:Sauron is mentioned in the beginning of the game, when [[Gandalf]] explains the history of [[the One Ring]].

'''2002: [[The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring (video game)|''The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring'' (video game)]]:'''

'''2002: [[The Lord of the Rings: The Two Towers (video game)|''The Lord of the Rings: The Two Towers'' (video game)]]:'''

'''2003: ''[[The Lord of the Rings: War of the Ring]]'':'''

'''2003: [[The Hobbit (2003 video game)|''The Hobbit'' (2003 video game)]]:'''
:Sauron and the events of the south of Mirkwood are left unmentioned. However, whilst in Mirkwood, [[Bilbo Baggins|Bilbo]] has to defeat creatures that he calls "Minions of the Necromancer".

'''2003: [[The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King (video game)|''The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King'' (video game)]]:'''

'''2004: ''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Third Age]]'':'''
:At the end of the game, Berethor and company (the playable characters) have to defeat the eye of Sauron by physically attacking him on top of [[Barad-dûr]].

'''2004: ''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Battle for Middle-earth]]'':'''

'''2005: ''[[The Lord of the Rings: Tactics]]'':'''

'''2006: ''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Battle for Middle-earth II]]'':'''

'''2007: ''[[The Lord of the Rings Online]]'':'''
:Sauron, in his fair guise, appears during the flashback to the years of the [[Second Age]]. He uses the name "Antheron" instead of "Annatar", which only appears in the works not covered by the game' licese.
:Visiting Sauron's personal chambers in [[Dol Guldur]] leads to a vision of the Dark Lord, still weak and recovering from his defeat at the hand of [[Isildur]].
:During an extended flashback sequence to the [[War of the Last Alliance]], Sauron himself is met within [[Barad-dur]] by the player, who controls a historic character.

'''2009: ''[[The Lord of the Rings: Conquest]]'':'''

'''2010: ''[[The Lord of the Rings: Aragorn's Quest]]'':'''

'''2011: ''[[The Lord of the Rings: War in the North]]'''''

'''2012: ''[[Guardians of Middle-earth]]'':'''
:Sauron is a "guardian".<ref name="Trailer">{{webcite|author=|articleurl=http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=caYW7d-8MIY&feature=player_embedded|articlename=''Guardians of Middle-earth'': First Official Gameplay Trailer|dated=29 June 2012|website=YT|accessed=16 July 2012}}</ref>

'''2014: ''[[Middle-earth: Shadow of Mordor]]'''''

'''2017: ''[[Middle-earth: Shadow of War]]'''''

'''2021: ''[[The Lord of the Rings: Rise to War]]'''''

=== Others ===
'''1982-97: ''[[Middle-earth Role Playing]]'':'''
:Sauron is treated as a Mage of level 180 (level 360 if using the One Ring). Among his items are the Elf-slaying Black Sword (S. ''Mormegil''), the Gauntlet of Slaying ("Narsil's Bane"), and the Black Scale of dragonskin. Among his special powers are Domination (control over other players using the One Eye), resistance to normal weapons, and the ability to force anyone within his sight to resist fear (or otherwise becoming frozen).

'''1995-8: ''[[Middle-earth Collectible Card Game]]'':'''
:The card "[http://www.tradecardsonline.com/im/selectCard/card_id/54534/cards_lang/1 Sauron]", appearing in the set ''[[Middle-earth: The Balrog|The Balrog]]'', is playable as a manifestation of the card "[http://www.tradecardsonline.com/im/selectCard/card_id/54002/cards_lang/1 The Lidless Eye]" (from the set [[Middle-earth: The Lidless Eye|''The Lidless Eye'']]), and can be used by players to enhance their general influence.<ref>{{webcite|author=|articleurl=http://www.tradecardsonline.com/im/selectCard/game_id/20/goal/|articlename=Home page for the game Middle Earth|dated=|website=[http://www.tradecardsonline.com/ Trade Cards Online]|accessed=5 January 2012}}</ref>

== External links ==
*[http://folk.uib.no/hnohf/sauronname.htm ''A Name for the Dark Lord''] by [[Helge Fauskanger]].

{{references|note}}

{{seq-start}}
{{seq-head
| race=evil
| house=[[Maiar|Maia]] of <strike>[[Aulë]]</strike> [[Morgoth|Melkor]]
| born = [[Creation of the Ainur]]
| died=[[25 March]], {{TA|3019}}
}}
{{seq
| pvac=Vacant
| prev=Last held by: '''[[Morgoth]]''', c. 1603 years earlier
| list=2nd [[Dark Lord]]
| dates=c. {{SA|1600}} - [[25 March]], {{TA|3019}}
| next=None
}}
{{seq
| pvac=None
| prev=Ring created
| list=1st [[Ring-bearer]]
| dates=c. {{SA|1600}} – {{SA|3441|n}}
| next=[[Isildur]]
}}
{{seq-end}}

{{ainur}}
{{numenor}}
{{ringbearers}}
{{hobbitfilms}}
{{lordoftheringsfilms}}

[[Category:Characters in The Lord of the Rings]]
[[Category:Characters in The Silmarillion]]
[[Category:Evil]]
[[Category:First Age characters]]
[[Category:Maiar]]
[[Category:Ring-bearers]]
[[Category:Rulers in Middle-earth]]
[[Category:Second Age characters]]
[[Category:Servants of Melkor]]
[[Category:Third Age characters]]
[[Category:Quenya names]]
[[Category:Smiths]]
[[de:Sauron]]
[[fi:Sauron]]
[[fr:encyclo/personnages/ainur/maiar/sauron]]

Saruman

2023-12-13T16:32:49Z

LordoftheEarth:

{{sources}}
{{maiar infobox
| name=Saruman
| image=[[File:John Howe - Saruman.jpg|250px]]
| caption="Saruman" by [[John Howe]]
| pronun=
| othernames=''Curumo, Tarindor'' ([[Quenya|Q]]) ''Curunír 'Lân'' ([[Sindarin|S]]) [[the White]], [[the Wise]], the [[Ring-maker]], of Many Colours, [[Sharkey]]
| titles=[[Lord of Isengard]]
| position=Chief of the [[Heren Istarion]] Head of the [[White Council]]
| location=[[Orthanc]]
| affiliation=[[Aulë]] [[Istari]] (Wizards) [[White Council]] [[Sauron]]
| language=
| birth=
| birthlocation=
| rule={{TA|2759}} - {{TA|3019|n}}
| death=[[3 November]], {{TA|3019}} (existed in [[Middle-earth]] for 2019 years)
| deathlocation=[[Hobbiton]]
| age=
| notablefor=
| house=
| parentage=
| siblings=
| spouse=
| children=
| gender=Male
| height=Tall
| hair=White with strands of black<ref name="Voice">{{TT|Voice}}</ref>
| eyes=
| clothing=White robes, shimmering with many colours
| weapons=Staff Knife
| steed=
}}

{{quote|[Saruman] is great among the Wise. He is the chief of my order and the head of the Council. His knowledge is deep, but his pride has grown with it, and he takes ill any meddling. The lore of the Elven-rings, great and small, is his province. He has long studied it, seeking the lost secrets of their making...|[[Gandalf]] in ''[[The Fellowship of the Ring]]'', "[[The Shadow of the Past]]"}}

'''Saruman the White''' was the first of the order of [[Wizards]] (or ''Istari'') who came to Middle-earth as emissaries of the [[Valar]] in the [[Third Age]]. For a time he was the chief of the [[Wizards|Heren Istarion]], as well as the head of the [[White Council]]. However, he began to fall from his errand, being envious of [[Gandalf]] and admiring [[Sauron]], whose power he coveted. Concerned with his own ends, he slowly turned his back on the Wise and was ensnared by the [[Dark Lord]]. Though he acted out his new master's will as a servant, he secretly plotted to use [[the One Ring]] to usurp his place.

As Sauron's duplicitous vassal, Saruman coordinated assaults from [[Orthanc]] in [[Isengard]] against neighboring [[Rohan]] during the [[War of the Ring]] and strove to weaken the realm through his mole, [[Gríma]]. In an attempt to betray his master, the corrupted Wizard also sent a trusted company to hunt the [[Fellowship of the Ring|Fellowship]] and so claim the Ring for himself. However, his allies and servants were all vanquished and he was forced to remain a prisoner in his own tower, though not for long. Allowed to leave Orthanc, he travelled to the [[Shire]], which his [[Ruffians|Ruffian]] pawns had gained control over, and became the hidden local thug lord. Saruman was again defeated by the rallied, oppressed [[Hobbits]] and he himself was backstabbed by his footman, Gríma, for his mistreatment. His unbodied spirit was denied the [[West]] and fled naked and impotent, never to return.

== History ==
=== Early history ===
As a [[Maia]], Saruman was created by [[Ilúvatar]] before the [[Music of the Ainur]].<ref name="Ainu">{{S|Ainu}}</ref> In his early days in [[Valinor]], he went by the name ''[[Curumo]]''<ref>{{UT|Istari}}, note 6</ref> or ''Tarindor''.<ref name=Cuv/> A powerful Maia of [[Aulë]], <ref>{{S|Vala}}</ref> he had been very much like his peer [[Sauron|Mairon]], later known as Sauron.<ref name=myths>{{MR|Myths}}, pp. 394-398</ref>

After the Valar discovered the primeval [[Elves]] at [[Cuiviénen]], Tarindor was one of the [[Five Guardians]] sent to protect the Elves from the forces of [[Melkor]].<ref name=Cuv>{{NM|P1xiii}}, p. 95</ref> It is unclear how long he remained or if he accompanied the [[Eldar]] on the [[Great Journey]].

=== Return to Middle-earth ===
After the defeat of Morgoth, the Valar grew concerned about the rising power of Sauron in Middle-earth. In [[Valinor]], a council was called by [[Manwë]], where it was decided to send Maiar as emissaries to Middle-earth to help the [[Free Peoples]] challenge Sauron. The council likely met in the middle of the Second Age, shortly after the creation of the [[Rings of Power]]. The council determined that these emissaries (who became known as the [[Istari]] or Wizards) should be "mighty, peers of Sauron, yet [they should] forgo might, and clothe themselves in flesh so as to treat on equality and win the trust of Elves and Men."<ref name=Istari>{{UT|Istari}}</ref>{{rp|393}} Curumo, who was sent to the council by Aulë, volunteered to travel to Middle-earth as an emissary; he was appointed the first Istar and became the chief of their Order.<ref name=Istari />{{rp|389, 394}}

Even before arriving in Middle-earth, Curumo begrudged his peers among the Istari. ''[[Gandalf|Olórin]]'' (later Gandalf), who did not wish to travel to Middle-earth, was commanded by Manwë to go as the third Istar. Saruman's jealousy of Gandalf began here, when [[Varda]] said of Gandalf that he was "not the third". Saruman was charged to take [[Aiwendil]] (later Radagast) with him to please [[Yavanna]], which he did not wish to do, and this led to his contempt for the latter Wizard.<ref name=Istari />{{rp|393}}

In Middle-earth, Curomo became known in [[Sindarin]] as ''[[Curunír]]'' and in [[Westron]] by his most common name, ''Saruman''. Like the other Wizards, his [[fana]] took the appearance of an old man. He had raven hair and was robed in white.<ref name=Istari />{{rp|393}}

Saruman and others of the Istari arrived in Middle-earth on a ship at [[Mithlond]] (the [[Grey Havens]]) in [[Lindon]] around the year 1000 of the [[Third Age]].<ref name=Istari /> At the time of their arrival, their origin, nature, purpose, and true names were a secret to nearly everyone in Middle-earth. Having witnessed their arrival, [[Círdan]] alone knew the truth of their identity and origin. He chose to give [[Narya]], the Red Ring, to Gandalf to aid him in his mission.<ref name="AppTA"/> Círdan told only [[Galadriel]] and [[Elrond]] of the true origins of the Istari.<ref name="SV"/> After a time, Saruman learned of Círdan's gift and begrudged it; this heightened the hidden ill-will that he bore towards Gandalf.<ref name=Istari/>

Shortly after arriving, Saruman travelled into the [[East]] of Middle-earth, as did the two [[Blue Wizards]]. After one and a half millennia he returned to the West, just as Sauron's power was growing again in [[Dol Guldur]].

=== Chief of the White Council ===
[[File:Angus McBride - Saruman.gif|thumb|''Saruman'' by [[Angus McBride]]]]
When the [[White Council]] was formed around {{TA|2463}}<ref name="AppTA"/>, Saruman was appointed its leader. Even then, he had begun to sense the resurgence of Sauron and to envy and desire his power, and especially his [[The One Ring|One Ring]]. Coincidentally, in that same year the One Ring was found by the creature [[Gollum]]<ref name="AppTA"/>, drawing the [[Dark Lord]] closer to the conflict that would eventually prove Saruman's undoing.

During this period, Saruman spent years in [[Minas Tirith]] examining its archives. It is possible that there he surmised that a [[Palantíri|''palantír'']] would still be located in [[Orthanc]], the tower of [[Isengard]].<ref name="palantiri">>{{UT|Palantiri}}</ref> He offered to make Isengard his home and to command the defences of the West. This was welcomed by King [[Fréaláf]] of [[Rohan]] and [[Ruling Steward|Steward]] [[Beren (Steward of Gondor)|Beren]] of [[Gondor]] alike. In {{TA|2759}}, Saruman was given the [[Key of Orthanc]] in the ring of [[Isengard]] his abode, hoping that he would prove an important ally.<ref name="SV">{{S|V}}</ref><Ref name=stew>{{App|Stewards}}</ref> There he became important in the defence of the free lands of the West. In Orthanc he came upon the [[Orthanc-stone]], one of the seven seeing stones, but kept it secret and hidden, particularly from the White Council. He would later betray the Council by concealing his use of it.

In {{TA|2851}}, the White Council met and Gandalf revealed that the evil presence in Dol Guldur was indeed Sauron and that he had returned, and urged an attack there. Saruman however believed that Sauron would be useful in his quest: allowing Sauron to build up his strength, the One Ring would reveal itself, and Saruman hoped to have sufficient strength to seize it first himself until that event. With this strategy in mind, Saruman overruled Gandalf. It soon became clear that Saruman desired to possess [[the One Ring]] himself.<ref name="AppTA">{{App|TA}}</ref>

He soon found that Sauron had more knowledge of the possible location of the One Ring than he expected, and in {{TA|2941}} he finally consented to an [[Attack on Dol Guldur]] against Sauron at which point Sauron retreated to [[Mordor]].
[[File:Angus McBride - Dol Guldur.jpg|thumb|left|''Dol Guldur'' by [[Angus McBride]]]]
In {{TA|2953}}, the [[Wise]] gathered once more to debate about the [[Rings of Power]]. Saruman quieted the Council claiming to have the knowledge that the One Ring was lost forever in the [[Belegaer]]. Following their final meeting (and the death of [[Turgon (Steward of Gondor)|Steward Turgon]]), Saruman took Isengard for his own and fortified it.<Ref name=stew/> Saruman, jealous and afraid of Gandalf, set spies to watch all his movements; thus he discovered the existence of the [[Shire]] and noted Gandalf's interest in it, and started sending agents in [[Bree]] and the [[Southfarthing]].<ref name="AppTA"/> As [[Lord of Isengard]], Saruman began to bring trouble to Rohan by aiding its enemies, whether [[Dunlendings]] or creatures more evil.<ref name="AppMark">{{App|Mark}}</ref>

Sauron had declared himself openly in Mordor; he established contact with Saruman through the [[Ithil-stone]] his minions had captured from [[Minas Ithil]]. Saruman's corruption was complete around {{TA|3000}}.<ref name="AppTA"/> The White Wizard was ensnared by the Dark Lord with promises of power, becoming his servant and desiring his victory.<ref name="palantiri"/> But Saruman was far from a faithful subordinate: his main goal was still to claim the Ring first and wield it to supplant Sauron; his feigned allegiance would ensure that, if the gamble failed, he could at least have his new master's favor and eventually become the true power behind his throne, directing his courses.<ref name="FRCouncil"/> Though the Wise may have grown suspicious of the White Wizard's designs concerning the Ring, none knew of his defection to the service of the Dark Lord;<ref name="palantiri"/> [[Aragorn]], however, tried to advise Steward [[Ecthelion II]] not to trust Saruman for his help against Sauron.<ref name=stew/>

Although some [[Orcs of the Misty Mountains]] had been drawn into the White Wizard's service, Saruman had made his own [[Orcs]] (including [[Uruk-hai]] in Isengard, even crossbreeding them with Men to produce [[Half-orcs]] and [[Goblin-men]].<ref name="palantiri"/> With knowledge imparted by his master or gained through his own researches into the lore of [[Eregion]], he also crafted a lesser ring and styled himself as "[[Ring-maker]]".<ref name="FRCouncil"/> As Sauron's grasp extended to Rohan, Saruman incited the Orcs of the Misty Mountains and sent Uruk-hai to harrass the Rohirrim.<ref name="AppTA"/>

=== War of the Ring ===
At about this time, in an attempt to control Rohan, Saruman bought the allegiance of King [[Théoden]]'s chief advisor, [[Gríma]], who then counselled the ailing ruler to do nothing about the steady resurgence of Sauron's armies. Saruman's strategy would not only have satisfied thoughts of his own lordship, but would have prevented Rohan from helping Gondor against Mordor; however, his mole, Gríma, still faced opposition from the king's son and nephew, [[Théodred]] and [[Éomer]] respectively.

Saruman had also sent spies to negotiate the purchase of "[[pipe-weed|leaf]]" from [[the Shire]], in preparation for the war, and also learn of any notable [[Hobbits]] who had departed recently in hopes of finding out who possessed the One Ring.<ref name="UT10">{{UT|10}}, "Concerning Gandalf, Saruman, and the Shire"</ref>

On [[10 July]], {{TA|3018}}, Gandalf arrived at Isengard.<ref name="AppGreat">{{App|Great}}</ref> The former White Wizard finally announced his intentions: to rule as the Dark Lord's grey eminence, or usurp his place by means of the One. Saruman then stood forth as '''Saruman of Many Colours''' and when that Gandalf refused to submit to Sauron or reveal the Ring's location to him instead, he held him captive in Isengard. From the pinnacle of the tower Gandalf could see that Saruman was summoning his hordes of Orcs and [[Wolves]] in pits and forges - Saruman was building an army, both in service and in competition of Sauron.<ref name="FRCouncil">{{FR|Council}}</ref>

[[File:The Lord of the Rings - The Two Towers - Gríma and Saruman.jpg|thumb|left|Saruman commanding his forces from Orthanc as seen in the ''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Two Towers]]'' film]]

Gandalf later escaped, and so Saruman's treachery and fealty to Sauron became known to the rest of the Wise when Gandalf reported this during the subsequent [[Council of Elrond]]. But he would soon prove a traitor to his master, the Dark Lord, as well. By one account, the [[Nazgûl]] arrived at Isengard after Gandalf's flight, having been sent by Sauron in search of "[[Bilbo Baggins|Baggins]]" who had found the One Ring years before, and the Shire, his home. Knowing the [[Witch-king]] and his company did not have the strength to assault the Ring of Isengard, Saruman pretended to know nothing about the Shire. Instead he told them that he believed Gandalf knew the whereabouts of the Ring, and the Nazgûl departed. Unknown to him, the Nine are said to have stumbled upon Wormtongue; fearing for his life, Gríma revealed the information that Saruman had withheld from the Nazgûl and was spared, thanks to his usefulness.

By another account, the Nazgûl reached Isengard when Gandalf was still imprisoned there. Fearing his treacherous thoughts were known to his master, the White Wizard stalled for time, telling the Nine that he would force his captive to confess the Shire's location or hand him over. At the top of Orthanc, Saruman discovered that Gandalf had just escaped on the back of [[Gwaihir]] one of the [[Great Eagles]]. He descended and told the Nine how to reach the Shire, assuring them that he would then inform the Dark Lord. However, in September {{TA|3018}}, the Nazgûl captured one of his [[Squint-eyed southerner|spies]]; the Southerner told the [[Witch-king]] everything, exposing the Wizard's disloyalty. They also seized some maps and information about the Shire and Baggins. <ref name="UTHunt">{{UT|Hunt}}</ref>

Hurrying to claim the Ring, Saruman sent a horde led by [[Uglúk]] to hunt down the [[Fellowship of the Ring]] and bring the [[Ring-bearers|Ring-bearer]] back to him, not Sauron. Though the Dark Lord summoned him for instruction through the Seeing Stone, the corrupted Wizard neglected to answer. On its pursuit, Saruman's trusted troop was intercepted by another warband sent by the untrusting Sauron. Though the two companies joined forces and captured two of the Hobbits at [[Emyn Muil]], inner conflict slowed them down and the Orcs were all slain on the eaves of [[Fangorn Forest]] by Rohirrim.

[[File:Ted Nasmith - The Wrath of the Ents.jpg|thumb|''The Wrath of the Ents'' by [[Ted Nasmith]]]]

The Wizard found his position becoming dangerously isolated, as he had cheated his master, or at least tried to.<ref name=voiceofsaruman>{{TT|III10}}</ref> Therefore Saruman implemented an aggressive strategy of attacking the Rohirrim, in order to appease Sauron. To cement his hold over Théoden, he gave special orders that the king's son, Théodred, be slain at all costs. In the [[First Battle at the Fords of Isen]], Saruman's forces engaged the Rohirrim defenders and mortally-wounded Théodred, after which they fell back. <ref>{{UT|Isen}}</ref> Unknown to Saruman, [[Peregrin Took]] and [[Meriadoc Brandybuck]] - the two Hobbits his servants had lost on the eaves of Fangorn - were currently mobilizing the [[Ents]] against him. The return of Gandalf resulted in Gríma's treachery being revealed and Théoden taking up arms against Sauron and Saruman. In a final move against Théoden, Saruman unleashed the army of Isengard against the people of Rohan at [[Helm's Deep]]. Though initially victory seemed at hand, his Uruk-hai warriors were utterly defeated and his Dunlending allies captured. Further, the Ents, embittered by [[Orcs of Isengard|his Orcs]]' use of Fangorn wood as fuel for his war machine, besieged and occupied Isengard.

Utterly defeated, Saruman at first used his voice to try woo Théoden to his cause, offering his 'friendship'. The King of Rohan refused, claiming that the Wizard would deliver them to his 'dark master'. As Théoden demanded justice for the deaths caused by Saruman, Saruman turned to Gandalf instead. The new White Wizard offered him a chance to redeem himself - the keys of the tower would act as a pledge. The turncoat briefly considered repenting for his deeds, but at the last moment could not go through with it. On one hand, Saruman was too proud to surrender to Gandalf.<ref name="voiceofsaruman"/> On the other hand, he wanted to avoid appearing a 'rebel' to Sauron.<ref name="Palantir">{{TT|Palantir}}</ref> As a result, Gandalf broke Saruman's staff and expelled him from the ranks of the Istari. Saruman's misfortune did not end there: in a fruitless attempt to slay Saruman or Gandalf, Gríma threw out the ''palantír'', which was then taken by Gandalf.<ref name="voiceofsaruman"/> Any chance of bargaining for the Dark Lord's clemency had dissipated: he had neither the Seeing Stone to answer his master's summons, nor any precious captive to send. Caught between the Free Peoples and Sauron, Saruman locked himself in Orthanc.<ref name="Palantir"/>

Left out of the final stages of the War of the Ring and unable to be of any use to Sauron or make a bid for power, Saruman eventually managed to convince his captors, the Ents, into letting him and the mistreated Gríma leave Isengard, as apparently the magic of his voice still remained.

[[File:Matt Stewart - The Voice of Isengard.jpg|thumb|''The Voice of Isengard'' by [[:Category:Images by Matt Stewart|Matt Stewart]]]]

On their way to northern [[Dunland]], on [[28 August]]<Ref name=chief>{{App|Chief}}</ref> they were confronted by Gandalf, [[Celeborn]], [[Galadriel]] and the Hobbits, but they passed as travelling beggars as Saruman kicked Gríma to move on; the former Wizard paid no heed to the mistreated 'Worm', who exclaimed how he hated him. Gandalf told Gríma that he was free to leave him but he did not reply. As Saruman was considered powerless, there was little concern for his escape.<ref name=Partings>{{RK|Partings}}</ref> On [[22 September]]<ref name=chief/> they entered to the Shire, which his secret ally [[Lotho Sackville-Baggins]] (undisturbed by events elsewhere) had brought under control. Saruman 'repaid' Lotho's aid by removing him through Gríma and taking the reins himself. He established himself in [[Hobbiton]] and spent his final days as a small-time thug lord whom his [[Ruffians]] called '''''Sharkey''''', imposing a terror regime to avenge himself upon the peaceful Halflings - knowing they were dear to Gandalf, his hated enemy. But even this operation fell apart after Frodo and [[Samwise Gamgee]] returned; he was eventually betrayed and killed by his own agent Gríma on [[3 November]], {{TA|3019}}.

Saruman, who was a Maia, had lost his shape with his "death". As a discorporate spirit, he turned westward, but a wind came from the [[West]] and pushed him away. Apparently his spirit was left naked, powerless, and wandering in Middle-earth.

== Characteristics ==
[[File:Gregor Roffalski - Curunír.jpg|thumb|''Curunír'' by [[:Category:Images by Gregor Roffalski|Gregor Roffalski]]]]
In appearance, Saruman was as an old man with black hair. At the end of the Third Age, his hair and beard had turned mostly white — he had only black hairs about his lips and ears. He was tall, his face was long, and his eyes were deep and dark. He would appear in a white cloak, a habit he later changed into a cloak that changed colours as he moved.

He was not actually a [[Men|Man]], or even an [[Elves|Elf]] (as Men often suspected), but a [[Maiar|Maia]] clothed in flesh — an [[Istari|Istar]] (see ''Origins'' above). As such, he was immortal and extremely powerful, yet had limits on how far these powers could be used. His two most salient powers were his knowledge and his voice. Saruman was, in a very real way, the junior brother of Sauron both having been Maia of Aulë, Valar of Smithcraft, in the very beginnings of time. The parallels between Sauron and Saruman in both character and actions are many.

=== Powers ===
Knowledge of the "deep arts" (or magic, such as it is in Middle-earth) was of particular interest to Saruman, especially when relating to power such as the [[Rings of Power]] and the far seeing ''[[palantíri]]''. He was also deeply learned in ancient lore regarding powerful kingdoms such as [[Númenor]], [[Gondor]], and [[Moria]].

His voice and speech were extremely convincing, more powerful than mere rhetoric. When he focused this power on a person or a group of people, he could sway their hearts, plant fears and sow lies as he pleased. According to the stature of the listener, this spell could last as long as the speech did, or it could take root in them and last forever. Saruman's voice was so powerful that he was able to convince the [[Witch-king]] that he knew nothing of the One-Ring or the Shire. His voice was not hypnotic, however, rather it was persuasive; and the real danger the voice posed to the listener was not them falling into a trance, but agreeing with it.

Aside from his voice, Saruman has other subtle abilities such as giving great speed and motivation to his orcs at a distance and setting his will against all those in his dominion that might oppose him. Aragorn takes note of this ability while tracking the party of orcs holding Merry and Pippin hostage. Saruman also seems to be able to move around totally unheard by others, as there are numerous examples of him using this ability. Several examples include his sneaking up on [[Aragorn]], [[Gimli]] and [[Legolas]]'s camp in [[The Riders of Rohan]], his wholly unheard entrance in [[The Voice of Saruman]] and his quiet but sudden appearance to the hobbits in [[The Scouring of the Shire]].

Other powers include knowledge of machinery and chemistry, probably separable from explicit magic (for instance, the "blasting fire" employed by his [[Uruk-hai]] army in the battle of [[Helm's Deep]], was some kind of chemical explosive). Machinery and engines characterised both his fortified [[Isengard]] and his altered [[the Shire|Shire]] arenas of influence. In this, he sought to emulate, or even surpass his ally, [[Sauron]]. This inclination was constitutional in them both from the very beginning.

His science also extended to biological areas. He is believed to have crossbred Men and Orcs, creating a new race of Orcs unafraid of daylight, the dreaded Uruk-hai, a major improvement on Sauron's thralls who hated daylight. His mannish spies in [[Bree]] were said to have Orc blood, giving them heightened senses over ordinary men. He also employed scavenger birds in his service, although this might also be attributed to [[Radagast]] the Brown, ordering them to report to [[Orthanc]], Saruman's stronghold.

Being regarded as more powerful than [[Gandalf]] (at least before Gandalf's "rebirth"), it's fair to assume he would also wield explicit magic similar to Gandalf, such as artificial light, locking spells, creating fire, etc.

Saruman, walking on the same ruinous path as Sauron, attempted to forge for himself a Ring of Power. This he wore during the War of the Ring which he revealed when he called himself "Saruman the [[Ring-maker]]". He had great knowledge and lore of the magic rings created by Sauron and by the Elven-smiths, though at this time the full art of ring-making was lost and known only to Sauron and so Saruman's knowledge of the craft was incomplete. It is assumed that Saruman's Ring was the equivalent of one of the lesser rings in power and any details of this power is not mentioned. It is also assumed that it too lost its power, if it had any, when the One Ring was destroyed, since Saruman's craft of ring-making was still based on Sauron's. When Gandalf was given Narya, the Ring of Fire, Saruman learned of the gift and resented it. This may be another reason why Saruman desired to have a ring of his own.

=== Personality ===
Saruman resembled Gandalf not only in appearance, but originally also somewhat in deportment, but unlike Gandalf, Saruman was proud, even haughty, and in this he was more akin to Sauron. He saw himself as the most powerful of the Istari, expressing clear contempt for Radagast, patronising tolerance of the Wise and Elves, and sheer disdain for lesser Men. Saruman was no fool (though he saw Radagast as one); he realised Gandalf's power, and eventually came to see him as an equal, and later as a superior, much to his distress. He became jealous of Gandalf, eventually convincing himself that Gandalf was scheming against him, which justified his own scheming against Gandalf and the rest of the White Council, and the Free Peoples of Middle-earth as well. Saruman's ultimate agenda in the end was not very different at all from Sauron's, in that he himself ultimately sought to become a tyrant of Middle-earth; regardless if by his new master's side or (more preferably) on his own - if he attained the One Ring First.

Saruman likely was true to his mission in the beginning, and actually believed in working to stop the return of Sauron, but his pride and later arrogance (as well as his jealousy towards Gandalf and domination by Sauron) turned him into a traitor to the cause he had once served. His betrayal was not sudden, but slowly grew over time as the Dark Lord used the White Wizard's lust for power, admiration of strength and envy as tools of control. To the last Saruman only believed in his own counsel. All these false beliefs kept Saruman from taking his last chance at redemption, and because he must have realized this after Gandalf's truly generous terms he only became more bitter and filled with the rage of failure, blaming Gandalf more than anyone else for his downfall.

== Politics ==
=== Men ===
Saruman "went mostly among men". He always sought power, and it lay in the hands of the kingdoms of Men.

No records speak of his earliest journeys into the east; after his return he became a servant of [[Gondor]], receiving the keys to Orthanc from Beren as its warden. When Gondor weakened, he claimed Orthanc for his own without any formal declaration (or objection from Gondor), yet remained nominally an ally of Gondor and of Rohan.

When he turned to treachery, Saruman employed men mainly from [[Dunland]], and agents from other lands, turning old grudges into fuel for new hatred. The Dunlendings were enticed with the old stories that they had once lived in [[Calenardhon]] before the ''Strawheads''. The Dunlendings became his soldiers and it also seems probable that he used some of them to create [[Half-orcs]].

Gríma Wormtongue played a vital role in Saruman's plans: with Saruman's counsel Gríma began to weaken the king, estranging him from his other counsellors and even his own kin, until Gríma had in effect become the leader of Rohan.

=== Elves ===
Saruman was once on good terms with the Elves, and was voted in as the leader of the White Council, a group of Elves and Istari united against Sauron.

Saruman knew that Gandalf had been given the third Elvish ring [[Narya]] by [[Círdan]] the Shipwright. This nurtured his jealousy of Gandalf and his resentment towards the Elves.

Saruman had little use for, or interest in, the Elves, who were declining and their lands were few and secretive; although they wielded marvellous powers and two Rings of Power, they were not useful nor accessible for Saruman's ambitions. Also, they succumbed less easily than other races to manipulation.

Even though Isengard lay very close to [[Lothlórien]], Saruman had very little or no contact with it. Saruman never trusted [[Galadriel]] and he accused her of scheming for Gandalf at his expense.<ref name=Partings/>

=== Orcs ===
Saruman drew his original strength of Orcs from tribes in the [[Misty Mountains]], and perhaps from Moria Orcs. He made use of [[Wargs|Warg]]-mounted Orcs for raids against Rohan.

He also bred [[Orcs of Isengard|Orcs]] in the pits of Isengard, eventually creating crossbreeds of Orcs and Men (probably [[Dunlendings]] or [[Bree-men]]). This programme apparently also involved feeding these greater Orcs Man-flesh as a treat.

His [[Uruk-hai]] legions displayed great discipline and fierce loyalty, in addition to the other improvements such as height, strength, endurance and resistance to sunlight. There also appears to have been middle stages between Men and the Uruk-hai, Men with varying degrees of Orkish appearance such as [[Half-orcs]] and [[Goblin-men]]. These were reported by Pippin and Merry to have been part of Saruman's regular army, but were not Uruk-hai, since the hobbits would have recognised these from their earlier capture.

Saruman's servants called him "[[Sharkey]]" both in Isengard and later in the Shire.

=== Ents/Trees ===
Saruman made contact with the Ents in [[Fangorn Forest]] shortly after he settled in [[Isengard]]. The oldest of the Ents, [[Treebeard]] received him and gave him free access to the forest.

Saruman also consulted with Treebeard, learning much old lore that the Ents would have remembered from ancient times. Saruman did not return this favour, but only listened.

The Ents saw Saruman's treachery early, and became very concerned, primarily with Saruman's Orcs felling trees on the edge of Fangorn for use in the furnaces of Isengard and sometimes for no reason at all.

The Ents also appear to have had a sense of order, how things should be, that Saruman encroached upon. The crossbreeding of Men and Orcs particularly alarmed them, out of proportion to other concerns enemies of Saruman might have had. Also alarming was the pure fact of his treachery — the Istari were supposed to have a special responsibility.

Saruman used the Ents and the Fangorn forest without concern for the consequences. He clearly misjudged the Ents' abilities and will to act. This might not have been as incautious as it seemed, since major contributing factors to the Ent's actions were advice and requests from Gandalf, and concern about the rising power of Sauron (and their wish to support the front-line troops of the war, Rohan and Gondor).

Saruman clearly had the ability to understand the minds of the Ents when he found it useful. He managed to talk Treebeard into setting him free from Orthanc by pushing just the right buttons — Ents dislike the concept of caging up any creature.

=== Hobbits ===
The race of [[Hobbits]] and their lands seemed too insignificant to interest Saruman: until he took notice of Gandalf's special concern for them. Studying Gandalf made him focus gradually more and more on the Hobbits and The Shire. For a period he actually travelled there in secret, mapping out the lands. Gandalf was aware of this, but at this point only amused.

He began smoking pipe-weed (a habit of the Hobbits that Gandalf had picked up), also in secret. His demand for tobacco opened up trading between The Shire and Isengard, and the power his money could wield there and the corruption it could cause began to fascinate him. Some of his agents went in secret, and some were known to Gandalf and the [[Rangers of the North|Rangers]].

His anger towards the Hobbits may possibly stem from the attention Gandalf showed them. It certainly strengthened immensely when he discovered that the Hobbits had "conspired" with Gandalf to keep [[the One Ring]] from him.

This, and the sudden urgency caused by the [[Nazgûl|Ringwraiths]]' hunt for the Ring-bearer from The Shire to Rivendell, made him increase his activity in the area, leading to a build-up of power that would lead to virtual conquest of The Shire.

He might also later have blamed the ruin of Isengard by the Ents on [[Peregrin Took]] and [[Meriadoc Brandybuck]], who clearly catalysed events.

This all came together when Saruman escaped from the Ents and retired to The Shire and his thug regime in place there. It appears he immediately switched the focus of this operation to wanton destruction: pollution, murder, fire, chopping down trees for no reason, a last blow against Hobbits and Gandalf.

At his final utter defeat by [[Battle of Bywater|a Hobbit uprising]], his life was spared even when he tried to assassinate [[Frodo Baggins]]. At this moment he actually conceded a short-lived respect to Frodo.

=== Valar/Maiar/Wizards ===
Saruman was supposedly eager to go to Middle-earth, against Manwë's counsel. After his 'death' he was apparently barred from returning to Valinor, and therefore was denied reincarnation and condemned to waft away and disappear like so much smoke. In his corrupt state, Saruman sought power and the imposing of order in Middle-earth by any means necessary, even if it meant betraying the mission he was entrusted with and throwing in his lot with Sauron.

Sauron, in origin a Maia of Aulë like Saruman, awed and frightened him. During the height of his arrogance Saruman thought he could contend with Sauron, but in the end he found himself meddling with a spirit of far greater power and knowledge than himself. Caught peering into the ''palantír'' he was seduced by Sauron, who engaged his service. Though he no longer opposed (and perhaps even desired) the Dark Lord's victory, the former White Wizard's allegiance proved to be feigned: though he feared his new master's wrath, this did not stop him from plotting a second betrayal. Saruman thought himself capable of usurping Sauron's place as both Ringlord and supreme Lord of Middle-earth. If his gamble to seize the One Ring for himself failed, he believed that by appearing a useful vassal, he would enter the Dark Lord's good graces and in time play the role of grey eminence behind his throne. Even after his betrayal of Sauron at Emyn Muil, Saruman thought he could have his favor in victory by crushing Rohan and avoid appearing a rebel - the latter which had been one of the reasons for rejecting Gandalf's offer of redemption. Ultimately, the corrupted Wizard's delusions of grandeur blinded him; the Dark Lord, aware of his double game, would use him as an instrument of subjugation and then discard him.

Saruman grudgingly brought with him Radagast as a companion from Valinor, at the request of [[Yavanna]], yet still managed to arrive alone, and first. Shortly after, he went into the East with the two [[Blue Wizards]], and later returned alone. There he may have wrought many great works to diminish the influence of the Enemy or searched for lore to help him in his schemes.

Radagast, even though Saruman scorned him, served both Gandalf and Saruman very usefully (and wholly unintentionally, as he admitted "he had just the wit to play the part I set him", that of persuading Gandalf to come to Isengard). Radagast also sent birds to Saruman and Gandalf to report the different happenings in Middle-earth.

Saruman had always been jealous of Gandalf, and knew that he was keeping secrets from him, such as his suspicion about [[The One Ring|Bilbo's Ring]] and [[Narya]], secret. Gandalf also suspected Saruman of plotting to gain the One Ring for himself, and hinted at this at a meeting of the White Council. Gandalf blew nine small smoke rings and one great one that wavered a bit, seeming almost palpable, and yet blew away, symbolising (almost prophetic of) Saruman's failure in achieving the One. In general, Saruman must have viewed Gandalf as his only peer, and as such to be feared and treated with (although not necessarily shown) respect. He always kept a watchful eye open for Gandalf's doings, and actually picked up the habit of smoking pipe-weed by sending out spies tailing Gandalf to the Shire. After revealing his fealty to Mordor and his desire for the Ring, Saruman offered Gandalf the chance to join with Sauron, or perhaps get the One for themselves. Ultimately, certain he Gandalf could be forced to tell of the Ring's whereabouts or that ar least Sauron would prevail, he came to underestimate Gandalf and think little of his interventions.

Nevertheless, Saruman exercised more power than Gandalf, even with the ring Narya, as became clear when he placed Gandalf under arrest at the pinnacle of Orthanc. The text does not make it clear whether Saruman lost power or whether Gandalf gained power, but when Gandalf returned as "Gandalf [[the White]]", he could summon Saruman at his will, forcibly keep him in his presence, and finally break Saruman's staff (with whatever implications that might have had for Saruman's powers).

Despite his apparent disdain for the Grey Pilgrim, Saruman several times came very close to setting aside his pride and to asking Gandalf for pity and help. The closest call came when the [[Nazgûl|Ringwraiths]] (on their way to the Shire) arrived at Isengard while Gandalf still remained in captivity there. Saruman, realising he might have already lost Sauron's trust, actually went to seek Gandalf's pardon, only to find his erstwhile captive missing from the top of Orthanc.

=== Animals ===
Saruman had control over many birds, probably having been taught to tame them by Radagast. Crebain spied for him and brought him news. In addition, the Orcs Saruman took in his armies had amongst them wild [[Wolves]] and even [[Wargs]], a sort of demonic cousin of the former.

== Etymology ==
{{pronounce|Quenya - Curumo.mp3|Gilgamesh}}
''Saruman'' is a [[Mannish]] translation of [[Quenya]] ''[[Curumo]]'', his original name in [[Valinor]] as a Maia; and [[Sindarin]] ''[[Curunír]]'' which is supposedly the same name (with the ending ''[[dîr|-ndîr]]'' "man"). All names mean "Skilled Man" or "Cunning One" (root ''[[curu]]'' "skill").<ref name=RC81>{{HM|RC}}, p. 81</ref><ref>{{webcite|author=[[Helge Fauskanger]]|articleurl=http://folk.uib.no/hnohf/quen-eng.htm|articlename=Quettaparma Quenyallo|website=Arda}}</ref><ref>{{webcite|author=[[Didier Willis]], ed.|articleurl=http://www.jrrvf.com/hisweloke/sindar/online/sindar/dict-sd-en.html|articlename=Hiswelókë's Sindarin dictionary|website=[http://www.jrrvf.com/hisweloke/ Hiswelókë]}}</ref>

''Saruman'' is derived from [[Old English]]: the root word ''searu'' means "device, design, contrivance, art" and the whole name means "man of skill".<ref name=RC81/>

== Other names ==
His name in [[Sindarin]] was '''''Curunír''''' or '''''Curunír' Lân''''' ("Curunír the White").<ref name=Istari/>

Saruman was also known as '''Curumo''' ([[Quenya|Q]]: "cunning", pron. {{IPA|[ˈkurumo]}}) in [[Valinor]], before he came to [[Middle-earth]] during the [[Third Age]].<ref>{{UT|Istari}}, note 6</ref>

When sent to Cuiviénen with the other [[Five Guardians|Guardians]], he was called '''''Tarindor''''' ("*High/wise-mind(ed)-one").<ref>{{NM|P1xiii}}, "Notes", p. 102, note 7</ref>

He claimed for himself the title '''[[Ring-maker]]'''.<ref name="FRCouncil"/> When confronting him at Isengard, Gandalf also referred to Saruman as the '''jailor of Mordor'''.<ref name="voiceofsaruman"/>

== Other versions of the legendarium ==
In the earlier versions of ''The Lord of the Rings'', Saruman was sketched merely as a servant of Sauron - the army of Isengard has no competition with Mordor's, being from the beginning built for his new master. In other drafts, Saruman hands Gandalf over to the evil [[Giants|Giant]] Treebeard or betrays him to the Black Riders. <ref>{{TI|VII}}</ref>

Saruman's older names in these drafts were Sarumond and Saramund,<ref name=rc>{{HM|RC}}, p. xxiii</ref> containing the english term ''mund'' "hand".

== Inspiration ==
Saruman was invented and introduced in the story in order to explain Gandalf's absence in the first part of ''The Lord of the Rings'', replacing Treebeard as the Wizard's captor.<ref name=rc/>

As a scholar, Tolkien would also have been well aware of the name of a similarly-named historic 'head of his order', Jaruman.

== Portrayal in adaptations ==
{{Gallery
|title=Saruman in adaptations
|height=150
|width=250
|File:The Lord of the Rings (1978 film) - Saruman.jpg|Saruman in [[The Lord of the Rings (1978 film)|''The Lord of the Rings'' (1978 film)]]
|lines=2
|File:The Lord of the Rings (film series) - Saruman using Palantír.jpg|[[Christopher Lee]] as Saruman in [[The Lord of the Rings (film series)|''The Lord of the Rings'' (film series)]]
|File:LOTRO-Rise of Isengard-Saruman-1.png|Saruman in ''[[The Lord of the Rings Online]]''
|File:Lego - Saruman minifigure.jpg|Saruman in [[Lego]] form
}}

=== Films ===
'''1978: [[The Lord of the Rings (1978 film)|''The Lord of the Rings'' (1978 film)]]:'''
:[[Fraser Kerr]] provided the voice of Saruman. From early on in the production, it was decided that "Saruman" and "Sauron" sounded too much alike, and might confuse viewers. On concept art, Saruman is called '''Ruman''',<ref>[http://www.ralphbakshi.com/gallery/displayimage.php?album=5&pos=69 1978 - The Lord of the Rings Gallery] at [http://www.ralphbakshi.com Ralphbakshi.com] (accessed 26 March 2011)</ref> but prior to recording, this was changed to '''Aruman'''. However, during recording, it was again changed, to "Saruman". Because of this late change, several instances of "Aruman" remain in the finished film.

'''2001-03: [[The Lord of the Rings (film series)|''The Lord of the Rings'' (film series)]]:'''
:Saruman was played by [[Christopher Lee]]. Saruman's depiction in the series is more akin to the early drafts: he is a more committed vassal of [[Sauron]]; still, he is seemingly not above cheating his master, instructing [[Lurtz]] to bring him the Hobbits carrying "something of great value" (the One Ring). In the films, his corruption by Sauron is directly portrayed to have come about through his use of one of the [[Palantíri]] found in the tower of [[Orthanc]], through which Sauron fueled the lust for power and accompanying arrogance and greed already festering in Saruman's heart. The films did not include the [[Battle of Bywater|Scouring of the Shire]], so Saruman's last appearance was in Isengard, during his encounter with [[Gandalf]] and [[Théoden]]. In the [[The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King (extended edition)|extended edition of ''The Return of the King'']], [[Gríma]] stabs Saruman in the back, causing him to fall on a spiked wheel below the tower of Orthanc.

'''2012-14: [[The Hobbit (film series)|''The Hobbit'' (film series)]]:'''
:[[Christopher Lee]] reprised his role as Saruman, although the character does not appear in the book.<ref name="TelegraphCasting">{{webcite|articleurl=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/film/film-news/8311016/Christopher-Lee-will-star-in-the-Hobbit-prequel.html|articlename=Christopher Lee will star in the Hobbit prequel|dated=08-Feb-2011|website=[http://www.telegraph.co.uk/ The Telegraph]|accessed=21-Dec-2011}}</ref> He appears as part of the [[White Council]] alongside [[Gandalf]], [[Galadriel]] and [[Elrond]]. He is sceptical about the appearance of a [[Sauron#Sauron's Return|Necromancer]] in [[Dol Guldur]]. However, when he participates in the [[attack on Dol Guldur]], he sees for himself that Sauron has indeed returned. After the skirmish, he appears shaken by the display of Sauron's power, but claims he will take it upon himself to keep an eye on the Dark Lord and pretends to care for Lady Galadriel's weakened state.

=== Television ===
'''1993: [[Hobitit|''Hobitit'']]:'''
:Saruman was played by actor Mikko Kivinen. He appears only in the "Vanha metsä" ("Old Forest") episode.

=== Radio series ===
'''1955: [[The Lord of the Rings (1955 radio series)|''The Lord of the Rings'' (1955 radio series)]]:'''
:The voice of Saruman is provided by [[Robert Farquharson]].

'''1979: [[The Lord of the Rings (1979 radio series)|''The Lord of the Rings'' (1979 radio series)]]:'''
:The voice of Saruman is provided by [[James Arrington]].

'''1981: [[The Lord of the Rings (1981 radio series)|''The Lord of the Rings'' (1981 radio series)]]:'''
:[[Peter Howell]] played Saruman. Because the series follows a chronological timeline rather than the flashbacks of the books, Saruman's betrayal is brought out much sooner than in the book. Excerpts from [[The Hunt for the Ring]] are dramatised to flesh out Gandalf's escape from Isengard, and the Nazgul's pursuit. In the final episode, Saruman's death at the hands of Wormtongue at Bag End is included.

'''1992: [[Der Herr der Ringe (1992 German radio series)|''Der Herr der Ringe'' (1992 German radio series)]]:'''
:Saruman is played by Manfred Steffen.

'''2001-2003: [[Pán prsteňov (2001-2003 Slovak radio series)|''Pán prsteňov'' (2001-2003 Slovak radio series)]]:'''
:The voice of Saruman is provided by Andrej Hryc. Saruman appears in all three series (seasons) of this adaptation, with his most prominent appearances in the episodes covering ''The Two Towers''.

=== Games ===
'''2003: [[The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King (video game)|''The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King'' (video game)]]:'''
:Though Christopher Lee provided the voice of Saruman for many scenes, the only visual appearance of the Wizard of from re-used movie clips, his voice is played over several Gandalf's actions though.

'''2003: ''[[The Lord of the Rings: War of the Ring]]'':'''
:Saruman is one of the "Hero" units of the Servants of Sauron, the game also depicts his creation of the Uruk-hai.

'''2004: ''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Battle for Middle-earth]]'':'''
:Saruman is the main "Hero" unit of Isengard faction, the evil campaign follows his despoilment of both Isengard and the Fangorn Forest, war on Rohan and later conquest of the outlying lands.

'''2006: ''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Battle for Middle-earth II]]'':'''
:Saruman is still the main "Hero" unit of Isengard faction, but plays no role in the storyline.

'''2011: ''[[The Lord of the Rings Online: Rise of Isengard]]'':'''
:Through frequently referred to in-game since 2007, Saruman made no visual appearance until 2011 and the ''Rise of Isengard'' expansion. Many quests in the game display the stretch of the White Hand - Saruman's minions are present in Shire as early as {{TA|3018}}, as well as [[Bree-land]], [[Lone-lands]], [[Eregion]], [[Enedwaith]], [[Dunland]], [[Gap of Rohan]], outskirts of the [[Fangorn Forest]] and even [[Moria]].
:In the storyline of ''Rise of Isengard'' Saruman first appears buying the loyalties of the Dunlending clans, bringing with him riches and maintaining a friendly appearance. He also still keeps his affairs in Rohan private, to the point that when a Rohirrim questions the desolation of [[Nan Curunír]] and the presence of Trolls in Isengard, the Wizard manages to use his voice to convince him that it was all for the good cause. At one point, traitorous Dunlendings capture the player and send him to Saruman as a gift - once again the Wizard maintains a friendly and noble appearance, trying to discern the location of The Ring, before the player escapes.
:A major storyline is derived from a single line in ''[[The Fellowship of the Ring]]'', where Saruman calls himself "Ring-forger". Long having researched the Rings of Power, Saruman sends his minions to pillage what remains of Ring-Forges of Eregion, looking for any knowledge of ancient Elven smiths that have remained here. Using that lore, he constructs a massive Ring-Forge under Isengard, where he creates five lesser rings and a master one to command them. He keeps the master ring to himself and gives the other to his most trusted lieutenants, though none of the mortals are prepared for it and are turned into monstrosities. A large forces of players defeats them one by one, reclaiming lesser rings and later uses those rings to turn upon the master one. In the ensuing fight Saruman's ring is destroyed shortly before the Battle of Hornburg, and with it the lesser ones lose their power.

'''2014: [[Middle-earth: Shadow of Mordor]]:'''
:Voiced by [[Roger Jackson]], Saruman appears in this game as a non-playable character. The game's protagonist, Talion, finds various artefacts that reveal that Saruman's spies are active within the borders of [[Mordor]] in the years between ''[[The Hobbit]]'' and ''[[The Lord of the Rings]]''. It is later revealed that Saruman was controlling Queen Marwen of the [[Nurnen]] to hinder Sauron while bringing about the destruction of the men of [[Nurn]].

{{references}}

{{seq-start}}
{{seq-head
|race=maiar
|house=[[Maiar|Maia]] of [[Aulë]]
|born=[[Creation of the Ainur]]
|died=[[3 November]], {{TA|3019}}
}}
{{seq
|prev=Position established
|pvac=None
|list=Chief of the [[Wizards|Istari]]
|dates=c. {{TA|1000}} - [[5 March]], {{TA|3019|n}}
|next=[[Gandalf]]
}}
{{seq
|prev=Unknown
|list=[[Lord of Isengard|Lord]] of [[Isengard]]
|dates={{TA|2759}} - [[15 August]], {{TA|3019|n}}
|nvac=None
|next=''[[Aragorn|Elessar]] granted Isengard to the [[Ents]]''
}}
{{seq-end}}

{{ainur}}
{{hobbitfilms}}
{{lordoftheringsfilms}}

[[Category:Characters in The Lord of the Rings]]
[[Category:Characters in The Silmarillion]]
[[Category:First Age characters]]
[[Category:Maiar]]
[[Category:Old English names]]
[[Category:Rulers in Middle-earth]]
[[Category:Servants of Sauron]]
[[Category:Smiths]]
[[Category:Third Age characters]]
[[Category:Wizards]]
[[de:Saruman]]
[[fr:/encyclo/personnages/ainur/maiar/istari/saruman]]
[[fi:Saruman]]

Saruman

2023-12-13T16:24:33Z

LordoftheEarth:

{{sources}}
{{maiar infobox
| name=Saruman
| image=[[File:John Howe - Saruman.jpg|250px]]
| caption="Saruman" by [[John Howe]]
| pronun=
| othernames=''Curumo, Tarindor'' ([[Quenya|Q]]) ''Curunír 'Lân'' ([[Sindarin|S]]) [[the White]], [[the Wise]], the [[Ring-maker]], of Many Colours, [[Sharkey]]
| titles=[[Lord of Isengard]]
| position=Chief of the [[Heren Istarion]] Head of the [[White Council]]
| location=[[Orthanc]]
| affiliation=[[Aulë]] [[Istari]] (Wizards) [[White Council]] [[Sauron]]
| language=
| birth=
| birthlocation=
| rule={{TA|2759}} - {{TA|3019|n}}
| death=[[3 November]], {{TA|3019}} (existed in [[Middle-earth]] for 2019 years)
| deathlocation=[[Hobbiton]]
| age=
| notablefor=
| house=
| parentage=
| siblings=
| spouse=
| children=
| gender=Male
| height=Tall
| hair=White with strands of black<ref name="Voice">{{TT|Voice}}</ref>
| eyes=
| clothing=White robes, shimmering with many colours
| weapons=Staff Knife
| steed=
}}

{{quote|[Saruman] is great among the Wise. He is the chief of my order and the head of the Council. His knowledge is deep, but his pride has grown with it, and he takes ill any meddling. The lore of the Elven-rings, great and small, is his province. He has long studied it, seeking the lost secrets of their making...|[[Gandalf]] in ''[[The Fellowship of the Ring]]'', "[[The Shadow of the Past]]"}}

'''Saruman the White''' was the first of the order of [[Wizards]] (or ''Istari'') who came to Middle-earth as emissaries of the [[Valar]] in the [[Third Age]]. For a time he was the chief of the [[Wizards|Heren Istarion]], as well as the head of the [[White Council]]. However, he began to fall from his errand, being envious of [[Gandalf]] and admiring [[Sauron]], whose power he coveted. Concerned with his own ends, he slowly turned his back on the Wise and was ensnared by the [[Dark Lord]]. Though he acted out his new master's will as a servant, he secretly plotted to use [[the One Ring]] to usurp his place.

As Sauron's duplicitous vassal, Saruman coordinated assaults from [[Orthanc]] in [[Isengard]] against neighboring [[Rohan]] during the [[War of the Ring]] and strove to weaken the realm through his mole, [[Gríma]]. In an attempt to betray his master, the corrupted Wizard also sent a trusted company to hunt the [[Fellowship of the Ring|Fellowship]] and so claim the Ring for himself. However, his allies and servants were all vanquished and he was forced to remain a prisoner in his own tower, though not for long. Allowed to leave Orthanc, he travelled to the [[Shire]], which his [[Ruffians|Ruffian]] pawns had gained control over, and became the hidden local thug lord. Saruman was again defeated by the rallied, oppressed [[Hobbits]] and he himself was backstabbed by his footman, Gríma, for his mistreatment. His unbodied spirit was denied the [[West]] and fled naked and impotent, never to return.

== History ==
=== Early history ===
As a [[Maia]], Saruman was created by [[Ilúvatar]] before the [[Music of the Ainur]].<ref name="Ainu">{{S|Ainu}}</ref> In his early days in [[Valinor]], he went by the name ''[[Curumo]]''<ref>{{UT|Istari}}, note 6</ref> or ''Tarindor''.<ref name=Cuv/> A powerful Maia of [[Aulë]], <ref>{{S|Vala}}</ref> he had been very much like his peer [[Sauron|Mairon]], later known as Sauron.<ref name=myths>{{MR|Myths}}, pp. 394-398</ref>

After the Valar discovered the primeval [[Elves]] at [[Cuiviénen]], Tarindor was one of the [[Five Guardians]] sent to protect the Elves from the forces of [[Melkor]].<ref name=Cuv>{{NM|P1xiii}}, p. 95</ref> It is unclear how long he remained or if he accompanied the [[Eldar]] on the [[Great Journey]].

=== Return to Middle-earth ===
After the defeat of Morgoth, the Valar grew concerned about the rising power of Sauron in Middle-earth. In [[Valinor]], a council was called by [[Manwë]], where it was decided to send Maiar as emissaries to Middle-earth to help the [[Free Peoples]] challenge Sauron. The council likely met in the middle of the Second Age, shortly after the creation of the [[Rings of Power]]. The council determined that these emissaries (who became known as the [[Istari]] or Wizards) should be "mighty, peers of Sauron, yet [they should] forgo might, and clothe themselves in flesh so as to treat on equality and win the trust of Elves and Men."<ref name=Istari>{{UT|Istari}}</ref>{{rp|393}} Curumo, who was sent to the council by Aulë, volunteered to travel to Middle-earth as an emissary; he was appointed the first Istar and became the chief of their Order.<ref name=Istari />{{rp|389, 394}}

Even before arriving in Middle-earth, Curumo begrudged his peers among the Istari. ''[[Gandalf|Olórin]]'' (later Gandalf), who did not wish to travel to Middle-earth, was commanded by Manwë to go as the third Istar. Saruman's jealousy of Gandalf began here, when [[Varda]] said of Gandalf that he was "not the third". Saruman was charged to take [[Aiwendil]] (later Radagast) with him to please [[Yavanna]], which he did not wish to do, and this led to his contempt for the latter Wizard.<ref name=Istari />{{rp|393}}

In Middle-earth, Curomo became known in [[Sindarin]] as ''[[Curunír]]'' and in [[Westron]] by his most common name, ''Saruman''. Like the other Wizards, his [[fana]] took the appearance of an old man. He had raven hair and was robed in white.<ref name=Istari />{{rp|393}}

Saruman and others of the Istari arrived in Middle-earth on a ship at [[Mithlond]] (the [[Grey Havens]]) in [[Lindon]] around the year 1000 of the [[Third Age]].<ref name=Istari /> At the time of their arrival, their origin, nature, purpose, and true names were a secret to nearly everyone in Middle-earth. Having witnessed their arrival, [[Círdan]] alone knew the truth of their identity and origin. He chose to give [[Narya]], the Red Ring, to Gandalf to aid him in his mission.<ref name="AppTA"/> Círdan told only [[Galadriel]] and [[Elrond]] of the true origins of the Istari.<ref name="SV"/> After a time, Saruman learned of Círdan's gift and begrudged it; this heightened the hidden ill-will that he bore towards Gandalf.<ref name=Istari/>

Shortly after arriving, Saruman travelled into the [[East]] of Middle-earth, as did the two [[Blue Wizards]]. After one and a half millennia he returned to the West, just as Sauron's power was growing again in [[Dol Guldur]].

=== Chief of the White Council ===
[[File:Angus McBride - Saruman.gif|thumb|''Saruman'' by [[Angus McBride]]]]
When the [[White Council]] was formed around {{TA|2463}}<ref name="AppTA"/>, Saruman was appointed its leader. Even then, he had begun to sense the resurgence of Sauron and to envy and desire his power, and especially his [[The One Ring|One Ring]]. Coincidentally, in that same year the One Ring was found by the creature [[Gollum]]<ref name="AppTA"/>, drawing the [[Dark Lord]] closer to the conflict that would eventually prove Saruman's undoing.

During this period, Saruman spent years in [[Minas Tirith]] examining its archives. It is possible that there he surmised that a [[Palantíri|''palantír'']] would still be located in [[Orthanc]], the tower of [[Isengard]].<ref name="palantiri">>{{UT|Palantiri}}</ref> He offered to make Isengard his home and to command the defences of the West. This was welcomed by King [[Fréaláf]] of [[Rohan]] and [[Ruling Steward|Steward]] [[Beren (Steward of Gondor)|Beren]] of [[Gondor]] alike. In {{TA|2759}}, Saruman was given the [[Key of Orthanc]] in the ring of [[Isengard]] his abode, hoping that he would prove an important ally.<ref name="SV">{{S|V}}</ref><Ref name=stew>{{App|Stewards}}</ref> There he became important in the defence of the free lands of the West. In Orthanc he came upon the [[Orthanc-stone]], one of the seven seeing stones, but kept it secret and hidden, particularly from the White Council. He would later betray the Council by concealing his use of it.

In {{TA|2851}}, the White Council met and Gandalf revealed that the evil presence in Dol Guldur was indeed Sauron and that he had returned, and urged an attack there. Saruman however believed that Sauron would be useful in his quest: allowing Sauron to build up his strength, the One Ring would reveal itself, and Saruman hoped to have sufficient strength to seize it first himself until that event. With this strategy in mind, Saruman overruled Gandalf. It soon became clear that Saruman desired to possess [[the One Ring]] himself.<ref name="AppTA">{{App|TA}}</ref>

He soon found that Sauron had more knowledge of the possible location of the One Ring than he expected, and in {{TA|2941}} he finally consented to an [[Attack on Dol Guldur]] against Sauron at which point Sauron retreated to [[Mordor]].
[[File:Angus McBride - Dol Guldur.jpg|thumb|left|''Dol Guldur'' by [[Angus McBride]]]]
In {{TA|2953}}, the [[Wise]] gathered once more to debate about the [[Rings of Power]]. Saruman quieted the Council claiming to have the knowledge that the One Ring was lost forever in the [[Belegaer]]. Following their final meeting (and the death of [[Turgon (Steward of Gondor)|Steward Turgon]]), Saruman took Isengard for his own and fortified it.<Ref name=stew/> Saruman, jealous and afraid of Gandalf, set spies to watch all his movements; thus he discovered the existence of the [[Shire]] and noted Gandalf's interest in it, and started sending agents in [[Bree]] and the [[Southfarthing]].<ref name="AppTA"/> As [[Lord of Isengard]], Saruman began to bring trouble to Rohan by aiding its enemies, such as the [[Dunlendings]].<ref name="AppMark">{{App|Mark}}</ref>

Sauron had declared himself openly in Mordor; he established contact with Saruman through the [[Ithil-stone]] his minions had captured from [[Minas Ithil]]. Saruman's corruption was complete around {{TA|3000}}.<ref name="AppTA"/> The White Wizard was ensnared by the Dark Lord with promises of power, becoming his servant and desiring his victory.<ref name="palantiri"/> But Saruman was far from a faithful subordinate: his main goal was to claim the Ring first and wield it to supplant Sauron; his feigned allegiance would ensure that, if the gamble failed, he could at least have his new master's favor and eventually become into the true power behind his throne.<ref name="FRCouncil"/> Though the Wise may have grown suspicious of the White Wizard's designs concerning the Ring, none knew of his defection to the service of the Dark Lord;<ref name="palantiri"/> [[Aragorn]], however, tried to advise Steward [[Ecthelion II]] not to trust Saruman for his help against Sauron.<ref name=stew/>

Although some [[Orcs of the Misty Mountains]] had been drawn into the White Wizard's service, Saruman had made other [[Orcs]] (including [[Uruk-hai]] in Isengard, even crossbreeding them with Men to produce [[Half-orcs]] and [[Goblin-men]].<ref name="palantiri"/> With knowledge imparted by his master or gained through his own researches into the lore of [[Eregion]], he also crafted his own lesser ring.<ref name="FRCouncil"/> As Sauron's grasp extended to Rohan, Saruman incited the Orcs of the Misty Mountains and sent Uruk-hai to harrass the Rohirrim.<ref name="AppTA"/>

=== War of the Ring ===
At about this time, in an attempt to control Rohan, Saruman bought the allegiance of King [[Théoden]]'s chief advisor, [[Gríma]], who then counselled the ailing ruler to do nothing about the steady resurgence of Sauron's armies. Saruman's strategy would not only have satisfied thoughts of his own lordship, but would have prevented Rohan from helping Gondor against Mordor; however, his mole, Gríma, still faced opposition from the king's son and nephew, [[Théodred]] and [[Éomer]] respectively.

Saruman had also sent spies to negotiate the purchase of "[[pipe-weed|leaf]]" from [[the Shire]], in preparation for the war, and also learn of any notable [[Hobbits]] who had departed recently in hopes of finding out who possessed the One Ring.<ref name="UT10">{{UT|10}}, "Concerning Gandalf, Saruman, and the Shire"</ref>

On [[10 July]], {{TA|3018}}, Gandalf arrived at Isengard.<ref name="AppGreat">{{App|Great}}</ref> The former White Wizard finally announced his intentions: to rule as the Dark Lord's grey eminence, or usurp his place by means of the One. Saruman then stood forth as '''Saruman of Many Colours''' and when that Gandalf refused to submit to Sauron or reveal the Ring's location to him instead, he held him captive in Isengard. From the pinnacle of the tower Gandalf could see that Saruman was summoning his hordes of Orcs and [[Wolves]] in pits and forges around Isengard - Saruman was building an army, both in service and in competition of Sauron.<ref name="FRCouncil">{{FR|Council}}</ref>

[[File:The Lord of the Rings - The Two Towers - Gríma and Saruman.jpg|thumb|left|Saruman commanding his forces from Orthanc as seen in the ''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Two Towers]]'' film]]

Gandalf later escaped, and so Saruman's treachery and fealty to Sauron became known to the rest of the Wise when Gandalf reported this during the subsequent [[Council of Elrond]]. But he would soon prove a traitor to his master, the Dark Lord, as well. By one account, the [[Nazgûl]] arrived at Isengard after Gandalf's flight, having been sent by Sauron in search of "[[Bilbo Baggins|Baggins]]" who had found the One Ring years before, and the Shire, his home. Knowing the [[Witch-king]] and his company did not have the strength to assault the Ring of Isengard, Saruman pretended to know nothing about the Shire. Instead he told them that he believed Gandalf knew the whereabouts of the Ring, and the Nazgûl departed. Unknown to him, the Nine are said to have stumbled upon Wormtongue; fearing for his life, Gríma revealed the information that Saruman had withheld from the Nazgûl and was spared, thanks to his usefulness.

By another account, the Nazgûl reached Isengard when Gandalf was still imprisoned there. Fearing his treacherous thoughts were known to his master, the White Wizard stalled for time, telling the Nine that he would force his captive to confess the Shire's location or hand him over. At the top of Orthanc, Saruman discovered that Gandalf had just escaped on the back of [[Gwaihir]] one of the [[Great Eagles]]. He descended and told the Nine how to reach the Shire, assuring them that he would then inform the Dark Lord. However, in September {{TA|3018}}, the Nazgûl captured one of his [[Squint-eyed southerner|spies]]; the Southerner told the [[Witch-king]] everything, exposing the Wizard's disloyalty. They also seized some maps and information about the Shire and Baggins. <ref name="UTHunt">{{UT|Hunt}}</ref>

Hurrying to claim the Ring, Saruman sent a horde led by [[Uglúk]] to hunt down the [[Fellowship of the Ring]] and bring the [[Ring-bearers|Ring-bearer]] back to him, not Sauron. Though the Dark Lord summoned him for instruction through the Seeing Stone, the corrupted Wizard neglected to answer. On its pursuit, Saruman's trusted troop was intercepted by another warband sent by the untrusting Sauron. Though the two companies joined forces and captured two of the Hobbits at [[Emyn Muil]], inner conflict slowed them down and the Orcs were all slain on the eaves of [[Fangorn Forest]] by Rohirrim.

[[File:Ted Nasmith - The Wrath of the Ents.jpg|thumb|''The Wrath of the Ents'' by [[Ted Nasmith]]]]

The Wizard found his position becoming dangerously isolated, as he had cheated his master, or at least tried to.<ref name=voiceofsaruman>{{TT|III10}}</ref> Therefore Saruman implemented an aggressive strategy of attacking the Rohirrim, in order to appease Sauron. To cement his hold over Théoden, he gave special orders that the king's son, Théodred, be slain at all costs. In the [[First Battle at the Fords of Isen]], Saruman's forces engaged the Rohirrim defenders and mortally-wounded Théodred, after which they fell back. <ref>{{UT|Isen}}</ref> Unknown to Saruman, [[Peregrin Took]] and [[Meriadoc Brandybuck]] - the two Hobbits his servants had lost on the eaves of Fangorn - were currently mobilizing the [[Ents]] against him. The return of Gandalf resulted in Gríma's treachery being revealed and Théoden taking up arms against Sauron and Saruman. In a final move against Théoden, Saruman unleashed the army of Isengard against the people of Rohan at [[Helm's Deep]]. Though initially victory seemed at hand, his Uruk-hai warriors were utterly defeated and his Dunlending allies captured. Further, the Ents, embittered by [[Orcs of Isengard|his Orcs]]' use of Fangorn wood as fuel for his war machine, besieged and occupied Isengard.

Utterly defeated, Saruman at first used his voice to try woo Théoden to his cause, offering his 'friendship'. The King of Rohan refused, claiming that the Wizard would deliver them to his 'dark master'. As Théoden demanded justice for the deaths caused by Saruman, Saruman turned to Gandalf instead. The new White Wizard offered him a chance to redeem himself. The turncoat briefly considered repenting for his deeds, but at the last moment could not go through with it. On one hand, Saruman was too proud to surrender to Gandalf.<ref name="voiceofsaruman"/> On the other hand, he wanted to avoid appearing a 'rebel' to Sauron.<ref name="Palantir">{{TT|Palantir}}</ref> As a result, Gandalf broke Saruman's staff was broken and expelled him from the ranks of the Istari. Saruman's misfortune did not end there: in a fruitless attempt to slay Saruman or Gandalf, Gríma threw out the ''palantír'', which was then taken by Gandalf.<ref name="voiceofsaruman"/> Any chance of bargaining for the Dark Lord's clemency had dissipated: he had neither the Seeing Stone to answer his master's summons, nor any precious captive to send. Caught between the Free Peoples and Sauron, Saruman locked himself in Orthanc.<ref name="Palantir"/>

Left out of the final stages of the War of the Ring and unable to be of any use to Sauron, Saruman eventually managed to convince his captors, the Ents, into letting him and the mistreated Gríma leave Isengard, as apparently the magic of his voice still remained.

[[File:Matt Stewart - The Voice of Isengard.jpg|thumb|''The Voice of Isengard'' by [[:Category:Images by Matt Stewart|Matt Stewart]]]]

On their way to northern [[Dunland]], on [[28 August]]<Ref name=chief>{{App|Chief}}</ref> they were confronted by Gandalf, [[Celeborn]], [[Galadriel]] and the Hobbits, but they passed as travelling beggars as Saruman kicked Gríma to move on; the former Wizard paid no heed to the mistreated 'Worm', who exclaimed how he hated him. Gandalf told Gríma that he was free to leave him but he did not reply. As Saruman was considered powerless, there was little concern for his escape.<ref name=Partings>{{RK|Partings}}</ref> On [[22 September]]<ref name=chief/> they entered to the Shire, which his secret ally [[Lotho Sackville-Baggins]] (undisturbed by events elsewhere) had brought under control. Saruman 'repaid' Lotho's aid by removing him through Gríma and taking the reins himself. He established himself in [[Hobbiton]] and spent his final days as a small-time thug lord whom his [[Ruffians]] called '''''Sharkey''''', imposing a terror regime to avenge himself upon the peaceful Halflings - knowing they were dear to Gandalf, his hated enemy. But even this operation fell apart after Frodo and [[Samwise Gamgee]] returned; he was eventually betrayed and killed by his own agent Gríma on [[3 November]], {{TA|3019}}.

Saruman, who was a Maia, had lost his shape with his "death". As a discorporate spirit, he turned westward, but a wind came from the [[West]] and pushed him away. Apparently his spirit was left naked, powerless, and wandering in Middle-earth.

== Characteristics ==
[[File:Gregor Roffalski - Curunír.jpg|thumb|''Curunír'' by [[:Category:Images by Gregor Roffalski|Gregor Roffalski]]]]
In appearance, Saruman was as an old man with black hair. At the end of the Third Age, his hair and beard had turned mostly white — he had only black hairs about his lips and ears. He was tall, his face was long, and his eyes were deep and dark. He would appear in a white cloak, a habit he later changed into a cloak that changed colours as he moved.

He was not actually a [[Men|Man]], or even an [[Elves|Elf]] (as Men often suspected), but a [[Maiar|Maia]] clothed in flesh — an [[Istari|Istar]] (see ''Origins'' above). As such, he was immortal and extremely powerful, yet had limits on how far these powers could be used. His two most salient powers were his knowledge and his voice. Saruman was, in a very real way, the junior brother of Sauron both having been Maia of Aulë, Valar of Smithcraft, in the very beginnings of time. The parallels between Sauron and Saruman in both character and actions are many.

=== Powers ===
Knowledge of the "deep arts" (or magic, such as it is in Middle-earth) was of particular interest to Saruman, especially when relating to power such as the [[Rings of Power]] and the far seeing ''[[palantíri]]''. He was also deeply learned in ancient lore regarding powerful kingdoms such as [[Númenor]], [[Gondor]], and [[Moria]].

His voice and speech were extremely convincing, more powerful than mere rhetoric. When he focused this power on a person or a group of people, he could sway their hearts, plant fears and sow lies as he pleased. According to the stature of the listener, this spell could last as long as the speech did, or it could take root in them and last forever. Saruman's voice was so powerful that he was able to convince the [[Witch-king]] that he knew nothing of the One-Ring or the Shire. His voice was not hypnotic, however, rather it was persuasive; and the real danger the voice posed to the listener was not them falling into a trance, but agreeing with it.

Aside from his voice, Saruman has other subtle abilities such as giving great speed and motivation to his orcs at a distance and setting his will against all those in his dominion that might oppose him. Aragorn takes note of this ability while tracking the party of orcs holding Merry and Pippin hostage. Saruman also seems to be able to move around totally unheard by others, as there are numerous examples of him using this ability. Several examples include his sneaking up on [[Aragorn]], [[Gimli]] and [[Legolas]]'s camp in [[The Riders of Rohan]], his wholly unheard entrance in [[The Voice of Saruman]] and his quiet but sudden appearance to the hobbits in [[The Scouring of the Shire]].

Other powers include knowledge of machinery and chemistry, probably separable from explicit magic (for instance, the "blasting fire" employed by his [[Uruk-hai]] army in the battle of [[Helm's Deep]], was some kind of chemical explosive). Machinery and engines characterised both his fortified [[Isengard]] and his altered [[the Shire|Shire]] arenas of influence. In this, he sought to emulate, or even surpass his ally, [[Sauron]]. This inclination was constitutional in them both from the very beginning.

His science also extended to biological areas. He is believed to have crossbred Men and Orcs, creating a new race of Orcs unafraid of daylight, the dreaded Uruk-hai, a major improvement on Sauron's thralls who hated daylight. His mannish spies in [[Bree]] were said to have Orc blood, giving them heightened senses over ordinary men. He also employed scavenger birds in his service, although this might also be attributed to [[Radagast]] the Brown, ordering them to report to [[Orthanc]], Saruman's stronghold.

Being regarded as more powerful than [[Gandalf]] (at least before Gandalf's "rebirth"), it's fair to assume he would also wield explicit magic similar to Gandalf, such as artificial light, locking spells, creating fire, etc.

Saruman, walking on the same ruinous path as Sauron, attempted to forge for himself a Ring of Power. This he wore during the War of the Ring which he revealed when he called himself "Saruman the [[Ring-maker]]". He had great knowledge and lore of the magic rings created by Sauron and by the Elven-smiths, though at this time the full art of ring-making was lost and known only to Sauron and so Saruman's knowledge of the craft was incomplete. It is assumed that Saruman's Ring was the equivalent of one of the lesser rings in power and any details of this power is not mentioned. It is also assumed that it too lost its power, if it had any, when the One Ring was destroyed, since Saruman's craft of ring-making was still based on Sauron's. When Gandalf was given Narya, the Ring of Fire, Saruman learned of the gift and resented it. This may be another reason why Saruman desired to have a ring of his own.

=== Personality ===
Saruman resembled Gandalf not only in appearance, but originally also somewhat in deportment, but unlike Gandalf, Saruman was proud, even haughty, and in this he was more akin to Sauron. He saw himself as the most powerful of the Istari, expressing clear contempt for Radagast, patronising tolerance of the Wise and Elves, and sheer disdain for lesser Men. Saruman was no fool (though he saw Radagast as one); he realised Gandalf's power, and eventually came to see him as an equal, and later as a superior, much to his distress. He became jealous of Gandalf, eventually convincing himself that Gandalf was scheming against him, which justified his own scheming against Gandalf and the rest of the White Council, and the Free Peoples of Middle-earth as well. Saruman's ultimate agenda in the end was not very different at all from Sauron's, in that he himself ultimately sought to become a tyrant of Middle-earth; regardless if by his new master's side or (more preferably) on his own - if he attained the One Ring First.

Saruman likely was true to his mission in the beginning, and actually believed in working to stop the return of Sauron, but his pride and later arrogance (as well as his jealousy towards Gandalf and domination by Sauron) turned him into a traitor to the cause he had once served. His betrayal was not sudden, but slowly grew over time as the Dark Lord used the White Wizard's lust for power, admiration of strength and envy as tools of control. To the last Saruman only believed in his own counsel. All these false beliefs kept Saruman from taking his last chance at redemption, and because he must have realized this after Gandalf's truly generous terms he only became more bitter and filled with the rage of failure, blaming Gandalf more than anyone else for his downfall.

== Politics ==
=== Men ===
Saruman "went mostly among men". He always sought power, and it lay in the hands of the kingdoms of Men.

No records speak of his earliest journeys into the east; after his return he became a servant of [[Gondor]], receiving the keys to Orthanc from Beren as its warden. When Gondor weakened, he claimed Orthanc for his own without any formal declaration (or objection from Gondor), yet remained nominally an ally of Gondor and of Rohan.

When he turned to treachery, Saruman employed men mainly from [[Dunland]], and agents from other lands, turning old grudges into fuel for new hatred. The Dunlendings were enticed with the old stories that they had once lived in [[Calenardhon]] before the ''Strawheads''. The Dunlendings became his soldiers and it also seems probable that he used some of them to create [[Half-orcs]].

Gríma Wormtongue played a vital role in Saruman's plans: with Saruman's counsel Gríma began to weaken the king, estranging him from his other counsellors and even his own kin, until Gríma had in effect become the leader of Rohan.

=== Elves ===
Saruman was once on good terms with the Elves, and was voted in as the leader of the White Council, a group of Elves and Istari united against Sauron.

Saruman knew that Gandalf had been given the third Elvish ring [[Narya]] by [[Círdan]] the Shipwright. This nurtured his jealousy of Gandalf and his resentment towards the Elves.

Saruman had little use for, or interest in, the Elves, who were declining and their lands were few and secretive; although they wielded marvellous powers and two Rings of Power, they were not useful nor accessible for Saruman's ambitions. Also, they succumbed less easily than other races to manipulation.

Even though Isengard lay very close to [[Lothlórien]], Saruman had very little or no contact with it. Saruman never trusted [[Galadriel]] and he accused her of scheming for Gandalf at his expense.<ref name=Partings/>

=== Orcs ===
Saruman drew his original strength of Orcs from tribes in the [[Misty Mountains]], and perhaps from Moria Orcs. He made use of [[Wargs|Warg]]-mounted Orcs for raids against Rohan.

He also bred [[Orcs of Isengard|Orcs]] in the pits of Isengard, eventually creating crossbreeds of Orcs and Men (probably [[Dunlendings]] or [[Bree-men]]). This programme apparently also involved feeding these greater Orcs Man-flesh as a treat.

His [[Uruk-hai]] legions displayed great discipline and fierce loyalty, in addition to the other improvements such as height, strength, endurance and resistance to sunlight. There also appears to have been middle stages between Men and the Uruk-hai, Men with varying degrees of Orkish appearance such as [[Half-orcs]] and [[Goblin-men]]. These were reported by Pippin and Merry to have been part of Saruman's regular army, but were not Uruk-hai, since the hobbits would have recognised these from their earlier capture.

Saruman's servants called him "[[Sharkey]]" both in Isengard and later in the Shire.

=== Ents/Trees ===
Saruman made contact with the Ents in [[Fangorn Forest]] shortly after he settled in [[Isengard]]. The oldest of the Ents, [[Treebeard]] received him and gave him free access to the forest.

Saruman also consulted with Treebeard, learning much old lore that the Ents would have remembered from ancient times. Saruman did not return this favour, but only listened.

The Ents saw Saruman's treachery early, and became very concerned, primarily with Saruman's Orcs felling trees on the edge of Fangorn for use in the furnaces of Isengard and sometimes for no reason at all.

The Ents also appear to have had a sense of order, how things should be, that Saruman encroached upon. The crossbreeding of Men and Orcs particularly alarmed them, out of proportion to other concerns enemies of Saruman might have had. Also alarming was the pure fact of his treachery — the Istari were supposed to have a special responsibility.

Saruman used the Ents and the Fangorn forest without concern for the consequences. He clearly misjudged the Ents' abilities and will to act. This might not have been as incautious as it seemed, since major contributing factors to the Ent's actions were advice and requests from Gandalf, and concern about the rising power of Sauron (and their wish to support the front-line troops of the war, Rohan and Gondor).

Saruman clearly had the ability to understand the minds of the Ents when he found it useful. He managed to talk Treebeard into setting him free from Orthanc by pushing just the right buttons — Ents dislike the concept of caging up any creature.

=== Hobbits ===
The race of [[Hobbits]] and their lands seemed too insignificant to interest Saruman: until he took notice of Gandalf's special concern for them. Studying Gandalf made him focus gradually more and more on the Hobbits and The Shire. For a period he actually travelled there in secret, mapping out the lands. Gandalf was aware of this, but at this point only amused.

He began smoking pipe-weed (a habit of the Hobbits that Gandalf had picked up), also in secret. His demand for tobacco opened up trading between The Shire and Isengard, and the power his money could wield there and the corruption it could cause began to fascinate him. Some of his agents went in secret, and some were known to Gandalf and the [[Rangers of the North|Rangers]].

His anger towards the Hobbits may possibly stem from the attention Gandalf showed them. It certainly strengthened immensely when he discovered that the Hobbits had "conspired" with Gandalf to keep [[the One Ring]] from him.

This, and the sudden urgency caused by the [[Nazgûl|Ringwraiths]]' hunt for the Ring-bearer from The Shire to Rivendell, made him increase his activity in the area, leading to a build-up of power that would lead to virtual conquest of The Shire.

He might also later have blamed the ruin of Isengard by the Ents on [[Peregrin Took]] and [[Meriadoc Brandybuck]], who clearly catalysed events.

This all came together when Saruman escaped from the Ents and retired to The Shire and his thug regime in place there. It appears he immediately switched the focus of this operation to wanton destruction: pollution, murder, fire, chopping down trees for no reason, a last blow against Hobbits and Gandalf.

At his final utter defeat by [[Battle of Bywater|a Hobbit uprising]], his life was spared even when he tried to assassinate [[Frodo Baggins]]. At this moment he actually conceded a short-lived respect to Frodo.

=== Valar/Maiar/Wizards ===
Saruman was supposedly eager to go to Middle-earth, against Manwë's counsel. After his 'death' he was apparently barred from returning to Valinor, and therefore was denied reincarnation and condemned to waft away and disappear like so much smoke. In his corrupt state, Saruman sought power and the imposing of order in Middle-earth by any means necessary, even if it meant betraying the mission he was entrusted with and throwing in his lot with Sauron.

Sauron, in origin a Maia of Aulë like Saruman, awed and frightened him. During the height of his arrogance Saruman thought he could contend with Sauron, but in the end he found himself meddling with a spirit of far greater power and knowledge than himself. Caught peering into the ''palantír'' he was seduced by Sauron, who engaged his service. Though he no longer opposed (and perhaps even desired) the Dark Lord's victory, the former White Wizard's allegiance proved to be feigned: though he feared his new master's wrath, this did not stop him from plotting a second betrayal. Saruman thought himself capable of usurping Sauron's place as both Ringlord and supreme Lord of Middle-earth. If his gamble to seize the One Ring for himself failed, he believed that by appearing a useful vassal, he would enter the Dark Lord's good graces and in time play the role of grey eminence behind his throne. Even after his betrayal of Sauron at Emyn Muil, Saruman thought he could have his favor in victory by crushing Rohan and avoid appearing a rebel - the latter which had been one of the reasons for rejecting Gandalf's offer of redemption. Ultimately, the corrupted Wizard's delusions of grandeur blinded him; the Dark Lord, aware of his double game, would use him as an instrument of subjugation and then discard him.

Saruman grudgingly brought with him Radagast as a companion from Valinor, at the request of [[Yavanna]], yet still managed to arrive alone, and first. Shortly after, he went into the East with the two [[Blue Wizards]], and later returned alone. There he may have wrought many great works to diminish the influence of the Enemy or searched for lore to help him in his schemes.

Radagast, even though Saruman scorned him, served both Gandalf and Saruman very usefully (and wholly unintentionally, as he admitted "he had just the wit to play the part I set him", that of persuading Gandalf to come to Isengard). Radagast also sent birds to Saruman and Gandalf to report the different happenings in Middle-earth.

Saruman had always been jealous of Gandalf, and knew that he was keeping secrets from him, such as his suspicion about [[The One Ring|Bilbo's Ring]] and [[Narya]], secret. Gandalf also suspected Saruman of plotting to gain the One Ring for himself, and hinted at this at a meeting of the White Council. Gandalf blew nine small smoke rings and one great one that wavered a bit, seeming almost palpable, and yet blew away, symbolising (almost prophetic of) Saruman's failure in achieving the One. In general, Saruman must have viewed Gandalf as his only peer, and as such to be feared and treated with (although not necessarily shown) respect. He always kept a watchful eye open for Gandalf's doings, and actually picked up the habit of smoking pipe-weed by sending out spies tailing Gandalf to the Shire. After revealing his fealty to Mordor and his desire for the Ring, Saruman offered Gandalf the chance to join with Sauron, or perhaps get the One for themselves. Ultimately, certain he Gandalf could be forced to tell of the Ring's whereabouts or that ar least Sauron would prevail, he came to underestimate Gandalf and think little of his interventions.

Nevertheless, Saruman exercised more power than Gandalf, even with the ring Narya, as became clear when he placed Gandalf under arrest at the pinnacle of Orthanc. The text does not make it clear whether Saruman lost power or whether Gandalf gained power, but when Gandalf returned as "Gandalf [[the White]]", he could summon Saruman at his will, forcibly keep him in his presence, and finally break Saruman's staff (with whatever implications that might have had for Saruman's powers).

Despite his apparent disdain for the Grey Pilgrim, Saruman several times came very close to setting aside his pride and to asking Gandalf for pity and help. The closest call came when the [[Nazgûl|Ringwraiths]] (on their way to the Shire) arrived at Isengard while Gandalf still remained in captivity there. Saruman, realising he might have already lost Sauron's trust, actually went to seek Gandalf's pardon, only to find his erstwhile captive missing from the top of Orthanc.

=== Animals ===
Saruman had control over many birds, probably having been taught to tame them by Radagast. Crebain spied for him and brought him news. In addition, the Orcs Saruman took in his armies had amongst them wild [[Wolves]] and even [[Wargs]], a sort of demonic cousin of the former.

== Etymology ==
{{pronounce|Quenya - Curumo.mp3|Gilgamesh}}
''Saruman'' is a [[Mannish]] translation of [[Quenya]] ''[[Curumo]]'', his original name in [[Valinor]] as a Maia; and [[Sindarin]] ''[[Curunír]]'' which is supposedly the same name (with the ending ''[[dîr|-ndîr]]'' "man"). All names mean "Skilled Man" or "Cunning One" (root ''[[curu]]'' "skill").<ref name=RC81>{{HM|RC}}, p. 81</ref><ref>{{webcite|author=[[Helge Fauskanger]]|articleurl=http://folk.uib.no/hnohf/quen-eng.htm|articlename=Quettaparma Quenyallo|website=Arda}}</ref><ref>{{webcite|author=[[Didier Willis]], ed.|articleurl=http://www.jrrvf.com/hisweloke/sindar/online/sindar/dict-sd-en.html|articlename=Hiswelókë's Sindarin dictionary|website=[http://www.jrrvf.com/hisweloke/ Hiswelókë]}}</ref>

''Saruman'' is derived from [[Old English]]: the root word ''searu'' means "device, design, contrivance, art" and the whole name means "man of skill".<ref name=RC81/>

== Other names ==
His name in [[Sindarin]] was '''''Curunír''''' or '''''Curunír' Lân''''' ("Curunír the White").<ref name=Istari/>

Saruman was also known as '''Curumo''' ([[Quenya|Q]]: "cunning", pron. {{IPA|[ˈkurumo]}}) in [[Valinor]], before he came to [[Middle-earth]] during the [[Third Age]].<ref>{{UT|Istari}}, note 6</ref>

When sent to Cuiviénen with the other [[Five Guardians|Guardians]], he was called '''''Tarindor''''' ("*High/wise-mind(ed)-one").<ref>{{NM|P1xiii}}, "Notes", p. 102, note 7</ref>

He claimed for himself the title '''[[Ring-maker]]'''.<ref name="FRCouncil"/> When confronting him at Isengard, Gandalf also referred to Saruman as the '''jailor of Mordor'''.<ref name="voiceofsaruman"/>

== Other versions of the legendarium ==
In the earlier versions of ''The Lord of the Rings'', Saruman was sketched merely as a servant of Sauron - the army of Isengard has no competition with Mordor's, being from the beginning built for his new master. In other drafts, Saruman hands Gandalf over to the evil [[Giants|Giant]] Treebeard or betrays him to the Black Riders. <ref>{{TI|VII}}</ref>

Saruman's older names in these drafts were Sarumond and Saramund,<ref name=rc>{{HM|RC}}, p. xxiii</ref> containing the english term ''mund'' "hand".

== Inspiration ==
Saruman was invented and introduced in the story in order to explain Gandalf's absence in the first part of ''The Lord of the Rings'', replacing Treebeard as the Wizard's captor.<ref name=rc/>

As a scholar, Tolkien would also have been well aware of the name of a similarly-named historic 'head of his order', Jaruman.

== Portrayal in adaptations ==
{{Gallery
|title=Saruman in adaptations
|height=150
|width=250
|File:The Lord of the Rings (1978 film) - Saruman.jpg|Saruman in [[The Lord of the Rings (1978 film)|''The Lord of the Rings'' (1978 film)]]
|lines=2
|File:The Lord of the Rings (film series) - Saruman using Palantír.jpg|[[Christopher Lee]] as Saruman in [[The Lord of the Rings (film series)|''The Lord of the Rings'' (film series)]]
|File:LOTRO-Rise of Isengard-Saruman-1.png|Saruman in ''[[The Lord of the Rings Online]]''
|File:Lego - Saruman minifigure.jpg|Saruman in [[Lego]] form
}}

=== Films ===
'''1978: [[The Lord of the Rings (1978 film)|''The Lord of the Rings'' (1978 film)]]:'''
:[[Fraser Kerr]] provided the voice of Saruman. From early on in the production, it was decided that "Saruman" and "Sauron" sounded too much alike, and might confuse viewers. On concept art, Saruman is called '''Ruman''',<ref>[http://www.ralphbakshi.com/gallery/displayimage.php?album=5&pos=69 1978 - The Lord of the Rings Gallery] at [http://www.ralphbakshi.com Ralphbakshi.com] (accessed 26 March 2011)</ref> but prior to recording, this was changed to '''Aruman'''. However, during recording, it was again changed, to "Saruman". Because of this late change, several instances of "Aruman" remain in the finished film.

'''2001-03: [[The Lord of the Rings (film series)|''The Lord of the Rings'' (film series)]]:'''
:Saruman was played by [[Christopher Lee]]. Saruman's depiction in the series is more akin to the early drafts: he is a more committed vassal of [[Sauron]]; still, he is seemingly not above cheating his master, instructing [[Lurtz]] to bring him the Hobbits carrying "something of great value" (the One Ring). In the films, his corruption by Sauron is directly portrayed to have come about through his use of one of the [[Palantíri]] found in the tower of [[Orthanc]], through which Sauron fueled the lust for power and accompanying arrogance and greed already festering in Saruman's heart. The films did not include the [[Battle of Bywater|Scouring of the Shire]], so Saruman's last appearance was in Isengard, during his encounter with [[Gandalf]] and [[Théoden]]. In the [[The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King (extended edition)|extended edition of ''The Return of the King'']], [[Gríma]] stabs Saruman in the back, causing him to fall on a spiked wheel below the tower of Orthanc.

'''2012-14: [[The Hobbit (film series)|''The Hobbit'' (film series)]]:'''
:[[Christopher Lee]] reprised his role as Saruman, although the character does not appear in the book.<ref name="TelegraphCasting">{{webcite|articleurl=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/film/film-news/8311016/Christopher-Lee-will-star-in-the-Hobbit-prequel.html|articlename=Christopher Lee will star in the Hobbit prequel|dated=08-Feb-2011|website=[http://www.telegraph.co.uk/ The Telegraph]|accessed=21-Dec-2011}}</ref> He appears as part of the [[White Council]] alongside [[Gandalf]], [[Galadriel]] and [[Elrond]]. He is sceptical about the appearance of a [[Sauron#Sauron's Return|Necromancer]] in [[Dol Guldur]]. However, when he participates in the [[attack on Dol Guldur]], he sees for himself that Sauron has indeed returned. After the skirmish, he appears shaken by the display of Sauron's power, but claims he will take it upon himself to keep an eye on the Dark Lord and pretends to care for Lady Galadriel's weakened state.

=== Television ===
'''1993: [[Hobitit|''Hobitit'']]:'''
:Saruman was played by actor Mikko Kivinen. He appears only in the "Vanha metsä" ("Old Forest") episode.

=== Radio series ===
'''1955: [[The Lord of the Rings (1955 radio series)|''The Lord of the Rings'' (1955 radio series)]]:'''
:The voice of Saruman is provided by [[Robert Farquharson]].

'''1979: [[The Lord of the Rings (1979 radio series)|''The Lord of the Rings'' (1979 radio series)]]:'''
:The voice of Saruman is provided by [[James Arrington]].

'''1981: [[The Lord of the Rings (1981 radio series)|''The Lord of the Rings'' (1981 radio series)]]:'''
:[[Peter Howell]] played Saruman. Because the series follows a chronological timeline rather than the flashbacks of the books, Saruman's betrayal is brought out much sooner than in the book. Excerpts from [[The Hunt for the Ring]] are dramatised to flesh out Gandalf's escape from Isengard, and the Nazgul's pursuit. In the final episode, Saruman's death at the hands of Wormtongue at Bag End is included.

'''1992: [[Der Herr der Ringe (1992 German radio series)|''Der Herr der Ringe'' (1992 German radio series)]]:'''
:Saruman is played by Manfred Steffen.

'''2001-2003: [[Pán prsteňov (2001-2003 Slovak radio series)|''Pán prsteňov'' (2001-2003 Slovak radio series)]]:'''
:The voice of Saruman is provided by Andrej Hryc. Saruman appears in all three series (seasons) of this adaptation, with his most prominent appearances in the episodes covering ''The Two Towers''.

=== Games ===
'''2003: [[The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King (video game)|''The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King'' (video game)]]:'''
:Though Christopher Lee provided the voice of Saruman for many scenes, the only visual appearance of the Wizard of from re-used movie clips, his voice is played over several Gandalf's actions though.

'''2003: ''[[The Lord of the Rings: War of the Ring]]'':'''
:Saruman is one of the "Hero" units of the Servants of Sauron, the game also depicts his creation of the Uruk-hai.

'''2004: ''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Battle for Middle-earth]]'':'''
:Saruman is the main "Hero" unit of Isengard faction, the evil campaign follows his despoilment of both Isengard and the Fangorn Forest, war on Rohan and later conquest of the outlying lands.

'''2006: ''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Battle for Middle-earth II]]'':'''
:Saruman is still the main "Hero" unit of Isengard faction, but plays no role in the storyline.

'''2011: ''[[The Lord of the Rings Online: Rise of Isengard]]'':'''
:Through frequently referred to in-game since 2007, Saruman made no visual appearance until 2011 and the ''Rise of Isengard'' expansion. Many quests in the game display the stretch of the White Hand - Saruman's minions are present in Shire as early as {{TA|3018}}, as well as [[Bree-land]], [[Lone-lands]], [[Eregion]], [[Enedwaith]], [[Dunland]], [[Gap of Rohan]], outskirts of the [[Fangorn Forest]] and even [[Moria]].
:In the storyline of ''Rise of Isengard'' Saruman first appears buying the loyalties of the Dunlending clans, bringing with him riches and maintaining a friendly appearance. He also still keeps his affairs in Rohan private, to the point that when a Rohirrim questions the desolation of [[Nan Curunír]] and the presence of Trolls in Isengard, the Wizard manages to use his voice to convince him that it was all for the good cause. At one point, traitorous Dunlendings capture the player and send him to Saruman as a gift - once again the Wizard maintains a friendly and noble appearance, trying to discern the location of The Ring, before the player escapes.
:A major storyline is derived from a single line in ''[[The Fellowship of the Ring]]'', where Saruman calls himself "Ring-forger". Long having researched the Rings of Power, Saruman sends his minions to pillage what remains of Ring-Forges of Eregion, looking for any knowledge of ancient Elven smiths that have remained here. Using that lore, he constructs a massive Ring-Forge under Isengard, where he creates five lesser rings and a master one to command them. He keeps the master ring to himself and gives the other to his most trusted lieutenants, though none of the mortals are prepared for it and are turned into monstrosities. A large forces of players defeats them one by one, reclaiming lesser rings and later uses those rings to turn upon the master one. In the ensuing fight Saruman's ring is destroyed shortly before the Battle of Hornburg, and with it the lesser ones lose their power.

'''2014: [[Middle-earth: Shadow of Mordor]]:'''
:Voiced by [[Roger Jackson]], Saruman appears in this game as a non-playable character. The game's protagonist, Talion, finds various artefacts that reveal that Saruman's spies are active within the borders of [[Mordor]] in the years between ''[[The Hobbit]]'' and ''[[The Lord of the Rings]]''. It is later revealed that Saruman was controlling Queen Marwen of the [[Nurnen]] to hinder Sauron while bringing about the destruction of the men of [[Nurn]].

{{references}}

{{seq-start}}
{{seq-head
|race=maiar
|house=[[Maiar|Maia]] of [[Aulë]]
|born=[[Creation of the Ainur]]
|died=[[3 November]], {{TA|3019}}
}}
{{seq
|prev=Position established
|pvac=None
|list=Chief of the [[Wizards|Istari]]
|dates=c. {{TA|1000}} - [[5 March]], {{TA|3019|n}}
|next=[[Gandalf]]
}}
{{seq
|prev=Unknown
|list=[[Lord of Isengard|Lord]] of [[Isengard]]
|dates={{TA|2759}} - [[15 August]], {{TA|3019|n}}
|nvac=None
|next=''[[Aragorn|Elessar]] granted Isengard to the [[Ents]]''
}}
{{seq-end}}

{{ainur}}
{{hobbitfilms}}
{{lordoftheringsfilms}}

[[Category:Characters in The Lord of the Rings]]
[[Category:Characters in The Silmarillion]]
[[Category:First Age characters]]
[[Category:Maiar]]
[[Category:Old English names]]
[[Category:Rulers in Middle-earth]]
[[Category:Servants of Sauron]]
[[Category:Smiths]]
[[Category:Third Age characters]]
[[Category:Wizards]]
[[de:Saruman]]
[[fr:/encyclo/personnages/ainur/maiar/istari/saruman]]
[[fi:Saruman]]

Saruman

2023-12-13T15:23:03Z

LordoftheEarth:

{{sources}}
{{maiar infobox
| name=Saruman
| image=[[File:John Howe - Saruman.jpg|250px]]
| caption="Saruman" by [[John Howe]]
| pronun=
| othernames=''Curumo, Tarindor'' ([[Quenya|Q]]) ''Curunír 'Lân'' ([[Sindarin|S]]) [[the White]], [[the Wise]], the [[Ring-maker]], of Many Colours, [[Sharkey]]
| titles=[[Lord of Isengard]]
| position=Chief of the [[Heren Istarion]] Head of the [[White Council]]
| location=[[Orthanc]]
| affiliation=[[Aulë]] [[Istari]] (Wizards) [[White Council]] [[Sauron]]
| language=
| birth=
| birthlocation=
| rule={{TA|2759}} - {{TA|3019|n}}
| death=[[3 November]], {{TA|3019}} (existed in [[Middle-earth]] for 2019 years)
| deathlocation=[[Hobbiton]]
| age=
| notablefor=
| house=
| parentage=
| siblings=
| spouse=
| children=
| gender=Male
| height=Tall
| hair=White with strands of black<ref name="Voice">{{TT|Voice}}</ref>
| eyes=
| clothing=White robes, shimmering with many colours
| weapons=Staff Knife
| steed=
}}

{{quote|[Saruman] is great among the Wise. He is the chief of my order and the head of the Council. His knowledge is deep, but his pride has grown with it, and he takes ill any meddling. The lore of the Elven-rings, great and small, is his province. He has long studied it, seeking the lost secrets of their making...|[[Gandalf]] in ''[[The Fellowship of the Ring]]'', "[[The Shadow of the Past]]"}}

'''Saruman the White''' was the first of the order of [[Wizards]] (or ''Istari'') who came to Middle-earth as Emissaries of the [[Valar]] in the [[Third Age]]. For a time he was the chief of the [[Wizards|Heren Istarion]], as well as the head of the [[White Council]]. However, he began to fall from his errand, being envious of [[Gandalf]] and admiring [[Sauron]], whose power he coveted. The White Wizard was soon ensnared by the Dark Lord and acted out his will as his duplicitous servant, while secretly plotting to use the [[The One Ring|One Ring]] to usurp his new master's place.

At Sauron's command, Saruman coordinated assaults from [[Orthanc]] in [[Isengard]] against neighboring [[Rohan]] during the [[War of the Ring]] and strove to weaken the realm through his mole, [[Gríma]]. Trying to cheat his master, the corrupted Wizard also sent a trusted company to capture the [[Ring-bearers|Ring-bearer]]. However, his allies were all vanquished and he was forced to remain a prisoner in his own tower, though not for long. Allowed to leave Orthanc, he travelled to the [[Shire]], which his [[Ruffians|Ruffian]] pawns had gained control over, and became the hidden local thug lord. Saruman was again defeated by the rallied, oppressed [[Hobbits]] and he himself was backstabbed by Gríma for his mistreatment. His unbodied spirit was denied the [[West]] and fled naked and impotent, never to return.

== History ==
=== Early history ===
As a [[Maia]], Saruman was created by [[Ilúvatar]] before the [[Music of the Ainur]].<ref name="Ainu">{{S|Ainu}}</ref> In his early days in [[Valinor]], he went by the name ''[[Curumo]]''<ref>{{UT|Istari}}, note 6</ref> or ''Tarindor''.<ref name=Cuv/> A powerful Maia of [[Aulë]], <ref>{{S|Vala}}</ref> he had been very much like his peer [[Sauron|Mairon]], later known as Sauron.<ref name=myths>{{MR|Myths}}, pp. 394-398</ref>

After the Valar discovered the primeval [[Elves]] at [[Cuiviénen]], Tarindor was one of the [[Five Guardians]] sent to protect the Elves from the forces of [[Melkor]].<ref name=Cuv>{{NM|P1xiii}}, p. 95</ref> It is unclear how long he remained or if he accompanied the [[Eldar]] on the [[Great Journey]].

=== Return to Middle-earth ===
After the defeat of Morgoth, the Valar grew concerned about the rising power of Sauron in Middle-earth. In [[Valinor]], a council was called by [[Manwë]], where it was decided to send Maiar as emissaries to Middle-earth to help the [[Free Peoples]] challenge Sauron. The council likely met in the middle of the Second Age, shortly after the creation of the [[Rings of Power]]. The council determined that these emissaries (who became known as the [[Istari]] or Wizards) should be "mighty, peers of Sauron, yet [they should] forgo might, and clothe themselves in flesh so as to treat on equality and win the trust of Elves and Men."<ref name=Istari>{{UT|Istari}}</ref>{{rp|393}} Curumo, who was sent to the council by Aulë, volunteered to travel to Middle-earth as an emissary; he was appointed the first Istar and became the chief of their Order.<ref name=Istari />{{rp|389, 394}}

Even before arriving in Middle-earth, Curumo begrudged his peers among the Istari. ''[[Gandalf|Olórin]]'' (later Gandalf), who did not wish to travel to Middle-earth, was commanded by Manwë to go as the third Istar. Saruman's jealousy of Gandalf began here, when [[Varda]] said of Gandalf that he was "not the third". Saruman was charged to take [[Aiwendil]] (later Radagast) with him to please [[Yavanna]], which he did not wish to do, and this led to his contempt for the latter Wizard.<ref name=Istari />{{rp|393}}

In Middle-earth, Curomo became known in [[Sindarin]] as ''[[Curunír]]'' and in [[Westron]] by his most common name, ''Saruman''. Like the other Wizards, his [[fana]] took the appearance of an old man. He had raven hair and was robed in white.<ref name=Istari />{{rp|393}}

Saruman and others of the Istari arrived in Middle-earth on a ship at [[Mithlond]] (the [[Grey Havens]]) in [[Lindon]] around the year 1000 of the [[Third Age]].<ref name=Istari /> At the time of their arrival, their origin, nature, purpose, and true names were a secret to nearly everyone in Middle-earth. Having witnessed their arrival, [[Círdan]] alone knew the truth of their identity and origin. He chose to give [[Narya]], the Red Ring, to Gandalf to aid him in his mission.<ref name="AppTA"/> Círdan told only [[Galadriel]] and [[Elrond]] of the true origins of the Istari.<ref name="SV"/> After a time, Saruman learned of Círdan's gift and begrudged it; this heightened the hidden ill-will that he bore towards Gandalf.<ref name=Istari/>

Shortly after arriving, Saruman travelled into the [[East]] of Middle-earth, as did the two [[Blue Wizards]]. After one and a half millennia he returned to the West, just as Sauron's power was growing again in [[Dol Guldur]].

=== Chief of the White Council ===
[[File:Angus McBride - Saruman.gif|thumb|''Saruman'' by [[Angus McBride]]]]
When the [[White Council]] was formed around {{TA|2463}}<ref name="AppTA"/>, Saruman was appointed its leader. Even then, he had begun to sense the resurgence of Sauron and to envy and desire his power, and especially his [[The One Ring|One Ring]]. Coincidentally, in that same year the One Ring was found by the creature [[Gollum]]<ref name="AppTA"/>, drawing the [[Dark Lord]] closer to the conflict that would eventually prove Saruman's undoing.

During this period, Saruman spent years in [[Minas Tirith]] examining its archives. It is possible that there he surmised that a [[Palantíri|''palantír'']] would still be located in [[Orthanc]], the tower of [[Isengard]].<ref name="palantiri">>{{UT|Palantiri}}</ref> He offered to make Isengard his home and to command the defences of the West. This was welcomed by King [[Fréaláf]] of [[Rohan]] and [[Ruling Steward|Steward]] [[Beren (Steward of Gondor)|Beren]] of [[Gondor]] alike. In {{TA|2759}}, Saruman was given the [[Key of Orthanc]] in the ring of [[Isengard]] his abode, hoping that he would prove an important ally.<ref name="SV">{{S|V}}</ref><Ref name=stew>{{App|Stewards}}</ref> There he became important in the defence of the free lands of the West. In Orthanc he came upon the [[Orthanc-stone]], one of the seven seeing stones, but kept it secret and hidden, particularly from the White Council. He would later betray the Council by concealing his use of it.

In {{TA|2851}}, the White Council met and Gandalf revealed that the evil presence in Dol Guldur was indeed Sauron and that he had returned, and urged an attack there. Saruman however believed that Sauron would be useful in his quest: allowing Sauron to build up his strength, the One Ring would reveal itself, and Saruman hoped to have sufficient strength to seize it first himself until that event. With this strategy in mind, Saruman overruled Gandalf. It soon became clear that Saruman desired to possess [[the One Ring]] himself.<ref name="AppTA">{{App|TA}}</ref>

He soon found that Sauron had more knowledge of the possible location of the One Ring than he expected, and in {{TA|2941}} he finally consented to an [[Attack on Dol Guldur]] against Sauron at which point Sauron retreated to [[Mordor]].
[[File:Angus McBride - Dol Guldur.jpg|thumb|left|''Dol Guldur'' by [[Angus McBride]]]]
In {{TA|2953}}, the [[Wise]] gathered once more to debate about the [[Rings of Power]]. Saruman quieted the Council claiming to have the knowledge that the One Ring was lost forever in the [[Belegaer]]. Following their final meeting (and the death of [[Turgon (Steward of Gondor)|Steward Turgon]]), Saruman took Isengard for his own and fortified it.<Ref name=stew/> Saruman, jealous and afraid of Gandalf, set spies to watch all his movements; thus he discovered the existence of the [[Shire]] and noted Gandalf's interest in it, and started sending agents in [[Bree]] and the [[Southfarthing]].<ref name="AppTA"/> As [[Lord of Isengard]], Saruman began to bring trouble to Rohan by aiding its enemies, such as the [[Dunlendings]].<ref name="AppMark">{{App|Mark}}</ref>

Sauron had declared himself openly in Mordor; he established contact with Saruman through the [[Ithil-stone]] his minions had captured from [[Minas Ithil]]. Saruman's corruption was complete around {{TA|3000}}.<ref name="AppTA"/> The White Wizard was ensnared by the Dark Lord with promises of power, becoming his servant and desiring his victory.<ref name="palantiri"/> But Saruman was far from a faithful subordinate: his main goal was to claim the Ring first and wield it to supplant Sauron; his feigned allegiance would ensure that, if the gamble failed, he could at least have his new master's favor and eventually become into the true power behind his throne.<ref name="FRCouncil"/> Though the Wise may have grown suspicious of the White Wizard's designs concerning the Ring, none knew of his defection to the service of the Dark Lord;<ref name="palantiri"/> [[Aragorn]], however, tried to advise Steward [[Ecthelion II]] not to trust Saruman for his help against Sauron.<ref name=stew/>

Although some [[Orcs of the Misty Mountains]] had been drawn into the White Wizard's service, Saruman had made other [[Orcs]] (including [[Uruk-hai]] in Isengard, even crossbreeding them with Men to produce [[Half-orcs]] and [[Goblin-men]].<ref name="palantiri"/> With knowledge imparted by his master or gained through his own researches into the lore of [[Eregion]], he also crafted his own lesser ring.<ref name="FRCouncil"/> As Sauron's grasp extended to Rohan, Saruman incited the Orcs of the Misty Mountains and sent Uruk-hai to harrass the Rohirrim.<ref name="AppTA"/>

=== War of the Ring ===
At about this time, in an attempt to control Rohan, Saruman bought the allegiance of King [[Théoden]]'s chief advisor, [[Gríma]], who then counselled the ailing ruler to do nothing about the steady resurgence of Sauron's armies. Saruman's strategy would not only have satisfied thoughts of his own lordship, but would have prevented Théoden from helping [[Denethor II|Denethor]] against his master, Sauron; however, his mole, Gríma, still faced opposition from the king's son and nephew, [[Théodred]] and [[Éomer]] respectively.
Saruman had sent spies to negotiate the purchase of "[[pipe-weed|leaf]]" from [[the Shire]], in preparation for the war, and also learn of any [[Hobbits]] who had departed recently in hopes of finding out who possessed the One Ring.<ref name="UT10">{{UT|10}}, "Concerning Gandalf, Saruman, and the Shire"</ref>

On [[10 July]], {{TA|3018}}, Gandalf arrived at Isengard.<ref name="AppGreat">{{App|Great}}</ref> The former White Wizard finally announced his intentions: to rule as the Dark Lord's grey eminence, or usurp his place. Saruman then stood forth as '''Saruman of Many Colours''' and when that Gandalf refused to submit to Sauron or reveal the Ring's location to him instead, he held him captive in Isengard. From the pinnacle of the tower Gandalf could see that Saruman was summoning his hordes of Orcs and [[Wolves]] in pits and forges around Isengard - Saruman was building an army, both in service and in competition of Sauron.<ref name="FRCouncil">{{FR|Council}}</ref>

[[File:The Lord of the Rings - The Two Towers - Gríma and Saruman.jpg|thumb|left|Saruman commanding his forces from Orthanc as seen in the ''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Two Towers]]'' film]]

Gandalf later escaped, and so Saruman's treachery and fealty to Sauron became known to the rest of the Wise when Gandalf reported this during the subsequent [[Council of Elrond]]. But he would soon prove a traitor to his master, the Dark Lord, as well. By one account, the [[Nazgûl]] arrived at Isengard after Gandalf's flight, having been sent by Sauron in search of "[[Bilbo Baggins|Baggins]]" who had found the One Ring years before, and the Shire, his home. Knowing the [[Witch-king]] and his company did not have the strength to assault the Ring of Isengard, Saruman pretended to know nothing about the Shire. Instead he told them that he believed Gandalf knew the whereabouts of the Ring, and the Nazgûl departed. Unknown to him, the Nine are said to have stumbled upon Wormtongue; fearing for his life, Gríma revealed the information that Saruman had withheld from the Nazgûl and was spared, thanks to his usefulness.

By another account, the Nazgûl reached Isengard when Gandalf was still imprisoned there. Fearing his treacherous thoughts were known to his master, the White Wizard stalled for time, telling the Nine that he would force his captive to confess the Shire's location or hand him over. At the top of Orthanc, Saruman discovered that Gandalf had just escaped on the back of [[Gwaihir]] one of the [[Great Eagles]]. He descended and told the Nine how to reach the Shire, assuring them that he would then inform the Dark Lord. However, in September {{TA|3018}}, the Nazgûl captured one of his [[Squint-eyed southerner|spies]]; the Southerner told the [[Witch-king]] everything, exposing the Wizard's disloyalty. They also seized some maps and information about the Shire and Baggins. <ref name="UTHunt">{{UT|Hunt}}</ref>

Hurrying to claim the Ring, Saruman sent a horde led by [[Uglúk]] to hunt down the [[Fellowship of the Ring]] and bring the [[Ring-bearers|Ring-bearer]] back to Isengard; Saruman's trusted troop, however, was intercepted by another warband sent by the untrusting Sauron. Though the two companies joined forces and captured two of the Hobbits at [[Emyn Muil]], inner conflict slowed them down and the Orcs were all slain on the eaves of [[Fangorn Forest]] by Rohirrim.

[[File:Ted Nasmith - The Wrath of the Ents.jpg|thumb|''The Wrath of the Ents'' by [[Ted Nasmith]]]]

The Wizard found his position becoming dangerously isolated, as he had cheated his master, or at least tried to.<ref name=voiceofsaruman>{{TT|III10}}</ref> Therefore Saruman implemented an aggressive strategy of attacking the Rohirrim, in order to appease Sauron. To cement his hold over Théoden, he gave special orders that the king's son, Théodred, be slain at all costs. In the [[First Battle at the Fords of Isen]], Saruman's forces engaged the Rohirrim defenders and mortally-wounded Théodred, after which they fell back. <ref>{{UT|Isen}}</ref> Unknown to Saruman, [[Peregrin Took]] and [[Meriadoc Brandybuck]] - the two Hobbits his servants had lost on the eaves of Fangorn - were currently mobilizing the [[Ents]] against him. The return of Gandalf resulted in Gríma's treachery being revealed and Théoden taking up arms against Sauron and Saruman. In a final move against Théoden, Saruman unleashed the army of Isengard against the people of Rohan at [[Helm's Deep]]. Though initially victory seemed at hand, his Uruk-hai warriors were utterly defeated and his Dunlending allies forced to surrender. Further, the Ents, embittered by [[Orcs of Isengard|his Orcs]]' use of Fangorn wood as fuel for his war machine, besieged and occupied Isengard.

Aware he was utterly defeated, the corrupted Wizard briefly considered repenting for his deeds, but at the last moment could not go through with it. Whether he had hope he could escape, whether he was too proud to surrender to Gandalf, whether he thought his master would pardon him, Saruman refused to leave the confines of his fortress. Saruman made a final attempt to woo Théoden and Gandalf to his cause but failed: his staff was broken and he was expelled from the Order of the Istari.<ref name="voiceofsaruman"/>

Left out of the final stages of the War of the Ring and unable to be of any use to Sauron, he eventually managed to convince his captors, the Ents, into letting him leave Isengard, as apparently the magic of his voice still remained.

[[File:Matt Stewart - The Voice of Isengard.jpg|thumb|''The Voice of Isengard'' by [[:Category:Images by Matt Stewart|Matt Stewart]]]]

On their way to northern [[Dunland]], on [[28 August]]<Ref name=chief>{{App|Chief}}</ref> they were confronted by Gandalf, [[Celeborn]], [[Galadriel]] and the Hobbits, but they passed as travelling beggars as Saruman kicked Gríma to move on, and he exclaimed how he hated his lord. Gandalf told Gríma that he was free to leave him but he did not reply. As Saruman was considered powerless, there was little concern for his escape.<ref name=Partings>{{RK|Partings}}</ref> On [[22 September]]<ref name=chief/> they entered to the Shire, which his ally [[Lotho Sackville-Baggins]] (undisturbed by events elsewhere) had brought under control. He established himself in [[Hobbiton]] and spent his final days as a small-time thug lord whom his [[ruffians]] called '''''Sharkey''''', imposing a terror regime to avenge himself upon the peaceful Halflings. But even this operation fell apart after Frodo and [[Samwise Gamgee]] returned; he was eventually betrayed and killed by his own agent Gríma on [[3 November]], {{TA|3019}}.

Saruman, who was a Maia, had lost his shape with his "death". As a discorporate spirit, he turned westward, but a wind came from the [[West]] and pushed him away. Apparently his spirit was left naked, powerless, and wandering in Middle-earth, not unlike Sauron after the One Ring was destroyed.

== Characteristics ==
[[File:Gregor Roffalski - Curunír.jpg|thumb|''Curunír'' by [[:Category:Images by Gregor Roffalski|Gregor Roffalski]]]]
In appearance, Saruman was as an old man with black hair. At the end of the Third Age, his hair and beard had turned mostly white — he had only black hairs about his lips and ears. He was tall, his face was long, and his eyes were deep and dark. He would appear in a white cloak, a habit he later changed into a cloak that changed colours as he moved.

He was not actually a [[Men|Man]], or even an [[Elves|Elf]] (as Men often suspected), but a [[Maiar|Maia]] clothed in flesh — an [[Istari|Istar]] (see ''Origins'' above). As such, he was immortal and extremely powerful, yet had limits on how far these powers could be used. His two most salient powers were his knowledge and his voice. Saruman was, in a very real way, the junior brother of Sauron both having been Maia of Aulë, Valar of Smithcraft, in the very beginnings of time. The parallels between Sauron and Saruman in both character and actions are many.

=== Powers ===
Knowledge of the "deep arts" (or magic, such as it is in Middle-earth) was of particular interest to Saruman, especially when relating to power such as the [[Rings of Power]] and the far seeing ''[[palantíri]]''. He was also deeply learned in ancient lore regarding powerful kingdoms such as [[Númenor]], [[Gondor]], and [[Moria]].

His voice and speech were extremely convincing, more powerful than mere rhetoric. When he focused this power on a person or a group of people, he could sway their hearts, plant fears and sow lies as he pleased. According to the stature of the listener, this spell could last as long as the speech did, or it could take root in them and last forever. Saruman's voice was so powerful that he was able to convince the [[Witch-king]] that he knew nothing of the One-Ring or the Shire. His voice was not hypnotic, however, rather it was persuasive; and the real danger the voice posed to the listener was not them falling into a trance, but agreeing with it.

Aside from his voice, Saruman has other subtle abilities such as giving great speed and motivation to his orcs at a distance and setting his will against all those in his dominion that might oppose him. Aragorn takes note of this ability while tracking the party of orcs holding Merry and Pippin hostage. Saruman also seems to be able to move around totally unheard by others, as there are numerous examples of him using this ability. Several examples include his sneaking up on [[Aragorn]], [[Gimli]] and [[Legolas]]'s camp in [[The Riders of Rohan]], his wholly unheard entrance in [[The Voice of Saruman]] and his quiet but sudden appearance to the hobbits in [[The Scouring of the Shire]].

Other powers include knowledge of machinery and chemistry, probably separable from explicit magic (for instance, the "blasting fire" employed by his [[Uruk-hai]] army in the battle of [[Helm's Deep]], was some kind of chemical explosive). Machinery and engines characterised both his fortified [[Isengard]] and his altered [[the Shire|Shire]] arenas of influence. In this, he sought to emulate, or even surpass his ally, [[Sauron]]. This inclination was constitutional in them both from the very beginning.

His science also extended to biological areas. He is believed to have crossbred Men and Orcs, creating a new race of Orcs unafraid of daylight, the dreaded Uruk-hai, a major improvement on Sauron's thralls who hated daylight. His mannish spies in [[Bree]] were said to have Orc blood, giving them heightened senses over ordinary men. He also employed scavenger birds in his service, although this might also be attributed to [[Radagast]] the Brown, ordering them to report to [[Orthanc]], Saruman's stronghold.

Being regarded as more powerful than [[Gandalf]] (at least before Gandalf's "rebirth"), it's fair to assume he would also wield explicit magic similar to Gandalf, such as artificial light, locking spells, creating fire, etc.

Saruman, walking on the same ruinous path as Sauron, attempted to forge for himself a Ring of Power. This he wore during the War of the Ring which he revealed when he called himself "Saruman the [[Ring-maker]]". He had great knowledge and lore of the magic rings created by Sauron and by the Elven-smiths, though at this time the full art of ring-making was lost and known only to Sauron and so Saruman's knowledge of the craft was incomplete. It is assumed that Saruman's Ring was the equivalent of one of the lesser rings in power and any details of this power is not mentioned. It is also assumed that it too lost its power, if it had any, when the One Ring was destroyed, since Saruman's craft of ring-making was still based on Sauron's. When Gandalf was given Narya, the Ring of Fire, Saruman learned of the gift and resented it. This may be another reason why Saruman desired to have a ring of his own.

=== Personality ===
Saruman resembled Gandalf not only in appearance, but originally also somewhat in deportment, but unlike Gandalf, Saruman was proud, even haughty, and in this he was more akin to Sauron. He saw himself as the most powerful of the Istari, expressing clear contempt for Radagast the Brown, patronising tolerance of the Wise and Elves, and sheer disdain for lesser Men. Saruman was no fool (though he saw Radagast as one); he realised Gandalf's power, and eventually came to see him as an equal, and later as a superior, much to his distress. He became jealous of Gandalf, eventually convincing himself that Gandalf was scheming against him, which justified his own scheming against Gandalf and the rest of the White Council, and the Free Peoples of Middle-earth as well. Saruman's ultimate agenda in the end was not very different at all from Sauron's, in that he himself ultimately sought to become a tyrant of Middle-earth; regardless if by his new master's side or (more preferably) on his own - if he attained the One Ring First.

Saruman likely was true to his mission in the beginning, and actually believed in working to stop the return of the Darkness, but his pride and later arrogance (as well as his jealousy towards Gandalf and domination by Sauron) turned him into a traitor to the cause he had once served. Saruman's betrayal was not sudden, but slowly grew over time as Sauron used Saruman's lust for power, admiration of strength and envy as tools of control, until at last Saruman had convinced himself that he could not have taken any other path and that it was too late now to repent. To the last the corrupted Wizard only believed in his own counsel and the deceptive words of the Dark Lord. These false beliefs kept Saruman from taking his last chance at redemption, and because he must have realised this after Gandalf's truly generous terms he only became more bitter and filled with the rage of failure, blaming Gandalf more than anyone else for his downfall.

== Politics ==
=== Men ===
Saruman "went mostly among men". He always sought power, and it lay in the hands of the kingdoms of Men.

No records speak of his earliest journeys into the east; after his return he became a servant of [[Gondor]], receiving the keys to Orthanc from Beren as its warden. When Gondor weakened, he claimed Orthanc for his own without any formal declaration (or objection from Gondor), yet remained nominally an ally of Gondor and of Rohan.

When he turned to treachery, Saruman employed men mainly from [[Dunland]], and agents from other lands, turning old grudges into fuel for new hatred. The Dunlendings were enticed with the old stories that they had once lived in [[Calenardhon]] before the ''Strawheads''. The Dunlendings became his soldiers and it also seems probable that he used some of them to create [[Half-orcs]].

Gríma Wormtongue played a vital role in Saruman's plans: with Saruman's counsel Gríma began to weaken the king, estranging him from his other counsellors and even his own kin, until Gríma had in effect become the leader of Rohan.

=== Elves ===
Saruman was once on good terms with the Elves, and was voted in as the leader of the White Council, a group of Elves and Istari united against Sauron.

Saruman knew that Gandalf had been given the third Elvish ring [[Narya]] by [[Círdan]] the Shipwright. This nurtured his jealousy of Gandalf and his resentment towards the Elves.

Saruman had little use for, or interest in, the Elves, who were declining and their lands were few and secretive; although they wielded marvellous powers and two Rings of Power, they were not useful nor accessible for Saruman's ambitions. Also, they succumbed less easily than other races to manipulation.

Even though Isengard lay very close to [[Lothlórien]], Saruman had very little or no contact with it. Saruman never trusted [[Galadriel]] and he accused her of scheming for Gandalf at his expense.<ref name=Partings/>

=== Orcs ===
Saruman drew his original strength of Orcs from tribes in the [[Misty Mountains]], and perhaps from Moria Orcs. He made use of [[Wargs|Warg]]-mounted Orcs for raids against Rohan.

He also bred [[Orcs of Isengard|Orcs]] in the pits of Isengard, eventually creating crossbreeds of Orcs and Men (probably [[Dunlendings]] or [[Bree-men]]). This programme apparently also involved feeding these greater Orcs Man-flesh as a treat.

His [[Uruk-hai]] legions displayed great discipline and fierce loyalty, in addition to the other improvements such as height, strength, endurance and resistance to sunlight. There also appears to have been middle stages between Men and the Uruk-hai, Men with varying degrees of Orkish appearance such as [[Half-orcs]] and [[Goblin-men]]. These were reported by Pippin and Merry to have been part of Saruman's regular army, but were not Uruk-hai, since the hobbits would have recognised these from their earlier capture.

Saruman's servants called him "[[Sharkey]]" both in Isengard and later in the Shire.

=== Ents/Trees ===
Saruman made contact with the Ents in [[Fangorn Forest]] shortly after he settled in [[Isengard]]. The oldest of the Ents, [[Treebeard]] received him and gave him free access to the forest.

Saruman also consulted with Treebeard, learning much old lore that the Ents would have remembered from ancient times. Saruman did not return this favour, but only listened.

The Ents saw Saruman's treachery early, and became very concerned, primarily with Saruman's Orcs felling trees on the edge of Fangorn for use in the furnaces of Isengard and sometimes for no reason at all.

The Ents also appear to have had a sense of order, how things should be, that Saruman encroached upon. The crossbreeding of Men and Orcs particularly alarmed them, out of proportion to other concerns enemies of Saruman might have had. Also alarming was the pure fact of his treachery — the Istari were supposed to have a special responsibility.

Saruman used the Ents and the Fangorn forest without concern for the consequences. He clearly misjudged the Ents' abilities and will to act. This might not have been as incautious as it seemed, since major contributing factors to the Ent's actions were advice and requests from Gandalf, and concern about the rising power of Sauron (and their wish to support the front-line troops of the war, Rohan and Gondor).

Saruman clearly had the ability to understand the minds of the Ents when he found it useful. He managed to talk Treebeard into setting him free from Orthanc by pushing just the right buttons — Ents dislike the concept of caging up any creature.

=== Hobbits ===
The race of [[Hobbits]] and their lands seemed too insignificant to interest Saruman: until he took notice of Gandalf's special concern for them. Studying Gandalf made him focus gradually more and more on the Hobbits and The Shire. For a period he actually travelled there in secret, mapping out the lands. Gandalf was aware of this, but at this point only amused.

He began smoking pipe-weed (a habit of the Hobbits that Gandalf had picked up), also in secret. His demand for tobacco opened up trading between The Shire and Isengard, and the power his money could wield there and the corruption it could cause began to fascinate him. Some of his agents went in secret, and some were known to Gandalf and the [[Rangers of the North|Rangers]].

His anger towards the Hobbits may possibly stem from the attention Gandalf showed them. It certainly strengthened immensely when he discovered that the Hobbits had "conspired" with Gandalf to keep [[the One Ring]] from him.

This, and the sudden urgency caused by the [[Nazgûl|Ringwraiths]]' hunt for the Ring-bearer from The Shire to Rivendell, made him increase his activity in the area, leading to a build-up of power that would lead to virtual conquest of The Shire.

He might also later have blamed the ruin of Isengard by the Ents on [[Peregrin Took]] and [[Meriadoc Brandybuck]], who clearly catalysed events.

This all came together when Saruman escaped from the Ents and retired to The Shire and his thug regime in place there. It appears he immediately switched the focus of this operation to wanton destruction: pollution, murder, fire, chopping down trees for no reason, a last blow against Hobbits and Gandalf.

At his final utter defeat by [[Battle of Bywater|a Hobbit uprising]], his life was spared even when he tried to assassinate [[Frodo Baggins]]. At this moment he actually conceded a short-lived respect to Frodo.

=== Valar/Maiar/Wizards ===
Saruman was supposedly eager to go to Middle-earth, against Manwë's counsel. After his 'death' he was apparently barred from returning to Valinor, and therefore was denied reincarnation and condemned to waft away and disappear like so much smoke. In his corrupt state, Saruman sought power and the imposing of order in Middle-earth by any means necessary, even if it meant betraying the mission he was entrusted with and throwing in his lot with Sauron.

Sauron, in origin a Maia of Aulë like Saruman, awed and frightened him. During the height of his arrogance Saruman thought he could contend with Sauron, but in the end he found himself meddling with a spirit of far greater power and knowledge than himself. Caught peering into the ''palantír'' he was seduced by Sauron to his allegiance, no longer opposing (and perhaps even desiring) his victory. The Wizard sought to become the quasi-equal lieutenant to Sauron and receive his favor in triumph, yet he was proved to be a duplicitous ally by actively coveting the One Ring. After the Escape of Gandalf, Saruman understood the only paths ahead of him were to: show Sauron his loyalty by crippling Rohan, hoping to at the very least be spared, or claim the Ring first; otherwise he would come to ruin and torment.

Saruman grudgingly brought with him Radagast as a companion from Valinor, at the request of [[Yavanna]], yet still managed to arrive alone, and first. Shortly after, he went into the East with the two [[Blue Wizards]], and later returned alone. There he may have wrought many great works to diminish the influence of the Enemy or searched for lore to help him in his schemes.

Radagast, even though Saruman scorned him, served both Gandalf and Saruman very usefully (and wholly unintentionally, as he admitted "he had just the wit to play the part I set him", that of persuading Gandalf to come to Isengard). Radagast also sent birds to Saruman and Gandalf to report the different happenings in Middle-earth.

Saruman had always been jealous of Gandalf, and knew that he was keeping secrets from him, such as his suspicion about [[The One Ring|Bilbo's Ring]] and [[Narya]], secret. Gandalf also suspected Saruman of plotting to gain the One Ring for himself, and hinted at this at a meeting of the White Council. Gandalf blew nine small smoke rings and one great one that wavered a bit, seeming almost palpable, and yet blew away, symbolising (almost prophetic of) Saruman's failure in achieving the One. In general, Saruman must have viewed Gandalf as his only peer, and as such to be feared and treated with (although not necessarily shown) respect. He always kept a watchful eye open for Gandalf's doings, and actually picked up the habit of smoking pipe-weed by sending out spies tailing Gandalf to the Shire. After revealing his fealty to Mordor and his desire for the Ring, Saruman offered Gandalf the chance to join with Sauron, or perhaps get the One for themselves. Ultimately, certain he Gandalf could be forced to tell of the Ring's whereabouts or that ar least Sauron would prevail, he came to underestimate Gandalf and think little of his interventions.

Nevertheless, Saruman exercised more power than Gandalf, even with the ring Narya, as became clear when he placed Gandalf under arrest at the pinnacle of Orthanc. The text does not make it clear whether Saruman lost power or whether Gandalf gained power, but when Gandalf returned as "Gandalf [[the White]]", he could summon Saruman at his will, forcibly keep him in his presence, and finally break Saruman's staff (with whatever implications that might have had for Saruman's powers).

Despite his apparent disdain for the Grey Pilgrim, Saruman several times came very close to setting aside his pride and to asking Gandalf for pity and help. The closest call came when the [[Nazgûl|Ringwraiths]] (on their way to the Shire) arrived at Isengard while Gandalf still remained in captivity there. Saruman, realising he might have already lost Sauron's trust, actually went to seek Gandalf's pardon, only to find his erstwhile captive missing from the top of Orthanc.

=== Animals ===
Saruman had control over many birds, probably having been taught to tame them by Radagast. Crebain spied for him and brought him news. In addition, the Orcs Saruman took in his armies had amongst them wild [[Wolves]] and even [[Wargs]], a sort of demonic cousin of the former.

== Etymology ==
{{pronounce|Quenya - Curumo.mp3|Gilgamesh}}
''Saruman'' is a [[Mannish]] translation of [[Quenya]] ''[[Curumo]]'', his original name in [[Valinor]] as a Maia; and [[Sindarin]] ''[[Curunír]]'' which is supposedly the same name (with the ending ''[[dîr|-ndîr]]'' "man"). All names mean "Skilled Man" or "Cunning One" (root ''[[curu]]'' "skill").<ref name=RC81>{{HM|RC}}, p. 81</ref><ref>{{webcite|author=[[Helge Fauskanger]]|articleurl=http://folk.uib.no/hnohf/quen-eng.htm|articlename=Quettaparma Quenyallo|website=Arda}}</ref><ref>{{webcite|author=[[Didier Willis]], ed.|articleurl=http://www.jrrvf.com/hisweloke/sindar/online/sindar/dict-sd-en.html|articlename=Hiswelókë's Sindarin dictionary|website=[http://www.jrrvf.com/hisweloke/ Hiswelókë]}}</ref>

''Saruman'' is derived from [[Old English]]: the root word ''searu'' means "device, design, contrivance, art" and the whole name means "man of skill".<ref name=RC81/>

== Other names ==
His name in [[Sindarin]] was '''''Curunír''''' or '''''Curunír' Lân''''' ("Curunír the White").<ref name=Istari/>

Saruman was also known as '''Curumo''' ([[Quenya|Q]]: "cunning", pron. {{IPA|[ˈkurumo]}}) in [[Valinor]], before he came to [[Middle-earth]] during the [[Third Age]].<ref>{{UT|Istari}}, note 6</ref>

When sent to Cuiviénen with the other [[Five Guardians|Guardians]], he was called '''''Tarindor''''' ("*High/wise-mind(ed)-one").<ref>{{NM|P1xiii}}, "Notes", p. 102, note 7</ref>

He claimed for himself the title '''[[Ring-maker]]'''.<ref name="FRCouncil"/>

== Other versions of the legendarium ==
In the earlier versions of ''The Lord of the Rings'', Saruman was sketched merely as a fawning servant of Sauron, while the army he musters is not in rivalry of Mordor's but from the beginning in his new master's employ. In other drafts, the treacherous Wizard hands Gandalf over to the evil [[Giants|Giant]] Treebeard or betrays him to the Black Riders. <ref>{{TI|VII}}</ref>

Saruman's older names in these drafts were Sarumond and Saramund,<ref name=rc>{{HM|RC}}, p. xxiii</ref> containing the english term ''mund'' "hand".

== Inspiration ==
Saruman was invented and introduced in the story in order to explain Gandalf's absence in the first part of ''The Lord of the Rings'', replacing Treebeard as the Wizard's captor.<ref name=rc/>

As a scholar, Tolkien would also have been well aware of the name of a similarly-named historic 'head of his order', Jaruman.

== Portrayal in adaptations ==
{{Gallery
|title=Saruman in adaptations
|height=150
|width=250
|File:The Lord of the Rings (1978 film) - Saruman.jpg|Saruman in [[The Lord of the Rings (1978 film)|''The Lord of the Rings'' (1978 film)]]
|lines=2
|File:The Lord of the Rings (film series) - Saruman using Palantír.jpg|[[Christopher Lee]] as Saruman in [[The Lord of the Rings (film series)|''The Lord of the Rings'' (film series)]]
|File:LOTRO-Rise of Isengard-Saruman-1.png|Saruman in ''[[The Lord of the Rings Online]]''
|File:Lego - Saruman minifigure.jpg|Saruman in [[Lego]] form
}}

=== Films ===
'''1978: [[The Lord of the Rings (1978 film)|''The Lord of the Rings'' (1978 film)]]:'''
:[[Fraser Kerr]] provided the voice of Saruman. From early on in the production, it was decided that "Saruman" and "Sauron" sounded too much alike, and might confuse viewers. On concept art, Saruman is called '''Ruman''',<ref>[http://www.ralphbakshi.com/gallery/displayimage.php?album=5&pos=69 1978 - The Lord of the Rings Gallery] at [http://www.ralphbakshi.com Ralphbakshi.com] (accessed 26 March 2011)</ref> but prior to recording, this was changed to '''Aruman'''. However, during recording, it was again changed, to "Saruman". Because of this late change, several instances of "Aruman" remain in the finished film.

'''2001-03: [[The Lord of the Rings (film series)|''The Lord of the Rings'' (film series)]]:'''
:Saruman was played by [[Christopher Lee]]. Saruman's depiction in the series is more akin to the early drafts: he is a more committed vassal of [[Sauron]]; still, he is seemingly not above cheating his master, instructing [[Lurtz]] to bring him the Hobbits carrying "something of great value" (the One Ring). In the films, his corruption by Sauron is directly portrayed to have come about through his use of one of the [[Palantíri]] found in the tower of [[Orthanc]], through which Sauron fueled the lust for power and accompanying arrogance and greed already festering in Saruman's heart. The films did not include the [[Battle of Bywater|Scouring of the Shire]], so Saruman's last appearance was in Isengard, during his encounter with [[Gandalf]] and [[Théoden]]. In the [[The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King (extended edition)|extended edition of ''The Return of the King'']], [[Gríma]] stabs Saruman in the back, causing him to fall on a spiked wheel below the tower of Orthanc.

'''2012-14: [[The Hobbit (film series)|''The Hobbit'' (film series)]]:'''
:[[Christopher Lee]] reprised his role as Saruman, although the character does not appear in the book.<ref name="TelegraphCasting">{{webcite|articleurl=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/film/film-news/8311016/Christopher-Lee-will-star-in-the-Hobbit-prequel.html|articlename=Christopher Lee will star in the Hobbit prequel|dated=08-Feb-2011|website=[http://www.telegraph.co.uk/ The Telegraph]|accessed=21-Dec-2011}}</ref> He appears as part of the [[White Council]] alongside [[Gandalf]], [[Galadriel]] and [[Elrond]]. He is sceptical about the appearance of a [[Sauron#Sauron's Return|Necromancer]] in [[Dol Guldur]]. However, when he participates in the [[attack on Dol Guldur]], he sees for himself that Sauron has indeed returned. After the skirmish, he appears shaken by the display of Sauron's power, but claims he will take it upon himself to keep an eye on the Dark Lord and pretends to care for Lady Galadriel's weakened state.

=== Television ===
'''1993: [[Hobitit|''Hobitit'']]:'''
:Saruman was played by actor Mikko Kivinen. He appears only in the "Vanha metsä" ("Old Forest") episode.

=== Radio series ===
'''1955: [[The Lord of the Rings (1955 radio series)|''The Lord of the Rings'' (1955 radio series)]]:'''
:The voice of Saruman is provided by [[Robert Farquharson]].

'''1979: [[The Lord of the Rings (1979 radio series)|''The Lord of the Rings'' (1979 radio series)]]:'''
:The voice of Saruman is provided by [[James Arrington]].

'''1981: [[The Lord of the Rings (1981 radio series)|''The Lord of the Rings'' (1981 radio series)]]:'''
:[[Peter Howell]] played Saruman. Because the series follows a chronological timeline rather than the flashbacks of the books, Saruman's betrayal is brought out much sooner than in the book. Excerpts from [[The Hunt for the Ring]] are dramatised to flesh out Gandalf's escape from Isengard, and the Nazgul's pursuit. In the final episode, Saruman's death at the hands of Wormtongue at Bag End is included.

'''1992: [[Der Herr der Ringe (1992 German radio series)|''Der Herr der Ringe'' (1992 German radio series)]]:'''
:Saruman is played by Manfred Steffen.

'''2001-2003: [[Pán prsteňov (2001-2003 Slovak radio series)|''Pán prsteňov'' (2001-2003 Slovak radio series)]]:'''
:The voice of Saruman is provided by Andrej Hryc. Saruman appears in all three series (seasons) of this adaptation, with his most prominent appearances in the episodes covering ''The Two Towers''.

=== Games ===
'''2003: [[The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King (video game)|''The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King'' (video game)]]:'''
:Though Christopher Lee provided the voice of Saruman for many scenes, the only visual appearance of the Wizard of from re-used movie clips, his voice is played over several Gandalf's actions though.

'''2003: ''[[The Lord of the Rings: War of the Ring]]'':'''
:Saruman is one of the "Hero" units of the Servants of Sauron, the game also depicts his creation of the Uruk-hai.

'''2004: ''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Battle for Middle-earth]]'':'''
:Saruman is the main "Hero" unit of Isengard faction, the evil campaign follows his despoilment of both Isengard and the Fangorn Forest, war on Rohan and later conquest of the outlying lands.

'''2006: ''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Battle for Middle-earth II]]'':'''
:Saruman is still the main "Hero" unit of Isengard faction, but plays no role in the storyline.

'''2011: ''[[The Lord of the Rings Online: Rise of Isengard]]'':'''
:Through frequently referred to in-game since 2007, Saruman made no visual appearance until 2011 and the ''Rise of Isengard'' expansion. Many quests in the game display the stretch of the White Hand - Saruman's minions are present in Shire as early as {{TA|3018}}, as well as [[Bree-land]], [[Lone-lands]], [[Eregion]], [[Enedwaith]], [[Dunland]], [[Gap of Rohan]], outskirts of the [[Fangorn Forest]] and even [[Moria]].
:In the storyline of ''Rise of Isengard'' Saruman first appears buying the loyalties of the Dunlending clans, bringing with him riches and maintaining a friendly appearance. He also still keeps his affairs in Rohan private, to the point that when a Rohirrim questions the desolation of [[Nan Curunír]] and the presence of Trolls in Isengard, the Wizard manages to use his voice to convince him that it was all for the good cause. At one point, traitorous Dunlendings capture the player and send him to Saruman as a gift - once again the Wizard maintains a friendly and noble appearance, trying to discern the location of The Ring, before the player escapes.
:A major storyline is derived from a single line in ''[[The Fellowship of the Ring]]'', where Saruman calls himself "Ring-forger". Long having researched the Rings of Power, Saruman sends his minions to pillage what remains of Ring-Forges of Eregion, looking for any knowledge of ancient Elven smiths that have remained here. Using that lore, he constructs a massive Ring-Forge under Isengard, where he creates five lesser rings and a master one to command them. He keeps the master ring to himself and gives the other to his most trusted lieutenants, though none of the mortals are prepared for it and are turned into monstrosities. A large forces of players defeats them one by one, reclaiming lesser rings and later uses those rings to turn upon the master one. In the ensuing fight Saruman's ring is destroyed shortly before the Battle of Hornburg, and with it the lesser ones lose their power.

'''2014: [[Middle-earth: Shadow of Mordor]]:'''
:Voiced by [[Roger Jackson]], Saruman appears in this game as a non-playable character. The game's protagonist, Talion, finds various artefacts that reveal that Saruman's spies are active within the borders of [[Mordor]] in the years between ''[[The Hobbit]]'' and ''[[The Lord of the Rings]]''. It is later revealed that Saruman was controlling Queen Marwen of the [[Nurnen]] to hinder Sauron while bringing about the destruction of the men of [[Nurn]].

{{references}}

{{seq-start}}
{{seq-head
|race=maiar
|house=[[Maiar|Maia]] of [[Aulë]]
|born=[[Creation of the Ainur]]
|died=[[3 November]], {{TA|3019}}
}}
{{seq
|prev=Position established
|pvac=None
|list=Chief of the [[Wizards|Istari]]
|dates=c. {{TA|1000}} - [[5 March]], {{TA|3019|n}}
|next=[[Gandalf]]
}}
{{seq
|prev=Unknown
|list=[[Lord of Isengard|Lord]] of [[Isengard]]
|dates={{TA|2759}} - [[15 August]], {{TA|3019|n}}
|nvac=None
|next=''[[Aragorn|Elessar]] granted Isengard to the [[Ents]]''
}}
{{seq-end}}

{{ainur}}
{{hobbitfilms}}
{{lordoftheringsfilms}}

[[Category:Characters in The Lord of the Rings]]
[[Category:Characters in The Silmarillion]]
[[Category:First Age characters]]
[[Category:Maiar]]
[[Category:Old English names]]
[[Category:Rulers in Middle-earth]]
[[Category:Servants of Sauron]]
[[Category:Smiths]]
[[Category:Third Age characters]]
[[Category:Wizards]]
[[de:Saruman]]
[[fr:/encyclo/personnages/ainur/maiar/istari/saruman]]
[[fi:Saruman]]

User talk:Mith/2023

2023-09-13T18:51:18Z

LordoftheEarth:

{{talkarchive|2006|2007|2008|2009|2010|2011|2012|2013|2014|2015|2016|2017|2018|2019|2020|2021|2022}}
<table style="border: 1px solid #c0c090; background-color: #f8eaba; width:80%; margin-left: auto; margin-right:auto;"><tr><td rowspan="2">[[Image:Nuvola apps edu languages.png|none|50px|link=]]</td><td><div id="talk" style="text-align: center; padding: 5px; clear: both;><big>'''''Welcome to [[User:Mith|Mith]]'s talk page.'''''</big></div></td></tr><tr><td><ul><li>Please [{{SERVER}}{{localurl:{{NAMESPACE}}:{{PAGENAME}}|action=edit&section=new}} post your new topic at the ''bottom''] of this page, including a '''<nowiki>==Descriptive heading==</nowiki>'''.</li><li>You should sign and date your posts by inserting "'''<nowiki>~~</nowiki>~~'''" at the end of them.</li><li>Please indent your posts with "''':'''" if replying to an existing topic (or "'''::'''" if replying to a reply, etc.).</li><li>I will generally respond ''here'' to comments that are posted here, rather than replying via your talk page (or the article talk page, if you are writing to me about an article), so you may want to [{{SERVER}}{{localurl:{{NAMESPACE}}:{{PAGENAME}}|action=watch}} watch this page].</li><li>If I have left a message on ''your'' talk page, please continue the discussion there; '''DO NOT''' reply here. This is ensure that discussions do not become fragmented over several talk pages.</li></ul>[{{SERVER}}{{localurl:{{NAMESPACE}}:{{PAGENAME}}|action=edit&section=new}} '''⇒ Start a new talk topic.''']</td></tr></table>


== Can't upload my artwork all of a sudden ==

Hi, Mith,

After a long time of not creating art, I'm illustrating Tolkien again. I've managed to upload a few new images to my images page, but a day or two ago I wanted to upload additional art, but I got error messages.

They each pretty much say the same thing (but for different files, since I tried several). An example of one error message is:

Could not open lock file for "mwstore://local-backend/local-public/7/7f/Then_Maedros_Alone_Stood_Aside_-_final_final_-_smaller_file.png". Make sure your upload directory is configured correctly and your web server has permission to write to that directory.

Then there is a link to mediawiki.org for troubleshooting. But I'm not very savvy about wikis, so I don't know what to do.

I was uploading just a few days ago. Can you please help me figure out how to unlock my uploading permission?

Thank you very much.

Sincerely,

Paula DiSante

'''<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>'''

June 26, 2023 [[User:Pdisante|Pdisante]] ([[User talk:Pdisante|talk]]) 18:59, 26 June 2023 (UTC)

:Hi Paula! Ah, I think I see the culprit; we made some upgrades to the wiki yesterday. Go ahead and try again :) [[User:Hyarion|Hyarion]] ([[User talk:Hyarion|talk]]) 19:39, 26 June 2023 (UTC)
::Oh, thank you so much! I really appreciate it.
::How long will it take for my new uploads to appear on my "Images by" page? Is that just a matter of you guys approving the uploads, or does it just naturally take a day or two for them to appear?
::Thanks again!
::Sincerely,
::Paula DiSante [[User:Pdisante|Pdisante]] ([[User talk:Pdisante|talk]]) 03:27, 27 June 2023 (UTC)
:::Oh, "Images by..." is just a category, so you would just need to add <nowiki>[[Category:Images by NAME]]</nowiki> to the bottom of the image summary, and then the image will immediately appear in that category. [[User:Hyarion|Hyarion]] ([[User talk:Hyarion|talk]]) 03:41, 27 June 2023 (UTC)
::::Oh, thank you, Hyarion! Can you tell it has been a LONG time since I've done updating to my page? LOL!
::::Thanks again!
::::Paula [[User:Pdisante|Pdisante]] ([[User talk:Pdisante|talk]]) 05:36, 27 June 2023 (UTC)

== Photograph ==

Hope all is going well over there Mith! Do you have a picture of yourself we can use for your article? [[User:Hyarion|Hyarion]] ([[User talk:Hyarion|talk]]) 18:40, 4 July 2023 (UTC)

:No. The lack of photo is a deliberate decision. --{{User:Mith/sig}} 15:29, 5 July 2023 (UTC)

== Hi, Farewell and Good Luck ==
Hi, it's probably the last time I'll be here. I just popped in (now that LorenzoCB's block of me for 3 months expired...) to check out the site and say a few things: When I first came to this site I was searching for a better Tolkien site than One Wiki and others, to escape the toxicity of Fandom. And I liked what I found: a site with well-written articles, sources. And it was nice to contribute whenever I could - I just like writing and talking about the Middle-earth legendarium, my favourite works. But then the experince was soured with disagreements with other editors - I was not always right, that's for sure. But I just began feeling that my contributions are useless, I began editing less and I still got into disagreements, resulting in probable animosity from some users. Even after my (unwarned) blocking I gave thought to coming back, but yeah, I have the feeling of futility and lack of welcome. Not the site's fault though. The fact I don't get along with all users doesn't mean it's not better than wikis. But since I don't feel ok here and Quora's mostly shabbles, I'll try start my YouTube channel (have difficulty with animatioms though) - maybe I'll see you there with any suggestions for shorts: The Great Wanderer it's called. Keep up the site, though. And sorry for the long message, you probably have better things to do.

Oh, and one last thing: LorenzoCB cited me "imposing" Sauron's mastery over Saruman throughout the wiki as a reason for my ban. These are some Tolkien quotes about their rapport:

"It was only Sauron who used a Stone for the transference of his superior will, dominating the weaker surveyor and forcing him to reveal hidden thought and to '''submit to commands'''." - Unfinished Tales, Part 4, Ch 3, The Palantíri: Notes, Note 5

"'''Saruman fell under the domination of Sauron''' and desired his victory, or no longer opposed it." - Unfinished Tales, Part 4, Ch 3, The Palantíri

"Though... the Council may have begun to doubt Saruman's designs as regarded the Ring, not even Gandalf knew '''he had become the ally, or servant of Sauron'''." - Unfinished Tales, Part 4, Ch 3, The Palantíri

"Your servants are destroyed and scattered; your neighbours you have made your enemies; and '''you have cheated your new master''', or tried to do so." The Two Towers, LoTR Book 3, Ch 10, The Voice of Saruman

"Yes...' he said, now in a clear voice, 'we will have peace, when you and all your works have perished — and the works of '''your dark master''' to whom you would deliver us [...] '''You hold out your hand to me, and I perceive only a finger of the claw of Mordor''' [...]" - The Two Towers, LoTR Book 3, Ch 10, The Voice of Saruman

Sauron was Saruman's master. And Saruman was Sauron's duplicitous vassal, eager to usurp his lord's place as ruler of Middle-earth. I never said Saruman was a faithful servant, but he was one of his agents, nonetheless. He still did the Dark Lord's bidding, even if he plotted a second betrayal. It's not my interpretation, Tolkien wrote the word "master" for Sauron in relation to Saruman. I'm not doing this to convince someone like LorenzoCB - I just want to show why I wrote what I wrote on articles. If other people's "interpretations" differ, I can't change them - I've certainly learned that here and on Fandom. Again sorry for the long message. Have a nice time and if you ever have Tolkien video suggestion, you and anybody here is most welcome!--[[User:LordoftheEarth|LordoftheEarth]] ([[User talk:LordoftheEarth|talk]]) 18:49, 13 September 2023 (UTC)

User talk:Mith/2023

2023-09-13T18:49:51Z

LordoftheEarth:

{{talkarchive|2006|2007|2008|2009|2010|2011|2012|2013|2014|2015|2016|2017|2018|2019|2020|2021|2022}}
<table style="border: 1px solid #c0c090; background-color: #f8eaba; width:80%; margin-left: auto; margin-right:auto;"><tr><td rowspan="2">[[Image:Nuvola apps edu languages.png|none|50px|link=]]</td><td><div id="talk" style="text-align: center; padding: 5px; clear: both;><big>'''''Welcome to [[User:Mith|Mith]]'s talk page.'''''</big></div></td></tr><tr><td><ul><li>Please [{{SERVER}}{{localurl:{{NAMESPACE}}:{{PAGENAME}}|action=edit&section=new}} post your new topic at the ''bottom''] of this page, including a '''<nowiki>==Descriptive heading==</nowiki>'''.</li><li>You should sign and date your posts by inserting "'''<nowiki>~~</nowiki>~~'''" at the end of them.</li><li>Please indent your posts with "''':'''" if replying to an existing topic (or "'''::'''" if replying to a reply, etc.).</li><li>I will generally respond ''here'' to comments that are posted here, rather than replying via your talk page (or the article talk page, if you are writing to me about an article), so you may want to [{{SERVER}}{{localurl:{{NAMESPACE}}:{{PAGENAME}}|action=watch}} watch this page].</li><li>If I have left a message on ''your'' talk page, please continue the discussion there; '''DO NOT''' reply here. This is ensure that discussions do not become fragmented over several talk pages.</li></ul>[{{SERVER}}{{localurl:{{NAMESPACE}}:{{PAGENAME}}|action=edit&section=new}} '''⇒ Start a new talk topic.''']</td></tr></table>


== Can't upload my artwork all of a sudden ==

Hi, Mith,

After a long time of not creating art, I'm illustrating Tolkien again. I've managed to upload a few new images to my images page, but a day or two ago I wanted to upload additional art, but I got error messages.

They each pretty much say the same thing (but for different files, since I tried several). An example of one error message is:

Could not open lock file for "mwstore://local-backend/local-public/7/7f/Then_Maedros_Alone_Stood_Aside_-_final_final_-_smaller_file.png". Make sure your upload directory is configured correctly and your web server has permission to write to that directory.

Then there is a link to mediawiki.org for troubleshooting. But I'm not very savvy about wikis, so I don't know what to do.

I was uploading just a few days ago. Can you please help me figure out how to unlock my uploading permission?

Thank you very much.

Sincerely,

Paula DiSante

'''<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>'''

June 26, 2023 [[User:Pdisante|Pdisante]] ([[User talk:Pdisante|talk]]) 18:59, 26 June 2023 (UTC)

:Hi Paula! Ah, I think I see the culprit; we made some upgrades to the wiki yesterday. Go ahead and try again :) [[User:Hyarion|Hyarion]] ([[User talk:Hyarion|talk]]) 19:39, 26 June 2023 (UTC)
::Oh, thank you so much! I really appreciate it.
::How long will it take for my new uploads to appear on my "Images by" page? Is that just a matter of you guys approving the uploads, or does it just naturally take a day or two for them to appear?
::Thanks again!
::Sincerely,
::Paula DiSante [[User:Pdisante|Pdisante]] ([[User talk:Pdisante|talk]]) 03:27, 27 June 2023 (UTC)
:::Oh, "Images by..." is just a category, so you would just need to add <nowiki>[[Category:Images by NAME]]</nowiki> to the bottom of the image summary, and then the image will immediately appear in that category. [[User:Hyarion|Hyarion]] ([[User talk:Hyarion|talk]]) 03:41, 27 June 2023 (UTC)
::::Oh, thank you, Hyarion! Can you tell it has been a LONG time since I've done updating to my page? LOL!
::::Thanks again!
::::Paula [[User:Pdisante|Pdisante]] ([[User talk:Pdisante|talk]]) 05:36, 27 June 2023 (UTC)

== Photograph ==

Hope all is going well over there Mith! Do you have a picture of yourself we can use for your article? [[User:Hyarion|Hyarion]] ([[User talk:Hyarion|talk]]) 18:40, 4 July 2023 (UTC)

:No. The lack of photo is a deliberate decision. --{{User:Mith/sig}} 15:29, 5 July 2023 (UTC)

== Hi, Farewell and Good Luck ==
Hi, it's probably the last time I'll be here. I just popped in (now that LorenzoCB's block of me for 3 months expired...) to check out the site and say a few things: When I first came to this site I was searching for a better Tolkien site than One Wiki and others, to escape the toxicity of Fandom. And I liked what I found: a site with well-written articles, sources. And it was nice to contribute whenever I could - I just like writing and talking about the Middle-earth legendarium, my favourite works. But then the experince was soured with disagreements with other editors - I was not always right, that's for sure. But I just began feeling that my contributions are useless, I began editing less and I still got into disagreements, resulting in probable animosity from some users. Even after my (unwarned) blocking I gave thought to coming back, but yeah, I have the feeling of futility and lack of welcome. Not the site's fault though. The fact I don't get along with all users doesn't mean it's not better than wikis. But since I don't feel ok here and Quora's mostly shabbles, I'll try start my YouTube channel (have difficulty with animatioms though) - maybe I'll see you there with any suggestions for shorts: The Great Wanderer it's called. Keep up the site, though. And sorry for the long message, you probably have better things to do.

Oh, and one last thing: LorenzoCB cited me "imposing" Sauron's mastery over Saruman throughout the wiki as a reason for my ban. These are some Tolkien quotes about their rapport:

"It was only Sauron who used a Stone for the transference of his superior will, dominating the weaker surveyor and forcing him to reveal hidden thought and to '''submit to commands'''." - Unfinished Tales, Part 4, Ch 3, The Palantíri: Notes, Note 5
"'''Saruman fell under the domination of Sauron''' and desired his victory, or no longer opposed it." - Unfinished Tales, Part 4, Ch 3, The Palantíri
"Though... the Council may have begun to doubt Saruman's designs as regarded the Ring, not even Gandalf knew '''he had become the ally, or servant of Sauron'''." - Unfinished Tales, Part 4, Ch 3, The Palantíri
"Your servants are destroyed and scattered; your neighbours you have made your enemies; and '''you have cheated your new master''', or tried to do so." The Two Towers, LoTR Book 3, Ch 10, The Voice of Saruman
"Yes...' he said, now in a clear voice, 'we will have peace, when you and all your works have perished — and the works of '''your dark master''' to whom you would deliver us [...] '''You hold out your hand to me, and I perceive only a finger of the claw of Mordor''' [...]" - The Two Towers, LoTR Book 3, Ch 10, The Voice of Saruman

Sauron was Saruman's master. And Saruman was Sauron's duplicitous vassal, eager to usurp his lord's place as ruler of Middle-earth. I never said Saruman was a faithful servant, but he was one of his agents, nonetheless. He still did the Dark Lord's bidding, even if he plotted a second betrayal. It's not my interpretation, Tolkien wrote the word "master" for Sauron in relation to Saruman. I'm not doing this to convince someone like LorenzoCB - I just want to show why I wrote what I wrote on articles. If other people's "interpretations" differ, I can't change them - I've certainly learned that here and on Fandom. Again sorry for the long message. Have a nice time and if you ever have Tolkien video suggestion, you and anybody here is most welcome!--[[User:LordoftheEarth|LordoftheEarth]] ([[User talk:LordoftheEarth|talk]]) 18:49, 13 September 2023 (UTC)

Sauron

2023-04-29T07:38:26Z

LordoftheEarth:

{{evil infobox
| name=Sauron
| image=[[File:Alaïs - Annatar.jpg|250px]]
| caption="Annatar" by [[:Category:Images by Alaïs|Alaïs]]
| pronun=[[Quenya|Q]], {{IPA|[ˈsaʊron]}}
| othernames=''Annatar'' ([[Quenya|Q]]) ''Gorthaur'' ([[Sindarin|S]]) ''Mairon'' ([[Quenya|Q]]) ''Zigûr'' ([[Adûnaic|A]]) The Enemy [[Eye of Sauron|The Eye]] The Necromancer The Shadow ''([[#Other names|See below]])''
| titles=The [[Dark Lord]] The [[Lord of the Ring (title)|Lord of the Rings]] [[King of Men]] Lord of the World Ring-maker
| position=Smith of [[Aulë]] Lieutenant of [[Morgoth]] Dark Lord
| location=[[Timeless Halls]], [[Almaren]], [[Valinor]], [[Utumno]], [[Angband]], [[Tol-in-Gaurhoth]], [[Barad-dûr]], [[Ost-in-Edhil]], [[Armenelos]], [[Temple]], [[Dol Guldur]], and [[Window of the Eye]]
| affiliation=[[Maiar]] [[Angband]]
| language=[[Valarin]], [[Black Speech]], [[Adûnaic]], and possibly [[Westron]]
| birth=[[Creation of the Ainur]]
| birthlocation=[[Timeless Halls]]
| rule={{SA|1600}} - {{TA|3019}}
| death=[[25 March]] {{TA|3019}}
| deathlocation=[[Barad-dûr]], [[Plateau of Gorgoroth]]
| age=
| notablefor=Deceived the [[Elves]] into forging the [[Rings of Power]]; Created [[The One Ring]]; Brought about the [[Downfall of Númenor]]; Nearly conquered the whole of [[Middle-earth]]
| parentage=
| siblings=
| spouse=
| children=
| race=[[Ainur|Ainu]]
| gender=Male
| height=''[[#Physical form|See below]]''
| hair=
| eyes=''[[#Eye of Sauron|See below]]''
| clothing=
| weapons=[[The One Ring]]
| steed=
}}

<center>{{Quote|But in after days he rose like a shadow of Morgoth and a ghost of his malice, and walked behind him on the same ruinous path down into the Void.|''[[Valaquenta]]'': Of the Enemies}}</center>

'''Sauron''' was a highly gifted [[Maia]], originally an apprentice of [[Aulë]]. He was named '''Mairon''' and became skilled at crafting and making. Coveting the power through which he would coordinate all things according to his own will, he joined with [[Melkor]]. As "Gorthaur" he became the most trusted lieutenant of Morgoth, being reckoned as the greatest of his allies and servants in the [[Wars of Beleriand]]. From his fortress of [[Tol-in-Gaurhoth]], Sauron was directly responsible for the death of [[Barahir]] and later the [[Noldor|Noldorin]] king [[Finrod]] during the [[Quest for the Silmaril]]. He demonstrated the ability to take the form of a wolf, a serpent, and a vampire.

After the downfall of Morgoth, Sauron continually strove to conquer [[Middle-earth]] throughout the [[Second Age|Second]] and [[Third Age|Third]] Ages. In the Second Age, under the guise of '''Annatar''', he deceived the [[Elves]] of [[Eregion]], who under his guidance had created the [[Rings of Power]], whilst he secretly forged [[the One Ring]] in [[Mount Doom]]. Thus Sauron became "'''[[Lord of the Ring|the Lord of the Rings]]'''". Failing to corrupt the Elves, he assaulted the [[Westlands]], beginning a period called the [[Dark Years]], the first time he became known as the '''[[Dark Lord]]'''. The arrogant [[Númenóreans]], contesting their rule on Middle-earth, challenged him, and Sauron accepted to be brought to [[Númenor]] as a captive; however his influence corrupted the Númenóreans further - leading to the [[Downfall of Númenor]]. His spirit escaped, as did [[Elendil]] and his sons, founding the Realms in Exile of [[Arnor]] and [[Gondor]]. Elves and the [[Dúnedain]], formed the [[Last Alliance]] and, in {{SA|3441}}, Elendil and Elven [[High King of the Noldor|High King]] [[Gil-galad]] died fighting Sauron. Following Sauron's defeat, Elendil's son, [[Isildur]], severed his Ringed finger and took the One Ring for himself.

In the Third Age, Sauron the Enemy returned to Middle-earth and, as the '''Necromancer''', took the hill of [[Amon Lanc]] as his fortress of [[Dol Guldur]]; one of his foremost servants, the [[Witch-king]], formed the realm of [[Angmar]] in the north of [[Eriador]]. Following an attack by the [[White Council]] in {{TA|2941}}, the Dark Lord Sauron returned to his fortress of [[Barad-dûr]] in [[Mordor]], marshalling his armies and using his two-faced vassal, the corrupted [[Wizards|Wizard]] [[Saruman]]. By {{TA|3018}}, [[Frodo Baggins]] was in possession of the Ring, and he was led by [[Gandalf]] as a member of the [[Fellowship of the Ring]] in the [[Quest of the Ring]]. Whilst Sauron waged the [[War of the Ring]] against the [[Free peoples]] of Middle-earth, Frodo Baggins, [[Samwise Gamgee]] and [[Gollum]] reached Mount Doom on [[25 March]] {{TA|3019}}, and the Ring was destroyed. The breaking of the Ring caused Sauron's fall, and his stepping on Morgoth's path down into the [[Void]], resulting in the start of the [[Fourth Age]] and the [[Dominion of Men]].

== History ==
=== Origin ===
[[File:Maureval - Mairon.jpg|thumb|left|''Mairon'' by [[:Category:Images by Maureval|Maureval]]]]
{{quote|For nothing is evil in the beginning. Even Sauron was not so.|[[Elrond]]<ref>{{FR|Council}}</ref>}}
As one of the most powerful [[Maiar]], Sauron was created by [[Ilúvatar]] before the [[Music of the Ainur]].<ref name="Ainu">{{S|Ainu}}</ref> At the beginning of Time, he was amongst the [[Ainur]] who entered into [[Eä]].<ref name="SVala">{{S|IId}}</ref> Here he became one of the Maiar of [[Aulë]], among whose people he was deemed mighty and surpassed only by the Smith himself,<ref name="SVala"/> and was known as '''''Mairon'''''.<ref name="PE17.1">{{PE|17}}, p. 183</ref>

Mairon's virtue was his love for order, planning and coordination, disliking confusion and chaos. But his obsession with order gradually overshadowed his love for the other intelligent beings of Arda, who would benefit from his planning; it became the sole object of his will, the end in itself. He started admiring [[Melkor]]'s power to realize his designs quickly and masterfully.<ref name=myths/>

Early on he was ensnared by Melkor, becoming his spy on the isle of [[Almaren]], the dwelling-place of the Valar.<ref name="Annals">{{MR|P2a}}, p. 52</ref> After the ruin of the [[Two Lamps]], in which Almaren was also destroyed, the Valar moved to the [[Valinor|Blessed Realm of Valinor]], still not perceiving Sauron's treachery.<ref name=Valinor>{{L|131}}: "''... Sauron was a being of Valinor perverted to the service of the Enemy ...''"</ref> Soon Mairon left the Blessed Realm for [[Middle-earth]], where Melkor dominated limitlessly at that time, and bent the knee before him as his greatest and most trusted servant.<ref name="SRings">{{S|Rings}}</ref> Thus he came to be known as '''''Gorthaur''''' by the [[Sindar]] of [[Beleriand]] and '''''Sauron''''' by others. Sauron initially was not as evil as Morgoth, as he was serving someone and not himself.<ref name="SVala"/> Unlike Melkor, who wanted to unmake and corrupt the world, Sauron wished to rule it and do what he wanted with it.<ref name=myths>{{MR|Myths}}, pp. 394-398</ref>

=== First Age ===
After [[Morgoth]] made his great fortress of [[Angband]] in the north-west of [[Middle-earth]], he appointed Sauron to be its commander.<ref name="SCaptivity">{{S|Captivity}}</ref> When the [[Valar]] captured Melkor at the [[Battle of the Powers]], they stormed and searched Utumno and Angband; however, they failed to find Sauron.<ref name="SCaptivity"/>

{{blockquote|Sauron was become now a sorcerer of dreadful power, master of shadows and of phantoms, foul in wisdom, cruel in strength, misshaping what he touched, twisting what he ruled, lord of werewolves; his dominion was torment.|''[[Quenta Silmarillion]]'', "[[Of the Ruin of Beleriand and the Fall of Fingolfin]]"}}

Sauron continued his evil operations; during the [[Great March]] it is said that he afflicted the [[Atyamar|land of the Elves]] in the [[Vales of Anduin]], forcing the [[Elves]] to resume their journey.<ref>{{NM|P1vii}}, pp. 50-51</ref>

With the unchaining of Morgoth and his subsequent destruction of the [[Two Trees|Two Trees of Valinor]], the [[Sun]] first rose and ushered in the awakening of [[Men]]. Leaving Sauron in command of the war, Morgoth left Angband in secret to find the second-born kindred of the [[Children of Ilúvatar]] and to corrupt them to his will.<ref name="SWest">{{S|West}}</ref>

After the [[Fall of Fingolfin]], Sauron launched an attack on [[Tol Sirion]]. Utter fear descended upon [[Orodreth]] and those who defended the isle. Sauron assailed [[Minas Tirith (Beleriand)|Minas Tirith]] and turned it into a watch tower for Morgoth. Therein Sauron sat and Tol Sirion the fair became [[Tol-in-Gaurhoth]], the Isle of Werewolves.<ref name="SFingolfin">{{S|Fingolfin}}</ref>

Upon hearing of the deeds of [[Barahir]] and his companions, Morgoth ordered Sauron to find and kill them. [[Gorlim]], one of Barahir's companions, was captured and brought before Sauron. Sauron promised that he would free Gorlim and his wife [[Eilinel]] in return for information. Under the terror of Sauron's eyes, Gorlim revealed everything he knew, and thus the hiding place of Barahir was betrayed to the enemy. Subsequently, Sauron revealed Eilinel was dead and had Gorlim put to death.<ref name="Beren">{{S|Beren}}</ref>

[[Beren]], son of [[Barahir]], promised to avenge his father's death. He wandered [[Dorthonion]] as an outlaw and achieved great deeds that were heard far and wide. Morgoth set a high price on his head and Sauron, commanding a great army of [[werewolves]] and [[fell beasts]], sought for Beren.<ref name="Beren"/>

Later, [[Finrod|Finrod Felagund]], Beren, and their ten companions left [[Nargothrond]] in search of the [[Silmarils]]. Despite their being disguised as Orcs, Sauron espied them as they entered into the vale between [[Ered Wethrin]] and [[Taur-nu-Fuin (Dorthonion)|Taur-nu-Fuin]] and was suspicious, as Orcs passing were supposed to report to him. He had them captured and they were brought to him. There Finrod and Sauron fought in songs of power; the strength of both was great, but Sauron was more powerful. He then stripped them of their Orc disguises but failed to discern who they were. He had them thrown into a dark pit where one by one they were devoured by a werewolf. Withstanding this horror, they refused to betray one another.<ref name="Beren"/>

[[File:Ted Nasmith - Huan Subdues Sauron.jpg|thumb|''Huan subdues Sauron'' by [[Ted Nasmith]]]]
When all of their companions were dead, Finrod and Beren were the last who remained alive in Sauron's pit. When a werewolf went to attack Beren, Finrod Felagund used all his power to defeat it. In this he was successful. However, he was critically wounded and soon passed away. In that dark moment, [[Lúthien]] came to the bridge of [[Tol-in-Gaurhoth]] and sang. From his tower of Minas Tirith, Sauron saw Lúthien and knew that it was the famous daughter of [[Melian]] and [[Thingol]]. He desired to capture her and hand her over to Morgoth. Therefore, he sent a wolf to the bridge, but it was quickly and silently slain by [[Huan]]. He sent many more, and each one Huan killed. Finally, he sent [[Draugluin]], sire of the werewolves of Angband. The fight between Huan and Draugluin was fierce. Eventually Draugluin fled and, before dying, he told his master that Huan was there. According to prophecy, Huan would not die until he had encountered the greatest of all wolves, so Sauron contrived to take on that role and defeat the hound. Therefore Sauron took on the form of a werewolf, the greatest the world had ever seen, and went towards the bridge. So great was the terror of his approach that even Huan momentarily recoiled. Sauron leaped to attack Lúthien, but she drew her magic veil over his eyes, afflicting him with fatigue and blindness. Then Huan sprang upon Sauron and there they fought. The force of Sauron's malice alone left Lúthien weak and nearly unconscious, and the fighting was brutal and prolonged; however, he could not subdue the hound of [[Valinor]]. He was trapped within Huan's jaws and could not break free, even when he took the form of a serpent and finally his own shape. Rather than leave his physical form, he yielded to Lúthien, giving her control of the isle in return for his release. He then took the form of a vampire and fled to [[Taur-nu-Fuin (Dorthonion)|Taur-nu-Fuin]], filling the forest with horror.<ref name="Beren"/>

After the [[War of Wrath]], with the downfall of [[Morgoth]] and the destruction of [[Thangorodrim]], Sauron adopted a fair form and repented his evil deeds in fear of the wrath of the Valar. [[Eönwë]] ordered Sauron to return to [[Valinor]] in order to receive the judgement of Manwë. Sauron was not willing to suffer such humiliation, and he instead fled and hid himself in [[Middle-earth]].<ref name="SRings"/>

=== Second Age ===
[[File:Mysilvergreen - Sauron-Annatar and the creation of the One Ring.png|thumb|right|''Sauron-Annatar and the creation of the One Ring'' by [[:Category:Images by Mysilvergreen|Mysilvergreen]]]]
It was {{SA|500|n}} years into the [[Second Age]] when Sauron started to stir again.<ref name="lotr-toy"/> Sauron decided that the [[Valar]] had forgotten about [[Middle-earth]] and he once again turned to evil; many Men in [[East]] and [[South]], already corrupted by Melkor, fell under the [[Shadow]] by following him.<ref name="SRings"/> By {{SA|882}}, [[Gil-galad]] sensed a shadow arising in the East and sent a [[Gil-galad's letter|warning]] to [[Númenor]].<ref>{{UT|Wife}}</ref> Around {{SA|1000}} Sauron was alarmed by the growing power of the [[Númenóreans]], and chose [[Mordor]] as a land to make into a stronghold. He began the building of [[Barad-dûr]], the Dark Tower, near Mount Doom.<ref name="lotr-toy"/>

Although Sauron long knew that [[Men]] were easier to sway, he sought to bring the [[Elves]] into his service, as they were far more powerful.<ref name="SRings"/> After lying hidden and increasing his power in secret, in {{SA|1200}} Sauron put on a fair visage, calling himself '''Annatar''', the Lord of Gifts, an emissary from the Valar. He was never welcome in [[Lindon]] as [[Elrond]] and [[Gil-galad]] did not trust him and refused to treat with him, although they did not perceive who he truly was.<ref name="SRings"/>

Elsewhere Annatar was gladly received, especially in [[Eregion]], where only [[Galadriel]] distrusted him. The [[Noldorin]] smiths there learned much from him in art and magic, as their thirst for knowledge was great.<ref name="lotr-coe">{{FR|Council}}</ref><ref name="lotr-toy">{{App|SA}}</ref> Under the tutelage of Annatar and the leadership of [[Celebrimbor]], grandson of [[Fëanor]], the [[Gwaith-i-Mírdain]], became more skilled than anyone save Fëanor himself. In the year {{SA|1500}}, when they reached the very height of their power, the Elves began the forging of the [[Rings of Power]], which according to Annatar would help them preserve their powers over Middle-earth.

But Sauron was ready to begin his own plans, and in {{SA|1600}} - ten years after the completion of the Rings of Power - he created [[The One Ring]] to control the bearers of the other Rings. He invested most of his own power into the Ring as he forged it, so that it would be more powerful than the others. With its power he completed the building of the Dark Tower.<ref name="SRings"/><ref name="lotr-toy" />

But the Elves were not so easily ensnared, and as soon as Sauron put on the One Ring they and Celebrimbor were aware of him, and realised they were betrayed.<ref name="lotr-coe" /><ref name="lotr-toy" /> They hid their Rings from Sauron and did not use them. Sauron demanded that the other Rings be given to him, for they would not have been made without his knowledge. The Elves refused, and the War was inevitable.<ref name="SRings"/>

==== [[Black Years]] ====
During this time Sauron constructed the [[Black Gate]] of Mordor to prevent invasion, and raised massive armies of [[Orcs]], [[Trolls]], and Men, chiefly [[Easterlings]] and [[Southrons]] whom he dominated as a king and god. He had them make many fortified towns, and armed those under him with iron.<ref name=dm/><ref name="SRings"/>

The [[War of the Elves and Sauron]] began in {{SA|1693}} and was a bloody conflict which destroyed Eregion and devastated much of Eriador.<ref name="lotr-toy"/> Celebrimbor was slain and his body impaled on a spike paraded at the head of Sauron's legions. The Elves were pushed back almost to the Blue Mountains, while their Dwarven allies (who had also rejected Sauron) retreated behind the walls of [[Moria]] where Sauron could not assail them.

Sauron was the [[Dark Lord]] of almost all of Middle-earth beyond the coasts, but the [[Númenóreans]] responded to the Elves' call for aid and sent a relief force. With united forces, Sauron's army was driven back and defeated near the [[Sarn Ford]] and withdrew to [[Tharbad]] where he was reinforced. But the Númenórean admiral [[Ciryatur]] had sent a fleet up the river Gwathló and Sauron's army was [[Battle of the Gwathló|attacked in the rear and utterly defeated]]. The Dark Lord fled back to Mordor with little more than his own bodyguard and a handful of orcs.<ref>{{UT|Galadriel}}</ref>

Nonetheless, while Sauron's subsequent power never quite matched the height it had during the War with the Elves, many of his most powerful enemies' homelands had been devastated. As the Númenóreans established dominions around the [[Westlands]] (c. {{SA|1800}}),<ref name="lotr-toy"/> Sauron's empire continued to expand to dominate barbarian Men as servants and worshippers to the far south and east.<ref name=dm>{{PM|Dwarves}}</ref><ref>{{UT|Amroth}}</ref>

As the Elves had failed him, he had decided to distribute the Rings of Power to three corrupted lords of [[Númenor]]<ref name=Akallabeth>{{S|Akallabeth}}</ref> and [[Khamûl|an Easterling king]] and other five Men, as well as lords of the Dwarves. The Dwarves proved too hardy and resistant to their effects; but the Men eventually faded and in {{SA|2251}} they appeared as [[Ringwraiths]], his greatest slaves.<ref name="lotr-toy"/>

Believing he would dominate all of Middle-earth, Sauron assumed many glorious titles: '''King of Kings''',<ref name=L131>{{L|131}}</ref> '''King of Men''',<ref name=Akallabeth/> '''Lord of the Earth''',<ref name="SRings"/> and even '''Lord of the World'''.<ref name=L131/>

==== On Númenor ====
[[File:Elena Kukanova - The Temple of Melkor.jpg|200px|thumb|right|''The Temple of Melkor'' by [[Elena Kukanova]]]]
This offended the arrogant [[Númenóreans]] who had already started to fall under the [[Shadow]]. The proud Númenóreans came to Middle-earth with great force of arms, and Sauron's forces fled. Realising he could not defeat the Númenóreans with military strength, Sauron allowed himself to be taken as a hostage to Númenor by King [[Ar-Pharazôn]] in {{SA|3262}}.<ref name="lotr-toy"/>

There, he quickly grew from captive to adviser and was known as '''Zigûr''', the Wizard;<ref name=Defeated>{{HM|SD}}, ''passim''</ref> he seduced the King and further corrupted the people.<ref name="lotr-toy"/> He converted many Númenóreans to the worship of Darkness, becoming High Priest of a Melkor cult. He had the [[White Tree]] cut down and in its place raised a great [[Temple]] in which he performed human sacrifices, persecuting those who were still [[Faithful]]. Finally, he convinced the king to rebel against the Valar and attack Valinor itself, claiming they would gain immortality. [[Ilúvatar|Eru]], the supreme God, then directly intervened: Númenor was drowned under the sea, and the great navy of Númenor was destroyed.

Sauron was on Númenor in the Temple of Melkor and was caught in the ensuing [[Drowning of Númenor|flood]]. However, his spirit survived, although severely weakened by the destruction, and it fled back to Middle-earth.

==== Against the Faithful ====
Sauron's spirit returned to Mordor in {{SA|3320}},<ref name="lotr-toy"/> where he slowly rebuilt his strength, although he was unable to assume a fair shape. From this point on he started to rule through terror and force, largely filling the fearsome role left vacant by his former master.

Meanwhile, a few faithful Númenóreans, led by [[Elendil]], were saved from the flood, and they founded [[Gondor]] and [[Arnor]] in Middle-earth. Sauron still considered them his hated enemies and he launched a pre-emptive attack on Gondor in {{SA|3429}}.<ref name="lotr-toy"/>

In response, the Númenóreans formed the [[Last Alliance of Elves and Men|Last Alliance]] with the Elven-king [[Gil-galad]]. Learning of them, Sauron dispatched some [[Orcs of Mordor]] to the [[Misty Mountains]] to ambush them.<ref>{{UT|Gladden}}, Note #20</ref> He also burned the [[Brown Lands|gardens]] of the [[Entwives]] against the advance of the Allies down the [[Anduin]].<ref>{{L|144}}</ref> Nonetheless the Allies reached Mordor and defeated Sauron's forces in the [[Battle of Dagorlad]] in {{SA|3434}} and finally laid siege before [[Barad-dûr]].<ref name="lotr-toy"/>

The siege lasted for seven years until {{SA|3441}}, when Sauron left his fortress, engaging in direct combat. Elendil and Gil-galad fought Sauron and vanquished him, but both were killed.<ref name="lotr-toy"/> [[Isildur]], son of Elendil, cut the One Ring from Sauron's finger and claimed it. Later, the Ring betrayed him and was lost for more than two thousand years. After his defeat in the War of the Last Alliance, Sauron lost his ability to form a physical body for a great while.

=== Third Age ===
Sauron's defeat released his subjects, like the [[Easterlings]], from his tyranny, but they fell into chaos. Their tribes and kingdoms battled against each other and some withdrew to the hated west.<ref>{{UT|6b}}, p. 259</ref> Weakened by his defeat and the loss of the One Ring, it is thought that he fled to the far east to regain his power and strength before returning.

It was not until c. {{TA|1000}} that Sauron could again begin to take shape in a physical living body. Worried by this prospect, the [[Valar]] sent [[Wizards|five]] [[Maiar]] from the West to assist the peoples of Middle-earth against Sauron.<ref>{{UT|Istari}}, pp. 388-389</ref>

His power was enough that he began again to throw a shadow across portions of [[Middle-earth]]. Apparently, Sauron's spirit managed to move some Easterlings, who invaded [[Rhovanion]] and came to the [[Vales of Anduin]].<ref>{{PM|XNotes}}, #60</ref>

==== The Necromancer ====
These moves coincided with the coming of the [[Shadow]] to [[Greenwood the Great]].<ref>{{PM|Atani}}</ref> Around {{TA|1050|n}} he chose [[Amon Lanc|a hill]] in southern Greenwood as a place to build the fortress of [[Dol Guldur]]. At first, [[the Wise]] thought that this "Necromancer" was one of the [[Nazgûl]] who had returned and taken up residence in southern Greenwood.<ref name=TA/>

The year {{TA|1300}} marked Sauron's increased power, evidenced by "evil things" who multiplied and grew bold again, like the [[Orcs of the Misty Mountains]] and some of the [[Dragons]], who attacked the [[Dwarves]]; and the return of the Nazgûl, with the founding of the evil realm of [[Angmar]].<ref name=TA/> In the following centuries, Sauron's subjects in Angmar, the East and the South concentrated against his ancient enemies. Kings [[Araphant]] of [[Arnor]] and [[Ondoher]] of [[Gondor]] realised that a single force was coordinating the attacks on both of their kingdoms and that they needed to work together to combat this evil. However, Angmar was successful in destroying Arnor, and soon after the Nazgûl gathered in Mordor and [[Second Fall of Minas Ithil|conquered]] [[Minas Ithil]] to prepare for Sauron's return; their final success was ending the [[Kings of Gondor|royal line]] of Gondor.<ref name=gondor>{{App|Gondor}}</ref><ref name="SRings"/><ref name=TA/> As his shadow deepened, [[Durin's Bane|a balrog]] awoke, causing the desertion of [[Moria]].<ref name=TA/>
[[File:John Howe - Pass the Doors of Dol Guldur.jpg|thumb|left|''Pass the Doors of Dol Guldur'' by [[John Howe]]]]
By {{TA|2060}} the power of Dol Guldur grew so much that [[the Wise]] were alerted that Sauron was returning. [[Gandalf]] entered the fortress in {{TA|2063|n}} but the shadow fled before him. Returning to the [[East]],<ref name=TA/> Sauron started corrupting the [[Easterlings]] and forging a strong alliance between their tribes.{{fact}} The period of his absence was known as the ''[[Watchful Peace]]'', because the Shadow on Mirkwood had lessened and the Nazgûl stayed quiet in Minas Morgul,<ref name=TA/> using this period to prepare for Sauron's return.

==== Return to Dol Guldur ====
The Necromancer returned in {{TA|2460|n}} more powerful, with many Men in his service, and again took up residence in [[Dol Guldur]].<ref name=TA/> His return coincided with the One Ring revealing itself [[Third Age 2463|three years later]], falling in the hands of [[Gollum|a Stoor]]. Sensing the danger, the [[Wise]] formed the [[White Council]].<ref name=TA/>

The Necromancer's aims remained to gather the Rings of Power, find news about the One Ring, and eliminate the [[Heir of Isildur]], if one remained in [[Middle-earth]].<ref>{{App|Tale}}</ref><ref name=TA/> In {{TA|2475}} the [[Uruk-hai]] exited Mordor and briefly conquered [[Ithilien]]. [[Third Age 2480|Some years later]] the Orcs of the Mountains organized themselves, blocking the passes to the West; Moria had been depopulated centuries earlier by the Balrog, and Sauron sent Orcs and [[Trolls]] there.<ref name=TA/> Also under his shadow were the [[Balchoth]], who invaded Mirkwood and cooperated with Orcs to attack Gondor.<ref name=stew/> Sauron's servants captured the [[King of Durin's Folk|Dwarf King]] [[Thráin|Thráin II]] and took [[Ring of Thrór|one]] of the [[Seven Rings|Seven Dwarf rings]] from him.<ref name=TA/>

Still investigating the Necromancer, [[Gandalf]] snuck into Dol Guldur in {{TA|2850|n}} and met the dying Dwarf King, learning that the Necromancer was none other than Sauron. [[Third Age 2851|The next year]], Gandalf informed the White Council and urged an immediate attack upon the fortress, but [[Saruman|Saruman the White]] had learned of the presence of the [[The One Ring|Ruling Ring]] near the [[Gladden Fields]], and he thought it best to allow Sauron to build up his strength in order to reveal its location so that Saruman could seize it himself. Following this strategy, Saruman opposed Gandalf.<ref name=TA>{{App|TA}}</ref>

As his power was growing and his arising came closer, his minions moved again against Gondor; his agents stirred the [[Haradrim]] to resume attacking Gondor, while [[Uruk-hai]] and [[Orcs of Mordor]] infested [[Ithilien]]<Ref name=stew/><Ref name=TA/> but never managed to pass beyond Anduin, further into Gondor.<ref name=hunt>{{UT|Hunt}}</ref> All this time Sauron apparently had learned about the [[Disaster of the Gladden Fields]] where his old enemy Isildur was killed, shortly after his own demise, almost three millennia ago. He sent his minions to look for the One Ring around [[Anduin]] near the [[Gladden Fields]], not knowing that it had been already in the possession of [[Gollum|a Stoor]].<Ref name=TA/>

==== Attack of the White Council ====
Considering the situations, and the occupation of the dragon [[Smaug]] of [[Erebor]], Gandalf was worried that Sauron's military assault against the [[West]] was a matter of time, and that he would use Smaug in his force; Gandalf started considering a simultaneous attack both against Dol Guldur and against Smaug, to weaken Sauron.<ref name=erebor>{{UT|Erebor}}</ref>
[[File:Angus McBride - Dol Guldur.jpg|thumb|''Dol Guldur'' by [[Angus McBride]]]]
In {{TA|2939}}, Saruman learned that Sauron was searching for the Ring, and worried that he would find it sooner than he. In {{TA|2941|n}}, he conceded with Gandalf to [[Attack on Dol Guldur|attack Dol Guldur]].<ref name=TA/> Indeed, in the meantime Gandalf managed to eliminate Smaug, and the Orcs of the Mountains were decimated in the [[Battle of Five Armies|ensuing battle]], allowing the [[Kingdom Under the Mountain]] and [[Dale]] to flourish again.<ref name=erebor/><ref>{{H|Return}}</ref>

Although Gandalf was weakening Sauron's potential grasp in the [[Wilderland|North]],<ref name=erebor/> Sauron had been expecting the White Council's attack against Dol Guldur and fled from there.<ref name=TA/>

==== Return to Mordor ====
The [[Nazgûl]] had been preparing [[Barad-dûr]] for Sauron's return, so it was easy for Sauron to return secretly to his old stronghold [[Third Age 2942|a year later]]. Sauron declared himself openly in {{TA|2951}}, sent three Nazgûl back to Dol Guldur and started rebuilding the Dark Tower, and once it was completed, the [[Mount Doom]] erupted.<Ref name=stew>{{App|Stewards}}</ref><ref name=TA/>

From then on Sauron stayed in Barad-dûr to conduct his war on the [[Free peoples]]. The shadow of Mordor caused despair and sickness to the Gondorians, like [[Finduilas_(wife_of_Denethor)|Finduilas]], and in his desperation, the Steward [[Denethor]], Sauron's most immediate enemy, used the [[Anor-stone]] to gain knowledge. That ''[[palantír]]'' was directly linked to the [[Ithil-stone]] that the Nazgûl had taken from Minas Morgul, and when Sauron used it, he discovered Denethor was using his. Sauron attempted to wrench the Anor-stone to his will, but failed due to Denethor's strength of will and birth-right to the stone. But this stressed and wore out the steward, who lost his hope.<ref name=stew/><ref>{{UT|Palantiri}}</ref>

By {{TA|3000}}, the shadow lengthened, and Saruman, who was residing in [[Orthanc]], had secretly found and decided to use the [[Orthanc-stone]]. As happened with Denethor, Sauron linked with his mind, managing to corrupt him;<ref name=TA/> from one of his wisest enemies, Saruman became one of his greatest servants, albeit a duplicitous one.

Around {{TA|3009}}, [[Gollum]], who formerly bore the One Ring and now pursued its thief, ventured into Mordor and was captured by Sauron's minions. Gollum was tortured and interrogated for the following years,<ref name=TA/> and before releasing him, Sauron learned that the One Ring had been found by [[Bilbo Baggins]] of [[the Shire]].

Sauron bred immense armies of Orcs and enslaved Men from the east and south. He adopted the symbol of a lidless eye, and he was able at that time to send out his will over Middle-earth, so that the [[Eye of Sauron]] became a symbol of power and fear.

==== The War of the Ring ====
Sauron was alarmed when the [[Elves of Mirkwood]] captured Gollum,<ref name=TA/> so in June of {{TA|3018}} he dispatched the Nazgûl to hunt for the [[One Ring]] in secrecy. To disguise the crossing of the Nine over the Great River, Sauron staged an [[Sauron's attack on Osgiliath|attack on Osgiliath]]. This feint served two purposes: first, to test the strength and preparedness of Denethor, and second and more importantly, to present the Nazgûl as merely a military asset, concealing from the [[Wise]] their true mission.<ref name=hunt/> Denethor's forces were stronger than Sauron hoped, but Sauron took the eastern half of the city nonetheless. This allowed the Nazgûl to cross the Great River and begin their hunt.<ref name=hunt/> Now knowing the measure of his enemy, Sauron continued to amass his forces in Minas Morgul and Mordor in preparation for the siege of Gondor.<ref>{{TT|IV4}}</ref>

By September, the Nazgûl had failed to discover the Shire, and Sauron's wrath and fear were mounting. Via messenger, Sauron ordered the Nine to discard secrecy in favour of speed and go to Isengard to confront Saruman about his knowledge of the whereabouts of the Ring. At this time, Sauron also conveyed to the Nine such dire threats as to dismay even the Lord of Morgul.<ref name=hunt/> The Nine ultimately failed in their mission, being defeated and unhorsed by the flood of the Bruinen. The Witch-king returned alone to Mordor in December of 3018 to Sauron's great fear, for Sauron perceived that his foes still had strength left in them, and luck seemed to be on their side.<ref>{{HM|RC}}, "The Ring Goes South", p. 262</ref>

Sauron's next glimpse of the Ring (or so he believed) would come in the late hours of [[5 March]] T.A. 3019, when Pippin looked into the [[palantir]] of Orthanc that he had recovered from the flood of Isengard. Sauron, unaware of Saruman's defeat at hands of the [[Ents]], assumed Pippin was the Wizard's prisoner, and was being forced to look into the Palantir as a form of cruel sport. Rather than interrogate Pippin immediately, Sauron chose to torment him, and bid him tell Saruman that he would send for the prisoner immediately.<ref>{{TT|Palantir}}</ref> He was therefore deceived into thinking the Ring was finally within his grasp.

A few hours later, on the morning of [[6 March]], Sauron encountered one of his foes in the ''palantír'' of Orthanc: Aragorn looked into the Stone, revealing himself to Sauron as the Heir of Isildur and wielder of [[Andúril]], the Blade Reforged. Aragorn spoke no word to Sauron and with a great effort of will wrested control of the Stone from him. As Aragorn intended, this played on Sauron's gnawing doubts and filled him with fear, believing that Aragorn might have overthrown Saruman, seizing Pippin and therefore the Ring. Thus, he ordered the Witch-king to launch his long-planned assault on Gondor immediately, rather than wait for all preparations to be made, hoping to destroy his enemies before they had a chance to make full use of the Ring's power.<ref name=RKV2>{{RK|V2}}</ref>

The death of the Witch-king and the defeat of his army in the [[Battle of the Pelennor Fields]] were a setback to Sauron, but he still had a great force of arms held in reserve in Mordor, more than enough to eventually secure military victory against all of his enemies combined. After his encounter with Aragorn in the ''palantír'', Sauron believed that one of his foes in Minas Tirith held the One Ring and would soon attempt to use it. As such, Gandalf was able to exploit Sauron's false beliefs with an audacious plan: the army of the Free Peoples would march on the Black Gate as a feint, keeping Sauron's Eye fixed upon them and blind to all else that moved, as the true Ringbearer made his way to Mount Doom.<ref name=RKV9>{{RK|V9}}</ref>

For the next nine days, Gandalf's plan worked - as the Host of the West made its way east and north, Sauron kept his entire focus upon it and diverted the whole strength of Mordor to the Black Gate to meet them. Even when Shagrat brought news of an "Elvish" intruder in [[Cirith Ungol]], Sauron's belief that the Ring was with the Host of the West remained unshaken and he made no attempt to investigate further; he could certainly not imagine that his enemies were trying to sneak the Ring into Mordor. Frodo and Sam thus made it to the [[Cracks of Doom|Sammath Naur]] undetected, and Sauron did not become aware of them until the very moment that Frodo claimed the Ring for himself.<ref name=RKVI3>{{RK|VI3}}</ref> [[File:Ted Nasmith - The Shadow of Sauron.jpg|thumb|''The Shadow of Sauron'' by [[Ted Nasmith]]]]

Only then did Sauron finally perceive Frodo and, realising he had been tricked, was overwhelmed with wrath and fear. He instantly lost all interest in the ongoing [[Battle of the Morannon]] and dispatched the Nazgûl from the skies above the battle to Mount Doom with all haste. It was too late; Gollum fell into the Crack of Doom with the Ring, destroying it and himself. In the moment of the Ring's destruction, Barad-dûr and many other of Sauron's fortresses crumbled to ruin. Sauron's spirit emerged and rose above Mordor like a black cloud - he stretched out his hand towards the army of the West, but even as he did so, he was blown away by a great wind and vanished.<ref name=RKVI4>{{RK|VI4}}</ref>

== Legacy ==
Thus Sauron's power was unmade, and his dominion in Middle-earth came to an end. According to Gandalf, Sauron was "maimed for ever, becoming a mere spirit of malice that gnaws itself in the shadows, but cannot again grow or take shape."<ref name=RKV9 /> Sauron's corporeal body that was in the Dark Tower died, and without the Ring his spirit no longer had the power to create a new one. Though his indestructible mind and being were bound forever to [[Eä]], Sauron had lost all power to effect his will upon the world<ref>{{L|200}}</ref> and could never again grow in strength.<ref>{{MR|P5VII}}, section iii, p. 403 and note 11, p. 407</ref>

It is said of Sauron, in summary of his long career of wickedness in Arda, that "he rose like a shadow of Morgoth and a ghost of his malice, and walked behind him on the same ruinous path down into the Void."<ref>{{S|IId}}</ref>

==Characteristics==
Sauron was a being of exceptional power, both in personal might and in sorcery, yet his greatest strength lie in his cunning, intellect, and charisma; through persuasion, deception, and coercion, he brought ruin to many mortal realms and united others unto himself, often without ever having to physically intervene, and he nearly cast Middle-earth into darkness several times throughout his existence.

Much like his [[Melkor|master]], pride in his own abilities was his greatest personal weakness, and this arrogance, coupled with an underestimation of his enemies, would ultimately doom him.<ref>{{RK|Doom}}</ref>

=== Physical form ===
[[File:J.R.R. Tolkien - Sauron.jpg|thumb|right|Tolkien's unfinished sketch of Sauron, apparently showing him just after the destruction of the Ring]]
At first Sauron appeared as a royal and commanding figure in a strong body. He was also able to veil his power and change his shape. Later, however, he could take only a terrible form, of a stature greater than a [[Men|Man]]'s, though not giant,<ref>{{L|246}}</ref> "an image of malice and hatred made visible; and the Eye of Sauron the Terrible few could endure."<ref name=Akallabeth/> [[Isildur]] recounted that at the [[Siege of Barad-dûr]], Sauron's hand was black with a deadly burning touch.<ref name="lotr-coe"/> Gollum would also call him "Black Hand", noticing he only had four fingers after Isildur cut one off.<ref name=Closed>{{TT|IV3}}</ref>

=== Eye of Sauron ===
The '''[[Eye of Sauron]]''', called by various names, was the symbol of [[Sauron]] the Dark Lord following the loss of [[the One Ring]]. This symbol was adopted to show his unceasing vigilance and piercing perception, and was displayed on the weaponry of his servants, or at least the [[orcs]].

Sauron's Eye as Frodo sees it in the [[Mirror of Galadriel]] is the only feature of his later form described in detail. It is yellow and rimmed with fire, with a slit pupil, "a window into nothing."<ref>{{FR|II7}}</ref> The colour is compared to that of a cat's eye, but because of the references to Sauron's Lidless Eye, it may also resemble that of a snake, such as an adder. Readers differ as to whether Sauron's eyes were literally lidless and resembled what Frodo saw, or instead the Eye was only a symbol that Frodo saw in the Mirror in an elaborate form.

Sauron's gaze, even indirectly, was known to wither, exhaust, and weaken his foes, with [[Denethor II|Denethor]], [[Aragorn II|Aragorn]], and [[Gandalf the Grey|Gandalf]] all rendered weary and dreadful after confronting him.<ref>{{FR|Breaking}}</ref> The sheer malevolence Sauron exuded through his presence alone was enough to render Lúthien frail and nearly unconscious.<ref>{{S|Beren}}</ref>

== Etymology ==
{{pronounce|Quenya - Sauron.mp3|Gilgamesh}}
'''''Sauron''''' (pron. {{IPA|[ˈsaʊron]}})<ref group=note>''Sauron'' is pronounced "sour-on" (''sour'' as in not sweet).</ref> is a [[Quenya]] name, said to mean "the Abhorred".<ref>{{S|Index}}, entry "Sauron"</ref>

Several accounts of the origin of the name ''Sauron'' were suggested in different linguistic manuscripts:
*deriving from Quenya ''[[saura]]'' ("foul, evil-smelling, putrid", from the [[Sundocarme|root]] [[THUS#Other versions|THUS]]).<ref>{{LR|Etymologies}}, entry "[[THUS]]-"</ref>
*deriving from Quenya ''[[saura]]'' ("foul, vile"; from root [[SAWA]]). The manuscript continues saying that ''Sauron'' "could be a genuine [[Sindarin]] formation from ''[[saur]]''; but is probably from Quenya". However, this origin appears to have been rejected, as it is followed by the comment "No. [[THAW|THAW-]], cruel. ''[[Saura]]'', cruel" in the manuscript.<ref>{{PE|17}}, pp. 183-4</ref>
*deriving from the [[Primitive Quendian]] form ''þaurond-'' (formed from the adjective ''þaurā'' "detestable", from root [[THAW]]).<ref>{{L|297}}, p. 380</ref>
*deriving from '''''Thauron''''', which includes the [[Sindarin]] element ''[[thaur]]'' ("abominable, abhorrent"; also found in [[Sauron#Other names|''Gor'''thaur''''']]).<ref name=Appendix>{{S|Appendix}}, entries ''gor'', ''thaur''</ref>

== Other names ==
{{pronounce|Sindarin - Gorthaur.mp3|Gilgamesh}}
{{pronounce|Quenya - Mairon.mp3|Gilgamesh}}
{{Pronounce|Annatar.mp3|Ardamir}}
'''''Gorthaur''''' was a name used of Sauron by the [[Sindar]] during the [[First Age]],<ref name="SVala"></ref><ref>{{WJ|15}}, p. 240</ref> meaning "Terrible Dread". The name is composed of the elements ''[[gor]]'' ("horror, dread") and ''[[thaur]]'' ("abominable, abhorrent").<ref name=Appendix></ref> The Quenya equivalent was '''''Ñorsus'''''.<ref name="PE17.1"></ref>

In some of Tolkien's notes from the 1950s, it is said that Sauron's original name was '''''Mairon''''' ([[Quenya|Q]], "the Admirable"), but this was altered after he was suborned by Melkor. He continued to call himself Mairon the Admirable, or '''Tar-mairon''' ("King Excellent"), until after Númenor's downfall,<ref name="PE17.1"/> although he could not use that name in Númenor, as it was a Quenya name with royal implications. There he was called '''''Zigûr''''',<ref name=Defeated></ref> meaning "Wizard" in [[Adûnaic]].<ref>{{SD|3vi9}}, p. 437</ref>

'''''Annatar''''' is Quenya for "Lord of Gifts", from ''[[anna]]'' + ''[[tar]]''.<ref>{{S|Appendix}}, entries ''anna'', ''tar''</ref> It can be noticed that Morgoth used a similar name when he seduced the first [[Men]]: "Giver of Gifts".<ref>{{MR|P4i}}, The '[[Tale of Adanel]]', p. 344</ref> In an isolated note, Tolkien gives other names used by Sauron when he seduced the Elves in the Second Age: '''''Artano''''' ("High-smith") and '''''Aulendil''''' ("Devoted to Aulë").<ref>{{UT|6}}, Notes, p. 254</ref>

Among his many titles and epithets were:
*The '''Base Master of Treachery''', used once by Gandalf to explain why the [[Mouth of Sauron]] should not be trusted.<ref name=Mouth>{{RK|V10}}</ref>
*The '''Black One''', used once by [[Gollum]].<ref>{{TT|IV3}}</ref>
*The '''[[Black Hand]]''', used twice by Gollum.<ref name=Closed>{{TT|IV3}}</ref>
*The '''[[Master|Black Master]]''', used by [[Isildur]] when cursing Sauron's former servants, the [[Men of the Mountains|Oathbreakers]].<ref name=RKV2/>
*The '''[[Dark Lord]]''', given by the [[Free Peoples]] after he rose in the Second Age.<ref name="SRings"/>
*The '''Dark Power''', used by Gandalf.<ref name=Shadow>{{FR|I2}}</ref>
*The '''Deceiver''', given by [[Amandil]] before departing to ask the Valar deliverance from Sauron's corruption.<ref name=Akallabeth>{{S|Akallabeth}}</ref>
*The '''Enemy''', given by the [[Free Peoples]] after he rose in the Second Age.<ref name="SRings"/>
*The '''One Enemy''', used once by Frodo Baggins.<ref>{{TT|IV4}}</ref>
*The '''[[Eye of Sauron|Eye]]''', with its variants, mainly refered to his mental form and his [[Eye of Sauron|emblem]], but also applied to Sauron himself.<ref>{{RK|I3}}, entry "Eye, The"</ref>
*The '''Great''', following the name of ''Sauron'', it is only used once by Gandalf,<ref name=Shadow>{{FR|I2}}</ref> once by [[Glóin]],<ref name="lotr-coe"/> and once by the Mouth of Sauron.<ref name=Mouth>{{RK|V10}}</ref>
*The '''[[King of Kings]]''', given by himself when he rose in the Second Age, enraging Ar-Pharazôn.<ref name=L131/>
*The '''Lord of the Earth''', given by himself when he rose in the Second Age.<ref name="SRings"/>
*The '''[[King of Men]]''', given by himself when he rose in the Second Age, enraging Ar-Pharazôn.<ref name=Akallabeth>{{S|Akallabeth}}</ref>
*The '''Lord of the World''', given by himself when he rose in the Second Age, enraging Ar-Pharazôn.<ref name=L131/>
*The '''North King''', given by the people of [[Agar]].<ref>{{PM|Elmar}}</ref>
*The '''Necromancer''', used during his rule in [[Dol Guldur]] when his identity was unknown.<ref name="lotr-coe"/>
*The '''Nameless''', probably given by the [[Gondorians|people of Gondor]], as it is only used by Boromir as '''Nameless Enemy''',<ref name="lotr-coe"/> by Faramir as '''Nameless One''',<ref>{{TT|IV5}}</ref> and by the watchmen of Gondor.<ref>{{RK|V4}}</ref>
*The '''[[Lord of the Ring]]''' or '''Lord of the Rings'''.
*The '''[[Ring-maker]]'''.<ref name=Shadow/>
*The '''Ruler''', used once by Saruman during his confrontation with Gandalf.<ref name="lotr-coe"/>
*The '''[[Shadow]]''', not properly given to him, but to his power when he expanded it in the Third Age.<ref name="SRings"/>
*The '''Sorcerer''', used during his rule in [[Dol Guldur]] when his identity was unknown.<ref name="lotr-coe"/>
*'''Wolf-Sauron''', the name given to the dreadful werewolf-shape that [[Sauron]] took on when he went to do battle with [[Huan]].<ref name="Beren"/>

== Other versions of the legendarium ==
Since the earliest versions of the [[legendarium]], Sauron has undergone many changes. The prototype of this character was '''[[Tevildo]]''', lord of the cats, who played the role later taken by Sauron in the earliest version of the story of [[Beren]] and [[Lúthien]] in ''[[The Book of Lost Tales Part Two]]'', "[[The Tale of Tinúviel]]". Morgoth also had another servant named '''[[Fankil]]''' who led evil [[Dwarves]] and notably acted as his lieutenant, a role assumed by Sauron in the final works.

Tevildo later was transformed into '''[[Thû]]''', the Necromancer - the first proper iteration of the later Sauron. The name was then changed to ''Gorthû'', ''Sûr'', and finally to Sauron. ''Gorthû'', in the form ''Gorthaur'', remained in ''The Silmarillion''.

Prior to the publication of ''The Silmarillion'', Sauron's origins and true identity were unclear to those without full access to Tolkien's notes. In early editions of ''[[The Complete Guide to Middle-earth|The Guide to Middle Earth]]'', Sauron is described as "probably of the Eldar elves".

=== The Necromancer ===
In ''[[The Hobbit]]'', the Necromancer is an obscure villainous entity mentioned fleetingly by [[Gandalf]] as one of the dangers of the wider world. He is peripheral to the plot of the book: explaining why the company takes the dangerous road through Mirkwood rather than going around, and providing a reason for Gandalf's absence for that section of the journey. Thematically the Necromancer, a truly 'terrible' force beyond the power of the main protagonists, gives the world of ''The Hobbit'' a greater level of reality which Tolkien felt was necessary for a "fairy-tale" to ring true.<ref name="Letter17">{{L|17}}</ref>

Despite the alias, it would appear that the Necromancer was always intended to stand for [[Sauron]], a figure from the very earliest phases of his legendarium (as [[Tevildo]] in "[[The Tale of Tinúviel]]"). Shortly after the publication of ''The Hobbit'' Tolkien wrote:

{{blockquote|Mr Baggins began as a comic tale among conventional and inconsistent Grimm's fairy-tale dwarves, and got drawn into the edge of it – so that even Sauron the terrible peeped over the edge.|[[Letter 19]]}}

Indeed, in the ''[[Lay of Leithian]]'', [[Thû]] is called a "necromancer" who "held his hosts of [[phantoms]] and of wandering [[ghosts]]" (l. 2075) in [[Tol-in-Gaurhoth]].<ref>{{LB|C7}}</ref>

However, as ''The Hobbit'' was not originally intended to be integrated with Tolkien's wider mythology the Necromancer did not necessarily need to be consistent with his [[First Age]] counterpart Sauron, rather the two were loosely linked to add an 'impression of depth' to the narrative of ''The Hobbit''. With Tolkien's decision to merge the two 'worlds' and make Sauron the central antagonist of ''[[The Lord of the Rings]]'' came the need to reconcile the two figures and account for his whereabouts in the millennia between the end of the First Age and his dwelling in Bilbo's Mirkwood. This was largely achieved in the ''[[Appendix B|Tale of Years]]'', with Sauron becoming a much greater figure after the fall of his master, one who arguably drove the history of the entire Second and Third Ages of Middle-earth.

Fans have noted that the alias "Necromancer" for Sauron is obscure, as in the context of neither ''The Hobbit'' nor ''The Lord of the Rings'' Sauron is ever specifically mentioned to use [[Wikipedia:necromancy|necromancy]], i.e. controlling the [[spirits]] of the dead.<ref>{{webcite|author=|articleurl=http://scifi.stackexchange.com/questions/47756/why-is-sauron-called-the-necromancer|articlename=Why is Sauron called the "Necromancer"?|dated=|website=Stackexchange|accessed=9 January 2020}}</ref>

A later essay mentions the practice of necromancy concerning the ''[[fëar]]'' of the [[Unbodied]] Elves, mentioning that Sauron possibly did so and also taught his followers,<ref>{{MR|P3II3c}}, p. 224</ref> although this reference is not given in the context of the story.

== Minions and allies ==
*[[Thuringwethil]]- Vampire Herald
*[[Draugluin]]- First of the Werewolves of Angband; mortally-wounded by [[Huan]]
*The [[Witch-king of Angmar]] - Lord of Morgul, Lord of the Nazgûl and deadliest servant; vanquished by [[Éowyn]] and [[Merry]]
**[[Khamûl]] - Lieutenant of Dol Guldur, second only to the Witch-king among the Nazgûl; undone by the destruction of the [[One Ring]]
**Other 7 [[Nazgûl]] - Most terrible of his servants; perished with the One Ring
*The [[King of the Dead]] - King of the Oathbreakers, former servant bound to the [[Heir of Isildur]]
*[[Ar-Pharazôn]] - Last King of Númenor, rival-turned-puppet, coerced to the worship of the Darkness
*[[Herumor]] - Lord among the Haradrim
*[[Fuinur]] - Chief among the Haradrim
*[[Captain of the Haven]] - Commander of the Corsairs of Umbar; slain by [[Aragorn]]
*The [[Mouth of Sauron]] - Lieutenant of the Dark Tower and personal Ambassador
**[[Grishnákh]] - Orc captain of the Dark Tower; slain by the Riders of Rohan
*[[Saruman]] - Lord of Isengard, corrupted White [[Wizard]] and treacherous vassal; stabbed in the back by Gríma
**[[Gríma]] - Chief counsellor of King [[Théoden]] in Rohan, Saruman's mole at the court; shot by Hobbit arrows
**[[Squint-eyed southerner]] - Dunlending spy at the Prancing Pony Inn
**[[Bill Ferny]] - Outlaw of Bree-land
**[[Harry Goatleaf]] - Gate-keeper of the West-gate of Bree, informant
*[[Gothmog (Lieutenant of Morgul)|Gothmog]] - Lieutenant of Morgul, second only to the Witch-king among the Morgul-host
**[[Gorbag]] - Captain of the Orcs of Morgul that captured [[Frodo Baggins]]; murdered by Shagrat
*[[Shagrat]] - Captain of Cirith Ungol; put to death for his failures
**[[Muzgash]] - Orc guard at Cirith Ungol; shot by treacherous comrades
**[[Lagduf]] - Orc sentry stationed at Cirith Ungol; shot by treacherous comrades
**[[Radbug]] - Orc sentinel of Cirith Ungol; had his eyes squeezed out by Shagrat
**[[Snaga (orc of Mordor)|Snaga]] - Torturer of Cirith Ungol; fell to his demise in a fight with [[Samwise Gamgee]]
**[[Ufthak]] - Orc subordinate in Cirith Ungol; caught by Shelob in her webs
*[[Shelob]] - Descendant of [[Ungoliant]] and convenient guardian of the pass through Mordor
*The [[Two Watchers]] - Statues inhabited by evil spirits
;Characters from older concepts
*[[Naglur-Danlo]] - Orc of Cirith Ungol
*[[Shagram]] - Orc soldier of Cirith Ungol

== Portrayal in adaptations ==
{{Gallery
|title=Sauron in Adaptations
|width=160
|height=160
|lines=3
|File:The Lord of the Rings (1978 film) - Prologue.jpg|Sauron in [[The Lord of the Rings (1978 film)|''The Lord of the Rings'' (1978 film)]]
|File:LOTR-vol2-Sauron1.png|Sauron in ''[[J.R.R. Tolkien's The Lord of the Rings, Vol. II: The Two Towers]]''
|File:The Lord of the Rings - The Motion Picture Trilogy - Sauron.jpg|Sauron ''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring]]''
|File:The Eye Of Sauron.jpg|Eye of Sauron in ''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Two Towers]]''
|File:Necromancer.jpg|The Necromancer in the ''[[Lord of the Rings Strategy Battle Game]]''
|File:Lord of the Rings The Third Age - Eye of Sauron.png|Eye of Sauron in ''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Third Age]]''
|File:The Lord of the Rings Online Shadows of Angmar - Eye of Sauron.png|Eye of Sauron in ''[[The Lord of the Rings Online: Shadows of Angmar]]''
|File:The Lord of the Rings Online Shadows of Angmar - Annatar.png|[[Annatar|Antheron]] in ''[[The Lord of the Rings Online: Shadows of Angmar]]''
|File:The Lord of the Rings Online - Sauron.jpg|Sauron in ''[[The Lord of the Rings Online]]: [[Minas Morgul]]''
|File:The Lord of the Rings Conquest - Sauron1.png|Sauron in ''[[The Lord of the Rings: Conquest]]''
|File:Guardians of Middle-earth - Sauron.png|Sauron in ''[[Guardians of Middle-earth]]''
|File:The Hobbit - An Unexpected Journey - Necromancer.jpg|The Necromancer in ''[[The Hobbit: An Unexpected Journey]]''
|File:Shadow of Mordor - Annatar.png|[[Annatar]] in ''[[Middle-earth: Shadow of Mordor]]''
|File:Shadow of Mordor - Sauron.png|Sauron in ''[[Middle-earth: Shadow of Mordor]]''
|File:The Rings of Power (TV series) - Sauron in Dúrnost.jpg|Sauron in [[Dúrnost]] within ''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Rings of Power]]''
|File:The Rings of Power (TV series) - Halbrand in Mordor.jpg|[[Charlie Vickers]] as Sauron/[[Halbrand]] in [[Mordor]] within ''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Rings of Power]]''
}}

=== Films ===
'''1978: [[The Lord of the Rings (1978 film)|''The Lord of the Rings'' (1978 film)]]:'''
: Sauron is briefly shown in the prologue sequence as a shadowy figure in a horned helmet in a non-speaking role.

'''2001-03: [[The Lord of the Rings (film series)|''The Lord of the Rings'' (film series)]]:'''
:Sauron is played by [[Sala Baker]] and voiced by [[Alan Howard]]. In these films, he is depicted as a tall -yet not gigantic - armored warlord wielding a huge mace (a blend between his vague description by Tolkien and the more detailed appearance of [[Morgoth]] as described in ''[[The Silmarillion]]''). In the first film, he is depicted dispatching a number of Elves and Men with his mace, before killing [[Gil-galad]] (offscreen; the scene figured in the concept art done for the prologue, however) and then [[Elendil]] before being defeated by [[Isildur]] using his father's [[Narsil|broken sword]] to cut off the finger wearing [[the One Ring]], as well as three others on the same hand. This strangely causes his body to explode, producing a shockwave that knocks everyone on the battlefield off their feet.

:Later on, [[Saruman]] implies to [[Gandalf]] that Sauron was unable to retain his physical form and that the Eye was his astral form, a detail which is never brought up in the novel. It is unknown if Saruman was truthful with this statement, or if he was either misinformed or lying (since he was already corrupted by his yearning for power and Sauron's influence).

:For the portrayal of Sauron as a giant eye of fire in these movies, see [[Eye of Sauron#Portrayal in adaptations]].

'''2012-14: [[The Hobbit (film series)|''The Hobbit'' (film series)]]:'''
: Sauron is played and voiced by [[Benedict Cumberbatch]], under his assumed identity as the Necromancer. In these films, it is stated that the White Council does not discover he is Sauron until much later, during the events of these films, previously believing him to be a human with skills in magic. In these films, Sauron initially appears as a shadowy figure before assuming his armoured form from the previous films. With him as the slit black pupil, he projects flames around him, creating the visage of the Great Eye.

===Television ===
'''2022: [[The Lord of the Rings: The Rings of Power|''The Lord of the Rings: The Rings of Power]]:'''
:'''1 September: ''[[A Shadow of the Past]]'':'''
::Sauron appears overseeing an army of [[Orcs]] at [[Dúrnost]] during the prologue, narrated by [[Galadriel]]. No actor is credited for the specific role.

:'''14 October: ''[[Alloyed]]'':'''
::It is revealed that Sauron was disguised as [[Halbrand]] (portrayed by [[Charlie Vickers]]) the entire time. After being supposedly "split open" by [[Adar (The Rings of Power)|Adar]], he took on the form of a mortal [[Men|Man]] and gave to himself the name Halbrand. At some point in time, he came upon the corpse of the last King of the [[Southlands]] and took up the crest because he thought that it suited him well.

=== Radio series ===
'''1955: [[The Lord of the Rings (1955 radio series)|''The Lord of the Rings'' (1955 radio series)]]:'''
:The voice of Sauron is provided by [[Felix Felton]].<ref name="RT1724">Radio Times, Volume 133, No. 1724, [[23 November|November 23]], [[1956]]</ref>

'''1968: [[The Hobbit (1968 radio series)|''The Hobbit'' (1968 radio series)]]:'''
:Sauron is mentioned only very briefly at the end; [[Gandalf]] and [[Elrond]] discuss how the "Necromancer" had been driven from his abode in the south of [[Mirkwood]].

'''1981: [[The Lord of the Rings (1981 radio series)|''The Lord of the Rings'' (1981 radio series)]]:'''

'''1979: [[The Hobbit (1979 radio series)|''The Hobbit'' (1979 radio series)]]:'''

'''1979: [[The Lord of the Rings (1979 radio series)|''The Lord of the Rings'' (1979 radio series)]]:'''

=== Video games ===
'''1985: ''[[Lord of the Rings: Game One]]'':'''

'''1988: ''[[J.R.R. Tolkien's War in Middle Earth]]''

'''1990: [[J.R.R. Tolkien's The Lord of the Rings, Vol. I (1990 video game)|''J.R.R. Tolkien's The Lord of the Rings, Vol. I'' (1990 video game)]]:'''
:Sauron is mentioned by [[Gandalf]] in the beginning of the game.

'''1993: ''[[J.R.R. Tolkien's The Lord of the Rings, Vol. II: The Two Towers]]'':'''
:Sauron is mentioned in the beginning of the game, when [[Gandalf]] explains the history of [[the One Ring]].

'''2002: [[The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring (video game)|''The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring'' (video game)]]:'''

'''2002: [[The Lord of the Rings: The Two Towers (video game)|''The Lord of the Rings: The Two Towers'' (video game)]]:'''

'''2003: ''[[The Lord of the Rings: War of the Ring]]'':'''

'''2003: [[The Hobbit (2003 video game)|''The Hobbit'' (2003 video game)]]:'''
:Sauron and the events of the south of Mirkwood are left unmentioned. However, whilst in Mirkwood, [[Bilbo Baggins|Bilbo]] has to defeat creatures that he calls "Minions of the Necromancer".

'''2003: [[The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King (video game)|''The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King'' (video game)]]:'''

'''2004: ''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Third Age]]'':'''
:At the end of the game, Berethor and company (the playable characters) have to defeat the eye of Sauron by physically attacking him on top of [[Barad-dûr]].

'''2004: ''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Battle for Middle-earth]]'':'''

'''2005: ''[[The Lord of the Rings: Tactics]]'':'''

'''2006: ''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Battle for Middle-earth II]]'':'''

'''2007: ''[[The Lord of the Rings Online]]'':'''
:Sauron, in his fair guise, appears during the flashback to the years of the [[Second Age]]. He uses the name "Antheron" instead of "Annatar", which only appears in the works not covered by the game' licese.
:Visiting Sauron's personal chambers in [[Dol Guldur]] leads to a vision of the Dark Lord, still weak and recovering from his defeat at the hand of [[Isildur]].
:During an extended flashback sequence to the [[War of the Last Alliance]], Sauron himself is met within [[Barad-dur]] by the player, who controls a historic character.

'''2009: ''[[The Lord of the Rings: Conquest]]'':'''

'''2010: ''[[The Lord of the Rings: Aragorn's Quest]]'':'''

'''2011: ''[[The Lord of the Rings: War in the North]]'''''

'''2012: ''[[Guardians of Middle-earth]]'':'''
:Sauron is a "guardian".<ref name="Trailer">{{webcite|author=|articleurl=http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=caYW7d-8MIY&feature=player_embedded|articlename=''Guardians of Middle-earth'': First Official Gameplay Trailer|dated=29 June 2012|website=YT|accessed=16 July 2012}}</ref>

'''2014: ''[[Middle-earth: Shadow of Mordor]]'''''

'''2017: ''[[Middle-earth: Shadow of War]]'''''

'''2021: ''[[The Lord of the Rings: Rise to War]]'''''

=== Others ===
'''1982-97: ''[[Middle-earth Role Playing]]'':'''
:Sauron is treated as a Mage of level 180 (level 360 if using the One Ring). Among his items are the Elf-slaying Black Sword (S. ''Mormegil''), the Gauntlet of Slaying ("Narsil's Bane"), and the Black Scale of dragonskin. Among his special powers are Domination (control over other players using the One Eye), resistance to normal weapons, and the ability to force anyone within his sight to resist fear (or otherwise becoming frozen).

'''1995-8: ''[[Middle-earth Collectible Card Game]]'':'''
:The card "[http://www.tradecardsonline.com/im/selectCard/card_id/54534/cards_lang/1 Sauron]", appearing in the set ''[[Middle-earth: The Balrog|The Balrog]]'', is playable as a manifestation of the card "[http://www.tradecardsonline.com/im/selectCard/card_id/54002/cards_lang/1 The Lidless Eye]" (from the set [[Middle-earth: The Lidless Eye|''The Lidless Eye'']]), and can be used by players to enhance their general influence.<ref>{{webcite|author=|articleurl=http://www.tradecardsonline.com/im/selectCard/game_id/20/goal/|articlename=Home page for the game Middle Earth|dated=|website=[http://www.tradecardsonline.com/ Trade Cards Online]|accessed=5 January 2012}}</ref>

== External links ==
*[http://folk.uib.no/hnohf/sauronname.htm ''A Name for the Dark Lord''] by [[Helge Fauskanger]].

{{references|note}}

{{seq-start}}
{{seq-head
| race=evil
| house=[[Maia]]
| born = [[Creation of the Ainur]]
| died=[[25 March]] {{TA|3019}}
}}
{{seq
| pvac=None
| prev=Ring created
| list=[[Ring-bearer]]
| dates=c. {{SA|1600}} – {{SA|3441|n}}
| next=[[Isildur]]
}}
{{seq-end}}

{{ainur}}
{{numenor}}
{{ringbearers}}
{{hobbitfilms}}
{{lordoftheringsfilms}}
[[Category:Characters in The Lord of the Rings]]
[[Category:Characters in The Silmarillion]]
[[Category:Evil]]
[[Category:First Age characters]]
[[Category:Maiar]]
[[Category:Ring-bearers]]
[[Category:Rulers in Middle-earth]]
[[Category:Second Age characters]]
[[Category:Servants of Melkor]]
[[Category:Third Age characters]]
[[Category:Quenya names]]
[[de:Sauron]]
[[fi:Sauron]]
[[fr:encyclo/personnages/ainur/maiar/sauron]]

Lord of Isengard

2023-04-29T07:33:28Z

LordoftheEarth:

'''Lord of Isengard''' was the title born by the master of [[Isengard]], a [[Gondorian]] chieftain in command of the local garrison. The guardians with time became secretive and mingled with the [[Dunlendings]] until the Gondorian line failed.<ref name="UTIsen">{{UT|Isen}}, Appendix (ii)</ref>

[[Saruman]] later declared himself as Lord of Isengard, when he was granted to settle in [[Orthanc]].<ref name="AppMark">{{App|Mark}}</ref> Following the death [[Steward]] [[Turgon (Steward of Gondor)|Turgon]], the [[Istari|Wizard]] no longer paid heed to [[Gondor]] and made Isengard into his fortress,<ref name="AppStewards">{{App|Stewards}}</ref> eventually abandoning his mission to fall into mimicry of the [[Sauron|Enemy]] as his duplicitous vassal, weaving plots to suit his own personal ambitions.<ref name="FRCouncil">{{FR|Council}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[Key of Orthanc]]

{{references}}

[[Category:Gondor]]
[[Category:Mannish titles]]

Saruman

2023-04-17T15:13:47Z

LordoftheEarth:

{{sources}}
{{maiar infobox
| name=Saruman
| image=[[File:John Howe - Saruman.jpg|250px]]
| caption="Saruman" by [[John Howe]]
| pronun=
| othernames=''Curumo, Tarindor'' ([[Quenya|Q]]) ''Curunír 'Lân'' ([[Sindarin|S]]) [[the White]], [[the Wise]], the [[Ring-maker]], of Many Colours, [[Sharkey]]
| titles=[[Lord of Isengard]]
| position=Chief of the [[Heren Istarion]] Head of the [[White Council]]
| location=[[Orthanc]]
| affiliation=[[Aulë]] [[Istari]] (Wizards) [[White Council]] [[Sauron]]
| language=
| birth=
| birthlocation=
| rule=
| death=[[3 November]] {{TA|3019}} (existed in [[Middle-earth]] for 2019 years)
| deathlocation=[[Hobbiton]]
| age=
| notablefor=
| house=
| parentage=
| siblings=
| spouse=
| children=
| gender=Male
| height=Tall
| hair=White with strands of black<ref name="Voice">{{TT|Voice}}</ref>
| eyes=
| clothing=White robes, shimmering with many colours
| weapons=Staff Knife
| steed=
}}

{{quote|[Saruman] is great among the Wise. He is the chief of my order and the head of the Council. His knowledge is deep, but his pride has grown with it, and he takes ill any meddling. The lore of the Elven-rings, great and small, is his province. He has long studied it, seeking the lost secrets of their making...|[[Gandalf]] in ''[[The Fellowship of the Ring]]'', "[[The Shadow of the Past]]"}}

'''Saruman the White''' was the first of the order of [[Wizards]] (or ''Istari'') who came to Middle-earth as Emissaries of the [[Valar]] in the [[Third Age]]. For a time he was the chief of the Heren Istarion, as well as the head of the [[White Council]]. However, through his appreciation of [[Sauron]]'s innate strength, his envy of [[Gandalf]] and his overbearing hubris, the White Wizard fell into mimicry of the [[Dark Lord]] as one of his chief vassals, plotting to either share in his power or seize the [[One Ring]] first for himself.

Both at Sauron's whim and for his own upstart ambitions, Saruman coordinated assaults from his [[Orthanc]] tower in [[Isengard]] fortress against the realm of [[Rohan]] during the [[War of the Ring]], while sapping the kingdom through his mole, [[Gríma]]. However, the corrupted Wizard's legions were vanquished and he was forced to remain a prisoner in his own tower, though not for long: allowed to leave Orthanc, he travelled to the [[Shire]], which his outlaw pawns had gained control over, and became the hidden local thug lord. Saruman was again defeated by the rallied oppressed [[Hobbits]] and he himself was backstabbed by Gríma for his mistreatment; his unbodied spirit was denied the [[West]] and left naked and impotent, a fate not unlike that of his defeated master.

== History ==
=== Early history ===
As a [[Maia]], Saruman was created by [[Ilúvatar]] before the [[Music of the Ainur]].<ref name="Ainu">{{S|Ainu}}</ref> In his early days in [[Valinor]], he went by the name ''[[Curumo]]''<ref>{{UT|Istari}}, note 6</ref> or ''Tarindor''.<ref name=Cuv/> Like [[Sauron]], he was a powerful Maia of [[Aulë]].<ref>{{S|Vala}}</ref>

After the Valar discovered the primeval [[Elves]] at [[Cuiviénen]], Tarindor was one of the [[Five Guardians]] sent to protect the Elves from the forces of [[Melkor]].<ref name=Cuv>{{NM|P1xiii}}, p. 95</ref> It is unclear how long he remained or if he accompanied the [[Eldar]] on the [[Great Journey]].

=== Return to Middle-earth ===
After the defeat of Morgoth, the Valar grew concerned about the rising power of Sauron in Middle-earth. In [[Valinor]], a council was called by [[Manwë]], where it was decided to send Maiar as emissaries to Middle-earth to help the [[Free Peoples]] challenge Sauron. The council likely met in the middle of the Second Age, shortly after the creation of the [[Rings of Power]]. The council determined that these emissaries (who became known as the [[Istari]] or Wizards) should be "mighty, peers of Sauron, yet [they should] forgo might, and clothe themselves in flesh so as to treat on equality and win the trust of Elves and Men."<ref name=Istari>{{UT|Istari}}</ref>{{rp|393}} Curumo, who was sent to the council by Aulë, volunteered to travel to Middle-earth as an emissary; he was appointed the first Istar and became the chief of their Order.<ref name=Istari />{{rp|389, 394}}

Even before arriving in Middle-earth, Curumo begrudged his peers among the Istari. ''[[Gandalf|Olórin]]'' (later Gandalf), who did not wish to travel to Middle-earth, was commanded by Manwë to go as the third Istar. Saruman's jealousy of Gandalf began here, when [[Varda]] said of Gandalf that he was "not the third". Saruman was charged to take [[Aiwendil]] (later Radagast) with him to please [[Yavanna]], which he did not wish to do, and this led to his contempt for the latter Wizard.<ref name=Istari />{{rp|393}}

In Middle-earth, Curomo became known in [[Sindarin]] as ''[[Curunír]]'' and in [[Westron]] by his most common name, ''Saruman''. Like the other Wizards, his [[fana]] took the appearance of an old man. He had raven hair and was robed in white.<ref name=Istari />{{rp|393}}

Saruman and others of the Istari arrived in Middle-earth on a ship at [[Mithlond]] (the [[Grey Havens]]) in [[Lindon]] around the year 1000 of the [[Third Age]].<ref name=Istari /> At the time of their arrival, their origin, nature, purpose, and true names were a secret to nearly everyone in Middle-earth. Having witnessed their arrival, [[Círdan]] alone knew the truth of their identity and origin. He chose to give [[Narya]], the Red Ring, to Gandalf to aid him in his mission.<ref name="AppTA"/> Círdan told only [[Galadriel]] and [[Elrond]] of the true origins of the Istari.<ref name="SV"/> After a time, Saruman learned of Círdan's gift and begrudged it; this heightened the hidden ill-will that he bore towards Gandalf.<ref name=Istari/>

Shortly after arriving, Saruman travelled into the [[East]] of Middle-earth, as did the two [[Blue Wizards]]. After one and a half millennia he returned to the West, just as Sauron's power was growing again in [[Dol Guldur]].

=== Chief of the White Council ===
[[File:Angus McBride - Saruman.gif|thumb|''Saruman'' by [[Angus McBride]]]]
When the [[White Council]] was formed around {{TA|2463}}<ref name="AppTA"/>, Saruman was appointed its leader. Even then, he had begun to sense the resurgence of Sauron and to envy and desire his power, and especially his [[The One Ring|One Ring]]. Coincidentally, in that same year the One Ring was found by the creature [[Gollum]]<ref name="AppTA"/>, drawing the [[Dark Lord]] closer to the conflict that would eventually prove Saruman's undoing.

During this period, Saruman spent years in [[Minas Tirith]] examining its archives. It is possible that there he surmised that a [[Palantíri|''palantír'']] would still be located in [[Orthanc]], the tower of [[Isengard]].<ref>{{UT|Palantiri}}</ref> He offered to make Isengard his home and to command the defences of the West. This was welcomed by King [[Fréaláf]] of [[Rohan]] and [[Ruling Steward|Steward]] [[Beren (Steward of Gondor)|Beren]] of [[Gondor]] alike. In {{TA|2759}}, Saruman was given the [[Key of Orthanc]] in the ring of [[Isengard]] his abode, hoping that he would prove an important ally.<ref name="SV">{{S|V}}</ref><Ref name=stew>{{App|Stewards}}</ref> There he became important in the defence of the free lands of the West. In Orthanc he came upon the [[Orthanc-stone]], one of the seven seeing stones, but kept it secret and hidden, particularly from the White Council. He would later betray the Council by concealing his use of it.

In {{TA|2851}}, the White Council met and Gandalf revealed that the evil presence in Dol Guldur was indeed Sauron and that he had returned, and urged an attack there. Saruman however believed that Sauron would be useful in his quest: allowing Sauron to build up his strength, the One Ring would reveal itself, and Saruman hoped to have sufficient strength to seize it first himself until that event. With this strategy in mind, Saruman overruled Gandalf. It soon became clear that Saruman desired to possess [[the One Ring]] himself.<ref name="AppTA">{{App|TA}}</ref>

He soon found that Sauron had more knowledge of the possible location of the One Ring than he expected, and in {{TA|2941}} he finally consented to an [[Attack on Dol Guldur]] against Sauron at which point Sauron retreated to [[Mordor]].
[[File:Angus McBride - Dol Guldur.jpg|thumb|left|''Dol Guldur'' by [[Angus McBride]]]]
In {{TA|2953}}, the [[Wise]] gathered once more to debate about the [[Rings of Power]]. Saruman quieted the Council claiming to have the knowledge that the One Ring was lost forever in the [[Belegaer]]. Following their final meeting (and the death of [[Turgon (Steward of Gondor)|Steward Turgon]]), Saruman took Isengard for his own and fortified it.<Ref name=stew/> Saruman, jealous and afraid of Gandalf, set spies to watch all his movements; thus he discovered the existence of the [[Shire]] and noted Gandalf's interest in it, and started sending agents in [[Bree]] and the [[Southfarthing]].<ref name="AppTA"/> As [[Lord of Isengard]], Saruman began to bring trouble to Rohan by aiding its enemies.<ref name="AppMark">{{App|Mark}}</ref> But the Wise were already suspicious about him; [[Aragorn]] tried to advice Steward [[Ecthelion II]] to not trust Saruman for his help against Sauron.<Ref name=stew/>

Sauron had declared himself openly in Mordor; he established contact with Saruman through the [[Ithil-stone]] his minions had captured from [[Minas Ithil]]. Through his jealousy towards Gandalf and his ever-growing pride and arrogance, and through the use of the ''palantír'', Saruman was ensnared by Sauron. Using either the knowledge of his new ally or lore of lost [[Eregion]], Saruman crafted his own lesser ring and sought to emulate Sauron. His corruption was complete around {{TA|3000}}.<ref name="AppTA"/> The Wizard intended to share in the Dark Lord's power one way or another; he would aid in Sauron's victory to win his approval and become his equal lieutenant, or cheat him and try to supplant him by acquiring the One Ring for himself.

=== War of the Ring ===
At about this time, in an attempt to control [[Rohan]], Saruman bought the allegiance of King [[Théoden]]'s chief advisor, [[Gríma]], who then counselled the ailing king to do nothing about the steady resurgence of Sauron's armies. Saruman and Gríma's treachery would have crippled Rohan's military might and allowed Sauron lordship of the kingdom, had not [[Gandalf]] interfered a year later and revealed to Théoden his right-hand man's true designs, healing the old king and revitalising his political and military rule.

He had sent spies to negotiate the purchase of "[[pipe-weed|leaf]]" from [[the Shire]], in preparation for the war, and also learn of any [[Hobbits]] who had departed recently in hopes of finding out who possessed the One Ring.<ref name="UT10">{{UT|10}}, "Concerning Gandalf, Saruman, and the Shire"</ref>

Saruman did not reveal his true intentions until Gandalf presented him with the discovery and location of the One Ring. On [[10 July]], {{TA|3018}}, Gandalf arrived at Isengard.<ref name="AppGreat">{{App|Great}}</ref> Saruman demanded that Gandalf submit to him or to Sauron. Saruman then stood forth as '''Saruman of Many Colours''', and when Gandalf refused to join his new Lord or tell him of the Ring, he held him captive in Isengard.

[[File:The Lord of the Rings - The Two Towers - Gríma and Saruman.jpg|thumb|left|Saruman commanding his forces from Orthanc as seen in the ''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Two Towers]]'' film]]

It must have been during Gandalf's captivity in Orthanc that Saruman began to assemble his following of [[Orcs]], [[Dunlendings]] and [[Uruk-hai]] into a masive army, since Gandalf came to an as yet un-destroyed Isengard. From the pinnacle of the tower Gandalf could see that Saruman was gathering his hordes of Orcs and [[Wolves]] in his pits and forges, both in service and in competition of Sauron.<ref name="FRCouncil">{{FR|Council}}</ref> One can speculate that if matters had developed a little more slowly, his puppet Gríma would have gained full control over Rohan, and the [[Rohirrim]] would have been enslaved or destroyed.

Saruman's plans likely failed because he, like Sauron, was forced to reveal his hand early by Gandalf's subsequent escape, and therefore he had little time to perfect his plans. As Saruman considered himself "unfallen", he honestly believed he had a chance of converting Gandalf to their side, and felt honestly betrayed by Gandalf when he was refused.{{fact}}

Gandalf later escaped, and so Saruman's treachery and professed allegiance to Sauron became known to the rest of the White Council when Gandalf reported this during the subsequent [[Council of Elrond]].

Saruman soon also betrayed his master, Sauron, by lying to the [[Witch-king]] when he arrived at Isengard. Sauron had sent the [[Nazgûl]] searching for [[Bilbo Baggins|Baggins]], who had found the One Ring years before, and the Shire, his home. Saruman pretended to know nothing about the Shire. But the Lord of Minas Morgul and his company did not have the strength to assault the Ring of Isengard. Saruman told them that he believed Gandalf knew the whereabouts of the Ring, and the Nazgûl departed.

In September of {{TA|3018}}, the Nazgûl captured one of his [[the Shire|Shire]] [[Squint-eyed southerner|spies]] who told the [[Witch-king]] everything, betraying Saruman, and exposing the Wizard's double treachery. They also seized some maps and information about the Shire and [[Baggins]].<ref name="UT10" /> Perceived as a turncoat by the Free Peoples and fearing being caught as unfaithful vassal of Mordor, Saruman put all efforts into reassuring Sauron of his commitment or obtaining the One Ring for himself.<ref name="UTHunt">{{UT|Hunt}}</ref>

The failure to capture the Ring at [[Emyn Muil]] further ruined Saruman's plans, as he was revealed as a certain traitor to Sauron as well.

[[File:Ted Nasmith - The Wrath of the Ents.jpg|thumb|''The Wrath of the Ents'' by [[Ted Nasmith]]]]

Finding himself in a precarious position, Saruman could only hope to acquire the Ring or convince Sauron of his loyalty. Therefore he implemented an aggressive strategy of attacking [[Rohan]], endeavouring to kill the King's son [[Théodred]], sending spies to waylay [[Frodo Baggins]] on his flight from the Shire, and dispatching raiding parties on likely routes a company of the Ring might take to Gondor. Ironically, one of these parties captured [[Peregrin Took]] and [[Meriadoc Brandybuck]] and transported them to [[Fangorn Forest]] in time to mobilise the [[Ents]]. Gandalf also suspected Saruman had found (and destroyed) the remains of [[Isildur]], who had worn the Ring before it had been lost.

Saruman's Shire network failed to capture Frodo Baggins, Gandalf rallied Rohan to victory, [[Éomer]] stopped his brutal, but only partially successful raiding party, and control of Isengard was lost to the [[Ents]]. Aware he was utterly defeated, Saruman briefly considered repenting for his deeds, but at the last moment could not go through with it. Whether he had hope he could escape, whether he was too proud to surrender to Gandalf, whether he thought his master would pardon him, Saruman refused to leave the confines of his fortress. Saruman made a final attempt to woo Théoden and Gandalf to his cause but failed: his staff was broken and he was expelled from the Order of the Istari.

Left out of the final stages of the War of the Ring and unable to be of any use to Sauron, he eventually managed to convince his captors, the Ents, into letting him leave Isengard, as apparently the magic of his voice still remained.

[[File:Matt Stewart - The Voice of Isengard.jpg|thumb|''The Voice of Isengard'' by [[:Category:Images by Matt Stewart|Matt Stewart]]]]

On their way to northern [[Dunland]], on [[28 August]]<Ref name=chief>{{App|Chief}}</ref> they were confronted by Gandalf, [[Celeborn]], [[Galadriel]] and the Hobbits, but they passed as travelling beggars as Saruman kicked Gríma to move on, and he exclaimed how he hated his lord. Gandalf told Gríma that he was free to leave him but he did not reply. As Saruman was considered powerless, there was little concern for his escape.<ref name=Partings>{{RK|Partings}}</ref> On [[22 September]]<ref name=chief/> they entered to the Shire, which his ally [[Lotho Sackville-Baggins]] (undisturbed by events elsewhere) had brought under control. He established himself in [[Hobbiton]] and spent his final days as a small-time thug lord whom his [[ruffians]] called '''''Sharkey''''', imposing a terror regime to avenge himself upon the peaceful Halflings. But even this operation fell apart after Frodo and [[Samwise Gamgee]] returned; he was eventually betrayed and killed by his own agent Gríma on [[3 November]], {{TA|3019}}.

Saruman, who was a Maia, had lost his shape with his "death". As a discorporate spirit, he turned westward, but a wind came from the [[West]] and pushed him away. Apparently his spirit was left naked, powerless, and wandering in Middle-earth, not unlike Sauron after the One Ring was destroyed.

== Characteristics ==
[[File:Gregor Roffalski - Curunír.jpg|thumb|''Curunír'' by [[:Category:Images by Gregor Roffalski|Gregor Roffalski]]]]
In appearance, Saruman was as an old man with black hair. At the end of the Third Age, his hair and beard had turned mostly white — he had only black hairs about his lips and ears. He was tall, his face was long, and his eyes were deep and dark. He would appear in a white cloak, a habit he later changed into a cloak that changed colours as he moved.

He was not actually a [[Men|Man]], or even an [[Elves|Elf]] (as Men often suspected), but a [[Maiar|Maia]] clothed in flesh — an [[Istari|Istar]] (see ''Origins'' above). As such, he was immortal and extremely powerful, yet had limits on how far these powers could be used. His two most salient powers were his knowledge and his voice. Saruman was, in a very real way, the junior brother of Sauron both having been Maia of Aulë, Valar of Smithcraft, in the very beginnings of time. The parallels between Sauron and Saruman in both character and actions are many.

=== Powers ===
Knowledge of the "deep arts" (or magic, such as it is in Middle-earth) was of particular interest to Saruman, especially when relating to power such as the [[Rings of Power]] and the far seeing ''[[palantíri]]''. He was also deeply learned in ancient lore regarding powerful kingdoms such as [[Númenor]], [[Gondor]], and [[Moria]].

His voice and speech were extremely convincing, more powerful than mere rhetoric. When he focused this power on a person or a group of people, he could sway their hearts, plant fears and sow lies as he pleased. According to the stature of the listener, this spell could last as long as the speech did, or it could take root in them and last forever. Saruman's voice was so powerful that he was able to convince the [[Witch-king]] that he knew nothing of the One-Ring or the Shire. His voice was not hypnotic, however, rather it was persuasive; and the real danger the voice posed to the listener was not them falling into a trance, but agreeing with it.

Aside from his voice, Saruman has other subtle abilities such as giving great speed and motivation to his orcs at a distance and setting his will against all those in his dominion that might oppose him. Aragorn takes note of this ability while tracking the party of orcs holding Merry and Pippin hostage. Saruman also seems to be able to move around totally unheard by others, as there are numerous examples of him using this ability. Several examples include his sneaking up on [[Aragorn]], [[Gimli]] and [[Legolas]]'s camp in [[The Riders of Rohan]], his wholly unheard entrance in [[The Voice of Saruman]] and his quiet but sudden appearance to the hobbits in [[The Scouring of the Shire]].

Other powers include knowledge of machinery and chemistry, probably separable from explicit magic (for instance, the "blasting fire" employed by his [[Uruk-hai]] army in the battle of [[Helm's Deep]], was some kind of chemical explosive). Machinery and engines characterised both his fortified [[Isengard]] and his altered [[the Shire|Shire]] arenas of influence. In this, he sought to emulate, or even surpass his ally, [[Sauron]]. This inclination was constitutional in them both from the very beginning.

His science also extended to biological areas. He is believed to have crossbred Men and Orcs, creating a new race of Orcs unafraid of daylight, the dreaded Uruk-hai, a major improvement on Sauron's thralls who hated daylight. His mannish spies in [[Bree]] were said to have Orc blood, giving them heightened senses over ordinary men. He also employed scavenger birds in his service, although this might also be attributed to [[Radagast]] the Brown, ordering them to report to [[Orthanc]], Saruman's stronghold.

Being regarded as more powerful than [[Gandalf]] (at least before Gandalf's "rebirth"), it's fair to assume he would also wield explicit magic similar to Gandalf, such as artificial light, locking spells, creating fire, etc.

Saruman, walking on the same ruinous path as Sauron, attempted to forge for himself a Ring of Power. This he wore during the War of the Ring which he revealed when he called himself "Saruman the [[Ring-maker]]". He had great knowledge and lore of the magic rings created by Sauron and by the Elven-smiths, though at this time the full art of ring-making was lost and known only to Sauron and so Saruman's knowledge of the craft was incomplete. It is assumed that Saruman's Ring was the equivalent of one of the lesser rings in power and any details of this power is not mentioned. It is also assumed that it too lost its power, if it had any, when the One Ring was destroyed, since Saruman's craft of ring-making was still based on Sauron's. When Gandalf was given Narya, the Ring of Fire, Saruman learned of the gift and resented it. This may be another reason why Saruman desired to have a ring of his own.

=== Personality ===
Saruman resembled Gandalf not only in appearance, but originally also somewhat in deportment, but unlike Gandalf, Saruman was proud, even haughty, and in this he was more akin to Sauron. He saw himself as the most powerful of the Istari, expressing clear contempt for Radagast the Brown, patronising tolerance of the Wise and Elves, and sheer disdain for lesser Men. Saruman was no fool (though he saw Radagast as one); he realised Gandalf's power, and eventually came to see him as an equal, and later as a superior, much to his distress. He became jealous of Gandalf, eventually convincing himself that Gandalf was scheming against him, which justified his own scheming against Gandalf and the rest of the White Council, and the Free Peoples of Middle-earth as well. Saruman's ultimate agenda in the end was not very different at all from Sauron's, in that he himself ultimately sought to become a tyrant of Middle-earth; regardless if by his new master's side or (more preferably) on his own - if he attained the One Ring first.

Saruman likely was true to his mission in the beginning, and actually believed in working to stop the return of the Darkness, but his pride and later arrogance (as well as his jealousy towards Gandalf and the influence of Sauron) turned him into a traitor to the cause he had once served. Saruman's betrayal was not sudden, but slowly grew over time as Sauron used Saruman's lust for power, admiration of strength and envy as tools of control, until at last Saruman had convinced himself that he could not have taken any other path and that it was too late now to repent. To the last the corrupted Wizard only believed in his own counsel and the deceptive words of the Dark Lord. These false beliefs kept Saruman from taking his last chance at redemption, and because he must have realised this after Gandalf's truly generous terms he only became more bitter and filled with the rage of failure, blaming Gandalf more than anyone else for his downfall.

== Politics ==
=== Men ===
Saruman "went mostly among men". He always sought power, and it lay in the hands of the kingdoms of Men.

No records speak of his earliest journeys into the east; after his return he became a servant of [[Gondor]], receiving the keys to Orthanc from Beren as its warden. When Gondor weakened, he claimed Orthanc for his own without any formal declaration (or objection from Gondor), yet remained nominally an ally of Gondor and of Rohan.

When he turned to treachery, Saruman employed men mainly from [[Dunland]], and agents from other lands, turning old grudges into fuel for new hatred. The Dunlendings were enticed with the old stories that they had once lived in [[Calenardhon]] before the ''Strawheads''. The Dunlendings became his soldiers and it also seems probable that he used some of them to create [[Half-orcs]].

Gríma Wormtongue played a vital role in Saruman's plans: with Saruman's counsel Gríma began to weaken the king, estranging him from his other counsellors and even his own kin, until Gríma had in effect become the leader of Rohan.

=== Elves ===
Saruman was once on good terms with the Elves, and was voted in as the leader of the White Council, a group of Elves and Istari united against Sauron.

Saruman knew that Gandalf had been given the third Elvish ring [[Narya]] by [[Círdan]] the Shipwright. This nurtured his jealousy of Gandalf and his resentment towards the Elves.

Saruman had little use for, or interest in, the Elves, who were declining and their lands were few and secretive; although they wielded marvellous powers and two Rings of Power, they were not useful nor accessible for Saruman's ambitions. Also, they succumbed less easily than other races to manipulation.

Even though Isengard lay very close to [[Lothlórien]], Saruman had very little or no contact with it. Saruman never trusted [[Galadriel]] and he accused her of scheming for Gandalf at his expense.<ref name=Partings/>

=== Orcs ===
Saruman drew his original strength of Orcs from tribes in the [[Misty Mountains]], and perhaps from Moria Orcs. He made use of [[Wargs|Warg]]-mounted Orcs for raids against Rohan.

He also bred [[Orcs of Isengard|Orcs]] in the pits of Isengard, eventually creating crossbreeds of Orcs and Men (probably [[Dunlendings]] or [[Bree-men]]). This programme apparently also involved feeding these greater Orcs Man-flesh as a treat.

His [[Uruk-hai]] legions displayed great discipline and fierce loyalty, in addition to the other improvements such as height, strength, endurance and resistance to sunlight. There also appears to have been middle stages between Men and the Uruk-hai, Men with varying degrees of Orkish appearance such as [[Half-orcs]] and [[Goblin-men]]. These were reported by Pippin and Merry to have been part of Saruman's regular army, but were not Uruk-hai, since the hobbits would have recognised these from their earlier capture.

Saruman's servants called him "[[Sharkey]]" both in Isengard and later in the Shire.

=== Ents/Trees ===
Saruman made contact with the Ents in [[Fangorn Forest]] shortly after he settled in [[Isengard]]. The oldest of the Ents, [[Treebeard]] received him and gave him free access to the forest.

Saruman also consulted with Treebeard, learning much old lore that the Ents would have remembered from ancient times. Saruman did not return this favour, but only listened.

The Ents saw Saruman's treachery early, and became very concerned, primarily with Saruman's Orcs felling trees on the edge of Fangorn for use in the furnaces of Isengard and sometimes for no reason at all.

The Ents also appear to have had a sense of order, how things should be, that Saruman encroached upon. The crossbreeding of Men and Orcs particularly alarmed them, out of proportion to other concerns enemies of Saruman might have had. Also alarming was the pure fact of his treachery — the Istari were supposed to have a special responsibility.

Saruman used the Ents and the Fangorn forest without concern for the consequences. He clearly misjudged the Ents' abilities and will to act. This might not have been as incautious as it seemed, since major contributing factors to the Ent's actions were advice and requests from Gandalf, and concern about the rising power of Sauron (and their wish to support the front-line troops of the war, Rohan and Gondor).

Saruman clearly had the ability to understand the minds of the Ents when he found it useful. He managed to talk Treebeard into setting him free from Orthanc by pushing just the right buttons — Ents dislike the concept of caging up any creature.

=== Hobbits ===
The race of [[Hobbits]] and their lands seemed too insignificant to interest Saruman: until he took notice of Gandalf's special concern for them. Studying Gandalf made him focus gradually more and more on the Hobbits and The Shire. For a period he actually travelled there in secret, mapping out the lands. Gandalf was aware of this, but at this point only amused.

He began smoking pipe-weed (a habit of the Hobbits that Gandalf had picked up), also in secret. His demand for tobacco opened up trading between The Shire and Isengard, and the power his money could wield there and the corruption it could cause began to fascinate him. Some of his agents went in secret, and some were known to Gandalf and the [[Rangers of the North|Rangers]].

His anger towards the Hobbits may possibly stem from the attention Gandalf showed them. It certainly strengthened immensely when he discovered that the Hobbits had "conspired" with Gandalf to keep [[the One Ring]] from him.

This, and the sudden urgency caused by the [[Nazgûl|Ringwraiths]]' hunt for the Ring-bearer from The Shire to Rivendell, made him increase his activity in the area, leading to a build-up of power that would lead to virtual conquest of The Shire.

He might also later have blamed the ruin of Isengard by the Ents on [[Peregrin Took]] and [[Meriadoc Brandybuck]], who clearly catalysed events.

This all came together when Saruman escaped from the Ents and retired to The Shire and his thug regime in place there. It appears he immediately switched the focus of this operation to wanton destruction: pollution, murder, fire, chopping down trees for no reason, a last blow against Hobbits and Gandalf.

At his final utter defeat by [[Battle of Bywater|a Hobbit uprising]], his life was spared even when he tried to assassinate [[Frodo Baggins]]. At this moment he actually conceded a short-lived respect to Frodo.

=== Valar/Maiar/Wizards ===
Saruman was supposedly eager to go to Middle-earth, against Manwë's counsel. After his 'death' he was apparently barred from returning to Valinor, and therefore was denied reincarnation and condemned to waft away and disappear like so much smoke. In his corrupt state, Saruman sought power and the imposing of order in Middle-earth by any means necessary, even if it meant betraying the mission he was entrusted with and throwing in his lot with Sauron.

Sauron, in origin a Maia of Aulë like Saruman, awed and frightened him. The Wizard saw the Dark Lord not as his foe, for he had instead been taken in by his power and coveted similar accomplishments. At the height of his arrogance, Saruman thought he could contend with Sauron, but in the end he found himself meddling with a spirit of far greater power and knowledge than himself. Caught peering into the ''palantír'' he was seduced by Sauron to his allegiance, no longer opposing (and perhaps even desiring) his victory. The Wizard sought to become the quasi-equal lieutenant to the Dark Lord and receive his favor in triumph, yet he proved to be his most duplicitous vassal, seeking to also claim the One Ring for himself if possible. After the Escape of Gandalf, Saruman understood the only paths ahead of him were to: show Sauron his loyalty by crippling Rohan, hoping to at the very least be spared, or obtain the Ring first; otherwise he would come to ruin and torment.

Saruman grudgingly brought with him Radagast as a companion from Valinor, at the request of [[Yavanna]], yet still managed to arrive alone, and first. Shortly after, he went into the East with the two [[Blue Wizards]], and later returned alone. There he may have wrought many great works to diminish the influence of the Enemy or searched for lore to help him in his schemes.

Radagast, even though Saruman scorned him, served both Gandalf and Saruman very usefully (and wholly unintentionally, as he admitted "he had just the wit to play the part I set him", that of persuading Gandalf to come to Isengard). Radagast also sent birds to Saruman and Gandalf to report the different happenings in Middle-earth.

Saruman had always been jealous of Gandalf, and knew that he was keeping secrets from him, such as his suspicion about [[The One Ring|Bilbo's Ring]] and [[Narya]], secret. Gandalf also suspected Saruman of plotting to gain the One Ring for himself, and hinted at this at a meeting of the White Council. Gandalf blew nine small smoke rings and one great one that wavered a bit, seeming almost palpable, and yet blew away, symbolising (almost prophetic of) Saruman's failure in achieving the One. In general, Saruman must have viewed Gandalf as his only peer, and as such to be feared and treated with (although not necessarily shown) respect. He always kept a watchful eye open for Gandalf's doings, and actually picked up the habit of smoking pipe-weed by sending out spies tailing Gandalf to the Shire. After revealing his fealty to Mordor and his desire for the Ring, Saruman offered Gandalf the chance to join with Sauron, or perhaps get the One for themselves. Ultimately, certain he Gandalf could be forced to tell of the Ring's whereabouts or that ar least Sauron would prevail, he came to underestimate Gandalf and think little of his interventions.

Nevertheless, Saruman exercised more power than Gandalf, even with the ring Narya, as became clear when he placed Gandalf under arrest at the pinnacle of Orthanc. The text does not make it clear whether Saruman lost power or whether Gandalf gained power, but when Gandalf returned as "Gandalf [[the White]]", he could summon Saruman at his will, forcibly keep him in his presence, and finally break Saruman's staff (with whatever implications that might have had for Saruman's powers).

Despite his apparent disdain for the Grey Pilgrim, Saruman several times came very close to setting aside his pride and to asking Gandalf for pity and help. The closest call came when the [[Nazgûl|Ringwraiths]] (on their way to the Shire) arrived at Isengard while Gandalf still remained in captivity there. Saruman, realising he might have already lost Sauron's trust, actually went to seek Gandalf's pardon, only to find his erstwhile captive missing from the top of Orthanc.

=== Animals ===
Saruman had control over many birds, probably having been taught to tame them by Radagast. Crebain spied for him and brought him news. In addition, the Orcs Saruman took in his armies had amongst them wild [[Wolves]] and even [[Wargs]], a sort of demonic cousin of the former.

== Etymology ==
{{pronounce|Quenya - Curumo.mp3|Gilgamesh}}
''Saruman'' is a [[Mannish]] translation of [[Quenya]] ''[[Curumo]]'', his original name in [[Valinor]] as a Maia; and [[Sindarin]] ''[[Curunír]]'' which is supposedly the same name (with the ending ''[[dîr|-ndîr]]'' "man"). All names mean "Skilled Man" or "Cunning One" (root ''[[curu]]'' "skill").<ref name=RC81>{{HM|RC}}, p. 81</ref><ref>{{webcite|author=[[Helge Fauskanger]]|articleurl=http://folk.uib.no/hnohf/quen-eng.htm|articlename=Quettaparma Quenyallo|website=Arda}}</ref><ref>{{webcite|author=[[Didier Willis]], ed.|articleurl=http://www.jrrvf.com/hisweloke/sindar/online/sindar/dict-sd-en.html|articlename=Hiswelókë's Sindarin dictionary|website=[http://www.jrrvf.com/hisweloke/ Hiswelókë]}}</ref>

''Saruman'' is derived from [[Old English]]: the root word ''searu'' means "device, design, contrivance, art" and the whole name means "man of skill".<ref name=RC81/>

== Other names ==
His name in [[Sindarin]] was '''''Curunír''''' or '''''Curunír' Lân''''' ("Curunír the White").<ref name=Istari/>

Saruman was also known as '''Curumo''' ([[Quenya|Q]]: "cunning", pron. {{IPA|[ˈkurumo]}}) in [[Valinor]], before he came to [[Middle-earth]] during the [[Third Age]].<ref>{{UT|Istari}}, note 6</ref>

When sent to Cuiviénen with the other [[Five Guardians|Guardians]], he was called '''''Tarindor''''' ("*High/wise-mind(ed)-one").<ref>{{NM|P1xiii}}, "Notes", p. 102, note 7</ref>

He claimed for himself the title '''[[Ring-maker]]'''.<ref name="FRCouncil"/>

== Other versions of the legendarium ==
In the earlier versions of ''The Lord of the Rings'', Saruman was sketched merely as a fawning servant of Sauron, while the army he musters is not in rivalry of Mordor's but from the beginning in his new master's employ. In other drafts, the treacherous Wizard hands Gandalf over to the evil [[Giants|Giant]] Treebeard or betrays him to the Black Riders. <ref>{{TI|VII}}</ref>

Saruman's older names in these drafts were Sarumond and Saramund,<ref name=rc>{{HM|RC}}, p. xxiii</ref> containing the english term ''mund'' "hand".

== Inspiration ==
Saruman was invented and introduced in the story in order to explain Gandalf's absence in the first part of ''The Lord of the Rings'', replacing Treebeard as the Wizard's captor.<ref name=rc/>

As a scholar, Tolkien would also have been well aware of the name of a similarly-named historic 'head of his order', Jaruman.

== Portrayal in adaptations ==
{{Gallery
|title=Saruman in adaptations
|height=150
|width=250
|File:The Lord of the Rings (1978 film) - Saruman.jpg|Saruman in [[The Lord of the Rings (1978 film)|''The Lord of the Rings'' (1978 film)]]
|lines=2
|File:The Lord of the Rings (film series) - Saruman using Palantír.jpg|[[Christopher Lee]] as Saruman in [[The Lord of the Rings (film series)|''The Lord of the Rings'' (film series)]]
|File:LOTRO-Rise of Isengard-Saruman-1.png|Saruman in ''[[The Lord of the Rings Online]]''
|File:Lego - Saruman minifigure.jpg|Saruman in [[Lego]] form
}}

=== Films ===
'''1978: [[The Lord of the Rings (1978 film)|''The Lord of the Rings'' (1978 film)]]:'''
:[[Fraser Kerr]] provided the voice of Saruman. From early on in the production, it was decided that "Saruman" and "Sauron" sounded too much alike, and might confuse viewers. On concept art, Saruman is called '''Ruman''',<ref>[http://www.ralphbakshi.com/gallery/displayimage.php?album=5&pos=69 1978 - The Lord of the Rings Gallery] at [http://www.ralphbakshi.com Ralphbakshi.com] (accessed 26 March 2011)</ref> but prior to recording, this was changed to '''Aruman'''. However, during recording, it was again changed, to "Saruman". Because of this late change, several instances of "Aruman" remain in the finished film.

'''2001-03: [[The Lord of the Rings (film series)|''The Lord of the Rings'' (film series)]]:'''
:Saruman was played by [[Christopher Lee]]. Saruman's depiction in the series is more akin to the early drafts: he is a more committed vassal of [[Sauron]]; still, he is seemingly not above cheating his master, instructing [[Lurtz]] to bring him the Hobbits carrying "something of great value" (the One Ring). In the films, his corruption by Sauron is directly portrayed to have come about through his use of one of the [[Palantíri]] found in the tower of [[Orthanc]], through which Sauron fueled the lust for power and accompanying arrogance and greed already festering in Saruman's heart. The films did not include the [[Battle of Bywater|Scouring of the Shire]], so Saruman's last appearance was in Isengard, during his encounter with [[Gandalf]] and [[Théoden]]. In the [[The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King (extended edition)|extended edition of ''The Return of the King'']], [[Gríma]] stabs Saruman in the back, causing him to fall on a spiked wheel below the tower of Orthanc.

'''2012-14: [[The Hobbit (film series)|''The Hobbit'' (film series)]]:'''
:[[Christopher Lee]] reprised his role as Saruman, although the character does not appear in the book.<ref name="TelegraphCasting">{{webcite|articleurl=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/film/film-news/8311016/Christopher-Lee-will-star-in-the-Hobbit-prequel.html|articlename=Christopher Lee will star in the Hobbit prequel|dated=08-Feb-2011|website=[http://www.telegraph.co.uk/ The Telegraph]|accessed=21-Dec-2011}}</ref> He appears as part of the [[White Council]] alongside [[Gandalf]], [[Galadriel]] and [[Elrond]]. He is sceptical about the appearance of a [[Sauron#Sauron's Return|Necromancer]] in [[Dol Guldur]]. However, when he participates in the [[attack on Dol Guldur]], he sees for himself that Sauron has indeed returned. After the skirmish, he appears shaken by the display of Sauron's power, but claims he will take it upon himself to keep an eye on the Dark Lord and pretends to care for Lady Galadriel's weakened state.

=== Television ===
'''1993: [[Hobitit|''Hobitit'']]:'''
:Saruman was played by actor Mikko Kivinen. He appears only in the "Vanha metsä" ("Old Forest") episode.

=== Radio series ===
'''1955: [[The Lord of the Rings (1955 radio series)|''The Lord of the Rings'' (1955 radio series)]]:'''
:The voice of Saruman is provided by [[Robert Farquharson]].

'''1979: [[The Lord of the Rings (1979 radio series)|''The Lord of the Rings'' (1979 radio series)]]:'''
:The voice of Saruman is provided by [[James Arrington]].

'''1981: [[The Lord of the Rings (1981 radio series)|''The Lord of the Rings'' (1981 radio series)]]:'''
:[[Peter Howell]] played Saruman. Because the series follows a chronological timeline rather than the flashbacks of the books, Saruman's betrayal is brought out much sooner than in the book. Excerpts from [[The Hunt for the Ring]] are dramatised to flesh out Gandalf's escape from Isengard, and the Nazgul's pursuit. In the final episode, Saruman's death at the hands of Wormtongue at Bag End is included.

'''1992: [[Der Herr der Ringe (1992 German radio series)|''Der Herr der Ringe'' (1992 German radio series)]]:'''
:Saruman is played by Manfred Steffen.

'''2001-2003: [[Pán prsteňov (2001-2003 Slovak radio series)|''Pán prsteňov'' (2001-2003 Slovak radio series)]]:'''
:The voice of Saruman is provided by Andrej Hryc. Saruman appears in all three series (seasons) of this adaptation, with his most prominent appearances in the episodes covering ''The Two Towers''.

=== Games ===
'''2003: [[The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King (video game)|''The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King'' (video game)]]:'''
:Though Christopher Lee provided the voice of Saruman for many scenes, the only visual appearance of the Wizard of from re-used movie clips, his voice is played over several Gandalf's actions though.

'''2003: ''[[The Lord of the Rings: War of the Ring]]'':'''
:Saruman is one of the "Hero" units of the Servants of Sauron, the game also depicts his creation of the Uruk-hai.

'''2004: ''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Battle for Middle-earth]]'':'''
:Saruman is the main "Hero" unit of Isengard faction, the evil campaign follows his despoilment of both Isengard and the Fangorn Forest, war on Rohan and later conquest of the outlying lands.

'''2006: ''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Battle for Middle-earth II]]'':'''
:Saruman is still the main "Hero" unit of Isengard faction, but plays no role in the storyline.

'''2011: ''[[The Lord of the Rings Online: Rise of Isengard]]'':'''
:Through frequently referred to in-game since 2007, Saruman made no visual appearance until 2011 and the ''Rise of Isengard'' expansion. Many quests in the game display the stretch of the White Hand - Saruman's minions are present in Shire as early as {{TA|3018}}, as well as [[Bree-land]], [[Lone-lands]], [[Eregion]], [[Enedwaith]], [[Dunland]], [[Gap of Rohan]], outskirts of the [[Fangorn Forest]] and even [[Moria]].
:In the storyline of ''Rise of Isengard'' Saruman first appears buying the loyalties of the Dunlending clans, bringing with him riches and maintaining a friendly appearance. He also still keeps his affairs in Rohan private, to the point that when a Rohirrim questions the desolation of [[Nan Curunír]] and the presence of Trolls in Isengard, the Wizard manages to use his voice to convince him that it was all for the good cause. At one point, traitorous Dunlendings capture the player and send him to Saruman as a gift - once again the Wizard maintains a friendly and noble appearance, trying to discern the location of The Ring, before the player escapes.
:A major storyline is derived from a single line in ''[[The Fellowship of the Ring]]'', where Saruman calls himself "Ring-forger". Long having researched the Rings of Power, Saruman sends his minions to pillage what remains of Ring-Forges of Eregion, looking for any knowledge of ancient Elven smiths that have remained here. Using that lore, he constructs a massive Ring-Forge under Isengard, where he creates five lesser rings and a master one to command them. He keeps the master ring to himself and gives the other to his most trusted lieutenants, though none of the mortals are prepared for it and are turned into monstrosities. A large forces of players defeats them one by one, reclaiming lesser rings and later uses those rings to turn upon the master one. In the ensuing fight Saruman's ring is destroyed shortly before the Battle of Hornburg, and with it the lesser ones lose their power.

'''2014: [[Middle-earth: Shadow of Mordor]]:'''
:Voiced by [[Roger Jackson]], Saruman appears in this game as a non-playable character. The game's protagonist, Talion, finds various artefacts that reveal that Saruman's spies are active within the borders of [[Mordor]] in the years between ''[[The Hobbit]]'' and ''[[The Lord of the Rings]]''. It is later revealed that Saruman was controlling Queen Marwen of the [[Nurnen]] to hinder Sauron while bringing about the destruction of the men of [[Nurn]].

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[[Category:Characters in The Lord of the Rings]]
[[Category:Characters in The Silmarillion]]
[[Category:First Age characters]]
[[Category:Maiar]]
[[Category:Old English names]]
[[Category:Rulers in Middle-earth]]
[[Category:Servants of Sauron]]
[[Category:Third Age characters]]
[[Category:Wizards]]

[[de:Saruman]]
[[fr:/encyclo/personnages/ainur/maiar/istari/saruman]]
[[fi:Saruman]]

Uruk-hai

2023-01-16T15:04:00Z

LordoftheEarth:

{{cleanup}}{{people infobox
| name=Uruk-hai
| image=[[File:John Howe - The Uruk-hai.jpg|250px]]
| caption="[[:File:John Howe - The Uruk-hai.jpg|The Uruk-hai]]" by [[John Howe]]
| pronun=
| othernames=Great Orcs, Uruks
| origin=Bred by [[Sauron]] (and later [[Saruman]]) in the late [[Third Age]]
| location=[[Isengard|Northern Rohan and Isengard]], [[Mordor]]
| affiliation=Sauron ([[Nazgûl]] & Saruman)
| rivalry=[[Rohirrim]]
| language=Various dialects of the [[Black Speech]], [[Westron]]
| members=[[Uglúk]], [[Mauhúr]]
| lifespan=
| distinctions=Large build; better resistance to sunlight; faster, stronger, and smarter than other Orcs
| height=Shorter than [[Men]]
| hair=
| skin=Swarthy
| clothing=
| weapons=Short, broad-bladed swords, shields, bows of yew, knives
}}
{{quote|...and others, too, came out of the forest. Great Orcs, who also bore the White Hand of [[Isengard]]: that kind is stronger and more fell than all the others.|[[Éomer]] in ''[[The Two Towers]]'', "[[The Riders of Rohan]]"}}

The '''Uruk-hai''' were a new breed of [[Orcs]] that appeared during the [[Third Age]].

==Appearance==
They were faster than normal Orcs and could travel during the day without being weakened. They were not only faster but smarter, stronger and larger, though they were still shorter than Men.

The Uruks in the service of [[Barad-dûr]], the folk of Mordor, used the symbol of the Red [[Eye of Sauron]]. The Red Eye was also painted on their shields. At least one, a guard on the march with [[Meriadoc Brandybuck|Merry]] and [[Peregrin Took|Pippin]], had a black knife with a long saw-edged blade, used by Pippin to cut through the ropes on his hands. It is not clear whether or not these Uruks of Sauron should be regarded as identical with the Uruks of Saruman, who could be a further 'improvement' to the race achieved prior to the war.

The Uruk-hai in the employ of [[Orthanc]] used an ''S'' [[Cirth|elf-rune]] wrought in white metal on the front of their iron helms. It was clear this "S" stood for Saruman, because their shields had a small [[White Hand]] of Saruman centered on a black field. [[Aragorn]] commented that their gear was not in the manner of other Orcs at all. Instead of curved scimitars, they used short, broad-bladed swords. Their great [[Bows|bows]] were made of yew wood, in length and shape as those of Men. Although they did not like the light of the [[Sun]], they could withstand it better than other orcs. Saruman promised them man-flesh as a treat.

==History==
The race of Uruks, described as "black orcs of great strength", first appeared out of [[Mordor]] in the last years of the [[Ruling Stewards|Stewardship]] of [[Denethor I]]. In {{TA|2475}} they conquered [[Ithilien]] and destroyed the city of [[Osgiliath]], but they were defeated by Steward [[Boromir (Steward of Gondor)|Boromir]] later.<ref>{{App|Stewards}}</ref> The following years, [[Orcs of Mordor]] - among them Uruks - continued to infest Ithilien, further deserting it by {{TA|2901}}.<ref>{{App|TA}}</ref>

Around {{TA|2990}}, the corrupted [[Wizard]] [[Saruman]] began to use and possibly breed Orcs in [[Isengard]].<ref>{{UT|14a}}, note 7</ref>. As the [[Shadow]] of the [[Dark Lord|Enemy]] fell over [[Rohan]], Uruks out of Isengard joined raiding parties of [[Orcs of the Misty Mountains]] against the [[Rohirrim]].<ref>{{App|Mark}}</ref>

In the [[War of the Ring]], the Uruks of Mordor referred to the Dark Lord [[Sauron]] as the Great Eye, and [[Shagrat]] was the commanders of one such garrison at [[Cirith Ungol]], while [[Gorbag]] was an Uruk captain of [[Minas Morgul]].<ref>{{TT|Choices}}, pp. 735-42</ref>
[[File:Darek Zabrocki - Orc Assault.jpg|thumb|''Orc Assault'' by [[:Category:Images by Darek Zabrocki|Darek Zabrocki]]]]
The Uruk-hai of Isengard made up the core of a ten-thousand strong army, mustered by the Wizard Saruman both in service to, and in tacit competition with, his Lord Sauron.<ref name="FRCouncil">{{FR|Council}}</ref> Joined by [[Dunlendings]] and the common [[Orcs of Isengard]], they fought against the Rohirrim in the [[First Battle of the Fords of Isen|First]] and [[Second Battle of the Fords of Isen]].<ref>{{UT|Isen}}</ref>, notably slaying Prince [[Théodred]]. The Uruk-hai army was then sent against [[Kings of Rohan|King]] [[Théoden]] and his people at [[Helm's Deep]], where they faced utter defeat in the [[Battle of the Hornburg]].<ref>{{TT|III8}}</ref>

Behind his Master's back, the corrupted Wizard sent a smaller troop to capture the [[Ring-bearer]] for his own ends. These Uruks were led by [[Uglúk]] and ambushed the [[Fellowship of the Ring]] at [[Amon Hen]], slaying [[Boromir]] and capturing [[Merry]] and [[Pippin]]. Though quarreling with the Mountain-orcs and [[Grishnákh]]'s Mordor-orcs who had joined them, the Uruks imposed Isengard as the destination for the captive [[Hobbits]]. Saruman aided them with his sorcery as well: when Aragorn, [[Gimli]], and [[Legolas]] followed the Orc-company, Saruman's will caused weariness of the heart for the pursuers and lent speed to his Uruks. {{fact}} The Uruk-hai troop and the other two Orc warbands were slain to the last on the eaves of [[Fangorn]] by [[Third Marshal of the Riddermark]] [[Éomer]] and his riders.<ref name="Uruk-hai">{{TT|Uruk}}</ref>

On 29 February {{TA|3019}},<ref>{{App|Great}}, entry for the year 3019, February 29, p. 1092</ref> [[Treebeard]] said to [[Meriadoc Brandybuck|Merry]] and [[Peregrin Took|Pippin]] that Saruman had done something dangerous to the Orcs and that those Orcs were more like wicked Men, because they could tolerate sunlight although they hated it. He openly wondered if they were Men that Saruman had "ruined" or if he had "[[Half-orcs|blended]]" Orcs and Men, an act which Treebeard considered to be "a black evil".<ref>{{TT|Treebeard}}, p. 473</ref>

After [[Samwise Gamgee]]'s fight with the [[Spiders|Spider]] [[Shelob]], two Orc-troops led by the Uruk captains Shagrat and Gorbag stumbled upon the unconscious [[Frodo Baggins]] and carried him as their prisoner to Cirith Ungol.<ref>{{TT|IV10}}, pp. 735-42</ref> Squabbling among themselves over Frodo's belongings, the Orcs and Uruks slaughtered each other, allowing Sam to enter the unguarded tower and rescue Frodo.<ref>{{RK|Tower}}, pp. 905-7</ref>

==Etymology==
''Uruk-hai'' is a name in the [[Black Speech]], which means "Orc-folk".<ref>{{PE|17}}, entry B '''Urukhai''', p. 136</ref><ref>{{PE|17}}, entry B '''krimp-''', p. 12</ref> Paul Strack suggests that it is a compound of ''uruk'' ("Orc")<ref>{{App|Other}}, p. 1131</ref><ref name=WJAC>{{WJ|AC}}, pp. 389-91</ref><ref name=L144>{{L|144}}, p. 178</ref><ref name=PE17_47>{{PE|17}}, entry B '''uruk''', p. 47</ref> (for related words in other languages, see [[Orcs#Orcs in Tolkien's languages|Orcs in Tolkien's languages]]) and ''[[hai|-hai]]'' ("folk").<ref>{{webcite|author=Paul Strack|articleurl=https://www.eldamo.org/content/words/word-1006125913.html|articlename=BS. ''Uruk-hai'' n.|website=Eldamo|accessed=13 January 2023}}</ref>

==Portrayal in adaptations==
In both [[The Lord of the Rings (1978 film)|''The Lord of the Rings'' (1978 film)]] and [[The Return of the King (1980 film)|''The Return of the King'' (1980 film)]], Uruk-hai are portrayed identically as (and without distinction to) the [[Orcs]].

'''1988: ''[[J.R.R. Tolkien's War in Middle Earth]]'':'''
[[File:War in Middle Earth - Orcs and Uruk-hai at Isengard.png|thumb|Uruk-hai at Isengard in ''[[J.R.R. Tolkien's War in Middle Earth]]'']]
:The Uruk-hai are portrayed as figures with purple armor and a shield.

'''2001-03: [[The Lord of the Rings (film series)|''The Lord of the Rings'' (film series)]]:'''

:In [[The Lord of the Rings (film series)|Peter Jackson's The Lord of the Rings]], the Uruk-hai are shown as being released from a kind of membrane in the mud deep under Isengard (special commentary on the DVD edition explained that they were trying to base the scene on an early description of Tolkien's that Orcs "worm their way out of the ground like maggots"). In the movies Uruk-hai are described as a crossbreed between "Orcs and [[Goblin-men]]". This is a reference to the creatures mentioned by [[Gamling]] in the novel that blend the traits of Orcs and Men. These Uruks are sent after the Fellowship, and their initial captain is [[Lurtz]], a movie-only character.

:The Uruks of Isengard included Pikemen, Swordsmen, Archers, and [[Berserker|Berserkers]]. The Berserkers are the shock troops. When they were first spawned a helmet filled with blood was placed on their heads, so that they were filled with a bloodlust for their enemies. They carry doubly-bent swords, and forgo any armour in lieu of agility, slaying foes left and right, completely devoid of fear and pain. Pikemen, as the name suggests, carry long pikes, while archers carry [[cross-bows|crossbows]]. Swordsmen wield a straight iron sword, hooked at the tip, and deadly in an Uruk's strong grip. They also use bladed shields, as seen in [[Amon Hen]] during [[Aragorn]]'s fight against Lurtz.

:The Uruks were also very efficient using siege equipment, and had been trained to use crossbows with deadly accuracy. The Uruks, like the lesser Orcs, seemed to not care of each other's presence, shown by the battering ram wielders at Helm's Deep, barging each other off of the thin bridge. The Uruks also hated the Orcs, believing they were a lesser being and often rioting, e.g. in the tower of Cirith Ungol when Shagrat and Gorbag argued over Frodo's vest of Mithril and starting a mass war within the tower. The Uruks seem also to be able to control natural urges more than the Orcs, e.g. the Orcs demanded to eat the Hobbits they had captured, while the Uruks were protective. It would seem the only way Orcs were better than Uruks is in treachery, lying and being devious. The Uruks are also not seen to ever ride a mount, possibly due to size, weight and build (the Wargs which attacked the Rohan migration were ridden by trained Orcs).

'''2002: ''[[EA's The Two Towers]]'':'''
:Uruk-hai appear as enemies in the "Battle of Helm's Deep" and "Fangorn Forest" missions, retaining the movie appearance.

[[File:The Lord of the Rings- The Treason of Isengard - Uruk-hai.jpg|thumb|Uruk-hai in the cancelled video game ''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Treason of Isengard]]'']]
'''2004: ''[[The Lord of the Rings: War of the Ring]]'':'''
:Uruks become available after a storyline mission in which Saruman manages to perfect his creation.

'''2004: ''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Battle for Middle-earth]]'':'''
:Uruks compose most of the units of Isengard faction: swordsmen, pikemen, crossbowmen, in addition to Uruks operating siege engines are available, following the movie appearance.

'''2006: ''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Battle for Middle-earth II]]'':'''
:Most of Uruk-hai units from the first game return with little if any changes in behavior.

'''2007: ''[[The Lord of the Rings Online]]'':'''
:Multiple Uruks are used by the Enemy in different parts of Middle-earth. In addition to White Hand Uruks, notable are the Angmar Uruks and the Black Uruks from Dol Guldur, all sporting a variety of different appearances. Players can play as Uruks as part of the "Monster Play" game option.

'''2009: ''[[The Lord of the Rings: Conquest]]'':'''
:Uruk-hai appear as enemies during the Battle of Helm's Deep.

'''2014: ''[[Middle-earth: Shadow of Mordor]]'':'''
:Uruks replace the role of the lesser Orcs, making up the force stationed in Mordor.

'''2017: ''[[Middle-earth: Shadow of War]]'':'''
:Uruks once more fill in for the common Orcs. They are a confederation of various tribes: the Dark, Mystic, Terror, Slaughter, Warmonger, Outlaw, Feral and Machine Tribes.

==See also==
* [[Olog-hai]]

{{references}}
[[Category:Black Speech words]]
[[Category:Uruk-hai| ]]
[[Category:Servants of Saruman]]
[[Category:Servants of Sauron]]
[[de:Uruk-hai]]
[[fr:encyclo/peuples/orques/uruk-hai]]
[[fi:Uruk-hai]]

King of Kings

2023-01-13T16:15:46Z

LordoftheEarth:

[[File:Janka Latečková - Sauron and Ar-Pharazon.jpg|thumb|''Sauron and Pharazôn'' by [[:Category:Images by Janka Latečková|Janka Latečková]]]]
'''King of Kings''' was a title claimed by two of [[Arda]]'s major tyrants: [[Sauron]], the great subversive [[Maiar|Maia]], and [[Ar-Pharazôn]], a power-hungry [[Númenóreans|Númenórean]].

==History==
As his empire arose anew during the [[Dark Years|Black Years]], the [[Dark Lord]] proclaimed himself "King of Kings",<ref name=L131>{{L|131}}</ref> with grim [[Orcs|Orc]]-chiefs of the [[Misty Mountains]],<ref name=dm>{{PM|Dwarves}}</ref><ref name=glad>{{UT|Gladden}}</ref> petty leaders in the [[East]] and [[South]],<ref name=dm>{{PM|Dwarves}}</ref><ref>{{UT|Amroth}}</ref>, as well as the enslaved [[Nazgûl|Nine Kings]] of [[Men]] counted among his vassals.<ref name=Rings>{{S|Rings}}</ref> This both incensed and troubled Ar-Pharazôn, who understood Sauron's ambitions were the same as his own: dominion over Arda.

Amassing his own sizable forces in rivalry of the Dark Lord, the [[King of Númenor]] sailed to [[Middle-earth]] and confronted him, seemingly prevailing and taking the title of "King of Kings" for himself. However, Ar-Pharazôn was ultimately ensnared and became the pawn of Sauron, who remained in truth the greatest tyrant since [[Morgoth]]'s downfall. The Deceiver convinced the King that wrestling control of the [[Aman|Blessed Realm]] from the rightful [[Valar|Powers]] would prove his status as "King of Kings", equal to the [[Manwë|Elder King]].<ref name=Akallabeth>{{S|Akallabeth}}</ref>

{{References}}

[[Category:Other titles]]

King of Kings

2023-01-13T16:11:18Z

LordoftheEarth:

[[File:Janka Latečková - Sauron.jpg|thumb|''Sauron'' by [[:Category:Images by Janka Latečková|Janka Latečková]]]]
'''King of Kings''' was a title claimed by two of [[Arda]]'s major tyrants: [[Sauron]], the great subversive [[Maiar|Maia]], and [[Ar-Pharazôn]], a power-hungry [[Númenóreans|Númenórean]].

==History==
As his empire arose anew during the [[Dark Years|Black Years]], the [[Dark Lord]] proclaimed himself "King of Kings",<ref name=L131>{{L|131}}</ref> with grim [[Orcs|Orc]]-chiefs of the [[Misty Mountains]],<ref name=dm>{{PM|Dwarves}}</ref><ref name=glad>{{UT|Gladden}}</ref> petty leaders in the [[East]] and [[South]],<ref name=dm>{{PM|Dwarves}}</ref><ref>{{UT|Amroth}}</ref>, as well as the enslaved [[Nazgûl|Nine Kings]] of [[Men]] counted among his vassals.<ref name=Rings>{{S|Rings}}</ref> This both incensed and troubled Ar-Pharazôn, who understood Sauron's ambitions were the same as his own: dominion over Arda.

Amassing his own sizable forces in rivalry of the Dark Lord, the [[King of Númenor]] sailed to [[Middle-earth]] and confronted him, seemingly prevailing and taking the title of "King of Kings" for himself. However, Ar-Pharazôn was ultimately ensnared and became the pawn of Sauron, who remained in truth the greatest tyrant since [[Morgoth]]'s downfall. The Deceiver convinced the King that wrestling control of the [[Aman|Blessed Realm]] from the rightful [[Valar|Powers]] would prove his status as "King of Kings", equal to the [[Manwë|Elder King]].<ref name=Akallabeth>{{S|Akallabeth}}</ref>

{{References}}

[[Category:Other titles]]

King of Kings

2023-01-13T15:55:19Z

LordoftheEarth:

[[File:Janka Latečková - Sauron.jpg|thumb|''Sauron'' by [[:Category:Images by Janka Latečková|Janka Latečková]]]]
'''King of Kings''' was a title claimed by two of [[Arda]]'s major tyrants: [[Sauron]], the great subversive [[Maiar|Maia]], and [[Ar-Pharazôn]], a power-hungry [[Númenóreans|Númenórean]].

==History==
As his empire arose anew during the [[Dark Years|Black Years]], the [[Dark Lord]] proclaimed himself "King of Kings",<ref name=L131>{{L|131}}</ref> having suborned almost all of the petty leaders in the [[East]] and [[South]],<ref name=dm>{{PM|Dwarves}}</ref><ref>{{UT|Amroth}}</ref> as well as having enslaved [[Nazgûl|Nine Kings]] of [[Men]] through the [[Rings of Power]].<ref name=Rings>{{S|Rings}}</ref> This both offended and troubled Ar-Pharazôn, who understood Sauron's ambition of ruling Arda.

Amassing his own sizable forces in rivalry of the Dark Lord, the [[King of Númenor]] sailed to [[Middle-earth]] and confronted him, seemingly prevailing and taking the title of "King of Kings" for himself. However, Ar-Pharazôn was ultimately ensnared and became the pawn of Sauron, who preyed on his greed and fears. The Deceiver convinced the King that wrestling control of the [[Aman|Blessed Realm]] from the rightful [[Valar|Powers]] would further prove his status as "King of Kings".<ref name=Akallabeth>{{S|Akallabeth}}</ref>

{{References}}

[[Category:Other titles]]

King of Kings

2023-01-13T10:31:34Z

LordoftheEarth:

[[File:Janka Latečková - Sauron.jpg|thumb|''Sauron'' by [[:Category:Images by Janka Latečková|Janka Latečková]]]]
'''King of Kings''' was a title claimed by two of Arda's major tyrants: [[Sauron]], the great subversive [[Maiar|Maia]], and [[Ar-Pharazôn]], a power-hungry [[Númenóreans|Númenórean]].

==History==
As his empire arose anew during the [[Dark Years|Black Years]], the [[Dark Lord]] proclaimed himself "King of Kings",<ref name=L131>{{L|131}}</ref> having suborned almost all of the petty leaders in the [[East]] and [[South]],<ref name=dm>{{PM|Dwarves}}</ref><ref>{{UT|Amroth}}</ref> as well as having enslaved [[Nazgûl|Nine Kings]] of [[Men]] through the [[Rings of Power]].<ref name=Rings>{{S|Rings}}</ref> This troubled Ar-Pharazôn, who understood Sauron's ambition of ruling [[Arda]].

Amassing his own sizable forces in rivalry of the Dark Lord, the [[King of Númenor]] sailed to [[Middle-earth]] and confronted him, seemingly prevailing and taking the title of "King of Kings" for himself. However, Ar-Pharazôn was ultimately ensnared and became the pawn of Sauron, who preyed on his greed and fears. The Deceiver convinced the King that contending with the rightful [[Valar|Powers]] would prove his status as "King of Kings".<ref name=Akallabeth>{{S|Akallabeth}}</ref>

{{References}}

[[Category:Other titles]]

King of Kings

2023-01-13T10:31:10Z

LordoftheEarth:

[[File:Janka Latečková - Sauron.jpg|thumb|''Sauron'' by [[:Category:Images by Janka Latečková|Janka Latečková]]]]
'''King of Kings''' was a title claimed by two of Arda's major tyrants: [[Sauron]], the great subversive [[Maiar|Maia]], and [[Ar-Pharazôn]], a power-hungry [[Númenóreans|Númenórean]]>

==History==
As his empire arose anew during the [[Dark Years|Black Years]], the [[Dark Lord]] proclaimed himself "King of Kings",<ref name=L131>{{L|131}}</ref> having suborned almost all of the petty leaders in the [[East]] and [[South]],<ref name=dm>{{PM|Dwarves}}</ref><ref>{{UT|Amroth}}</ref> as well as having enslaved [[Nazgûl|Nine Kings]] of [[Men]] through the [[Rings of Power]].<ref name=Rings>{{S|Rings}}</ref> This troubled Ar-Pharazôn, who understood Sauron's ambition of ruling [[Arda]].

Amassing his own sizable forces in rivalry of the Dark Lord, the [[King of Númenor]] sailed to [[Middle-earth]] and confronted him, seemingly prevailing and taking the title of "King of Kings" for himself. However, Ar-Pharazôn was ultimately ensnared and became the pawn of Sauron, who preyed on his greed and fears. The Deceiver convinced the King that contending with the rightful [[Valar|Powers]] would prove his status as "King of Kings".<ref name=Akallabeth>{{S|Akallabeth}}</ref>

{{References}}

[[Category:Other titles]]

King of Kings

2023-01-13T09:34:51Z

LordoftheEarth:

[[File:Janka Latečková - Sauron.jpg|thumb|''Sauron'' by [[:Category:Images by Janka Latečková|Janka Latečková]]]]
'''King of Kings''' was a title claimed by two of Arda's major tyrants: Sauron, the great subversive Maia, and Ar-Pharazôn, a power-hungry Númenórean.

==History==
As his empire arose anew during the [[Dark Years|Black Years]], the [[Dark Lord]] proclaimed himself "King of Kings",<ref name=L131>{{L|131}}</ref> having suborned almost all of the petty leaders in the [[East]] and [[South]],<ref name=dm>{{PM|Dwarves}}</ref><ref>{{UT|Amroth}}</ref> as well as having enslaved [[Nazgûl|Nine Kings]] of [[Men]] through the [[Rings of Power]].<ref name=Rings>{{S|Rings}}</ref> This troubled Ar-Pharazôn, who understood Sauron's ambition of ruling [[Arda]].

Amassing his own sizable forces in rivalry of the Dark Lord, the [[King of Númenor]] sailed to [[Middle-earth]] and confronted him, seemingly prevailing and taking the title of "King of Kings" for himself. However, Ar-Pharazôn was ultimately ensnared and became the pawn of Sauron, who preyed on his greed and fears. The Deceiver convinced the King that contending with the rightful [[Valar|Powers]] would prove his status as "King of Kings".<ref name=Akallabeth>{{S|Akallabeth}}</ref>

{{References}}

[[Category:Other titles]]

King of Kings

2023-01-13T09:33:55Z

LordoftheEarth: Created page with "Janka Latečková]] '''King of Kings''' was a title claimed by two of Arda'..."

[[File:Janka Latečková - Sauron.jpg|thumb|''Sauron'' by [[:Category:Images by Janka Latečková|Janka Latečková]]]]
'''King of Kings''' was a title claimed by two of Arda's major tyrants: Sauron, the great subversive Maia, and Ar-Pharazôn, a power-hungry Númenórean.

==History==
As his empire arose anew during the [[Dark Years|Black Years]], the [[Dark Lord]] proclaimed himself "King of Kings",<ref name=L131>{{L|131}}</ref> having suborned almost all of the petty leaders in the East,<ref name=dm>{{PM|Dwarves}}</ref><ref>{{UT|Amroth}}</ref> as well as having ensnared [[Nazgûl|Nine Kings]] of [[Men]] through the [[Rings of Power]].<ref name=Rings>{{S|Rings}}</ref> This troubled Ar-Pharazôn, who understood Sauron's ambition of ruling [[Arda]].

Amassing his own sizable forces in rivalry of the Dark Lord, the [[King of Númenor]] sailed to [[Middle-earth]] and confronted him, seemingly prevailing and taking the title of "King of Kings" for himself. However, Ar-Pharazôn was ultimately ensnared and became the pawn of Sauron, who preyed on his greed and fears. The Deceiver convinced the King that contending with the rightful [[Valar|Powers]] would prove his status as "King of Kings".<ref name=Akallabeth>{{S|Akallabeth}}</ref>

{{References}}

[[Category:Other titles]]

Sauron

2023-01-13T07:17:39Z

LordoftheEarth: /* Other names */

{{evil infobox
| name=Sauron
| image=[[File:Alaïs - Annatar.jpg|250px]]
| caption="Annatar" by [[:Category:Images by Alaïs|Alaïs]]
| pronun=[[Quenya|Q]], {{IPA|[ˈsaʊron]}}
| othernames=''Annatar'' ([[Quenya|Q]]) ''Gorthaur'' ([[Sindarin|S]])''Mairon'' ([[Quenya|Q]]) ''Zigûr'' ([[Adûnaic|A]]) The Enemy [[Eye of Sauron|The Eye]] The Necromancer The Shadow ''([[#Other names|See below]])''
| titles=The [[Dark Lord]] [[King of Men]] The [[Lord of the Ring|Lord of the Rings]] Lord of the World Ring-maker
| position=
| location=[[Utumno]] [[Angband]] [[Tol-in-Gaurhoth]] [[Mordor]] [[Númenor]] [[Dol Guldur]]
| affiliation=[[Aulë]] [[Morgoth]]
| language=[[Valarin]], [[Black Speech]]
| birth=[[Creation of the Ainur]]
| birthlocation=
| rule={{SA|1600}} - {{TA|3019}}
| death=[[25 March]] {{TA|3019}}
| deathlocation=[[Barad-dûr]], [[Mordor]]
| age=
| notablefor=Smith of [[Aulë]] Lieutenant to [[Morgoth]] Deceived the [[Elves]] into forging the [[Rings of Power]]; Created [[The One Ring]]; Brought about the [[Downfall of Númenor]]; Nearly conquered the whole of [[Middle-earth]]
| parentage=
| siblings=
| spouse=
| children=
| race=[[Maiar|Maia]]
| gender=Male
| height=''[[#Appearance|See below]]''
| hair=
| eyes=''[[#Eye of Sauron|See below]]''
| clothing=
| weapons=[[The One Ring]]
| steed=
}}

<center>{{Quote|But in after days he rose like a shadow of Morgoth and a ghost of his malice, and walked behind him on the same ruinous path down into the Void.|''[[Valaquenta]]'': Of the Enemies}}</center>

'''Sauron''' was a highly gifted [[Maia]]. He was a student of [[Aulë]] and became skilled at crafting and making. He was named '''Mairon'''. Coveting the power through which he would coordinate all things according to his own will, he joined with [[Melkor]]. As "Gorthaur" he became the most trusted lieutenant of Morgoth, being reckoned as the greatest of his allies and servants in the [[Wars of Beleriand]]. From his fortress of [[Tol-in-Gaurhoth]], Sauron was directly responsible for the death of [[Barahir]] and later the [[Noldorin]] king [[Finrod]] during the [[Quest for the Silmaril]]. He demonstrated the ability to take the form of a wolf, a serpent, and a vampire.

After the downfall of Morgoth, Sauron continually strove to conquer [[Middle-earth]] throughout the [[Second Age|Second]] and [[Third Age|Third]] Ages. In the Second Age, under the guise of '''Annatar''', he deceived the [[Elves]] of [[Eregion]], who under his guidance had created the [[Rings of Power]], whilst he secretly forged [[the One Ring]] in [[Mount Doom]]. Thus Sauron became "'''[[Lord of the Ring|the Lord of the Rings]]'''". Failing to corrupt the Elves, he assaulted the [[Westlands]], beginning a period called the [[Dark Years]], the first time he became known as the '''[[Dark Lord]]'''. The arrogant [[Númenóreans]], contesting their rule on Middle-earth, challenged him, and Sauron accepted to be brought to [[Númenor]] as a captive; however his influence corrupted the Númenóreans further - leading to the [[Downfall of Númenor]]. His spirit escaped, as did [[Elendil]] and his sons, founding the Realms in Exile of [[Arnor]] and [[Gondor]]. Elves and the [[Dúnedain]], formed the [[Last Alliance]] and, in {{SA|3441}}, Elendil and Elven [[High King of the Noldor|High King]] [[Gil-galad]] died fighting Sauron. Following Sauron's defeat, Elendil's son, [[Isildur]], severed his Ringed finger and took the One Ring for himself.

In the Third Age,Sauron the Enemy returned to Middle-earth and, as the '''Necromancer''', took the hill of [[Amon Lanc]] as his fortress of [[Dol Guldur]]; one of his foremost servants, the [[Witch-king]], formed the realm of [[Angmar]] in the north of [[Eriador]]. Following an attack by the [[White Council]] in {{TA|2941}}, the Dark Lord Sauron returned to his fortress of [[Barad-dûr]] in [[Mordor]], marshalling his armies and using his two-faced vassal, the corrupted [[Wizards|Wizard]] [[Saruman]]. By {{TA|3018}} [[Frodo Baggins]] was in possession of the Ring, and he was led by [[Gandalf]] as a member of the [[Fellowship of the Ring]] in the [[Quest of the Ring]]. Whilst Sauron waged the [[War of the Ring]] against the [[Free peoples]] of Middle-earth, Frodo Baggins, [[Samwise Gamgee]] and [[Gollum]] reached Mount Doom on [[25 March]] {{TA|3019}}, and the Ring was destroyed. The breaking of the Ring caused Sauron's fall, and his stepping on Morgoth's path down into the [[Void]], resulting in the start of the [[Fourth Age]] and the [[Dominion of Men]].

== History ==
=== Origin ===
[[File:Maureval - Mairon.jpg|thumb|left|''Mairon'' by [[:Category:Images by Maureval|Maureval]]]]
As one of the most powerful [[Maiar]], Sauron was created by [[Ilúvatar]] before the [[Music of the Ainur]].<ref name="Ainu">{{S|Ainu}}</ref> At the beginning of Time, he was amongst the [[Ainur]] who entered into [[Eä]].<ref name="SVala">{{S|IId}}</ref> Here he became one of the Maiar of [[Aulë]], among whose people he was deemed mighty and surpassed only by the Smith himself,<ref name="SVala"/> and was known as '''''Mairon'''''.<ref name="PE17.1">{{PE|17}}, p. 183</ref>

Mairon's virtue was his love for order, planning and coordination, disliking confusion and chaos. But his obsession with order gradually overshadowed his love for the other intelligent beings of Arda, who would benefit from his planning; it became the sole object of his will, the end in itself. He started admiring [[Melkor]]'s power to realize his designs quickly and masterfully.<ref name=myths/>

Early on he was ensnared by Melkor, becoming his greatest and most trusted servant.<ref name="SRings">{{S|Rings}}</ref> Thus he came to be known as '''''Gorthaur''''' by the [[Sindar]] of [[Beleriand]] and '''''Sauron''''' by others. Sauron initially was not as evil as Morgoth, as he was serving someone and not himself.<ref name="SVala"/> Unlike Melkor, who wanted to unmake and corrupt the world, Sauron wished to rule it and do what he wanted with it.<ref name=myths>{{MR|Myths}}, pp. 394-398</ref>

=== First Age ===
After [[Morgoth]] made his great fortress of [[Angband]] in the north-west of [[Middle-earth]], he appointed Sauron to be its commander.<ref name="SCaptivity">{{S|Captivity}}</ref> When the [[Valar]] captured Melkor at the [[Battle of the Powers]], they stormed and searched Utumno and Angband; however, they failed to find Sauron.<ref name="SCaptivity"/>

{{blockquote|Sauron was become now a sorcerer of dreadful power, master of shadows and of phantoms, foul in wisdom, cruel in strength, misshaping what he touched, twisting what he ruled, lord of werewolves; his dominion was torment.|''[[Quenta Silmarillion]]'', "[[Of the Ruin of Beleriand and the Fall of Fingolfin]]"}}

Sauron continued his evil operations; during the [[Great March]] it is said that he afflicted the [[Atyamar|land of the Elves]] in the [[Vales of Anduin]], forcing the [[Elves]] to resume their journey.<ref>{{NM|P1vii}}, pp. 50-51</ref>

With the unchaining of Morgoth and his subsequent destruction of the [[Two Trees|Two Trees of Valinor]], the [[Sun]] first rose and ushered in the awakening of [[Men]]. Leaving Sauron in command of the war, Morgoth left Angband in secret to find the second-born kindred of the [[Children of Ilúvatar]] and to corrupt them to his will.<ref name="SWest">{{S|West}}</ref>

After the [[Fall of Fingolfin]], Sauron launched an attack on [[Tol Sirion]]. Utter fear descended upon [[Orodreth]] and those who defended the isle. Sauron assailed [[Minas Tirith (Beleriand)|Minas Tirith]] and turned it into a watch tower for Morgoth. Therein Sauron sat and Tol Sirion the fair became [[Tol-in-Gaurhoth]], the Isle of Werewolves.<ref name="SFingolfin">{{S|Fingolfin}}</ref>

Upon hearing of the deeds of [[Barahir]] and his companions, Morgoth ordered Sauron to find and kill them. [[Gorlim]], one of Barahir's companions, was captured and brought before Sauron. Sauron promised that he would free Gorlim and his wife [[Eilinel]] in return for information. Under the terror of Sauron's eyes, Gorlim revealed everything he knew, and thus the hiding place of Barahir was betrayed to the enemy. Subsequently, Sauron revealed Eilinel was dead and had Gorlim put to death.<ref name="Beren">{{S|Beren}}</ref>

[[Beren]], son of [[Barahir]], promised to avenge his father's death. He wandered [[Dorthonion]] as an outlaw and achieved great deeds that were heard far and wide. Morgoth set a high price on his head and Sauron, commanding a great army of [[werewolves]] and [[fell beasts]], sought for Beren.<ref name="Beren"/>

Later, [[Finrod|Finrod Felagund]], Beren, and their ten companions left [[Nargothrond]] in search of the [[Silmarils]]. Despite their being disguised as Orcs, Sauron espied them as they entered into the vale between [[Ered Wethrin]] and [[Taur-nu-Fuin (Dorthonion)|Taur-nu-Fuin]] and was suspicious, as Orcs passing were supposed to report to him. He had them captured and they were brought to him. There Finrod and Sauron fought in songs of power; the strength of both was great, but Sauron was more powerful. He then stripped them of their Orc disguises but failed to discern who they were. He had them thrown into a dark pit where one by one they were devoured by a werewolf. Withstanding this horror, they refused to betray one another.<ref name="Beren"/>

[[File:Ted Nasmith - Huan Subdues Sauron.jpg|thumb|''Huan subdues Sauron'' by [[Ted Nasmith]]]]
When all of their companions were dead, Finrod and Beren were the last who remained alive in Sauron's pit. When a werewolf went to attack Beren, Finrod Felagund used all his power to defeat it. In this he was successful. However, he was critically wounded and soon passed away. In that dark moment, [[Lúthien]] came to the bridge of [[Tol-in-Gaurhoth]] and sang. From his tower of Minas Tirith, Sauron saw Lúthien and knew that it was the famous daughter of [[Melian]] and [[Thingol]]. He desired to capture her and hand her over to Morgoth. Therefore, he sent a wolf to the bridge, but it was quickly and silently slain by [[Huan]]. He sent many more, and each one Huan killed. Finally, he sent [[Draugluin]], sire of the werewolves of Angband. The fight between Huan and Draugluin was fierce. Eventually Draugluin fled and, before dying, he told his master that Huan was there. According to prophecy, Huan would not die until he had encountered the greatest of all wolves, so Sauron contrived to take on that role and defeat the hound. Therefore Sauron took on the form of a werewolf, the greatest the world had ever seen, and went towards the bridge. So great was the terror of his approach that even Huan momentarily recoiled. Sauron leaped to attack Lúthien, but she drew her magic veil over his eyes, afflicting him with fatigue and blindness. Then Huan sprang upon Sauron and there they fought. The force of Sauron's malice alone left Lúthien weak and nearly unconscious, and the fighting was brutal and prolonged; however, he could not subdue the hound of [[Valinor]]. He was trapped within Huan's jaws and could not break free, even when he took the form of a serpent and finally his own shape. Rather than leave his physical form, he yielded to Lúthien, giving her control of the isle in return for his release. He then took the form of a vampire and fled to [[Taur-nu-Fuin (Dorthonion)|Taur-nu-Fuin]], filling the forest with horror.<ref name="Beren"/>

After the [[War of Wrath]], with the downfall of [[Morgoth]] and the destruction of [[Thangorodrim]], Sauron adopted a fair form and repented his evil deeds in fear of the wrath of the Valar. [[Eönwë]] ordered Sauron to return to [[Valinor]] in order to receive the judgement of Manwë. Sauron was not willing to suffer such humiliation, and he instead fled and hid himself in [[Middle-earth]].<ref name="SRings"/>

=== Second Age ===
[[File:Mysilvergreen - Sauron-Annatar and the creation of the One Ring.png|thumb|right|''Sauron-Annatar and the creation of the One Ring'' by [[:Category:Images by Mysilvergreen|Mysilvergreen]]]]
It was {{SA|500|n}} years into the [[Second Age]] when Sauron started to stir again.<ref name="lotr-toy"/> Sauron decided that the [[Valar]] had forgotten about [[Middle-earth]] and he once again turned to evil; many Men in [[East]] and [[South]], already corrupted by Melkor, fell under the [[Shadow]] by following him.<ref name="SRings"/> By {{SA|882}}, [[Gil-galad]] sensed a shadow arising in the East and sent a [[Gil-galad's letter|warning]] to [[Númenor]].<ref>{{UT|Wife}}</ref> Around {{SA|1000}} Sauron was alarmed by the growing power of the [[Númenóreans]], and chose [[Mordor]] as a land to make into a stronghold. He began the building of [[Barad-dûr]], the Dark Tower, near Mount Doom.<ref name="lotr-toy"/>

Although Sauron long knew that [[Men]] were easier to sway, he sought to bring the [[Elves]] into his service, as they were far more powerful.<ref name="SRings"/> After lying hidden and increasing his power in secret, in {{SA|1200}} Sauron put on a fair visage, calling himself '''Annatar''', the Lord of Gifts, an emissary from the Valar. He was never welcome in [[Lindon]] as [[Elrond]] and [[Gil-galad]] did not trust him and refused to treat with him, although they did not perceive who he truly was.<ref name="SRings"/>

Elsewhere Annatar was gladly received, especially in [[Eregion]], where only [[Galadriel]] distrusted him. The [[Noldorin]] smiths there learned much from him in art and magic, as their thirst for knowledge was great.<ref name="lotr-coe">{{FR|Council}}</ref><ref name="lotr-toy">{{App|SA}}</ref> Under the tutelage of Annatar and the leadership of [[Celebrimbor]], grandson of [[Fëanor]], the [[Gwaith-i-Mírdain]], became more skilled than anyone save Fëanor himself. In the year {{SA|1500}}, when they reached the very height of their power, the Elves began the forging of the [[Rings of Power]], which according to Annatar would help them preserve their powers over Middle-earth.

But Sauron was ready to begin his own plans, and in {{SA|1600}} - ten years after the completion of the Rings of Power - he created [[The One Ring]] to control the bearers of the other Rings. He invested most of his own power into the Ring as he forged it, so that it would be more powerful than the others. With its power he completed the building of the Dark Tower.<ref name="SRings"/><ref name="lotr-toy" />

But the Elves were not so easily ensnared, and as soon as Sauron put on the One Ring they and Celebrimbor were aware of him, and realised they were betrayed.<ref name="lotr-coe" /><ref name="lotr-toy" /> They hid their Rings from Sauron and did not use them. Sauron demanded that the other Rings be given to him, for they would not have been made without his knowledge. The Elves refused, and the War was inevitable.<ref name="SRings"/>

==== [[Black Years]] ====
During this time Sauron constructed the [[Black Gate]] of Mordor to prevent invasion, and raised massive armies of [[Orcs]], [[Trolls]], and Men, chiefly [[Easterlings]] and [[Southrons]] whom he dominated as a king and god. He had them make many fortified towns, and armed those under him with iron.<ref name=dm/><ref name="SRings"/>

The [[War of the Elves and Sauron]] began in {{SA|1693}} and was a bloody conflict which destroyed Eregion and devastated much of Eriador.<ref name="lotr-toy"/> Celebrimbor was slain and his body impaled on a spike paraded at the head of Sauron's legions. The Elves were pushed back almost to the Blue Mountains, while their Dwarven allies (who had also rejected Sauron) retreated behind the walls of [[Moria]] where Sauron could not assail them.

Sauron was the [[Dark Lord]] of almost all of Middle-earth beyond the coasts, but the [[Númenóreans]] responded to the Elves' call for aid and sent a relief force. With united forces, Sauron's army was driven back and defeated near the [[Sarn Ford]] and withdrew to [[Tharbad]] where he was reinforced. But the Númenórean admiral [[Ciryatur]] had sent a fleet up the river Gwathló and Sauron's army was [[Battle of the Gwathló|attacked in the rear and utterly defeated]]. The Dark Lord fled back to Mordor with little more than his own bodyguard and a handful of orcs.<ref>{{UT|Galadriel}}</ref>

Nonetheless, while Sauron's subsequent power never quite matched the height it had during the War with the Elves, many of his most powerful enemies' homelands had been devastated. As the Númenóreans established dominions around the [[Westlands]] (c. {{SA|1800}}),<ref name="lotr-toy"/> Sauron's empire continued to expand to dominate barbarian Men as servants and worshippers to the far south and east.<ref name=dm>{{PM|Dwarves}}</ref><ref>{{UT|Amroth}}</ref>

As the Elves had failed him, he had decided to distribute the Rings of Power to three corrupted lords of [[Númenor]]<ref name=Akallabeth>{{S|Akallabeth}}</ref> and [[Khamûl|an Easterling king]] and other five Men, as well as lords of the Dwarves. The Dwarves proved too hardy and resistant to their effects; but the Men eventually faded and in {{SA|2251}} they appeared as [[Ringwraiths]], his greatest slaves.<ref name="lotr-toy"/>

Believing he would dominate all of Middle-earth, Sauron assumed many glorious titles: '''King of Kings''',<ref name=L131>{{L|131}}</ref> '''King of Men''',<ref name=Akallabeth/> '''Lord of the Earth''',<ref name="SRings"/> and even '''Lord of the World'''.<ref name=L131/>

==== On Númenor ====
[[File:Elena Kukanova - The Temple of Melkor.jpg|200px|thumb|right|''The Temple of Melkor'' by [[Elena Kukanova]]]]
This offended the arrogant [[Númenóreans]] who had already started to fall under the [[Shadow]]. The proud Númenóreans came to Middle-earth with great force of arms, and Sauron's forces fled. Realising he could not defeat the Númenóreans with military strength, Sauron allowed himself to be taken as a hostage to Númenor by King [[Ar-Pharazôn]] in {{SA|3262}}.<ref name="lotr-toy"/>

There, he quickly grew from captive to adviser and was known as '''Zigûr''', the Wizard;<ref name=Defeated>{{HM|SD}}, ''passim''</ref> he seduced the King and further corrupted the people.<ref name="lotr-toy"/> He converted many Númenóreans to the worship of Darkness, becoming High Priest of a Melkor cult. He had the [[White Tree]] cut down and in its place raised a great [[Temple]] in which he performed human sacrifices, persecuting those who were still [[Faithful]]. Finally, he convinced the king to rebel against the Valar and attack Valinor itself, claiming they would gain immortality. [[Ilúvatar|Eru]], the supreme God, then directly intervened: Númenor was drowned under the sea, and the great navy of Númenor was destroyed.

Sauron was on Númenor in the Temple of Melkor and was caught in the ensuing [[Drowning of Númenor|flood]]. However, his spirit survived, although severely weakened by the destruction, and it fled back to Middle-earth.

==== Against the Faithful ====
Sauron's spirit returned to Mordor in {{SA|3320}},<ref name="lotr-toy"/> where he slowly rebuilt his strength, although he was unable to assume a fair shape. From this point on he started to rule through terror and force, largely filling the fearsome role left vacant by his former master.

Meanwhile, a few faithful Númenóreans, led by [[Elendil]], were saved from the flood, and they founded [[Gondor]] and [[Arnor]] in Middle-earth. Sauron still considered them his hated enemies and he launched a pre-emptive attack on Gondor in {{SA|3429}}.<ref name="lotr-toy"/>

In response, the Númenóreans formed the [[Last Alliance of Elves and Men|Last Alliance]] with the Elven-king [[Gil-galad]]. Learning of them, Sauron dispatched some [[Orcs of Mordor]] to the [[Misty Mountains]] to ambush them.<ref>{{UT|Gladden}}, Note #20</ref> He also burned the [[Brown Lands|gardens]] of the [[Entwives]] against the advance of the Allies down the [[Anduin]].<ref>{{L|144}}</ref> Nonetheless the Allies reached Mordor and defeated Sauron's forces in the [[Battle of Dagorlad]] in {{SA|3434}} and finally laid siege before [[Barad-dûr]].<ref name="lotr-toy"/>

The siege lasted for seven years until {{SA|3441}}, when Sauron left his fortress, engaging in direct combat. Elendil and Gil-galad fought Sauron and vanquished him, but both were killed.<ref name="lotr-toy"/> [[Isildur]], son of Elendil, cut the One Ring from Sauron's finger and claimed it. Later, the Ring betrayed him and was lost for more than two thousand years. After his defeat in the War of the Last Alliance, Sauron lost his ability to form a physical body for a great while.

=== Third Age ===
Sauron's defeat released his subjects, like the [[Easterlings]], from his tyranny, but they fell into chaos. Their tribes and kingdoms battled against each other and some withdrew to the hated west.<ref>{{UT|6b}}, p. 259</ref> Weakened by his defeat and the loss of the One Ring, it is thought that he fled to the far east to regain his power and strength before returning.

It was not until c. {{TA|1000}} that Sauron could again begin to take shape in a physical living body. Worried by this prospect, the [[Valar]] sent [[Wizards|five]] [[Maiar]] from the West to assist the peoples of Middle-earth against Sauron.<ref>{{UT|Istari}}, pp. 388-389</ref>

His power was enough that he began again to throw a shadow across portions of [[Middle-earth]]. Apparently, Sauron's spirit managed to move some Easterlings, who invaded [[Rhovanion]] and came to the [[Vales of Anduin]].<ref>{{PM|XNotes}}, #60</ref>

==== The Necromancer ====
These moves coincided with the coming of the [[Shadow]] to [[Greenwood the Great]].<ref>{{PM|Atani}}</ref> Around {{TA|1050|n}} he chose [[Amon Lanc|a hill]] in southern Greenwood as a place to build the fortress of [[Dol Guldur]]. At first, [[the Wise]] thought that this "Necromancer" was one of the [[Nazgûl]] who had returned and taken up residence in southern Greenwood.<ref name=TA/>

The year {{TA|1300}} marked Sauron's increased power, evidenced by "evil things" who multiplied and grew bold again, like the [[Orcs of the Misty Mountains]] and some of the [[Dragons]], who attacked the [[Dwarves]]; and the return of the Nazgûl, with the founding of the evil realm of [[Angmar]].<ref name=TA/> In the following centuries, Sauron's subjects in Angmar, the East and the South concentrated against his ancient enemies. Kings [[Araphant]] of [[Arnor]] and [[Ondoher]] of [[Gondor]] realised that a single force was coordinating the attacks on both of their kingdoms and that they needed to work together to combat this evil. However, Angmar was successful in destroying Arnor, and soon after the Nazgûl gathered in Mordor and [[Second Fall of Minas Ithil|conquered]] [[Minas Ithil]] to prepare for Sauron's return; their final success was ending the [[Kings of Gondor|royal line]] of Gondor.<ref name=gondor>{{App|Gondor}}</ref><ref name="SRings"/><ref name=TA/> As his shadow deepened, [[Durin's Bane|a balrog]] awoke, causing the desertion of [[Moria]].<ref name=TA/>
[[File:John Howe - Pass the Doors of Dol Guldur.jpg|thumb|left|''Pass the Doors of Dol Guldur'' by [[John Howe]]]]
By {{TA|2060}} the power of Dol Guldur grew so much that [[the Wise]] were alerted that Sauron was returning. [[Gandalf]] entered the fortress in {{TA|2063|n}} but the shadow fled before him. Returning to the [[East]],<ref name=TA/> Sauron started corrupting the [[Easterlings]] and forging a strong alliance between their tribes.{{fact}} The period of his absence was known as the ''[[Watchful Peace]]'', because the Shadow on Mirkwood had lessened and the Nazgûl stayed quiet in Minas Morgul,<ref name=TA/> using this period to prepare for Sauron's return.

==== Return to Dol Guldur ====
The Necromancer returned in {{TA|2460|n}} more powerful, with many Men in his service, and again took up residence in [[Dol Guldur]].<ref name=TA/> His return coincided with the One Ring revealing itself [[Third Age 2463|three years later]], falling in the hands of [[Gollum|a Stoor]]. Sensing the danger, the [[Wise]] formed the [[White Council]].<ref name=TA/>

The Necromancer's aims remained to gather the Rings of Power, find news about the One Ring, and eliminate the [[Heir of Isildur]], if one remained in [[Middle-earth]].<ref>{{App|Tale}}</ref><ref name=TA/> In {{TA|2475}} the [[Uruk-hai]] exited Mordor and briefly conquered [[Ithilien]]. [[Third Age 2480|Some years later]] the Orcs of the Mountains organized themselves, blocking the passes to the West; Moria had been depopulated centuries earlier by the Balrog, and Sauron sent Orcs and [[Trolls]] there.<ref name=TA/> Also under his shadow were the [[Balchoth]], who invaded Mirkwood and cooperated with Orcs to attack Gondor.<ref name=stew/> Sauron's servants captured the [[King of Durin's Folk|Dwarf King]] [[Thráin|Thráin II]] and took [[Ring of Thrór|one]] of the [[Seven Rings|Seven Dwarf rings]] from him.<ref name=TA/>

Still investigating the Necromancer, [[Gandalf]] snuck into Dol Guldur in {{TA|2850|n}} and met the dying Dwarf King, learning that the Necromancer was none other than Sauron. [[Third Age 2851|The next year]], Gandalf informed the White Council and urged an immediate attack upon the fortress, but [[Saruman|Saruman the White]] had learned of the presence of the [[The One Ring|Ruling Ring]] near the [[Gladden Fields]], and he thought it best to allow Sauron to build up his strength in order to reveal its location so that Saruman could seize it himself. Following this strategy, Saruman opposed Gandalf.<ref name=TA>{{App|TA}}</ref>

As his power was growing and his arising came closer, his minions moved again against Gondor; his agents stirred the [[Haradrim]] to resume attacking Gondor, while [[Uruk-hai]] and [[Orcs of Mordor]] infested [[Ithilien]]<Ref name=stew/><Ref name=TA/> but never managed to pass beyond Anduin, further into Gondor.<ref name=hunt>{{UT|Hunt}}</ref> All this time Sauron apparently had learned about the [[Disaster of the Gladden Fields]] where his old enemy Isildur was killed, shortly after his own demise, almost three millennia ago. He sent his minions to look for the One Ring around [[Anduin]] near the [[Gladden Fields]], not knowing that it had been already in the possession of [[Gollum|a Stoor]].<Ref name=TA/>

==== Attack of the White Council ====
Considering the situations, and the occupation of the dragon [[Smaug]] of [[Erebor]], Gandalf was worried that Sauron's military assault against the [[West]] was a matter of time, and that he would use Smaug in his force; Gandalf started considering a simultaneous attack both against Dol Guldur and against Smaug, to weaken Sauron.<ref name=erebor>{{UT|Erebor}}</ref>
[[File:Angus McBride - Dol Guldur.jpg|thumb|''Dol Guldur'' by [[Angus McBride]]]]
In {{TA|2939}} Saruman learned that Sauron was searching for the Ring, and worried that he would find it sooner than he. In {{TA|2941|n}} he conceded with Gandalf to [[Attack on Dol Guldur|attack Dol Guldur]].<ref name=TA/> Indeed, in the meantime Gandalf managed to eliminate Smaug, and the Orcs of the Mountains were decimated in the [[Battle of Five Armies|ensuing battle]], allowing the [[Kingdom Under the Mountain]] and [[Dale]] to flourish again.<ref name=erebor/><ref>{{H|Return}}</ref>

Although Gandalf was weakening Sauron's potential grasp in the [[Wilderland|North]],<ref name=erebor/> Sauron had been expecting the White Council's attack against Dol Guldur and fled from there.<ref name=TA/>

==== Return to Mordor ====
The [[Nazgûl]] had been preparing [[Barad-dûr]] for Sauron's return, so it was easy for Sauron to return secretly to his old stronghold [[Third Age 2942|a year later]]. Sauron declared himself openly in {{TA|2951}}, sent three Nazgûl back to Dol Guldur and started rebuilding the Dark Tower, and once it was completed, the [[Mount Doom]] erupted.<Ref name=stew>{{App|Stewards}}</ref><ref name=TA/>

From then on Sauron stayed in Barad-dûr to conduct his war on the [[Free peoples]]. The shadow of Mordor caused despair and sickness to the Gondorians, like [[Finduilas_(wife_of_Denethor)|Finduilas]], and in his desperation, the Steward [[Denethor]], Sauron's most immediate enemy, used the [[Anor-stone]] to gain knowledge. That ''[[palantír]]'' was directly linked to the [[Ithil-stone]] that the Nazgûl had taken from Minas Morgul, and when Sauron used it, he discovered Denethor was using his. Sauron attempted to wrench the Anor-stone to his will, but failed due to Denethor's strength of will and birth-right to the stone. But this stressed and wore out the steward, who lost his hope.<ref name=stew/><ref>{{UT|Palantiri}}</ref>

By {{TA|3000}} the shadow lengthened, and Saruman, who was residing in [[Orthanc]], had secretly found and decided to use the [[Orthanc-stone]]. As happened with Denethor, Sauron linked with his mind, managing to enslave him;<ref name=TA/> from one of his wisest enemies, Saruman became one of his greatest servants.

Around {{TA|3009}} [[Gollum]], who formerly bore the One Ring and now pursued its thief, ventured into Mordor and was captured by Sauron's minions. Gollum was tortured and interrogated for the following years,<ref name=TA/> and before releasing him, Sauron learned that the One Ring had been found by [[Bilbo Baggins]] of [[the Shire]].

Sauron bred immense armies of Orcs and allied with or enslaved Men from the east and south. He adopted the symbol of a lidless eye, and he was able at that time to send out his will over Middle-earth, so that the [[Eye of Sauron]] became a symbol of power and fear.

==== The War of the Ring ====
Sauron was alarmed when the [[Elves of Mirkwood]] captured Gollum,<ref name=TA/> so in June of {{TA|3018}} he dispatched the Nazgûl to hunt for the [[One Ring]] in secrecy. To disguise the crossing of the Nine over the Great River, Sauron staged an [[Sauron's attack on Osgiliath|attack on Osgiliath]]. This feint served two purposes: first, to test the strength and preparedness of Denethor, and second and more importantly, to present the Nazgûl as merely a military asset, concealing from the [[Wise]] their true mission.<ref name=hunt/> Denethor's forces were stronger than Sauron hoped, but Sauron took the eastern half of the city nonetheless. This allowed the Nazgûl to cross the Great River and begin their hunt.<ref name=hunt/> Now knowing the measure of his enemy, Sauron continued to amass his forces in Minas Morgul and Mordor in preparation for the siege of Gondor.<ref>{{TT|IV4}}</ref>

By September, the Nazgûl had failed to discover the Shire, and Sauron's wrath and fear were mounting. Via messenger, Sauron ordered the Nine to discard secrecy in favour of speed and go to Isengard to confront Saruman about his knowledge of the whereabouts of the Ring. At this time, Sauron also conveyed to the Nine such dire threats as to dismay even the Lord of Morgul.<ref name=hunt/> The Nine ultimately failed in their mission, being defeated and unhorsed by the flood of the Bruinen. The Witch-king returned alone to Mordor in December of 3018 to Sauron's great fear, for Sauron perceived that his foes still had strength left in them, and luck seemed to be on their side.<ref>{{HM|RC}}, "The Ring Goes South", p. 262</ref>

Sauron's next glimpse of the Ring (or so he believed) would come in the late hours of [[5 March]] T.A. 3019, when Pippin looked into the [[palantir]] of Orthanc that he had recovered from the flood of Isengard. Sauron, unaware of Saruman's defeat at hands of the [[Ents]], assumed Pippin was the Wizard's prisoner, and was being forced to look into the Palantir as a form of cruel sport. Rather than interrogate Pippin immediately, Sauron chose to torment him, and bid him tell Saruman that he would send for the prisoner immediately. <ref>{{TT|Palantir}}</ref> He was therefore deceived into thinking the Ring was finally within his grasp.

A few hours later, on the morning of [[6 March]], Sauron encountered one of his foes in the ''palantír'' of Orthanc: Aragorn looked into the Stone, revealing himself to Sauron as the Heir of Isildur and wielder of [[Andúril]], the Blade Reforged. Aragorn spoke no word to Sauron and with a great effort of will wrested control of the Stone from him. As Aragorn intended, this played on Sauron's gnawing doubts and filled him with fear, believing that Aragorn might have overthrown Saruman, seizing Pippin and therefore the Ring. Thus, he ordered the Witch-king to launch his long-planned assault on Gondor immediately, rather than wait for all preparations to be made, hoping to destroy his enemies before they had a chance to make full use of the Ring's power.<ref name=RKV2>{{RK|V2}}</ref>

The death of the Witch-king and the defeat of his army in the [[Battle of the Pelennor Fields]] were a setback to Sauron, but he still had a great force of arms held in reserve in Mordor, more than enough to eventually secure military victory against all of his enemies combined. After his encounter with Aragorn in the ''palantír'', Sauron believed that one of his foes in Minas Tirith held the One Ring and would soon attempt to use it. As such, Gandalf was able to exploit Sauron's false beliefs with an audacious plan: the army of the Free Peoples would march on the Black Gate as a feint, keeping Sauron's Eye fixed upon them and blind to all else that moved, as the true Ringbearer made his way to Mount Doom.<ref name=RKV9>{{RK|V9}}</ref>

For the next nine days, Gandalf's plan worked - as the Host of the West made its way east and north, Sauron kept his entire focus upon it and diverted the whole strength of Mordor to the Black Gate to meet them. Even when Shagrat brought news of an "Elvish" intruder in [[Cirith Ungol]], Sauron's belief that the Ring was with the Host of the West remained unshaken and he made no attempt to investigate further; he could certainly not imagine that his enemies were trying to sneak the Ring into Mordor. Frodo and Sam thus made it to the [[Cracks of Doom|Sammath Naur]] undetected, and Sauron did not become aware of them until the very moment that Frodo claimed the Ring for himself.<ref name=RKVI3>{{RK|VI3}}</ref> [[File:Ted Nasmith - The Shadow of Sauron.jpg|thumb|''The Shadow of Sauron'' by [[Ted Nasmith]]]]

Only then did Sauron finally perceive Frodo and, realising he had been tricked, was overwhelmed with wrath and fear. He instantly lost all interest in the ongoing [[Battle of the Morannon]] and dispatched the Nazgûl from the skies above the battle to Mount Doom with all haste. It was too late; Gollum fell into the Crack of Doom with the Ring, destroying it and himself. In the moment of the Ring's destruction, Barad-dûr and many other of Sauron's fortresses crumbled to ruin. Sauron's spirit emerged and rose above Mordor like a black cloud - he stretched out his hand towards the army of the West, but even as he did so, he was blown away by a great wind and vanished.<ref name=RKVI4>{{RK|VI4}}</ref>

== Legacy ==
Thus Sauron's power was unmade, and his dominion in Middle-earth came to an end. According to Gandalf, Sauron was "maimed for ever, becoming a mere spirit of malice that gnaws itself in the shadows, but cannot again grow or take shape."<ref name=RKV9 /> Sauron's corporeal body that was in the Dark Tower died, and without the Ring his spirit no longer had the power to create a new one. Though his indestructible mind and being were bound forever to [[Eä]], Sauron had lost all power to effect his will upon the world<ref>{{L|200}}</ref> and could never again grow in strength.<ref>{{MR|P5VII}}, section iii, p. 403 and note 11, p. 407</ref>

It is said of Sauron, in summary of his long career of wickedness in Arda, that "he rose like a shadow of Morgoth and a ghost of his malice, and walked behind him on the same ruinous path down into the Void."<ref>{{S|IId}}</ref>

==Characteristics==
Sauron was a being of exceptional power, both in personal might and in sorcery, yet his greatest strength lie in his cunning, intellect, and charisma; through persuasion, deception, and coercion, he brought ruin to many mortal realms and united others unto himself, often without ever having to physically intervene, and he nearly cast Middle-earth into darkness several times throughout his existence.

Much like his [[Melkor|master]], pride in his own abilities was his greatest personal weakness, and this arrogance, coupled with an underestimation of his enemies, would ultimately doom him.<ref>{{RK|Doom}}</ref>

=== Physical form ===
[[File:J.R.R. Tolkien - Sauron.jpg|thumb|right|Tolkien's unfinished sketch of Sauron, apparently showing him just after the destruction of the Ring]]
At first Sauron appeared as a royal and commanding figure in a strong body. He was also able to veil his power and change his shape. Later, however, he could take only a terrible form, of a stature greater than a [[Men|Man]]'s, though not giant,<ref>{{L|246}}</ref> "an image of malice and hatred made visible; and the Eye of Sauron the Terrible few could endure."<ref name=Akallabeth/> [[Isildur]] recounted that at the [[Siege of Barad-dûr]], Sauron's hand was black with a deadly burning touch.<ref name="lotr-coe"/> Gollum would also call him "Black Hand", noticing he only had four fingers after Isildur cut one off.<ref name=Closed>{{TT|IV3}}</ref>

=== Eye of Sauron ===
The '''[[Eye of Sauron]]''', called by various names, was the symbol of [[Sauron]] the Dark Lord following the loss of [[the One Ring]]. This symbol was adopted to show his unceasing vigilance and piercing perception, and was displayed on the weaponry of his servants, or at least the [[orcs]].

Sauron's Eye as Frodo sees it in the [[Mirror of Galadriel]] is the only feature of his later form described in detail. It is yellow and rimmed with fire, with a slit pupil, "a window into nothing."<ref>{{FR|II7}}</ref> The colour is compared to that of a cat's eye, but because of the references to Sauron's Lidless Eye, it may also resemble that of a snake, such as an adder. Readers differ as to whether Sauron's eyes were literally lidless and resembled what Frodo saw, or instead the Eye was only a symbol that Frodo saw in the Mirror in an elaborate form.

Sauron's gaze, even indirectly, was known to wither, exhaust, and weaken his foes, with [[Denethor II|Denethor]], [[Aragorn II|Aragorn]], and [[Gandalf the Grey|Gandalf]] all rendered weary and dreadful after confronting him.<ref>{{FR|Breaking}}</ref> The sheer malevolence Sauron exuded through his presence alone was enough to render Lúthien frail and nearly unconscious.<ref>{{S|Beren}}</ref>

== Etymology ==
{{pronounce|Quenya - Sauron.mp3|Gilgamesh}}
'''''Sauron''''' (pron. {{IPA|[ˈsaʊron]}})<ref group=note>''Sauron'' is pronounced "sour-on" (''sour'' as in not sweet).</ref> is a [[Quenya]] name, said to mean "the Abhorred".<ref>{{S|Index}}, entry "Sauron"</ref>

Several accounts of the origin of the name ''Sauron'' were suggested in different linguistic manuscripts:
*deriving from Quenya ''[[saura]]'' ("foul, evil-smelling, putrid", from the [[Sundocarme|root]] [[THUS#Other versions|THUS]]).<ref>{{LR|Etymologies}}, entry "[[THUS]]-"</ref>
*deriving from Quenya ''[[saura]]'' ("foul, vile"; from root [[SAWA]]). The manuscript continues saying that ''Sauron'' "could be a genuine [[Sindarin]] formation from ''[[saur]]''; but is probably from Quenya". However, this origin appears to have been rejected, as it is followed by the comment "No. [[THAW|THAW-]], cruel. ''[[Saura]]'', cruel" in the manuscript.<ref>{{PE|17}}, pp. 183-4</ref>
*deriving from the [[Primitive Quendian]] form ''þaurond-'' (formed from the adjective ''þaurā'' "detestable", from root [[THAW]]).<ref>{{L|297}}, p. 380</ref>
*deriving from '''''Thauron''''', which includes the [[Sindarin]] element ''[[thaur]]'' ("abominable, abhorrent"; also found in [[Sauron#Other names|''Gor'''thaur''''']]).<ref name=Appendix>{{S|Appendix}}, entries ''gor'', ''thaur''</ref>

== Other names ==
{{pronounce|Sindarin - Gorthaur.mp3|Gilgamesh}}
{{pronounce|Quenya - Mairon.mp3|Gilgamesh}}
{{Pronounce|Annatar.mp3|Ardamir}}
'''''Gorthaur''''' was a name used of Sauron by the [[Sindar]] during the [[First Age]],<ref name="SVala"></ref><ref>{{WJ|15}}, p. 240</ref> meaning "Terrible Dread". The name is composed of the elements ''[[gor]]'' ("horror, dread") and ''[[thaur]]'' ("abominable, abhorrent").<ref name=Appendix></ref> The Quenya equivalent was '''''Ñorsus'''''.<ref name="PE17.1"></ref>

In some of Tolkien's notes from the 1950s, it is said that Sauron's original name was '''''Mairon''''' ([[Quenya|Q]], "the Admirable"), but this was altered after he was suborned by Melkor. He continued to call himself Mairon the Admirable, or '''Tar-mairon''' ("King Excellent"), until after Númenor's downfall,<ref name="PE17.1"/> although he could not use that name in Númenor, as it was a Quenya name with royal implications. There he was called '''''Zigûr''''',<ref name=Defeated></ref> meaning "Wizard" in [[Adûnaic]].<ref>{{SD|3vi9}}, p. 437</ref>

'''''Annatar''''' is Quenya for "Lord of Gifts", from ''[[anna]]'' + ''[[tar]]''.<ref>{{S|Appendix}}, entries ''anna'', ''tar''</ref> It can be noticed that Morgoth used a similar name when he seduced the first [[Men]]: "Giver of Gifts".<ref>{{MR|P4i}}, The '[[Tale of Adanel]]', p. 344</ref> In an isolated note, Tolkien gives other names used by Sauron when he seduced the Elves in the Second Age: '''''Artano''''' ("High-smith") and '''''Aulendil''''' ("Devoted to Aulë").<ref>{{UT|6}}, Notes, p. 254</ref>

Among his many titles and epithets were:
*The '''Base Master of Treachery''', used once by Gandalf to explain why the [[Mouth of Sauron]] should not be trusted.<ref name=Mouth>{{RK|V10}}</ref>
*The '''Black One''', used once by [[Gollum]].<ref>{{TT|IV3}}</ref>
*The '''[[Black Hand]]''', used twice by Gollum.<ref name=Closed>{{TT|IV3}}</ref>
*The '''[[Master|Black Master]]''', used by [[Isildur]] when cursing Sauron's former servants, the [[Men of the Mountains|Oathbreakers]].<ref name=RKV2/>
*The '''[[Dark Lord]]''', given by the [[Free Peoples]] after he rose in the Second Age.<ref name="SRings"/>
*The '''Dark Power''', used by Gandalf.<ref name=Shadow>{{FR|I2}}</ref>
*The '''Deceiver''', given by [[Amandil]] before departing to ask the Valar deliverance from Sauron's corruption.<ref name=Akallabeth>{{S|Akallabeth}}</ref>
*The '''Enemy''', given by the [[Free Peoples]] after he rose in the Second Age.<ref name="SRings"/>
*The '''One Enemy''', used once by Frodo Baggins.<ref>{{TT|IV4}}</ref>
*The '''[[Eye of Sauron|Eye]]''', with its variants, mainly refered to his mental form and his [[Eye of Sauron|emblem]], but also applied to Sauron himself.<ref>{{RK|I3}}, entry "Eye, The"</ref>
*The '''Great''', following the name of ''Sauron'', it is only used once by Gandalf,<ref name=Shadow>{{FR|I2}}</ref> once by [[Glóin]],<ref name="lotr-coe"/> and once by the Mouth of Sauron.<ref name=Mouth>{{RK|V10}}</ref>
*The '''[[King of Kings]]''', given by himself when he rose in the Second Age, enraging Ar-Pharazôn.<ref name=L131/>
*The '''Lord of the Earth''', given by himself when he rose in the Second Age.<ref name="SRings"/>
*The '''[[King of Men]]''', given by himself when he rose in the Second Age, enraging Ar-Pharazôn.<ref name=Akallabeth>{{S|Akallabeth}}</ref>
*The '''Lord of the World''', given by himself when he rose in the Second Age, enraging Ar-Pharazôn.<ref name=L131/>
*The '''North King''', given by the people of [[Agar]].<ref>{{PM|Elmar}}</ref>
*The '''Necromancer''', used during his rule in [[Dol Guldur]] when his identity was unknown.<ref name="lotr-coe"/>
*The '''Nameless''', probably given by the [[Gondorians|people of Gondor]], as it is only used by Boromir as '''Nameless Enemy''',<ref name="lotr-coe"/> by Faramir as '''Nameless One''',<ref>{{TT|IV5}}</ref> and by the watchmen of Gondor.<ref>{{RK|V4}}</ref>
*The '''[[Lord of the Ring]]''' or '''Lord of the Rings'''.
*The '''[[Ring-maker]]'''.<ref name=Shadow/>
*The '''Ruler''', used once by Saruman during his confrontation with Gandalf.<ref name="lotr-coe"/>
*The '''[[Shadow]]''', not properly given to him, but to his power when he expanded it in the Third Age.<ref name="SRings"/>
*The '''Sorcerer''', used during his rule in [[Dol Guldur]] when his identity was unknown.<ref name="lotr-coe"/>
*'''Wolf-Sauron''', the name given to the dreadful werewolf-shape that [[Sauron]] took on when he went to do battle with [[Huan]].<ref name="Beren"/>

== Other versions of the legendarium ==
Since the earliest versions of the [[legendarium]], Sauron has undergone many changes. The prototype of this character was '''[[Tevildo]]''', lord of the cats, who played the role later taken by Sauron in the earliest version of the story of [[Beren]] and [[Lúthien]] in ''[[The Book of Lost Tales Part Two]]'', "[[The Tale of Tinúviel]]". Morgoth also had another servant named '''[[Fankil]]''' who led evil [[Dwarves]] and notably acted as his lieutenant, a role assumed by Sauron in the final works.

Tevildo later was transformed into '''[[Thû]]''', the Necromancer - the first proper iteration of the later Sauron. The name was then changed to ''Gorthû'', ''Sûr'', and finally to Sauron. ''Gorthû'', in the form ''Gorthaur'', remained in ''The Silmarillion''.

Prior to the publication of ''The Silmarillion'', Sauron's origins and true identity were unclear to those without full access to Tolkien's notes. In early editions of ''[[The Complete Guide to Middle-earth|The Guide to Middle Earth]]'', Sauron is described as "probably of the Eldar elves".

=== The Necromancer ===
In ''[[The Hobbit]]'', the Necromancer is an obscure villainous entity mentioned fleetingly by [[Gandalf]] as one of the dangers of the wider world. He is peripheral to the plot of the book: explaining why the company takes the dangerous road through Mirkwood rather than going around, and providing a reason for Gandalf's absence for that section of the journey. Thematically the Necromancer, a truly 'terrible' force beyond the power of the main protagonists, gives the world of ''The Hobbit'' a greater level of reality which Tolkien felt was necessary for a "fairy-tale" to ring true.<ref name="Letter17">{{L|17}}</ref>

Despite the alias, it would appear that the Necromancer was always intended to stand for [[Sauron]], a figure from the very earliest phases of his legendarium (as [[Tevildo]] in "[[The Tale of Tinúviel]]"). Shortly after the publication of ''The Hobbit'' Tolkien wrote:

{{blockquote|Mr Baggins began as a comic tale among conventional and inconsistent Grimm's fairy-tale dwarves, and got drawn into the edge of it – so that even Sauron the terrible peeped over the edge.|[[Letter 19]]}}

Indeed, in the ''[[Lay of Leithian]]'', [[Thû]] is called a "necromancer" who "held his hosts of [[phantoms]] and of wandering [[ghosts]]" (l. 2075) in [[Tol-in-Gaurhoth]].<ref>{{LB|C7}}</ref>

However, as ''The Hobbit'' was not originally intended to be integrated with Tolkien's wider mythology the Necromancer did not necessarily need to be consistent with his [[First Age]] counterpart Sauron, rather the two were loosely linked to add an 'impression of depth' to the narrative of ''The Hobbit''. With Tolkien's decision to merge the two 'worlds' and make Sauron the central antagonist of ''[[The Lord of the Rings]]'' came the need to reconcile the two figures and account for his whereabouts in the millennia between the end of the First Age and his dwelling in Bilbo's Mirkwood. This was largely achieved in the ''[[Appendix B|Tale of Years]]'', with Sauron becoming a much greater figure after the fall of his master, one who arguably drove the history of the entire Second and Third Ages of Middle-earth.

Fans have noted that the alias "Necromancer" for Sauron is obscure, as in the context of neither ''The Hobbit'' nor ''The Lord of the Rings'' Sauron is ever specifically mentioned to use [[Wikipedia:necromancy|necromancy]], i.e. controlling the [[spirits]] of the dead.<ref>{{webcite|author=|articleurl=http://scifi.stackexchange.com/questions/47756/why-is-sauron-called-the-necromancer|articlename=Why is Sauron called the "Necromancer"?|dated=|website=Stackexchange|accessed=9 January 2020}}</ref>

A later essay mentions the practice of necromancy concerning the ''[[fëar]]'' of the [[Unbodied]] Elves, mentioning that Sauron possibly did so and also taught his followers,<ref>{{MR|P3II3c}}, p. 224</ref> although this reference is not given in the context of the story.

== Minions and allies ==
*[[Thuringwethil]]- Vampire Herald
*[[Draugluin]]- First of the Werewolves of Angband; mortally-wounded by [[Huan]]
*The [[Witch-king of Angmar]] - Lord of Morgul, Lord of the Nazgûl and deadliest servant; vanquished by [[Éowyn]] and [[Merry]]
**[[Khamûl]] - Lieutenant of Dol Guldur, second only to the Witch-king among the Nazgûl; undone by the destruction of the [[One Ring]]
**Other 7 [[Nazgûl]] - Most terrible of his servants; perished with the One Ring
*The [[King of the Dead]] - King of the Oathbreakers, former servant bound to the [[Heir of Isildur]]
*[[Ar-Pharazôn]] - Last King of Númenor, rival-turned-puppet, coerced to the worship of the Darkness
*[[Herumor]] - Lord among the Haradrim
*[[Fuinur]] - Chief among the Haradrim
*[[Captain of the Haven]] - Commander of the Corsairs of Umbar; slain by [[Aragorn]]
*The [[Mouth of Sauron]] - Lieutenant of the Dark Tower and personal Ambassador
**[[Grishnákh]] - Orc captain of the Dark Tower; slain by the Riders of Rohan
*[[Saruman]] - Lord of Isengard, corrupted White Wizard and capable but faithless servant; stabbed in the back by Gríma
**[[Gríma]] - Chief counsellor of King [[Théoden]] in Rohan, Saruman's mole at the court; shot by Hobbit arrows
**[[Squint-eyed southerner]] - Dunlending spy at the Prancing Pony Inn
**[[Bill Ferny]] - Outlaw of Bree-land
**[[Harry Goatleaf]] - Gate-keeper of the West-gate of Bree, informant
*[[Gothmog (Lieutenant of Morgul)|Gothmog]] - Lieutenant of Morgul, second only to the Witch-king among the Morgul-host
**[[Gorbag]] - Captain of the Orcs of Morgul that captured [[Frodo Baggins]]; murdered by Shagrat
*[[Shagrat]] - Captain of Cirith Ungol; put to death for his failures
**[[Muzgash]] - Orc guard at Cirith Ungol; shot by treacherous comrades
**[[Lagduf]] - Orc sentry stationed at Cirith Ungol; shot by treacherous comrades
**[[Radbug]] - Orc sentinel of Cirith Ungol; had his eyes squeezed out by Shagrat
**[[Snaga (orc of Mordor)|Snaga]] - Torturer of Cirith Ungol; fell to his demise in a fight with [[Samwise Gamgee]]
**[[Ufthak]] - Orc subordinate in Cirith Ungol; caught by Shelob in her webs
*[[Shelob]] - Descendant of [[Ungoliant]] and convenient guardian of the pass through Mordor
*The [[Two Watchers]] - Statues inhabited by evil spirits
;Characters from older concepts
*[[Naglur-Danlo]] - Orc of Cirith Ungol
*[[Shagram]] - Orc soldier of Cirith Ungol

== Portrayal in adaptations ==
{{Gallery
|title=Sauron in Adaptations
|width=160
|height=160
|lines=3
|File:The Lord of the Rings (1978 film) - Prologue.jpg|Sauron in [[The Lord of the Rings (1978 film)|''The Lord of the Rings'' (1978 film)]]
|File:LOTR-vol2-Sauron1.png|Sauron in ''[[J.R.R. Tolkien's The Lord of the Rings, Vol. II: The Two Towers]]''
|File:The Lord of the Rings - The Motion Picture Trilogy - Sauron.jpg|Sauron ''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring]]''
|File:The Eye Of Sauron.jpg|Eye of Sauron in ''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Two Towers]]''
|File:Necromancer.jpg|The Necromancer in the ''[[Lord of the Rings Strategy Battle Game]]''
|File:Lord of the Rings The Third Age - Eye of Sauron.png|Eye of Sauron in ''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Third Age]]''
|File:The Lord of the Rings Online Shadows of Angmar - Eye of Sauron.png|Eye of Sauron in ''[[The Lord of the Rings Online: Shadows of Angmar]]''
|File:The Lord of the Rings Online Shadows of Angmar - Annatar.png|[[Annatar|Antheron]] in ''[[The Lord of the Rings Online: Shadows of Angmar]]''
|File:The Lord of the Rings Online - Sauron.jpg|Sauron in ''[[The Lord of the Rings Online]]: [[Minas Morgul]]''
|File:The Lord of the Rings Conquest - Sauron1.png|Sauron in ''[[The Lord of the Rings: Conquest]]''
|File:Guardians of Middle-earth - Sauron.png|Sauron in ''[[Guardians of Middle-earth]]''
|File:The Hobbit - An Unexpected Journey - Necromancer.jpg|The Necromancer in ''[[The Hobbit: An Unexpected Journey]]''
|File:The Rings of Power (TV series) - Sauron in Dúrnost.jpg|Sauron in [[Dúrnost]] within ''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Rings of Power]]''
|File:The Rings of Power (TV series) - Halbrand in Mordor.jpg|[[Charlie Vickers]] as Sauron/[[Halbrand]] in [[Mordor]] within ''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Rings of Power]]''
}}

=== Films ===
'''1978: [[The Lord of the Rings (1978 film)|''The Lord of the Rings'' (1978 film)]]:'''
: Sauron is briefly shown in the prologue sequence as a shadowy figure in a horned helmet in a non-speaking role.

'''2001-03: [[The Lord of the Rings (film series)|''The Lord of the Rings'' (film series)]]:'''
:Sauron is played by [[Sala Baker]] and voiced by [[Alan Howard]]. In these films, he is depicted as a tall -yet not gigantic - armored warlord wielding a huge mace (a blend between his vague description by Tolkien and the more detailed appearance of [[Morgoth]] as described in ''[[The Silmarillion]]''). In the first film, he is depicted dispatching a number of Elves and Men with his mace, before killing [[Gil-galad]] (offscreen; the scene figured in the concept art done for the prologue, however) and then [[Elendil]] before being defeated by [[Isildur]] using his father's [[Narsil|broken sword]] to cut off the finger wearing [[the One Ring]], as well as three others on the same hand. This strangely causes his body to explode, producing a shockwave that knocks everyone on the battlefield off their feet.

:Later on, [[Saruman]] implies to [[Gandalf]] that Sauron was unable to retain his physical form and that the Eye was his astral form, a detail which is never brought up in the novel. It is unknown if Saruman was truthful with this statement, or if he was either misinformed or lying (since he was already corrupted by his yearning for power and Sauron's influence).

:For the portrayal of Sauron as a giant eye of fire in these movies, see [[Eye of Sauron#Portrayal in adaptations]].

'''2012-14: [[The Hobbit (film series)|''The Hobbit'' (film series)]]:'''
: Sauron is played and voiced by [[Benedict Cumberbatch]], under his assumed identity as the Necromancer. In these films, it is stated that the White Council does not discover he is Sauron until much later, during the events of these films, previously believing him to be a human with skills in magic. In these films, Sauron initially appears as a shadowy figure before assuming his armoured form from the previous films. With him as the slit black pupil, he projects flames around him, creating the visage of the Great Eye.

===Television ===
'''2022: [[The Lord of the Rings: The Rings of Power|''The Lord of the Rings: The Rings of Power]]:'''
:'''1 September: ''[[A Shadow of the Past]]'':'''
::Sauron appears overseeing an army of [[Orcs]] at [[Dúrnost]] during the prologue, narrated by [[Galadriel]]. No actor is credited for the specific role.

:'''14 October: ''[[Alloyed]]'':'''
::It is revealed that Sauron was disguised as [[Halbrand]] (portrayed by [[Charlie Vickers]]) the entire time. After being supposedly "split open" by [[Adar (The Rings of Power)|Adar]], he took on the form of a mortal [[Men|Man]] and gave to himself the name Halbrand. At some point in time, he came upon the corpse of the last King of the [[Southlands]] and took up the crest because he thought that it suited him well.

=== Radio series ===
'''1955: [[The Lord of the Rings (1955 radio series)|''The Lord of the Rings'' (1955 radio series)]]:'''
:The voice of Sauron is provided by [[Felix Felton]].<ref name="RT1724">Radio Times, Volume 133, No. 1724, [[23 November|November 23]], [[1956]]</ref>

'''1968: [[The Hobbit (1968 radio series)|''The Hobbit'' (1968 radio series)]]:'''
:Sauron is mentioned only very briefly at the end; [[Gandalf]] and [[Elrond]] discuss how the "Necromancer" had been driven from his abode in the south of [[Mirkwood]].

'''1981: [[The Lord of the Rings (1981 radio series)|''The Lord of the Rings'' (1981 radio series)]]:'''

'''1979: [[The Hobbit (1979 radio series)|''The Hobbit'' (1979 radio series)]]:'''

'''1979: [[The Lord of the Rings (1979 radio series)|''The Lord of the Rings'' (1979 radio series)]]:'''

=== Video games ===
'''1985: ''[[Lord of the Rings: Game One]]'':'''

'''1988: ''[[J.R.R. Tolkien's War in Middle Earth]]''

'''1990: [[J.R.R. Tolkien's The Lord of the Rings, Vol. I (1990 video game)|''J.R.R. Tolkien's The Lord of the Rings, Vol. I'' (1990 video game)]]:'''
:Sauron is mentioned by [[Gandalf]] in the beginning of the game.

'''1993: ''[[J.R.R. Tolkien's The Lord of the Rings, Vol. II: The Two Towers]]'':'''
:Sauron is mentioned in the beginning of the game, when [[Gandalf]] explains the history of [[the One Ring]].

'''2002: [[The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring (video game)|''The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring'' (video game)]]:'''

'''2002: [[The Lord of the Rings: The Two Towers (video game)|''The Lord of the Rings: The Two Towers'' (video game)]]:'''

'''2003: ''[[The Lord of the Rings: War of the Ring]]'':'''

'''2003: [[The Hobbit (2003 video game)|''The Hobbit'' (2003 video game)]]:'''
:Sauron and the events of the south of Mirkwood are left unmentioned. However, whilst in Mirkwood, [[Bilbo Baggins|Bilbo]] has to defeat creatures that he calls "Minions of the Necromancer".

'''2003: [[The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King (video game)|''The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King'' (video game)]]:'''

'''2004: ''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Third Age]]'':'''
:At the end of the game, Berethor and company (the playable characters) have to defeat the eye of Sauron by physically attacking him on top of [[Barad-dûr]].

'''2004: ''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Battle for Middle-earth]]'':'''

'''2005: ''[[The Lord of the Rings: Tactics]]'':'''

'''2006: ''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Battle for Middle-earth II]]'':'''

'''2007: ''[[The Lord of the Rings Online]]'':'''
:Sauron, in his fair guise, appears during the flashback to the years of the [[Second Age]]. He uses the name "Antheron" instead of "Annatar", which only appears in the works not covered by the game' licese.
:Visiting Sauron's personal chambers in [[Dol Guldur]] leads to a vision of the Dark Lord, still weak and recovering from his defeat at the hand of [[Isildur]].
:During an extended flashback sequence to the [[War of the Last Alliance]], Sauron himself is met within [[Barad-dur]] by the player, who controls a historic character.

'''2009: ''[[The Lord of the Rings: Conquest]]'':'''

'''2010: ''[[The Lord of the Rings: Aragorn's Quest]]'':'''

'''2011: ''[[The Lord of the Rings: War in the North]]'''''

'''2012: ''[[Guardians of Middle-earth]]'':'''
:Sauron is a "guardian".<ref name="Trailer">{{webcite|author=|articleurl=http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=caYW7d-8MIY&feature=player_embedded|articlename=''Guardians of Middle-earth'': First Official Gameplay Trailer|dated=29 June 2012|website=YT|accessed=16 July 2012}}</ref>

'''2014: ''[[Middle-earth: Shadow of Mordor]]'''''

'''2017: ''[[Middle-earth: Shadow of War]]'''''

'''2021: ''[[The Lord of the Rings: Rise to War]]'''''

=== Others ===
'''1982-97: ''[[Middle-earth Role Playing]]'':'''
:Sauron is treated as a Mage of level 180 (level 360 if using the One Ring). Among his items are the Elf-slaying Black Sword (S. ''Mormegil''), the Gauntlet of Slaying ("Narsil's Bane"), and the Black Scale of dragonskin. Among his special powers are Domination (control over other players using the One Eye), resistance to normal weapons, and the ability to force anyone within his sight to resist fear (or otherwise becoming frozen).

'''1995-8: ''[[Middle-earth Collectible Card Game]]'':'''
:The card "[http://www.tradecardsonline.com/im/selectCard/card_id/54534/cards_lang/1 Sauron]", appearing in the set ''[[Middle-earth: The Balrog|The Balrog]]'', is playable as a manifestation of the card "[http://www.tradecardsonline.com/im/selectCard/card_id/54002/cards_lang/1 The Lidless Eye]" (from the set [[Middle-earth: The Lidless Eye|''The Lidless Eye'']]), and can be used by players to enhance their general influence.<ref>{{webcite|author=|articleurl=http://www.tradecardsonline.com/im/selectCard/game_id/20/goal/|articlename=Home page for the game Middle Earth|dated=|website=[http://www.tradecardsonline.com/ Trade Cards Online]|accessed=5 January 2012}}</ref>

== External links ==
*[http://folk.uib.no/hnohf/sauronname.htm ''A Name for the Dark Lord''] by [[Helge Fauskanger]].

{{references|note}}

{{seq-start}}
{{seq-head
| race=evil
| house=[[Maia]]
| died=[[25 March]] {{TA|3019}}
}}
{{seq
| pvac=None
| prev=Ring created
| list=[[Ring-bearer]]
| dates=c. {{SA|1600}} – {{SA|3441|n}}
| next=[[Isildur]]
}}
{{seq-end}}

{{ainur}}
{{numenor}}
{{ringbearers}}
{{hobbitfilms}}
{{lordoftheringsfilms}}
[[Category:Characters in The Lord of the Rings]]
[[Category:Characters in The Silmarillion]]
[[Category:Evil]]
[[Category:First Age characters]]
[[Category:Maiar]]
[[Category:Ring-bearers]]
[[Category:Rulers in Middle-earth]]
[[Category:Second Age characters]]
[[Category:Servants of Melkor]]
[[Category:Third Age characters]]
[[Category:Quenya names]]
[[de:Sauron]]
[[fi:Sauron]]
[[fr:encyclo/personnages/ainur/maiar/sauron]]

Uruk-hai

2023-01-12T16:23:43Z

LordoftheEarth:

{{cleanup}}{{people infobox
| name=Uruk-hai
| image=[[File:John Howe - The Uruk-hai.jpg|250px]]
| caption="[[:File:John Howe - The Uruk-hai.jpg|The Uruk-hai]]" by [[John Howe]]
| pronun=
| othernames=Great Orcs, Uruks
| origin=Bred by [[Sauron]] (and later [[Saruman]]) in the late [[Third Age]]
| location=[[Isengard|Northern Rohan and Isengard]], [[Mordor]]
| affiliation=Sauron ([[Nazgûl]] & Saruman)
| rivalry=[[Rohirrim]]
| language=Various dialects of the [[Black Speech]], [[Westron]]
| members=[[Uglúk]], [[Mauhúr]]
| lifespan=
| distinctions=Large build; better resistance to sunlight; faster, stronger, and smarter than other Orcs
| height=Shorter than [[Men]]
| hair=
| skin=Swarthy
| clothing=
| weapons=Short, broad-bladed swords, shields, bows of yew, knives
}}
{{quote|...and others, too, came out of the forest. Great Orcs, who also bore the White Hand of [[Isengard]]: that kind is stronger and more fell than all the others.|[[Éomer]] in ''[[The Two Towers]]'', "[[The Riders of Rohan]]"}}

The '''Uruk-hai''' were a new breed of [[Orcs]] that appeared during the [[Third Age]].

==Appearance==
They were faster than normal Orcs and could travel during the day without being weakened. They were not only faster but smarter, stronger and larger, though they were still shorter than Men.

The Uruks in the service of [[Barad-dûr]], the folk of Mordor, used the symbol of the Red [[Eye of Sauron]]. The Red Eye was also painted on their shields. At least one, a guard on the march with [[Meriadoc Brandybuck|Merry]] and [[Peregrin Took|Pippin]], had a black knife with a long saw-edged blade, used by Pippin to cut through the ropes on his hands. It is not clear whether or not these Uruks of Sauron should be regarded as identical with the Uruks of Saruman, who could be a further 'improvement' to the race achieved prior to the war.

The Uruk-hai in the employ of [[Orthanc]] used an ''S'' [[Cirth|elf-rune]] wrought in white metal on the front of their iron helms. It was clear this "S" stood for Saruman, because their shields had a small [[White Hand]] of Saruman centered on a black field. [[Aragorn]] commented that their gear was not in the manner of other Orcs at all. Instead of curved scimitars, they used short, broad-bladed swords. Their great [[Bows|bows]] were made of yew wood, in length and shape as those of Men. Although they did not like the light of the [[Sun]], they could withstand it better than other orcs. Saruman promised them man-flesh as a treat.

==History==
[[Treebeard]] openly wonders if they are Orcs that have been somehow "improved", or Men that were corrupted with Orc-like qualities, or if they were indeed a [[Half-orcs|blending]] of Men and Orcs, an act which Treebeard considered to be "a black evil".

The race of Uruks, described as "black orcs of great strength", first appeared out of [[Mordor]] in the last years of the [[Ruling Stewards|Stewardship]] of [[Denethor I]]. In {{TA|2475}} they conquered [[Ithilien]] and destroyed the city of [[Osgiliath]], but they were defeated by Steward [[Boromir (Steward of Gondor)|Boromir]] later.<ref>{{App|Stewards}}</ref> The following years, [[Orcs of Mordor]] - among them Uruks - continued to infest Ithilien, further deserting it by {{TA|2901}}.<ref>{{App|TA}}</ref>

Around {{TA|2990}}, the corrupted [[Wizard]] [[Saruman]] began secretly mustering and breeding Orcs in [[Isengard]],<ref>{{UT|Palantiri}}</ref> resulting in the making and improving of his own Uruk-hai. As the [[Shadow]] of the [[Dark Lord|Enemy]] fell over [[Rohan]], Uruks out of Isengard joined raiding parties of [[Orcs of the Misty Mountains]] against the [[Rohirrim]].<ref>{{App|Mark}}</ref>

In the [[War of the Ring]], the Uruks of Mordor referred to the Dark Lord [[Sauron]] as the Great Eye, and [[Shagrat]] was the commanders of one such garrison at [[Cirith Ungol]], while [[Gorbag]] was an Uruk captain of [[Minas Morgul]].<ref>{{TT|IV10}}, pp. 735-42</ref>
[[File:Darek Zabrocki - Orc Assault.jpg|thumb|''Orc Assault'' by [[:Category:Images by Darek Zabrocki|Darek Zabrocki]]]]
The Uruk-hai of Isengard made up the core of a ten-thousand strong army, mustered by the Wizard Saruman both in service and in tacite competition of his Lord Sauron.<ref name="FRCouncil">{{FR|Council}}</ref> Joined by [[Dunlendings]] and the common Orcs of Isengard, they fought against the Rohirrim in the [[First Battle of the Fords of Isen|First]] and [[Second Battle of the Fords of Isen]].<ref>{{UT|Isen}}</ref>, notably slaying Prince [[Théodred]]. The Uruk-hai army was then sent against [[Kings of Rohan|King]] [[Théoden]] and his people at [[Helm's Deep]], where they faced utter defeat in the [[Battle of the Hornburg]].<ref>{{TT|III8}}</ref>

Behind his Master's back, the corrupted Wizard sent a smaller troop to capture the [[Ring-bearer]] for his own ends. These Uruks were led by [[Uglúk]] and ambushed the [[Fellowship of the Ring]] at [[Amon Hen]], slaying [[Boromir]] and capturing [[Merry]] and [[Pippin]]. Though quarreling with the Mountain-orcs and [[Grishnákh]]'s Mordor-orcs who had joined them, the Uruks imposed Isengard as the destination for the captive [[Hobbits]]. Saruman aided them with his sorcery as well: when Aragorn, [[Gimli]], and [[Legolas]] followed the Orc-company, Saruman's will caused weariness of the heart for the pursuers and lent speed to his Uruks. {{fact}} The Uruk-hai troop and the other two Orc warbands were slain to the last on the eaves of [[Fangorn]] by [[Third Marshal of the Riddermark]] [[Éomer]] and his riders.<ref name="Uruk-hai">{{TT|Uruk}}</ref>

After [[Samwise Gamgee]]'s fight with the [[Spiders|Spider]] [[Shelob]], two Orc-troops led by the Uruk captains Shagrat and Gorbag stumbled upon the unconscious [[Frodo Baggins]] and carried him as their prisoner to Cirith Ungol.<ref>{{TT|IV10}}, pp. 735-42</ref> Squabbling among themselves over Frodo's belongings, the Orcs and Uruks slaughtered each other, allowing Sam to enter the unguarded tower and rescue Frodo.<ref>{{RK|Tower}}, pp. 905-7</ref>

==Etymology==
The name ''Uruk-hai'' has the element '''''uruk''''', which is a [[Black Speech]] word meaning "Orc".<ref>{{App|F1iv}}</ref><ref name=WJAC>{{WJ|AC}}, pp. 389-91</ref><ref name=L144>{{L|144}}</ref><ref name=PE17_47>{{PE|17}}, p. 47</ref> (For related words in other languages, see [[Orcs#Orcs in Tolkien's languages|Orcs in Tolkien's languages]].) The element ''[[hai|-hai]]'', also present in [[Olog-hai]] and [[Oghor-hai]], means "folk, people".

==Portrayal in adaptations==
In both [[The Lord of the Rings (1978 film)|''The Lord of the Rings'' (1978 film)]] and [[The Return of the King (1980 film)|''The Return of the King'' (1980 film)]], Uruk-hai are portrayed identically as (and without distinction to) the [[Orcs]].

'''1988: ''[[J.R.R. Tolkien's War in Middle Earth]]'':'''
[[File:War in Middle Earth - Orcs and Uruk-hai at Isengard.png|thumb|Uruk-hai at Isengard in ''[[J.R.R. Tolkien's War in Middle Earth]]'']]
:The Uruk-hai are portrayed as figures with purple armor and a shield.

'''2001-03: [[The Lord of the Rings (film series)|''The Lord of the Rings'' (film series)]]:'''

:In [[The Lord of the Rings (film series)|Peter Jackson's The Lord of the Rings]], the Uruk-hai are shown as being released from a kind of membrane in the mud deep under Isengard (special commentary on the DVD edition explained that they were trying to base the scene on an early description of Tolkien's that Orcs "worm their way out of the ground like maggots"). In the movies Uruk-hai are described as a crossbreed between "Orcs and [[Goblin-men]]". This is a reference to the creatures mentioned by [[Gamling]] in the novel that blend the traits of Orcs and Men. These Uruks are sent after the Fellowship, and their initial captain is [[Lurtz]], a movie-only character.

:The Uruks of Isengard included Pikemen, Swordsmen, Archers, and [[Berserker|Berserkers]]. The Berserkers are the shock troops. When they were first spawned a helmet filled with blood was placed on their heads, so that they were filled with a bloodlust for their enemies. They carry doubly-bent swords, and forgo any armour in lieu of agility, slaying foes left and right, completely devoid of fear and pain. Pikemen, as the name suggests, carry long pikes, while archers carry [[cross-bows|crossbows]]. Swordsmen wield a straight iron sword, hooked at the tip, and deadly in an Uruk's strong grip. They also use bladed shields, as seen in [[Amon Hen]] during [[Aragorn]]'s fight against Lurtz.

:The Uruks were also very efficient using siege equipment, and had been trained to use crossbows with deadly accuracy. The Uruks, like the lesser Orcs, seemed to not care of each other's presence, shown by the battering ram wielders at Helm's Deep, barging each other off of the thin bridge. The Uruks also hated the Orcs, believing they were a lesser being and often rioting, e.g. in the tower of Cirith Ungol when Shagrat and Gorbag argued over Frodo's vest of Mithril and starting a mass war within the tower. The Uruks seem also to be able to control natural urges more than the Orcs, e.g. the Orcs demanded to eat the Hobbits they had captured, while the Uruks were protective. It would seem the only way Orcs were better than Uruks is in treachery, lying and being devious. The Uruks are also not seen to ever ride a mount, possibly due to size, weight and build (the Wargs which attacked the Rohan migration were ridden by trained Orcs).

'''2002: ''[[EA's The Two Towers]]'':'''
:Uruk-hai appear as enemies in the "Battle of Helm's Deep" and "Fangorn Forest" missions, retaining the movie appearance.

[[File:The Lord of the Rings- The Treason of Isengard - Uruk-hai.jpg|thumb|Uruk-hai in the cancelled video game ''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Treason of Isengard]]'']]
'''2004: ''[[The Lord of the Rings: War of the Ring]]'':'''
:Uruks become available after a storyline mission in which Saruman manages to perfect his creation.

'''2004: ''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Battle for Middle-earth]]'':'''
:Uruks compose most of the units of Isengard faction: swordsmen, pikemen, crossbowmen, in addition to Uruks operating siege engines are available, following the movie appearance.

'''2006: ''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Battle for Middle-earth II]]'':'''
:Most of Uruk-hai units from the first game return with little if any changes in behavior.

'''2007: ''[[The Lord of the Rings Online]]'':'''
:Multiple Uruks are used by the Enemy in different parts of Middle-earth. In addition to White Hand Uruks, notable are the Angmar Uruks and the Black Uruks from Dol Guldur, all sporting a variety of different appearances. Players can play as Uruks as part of the "Monster Play" game option.

'''2009: ''[[The Lord of the Rings: Conquest]]'':'''
:Uruk-hai appear as enemies during the Battle of Helm's Deep.

'''2014: ''[[Middle-earth: Shadow of Mordor]]'':'''
:Uruks replace the role of the lesser Orcs, making up the force stationed in Mordor.

==See also==
* [[Olog-hai]]

{{references}}
[[Category:Black Speech words]]
[[Category:Uruk-hai| ]]
[[Category:Servants of Saruman]]
[[Category:Servants of Sauron]]
[[de:Uruk-hai]]
[[fr:encyclo/peuples/orques/uruk-hai]]
[[fi:Uruk-hai]]

Uruk-hai

2023-01-12T13:53:09Z

LordoftheEarth:

{{cleanup}}{{people infobox
| name=Uruk-hai
| image=[[File:John Howe - The Uruk-hai.jpg|250px]]
| caption="[[:File:John Howe - The Uruk-hai.jpg|The Uruk-hai]]" by [[John Howe]]
| pronun=
| othernames=Great Orcs, Uruks
| origin=Bred by [[Sauron]] (and later [[Saruman]]) in the late [[Third Age]]
| location=[[Isengard|Northern Rohan and Isengard]], [[Mordor]]
| affiliation=Sauron ([[Nazgûl]] & Saruman)
| rivalry=[[Rohirrim]]
| language=Various dialects of the [[Black Speech]], [[Westron]]
| members=[[Uglúk]], [[Mauhúr]]
| lifespan=
| distinctions=Large build; better resistance to sunlight; faster, stronger, and smarter than other Orcs
| height=Shorter than [[Men]]
| hair=
| skin=Swarthy
| clothing=
| weapons=Short, broad-bladed swords, shields, bows of yew, knives
}}
{{quote|...and others, too, came out of the forest. Great Orcs, who also bore the White Hand of [[Isengard]]: that kind is stronger and more fell than all the others.|[[Éomer]] in ''[[The Two Towers]]'', "[[The Riders of Rohan]]"}}

The '''Uruk-hai''' were a new breed of [[Orcs]] that appeared during the [[Third Age]].

==Appearance==
They were faster than normal Orcs and could travel during the day without being weakened. They were not only faster but smarter, stronger and larger, though they were still shorter than Men.

The Uruks in the service of [[Barad-dûr]], the folk of Mordor, used the symbol of the Red [[Eye of Sauron]]. The Red Eye was also painted on their shields. At least one, a guard on the march with [[Meriadoc Brandybuck|Merry]] and [[Peregrin Took|Pippin]], had a black knife with a long saw-edged blade, used by Pippin to cut through the ropes on his hands. It is not clear whether or not these Uruks of Sauron should be regarded as identical with the Uruks of Saruman, who could be a further 'improvement' to the race achieved prior to the war.

The Uruk-hai in the employ of [[Orthanc]] used an ''S'' [[Cirth|elf-rune]] wrought in white metal on the front of their iron helms. It was clear this "S" stood for Saruman, because their shields had a small [[White Hand]] of Saruman centered on a black field. [[Aragorn]] commented that their gear was not in the manner of other Orcs at all. Instead of curved scimitars, they used short, broad-bladed swords. Their great [[Bows|bows]] were made of yew wood, in length and shape as those of Men. Although they did not like the light of the [[Sun]], they could withstand it better than other orcs. Saruman promised them man-flesh as a treat.

==History==
[[Treebeard]] openly wonders if they are Orcs that have been somehow "improved", or Men that were corrupted with Orc-like qualities, or if they were indeed a [[Half-orcs|blending]] of Men and Orcs, an act which Treebeard considered to be "a black evil".

The race of Uruks, described as "black orcs of great strength", first appeared out of [[Mordor]] in the last years of the [[Ruling Stewards|Stewardship]] of [[Denethor I]]. In {{TA|2475}} they conquered [[Ithilien]] and destroyed the city of [[Osgiliath]], but they were defeated by Steward [[Boromir (Steward of Gondor)|Boromir]] later.<ref>{{App|Stewards}}</ref> The following years, [[Orcs of Mordor]] - among them Uruks - continued to infest Ithilien, further deserting it by {{TA|2901}}.<ref>{{App|TA}}</ref>

Around {{TA|2990}}, the corrupted [[Wizard]] [[Saruman]] began secretly mustering and breeding [[Orcs of Isengard|Orcs]] in [[Isengard]],<ref>{{UT|Palantiri}}</ref> resulting in the making and improving of his own Uruk-hai. As the [[Shadow]] of the [[Dark Lord|Enemy]] fell over [[Rohan]], Uruks out of Isengard joined raiding parties of [[Orcs of the Misty Mountains]] against the [[Rohirrim]].<ref>{{App|Mark}}</ref>

In the [[War of the Ring]], the Uruks of Mordor referred to the Dark Lord [[Sauron]] as the Great Eye, and [[Shagrat]] was the captain of one such garrison at [[Cirith Ungol]].<ref>{{TT|IV10}}, pp. 735-42</ref>
[[File:Darek Zabrocki - Orc Assault.jpg|thumb|''Orc Assault'' by [[:Category:Images by Darek Zabrocki|Darek Zabrocki]]]]
The Uruk-hai of Isengard made up the core of a ten-thousand strong army, mustered by the Wizard Saruman both in service and in tacite competition of his Lord Sauron.<ref name="FRCouncil">{{FR|Council}}</ref> Joined by [[Dunlendings]] and the common Orcs of Isengard, they fought against the Rohirrim in the [[First Battle of the Fords of Isen|First]] and [[Second Battle of the Fords of Isen]].<ref>{{UT|Isen}}</ref>, notably slaying Prince [[Théodred]]. The Uruk-hai army was then sent against [[Kings of Rohan|King]] [[Théoden]] and his people at [[Helm's Deep]], where they faced utter defeat in the [[Battle of the Hornburg]].<ref>{{TT|III8}}</ref>

Behind his Master's back, the corrupted Wizard sent a smaller troop to capture the [[Ring-bearer]] for his own ends. These Uruks were led by [[Uglúk]] and ambushed the [[Fellowship of the Ring]] at [[Amon Hen]], slaying [[Boromir]] and capturing [[Merry]] and [[Pippin]]. Though quarreling with the Mountain-orcs and [[Grishnákh]]'s Mordor-orcs who had joined them, the Uruks imposed Isengard as the destination for the captive [[Hobbits]]. Saruman aided them with his sorcery as well: when Aragorn, [[Gimli]], and [[Legolas]] followed the Orc-company, Saruman's will caused weariness of the heart for the pursuers and lent speed to his Uruks. {{fact}} The Uruk-hai troop and the other two Orc warbands were slain to the last on the eaves of [[Fangorn]] by [[Third Marshal of the Riddermark]] [[Éomer]] and his riders.<ref name="Uruk-hai">{{TT|Uruk}}</ref>

After [[Samwise Gamgee]]'s fight with the [[Spiders|Spider]] [[Shelob]], two Orc-troops led by the Uruk captains Shagrat and [[Gorbag]] stumbled upon the unconscious [[Frodo Baggins]] and carried him as their prisoner to Cirith Ungol.<ref>{{TT|IV10}}, pp. 735-42</ref> Squabbling among themselves over Frodo's belongings, the Orcs and Uruks slaughtered each other, allowing Sam to enter the unguarded tower and rescue Frodo.<ref>{{RK|Tower}}, pp. 905-7</ref>

==Etymology==
The name ''Uruk-hai'' has the element '''''uruk''''', which is a [[Black Speech]] word meaning "Orc".<ref>{{App|F1iv}}</ref><ref name=WJAC>{{WJ|AC}}, pp. 389-91</ref><ref name=L144>{{L|144}}</ref><ref name=PE17_47>{{PE|17}}, p. 47</ref> (For related words in other languages, see [[Orcs#Orcs in Tolkien's languages|Orcs in Tolkien's languages]].) The element ''[[hai|-hai]]'', also present in [[Olog-hai]] and [[Oghor-hai]], means "folk, people".

==Portrayal in adaptations==
In both [[The Lord of the Rings (1978 film)|''The Lord of the Rings'' (1978 film)]] and [[The Return of the King (1980 film)|''The Return of the King'' (1980 film)]], Uruk-hai are portrayed identically as (and without distinction to) the [[Orcs]].

'''1988: ''[[J.R.R. Tolkien's War in Middle Earth]]'':'''
[[File:War in Middle Earth - Orcs and Uruk-hai at Isengard.png|thumb|Uruk-hai at Isengard in ''[[J.R.R. Tolkien's War in Middle Earth]]'']]
:The Uruk-hai are portrayed as figures with purple armor and a shield.

'''2001-03: [[The Lord of the Rings (film series)|''The Lord of the Rings'' (film series)]]:'''

:In [[The Lord of the Rings (film series)|Peter Jackson's The Lord of the Rings]], the Uruk-hai are shown as being released from a kind of membrane in the mud deep under Isengard (special commentary on the DVD edition explained that they were trying to base the scene on an early description of Tolkien's that Orcs "worm their way out of the ground like maggots"). In the movies Uruk-hai are described as a crossbreed between Orcs and "[[goblin-men]]". This is presumably a reference to the [[Half-orcs]], creatures that blend the traits of Orcs and Men. These Uruks are sent after the Fellowship, and their leader is [[Lurtz]], a movie-only character.

:Saruman's Uruks included Pikemen, Swordsmen, Archers, and [[Berserker|Berserkers]]. The Berserkers are the shock troops. When they were first spawned a helmet filled with blood was placed on their heads, so that they were filled with a bloodlust for their enemies. They carry doubly-bent swords, and forgo any armour in lieu of agility, slaying foes left and right, completely devoid of fear and pain. Pikemen, as the name suggests, carry long pikes, while archers carry [[cross-bows|crossbows]]. Swordsmen wield a straight iron sword, hooked at the tip, and deadly in an Uruk's strong grip. They also use bladed shields, as seen in [[Amon Hen]] during [[Aragorn]]'s fight against Lurtz.

:The Uruks were also very efficient using siege equipment, and had been trained to use crossbows with deadly accuracy. The Uruks, like the lesser Orcs, seemed to not care of each other's presence, shown by the battering ram wielders at Helm's Deep, barging each other off of the thin bridge. The Uruks also hated the Orcs, believing they were a lesser being and often rioting, e.g. in the tower of Cirith Ungol when Shagrat and Gorbag argued over Frodo's vest of Mithril and starting a mass war within the tower. The Uruks seem also to be able to control natural urges more than the Orcs, e.g. the Orcs demanded to eat the Hobbits they had captured, while the Uruks were protective. It would seem the only way Orcs were better than Uruks is in treachery, lying and being devious. The Uruks are also not seen to ever ride a mount, possibly due to size, weight and build (the Wargs which attacked the Rohan migration were ridden by trained Orcs).

'''2002: ''[[EA's The Two Towers]]'':'''
:Uruk-hai appear as enemies in the "Battle of Helm's Deep" and "Fangorn Forest" missions, retaining the movie appearance.

[[File:The Lord of the Rings- The Treason of Isengard - Uruk-hai.jpg|thumb|Uruk-hai in the cancelled video game ''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Treason of Isengard]]'']]
'''2004: ''[[The Lord of the Rings: War of the Ring]]'':'''
:Uruks become available after a storyline mission in which Saruman manages to perfect his creation.

'''2004: ''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Battle for Middle-earth]]'':'''
:Uruks compose most of the units of Isengard faction: swordsmen, pikemen, crossbowmen, in addition to Uruks operating siege engines are available, following the movie appearance.

'''2006: ''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Battle for Middle-earth II]]'':'''
:Most of Uruk-hai units from the first game return with little if any changes in behavior.

'''2007: ''[[The Lord of the Rings Online]]'':'''
:Multiple Uruks are used by the Enemy in different parts of Middle-earth. In addition to White Hand Uruks, notable are the Angmar Uruks and the Black Uruks from Dol Guldur, all sporting a variety of different appearances. Players can play as Uruks as part of the "Monster Play" game option.

'''2009: ''[[The Lord of the Rings: Conquest]]'':'''
:Uruk-hai appear as enemies during the Battle of Helm's Deep.

'''2014: ''[[Middle-earth: Shadow of Mordor]]'':'''
:Uruks replace the role of the lesser Orcs, making up the force stationed in Mordor.

==See also==
* [[Olog-hai]]

{{references}}
[[Category:Black Speech words]]
[[Category:Uruk-hai| ]]
[[Category:Servants of Saruman]]
[[Category:Servants of Sauron]]
[[de:Uruk-hai]]
[[fr:encyclo/peuples/orques/uruk-hai]]
[[fi:Uruk-hai]]

Uruk-hai

2023-01-12T10:07:18Z

LordoftheEarth:

{{cleanup}}{{people infobox
| name=Uruk-hai
| image=[[File:John Howe - The Uruk-hai.jpg|250px]]
| caption="[[:File:John Howe - The Uruk-hai.jpg|The Uruk-hai]]" by [[John Howe]]
| pronun=
| othernames=Great Orcs, Uruks
| origin=Bred by [[Sauron]] (and later [[Saruman]]) in the late [[Third Age]]
| location=[[Isengard|Northern Rohan and Isengard]], [[Mordor]]
| affiliation=Sauron ([[Nazgûl]] & Saruman)
| rivalry=[[Rohirrim]]
| language=Various dialects of the [[Black Speech]], [[Westron]]
| members=[[Uglúk]], [[Mauhúr]]
| lifespan=
| distinctions=Large build; better resistance to sunlight; faster, stronger, and smarter than other Orcs
| height=Shorter than [[Men]]
| hair=
| skin=Swarthy
| clothing=
| weapons=Short, broad-bladed swords, shields, bows of yew, knives
}}
{{quote|...and others, too, came out of the forest. Great Orcs, who also bore the White Hand of [[Isengard]]: that kind is stronger and more fell than all the others.|[[Éomer]] in ''[[The Two Towers]]'', "[[The Riders of Rohan]]"}}

The '''Uruk-hai''' were a new breed of [[Orcs]] that appeared during the [[Third Age]].

==Appearance==
They were faster than normal Orcs and could travel during the day without being weakened. They were not only faster but smarter, stronger and larger, though they were still shorter than Men.

The Uruks in the service of [[Barad-dûr]], the folk of Mordor, used the symbol of the Red [[Eye of Sauron]]. The Red Eye was also painted on their shields. At least one, a guard on the march with [[Meriadoc Brandybuck|Merry]] and [[Peregrin Took|Pippin]], had a black knife with a long saw-edged blade, used by Pippin to cut through the ropes on his hands. It is not clear whether or not these Uruks of Sauron should be regarded as identical with the Uruks of Saruman, who could be a further 'improvement' to the race achieved prior to the war.

The Uruk-hai in the employ of [[Orthanc]] used an ''S'' [[Cirth|elf-rune]] wrought in white metal on the front of their iron helms. It was clear this "S" stood for Saruman, because their shields had a small white hand (the symbol of Saruman) centered on a black field. [[Aragorn]] commented that their gear was not in the manner of other Orcs at all. Instead of curved scimitars, they used short, broad-bladed swords. Their great [[Bows|bows]] were made of yew wood, in length and shape as those of Men. Although they did not like the light of the [[Sun]], they could withstand it better than other orcs. Saruman promised them man-flesh as a treat.

==History==
[[Treebeard]] openly wonders if they are Orcs that have been somehow "improved", or Men that were corrupted with Orc-like qualities, or if they were indeed a blending of Men and Orcs, an act which Treebeard considered to be "a black evil".

The race of Uruks, described as "black orcs of great strength", first appeared out of [[Mordor]] in the last years of the [[Ruling Stewards|Stewardship]] of [[Denethor I]]. In {{TA|2475}} they conquered [[Ithilien]] and destroyed the city of [[Osgiliath]], but they were defeated by Steward [[Boromir (Steward of Gondor)|Boromir]] later.<ref>{{App|Stewards}}</ref> The following years, [[Orcs of Mordor]] - among them Uruks - continued to infest Ithilien, further deserting it by {{TA|2901}}.<ref>{{App|TA}}</ref>

Around {{TA|2990}}, the corrupted [[Wizard]] [[Saruman]] began secretly mustering and breeding [[Orcs of Isengard|Orcs]] in [[Isengard]],<ref>{{UT|Palantiri}}</ref> resulting in the making and improving of his own Uruk-hai. As the [[Shadow]] of the [[Dark Lord|Enemy]] fell over [[Rohan]], Uruks out of Isengard joined raiding parties of [[Orcs of the Misty Mountains]] against the [[Rohirrim]].<ref>{{App|Mark}}</ref>

In the [[War of the Ring]], the Uruks of Mordor referred to the Dark Lord [[Sauron]] as the Great Eye, and [[Shagrat]] was the captain of one such garrison at [[Cirith Ungol]].<ref>{{TT|IV10}}, pp. 735-42</ref>
[[File:Darek Zabrocki - Orc Assault.jpg|thumb|''Orc Assault'' by [[:Category:Images by Darek Zabrocki|Darek Zabrocki]]]]
The Uruk-hai of Isengard made up the core of a ten-thousand strong army, mustered by the Wizard Saruman both in service and in tacite competition of his Lord Sauron.<ref name="FRCouncil">{{FR|Council}}</ref> Joined by [[Dunlendings]] and the common Orcs of Isengard, they fought against the Rohirrim in the [[First Battle of the Fords of Isen|First]] and [[Second Battle of the Fords of Isen]].<ref>{{UT|Isen}}</ref>, notably slaying Prince [[Théodred]]. The Uruk-hai army was then sent against [[Kings of Rohan|King]] [[Théoden]] and his people at [[Helm's Deep]], where they faced utter defeat in the [[Battle of the Hornburg]].<ref>{{TT|III8}}</ref>

Behind his Master's back, the corrupted Wizard sent a smaller troop to capture the [[Ring-bearer]] for his own ends. These Uruks were led by [[Uglúk]] and ambushed the [[Fellowship of the Ring]] at [[Amon Hen]], slaying [[Boromir]] and capturing [[Merry]] and [[Pippin]]. Though quarreling with the Mountain-orcs and [[Grishnákh]]'s Mordor-orcs who had joined them, the Uruks imposed Isengard as the destination for the captive [[Hobbits]]. Saruman aided them with his sorcery as well: when Aragorn, [[Gimli]], and [[Legolas]] followed the Orc-company, Saruman's will caused weariness of the heart for the pursuers and lent speed to his Uruks. {{fact}} The Uruk-hai troop and the other two Orc warbands were slain to the last on the eaves of [[Fangorn]] by [[Third Marshal of the Riddermark]] [[Éomer]] and his riders.<ref name="Uruk-hai">{{TT|Uruk}}</ref>

After [[Samwise Gamgee]]'s fight with the [[Spiders|Spider]] [[Shelob]], two Orc-troops led by the Uruk captains Shagrat and [[Gorbag]] stumbled upon the unconscious [[Frodo Baggins]] and carried him as their prisoner to Cirith Ungol.<ref>{{TT|IV10}}, pp. 735-42</ref> Squabbling among themselves over Frodo's belongings, the Orcs and Uruks slaughtered each other, allowing Sam to enter the unguarded tower and rescue Frodo.<ref>{{RK|Tower}}, pp. 905-7</ref>

==Etymology==
The name ''Uruk-hai'' has the element '''''uruk''''', which is a [[Black Speech]] word meaning "Orc".<ref>{{App|F1iv}}</ref><ref name=WJAC>{{WJ|AC}}, pp. 389-91</ref><ref name=L144>{{L|144}}</ref><ref name=PE17_47>{{PE|17}}, p. 47</ref> (For related words in other languages, see [[Orcs#Orcs in Tolkien's languages|Orcs in Tolkien's languages]].) The element ''[[hai|-hai]]'', also present in [[Olog-hai]] and [[Oghor-hai]], means "folk, people".

==Portrayal in adaptations==
In both [[The Lord of the Rings (1978 film)|''The Lord of the Rings'' (1978 film)]] and [[The Return of the King (1980 film)|''The Return of the King'' (1980 film)]], Uruk-hai are portrayed identically as (and without distinction to) the [[Orcs]].

'''1988: ''[[J.R.R. Tolkien's War in Middle Earth]]'':'''
[[File:War in Middle Earth - Orcs and Uruk-hai at Isengard.png|thumb|Uruk-hai at Isengard in ''[[J.R.R. Tolkien's War in Middle Earth]]'']]
:The Uruk-hai are portrayed as figures with purple armor and a shield.

'''2001-03: [[The Lord of the Rings (film series)|''The Lord of the Rings'' (film series)]]:'''

:In [[The Lord of the Rings (film series)|Peter Jackson's The Lord of the Rings]], the Uruk-hai are shown as being released from a kind of membrane in the mud deep under Isengard (special commentary on the DVD edition explained that they were trying to base the scene on an early description of Tolkien's that Orcs "worm their way out of the ground like maggots"). In the movies Uruk-hai are described as a crossbreed between Orcs and "[[goblin-men]]". This is presumably a reference to the [[Half-orcs]], creatures that blend the traits of Orcs and Men. These Uruks are sent after the Fellowship, and their leader is [[Lurtz]], a movie-only character.

:Saruman's Uruks included Pikemen, Swordsmen, Archers, and [[Berserker|Berserkers]]. The Berserkers are the shock troops. When they were first spawned a helmet filled with blood was placed on their heads, so that they were filled with a bloodlust for their enemies. They carry doubly-bent swords, and forgo any armour in lieu of agility, slaying foes left and right, completely devoid of fear and pain. Pikemen, as the name suggests, carry long pikes, while archers carry [[cross-bows|crossbows]]. Swordsmen wield a straight iron sword, hooked at the tip, and deadly in an Uruk's strong grip. They also use bladed shields, as seen in [[Amon Hen]] during [[Aragorn]]'s fight against Lurtz.

:The Uruks were also very efficient using siege equipment, and had been trained to use crossbows with deadly accuracy. The Uruks, like the lesser Orcs, seemed to not care of each other's presence, shown by the battering ram wielders at Helm's Deep, barging each other off of the thin bridge. The Uruks also hated the Orcs, believing they were a lesser being and often rioting, e.g. in the tower of Cirith Ungol when Shagrat and Gorbag argued over Frodo's vest of Mithril and starting a mass war within the tower. The Uruks seem also to be able to control natural urges more than the Orcs, e.g. the Orcs demanded to eat the Hobbits they had captured, while the Uruks were protective. It would seem the only way Orcs were better than Uruks is in treachery, lying and being devious. The Uruks are also not seen to ever ride a mount, possibly due to size, weight and build (the Wargs which attacked the Rohan migration were ridden by trained Orcs).

'''2002: ''[[EA's The Two Towers]]'':'''
:Uruk-hai appear as enemies in the "Battle of Helm's Deep" and "Fangorn Forest" missions, retaining the movie appearance.

[[File:The Lord of the Rings- The Treason of Isengard - Uruk-hai.jpg|thumb|Uruk-hai in the cancelled video game ''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Treason of Isengard]]'']]
'''2004: ''[[The Lord of the Rings: War of the Ring]]'':'''
:Uruks become available after a storyline mission in which Saruman manages to perfect his creation.

'''2004: ''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Battle for Middle-earth]]'':'''
:Uruks compose most of the units of Isengard faction: swordsmen, pikemen, crossbowmen, in addition to Uruks operating siege engines are available, following the movie appearance.

'''2006: ''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Battle for Middle-earth II]]'':'''
:Most of Uruk-hai units from the first game return with little if any changes in behavior.

'''2007: ''[[The Lord of the Rings Online]]'':'''
:Multiple Uruks are used by the Enemy in different parts of Middle-earth. In addition to White Hand Uruks, notable are the Angmar Uruks and the Black Uruks from Dol Guldur, all sporting a variety of different appearances. Players can play as Uruks as part of the "Monster Play" game option.

'''2009: ''[[The Lord of the Rings: Conquest]]'':'''
:Uruk-hai appear as enemies during the Battle of Helm's Deep.

'''2014: ''[[Middle-earth: Shadow of Mordor]]'':'''
:Uruks replace the role of the lesser Orcs, making up the force stationed in Mordor.

==See also==
* [[Olog-hai]]

{{references}}
[[Category:Black Speech words]]
[[Category:Uruk-hai| ]]
[[Category:Servants of Saruman]]
[[Category:Servants of Sauron]]
[[de:Uruk-hai]]
[[fr:encyclo/peuples/orques/uruk-hai]]
[[fi:Uruk-hai]]

Uruk-hai

2023-01-12T10:02:46Z

LordoftheEarth:

{{cleanup}}{{people infobox
| name=Uruk-hai
| image=[[File:John Howe - The Uruk-hai.jpg|250px]]
| caption="[[:File:John Howe - The Uruk-hai.jpg|The Uruk-hai]]" by [[John Howe]]
| pronun=
| othernames=Great Orcs, Uruks
| origin=Bred by [[Sauron]] (and later [[Saruman]]) in the late [[Third Age]]
| location=[[Isengard|Northern Rohan and Isengard]], [[Mordor]]
| affiliation=[[Sauron]] ([[Nazgûl]] & [[Saruman]])
| rivalry=[[Rohirrim]]
| language=Various dialects of the [[Black Speech]], [[Westron]]
| members=[[Uglúk]], [[Mauhúr]]
| lifespan=
| distinctions=Large build; better resistance to sunlight; faster, stronger, and smarter than other Orcs
| height=Shorter than [[Men]]
| hair=
| skin=Swarthy
| clothing=
| weapons=Short, broad-bladed swords, shields, bows of yew, knives
}}
{{quote|...and others, too, came out of the forest. Great Orcs, who also bore the White Hand of [[Isengard]]: that kind is stronger and more fell than all the others.|[[Éomer]] in ''[[The Two Towers]]'', "[[The Riders of Rohan]]"}}

The '''Uruk-hai''' were a new breed of [[Orcs]] that appeared during the [[Third Age]].

==Appearance==
They were faster than normal Orcs and could travel during the day without being weakened. They were not only faster but smarter, stronger and larger, though they were still shorter than Men.

The Uruks in the service of [[Barad-dûr]], the folk of Mordor, used the symbol of the Red [[Eye of Sauron]]. The Red Eye was also painted on their shields. At least one, a guard on the march with [[Meriadoc Brandybuck|Merry]] and [[Peregrin Took|Pippin]], had a black knife with a long saw-edged blade, used by Pippin to cut through the ropes on his hands. It is not clear whether or not these Uruks of Sauron should be regarded as identical with the Uruks of Saruman, who could be a further 'improvement' to the race achieved prior to the war.

The Uruk-hai in the employ of [[Orthanc]] used an ''S'' [[Cirth|elf-rune]] wrought in white metal on the front of their iron helms. It was clear this "S" stood for Saruman, because their shields had a small white hand (the symbol of Saruman) centered on a black field. [[Aragorn]] commented that their gear was not in the manner of other Orcs at all. Instead of curved scimitars, they used short, broad-bladed swords. Their great [[Bows|bows]] were made of yew wood, in length and shape as those of Men. Although they did not like the light of the [[Sun]], they could withstand it better than other orcs. Saruman promised them man-flesh as a treat.

==History==
[[Treebeard]] openly wonders if they are Orcs that have been somehow "improved", or Men that were corrupted with Orc-like qualities, or if they were indeed a blending of Men and Orcs, an act which Treebeard considered to be "a black evil".

The race of Uruks, described as "black orcs of great strength", first appeared out of [[Mordor]] in the last years of the [[Ruling Stewards|Stewardship]] of [[Denethor I]]. In {{TA|2475}} they conquered [[Ithilien]] and destroyed the city of [[Osgiliath]], but they were defeated by Steward [[Boromir (Steward of Gondor)|Boromir]] later.<ref>{{App|Stewards}}</ref> The following years, [[Orcs of Mordor]] - among them Uruks - continued to infest Ithilien, further deserting it by {{TA|2901}}.<ref>{{App|TA}}</ref>

Around {{TA|2990}}, the corrupted [[Wizard]] [[Saruman]] began secretly mustering and breeding [[Orcs of Isengard|Orcs]] in [[Isengard]],<ref>{{UT|Palantiri}}</ref> resulting in the making and improving of his own Uruk-hai. As the [[Shadow]] of the [[Dark Lord|Enemy]] fell over [[Rohan]], Uruks out of Isengard joined raiding parties of [[Orcs of the Misty Mountains]] against the [[Rohirrim]].<ref>{{App|Mark}}</ref>

In the [[War of the Ring]], the Uruks of Mordor referred to the Dark Lord [[Sauron]] as the Great Eye, and [[Shagrat]] was the captain of one such garrison at [[Cirith Ungol]].<ref>{{TT|IV10}}, pp. 735-42</ref>
[[File:Darek Zabrocki - Orc Assault.jpg|thumb|''Orc Assault'' by [[:Category:Images by Darek Zabrocki|Darek Zabrocki]]]]
The Uruk-hai of Isengard made up the core of a ten-thousand strong army, mustered by the Wizard Saruman for the Dark Lord Sauron. Joined by [[Dunlendings]] and the common Orcs of Isengard, they fought against the Rohirrim in the [[First Battle of the Fords of Isen|First]] and [[Second Battle of the Fords of Isen]].<ref>{{UT|Isen}}</ref>, notably slaying Prince [[Théodred]]. The Uruk-hai army was then sent against [[Kings of Rohan|King]] [[Théoden]] and his people at [[Helm's Deep]], where they faced utter defeat in the [[Battle of the Hornburg]].

Behind his Master's back, the corrupted Wizard sent a smaller troop to capture the [[Ring-bearer]] for his own ends. These Uruks were led by [[Uglúk]] and ambushed the [[Fellowship of the Ring]] at [[Amon Hen]], slaying [[Boromir]] and capturing [[Merry]] and [[Pippin]]. Though quarreling with the Mountain-orcs and [[Grishnákh]]'s Mordor-orcs who had joined them, the Uruks imposed Isengard as the destination for the captive [[Hobbits]]. Saruman aided them with his sorcery as well: when Aragorn, [[Gimli]], and [[Legolas]] followed the Orc-company, Saruman's will caused weariness of the heart for the pursuers and lent speed to his Uruks. {{fact}} The Uruk-hai troop and the other two Orc warbands were slain to the last on the eaves of [[Fangorn]] by [[Third Marshal of the Riddermark]] [[Éomer]] and his riders.<ref name="Uruk-hai">{{TT|Uruk}}</ref>

After [[Samwise Gamgee]]'s fight with the [[Spiders|Spider]] [[Shelob]], two Orc-troops led by the Uruk captains Shagrat and [[Gorbag]] stumbled upon the unconscious [[Frodo Baggins]] and carried him as their prisoner to Cirith Ungol.<ref>{{TT|IV10}}, pp. 735-42</ref> Squabbling among themselves over Frodo's belongings, the Orcs and Uruks slaughtered each other, allowing Sam to enter the unguarded tower and rescue Frodo.<ref>{{RK|Tower}}, pp. 905-7</ref>

==Etymology==
The name ''Uruk-hai'' has the element '''''uruk''''', which is a [[Black Speech]] word meaning "Orc".<ref>{{App|F1iv}}</ref><ref name=WJAC>{{WJ|AC}}, pp. 389-91</ref><ref name=L144>{{L|144}}</ref><ref name=PE17_47>{{PE|17}}, p. 47</ref> (For related words in other languages, see [[Orcs#Orcs in Tolkien's languages|Orcs in Tolkien's languages]].) The element ''[[hai|-hai]]'', also present in [[Olog-hai]] and [[Oghor-hai]], means "folk, people".

==Portrayal in adaptations==
In both [[The Lord of the Rings (1978 film)|''The Lord of the Rings'' (1978 film)]] and [[The Return of the King (1980 film)|''The Return of the King'' (1980 film)]], Uruk-hai are portrayed identically as (and without distinction to) the [[Orcs]].

'''1988: ''[[J.R.R. Tolkien's War in Middle Earth]]'':'''
[[File:War in Middle Earth - Orcs and Uruk-hai at Isengard.png|thumb|Uruk-hai at Isengard in ''[[J.R.R. Tolkien's War in Middle Earth]]'']]
:The Uruk-hai are portrayed as figures with purple armor and a shield.

'''2001-03: [[The Lord of the Rings (film series)|''The Lord of the Rings'' (film series)]]:'''

:In [[The Lord of the Rings (film series)|Peter Jackson's The Lord of the Rings]], the Uruk-hai are shown as being released from a kind of membrane in the mud deep under Isengard (special commentary on the DVD edition explained that they were trying to base the scene on an early description of Tolkien's that Orcs "worm their way out of the ground like maggots"). In the movies Uruk-hai are described as a crossbreed between Orcs and "[[goblin-men]]". This is presumably a reference to the [[Half-orcs]], creatures that blend the traits of Orcs and Men. These Uruks are sent after the Fellowship, and their leader is [[Lurtz]], a movie-only character.

:Saruman's Uruks included Pikemen, Swordsmen, Archers, and [[Berserker|Berserkers]]. The Berserkers are the shock troops. When they were first spawned a helmet filled with blood was placed on their heads, so that they were filled with a bloodlust for their enemies. They carry doubly-bent swords, and forgo any armour in lieu of agility, slaying foes left and right, completely devoid of fear and pain. Pikemen, as the name suggests, carry long pikes, while archers carry [[cross-bows|crossbows]]. Swordsmen wield a straight iron sword, hooked at the tip, and deadly in an Uruk's strong grip. They also use bladed shields, as seen in [[Amon Hen]] during [[Aragorn]]'s fight against Lurtz.

:The Uruks were also very efficient using siege equipment, and had been trained to use crossbows with deadly accuracy. The Uruks, like the lesser Orcs, seemed to not care of each other's presence, shown by the battering ram wielders at Helm's Deep, barging each other off of the thin bridge. The Uruks also hated the Orcs, believing they were a lesser being and often rioting, e.g. in the tower of Cirith Ungol when Shagrat and Gorbag argued over Frodo's vest of Mithril and starting a mass war within the tower. The Uruks seem also to be able to control natural urges more than the Orcs, e.g. the Orcs demanded to eat the Hobbits they had captured, while the Uruks were protective. It would seem the only way Orcs were better than Uruks is in treachery, lying and being devious. The Uruks are also not seen to ever ride a mount, possibly due to size, weight and build (the Wargs which attacked the Rohan migration were ridden by trained Orcs).

'''2002: ''[[EA's The Two Towers]]'':'''
:Uruk-hai appear as enemies in the "Battle of Helm's Deep" and "Fangorn Forest" missions, retaining the movie appearance.

[[File:The Lord of the Rings- The Treason of Isengard - Uruk-hai.jpg|thumb|Uruk-hai in the cancelled video game ''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Treason of Isengard]]'']]
'''2004: ''[[The Lord of the Rings: War of the Ring]]'':'''
:Uruks become available after a storyline mission in which Saruman manages to perfect his creation.

'''2004: ''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Battle for Middle-earth]]'':'''
:Uruks compose most of the units of Isengard faction: swordsmen, pikemen, crossbowmen, in addition to Uruks operating siege engines are available, following the movie appearance.

'''2006: ''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Battle for Middle-earth II]]'':'''
:Most of Uruk-hai units from the first game return with little if any changes in behavior.

'''2007: ''[[The Lord of the Rings Online]]'':'''
:Multiple Uruks are used by the Enemy in different parts of Middle-earth. In addition to White Hand Uruks, notable are the Angmar Uruks and the Black Uruks from Dol Guldur, all sporting a variety of different appearances. Players can play as Uruks as part of the "Monster Play" game option.

'''2009: ''[[The Lord of the Rings: Conquest]]'':'''
:Uruk-hai appear as enemies during the Battle of Helm's Deep.

'''2014: ''[[Middle-earth: Shadow of Mordor]]'':'''
:Uruks replace the role of the lesser Orcs, making up the force stationed in Mordor.

==See also==
* [[Olog-hai]]

{{references}}
[[Category:Black Speech words]]
[[Category:Uruk-hai| ]]
[[Category:Servants of Saruman]]
[[Category:Servants of Sauron]]
[[de:Uruk-hai]]
[[fr:encyclo/peuples/orques/uruk-hai]]
[[fi:Uruk-hai]]

Uruk-hai

2023-01-12T09:56:04Z

LordoftheEarth:

{{cleanup}}{{people infobox
| name=Uruk-hai
| image=[[File:John Howe - The Uruk-hai.jpg|250px]]
| caption="[[:File:John Howe - The Uruk-hai.jpg|The Uruk-hai]]" by [[John Howe]]
| pronun=
| othernames=Great Orcs, Uruks
| origin=Bred by [[Sauron]] (and later [[Saruman]]) in the late [[Third Age]]
| location=[[Isengard|Northern Rohan and Isengard]], [[Mordor]]
| affiliation=[[Sauron]] ([[Nazgûl]] & [[Saruman]])
| rivalry=[[Rohirrim]]
| language=Various dialects of the [[Black Speech]], [[Westron]]
| members=[[Uglúk]], [[Mauhúr]]
| lifespan=
| distinctions=Large build; better resistance to sunlight; faster, stronger, and smarter than other Orcs
| height=Shorter than [[Men]]
| hair=
| skin=Swarthy
| clothing=
| weapons=Short, broad-bladed swords, shields, bows of yew, knives
}}
{{quote|...and others, too, came out of the forest. Great Orcs, who also bore the White Hand of [[Isengard]]: that kind is stronger and more fell than all the others.|[[Éomer]] in ''[[The Two Towers]]'', "[[The Riders of Rohan]]"}}

The '''Uruk-hai''' were a new breed of [[Orcs]] that appeared during the [[Third Age]].

==Appearance==
They were faster than normal Orcs and could travel during the day without being weakened. They were not only faster but smarter, stronger and larger, though they were still shorter than Men.

The Uruks in the service of [[Barad-dûr]], the folk of Mordor, used the symbol of the Red [[Eye of Sauron]]. The Red Eye was also painted on their shields. At least one, a guard on the march with [[Meriadoc Brandybuck|Merry]] and [[Peregrin Took|Pippin]], had a black knife with a long saw-edged blade, used by Pippin to cut through the ropes on his hands. It is not clear whether or not these Uruks of Sauron should be regarded as identical with the Uruks of Saruman, who could be a further 'improvement' to the race achieved prior to the war.

The Uruk-hai in the employ of [[Orthanc]] used an ''S'' [[Cirth|elf-rune]] wrought in white metal on the front of their iron helms. It was clear this "S" stood for Saruman, because their shields had a small white hand (the symbol of Saruman) centered on a black field. [[Aragorn]] commented that their gear was not in the manner of other Orcs at all. Instead of curved scimitars, they used short, broad-bladed swords. Their great [[Bows|bows]] were made of yew wood, in length and shape as those of Men. Although they did not like the light of the [[Sun]], they could withstand it better than other orcs. Saruman promised them man-flesh as a treat.

==History==
[[Treebeard]] openly wonders if they are Orcs that have been somehow "improved", or Men that were corrupted with Orc-like qualities, or if they were indeed a blending of Men and Orcs, an act which Treebeard considered to be "a black evil".

The race of Uruks, described as "black orcs of great strength", first appeared out of [[Mordor]] in the last years of the [[Ruling Stewards|Stewardship]] of [[Denethor I]]. In {{TA|2475}} they conquered [[Ithilien]] and destroyed the city of [[Osgiliath]], but they were defeated by Steward [[Boromir (Steward of Gondor)|Boromir]] later.<ref>{{App|Stewards}}</ref> The following years, [[Orcs of Mordor]] - among them Uruks - continued to infest Ithilien, further deserting it by {{TA|2901}}.<ref>{{App|TA}}</ref>

Around {{TA|2990}}, the corrupted [[Wizard]] [[Saruman]] began secretly mustering and breeding [[Orcs of Isengard|Orcs]] in [[Isengard]],<ref>{{UT|Palantiri}}</ref> resulting in the making and improving of his own Uruk-hai. As the [[Shadow]] of the [[Dark Lord|Enemy]] fell over [[Rohan]], Uruks out of Isengard joined raiding parties of [[Orcs of the Misty Mountains]] against the [[Rohirrim]].<ref>{{App|Mark}}</ref>

In the [[War of the Ring]], the Uruks of Mordor referred to the Dark Lord [[Sauron]] as the Great Eye, and [[Shagrat]] was the captain of one such garrison at [[Cirith Ungol]].<ref>{{TT|IV10}}, pp. 735-42</ref>
[[File:Darek Zabrocki - Orc Assault.jpg|thumb|''Orc Assault'' by [[:Category:Images by Darek Zabrocki|Darek Zabrocki]]]]
The Uruk-hai of Isengard made up the core of a ten-thousand strong army, mustered by the Wizard Saruman for the Dark Lord Sauron. Joined by [[Dunlendings]] and the common Orcs of Isengard, they fought against the Rohirrim in the [[First Battle of the Fords of Isen|First]] and [[Second Battle of the Fords of Isen]].<ref>{{UT|Isen}}</ref>, notably slaying Prince [[Théodred]]. The Uruk-hai army was then sent against [[Kings of Rohan|King]] [[Théoden]] and his people at [[Helm's Deep]], where they faced utter defeat in the [[Battle of the Hornburg]].

Behind his Master's back, the corrupted Wizard sent a smaller troop to capture the [[Ring-bearer]] for his own ends. These Uruks were led by [[Uglúk]] and ambushed the [[Fellowship of the Ring]] at [[Amon Hen]], slaying [[Boromir]] and capturing [[Merry]] and [[Pippin]]. Though quarreling with the Mountain-orcs and [[Grishnákh]]'s Mordor-orcs who had joined them, the Uruks imposed Isengard as the destination for the captive [[Hobbits]]. Saruman aided them with his sorcert as well: when Aragorn, [[Gimli]], and [[Legolas]] followed the Orc-company, Saruman's will caused weariness of the heart for the pursuers and lent speed to his Uruks {{fact}}.

After [[Samwise Gamgee]]'s fight with the [[Spiders|Spider]] [[Shelob]], two Orc-troops led by the Uruk captains Shagrat and [[Gorbag]] stumbled upon the unconscious [[Frodo Baggins]] and carried him as their prisoner to Cirith Ungol.<ref>{{TT|IV10}}, pp. 735-42</ref> Squabbling among themselves over Frodo's belongings, the Orcs and Uruks slaughtered each other, allowing Sam to enter the unguarded tower and rescue Frodo.<ref>{{RK|Tower}}, pp. 905-7</ref>

==Etymology==
The name ''Uruk-hai'' has the element '''''uruk''''', which is a [[Black Speech]] word meaning "Orc".<ref>{{App|F1iv}}</ref><ref name=WJAC>{{WJ|AC}}, pp. 389-91</ref><ref name=L144>{{L|144}}</ref><ref name=PE17_47>{{PE|17}}, p. 47</ref> (For related words in other languages, see [[Orcs#Orcs in Tolkien's languages|Orcs in Tolkien's languages]].) The element ''[[hai|-hai]]'', also present in [[Olog-hai]] and [[Oghor-hai]], means "folk, people".

==Portrayal in adaptations==
In both [[The Lord of the Rings (1978 film)|''The Lord of the Rings'' (1978 film)]] and [[The Return of the King (1980 film)|''The Return of the King'' (1980 film)]], Uruk-hai are portrayed identically as (and without distinction to) the [[Orcs]].

'''1988: ''[[J.R.R. Tolkien's War in Middle Earth]]'':'''
[[File:War in Middle Earth - Orcs and Uruk-hai at Isengard.png|thumb|Uruk-hai at Isengard in ''[[J.R.R. Tolkien's War in Middle Earth]]'']]
:The Uruk-hai are portrayed as figures with purple armor and a shield.

'''2001-03: [[The Lord of the Rings (film series)|''The Lord of the Rings'' (film series)]]:'''

:In [[The Lord of the Rings (film series)|Peter Jackson's The Lord of the Rings]], the Uruk-hai are shown as being released from a kind of membrane in the mud deep under Isengard (special commentary on the DVD edition explained that they were trying to base the scene on an early description of Tolkien's that Orcs "worm their way out of the ground like maggots"). In the movies Uruk-hai are described as a crossbreed between Orcs and "[[goblin-men]]". This is presumably a reference to the [[Half-orcs]], creatures that blend the traits of Orcs and Men. These Uruks are sent after the Fellowship, and their leader is [[Lurtz]], a movie-only character.

:Saruman's Uruks included Pikemen, Swordsmen, Archers, and [[Berserker|Berserkers]]. The Berserkers are the shock troops. When they were first spawned a helmet filled with blood was placed on their heads, so that they were filled with a bloodlust for their enemies. They carry doubly-bent swords, and forgo any armour in lieu of agility, slaying foes left and right, completely devoid of fear and pain. Pikemen, as the name suggests, carry long pikes, while archers carry [[cross-bows|crossbows]]. Swordsmen wield a straight iron sword, hooked at the tip, and deadly in an Uruk's strong grip. They also use bladed shields, as seen in [[Amon Hen]] during [[Aragorn]]'s fight against Lurtz.

:The Uruks were also very efficient using siege equipment, and had been trained to use crossbows with deadly accuracy. The Uruks, like the lesser Orcs, seemed to not care of each other's presence, shown by the battering ram wielders at Helm's Deep, barging each other off of the thin bridge. The Uruks also hated the Orcs, believing they were a lesser being and often rioting, e.g. in the tower of Cirith Ungol when Shagrat and Gorbag argued over Frodo's vest of Mithril and starting a mass war within the tower. The Uruks seem also to be able to control natural urges more than the Orcs, e.g. the Orcs demanded to eat the Hobbits they had captured, while the Uruks were protective. It would seem the only way Orcs were better than Uruks is in treachery, lying and being devious. The Uruks are also not seen to ever ride a mount, possibly due to size, weight and build (the Wargs which attacked the Rohan migration were ridden by trained Orcs).

'''2002: ''[[EA's The Two Towers]]'':'''
:Uruk-hai appear as enemies in the "Battle of Helm's Deep" and "Fangorn Forest" missions, retaining the movie appearance.

[[File:The Lord of the Rings- The Treason of Isengard - Uruk-hai.jpg|thumb|Uruk-hai in the cancelled video game ''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Treason of Isengard]]'']]
'''2004: ''[[The Lord of the Rings: War of the Ring]]'':'''
:Uruks become available after a storyline mission in which Saruman manages to perfect his creation.

'''2004: ''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Battle for Middle-earth]]'':'''
:Uruks compose most of the units of Isengard faction: swordsmen, pikemen, crossbowmen, in addition to Uruks operating siege engines are available, following the movie appearance.

'''2006: ''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Battle for Middle-earth II]]'':'''
:Most of Uruk-hai units from the first game return with little if any changes in behavior.

'''2007: ''[[The Lord of the Rings Online]]'':'''
:Multiple Uruks are used by the Enemy in different parts of Middle-earth. In addition to White Hand Uruks, notable are the Angmar Uruks and the Black Uruks from Dol Guldur, all sporting a variety of different appearances. Players can play as Uruks as part of the "Monster Play" game option.

'''2009: ''[[The Lord of the Rings: Conquest]]'':'''
:Uruk-hai appear as enemies during the Battle of Helm's Deep.

'''2014: ''[[Middle-earth: Shadow of Mordor]]'':'''
:Uruks replace the role of the lesser Orcs, making up the force stationed in Mordor.

==See also==
* [[Olog-hai]]

{{references}}
[[Category:Black Speech words]]
[[Category:Uruk-hai| ]]
[[Category:Servants of Saruman]]
[[Category:Servants of Sauron]]
[[de:Uruk-hai]]
[[fr:encyclo/peuples/orques/uruk-hai]]
[[fi:Uruk-hai]]

Uruk-hai

2023-01-12T09:53:34Z

LordoftheEarth:

{{cleanup}}{{people infobox
| name=Uruk-hai
| image=[[File:John Howe - The Uruk-hai.jpg|250px]]
| caption="[[:File:John Howe - The Uruk-hai.jpg|The Uruk-hai]]" by [[John Howe]]
| pronun=
| othernames=Great Orcs, Uruks
| origin=Bred by [[Sauron]] (and later [[Saruman]]) in the late [[Third Age]]
| location=[[Isengard|Northern Rohan and Isengard]], [[Mordor]]
| affiliation=[[Sauron]] ([[Nazgûl]] & [[Saruman]])
| rivalry=[[Rohirrim]]
| language=Various dialects of the [[Black Speech]], [[Westron]]
| members=[[Uglúk]], [[Mauhúr]]
| lifespan=
| distinctions=Large build; better resistance to sunlight; faster, stronger, and smarter than other Orcs
| height=Shorter than [[Men]]
| hair=
| skin=Swarthy
| clothing=
| weapons=Short, broad-bladed swords, shields, bows of yew, knives
}}
{{quote|...and others, too, came out of the forest. Great Orcs, who also bore the White Hand of [[Isengard]]: that kind is stronger and more fell than all the others.|[[Éomer]] in ''[[The Two Towers]]'', "[[The Riders of Rohan]]"}}

The '''Uruk-hai''' were a new breed of [[Orcs]] that appeared during the [[Third Age]].

==Appearance==
They were faster than normal Orcs and could travel during the day without being weakened. They were not only faster but smarter, stronger and larger, though they were still shorter than Men.

The Uruks in the service of [[Barad-dûr]], the folk of Mordor, used the symbol of the Red [[Eye of Sauron]]. The Red Eye was also painted on their shields. At least one, a guard on the march with [[Meriadoc Brandybuck|Merry]] and [[Peregrin Took|Pippin]], had a black knife with a long saw-edged blade, used by Pippin to cut through the ropes on his hands. It is not clear whether or not these Uruks of Sauron should be regarded as identical with the Uruks of Saruman, who could be a further 'improvement' to the race achieved by in the war.

The Uruk-hai in the employ of [[Orthanc]] used an ''S'' [[Cirth|elf-rune]] wrought in white metal on the front of their iron helms. It was clear this "S" stood for Saruman, because their shields had a small white hand (the symbol of Saruman) centered on a black field. [[Aragorn]] commented that their gear was not in the manner of other Orcs at all. Instead of curved scimitars, they used short, broad-bladed swords. Their great [[Bows|bows]] were made of yew wood, in length and shape as those of Men. Although they did not like the light of the [[Sun]], they could withstand it better than other orcs. Saruman promised them man-flesh as a treat.

==History==
[[Treebeard]] openly wonders if they are Orcs that have been somehow "improved", or Men that were corrupted with Orc-like qualities, or if they were indeed a blending of Men and Orcs, an act which Treebeard considered to be "a black evil".

The race of Uruks, described as "black orcs of great strength", first appeared out of [[Mordor]] in the last years of the [[Ruling Stewards|Stewardship]] of [[Denethor I]]. In {{TA|2475}} they conquered [[Ithilien]] and destroyed the city of [[Osgiliath]], but they were defeated by Steward [[Boromir (Steward of Gondor)|Boromir]] later.<ref>{{App|Stewards}}</ref> The following years, [[Orcs of Mordor]] - among them Uruks - continued to infest Ithilien, further deserting it by {{TA|2901}}.<ref>{{App|TA}}</ref>

Around {TA|2990}, the corrupted [[Wizard]] [[Saruman]] began secretly mustering and breeding [[Orcs of Isengard|Orcs]] in [[Isengard]],<ref>{{UT|Palantiri}}</ref> resulting in the making and improving of his own Uruk-hai. As the [[Shadow]] of the [[Dark Lord|Enemy]] fell over [[Rohan]], Uruks out of Isengard joined raiding parties of [[Orcs of the Misty Mountains]] against the [[Rohirrim]].<ref>{{App|Mark}}</ref>

In the [[War of the Ring]], the Uruks of Mordor referred to the Dark Lord [[Sauron]] as the Great Eye, and [[Shagrat]] was the captain of one such garrison at [[Cirith Ungol]].<ref>{{TT|IV10}}, pp. 735-42</ref>
[[File:Darek Zabrocki - Orc Assault.jpg|thumb|''Orc Assault'' by [[:Category:Images by Darek Zabrocki|Darek Zabrocki]]]]
The Uruk-hai of Isengard made up the core of a ten-thousand strong army, mustered by the Wizard Saruman for the Dark Lord Sauron. Joined by [[Dunlendings]] and the common Orcs of Isengard, they fought against the Rohirrim in the [[First Battle of the Fords of Isen|First]] and [[Second Battle of the Fords of Isen]].<ref>{{UT|Isen}}</ref>, notably slaying Prince [[Théodred]]. The Uruk-hai army was then sent against [[Kings of Rohan|King]] [[Théoden]] and his people at [[Helm's Deep]], where they faced utter defeat in the [[Battle of the Hornburg]].

Behind his Master's back, the corrupted Wizard sent a smaller troop to capture the [[Ring-bearer]]. These Uruks were led by [[Uglúk]] and ambushed the [[Fellowship of the Ring]] at [[Amon Hen]], slaying [[Boromir]] and capturing [[Merry]] and [[Pippin]]. Though quarreling with the Mountain-orcs and [[Grishnákh]]'s Mordor-orcs who had joined them, the Uruks imposed Isengard as the destination for the captive [[Hobbits]]. Saruman aided them with his sorcert as well: when Aragorn, [[Gimli]], and [[Legolas]] followed the Orc-company, Saruman's will caused weariness of the heart for the pursuers and lent speed to his Uruks {{fact}}.

After [[Samwise Gamgee]]'s fight with the [[Spiders|Spider]] [[Shelob]], two Orc-troops led by the Uruk captains Shagrat and [[Gorbag]] stumbled upon the unconscious [[Frodo Baggins]] and carried him as their prisoner to Cirith Ungol.<ref>{{TT|IV10}}, pp. 735-42</ref> Squabbling among themselves over Frodo's belongings, the Orcs and Uruks slaughtered each other, allowing Sam to enter the unguarded tower and rescue Frodo.<ref>{{RK|Tower}}, pp. 905-7</ref>

==Etymology==
The name ''Uruk-hai'' has the element '''''uruk''''', which is a [[Black Speech]] word meaning "Orc".<ref>{{App|F1iv}}</ref><ref name=WJAC>{{WJ|AC}}, pp. 389-91</ref><ref name=L144>{{L|144}}</ref><ref name=PE17_47>{{PE|17}}, p. 47</ref> (For related words in other languages, see [[Orcs#Orcs in Tolkien's languages|Orcs in Tolkien's languages]].) The element ''[[hai|-hai]]'', also present in [[Olog-hai]] and [[Oghor-hai]], means "folk, people".

==Portrayal in adaptations==
In both [[The Lord of the Rings (1978 film)|''The Lord of the Rings'' (1978 film)]] and [[The Return of the King (1980 film)|''The Return of the King'' (1980 film)]], Uruk-hai are portrayed identically as (and without distinction to) the [[Orcs]].

'''1988: ''[[J.R.R. Tolkien's War in Middle Earth]]'':'''
[[File:War in Middle Earth - Orcs and Uruk-hai at Isengard.png|thumb|Uruk-hai at Isengard in ''[[J.R.R. Tolkien's War in Middle Earth]]'']]
:The Uruk-hai are portrayed as figures with purple armor and a shield.

'''2001-03: [[The Lord of the Rings (film series)|''The Lord of the Rings'' (film series)]]:'''

:In [[The Lord of the Rings (film series)|Peter Jackson's The Lord of the Rings]], the Uruk-hai are shown as being released from a kind of membrane in the mud deep under Isengard (special commentary on the DVD edition explained that they were trying to base the scene on an early description of Tolkien's that Orcs "worm their way out of the ground like maggots"). In the movies Uruk-hai are described as a crossbreed between Orcs and "[[goblin-men]]". This is presumably a reference to the [[Half-orcs]], creatures that blend the traits of Orcs and Men. These Uruks are sent after the Fellowship, and their leader is [[Lurtz]], a movie-only character.

:Saruman's Uruks included Pikemen, Swordsmen, Archers, and [[Berserker|Berserkers]]. The Berserkers are the shock troops. When they were first spawned a helmet filled with blood was placed on their heads, so that they were filled with a bloodlust for their enemies. They carry doubly-bent swords, and forgo any armour in lieu of agility, slaying foes left and right, completely devoid of fear and pain. Pikemen, as the name suggests, carry long pikes, while archers carry [[cross-bows|crossbows]]. Swordsmen wield a straight iron sword, hooked at the tip, and deadly in an Uruk's strong grip. They also use bladed shields, as seen in [[Amon Hen]] during [[Aragorn]]'s fight against Lurtz.

:The Uruks were also very efficient using siege equipment, and had been trained to use crossbows with deadly accuracy. The Uruks, like the lesser Orcs, seemed to not care of each other's presence, shown by the battering ram wielders at Helm's Deep, barging each other off of the thin bridge. The Uruks also hated the Orcs, believing they were a lesser being and often rioting, e.g. in the tower of Cirith Ungol when Shagrat and Gorbag argued over Frodo's vest of Mithril and starting a mass war within the tower. The Uruks seem also to be able to control natural urges more than the Orcs, e.g. the Orcs demanded to eat the Hobbits they had captured, while the Uruks were protective. It would seem the only way Orcs were better than Uruks is in treachery, lying and being devious. The Uruks are also not seen to ever ride a mount, possibly due to size, weight and build (the Wargs which attacked the Rohan migration were ridden by trained Orcs).

'''2002: ''[[EA's The Two Towers]]'':'''
:Uruk-hai appear as enemies in the "Battle of Helm's Deep" and "Fangorn Forest" missions, retaining the movie appearance.

[[File:The Lord of the Rings- The Treason of Isengard - Uruk-hai.jpg|thumb|Uruk-hai in the cancelled video game ''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Treason of Isengard]]'']]
'''2004: ''[[The Lord of the Rings: War of the Ring]]'':'''
:Uruks become available after a storyline mission in which Saruman manages to perfect his creation.

'''2004: ''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Battle for Middle-earth]]'':'''
:Uruks compose most of the units of Isengard faction: swordsmen, pikemen, crossbowmen, in addition to Uruks operating siege engines are available, following the movie appearance.

'''2006: ''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Battle for Middle-earth II]]'':'''
:Most of Uruk-hai units from the first game return with little if any changes in behavior.

'''2007: ''[[The Lord of the Rings Online]]'':'''
:Multiple Uruks are used by the Enemy in different parts of Middle-earth. In addition to White Hand Uruks, notable are the Angmar Uruks and the Black Uruks from Dol Guldur, all sporting a variety of different appearances. Players can play as Uruks as part of the "Monster Play" game option.

'''2009: ''[[The Lord of the Rings: Conquest]]'':'''
:Uruk-hai appear as enemies during the Battle of Helm's Deep.

'''2014: ''[[Middle-earth: Shadow of Mordor]]'':'''
:Uruks replace the role of the lesser Orcs, making up the force stationed in Mordor.

==See also==
* [[Olog-hai]]

{{references}}
[[Category:Black Speech words]]
[[Category:Uruk-hai| ]]
[[Category:Servants of Saruman]]
[[Category:Servants of Sauron]]
[[de:Uruk-hai]]
[[fr:encyclo/peuples/orques/uruk-hai]]
[[fi:Uruk-hai]]

Uruk-hai

2023-01-12T09:44:40Z

LordoftheEarth:

{{cleanup}}{{people infobox
| name=Uruk-hai
| image=[[File:John Howe - The Uruk-hai.jpg|250px]]
| caption="[[:File:John Howe - The Uruk-hai.jpg|The Uruk-hai]]" by [[John Howe]]
| pronun=
| othernames=Great Orcs, Uruks
| origin=Bred by [[Sauron]] (and later [[Saruman]]) in the late [[Third Age]]
| location=[[Isengard|Northern Rohan and Isengard]], [[Mordor]]
| affiliation=[[Sauron]] ([[Nazgûl]] & [[Saruman]])
| rivalry=[[Rohirrim]]
| language=Various dialects of the [[Black Speech]], [[Westron]]
| members=[[Uglúk]], [[Mauhúr]]
| lifespan=
| distinctions=Large build; better resistance to sunlight; faster, stronger, and smarter than other Orcs
| height=Shorter than [[Men]]
| hair=
| skin=Swarthy
| clothing=
| weapons=Short, broad-bladed swords, shields, bows of yew, knives
}}
{{quote|...and others, too, came out of the forest. Great Orcs, who also bore the White Hand of [[Isengard]]: that kind is stronger and more fell than all the others.|[[Éomer]] in ''[[The Two Towers]]'', "[[The Riders of Rohan]]"}}

The '''Uruk-hai''' were a new breed of [[Orcs]] that appeared during the [[Third Age]].

==Appearance==
They were faster than normal Orcs and could travel during the day without being weakened. They were not only faster but smarter, stronger and larger, though they were still shorter than Men.

The Uruks in the service of [[Barad-dûr]], the folk of Mordor, used the symbol of the Red [[Eye of Sauron]]. The Red Eye was also painted on their shields. At least one, a guard on the march with [[Meriadoc Brandybuck|Merry]] and [[Peregrin Took|Pippin]], had a black knife with a long saw-edged blade, used by Pippin to cut through the ropes on his hands. It is not clear whether or not these Uruks of Sauron should be regarded as identical with the Uruks of Saruman, who could be a further 'improvement' to the race achieved by in the war.

The Uruk-hai in the employ of [[Orthanc]] used an ''S'' [[Cirth|elf-rune]] wrought in white metal on the front of their iron helms. It was clear this "S" stood for Saruman, because their shields had a small white hand (the symbol of Saruman) centered on a black field. [[Aragorn]] commented that their gear was not in the manner of other Orcs at all. Instead of curved scimitars, they used short, broad-bladed swords. Their great [[Bows|bows]] were made of yew wood, in length and shape as those of Men. Although they did not like the light of the [[Sun]], they could withstand it better than other orcs. Saruman promised them man-flesh as a treat.

==History==
[[Treebeard]] openly wonders if they are Orcs that have been somehow "improved", or Men that were corrupted with Orc-like qualities, or if they were indeed a blending of Men and Orcs, an act which Treebeard considered to be "a black evil".

The race of Uruks, described as "black orcs of great strength", first appeared out of [[Mordor]] in the last years of the [[Ruling Stewards|Stewardship]] of [[Denethor I]]. In {{TA|2475}} they conquered [[Ithilien]] and destroyed the city of [[Osgiliath]], but they were defeated by Steward [[Boromir (Steward of Gondor)|Boromir]] later.<ref>{{App|Stewards}}</ref> The following years, [[Orcs of Mordor]] - among them Uruks - continued to infest Ithilien, further deserting it by {{TA|2901}}.<ref>{{App|TA}}</ref>

Around {TA|2990}, the corrupted [[Wizard]] [[Saruman]] began secretly mustering and breeding [[Orcs of Isengard|Orcs]] in [[Isengard]],<ref>{{UT|Palantiri}}</ref> resulting in the making and improving of his own Uruk-hai. As the [[Shadow]] of the [[Dark Lord|Enemy]] fell over [[Rohan]], Uruks out of Isengard joined raiding parties of [[Orcs of the Misty Mountains]] against the [[Rohirrim]].<ref>{{App|Mark}}</ref>

In the [[War of the Ring]], the Uruks of Mordor referred to the Dark Lord [[Sauron]] as the Great Eye, and [[Shagrat]] was the captain of one such garrison at [[Cirith Ungol]].<ref>{{TT|IV10}}, pp. 735-42</ref>
[[File:Darek Zabrocki - Orc Assault.jpg|thumb|''Orc Assault'' by [[:Category:Images by Darek Zabrocki|Darek Zabrocki]]]]
The Uruk-hai of Isengard made up the core of a ten-thousand strong army, mustered by the Wizard Saruman for the Dark Lord Sauron. Joined by [[Dunlendings]] and the common Orcs of Isengard, they fought against the Rohirrim in the [[First Battle of the Fords of Isen|First]] and [[Second Battle of the Fords of Isen]].<ref>{{UT|Isen}}</ref>, notably slaying Prince [[Théodred]]. The Uruk-hai army was then sent against [[Kings of Rohan|King]] [[Théoden]] and his people at [[Helm's Deep]], where they faced utter defeat in the [[Battle of the Hornburg]].

Behind his Master's back, the corrupted Wizard sent a smaller troop to capture the [[Ring-bearer]]. These Uruks were led by [[Uglúk]] and ambushed the [[Fellowship of the Ring]] at [[Amon Hen]], slaying [[Boromir]] and capturing [[Merry]] and [[Pippin]]. Though uarelling with the Mountain-orcs and [[Grishnákh]]'s Mordor-orcs who had joined them, the Uruks imposed Isengard as the destination for the captive [[Hobbits]]. Saruman aided them with his sorcert as well: when Aragorn, [[Gimli]], and [[Legolas]] followed the Orc-company, Saruman's will caused weariness of the heart for the pursuers and lent speed to his Uruks {{fact}}.

==Etymology==
The name ''Uruk-hai'' has the element '''''uruk''''', which is a [[Black Speech]] word meaning "Orc".<ref>{{App|F1iv}}</ref><ref name=WJAC>{{WJ|AC}}, pp. 389-91</ref><ref name=L144>{{L|144}}</ref><ref name=PE17_47>{{PE|17}}, p. 47</ref> (For related words in other languages, see [[Orcs#Orcs in Tolkien's languages|Orcs in Tolkien's languages]].) The element ''[[hai|-hai]]'', also present in [[Olog-hai]] and [[Oghor-hai]], means "folk, people".

==Portrayal in adaptations==
In both [[The Lord of the Rings (1978 film)|''The Lord of the Rings'' (1978 film)]] and [[The Return of the King (1980 film)|''The Return of the King'' (1980 film)]], Uruk-hai are portrayed identically as (and without distinction to) the [[Orcs]].

'''1988: ''[[J.R.R. Tolkien's War in Middle Earth]]'':'''
[[File:War in Middle Earth - Orcs and Uruk-hai at Isengard.png|thumb|Uruk-hai at Isengard in ''[[J.R.R. Tolkien's War in Middle Earth]]'']]
:The Uruk-hai are portrayed as figures with purple armor and a shield.

'''2001-03: [[The Lord of the Rings (film series)|''The Lord of the Rings'' (film series)]]:'''

:In [[The Lord of the Rings (film series)|Peter Jackson's The Lord of the Rings]], the Uruk-hai are shown as being released from a kind of membrane in the mud deep under Isengard (special commentary on the DVD edition explained that they were trying to base the scene on an early description of Tolkien's that Orcs "worm their way out of the ground like maggots"). In the movies Uruk-hai are described as a crossbreed between Orcs and "[[goblin-men]]". This is presumably a reference to the [[Half-orcs]], creatures that blend the traits of Orcs and Men. These Uruks are sent after the Fellowship, and their leader is [[Lurtz]], a movie-only character.

:Saruman's Uruks included Pikemen, Swordsmen, Archers, and [[Berserker|Berserkers]]. The Berserkers are the shock troops. When they were first spawned a helmet filled with blood was placed on their heads, so that they were filled with a bloodlust for their enemies. They carry doubly-bent swords, and forgo any armour in lieu of agility, slaying foes left and right, completely devoid of fear and pain. Pikemen, as the name suggests, carry long pikes, while archers carry [[cross-bows|crossbows]]. Swordsmen wield a straight iron sword, hooked at the tip, and deadly in an Uruk's strong grip. They also use bladed shields, as seen in [[Amon Hen]] during [[Aragorn]]'s fight against Lurtz.

:The Uruks were also very efficient using siege equipment, and had been trained to use crossbows with deadly accuracy. The Uruks, like the lesser Orcs, seemed to not care of each other's presence, shown by the battering ram wielders at Helm's Deep, barging each other off of the thin bridge. The Uruks also hated the Orcs, believing they were a lesser being and often rioting, e.g. in the tower of Cirith Ungol when Shagrat and Gorbag argued over Frodo's vest of Mithril and starting a mass war within the tower. The Uruks seem also to be able to control natural urges more than the Orcs, e.g. the Orcs demanded to eat the Hobbits they had captured, while the Uruks were protective. It would seem the only way Orcs were better than Uruks is in treachery, lying and being devious. The Uruks are also not seen to ever ride a mount, possibly due to size, weight and build (the Wargs which attacked the Rohan migration were ridden by trained Orcs).

'''2002: ''[[EA's The Two Towers]]'':'''
:Uruk-hai appear as enemies in the "Battle of Helm's Deep" and "Fangorn Forest" missions, retaining the movie appearance.

[[File:The Lord of the Rings- The Treason of Isengard - Uruk-hai.jpg|thumb|Uruk-hai in the cancelled video game ''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Treason of Isengard]]'']]
'''2004: ''[[The Lord of the Rings: War of the Ring]]'':'''
:Uruks become available after a storyline mission in which Saruman manages to perfect his creation.

'''2004: ''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Battle for Middle-earth]]'':'''
:Uruks compose most of the units of Isengard faction: swordsmen, pikemen, crossbowmen, in addition to Uruks operating siege engines are available, following the movie appearance.

'''2006: ''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Battle for Middle-earth II]]'':'''
:Most of Uruk-hai units from the first game return with little if any changes in behavior.

'''2007: ''[[The Lord of the Rings Online]]'':'''
:Multiple Uruks are used by the Enemy in different parts of Middle-earth. In addition to White Hand Uruks, notable are the Angmar Uruks and the Black Uruks from Dol Guldur, all sporting a variety of different appearances. Players can play as Uruks as part of the "Monster Play" game option.

'''2009: ''[[The Lord of the Rings: Conquest]]'':'''
:Uruk-hai appear as enemies during the Battle of Helm's Deep.

'''2014: ''[[Middle-earth: Shadow of Mordor]]'':'''
:Uruks replace the role of the lesser Orcs, making up the force stationed in Mordor.

==See also==
* [[Olog-hai]]

{{references}}
[[Category:Black Speech words]]
[[Category:Uruk-hai| ]]
[[Category:Servants of Saruman]]
[[Category:Servants of Sauron]]
[[de:Uruk-hai]]
[[fr:encyclo/peuples/orques/uruk-hai]]
[[fi:Uruk-hai]]

Ishmalog

2023-01-10T17:59:43Z

LordoftheEarth:

{{location infobox
| name=Ishmalog
| image=
| caption=
| pronun=
| othernames=
| location=Far to the east of [[Agar]]
| type=Valley
| description=
| regions=
| towns=
| inhabitants=
| created=
| destroyed=
| events=Battle in which [[Buldar]] obtained his wife [[Elmar]]
}}
'''Ishmalog''' was the name of a valley in the [[Second Age]] wherein the army of the [[Sauron|North King]] fought against the "Fell Folk" of the east. Although the easterners had better weapons the North King's host was more numerous and they won. The victory had inspired songs sung for generations afterwards. The battle of Ishmalog was also where [[Buldar]] of [[Agar]] obtained a wound, a sword, and a woman. The woman was a captive and Buldar took her to wife. From their union came [[Hazad Longbeard]] and from him came [[Tal-Elmar (character)|Tal-Elmar]].<ref>{{PM|Elmar}}</ref>

== Other versions of the legendarium ==
In a rejected version of the story the name of the valley was ''Rishmalog''.<ref>{{PM|Elmar}}, note 4</ref>

{{references}}
[[Category:Mannish words]]
[[Category:Valleys]]

Smaug

2022-12-29T10:25:27Z

LordoftheEarth:

{{Dragon infobox
| image=| image=[[File:J.R.R. Tolkien - Conversation with Smaug (large).jpg|250px]]
| caption="Conversation with Smaug" by [[J.R.R. Tolkien]]
| name=Smaug
| othernames=Smaug the Golden Lord Smaug the Impenetrable [[Trāgu]] (''[[#Other names and titles|see below]]'')
| realm=[[Lonely Mountain|Erebor]]<ref name="AppA3"/>
| hoard=Treasure of [[Thrór]], including the [[Arkenstone]]<ref name="AppA3"/>
| birth=Presumably born in the early [[Third Age]]<ref name="AppB2">{{App|B2}}</ref>
| death={{TA|2941}}<ref name="AppB2"/>
| deathlocation=[[Lake-town]]<ref name="H14">{{H|14}}</ref>
| slayer=[[Bard|Bard the Bowman]]<ref name="H14"/>
| type=''[[Urulókë]]; fire-drake''<ref name="Index">{{S|Index}}, entry ''Urulóki'': "''Quenya word meaning 'fire-serpent', dragon''"</ref>
| legs=Yes
| wings=Yes
| colour=Red-golden
}}
<center>{{Quote|Never laugh at live dragons, Bilbo you fool!|[[Bilbo Baggins]], to himself, in ''[[The Hobbit]]'', "[[Inside Information]]"}}</center>

'''Smaug''' was the greatest [[Fire-drakes|fire-breathing]] [[Dragons|dragon]] of the [[Third Age]]. In {{TA|2770}} he attacked the [[Lonely Mountain]] and the town of [[Dale]]. He claimed the treasure of the mountain for himself and forced [[Thrór]], [[King under the Mountain]], and [[Durin's Folk|his people]] into exile. [[Thorin]]'s [[Quest of Erebor|quest]] - with the help of his burglar [[Bilbo Baggins]] - to reclaim the treasure ended in success when Smaug was slain by [[Bard]] in {{TA|2941}}.<ref name="H14"/><ref name="AppA3"/><ref name="AppB2"/><ref name="H1">{{H|1}}</ref>

== Appearance ==
[[File:John Howe - Smaug.jpg|left|thumb|''Smaug'' by [[John Howe]]]]
When [[Bilbo Baggins]] first encounters Smaug he can hear his snoring - "''like the noise of a large pot galloping in the fire, mixed with the rumble of a gigantic tom-cat purring''" - but is most of all struck by the reddish glow and heat that Smaug gives off, both of which travel up the passage-way so Smaug is felt long before he is seen. His flames are green and scarlet.<ref name="H12">{{H|12}}</ref>

{{Blockquote|There he lay, a vast red-golden dragon, fast asleep; thrumming came from his jaws and nostrils, and wisps of smoke, but his fires were low in slumber. Beneath him, under all his limbs and his huge coiled tail, and about him on all sides stretching away across the unseen floors, lay countless piles of precious things, [[gold]] wrought and unwrought, gems and jewels, and silver red-stained in the ruddy light. Smaug lay, with wings folded like an immeasurable bat, turned partly on one side, so that the hobbit could see his underparts and his long pale belly crusted with gems and fragments of gold from his long lying on his costly bed.|{{H|12}}}}

== History ==
=== Sack of Erebor ===
:''See also: [[Sack of Erebor]]''
[[File:Ted Nasmith - Scouring the Mountain.jpg|thumb|right|''Scouring the Mountain'' by [[Ted Nasmith]]]]
Smaug was perhaps one of the dragons that infested the [[Grey Mountains]].<ref>{{HM|Guide}}, entry "Smaug"</ref> Details of his origin are unknown, but he apparently was considered still "young" by himself and [[Gandalf]] when he first appeared in [[Middle-earth]]'s history in {{TA|2770}},<ref name="H12"/><ref name="H1"/> and as having transitioned to become "old and strong" by {{TA|2941}}. This implys that he was young during the [[War of the Dwarves and Dragons]], or else not even alive at the time. However, he, like many others would hear of the Wealth and Splendour of [[Erebor]]. Hearing about the wealth of the [[Dwarves of Erebor]], Smaug flew south "''like a hurricane coming from the North''" and attacked the wealthy [[Dwarves|Dwarven]] kingdom of the [[Lonely Mountain]] and its adjacent lands: he first landed upon the mountain before going down the slopes and setting the woods on fire. When the [[dwarves]] came running out of the front gate Smaug killed them all before turning his attention to the men of [[Dale]], also killing most of their warriors including [[Girion]], [[Lord of Dale]] (but his wife and child safely fled to [[Lake-town]]<ref name="H14"/>). Returning to the mountain, he crawled into the [[Front Gate|front gate]] and left no dwarf he found alive.

Only [[Thrór]], [[King under the Mountain]], and his son [[Thráin|Thráin II]] managed to escape by using the [[Back Door|secret side-door]] (Thrór later gave the key to the secret door and [[Thrór's Map|a map]] of the Lonely Mountain to Thráin), while [[Thorin|Thorin Oakenshield]] was one of the few dwarves who were not inside the mountain at the time of the Attack. Smaug claimed the treasure (which included the [[Arkenstone]] and a [[mithril coat]]) for himself and laid there upon a bed of gold, for the next two centuries only occasionally leaving the mountain to carry away people (especially maidens) and continue the destruction of Dale.<ref name="H1"/><ref name="AppA3"/> The area surrounding the mountain became known as the [[Desolation of the Dragon]] as "''there was neither bush nor tree, and only broken and blackened stumps to speak of ones long vanished''".<ref name="H11"/>

=== Quest for Erebor ===
:''See also: [[The Hobbit#Synopsis|The Hobbit]]''
[[File:Henning Janssen - Magnificent Guardian.jpg|thumb|left|''Magnificient Guardian'' by [[Henning Janssen]]]]
In {{TA|2850}}, [[Gandalf]], whilst spying on the [[Necromancer]] in [[Dol Guldur]], found a Dwarf imprisoned; near death, the dwarf gave Gandalf a key and a map. Unbeknownst to Gandalf at the time this dwarf was [[Thráin]], [[Kings of Durin's Folk|King of Durin's Folk]], who had been captured by the Necromancer in {{TA|2845}}. Having discovered that the Necromancer was indeed [[Sauron]], Gandalf was very concerned about the Weakened State of the North, but he was most concerned about Sauron and Smaug. He knew that if Sauron could win Smaug's allegiance, Sauron could use him to terrible effect. It is for this reason that the Grey Pilgrim sought a plan to neutralise the threat of the Dragon, thus simultaneously depriving the [[Dark Lord]] of a potential minion and limit his growing power in the northern lands of Middle-earth.<ref name="UTErebor"/>

By chance on [[15 March]] {{TA|2941|n}}, Gandalf met [[Thorin|Thorin Oakenshield]] in [[Bree]] (although another source states that they met when Thorin overtook but started to talk to Gandalf on the road<ref name="UTErebor">{{UT|9}}</ref>). They discussed their desire to destroy Smaug and retake the Lonely Mountain; they later met in [[Thorin's Halls]] in the [[Blue Mountains]] to develop a plan. Gandalf wanted Thorin to take the [[hobbits|hobbit]] [[Bilbo Baggins]] as a ''burglar'' on their adventure to retake Erebor; this took considerable persuasion.<ref name="AppB2"/><ref name="AppA3"/>

Later in {{TA|2941}}, at the home of [[Bilbo Baggins]], Gandalf presented Thorin with the map and key, and accompanied them on part of [[Quest of Erebor|their quest]].<ref name=H1/> The party reached the mountain later that year on [[Durin's Day]].<ref name="H11">{{H|11}}</ref> They sent Bilbo in through the secret door to carry out his duty as their burglar; as Smaug lay dreaming of greed and violence, Bilbo stole a heavy two-handed cup from the dragon's vast hoard of treasure (which he used as a bed) and went back to the dwarves. Meanwhile Smaug had an uneasy dream:

{{Blockquote|a warrior, altogether insignificant in size but provided with a bitter sword and great courage, figured most unpleasantly|Narrator<ref name="H12"/><ref group="note">[[John D. Rateliff]] has suggested that this was initially written when Tolkien planned for Bilbo to kill Smaug. It was thus a prophetic dream of his own death. See {{HH|Conversations}}.</ref>}}

Upon awaking Smaug felt the draught from the tunnel which led to the secret door (from which he had previously heard untoward knocking). Already suspicious, Smaug noticed that the cup was missing. This enraged Smaug beyond measure, causing him to leave his chamber and scour the mountainside for the intruder, even though he had no real use for the cup; remembering hearing strange noises from the passageway he failed to find the entrance, only eating their ponies.<ref name="H12"/>

Remembering a saying of [[Bungo Baggins|his father]]'s, "''every worm has a weak spot''", Bilbo offered to return to the dragon's lair - the Dwarves ardently accepted and, putting on [[the One Ring|the ring]], off he went. Bilbo believed that the dragon was fast asleep and that his presence would remain unknown to the dragon, however, Smaug was pretending to be asleep. He then spoke to Bilbo:

{{Blockquote|Well thief! I smell you and I feel your air. I hear your breath. Come along! Help yourself again, there is plenty and to spare!|Smaug to [[Bilbo Baggins]].}}

[[File:David Wyatt - Smaug.jpg|thumb|right|''Smaug'' by [[David Wyatt]]]]
But Bilbo was more shrewd than Smaug gave him credit: Bilbo praised the dragon and made sure that he did not reveal his real name, speaking only in [[Riddle-game|riddles]]. Smaug could not resist the fascination of what Bilbo had said (although he did remind him that flattery would not save his life) and needed to understand it, so they continued to talk; he was also intrigued to smell something new being puzzled by the never-before-encountered "hobbit-smell". Bilbo grew more and more uncomfortable in the presence of Smaug, but plucking up courage he revealed that he had not come for the treasure alone: Smaug laughed and mocked the notion that anyone could steal from him and get away with it. Bilbo eventually revealed the true purpose of his mission to Smaug, that of "''revenge''" - Smaug burst into a devastating laughter, shaking Bilbo to the floor, mocking the suggestion that anyone could achieve revenge, boasting about his achievements and strengths. Bilbo then suggested that dragon's were softer underneath, particularly in the chest: in response, and in an act of sheer vanity, Smaug rolled over and claimed that Bilbo's information was false and outdated. But Bilbo, while loudly praising Smaug's jewel-encrusted underside, saw something crucial, thinking:

{{Blockquote|Old fool! Why there is a large patch in the hollow of his left breast as bare as a snail out of its shell!|Bilbo, to himself.}}

Bilbo had obtained the information that he had needed. He fled up the passage, leaving behind a dragon infuriated by the notion of "revenge", and had the hair on the back of his head and heels singed off. When Bilbo returned to the door-step he regaled the dwarves with the story of his conversation with the dragon whilst the [[Thrushes|thrush]] was listening. Smaug left his lair once more and smashed the mountainside with strikes of his tail, trapping [[Thorin and Company]] inside the secret passage.<ref name="HInsider" />

=== Death and aftermath ===
[[File:J.R.R. Tolkien - Death of Smaug.jpg|thumb|right|''Death of Smaug'' by [[J.R.R. Tolkien]]]]

Realizing that the [[Lake-men]] of [[Lake-town|Esgaroth]] must have helped the intruders - reinforced by Bilbo calling himself the "''Barrel-rider''," Smaug resolved to attack and destroy the town as a punitive measure. He approached it in a rage. The waters around it turned red but Smaug dared not get too close as the water would quench his fire; as the Lake-men had cut the bridges, Smaug flew above attacking and setting the town aflame, destroying the Great House with a swipe of his tail. The dragon's scales were impervious to the arrows of the defenders, but the thrush had flown to the town and informed [[Bard]] - a descendent of [[Girion]], [[Lord of Dale]] - of the bare spot in Smaug's armour. He was then able to kill Smaug by firing the [[Black Arrow]] directly into the vulnerable spot of his left breast. As Smaug fell he crashed into and destroyed Esgaroth.<ref name="H14"/>

After Smaug's death, [[Thorin and Company]] claimed the treasure as theirs by birthright. This created a conflict with Bard and the [[Thranduil|Elvenking]] of [[Mirkwood]], who each wanted a portion of the treasure as reimbursement for huge damage that Smaug had inflicted upon them. Thorin refused to share the treasure and had every intention of going to war with the [[Elves of Mirkwood]] and men of Esgaroth to defend his right to the treasure. However the sudden attack by the armies of [[Bolg]] brought the forces of the [[free peoples]] of Middle-earth together in the [[Battle of Five Armies]].<ref name="H15"/><ref name="H16">{{H|16}}</ref><ref name="H17">{{H|17}}</ref> After the Battle, Bilbo's fourteenth-share of the hoard was given over to Bard who sent some to Lake-town to aid its rebuilding.<ref name="H18">{{H|18}}</ref>

Following the death of Smaug a new Lake-town was built further north; Smaug's bones could be seen from the shore but the people were always fearful of it and no one dared go in the water to retrieve the gems or gold, showing that even in Death, Smaug still had a fearful presence. <ref name="H14"/>

== Personality ==
{{Blockquote|I kill where I wish and none dare resist. I laid low the warriors of old and their like is not in the world today. Then I was but young and tender. Now I am old and strong, strong strong, Thief in the Shadows!|Smaug to Bilbo.}}

Like all dragons, Smaug - described by [[Thorin|Thorin]] as "''a most specially greedy, strong and wicked worm''"<ref name="H1"/> - loves to hoard gold with a meticulous knowledge of his own collection as evidenced by his immediate spotting of the missing cup.<ref name="H12"/> Whilst being quick to anger in defence of his own wealth, he also exhibits a fierce intellect (as well as a curious fascination) in guessing/deciphering Bilbo's cryptic origins, a pride and vanity in his own armour, an arrogance in his own invulnerability (laughing at the suggestion that the dwarves would be able to have their revenge), and an ability to question Bilbo's loyalty to the dwarves.<ref name="H12"/> These qualities, complemented by his destructive power, raised Gandalf's concerns of Smaug as a potential ally, or servant of Sauron. <ref name="UTErebor"/>

== Inspiration ==
[[File:John Howe - Smaug Destroys Lake-town.jpg|thumb|right|''Smaug Destroys Lake-town'' by [[John Howe]]]]
{{Blockquote|Fafnir in the late Norse versions of the Sigurd-story is better; and Smaug and his conversation obviously is in debt there.|[[J.R.R. Tolkien]]<ref name="Letter122">{{L|122}}</ref>}}
In [[Letter 122]], Tolkien noted his lack of enthusiasm for the dragon in ''[[Beowulf (poem)|Beowulf]]''. Instead he stated his preference for the dragon-like creature [[Wikipedia:Fafnir|Fafnir]] from the late Norse versions of the [[Wikipedia:Sigurd|Sigurd-story]]. Indeed Tolkien wrote that Smaug's character owed much to Fafnir.<ref name="Letter122"/>

== Etymology ==
Deriving from the same Old English and Germanic roots as ''[[Smials|smial]]'' and ''[[Sméagol|Smeagol]]'',<ref name="RW">{{HM|RW}}, pp. 190-1</ref> the name ''Smaug'' is "the past tense of the primitive Germanic verb ''[[Wiktionary:Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/smūganą|Smugan]]'', to squeeze through a hole".<ref name="Letter25">{{L|25}}</ref> It has been suggested that Tolkien likely thought of [[Old English]] ''smeag'', a word used to describe a "[[worms|worm]]".<ref name=RW/>

== Other names ==
In drafts of the [[The Lord of the Rings Appendices|Appendices]], Tolkien wrote that ''[[Trāgu]]'' was the name of Smaug in the [[language of Dale]], "Dalish".<ref name="PM54">{{PM|II}}, p. 54</ref>

In the conversation between Smaug and Bilbo, Bilbo calls him "'''Smaug the Tremendous'''", "'''Smaug the Chiefest and Greatest of Calamities'''", "'''Smaug the Mighty'''", "'''Smaug the Unassessably Wealthy'''", "'''Lord Smaug the Impenetrable'''" and "'''Your Magnificence'''",<ref name="H12"/> and later Bilbo refers to him as "'''Smaug the Terrible'''" and "'''Smaug the Dreadful'''" and [[Balin]] calls him "'''Old Worm'''".<ref name="HInsider">{{H|13}}</ref> When the [[dwarves]] learn of Smaug's demise they grab their harps and sing, referring to Smaug as the "'''Worm of Dread'''".<ref name="H15">{{H|15}}</ref> [[Appendix A]] uses the popular name "'''Smaug the Golden'''",<ref name="AppA3">{{App|A3}}</ref> whilst in "[[The Quest of Erebor]]" he is simply referred to as "'''The Dragon'''".

== Other versions of the legendarium ==
In a very early manuscript of ''[[The Hobbit]]'', Smaug was known as ''Pryftan''. Indeed [[John D. Rateliff]] refers to this manuscript as ''The Pryftan Fragment''.<ref>{{HH|I(a)}}, passim</ref> ''Pryftan'' is a simple [[Welsh]] compound that literally means "Worm of Fire."<ref>[[Mark T. Hooker]], ''[[Tolkien and Welsh]]'', pp. xxv, 36</ref>

== Portrayal in adaptations ==
{{Gallery
|title=Smaug in adaptations
|width=165
|height=140
|lines=2
|File:The Hobbit (1966 film) - Smaug.png|Smaug (named "Slag") in [[The Hobbit (1966 film)|''The Hobbit'' (1966 film)]]
|File:The Hobbit (1977 film) - Smaug.jpg|Smaug in the [[The Hobbit (1977 film)|''The Hobbit'' (1977 film)]]
|File:The Hobbit (1982 video game) - Smaug.png|Smaug in the [[The Hobbit (1982 video game)|1982 video game ''The Hobbit'']]
|File:Smaug_MERP.png| Smaug in [[Middle-earth Role Playing|MERP's]] [[Creatures of Middle-earth|''Creatures of Middle-earth'']]
|File:The Hobbit (2003) Smaug.jpg|Smaug in the [[The Hobbit (2003 video game)|2003 video game ''The Hobbit'']]
|File:The Hobbit - The Desolation of Smaug - Smaug2.jpg|Smaug in [[The Hobbit (film series)|''The Hobbit'' (film series)]]
}}
=== Films ===
'''1966: [[The Hobbit (1966 film)|''The Hobbit'' (1966 film)]]:'''
:Smaug is named "Slag", the Ancient Monster.{{fact}}

'''1977: [[The Hobbit (1977 film)|''The Hobbit'' (1977 film)]]:'''
:Smaug was voiced by American actor [[Richard Boone]]. In this version, Smaug is broadly similar in size and colour but his shape is less elongated due to being more weighty. Smaug's face is rounder, possessing more mammalian traits - resembling a mix between a cat and a bat - having bat-like ears and fur around the face and down the back. Also, his armour is never mentioned to be strengthened by lying on the treasure, but more resembles an extra padding of skin/scales, minus the bare patch.

'''1985: [[The Fabulous Journey of Mr. Bilbo Baggins The Hobbit Across The Wild Land Through The Dark Forest Beyond The Misty Mountains There And Back Again (1985 Russian film)|''The Fabulous Journey of Mr. Bilbo Baggins The Hobbit Across The Wild Land Through The Dark Forest Beyond The Misty Mountains There And Back Again'' (1985 Russian film)]]:'''
:Original title: Сказочное путешествие мистера Бильбо Беггинса, хоббита, через Дикий край, Черный лес, за Туманные горы туда и обратно. Smaug was created by a puppet.

'''1991: [[Treasures Under the Mountain, or The Hobbit (1991 film)|''Treasures Under the Mountain, or The Hobbit'' (1991 film)]]:'''
:Animated unreleased Russian Hobbit short film. During the destruction of Dale Smaug darkens the sky. Children are flying kites (paper dragons) which are consumed by a dragon of fire. original posting: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2hWwu17udnI and here with English subtitles: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nzoRd14L7AQ

'''2012: ''[[The Hobbit: An Unexpected Journey]]'':'''
:Smaug is a [[wikipedia:Computer-generated imagery|CGI]]-motion capture creature produced by [[Weta Digital]], voiced by [[Benedict Cumberbatch]].<ref name="PJCasting">{{webcite|author=[[Peter Jackson]]|articleurl=http://www.facebook.com/note.php?note_id=10150286515141558|articlename=The Hobbit Casting Update|dated=19-June-2011|website=[http://www.facebook.com/ Facebook]|accessed=23-Dec-2011}}</ref> He is shown with no front legs but walking on the wrists of his wings.

:Smaug's [[Sack of Erebor|sack]] of [[Dale]] and [[Lonely Mountain|Erebor]] is shown briefly during the prologue. During a meeting of the Wise, [[Gandalf]] reveals his concern regarding a potential alliance between Sauron and Smaug, as a a "dragon could be used to terrible effect". [[Saruman]] dismisses this, stating that Sauron had been vanquished. The film ends with a glimpse of the [[Dragons|Dragon]]'s eye as he wakes, though he is buried under the treasure. In addition, movie Smaug was over 140 metres (462 feet) in length, or “twice the size of a 747”.

'''2013: ''[[The Hobbit: The Desolation of Smaug]]'':'''
:The Dragon makes his full appearance in the second part. [[Thrain]] confirms Gandalf's fears of Smaug being in league with the unseen [[Dark Lord|Dark Power]] in [[Dol Guldur]], later revealed to be Sauron. In fact, Smaug himself confirms this, showing an awareness of [[the One Ring]] during his conversation with [[Bilbo Baggins|Bilbo]], as well as giving hints on Sauron's return - the Dragon's pleased attitude further outlines his intention to throw his backing behind the Dark Lord's banner for the spoils of war. It is also observed by Bilbo that the [[Lake-men]]'s legend of [[Girion]] having loosened and removed a scale from the Dragon's breast was in fact true. When the [[Dwarves]] enter the mountain, Smaug chases them, finally catching up to them in the forges, where the Dwarves stage a counterattack, tricking Smaug into relighting the forges with his fire. They manage to cover Smaug in hot molten gold, but he sheds it off without difficulty. Smaug leaves them and flies off to [[Lake-town]] to seek revenge for what he perceives to be their part in Bilbo and the Dwarves' attack.

'''2014: ''[[The Hobbit: The Battle of the Five Armies]]'':'''
:After destroying the majority of Lake-town, Smaug sees [[Bard]] attempting to take him on. He taunts the bowman, and, then, while charging him, Bard shoots his [[Black Arrow]] into Smaug's vulnerable spot, the same spot that his ancestor had shaken a scale off loose centuries earlier. While in the throes of death, the Dragon flies up into the sky, where he takes his last breath, claws at the sky and then falls to his watery grave in [[Long Lake]] (taking the greedy [[Master of Lake-town]] in his boat with him along the way).

=== Radio series ===
'''1968: [[The Hobbit (1968 radio series)|''The Hobbit'' (1968 radio series)]]:'''
:[[Francis de Wolff]] provides Smaug's voice.

'''1979: [[The Hobbit (1979 radio series)|''The Hobbit'' (1979 radio series)]]:'''
:Smaug's name is pronounced "Smog".<ref>[[The Hobbit (1979 radio series)|''The Hobbit'' (1979 radio series)]], "Inside Information"</ref> [[Erik Bauersfeld]] performed the voice of the dragon.<ref>{{webcite|articleurl=http://www.discogs.com/JRR-Tolkien-The-Lord-Of-The-Rings-The-Hobbit/release/602426|articlename=J.R.R. Tolkien – The Lord Of The Rings & The Hobbit|website=[http://www.discogs.com Discogs.com]|accessed=23-Dec-2011}}</ref>

'''1980: [[Der Hobbit (1980 German radio series)|''Der Hobbit'' (1980 German radio series)]]:'''
:Smaug is played by Benno Kusche.

'''1989: [[Hobit (1989 Slovak radio series)|''Hobit'' (1989 Slovak radio series)]]:'''
:The voice of Smaug is provided by Ján Mistrík.

=== Games ===
'''1982: [[The Hobbit (1982 video game)|''The Hobbit'' (1982 video game)]]:'''
:The goal of this game is to plunder the treasuries of Smaug's Lair in the Lonely Mountain. While the computer is loading the game it shows a picture of Smaug with the Lonely Mountain on the background.<ref name="Newspaper">{{webcite|author=Phil Garratt|articleurl=http://www.worldofspectrum.org/showmag.cgi?mag=ZXComputing/Issue8304/Pages/ZXComputing830400076.jpg|articlename=Software Review: The Hobbit|website=[http://www.worldofspectrum.org WorldOfSpectrum.com]|accessed=23-Dec-2011}}</ref>

'''1988: [[Creatures of Middle-earth|''Creatures of Middle-earth'' (1st edition)]]:'''
:In this supplement to the 1st edition of ''[[Middle-earth Role Playing]]'', Smaug is put forward as a potential enemy should the gamesmaster wish to include the dragon in his or her story. Another dragon, Utumkodur, is described as Smaug's elder sister. <ref>Ruth Sochard Pitt, Jeff O'Hare, [[Pete Fenlon|Peter C. Fenlon, Jr.]], ''[[Creatures of Middle-earth]]'', 1st edn, pp. 51-52</ref>

'''1994: [[Creatures of Middle-earth (2nd edition)|''Creatures of Middle-earth'' (2nd edition)]]:'''
:In this supplement to the 2nd edition of ''[[Middle-earth Role Playing]]'', Smaug is described in some detail and given a brief history before his coming to Erebor. Smaug survived the destruction of [[Angband]] at the end of the [[First Age]] and settled at Anvilmount in the [[Grey Mountains]]. Here he found and defiled a First Age Adan holy place, destroying tombs and stealing a modest amount of treasure. Smaug was upset by his lack of wealth. Therefore when he heard the tale of the Dwarves of Erebor he knew that the great treasure should be his. ''Creatures of Middle-earth'' also describes Smaug as being the son of [[Ancalagon]], being one of a number of siblings including Throkmaw, Ruingurth, and Utumkodur.<ref>Ruth Sochard Pitt, Jeff O'Hare, [[Peter C. Fenlon, Jr.]], ''[[Creatures of Middle-earth (2nd edition)|Creatures of Middle-earth]]'', 2nd edn, pp. 112-115</ref>

'''2003: [[The Hobbit (2003 video game)|''The Hobbit'' (2003 video game)]]:'''
:Smaug was voiced by [[James Horan]].

'''2018: ''[[The Lord of the Rings Online]]'':'''
:Smaug the Terrible has a sister, Etterfang Foulmaw. Both of them slept in the cavern called Glimmerdeep in the [[Grey Mountains]] until Etterfang was disturbed by dwarves and fled into the deeper Caverns of Thrumfall; Smaug was unable to find her again when he awoke. It is revealed that a servant of the Dark Lord provoked his rage by slaying many young drakes and placing their heads at the front of the Dragon's lair alongside dwarven weapons. This, coupled with greed, caused Smaug to attack the Erebor, which was part of Sauron's design. Following this, the Dark Lord sent emissaries to win him the Dragon's allegiance; when none returned, Sauron tasked Karazgar, a [[Black Númenórean]] agent, with daunting Smaug into submission. Cowed through fear, the Dragon promised to give an answer to the Dark Lord's offer in fifty years. The Quest for Erebor, put in motion by Gandalf, deprived Sauron of Smaug's potential fealty, as the latter was slain before he could be summoned to [[Mordor]].

:Smaug does not make a physical appearance, but his bones are still found around the watery ruins of the old [[Lake-town]] (known as Esgaroth-of-old). Bandits pillage the ruins and the bones for some unknown purpose.

== See also ==
* "[[The Quest of Erebor]]", a chapter of ''[[Unfinished Tales]]'' which provides more background information
* [[Chrysophylax]], the dragon in ''[[Farmer Giles of Ham]]''

== External links ==
*[http://middle-earth.xenite.org/2013/02/27/where-did-smaug-come-from/ Where Did Smaug Come From?] by [[Michael Martinez]]

{{references|n}}
{{dragons}}
{{hobbitfilms}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Smaug}}

[[Category:Characters in The Hobbit]]
[[Category:Dragons]]
[[Category:Germanic names]]
[[Category:Third Age characters]]
[[de:Smaug]]
[[fr:/encyclo/personnages/animaux/dragons/smaug]]
[[fi:Smaug]]

Smaug

2022-12-29T10:23:10Z

LordoftheEarth: /* Portrayal in adaptations */

{{Dragon infobox
| image=| image=[[File:J.R.R. Tolkien - Conversation with Smaug (large).jpg|250px]]
| caption="Conversation with Smaug" by [[J.R.R. Tolkien]]
| name=Smaug
| othernames=Smaug the Golden Lord Smaug the Impenetrable [[Trāgu]] (''[[#Other names and titles|see below]]'')
| realm=[[Lonely Mountain|Erebor]]<ref name="AppA3"/>
| hoard=Treasure of [[Thrór]], including the [[Arkenstone]]<ref name="AppA3"/>
| birth=Presumably born in the early [[Third Age]]<ref name="AppB2">{{App|B2}}</ref>
| death={{TA|2941}}<ref name="AppB2"/>
| deathlocation=[[Lake-town]]<ref name="H14">{{H|14}}</ref>
| slayer=[[Bard|Bard the Bowman]]<ref name="H14"/>
| type=''[[Urulókë]]; fire-drake''<ref name="Index">{{S|Index}}, entry ''Urulóki'': "''Quenya word meaning 'fire-serpent', dragon''"</ref>
| legs=Yes
| wings=Yes
| colour=Red-golden
}}
<center>{{Quote|Never laugh at live dragons, Bilbo you fool!|[[Bilbo Baggins]], to himself, in ''[[The Hobbit]]'', "[[Inside Information]]"}}</center>

'''Smaug''' was the greatest [[Fire-drakes|fire-breathing]] [[Dragons|dragon]] of the [[Third Age]]. In {{TA|2770}} he attacked the [[Lonely Mountain]] and the town of [[Dale]]. He claimed the treasure of the mountain for himself and forced [[Thrór]], [[King under the Mountain]], and [[Durin's Folk|his people]] into exile. [[Thorin]]'s [[Quest of Erebor|quest]] - with the help of his burglar [[Bilbo Baggins]] - to reclaim the treasure ended in success when Smaug was slain by [[Bard]] in {{TA|2941}}.<ref name="H14"/><ref name="AppA3"/><ref name="AppB2"/><ref name="H1">{{H|1}}</ref>

== Appearance ==
[[File:John Howe - Smaug.jpg|left|thumb|''Smaug'' by [[John Howe]]]]
When [[Bilbo Baggins]] first encounters Smaug he can hear his snoring - "''like the noise of a large pot galloping in the fire, mixed with the rumble of a gigantic tom-cat purring''" - but is most of all struck by the reddish glow and heat that Smaug gives off, both of which travel up the passage-way so Smaug is felt long before he is seen. His flames are green and scarlet.<ref name="H12">{{H|12}}</ref>

{{Blockquote|There he lay, a vast red-golden dragon, fast asleep; thrumming came from his jaws and nostrils, and wisps of smoke, but his fires were low in slumber. Beneath him, under all his limbs and his huge coiled tail, and about him on all sides stretching away across the unseen floors, lay countless piles of precious things, [[gold]] wrought and unwrought, gems and jewels, and silver red-stained in the ruddy light. Smaug lay, with wings folded like an immeasurable bat, turned partly on one side, so that the hobbit could see his underparts and his long pale belly crusted with gems and fragments of gold from his long lying on his costly bed.|{{H|12}}}}

== History ==
=== Sack of Erebor ===
:''See also: [[Sack of Erebor]]''
[[File:Ted Nasmith - Scouring the Mountain.jpg|thumb|right|''Scouring the Mountain'' by [[Ted Nasmith]]]]
Smaug was perhaps one of the dragons that infested the [[Grey Mountains]].<ref>{{HM|Guide}}, entry "Smaug"</ref> Details of his origin are unknown, but he apparently was considered still "young" by himself and [[Gandalf]] when he first appeared in [[Middle-earth]]'s history in {{TA|2770}},<ref name="H12"/><ref name="H1"/> and as having transitioned to become "old and strong" by {{TA|2941}}. This implys that he was young during the [[War of the Dwarves and Dragons]], or else not even alive at the time. However, he, like many others would hear of the Wealth and Splendour of [[Erebor]]. Hearing about the wealth of the [[Dwarves of Erebor]], Smaug flew south "''like a hurricane coming from the North''" and attacked the wealthy [[Dwarves|Dwarven]] kingdom of the [[Lonely Mountain]] and its adjacent lands: he first landed upon the mountain before going down the slopes and setting the woods on fire. When the [[dwarves]] came running out of the front gate Smaug killed them all before turning his attention to the men of [[Dale]], also killing most of their warriors including [[Girion]], [[Lord of Dale]] (but his wife and child safely fled to [[Lake-town]]<ref name="H14"/>). Returning to the mountain, he crawled into the [[Front Gate|front gate]] and left no dwarf he found alive.

Only [[Thrór]], [[King under the Mountain]], and his son [[Thráin|Thráin II]] managed to escape by using the [[Back Door|secret side-door]] (Thrór later gave the key to the secret door and [[Thrór's Map|a map]] of the Lonely Mountain to Thráin), while [[Thorin|Thorin Oakenshield]] was one of the few dwarves who were not inside the mountain at the time of the Attack. Smaug claimed the treasure (which included the [[Arkenstone]] and a [[mithril coat]]) for himself and laid there upon a bed of gold, for the next two centuries only occasionally leaving the mountain to carry away people (especially maidens) and continue the destruction of Dale.<ref name="H1"/><ref name="AppA3"/> The area surrounding the mountain became known as the [[Desolation of the Dragon]] as "''there was neither bush nor tree, and only broken and blackened stumps to speak of ones long vanished''".<ref name="H11"/>

=== Quest for Erebor ===
:''See also: [[The Hobbit#Synopsis|The Hobbit]]''
[[File:Henning Janssen - Magnificent Guardian.jpg|thumb|left|''Magnificient Guardian'' by [[Henning Janssen]]]]
In {{TA|2850}}, [[Gandalf]], whilst spying on the [[Necromancer]] in [[Dol Guldur]], found a Dwarf imprisoned; near death, the dwarf gave Gandalf a key and a map. Unbeknownst to Gandalf at the time this dwarf was [[Thráin]], [[Kings of Durin's Folk|King of Durin's Folk]], who had been captured by the Necromancer in {{TA|2845}}. Having discovered that the Necromancer was indeed [[Sauron]], Gandalf was very concerned about the Weakened State of the North, but he was most concerned about Sauron and Smaug. He knew that if Sauron could win Smaug's allegiance, Sauron could use him to terrible effect. It is for this reason that the Grey Pilgrim sought a plan to neutralise the threat of the Dragon, thus simultaneously depriving the [[Dark Lord]] of a potential minion and limit his growing power in the northern lands of Middle-earth.<ref name="UTErebor"/>

By chance on [[15 March]] {{TA|2941|n}}, Gandalf met [[Thorin|Thorin Oakenshield]] in [[Bree]] (although another source states that they met when Thorin overtook but started to talk to Gandalf on the road<ref name="UTErebor">{{UT|9}}</ref>). They discussed their desire to destroy Smaug and retake the Lonely Mountain; they later met in [[Thorin's Halls]] in the [[Blue Mountains]] to develop a plan. Gandalf wanted Thorin to take the [[hobbits|hobbit]] [[Bilbo Baggins]] as a ''burglar'' on their adventure to retake Erebor; this took considerable persuasion.<ref name="AppB2"/><ref name="AppA3"/>

Later in {{TA|2941}}, at the home of [[Bilbo Baggins]], Gandalf presented Thorin with the map and key, and accompanied them on part of [[Quest of Erebor|their quest]].<ref name=H1/> The party reached the mountain later that year on [[Durin's Day]].<ref name="H11">{{H|11}}</ref> They sent Bilbo in through the secret door to carry out his duty as their burglar; as Smaug lay dreaming of greed and violence, Bilbo stole a heavy two-handed cup from the dragon's vast hoard of treasure (which he used as a bed) and went back to the dwarves. Meanwhile Smaug had an uneasy dream:

{{Blockquote|a warrior, altogether insignificant in size but provided with a bitter sword and great courage, figured most unpleasantly|Narrator<ref name="H12"/><ref group="note">[[John D. Rateliff]] has suggested that this was initially written when Tolkien planned for Bilbo to kill Smaug. It was thus a prophetic dream of his own death. See {{HH|Conversations}}.</ref>}}

Upon awaking Smaug felt the draught from the tunnel which led to the secret door (from which he had previously heard untoward knocking). Already suspicious, Smaug noticed that the cup was missing. This enraged Smaug beyond measure, causing him to leave his chamber and scour the mountainside for the intruder, even though he had no real use for the cup; remembering hearing strange noises from the passageway he failed to find the entrance, only eating their ponies.<ref name="H12"/>

Remembering a saying of [[Bungo Baggins|his father]]'s, "''every worm has a weak spot''", Bilbo offered to return to the dragon's lair - the Dwarves ardently accepted and, putting on [[the One Ring|the ring]], off he went. Bilbo believed that the dragon was fast asleep and that his presence would remain unknown to the dragon, however, Smaug was pretending to be asleep. He then spoke to Bilbo:

{{Blockquote|Well thief! I smell you and I feel your air. I hear your breath. Come along! Help yourself again, there is plenty and to spare!|Smaug to [[Bilbo Baggins]].}}

[[File:David Wyatt - Smaug.jpg|thumb|right|''Smaug'' by [[David Wyatt]]]]
But Bilbo was more shrewd than Smaug gave him credit: Bilbo praised the dragon and made sure that he did not reveal his real name, speaking only in [[Riddle-game|riddles]]. Smaug could not resist the fascination of what Bilbo had said (although he did remind him that flattery would not save his life) and needed to understand it, so they continued to talk; he was also intrigued to smell something new being puzzled by the never-before-encountered "hobbit-smell". Bilbo grew more and more uncomfortable in the presence of Smaug, but plucking up courage he revealed that he had not come for the treasure alone: Smaug laughed and mocked the notion that anyone could steal from him and get away with it. Bilbo eventually revealed the true purpose of his mission to Smaug, that of "''revenge''" - Smaug burst into a devastating laughter, shaking Bilbo to the floor, mocking the suggestion that anyone could achieve revenge, boasting about his achievements and strengths. Bilbo then suggested that dragon's were softer underneath, particularly in the chest: in response, and in an act of sheer vanity, Smaug rolled over and claimed that Bilbo's information was false and outdated. But Bilbo, while loudly praising Smaug's jewel-encrusted underside, saw something crucial, thinking:

{{Blockquote|Old fool! Why there is a large patch in the hollow of his left breast as bare as a snail out of its shell!|Bilbo, to himself.}}

Bilbo had obtained the information that he had needed. He fled up the passage, leaving behind a dragon infuriated by the notion of "revenge", and had the hair on the back of his head and heels singed off. When Bilbo returned to the door-step he regaled the dwarves with the story of his conversation with the dragon whilst the [[Thrushes|thrush]] was listening. Smaug left his lair once more and smashed the mountainside with strikes of his tail, trapping [[Thorin and Company]] inside the secret passage.<ref name="HInsider" />

=== Death and aftermath ===
[[File:J.R.R. Tolkien - Death of Smaug.jpg|thumb|right|''Death of Smaug'' by [[J.R.R. Tolkien]]]]

Realizing that the [[Lake-men]] of [[Lake-town|Esgaroth]] must have helped the intruders - reinforced by Bilbo calling himself the "''Barrel-rider''," Smaug resolved to attack and destroy the town as a punitive measure. He approached it in a rage. The waters around it turned red but Smaug dared not get too close as the water would quench his fire; as the Lake-men had cut the bridges, Smaug flew above attacking and setting the town aflame, destroying the Great House with a swipe of his tail. The dragon's scales were impervious to the arrows of the defenders, but the thrush had flown to the town and informed [[Bard]] - a descendent of [[Girion]], [[Lord of Dale]] - of the bare spot in Smaug's armour. He was then able to kill Smaug by firing the [[Black Arrow]] directly into the vulnerable spot of his left breast. As Smaug fell he crashed into and destroyed Esgaroth.<ref name="H14"/>

After Smaug's death, [[Thorin and Company]] claimed the treasure as theirs by birthright. This created a conflict with Bard and the [[Thranduil|Elvenking]] of [[Mirkwood]], who each wanted a portion of the treasure as reimbursement for huge damage that Smaug had inflicted upon them. Thorin refused to share the treasure and had every intention of going to war with the [[Elves of Mirkwood]] and men of Esgaroth to defend his right to the treasure. However the sudden attack by the armies of [[Bolg]] brought the forces of the [[free peoples]] of Middle-earth together in the [[Battle of Five Armies]].<ref name="H15"/><ref name="H16">{{H|16}}</ref><ref name="H17">{{H|17}}</ref> After the Battle, Bilbo's fourteenth-share of the hoard was given over to Bard who sent some to Lake-town to aid its rebuilding.<ref name="H18">{{H|18}}</ref>

Following the death of Smaug a new Lake-town was built further north; Smaug's bones could be seen from the shore but the people were always fearful of it and no one dared go in the water to retrieve the gems or gold, showing that even in Death, Smaug still had a fearful presence. <ref name="H14"/>

== Personality ==
{{Blockquote|I kill where I wish and none dare resist. I laid low the warriors of old and their like is not in the world today. Then I was but young and tender. Now I am old and strong, strong strong, Thief in the Shadows!|Smaug to Bilbo.}}

Like all dragons, Smaug - described by [[Thorin|Thorin]] as "''a most specially greedy, strong and wicked worm''"<ref name="H1"/> - loves to hoard gold with a meticulous knowledge of his own collection as evidenced by his immediate spotting of the missing cup.<ref name="H12"/> Whilst being quick to anger in defence of his own wealth, he also exhibits a fierce intellect (as well as a curious fascination) in guessing/deciphering Bilbo's cryptic origins, a pride and vanity in his own armour, an arrogance in his own invulnerability (laughing at the suggestion that the dwarves would be able to have their revenge), and an ability to question Bilbo's loyalty to the dwarves.<ref name="H12"/> These qualities, complemented by his destructive power, raised Gandalf's concerns of Smaug as a potential ally, or servant of Sauron. <ref name="UTErebor"/>

== Inspiration ==
[[File:John Howe - Smaug Destroys Lake-town.jpg|thumb|right|''Smaug Destroys Lake-town'' by [[John Howe]]]]
{{Blockquote|Fafnir in the late Norse versions of the Sigurd-story is better; and Smaug and his conversation obviously is in debt there.|[[J.R.R. Tolkien]]<ref name="Letter122">{{L|122}}</ref>}}
In [[Letter 122]], Tolkien noted his lack of enthusiasm for the dragon in ''[[Beowulf (poem)|Beowulf]]''. Instead he stated his preference for the dragon-like creature [[Wikipedia:Fafnir|Fafnir]] from the late Norse versions of the [[Wikipedia:Sigurd|Sigurd-story]]. Indeed Tolkien wrote that Smaug's character owed much to Fafnir.<ref name="Letter122"/>

== Etymology ==
Deriving from the same Old English and Germanic roots as ''[[Smials|smial]]'' and ''[[Sméagol|Smeagol]]'',<ref name="RW">{{HM|RW}}, pp. 190-1</ref> the name ''Smaug'' is "the past tense of the primitive Germanic verb ''[[Wiktionary:Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/smūganą|Smugan]]'', to squeeze through a hole".<ref name="Letter25">{{L|25}}</ref> It has been suggested that Tolkien likely thought of [[Old English]] ''smeag'', a word used to describe a "[[worms|worm]]".<ref name=RW/>

== Other names ==
In drafts of the [[The Lord of the Rings Appendices|Appendices]], Tolkien wrote that ''[[Trāgu]]'' was the name of Smaug in the [[language of Dale]], "Dalish".<ref name="PM54">{{PM|II}}, p. 54</ref>

In the conversation between Smaug and Bilbo, Bilbo calls him "'''Smaug the Tremendous'''", "'''Smaug the Chiefest and Greatest of Calamities'''", "'''Smaug the Mighty'''", "'''Smaug the Unassessably Wealthy'''", "'''Lord Smaug the Impenetrable'''" and "'''Your Magnificence'''",<ref name="H12"/> and later Bilbo refers to him as "'''Smaug the Terrible'''" and "'''Smaug the Dreadful'''" and [[Balin]] calls him "'''Old Worm'''".<ref name="HInsider">{{H|13}}</ref> When the [[dwarves]] learn of Smaug's demise they grab their harps and sing, referring to Smaug as the "'''Worm of Dread'''".<ref name="H15">{{H|15}}</ref> [[Appendix A]] uses the popular name "'''Smaug the Golden'''",<ref name="AppA3">{{App|A3}}</ref> whilst in "[[The Quest of Erebor]]" he is simply referred to as "'''The Dragon'''".

== Other versions of the legendarium ==
In a very early manuscript of ''[[The Hobbit]]'', Smaug was known as ''Pryftan''. Indeed [[John D. Rateliff]] refers to this manuscript as ''The Pryftan Fragment''.<ref>{{HH|I(a)}}, passim</ref> ''Pryftan'' is a simple [[Welsh]] compound that literally means "Worm of Fire."<ref>[[Mark T. Hooker]], ''[[Tolkien and Welsh]]'', pp. xxv, 36</ref>

== Portrayal in adaptations ==
{{Gallery
|title=Smaug in adaptations
|width=165
|height=140
|lines=2
|File:The Hobbit (1966 film) - Smaug.png|Smaug (named "Slag") in [[The Hobbit (1966 film)|''The Hobbit'' (1966 film)]]
|File:The Hobbit (1977 film) - Smaug.jpg|Smaug in the [[The Hobbit (1977 film)|''The Hobbit'' (1977 film)]]
|File:The Hobbit (1982 video game) - Smaug.png|Smaug in the [[The Hobbit (1982 video game)|1982 video game ''The Hobbit'']]
|File:Smaug_MERP.png| Smaug in [[Middle-earth Role Playing|MERP's]] [[Creatures of Middle-earth|''Creatures of Middle-earth'']]
|File:The Hobbit (2003) Smaug.jpg|Smaug in the [[The Hobbit (2003 video game)|2003 video game ''The Hobbit'']]
|File:The Hobbit - The Desolation of Smaug - Smaug2.jpg|Smaug in [[The Hobbit (film series)|''The Hobbit'' (film series)]]
}}
=== Films ===
'''1966: [[The Hobbit (1966 film)|''The Hobbit'' (1966 film)]]:'''
:Smaug is named "Slag", the Ancient Monster.{{fact}}

'''1977: [[The Hobbit (1977 film)|''The Hobbit'' (1977 film)]]:'''
:Smaug was voiced by American actor [[Richard Boone]]. In this version, Smaug is broadly similar in size and colour but his shape is less elongated due to being more weighty. Smaug's face is rounder, possessing more mammalian traits - resembling a mix between a cat and a bat - having bat-like ears and fur around the face and down the back. Also, his armour is never mentioned to be strengthened by lying on the treasure, but more resembles an extra padding of skin/scales, minus the bare patch.

'''1985: [[The Fabulous Journey of Mr. Bilbo Baggins The Hobbit Across The Wild Land Through The Dark Forest Beyond The Misty Mountains There And Back Again (1985 Russian film)|''The Fabulous Journey of Mr. Bilbo Baggins The Hobbit Across The Wild Land Through The Dark Forest Beyond The Misty Mountains There And Back Again'' (1985 Russian film)]]:'''
:Original title: Сказочное путешествие мистера Бильбо Беггинса, хоббита, через Дикий край, Черный лес, за Туманные горы туда и обратно. Smaug was created by a puppet.

'''1991: [[Treasures Under the Mountain, or The Hobbit (1991 film)|''Treasures Under the Mountain, or The Hobbit'' (1991 film)]]:'''
:Animated unreleased Russian Hobbit short film. During the destruction of Dale Smaug darkens the sky. Children are flying kites (paper dragons) which are consumed by a dragon of fire. original posting: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2hWwu17udnI and here with English subtitles: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nzoRd14L7AQ

'''2012: ''[[The Hobbit: An Unexpected Journey]]'':'''
:Smaug is a [[wikipedia:Computer-generated imagery|CGI]]-motion capture creature produced by [[Weta Digital]], voiced by [[Benedict Cumberbatch]].<ref name="PJCasting">{{webcite|author=[[Peter Jackson]]|articleurl=http://www.facebook.com/note.php?note_id=10150286515141558|articlename=The Hobbit Casting Update|dated=19-June-2011|website=[http://www.facebook.com/ Facebook]|accessed=23-Dec-2011}}</ref> He is shown with no front legs but walking on the wrists of his wings.

:Smaug's [[Sack of Erebor|sack]] of [[Dale]] and [[Lonely Mountain|Erebor]] is shown briefly during the prologue. During a meeting of the Wise, [[Gandalf]] reveals his concern regarding a potential alliance between Sauron and Smaug, as a a "dragon could be used to terrible effect". [[Saruman]] dismisses this, stating that Sauron had been vanquished. The film ends with a glimpse of the [[Dragons|Dragon]]'s eye as he wakes, though he is buried under the treasure. In addition, movie Smaug was over 140 metres (462 feet) in length, or “twice the size of a 747”.

'''2013: ''[[The Hobbit: The Desolation of Smaug]]'':'''
:The Dragon makes his full appearance in the second part. [[Thrain]] confirms Gandalf's fears of Smaug being in league with the unseen [[Dark Lord|Dark Power]] in [[Dol Guldur]], later revealed to be Sauron. In fact, Smaug himself confirms this, showing an awareness of [[the One Ring]] During his conversation with [[Bilbo Baggins|Bilbo]], [[the One Ring]], as well as giving hints on Sauron's return - the Dragon's pleased attitude implies his intention to throw his backing behind the Dark Lord's banner for the spoils of war. It is also observed by Bilbo that the [[Lake-men]]'s legend of [[Girion]] having loosened and removed a scale from the Dragon's breast was in fact true. When the [[Dwarves]] enter the mountain, Smaug chases them, finally catching up to them in the forges, where the Dwarves stage a counterattack, tricking Smaug into relighting the forges with his fire. They manage to cover Smaug in hot molten gold, but he sheds it off without difficulty. Smaug leaves them and flies off to [[Lake-town]] to seek revenge for what he perceives to be their part in Bilbo and the Dwarves' attack.

'''2014: ''[[The Hobbit: The Battle of the Five Armies]]'':'''
:After destroying the majority of Lake-town, Smaug sees [[Bard]] attempting to take him on. He taunts the bowman, and, then, while charging him, Bard shoots his [[Black Arrow]] into Smaug's vulnerable spot, the same spot that his ancestor had shaken a scale off loose centuries earlier. While in the throes of death, the Dragon flies up into the sky, where he takes his last breath, claws at the sky and then falls to his watery grave in [[Long Lake]] (taking the greedy [[Master of Lake-town]] in his boat with him along the way).

=== Radio series ===
'''1968: [[The Hobbit (1968 radio series)|''The Hobbit'' (1968 radio series)]]:'''
:[[Francis de Wolff]] provides Smaug's voice.

'''1979: [[The Hobbit (1979 radio series)|''The Hobbit'' (1979 radio series)]]:'''
:Smaug's name is pronounced "Smog".<ref>[[The Hobbit (1979 radio series)|''The Hobbit'' (1979 radio series)]], "Inside Information"</ref> [[Erik Bauersfeld]] performed the voice of the dragon.<ref>{{webcite|articleurl=http://www.discogs.com/JRR-Tolkien-The-Lord-Of-The-Rings-The-Hobbit/release/602426|articlename=J.R.R. Tolkien – The Lord Of The Rings & The Hobbit|website=[http://www.discogs.com Discogs.com]|accessed=23-Dec-2011}}</ref>

'''1980: [[Der Hobbit (1980 German radio series)|''Der Hobbit'' (1980 German radio series)]]:'''
:Smaug is played by Benno Kusche.

'''1989: [[Hobit (1989 Slovak radio series)|''Hobit'' (1989 Slovak radio series)]]:'''
:The voice of Smaug is provided by Ján Mistrík.

=== Games ===
'''1982: [[The Hobbit (1982 video game)|''The Hobbit'' (1982 video game)]]:'''
:The goal of this game is to plunder the treasuries of Smaug's Lair in the Lonely Mountain. While the computer is loading the game it shows a picture of Smaug with the Lonely Mountain on the background.<ref name="Newspaper">{{webcite|author=Phil Garratt|articleurl=http://www.worldofspectrum.org/showmag.cgi?mag=ZXComputing/Issue8304/Pages/ZXComputing830400076.jpg|articlename=Software Review: The Hobbit|website=[http://www.worldofspectrum.org WorldOfSpectrum.com]|accessed=23-Dec-2011}}</ref>

'''1988: [[Creatures of Middle-earth|''Creatures of Middle-earth'' (1st edition)]]:'''
:In this supplement to the 1st edition of ''[[Middle-earth Role Playing]]'', Smaug is put forward as a potential enemy should the gamesmaster wish to include the dragon in his or her story. Another dragon, Utumkodur, is described as Smaug's elder sister. <ref>Ruth Sochard Pitt, Jeff O'Hare, [[Pete Fenlon|Peter C. Fenlon, Jr.]], ''[[Creatures of Middle-earth]]'', 1st edn, pp. 51-52</ref>

'''1994: [[Creatures of Middle-earth (2nd edition)|''Creatures of Middle-earth'' (2nd edition)]]:'''
:In this supplement to the 2nd edition of ''[[Middle-earth Role Playing]]'', Smaug is described in some detail and given a brief history before his coming to Erebor. Smaug survived the destruction of [[Angband]] at the end of the [[First Age]] and settled at Anvilmount in the [[Grey Mountains]]. Here he found and defiled a First Age Adan holy place, destroying tombs and stealing a modest amount of treasure. Smaug was upset by his lack of wealth. Therefore when he heard the tale of the Dwarves of Erebor he knew that the great treasure should be his. ''Creatures of Middle-earth'' also describes Smaug as being the son of [[Ancalagon]], being one of a number of siblings including Throkmaw, Ruingurth, and Utumkodur.<ref>Ruth Sochard Pitt, Jeff O'Hare, [[Peter C. Fenlon, Jr.]], ''[[Creatures of Middle-earth (2nd edition)|Creatures of Middle-earth]]'', 2nd edn, pp. 112-115</ref>

'''2003: [[The Hobbit (2003 video game)|''The Hobbit'' (2003 video game)]]:'''
:Smaug was voiced by [[James Horan]].

'''2018: ''[[The Lord of the Rings Online]]'':'''
:Smaug the Terrible has a sister, Etterfang Foulmaw. Both of them slept in the cavern called Glimmerdeep in the [[Grey Mountains]] until Etterfang was disturbed by dwarves and fled into the deeper Caverns of Thrumfall; Smaug was unable to find her again when he awoke. It is revealed that a servant of the Dark Lord provoked his rage by slaying many young drakes and placing their heads at the front of the Dragon's lair alongside dwarven weapons. This, coupled with greed, caused Smaug to attack the Erebor, which was part of Sauron's design. Following this, the Dark Lord sent emissaries to win him the Dragon's allegiance; when none returned, Sauron tasked Karazgar, a [[Black Númenórean]] agent, with daunting Smaug into submission. Cowed through fear, the Dragon promised to give an answer to the Dark Lord's offer in fifty years. The Quest for Erebor, put in motion by Gandalf, deprived Sauron of Smaug's potential fealty, as the latter was slain before he could be summoned to [[Mordor]].

:Smaug does not make a physical appearance, but his bones are still found around the watery ruins of the old [[Lake-town]] (known as Esgaroth-of-old). Bandits pillage the ruins and the bones for some unknown purpose.

== See also ==
* "[[The Quest of Erebor]]", a chapter of ''[[Unfinished Tales]]'' which provides more background information
* [[Chrysophylax]], the dragon in ''[[Farmer Giles of Ham]]''

== External links ==
*[http://middle-earth.xenite.org/2013/02/27/where-did-smaug-come-from/ Where Did Smaug Come From?] by [[Michael Martinez]]

{{references|n}}
{{dragons}}
{{hobbitfilms}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Smaug}}

[[Category:Characters in The Hobbit]]
[[Category:Dragons]]
[[Category:Germanic names]]
[[Category:Third Age characters]]
[[de:Smaug]]
[[fr:/encyclo/personnages/animaux/dragons/smaug]]
[[fi:Smaug]]

Squint-eyed southerner

2022-12-21T17:10:48Z

LordoftheEarth:

{{men infobox
| name=Squint-eyed Southerner
| image=[[File:Jon Foster - Squint-eyed Brute.jpg|250px]]
| people=[[Dunlendings|Dunlending]]
| caption="Squint-eyed Brute" by [[:Category:Images by Jon Foster|Jon Foster]]
| pronun=
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| titles=
| position=Spy
| location=[[Dunland]]
| affiliation=[[Sauron]] ([[Nazgûl]] & [[Saruman]])
| language=
| birth=
| birthlocation=
| rule=
| death=
| deathlocation=
| age=
| notablefor=
| house=
| parentage=
| siblings=
| spouse=
| children=
| gender=Male
| height=
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}}
{{quote|He looks more than half like a goblin.|[[Frodo Baggins]]<ref name="FRI11"/>}}

The '''Squint-eyed Southerner''' was a brigand driven from [[Dunland]], rumored to have a strain of [[Orcs|Orc]]-blood in him. He initially acted as one of the corrupted [[Wizards|Wizard]] [[Saruman]]'s most trusted agents, before being compelled into the service of the [[Nazgûl]] as an informant.

== History ==
Hailing from Dunland, the Southerner was banished by his fellow [[Dunlendings|hillmen]] due to the Orcish blood coursing through his veins (implying he may have been one of the [[Half-orcs]] or [[Goblin-men]]).<ref name="UT10">{{UT|10}}, "Concerning Gandalf, Saruman, and the Shire"</ref>

Having entered the employ of the Wizard Saruman, the Southerner was at one point stationed on the borders of [[the Shire]] to negotiate the purchase of "[[pipe-weed|leaf]]" and other supplies which were stored in [[Isengard]] in preparation for the [[War of the Ring|war]]. The squint-eyed man had been instructed by his master to infiltrate the Shire and learn of any [[Hobbits]] who had departed recently in hopes of finding the [[Ring-bearer]]. The Southerner was well supplied with maps, lists of names, and notes concerning the Shire.

In September of {{TA|3018}}, the Dunlending was traveling back to the Shire when the black-robed [[Nazgûl]] came upon him at the [[Tharbad]] crossing. When questioned, the Southerner told the [[Witch-king]] everything, betraying the White Wizard; this proved Saruman was withholding information from his own master, [[Sauron]]. The Lord of [[Minas Morgul|Morgul]] was made aware of the name [[Baggins Family|Baggins]] and [[Hobbiton]] was singled out for immediate visit and inquiry.

The Witch-king put the [[Shadow]] of Fear on the Southerner and sent him to [[Bree]] as a spy, warning him he now answered to the [[Eye of Sauron|Red Eye]] and not the [[White Hand]]. The Dunlending met up with [[Bill Ferny]] and at [[the Prancing Pony]] on [[September 29]]th, the two of them saw [[Frodo Baggins]] vanish into thin air. After reporting the information to the Nazgûl, the Nine Black Riders came to attack that night.<ref name="UT10">{{UT|10}}, "Concerning Gandalf, Saruman, and the Shire"</ref>

Aragorn kept the Hobbits safe through the night and the next morning the Squint-eyed Southerner was spotted inside Bill Ferny's house when the company set out to [[Weathertop]].<ref name="FRI11">{{FR|I11}}</ref>

Nothing else is recorded of the Squint-eyed Southerner, however in {{TA|3019|n}}, a large number of [[Ruffians]] occupied the Shire and oppressed the Hobbits.<ref>{{HM|RK}}, "[[The Scouring of the Shire]]"</ref> It is possible the Southerner was among them as many of Saruman's agents there resembled him. The Men were driven out of the Shire in the [[Battle of Bywater]] on November 3rd.

== Description ==
{{quote|Just what my father meant to convey by the 'squint-eyed Southerner' at Bree I'm not sure. I don't think that he can possibly have meant that the man had 'slit-eyes' (goblin-like). He may have meant that he actually had a squint (optical disorder), but that seems unnecessarily particular. So the likeliest meaning, I think, is that the man didn't look straight, but obliquely, watchfully, sideways, suggesting craftiness and crookedness.|[[Christopher Tolkien]]<ref>"The Squint-eyed Southerner", ''[[Beyond Bree]]'', May [[1990]], p. 9</ref>}}

== Portrayal in adaptations ==
{{Gallery
|title=Squint-eyed Southerner in adaptations
|height=150
|width=250
|lines=2
|File:The Lord of the Rings Trading Card Game - Squint-eyed Southerner.jpg|Squint-eyed Southerner in ''[[The Lord of the Rings Trading Card Game]]''
|File:The Hobbit - The Desolation of Smaug - Squint.jpg|"Squint" in ''[[The Hobbit: The Desolation of Smaug]]''
}}
'''2001-2007: ''[[The Lord of the Rings Trading Card Game]]'':'''
:A Decipher card identifies one of the Men at [[Bree]] in ''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring]]'' as the Squint-eyed Southerner.

'''2011: ''[[The Lord of the Rings: War in the North]]'':'''
: A character called "the Southerner" (loosely based on the novel character) attempts to talk Harley Bramble into joining with a gang of outlaws. After Bramble is convinced not to by [[Eradan (video game character)|Eradan]], [[Andriel]] and [[Farin (video game character)|Farin]], the Southerner threatens that his "[[Mordor|powerful]] [[Isengard|friends]]" will trouble the trio. If the player returns to Bree after the mission to [[Mount Gundabad]], it will be revealed that Ruffians have attacked the town but have been defeated, with Bramble claiming he himself made sure the Southerner will trouble Bree-folk no more.

'''2013: ''[[The Hobbit: The Desolation of Smaug]]:'''
:A character credited as "Squint" appears in the prologue in Bree. Along with another character credited as "Bill Ferny Sr." (loosely based on Bill Ferny), Squint has seemingly tracked [[Thorin]] to the Prancing Pony (presumably to collect on the bounty put out on Thorin's head). The two Men are preparing to confront Thorin when [[Gandalf]] goes over and sits and starts talking with the [[Dwarves|Dwarf]]. When it becomes apparent the [[Wizards|Wizard]] is not going anywhere, Bill and Squint get up and leave the inn.

{{references}}
[[Category:Characters in The Lord of the Rings]]
[[Category:Dunlendings]]
[[Category:Servants of Saruman]]
[[Category:Servants of Sauron]]
[[Category:Third Age characters]]
[[de:Schielender Südländer]]
[[fi:Mustainmaalainen]]

Squint-eyed southerner

2022-12-21T17:09:52Z

LordoftheEarth:

{{men infobox
| name=Squint-eyed Southerner
| image=[[File:Jon Foster - Squint-eyed Brute.jpg|250px]]
| people=[[Dunlendings|Dunlending]]
| caption="Squint-eyed Brute" by [[:Category:Images by Jon Foster|Jon Foster]]
| pronun=
| othernames=
| titles=
| position=Spy
| location=[[Dunland]]
| affiliation=[[Sauron]] ([[Nazgûl]] & [[Saruman]])
| language=
| birth=
| birthlocation=
| rule=
| death=
| deathlocation=
| age=
| notablefor=
| house=
| parentage=
| siblings=
| spouse=
| children=
| gender=Male
| height=
| hair=
| eyes=
| clothing=
| weapons=
| steed=
}}
{{quote|He looks more than half like a goblin.|[[Frodo Baggins]]<ref name="FRI11"/>}}

The '''Squint-eyed Southerner''' was a brigand driven from [[Dunland]], rumored to have a strain of [[Orcs|Orc]]-blood in him. He initially acted as one of the corrupted [[Wizards|Wizard]] [[Saruman]]'s most trusted agents, before being compelled into the service of the [[Nazgûl]] as an informant.

== History ==
Hailing from Dunland, the Southerner was banished by his fellow [[Dunlendings|hillmen]] due to the Orcish blood coursing through his veins (implying he may have been one of the [[Half-orcs]] or [[Goblin-men]].<ref name="UT10">{{UT|10}}, "Concerning Gandalf, Saruman, and the Shire"</ref>

Having entered the employ of the Wizard Saruman, the Southerner was at one point stationed on the borders of [[the Shire]] to negotiate the purchase of "[[pipe-weed|leaf]]" and other supplies which were stored in [[Isengard]] in preparation for the [[War of the Ring|war]]. The squint-eyed man had been instructed by his master to infiltrate the Shire and learn of any [[Hobbits]] who had departed recently in hopes of finding the [[Ring-bearer]]. The Southerner was well supplied with maps, lists of names, and notes concerning the Shire.

In September of {{TA|3018}}, the Dunlending was traveling back to the Shire when the black-robed [[Nazgûl]] came upon him at the [[Tharbad]] crossing. When questioned, the Southerner told the [[Witch-king]] everything, betraying the White Wizard; this proved Saruman was withholding information from his own master, [[Sauron]]. The Lord of [[Minas Morgul|Morgul]] was made aware of the name [[Baggins Family|Baggins]] and [[Hobbiton]] was singled out for immediate visit and inquiry.

The Witch-king put the [[Shadow]] of Fear on the Southerner and sent him to [[Bree]] as a spy, warning him he now now answered to the [[Eye of Sauron|Red Eye]] and not the [[White Hand]]. The Dunlending met up with [[Bill Ferny]] and at [[the Prancing Pony]] on [[September 29]]th, the two of them saw [[Frodo Baggins]] vanish into thin air. After reporting the information to the Nazgûl, the Nine Black Riders came to attack that night.<ref name="UT10">{{UT|10}}, "Concerning Gandalf, Saruman, and the Shire"</ref>

Aragorn kept the Hobbits safe through the night and the next morning the Squint-eyed Southerner was spotted inside Bill Ferny's house when the company set out to [[Weathertop]].<ref name="FRI11">{{FR|I11}}</ref>

Nothing else is recorded of the Squint-eyed Southerner, however in {{TA|3019|n}}, a large number of [[Ruffians]] occupied the Shire and oppressed the Hobbits.<ref>{{HM|RK}}, "[[The Scouring of the Shire]]"</ref> It is possible the Southerner was among them as many of Saruman's agents there resembled him. The Men were driven out of the Shire in the [[Battle of Bywater]] on November 3rd.

== Description ==
{{quote|Just what my father meant to convey by the 'squint-eyed Southerner' at Bree I'm not sure. I don't think that he can possibly have meant that the man had 'slit-eyes' (goblin-like). He may have meant that he actually had a squint (optical disorder), but that seems unnecessarily particular. So the likeliest meaning, I think, is that the man didn't look straight, but obliquely, watchfully, sideways, suggesting craftiness and crookedness.|[[Christopher Tolkien]]<ref>"The Squint-eyed Southerner", ''[[Beyond Bree]]'', May [[1990]], p. 9</ref>}}

== Portrayal in adaptations ==
{{Gallery
|title=Squint-eyed Southerner in adaptations
|height=150
|width=250
|lines=2
|File:The Lord of the Rings Trading Card Game - Squint-eyed Southerner.jpg|Squint-eyed Southerner in ''[[The Lord of the Rings Trading Card Game]]''
|File:The Hobbit - The Desolation of Smaug - Squint.jpg|"Squint" in ''[[The Hobbit: The Desolation of Smaug]]''
}}
'''2001-2007: ''[[The Lord of the Rings Trading Card Game]]'':'''
:A Decipher card identifies one of the Men at [[Bree]] in ''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring]]'' as the Squint-eyed Southerner.

'''2011: ''[[The Lord of the Rings: War in the North]]'':'''
: A character called "the Southerner" (loosely based on the novel character) attempts to talk Harley Bramble into joining with a gang of outlaws. After Bramble is convinced not to by [[Eradan (video game character)|Eradan]], [[Andriel]] and [[Farin (video game character)|Farin]], the Southerner threatens that his "[[Mordor|powerful]] [[Isengard|friends]]" will trouble the trio. If the player returns to Bree after the mission to [[Mount Gundabad]], it will be revealed that Ruffians have attacked the town but have been defeated, with Bramble claiming he himself made sure the Southerner will trouble Bree-folk no more.

'''2013: ''[[The Hobbit: The Desolation of Smaug]]:'''
:A character credited as "Squint" appears in the prologue in Bree. Along with another character credited as "Bill Ferny Sr." (loosely based on Bill Ferny), Squint has seemingly tracked [[Thorin]] to the Prancing Pony (presumably to collect on the bounty put out on Thorin's head). The two Men are preparing to confront Thorin when [[Gandalf]] goes over and sits and starts talking with the [[Dwarves|Dwarf]]. When it becomes apparent the [[Wizards|Wizard]] is not going anywhere, Bill and Squint get up and leave the inn.

{{references}}
[[Category:Characters in The Lord of the Rings]]
[[Category:Dunlendings]]
[[Category:Servants of Saruman]]
[[Category:Servants of Sauron]]
[[Category:Third Age characters]]
[[de:Schielender Südländer]]
[[fi:Mustainmaalainen]]

King of Men

2022-12-20T15:49:44Z

LordoftheEarth:

[[File:Maureval - The True King of Numenor.jpg|thumb|''The True King of Númenor'' by [[:Category:Images by Maureval|Maureval]]]]
'''King of Men''' was a title claimed by two of [[Arda]]'s major tyrants: [[Sauron]], the great subversive [[Maiar|Maia]], and [[Ar-Pharazôn]], a power-hungry [[Númenóreans|Númenórean]].

==History==
During the [[Dark Years|Black Years]], when his empire encompassed almost all of [[Middle-earth]], Sauron styled himself as the "King of Men",<ref name=Akallabeth>{{S|Akallabeth}}</ref> demanding god-like deference from his great following among [[Men]];<ref name=Rings>{{S|Rings}}</ref> this incensed Ar-Pharazôn who perceived Sauron as a competitor for lordship of Arda.

Seeking to contend with the [[Dark Lord]], the [[King of Númenor]] confronted him and seemingly prevailed, wrestling the title of "King of Men" from his rival and oppressing the Men of Middle-earth. Ultimately, though, Ar-Pharazôn became Sauron's puppet, so that the latter remained in truth the most feared tyrant since [[Morgoth]]'s ousting.<ref name=Akallabeth>{{S|Akallabeth}}</ref>

{{References}}

[[Category:Other titles]]

King of Men

2022-12-20T15:47:28Z

LordoftheEarth:

[[File:Maureval - The True King of Numenor.jpg|thumb|The True King of Númenor by Maureval]]
'''King of Men''' was a title claimed by two of [[Arda]]'s major tyrants: [[Sauron]], the great subversive [[Maiar|Maia]], and [[Ar-Pharazôn]], a power-hungry [[Númenóreans|Númenórean]].

==History==
During the [[Dark Years|Black Years]], when his empire encompassed almost all of [[Middle-earth]], Sauron styled himself as the "King of Men",<ref name=Akallabeth>{{S|Akallabeth}}</ref> demanding god-like deference from his great following among [[Men]];<ref name=Rings>{{S|Rings}}</ref> this incensed Ar-Pharazôn who perceived Sauron as a competitor for lordship of Arda.

Seeking to contend with the [[Dark Lord]], the [[King of Númenor]] confronted him and seemingly prevailed, wrestling the title of "King of Men" from his rival and oppressing the Men of Middle-earth. Ultimately, though, Ar-Pharazôn became Sauron's puppet, so that the latter remained in truth the most feared tyrant since [[Morgoth]]'s ousting.<ref name=Akallabeth>{{S|Akallabeth}}</ref>

{{References}}

[[Category:Other titles]]

King of Men

2022-12-20T15:45:58Z

LordoftheEarth:

[[File:Maureval - The True King of Numenor.jpg]]
'''King of Men''' was a title claimed by two of [[Arda]]'s major tyrants: [[Sauron]], the great subversive [[Maiar|Maia]], and [[Ar-Pharazôn]], a power-hungry [[Númenóreans|Númenórean]].

==History==
During the [[Dark Years|Black Years]], when his empire encompassed almost all of [[Middle-earth]], Sauron styled himself as the "King of Men",<ref name=Akallabeth>{{S|Akallabeth}}</ref> demanding god-like deference from his great following among [[Men]];<ref name=Rings>{{S|Rings}}</ref> this incensed Ar-Pharazôn who perceived Sauron as a competitor for lordship of Arda.

Seeking to contend with the [[Dark Lord]], the [[King of Númenor]] confronted him and seemingly prevailed, wrestling the title of "King of Men" from his rival and oppressing the Men of Middle-earth. Ultimately, though, Ar-Pharazôn became Sauron's puppet, so that the latter remained in truth the most feared tyrant since [[Morgoth]]'s ousting.<ref name=Akallabeth>{{S|Akallabeth}}</ref>

{{References}}

[[Category:Other titles]]

Ar-Pharazôn

2022-12-20T13:37:10Z

LordoftheEarth:

{{numenorean infobox
| name=Ar-Pharazôn
| image=[[File:Turner Mohan - Ar-Pharazon.jpg|250px]]
| caption="Ar-Pharazon" by [[:Category:Images by Turner Mohan|Turner Mohan]]
| pronun=
| othernames=''Tar-Calion'' ([[Quenya|Q]]), "[[The Golden]]"
| titles=[[King of Númenor]] [[King of Men]] "King of the Sea"
| position=
| location=[[Númenor]]
| affiliation=[[King's Men]] [[Sauron]]
| language=[[Adûnaic]]
| birth={{SA|3118}}
| birthlocation=
| rule={{SA|3255}} - {{SA|3319|n}} (64 years)
| death={{SA|3319}}
| deathlocation=On the shores of [[Aman]]
| age=201
| notablefor=
| house=[[House of Elros]]
| parentage=[[Gimilkhâd]]
| siblings=
| spouse=[[Tar-Míriel]]
| children=None
| gender=Male
| height=
| hair=
| eyes=
| clothing=
| weapons=
| steed=[[Alcarondas]] (ship)
}}
<blockquote>''"Ar-Pharazôn the Golden was the proudest and most powerful of all the Kings, and no less than the kingship of the world was his desire."'' —''[[The Lord of the Rings]]'', [[Appendix A]]</blockquote>

'''Ar-[[Ar-Pharazôn|Pharazôn]] the Golden''' was the twenty-fifth and last [[King of Númenor|King]] of [[Númenor]].<ref>{{UT|Kings}}</ref> He was the son of [[Gimilkhâd]], who was the younger brother of the twenty-fourth King, [[Tar-Palantir]]. Ar-Pharazôn's willful rule, and his great pride, led directly to the [[Bent World|world-changing]] [[Downfall of Númenor]] and the founding of the [[realms in exile]] of [[Arnor]] and [[Gondor]].<ref name="Akallabeth">{{S|Akallabeth}}</ref>

== History ==
In his youth, Pharazôn and [[Amandil]], the [[Lords of Andúnië|Lord of Andúnië]] and later the leader of the [[Faithful]] Númenóreans, were dear friends. After some time, Pharazôn departed from Númenor to participate in the wars in [[Middle-earth]] that the [[King's Men]] were waging against [[Sauron]]. While in Middle-earth, he became a great captain and commander of the Númenórean armies. Pharazôn did not return to Númenor until a few years before the death of Tar-Palantir, when he heard of his own father's early death. During his time there, Pharazôn was generous with the wealth he had acquired in Middle-earth, and the hearts of the people were turned toward him. Like his father, Pharazôn became the leader of the rebellion against his uncle the King's reforms, who attempted to return to the ways of the [[Valar]] and the [[Eldar]].<ref>{{App|Numenor}}</ref>

=== King of Númenor ===
He remained on the island until Tar-Palantir died. At that time, Pharazôn took the King's daughter [[Tar-Míriel|Míriel]] as his wife, much against her will, and against the laws of Númenor which prohibited first cousins from marrying. Pharazôn then changed her name to Ar-Zimraphel.<ref name="Akallabeth"/> Thus he usurped the throne and, taking the [[Sceptre of Númenor]] into his own hand, proclaimed himself King Ar-Pharazôn in {{SA|3255}}.<ref name="SA">{{App|SA}}</ref>

Soon after Ar-Pharazôn's unlawful ascent to power, he heard news that Sauron had been assailing the Númenórean settlements in Middle-earth since his return to the island. His captains explained to him that the fallen [[Maia]] wished to drive the Númenóreans back to the [[Belegaer|Sea]] whence they had come, and declare himself King of Men. They also told Ar-Pharazôn that Sauron wished to destroy Númenor itself, if possible.

==== Ar-Pharazôn humbles Sauron ====
Ar-Pharazôn became very angry upon hearing this news, and decided that he himself would claim the title of King of Men instead, and make Sauron his servant. To accomplish this end, he spent five years preparing a great force.<ref name="Akallabeth"/> In {{SA|3261|n}} he launched the Númenórean fleet and landed at the [[Umbar|Haven of Umbar]].<ref name="SA"/> From there, Ar-Pharazôn and his army marched north to [[Mordor]]. Their splendour and might was so great that Sauron's own servants deserted him. Therefore, since he perceived that he could not defeat the Númenóreans through strength of arms, Sauron changed into his fair form and humbled himself before Ar-Pharazôn. The King stripped Sauron of his titles and decreed that he would be taken as a hostage to Númenor, to keep his servants from harassing the Númenóreans in Middle-earth.

Sauron acted as if this decision dismayed him, but it actually furthered his plans to destroy Ar-Pharazôn and the Númenóreans in retaliation for this humiliation. Sauron thus allowed himself to be brought to Númenor by Ar-Pharazôn's army, but as soon as he set foot on the island he began corrupting the minds of the Númenóreans, beginning with their proud King. Sauron flattered Ar-Pharazôn and used his knowledge to help the King gain anything he desired. Ar-Pharazôn responded to this flattery and made Sauron his chief adviser three years after his coming to Númenor.<ref name="Akallabeth"/>

==== Sauron's teachings ====
Sauron taught the people of Númenor many things, and in most of his speeches he spoke against the [[Valar]], whom most Númenóreans already feared and disliked. Eventually, however, the Maia's teachings began to focus more upon [[Darkness (concept)|Darkness]]. He told his listeners that "Darkness alone is worshipful, and the Lord thereof may yet make other worlds to be gifts to those that serve him, so that the increase of their power shall find no end." These words reached the ears of Ar-Pharazôn, and he spoke to Sauron in secret in order to learn more about the Lord of Darkness. Sauron told the King that this Lord was [[Morgoth|Melkor]], and that [[Ilúvatar|Eru Ilúvatar]] was only a lie devised by the Valar to keep [[Men]] from rebelling against them. The Maia thus himself lied to Ar-Pharazôn, and said that by serving Melkor, the "Giver of Freedom", the King would escape from these untruths of the Valar, and become stronger than them.
[[File:Janka Latečková - Sauron and Ar-Pharazon.jpg|thumb|''Sauron and Ar-Pharazôn'' by [[:Category:Images by Janka Latečková|Janka Latečková]]]]

At this time Ar-Pharazôn began to worship the Darkness and Melkor its Lord. He practised this new religion in secret at first, but soon displayed it openly, and most of his people followed him. The King made ascending the [[Meneltarma]] (which the worshippers of Ilúvatar had formerly done, in order to make offerings on its summit) a crime punishable by death. Sauron then advised Ar-Pharazôn to destroy [[Nimloth of Númenor|Nimloth]], the White Tree of Númenor, which was the last symbol of the Númenóreans' ancient friendship with the Valar and the [[Elves]]. Ar-Pharazôn was reluctant to do this, because he had heard of Tar-Palantir's prophecy that the Line of Kings would end when the Tree perished.<ref name="Akallabeth"/>

==== Years of tyranny ====
However, when a disguised man (actually [[Isildur]]) stole a fruit from Nimloth upon hearing Sauron's advice to the King, Ar-Pharazôn assented to the Tree's destruction. It was also at this time that Ar-Pharazôn dismissed his erstwhile friend Amandil from his [[Council of the Sceptre|Council]], though the King and his supporters did not otherwise harm Amandil or his family. After the White Tree was felled, Sauron had it burned in a mighty [[Temple]] that the Númenóreans had built in [[Armenelos]] on his orders. The King and his followers then used this Temple for the worship of Melkor. They captured members of the Faithful and sacrificed them in the fires of the altar, in the hope that Melkor would release them from [[Gift of Men|Death]]. The Númenóreans did the same to the Men of Middle-earth who lived near their settlements, and thus Ar-Pharazôn became the greatest tyrant that the world had seen since [[Morgoth]], though Sauron actually ruled all from behind the throne.

But Ar-Pharazôn and the Númenóreans did not escape death by this means, and eventually the King grew old and was in great fear of the end of his life and going out into the Darkness that he had worshipped. Ar-Pharazôn became wrathful and desperate, and at last Sauron gave the King his final advice. The Maia told Ar-Pharazôn that by warring against the Valar and conquering [[Valinor]], their land in [[Aman|the West]], he could gain everlasting life.<ref name="Akallabeth"/> Ar-Pharazôn feared to wage such a war, but his desperation prompted him to begin building a [[Great Armament]] in {{SA|3310|n}} to attack Valinor.<ref name="SA"/>

While this Armament was being constructed, the Valar sent warnings to the Númenóreans in the form of terrible thunderstorms and clouds shaped like [[Eagles]], and the ground began to groan and shake. But these signals only caused the King and his people to harden their hearts yet more, and Ar-Pharazôn (prompted by Sauron) proclaimed, "The [[Valar|Lords of the West]] have plotted against us. They strike first. The next blow shall be ours!"<ref name="Akallabeth"/>

==== War against the Valar ====
[[File:John Howe - The Fleet of Ar-Pharazon.jpg|thumb|left|180px|[[John Howe]] - ''Fleet of Ar-Pharazôn'']]
Nine years after the preparations for war began, the Great Armament was completed. Ar-Pharazôn journeyed to the west of Númenor where the fleet was anchored, and boarded his mighty ship [[Alcarondas]]. He sat upon his throne in full armour and signalled for the raising of the anchors. The fleet left Númenor just before sundown, and passed into the forbidden seas of the West.

Because no one from the Great Armament ever returned to mortal lands, Ar-Pharazôn's fate remains uncertain. It is said in the ''[[Akallabêth]]'' that the fleet passed [[Tol Eressëa]] and anchored near the coast of Valinor. Upon seeing the splendour of [[Taniquetil]], Ar-Pharazôn became afraid and nearly gave the order to retreat. In the end, however, his pride caused him to go ashore, and a great part of his army followed him. Ar-Pharazôn led his troops to the Elven city of [[Tirion]], and they set up an encampment around it. Then the King proclaimed that the land of the Valar was his, if none would challenge him for it.

At this time, the Valar called upon Eru for aid, and relinquished their authority over [[Arda]]. Eru broke the world and made it round, so that Men could never again sail to Valinor. In this catastrophe, Ar-Pharazôn's fleet was pulled into the chasm that opened between the [[Blessed Realm]] and mortal lands, and Númenor sank beneath the Sea. Ar-Pharazôn himself (along with the soldiers that had followed him to Valinor) is said to have been buried underground, and lies in the [[Caves of the Forgotten]] until the [[Final Battle|Last Battle]]. <ref name="Akallabeth"/>

== Legacy ==
Though Ar-Pharazôn was the last King of Númenor, the Line of [[Elros]] survived through [[Elendil]] the son of Amandil, and his two sons, [[Isildur]] and [[Anárion]]. They managed to escape the [[Downfall of Númenor]] that Ar-Pharazôn's actions had caused, and later created the kingdoms of [[Arnor]] and [[Gondor]] in [[Middle-earth]].

Sometime before his death at the end of the [[Second Age]], Elendil wrote down some of the history of Númenor, culminating in the tale of its destruction. Much of this document was focused on the effects of the reign of Ar-Pharazôn and Sauron's teachings to the Númenóreans. Elendil's work was called the ''[[Akallabêth]]'', and its retelling of Ar-Pharazôn's life was one of the only parts of Númenor's history that remained widely known after the Downfall.<ref>{{UT|Kings}}, Note 16</ref>

Many years after the Downfall, the [[Kings of Gondor]] erected a great pillar at Umbar as a commemoration of Ar-Pharazôn. Even though Elendil's people suffered greatly because of the evil that Sauron caused in Númenor as a result of Ar-Pharazôn's deeds, his descendants still wished to honour the King and his army for the humbling of Sauron. When Sauron retook Umbar from the Gondorians, he in turn had this monument to his defeat destroyed.<ref>{{App|Gondor}}</ref>

== Etymology ==
''Pharazôn'' means "Golden" in [[Adûnaic]], and is derived from the word ''[[pharaz]]'', 'gold'.<ref>{{App|Consonants}}</ref><ref>{{SD|Nouns}}, p. 426</ref>

== Other names ==
Had Ar-Pharazôn taken a [[Quenya]] name, he would have ruled as '''''Tar-Calion'''''.<ref>{{UT|Kings}}, entry XXV ''Ar-Pharazôn (Tar-Calion)''</ref> This title does not appear to be a direct translation of his Adûnaic name, since it means "Son of Light" (from ''[[cala]]'' 'light', and ''[[-ion]]'', the masculine patronymic).<ref>{{webcite|author=Paul Strack|articleurl=https://eldamo.org/content/words/word-2978386403.html|articlename=S. ''Calion'' m.|website=[http://eldamo.org/index.html Eldamo - An Elvish Lexicon]|accessed=2 May 2019}}</ref> Like all the other Kings of Númenor who took their royal names in Adûnaic, Pharazôn added the prefix ''[[Ar | ar]]'' ('high', 'King') to his name when he seized the Sceptre.<ref>{{UT|Kings}}, entries XX to XXIII and XXV</ref>

In the [[The Etymologies|''Etymologies'']], [[J.R.R. Tolkien|Tolkien]] noted the name '''''Tar-kulu''''' (in the entry for [[Sundocarme|root]] [[KUL]]), which editors [[Carl F. Hostetter]] and [[Patrick H. Wynne]] suggest could be a formerly unattested name of Ar-Pharazôn.<ref>{{VT|45a}}, p. 24</ref>

== Genealogy ==
{{familytree/start}}
{{familytree | ZIM | | | | AND | | | | |ZIM=[[Ar-Zimrathôn]] ''{{SA|2798|n}} - {{SA|3033|n}}''|AND=[[Lords of Andúnië|''14th Lord of Andúnië'']]}}
{{familytree | |!| | | |,|-|^|-|.| | | |}}
{{familytree | SAK | | LIN | | EAR | | |SAK=[[Ar-Sakalthôr]] ''{{SA|2876|n}} - {{SA|3102|n}}''|LIN=[[Lindórië]] ''unknown''|EAR=[[Eärendur (Lord of Andúnië)|Eärendur]] ''unknown''}}
{{familytree | |!| | | |!| | | |!| | | |}}
{{familytree | GIM |y| INZ | | AND | | |GIM=[[Ar-Gimilzôr]] ''{{SA|2960|n}} - {{SA|3177|n}}''|INZ=[[Inzilbêth]] ''unknown''|AND=[[Lords of Andúnië|''16th Lord of Andúnië'']]}}
{{familytree | |,|-|^|-|.| | | |!| | | |}}
{{familytree | PAL | | GIM | | NUM | | |PAL=[[Tar-Palantir]] ''{{SA|3035|n}} - {{SA|3255|n}}''|GIM=[[Gimilkhâd]] ''{{SA|3044|n}} - {{SA|3243|n}}''|NUM=[[Númendil]] ''unknown''}}
{{familytree | |!| | | |!| | | |!| | | |}}
{{familytree | MIR |~| PHA | | AMA | | |MIR=[[Tar-Míriel]] ''{{SA|3117|n}} - {{SA|3319|n}}''†|PHA='''AR-PHARAZÔN''' ''{{SA|3118|n}} - {{SA|3319|n}}''†|AMA=[[Amandil]] ''Sailed west {{SA|3316|n}}''†}}
{{familytree | | | | | | | | | |!| | | |}}
{{familytree | | | | | | | | | ELE | | |ELE=[[Elendil]] ''{{SA|3119|n}} - {{SA|3441|n}}''†}}
{{familytree | | | | | | | |,|-|^|-|.| |}}
{{familytree | | | | | | | ISI | | ANA |ISI=[[Isildur]] ''{{SA|3209|n}} - {{TA|2}}''†|ANA=[[Anárion]] ''{{SA|3219|n}} - {{SA|3440|n}}''†}}
{{familytree/end}}

== Other versions of the legendarium ==
In earlier versions of the ''Akallabêth'', Ar-Pharazôn summoned Sauron to Númenor instead of taking an army to Middle-earth and humbling him. The elements of Morgoth-worship and human sacrifice were not originally parts of his rule, either; in the first stories of the Downfall, Ar-Pharazôn merely built the Temple (on top of the Meneltarma, however) for future use and allowed Sauron to watch the people from it.

Alternate stories of Ar-Pharazôn's life written by Tolkien include a version in which Míriel was actually attracted to him, and their marriage was consensual. She gave him most of her power voluntarily. This remarkable textual development existed even in some of the latest revisions of the ''Akallabêth''.<ref>{{PM|Akallabeth}}</ref>

In the earliest drafts of the ''Akallabêth'', Ar-Pharazôn was named '''Angor'''<ref>{{LR|P1II2}}, §5</ref> later replaced by '''Tar-kalion'''<ref>{{LR|P1II3}}, §5</ref> and then '''Tarkalion'''.<ref>{{SD|3ii}}, §20</ref>

==Portrayal in adaptations==
[[File:The Rings of Power (TV series) - Chancellor Pharazôn.jpg|thumb|200px|Chancellor Pharazôn in ''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Rings of Power]]'']]

===Television===
'''2022: [[The Lord of the Rings: The Rings of Power|''The Lord of the Rings: The Rings of Power'']]:'''
: Pharazôn is portrayed by [[Trystan Gravelle]] in the Amazon TV series.<ref>{{webcite|author=Devan Coggan|articleurl=https://ew.com/tv/lord-of-the-rings-the-rings-of-power-numenor-first-look/|articlename=Welcome to Númenor: Get an exclusive look at The Lord of the Rings: The Rings of Power|dated=13 July 2022|website=[https://ew.com Entertainment Weekly]|accessed=13 July 2022}}</ref> He first appears on the series in it's [[Adar (episode)|third episode]].

== See also ==
* [[Númenóreans]]
* [[Downfall of Númenor]]
* [[Great Armament]]
* [[Gimilkhâd]]
* [[Amandil]]
* [[Tar-Míriel]]
* [[King's Men]]
* [[Sauron]]

{{references}}
{{seq-start}}
{{seq-head
| race=numenorean
| house=[[House of Elros]]
| born={{SA|3118}}
| died={{SA|3319}}
}}
{{seq
| prev=[[Tar-Palantir]]
| list=25th [[King of Númenor]]
| dates={{SA|3255}} - {{SA|3319|n}}
| next=[[Downfall of Númenor|Kingdom downfallen]]
| nvac=None
}}
{{seq-end}}

{{numenorkings}}
{{numenor}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:ArPharazon}}
[[Category:Characters in The Silmarillion]]
[[Category:House of Elros]]
[[Category:King's Men]]
[[Category:Mariners]]
[[Category:Rulers of Númenor]]
[[Category:Second Age characters]]
[[Category:Servants of Sauron]]

[[de:Ar-Pharazôn]]
[[fi:Ar-Pharazôn]]
[[fr:encyclo/personnages/hommes/2a/numenoreens/ar-pharazon]]

King of Men

2022-12-20T13:34:41Z

LordoftheEarth:

'''King of Men''' was a title claimed by two of [[Arda]]'s major tyrants: [[Sauron]], the great subversive [[Maiar|Maia]], and [[Ar-Pharazôn]], a power-hungry [[Númenóreans|Númenórean]].

==History==
During the [[Dark Years|Black Years]], when his empire encompassed almost all of [[Middle-earth]], Sauron styled himself as the "King of Men",<ref name=Akallabeth>{{S|Akallabeth}}</ref> demanding god-like deference from his great following among [[Men]];<ref name=Rings>{{S|Rings}}</ref> this incensed Ar-Pharazôn who perceived Sauron as a competitor for lordship of Arda.

Seeking to contend with the [[Dark Lord]], the [[King of Númenor]] confronted him and seemingly prevailed, wrestling the title of "King of Men" from his rival and oppressing the Men of Middle-earth. Ultimately, though, Ar-Pharazôn became Sauron's puppet, so that the latter remained in truth the most feared tyrant since [[Morgoth]]'s ousting.<ref name=Akallabeth>{{S|Akallabeth}}</ref>

{{References}}

[[Category:Other titles]]

King of Men

2022-12-20T13:33:57Z

LordoftheEarth:

King of Men

2022-12-20T13:27:26Z

LordoftheEarth:

Sauron

2022-12-20T13:26:38Z

LordoftheEarth:

{{evil infobox
| name=Sauron
| image=[[File:Alaïs - Annatar.jpg|250px]]
| caption="Annatar" by [[:Category:Images by Alaïs|Alaïs]]
| pronun=[[Quenya|Q]], {{IPA|[ˈsaʊron]}}
| othernames=''Annatar'' ([[Quenya|Q]]) ''Gorthaur'' ([[Sindarin|S]])''Mairon'' ([[Quenya|Q]]) ''Zigûr'' ([[Adûnaic|A]]) The Enemy [[Eye of Sauron|The Eye]] The Necromancer The Shadow ''([[#Other names|See below]])''
| titles=The [[Dark Lord]] [[King of Men]] The [[Lord of the Ring|Lord of the Rings]] Lord of the World Ring-maker
| position=
| location=[[Utumno]] [[Angband]] [[Tol-in-Gaurhoth]] [[Mordor]] [[Númenor]] [[Dol Guldur]]
| affiliation=[[Aulë]] [[Morgoth]]
| language=[[Valarin]], [[Black Speech]]
| birth=[[Creation of the Ainur]]
| birthlocation=
| rule={{SA|1600}} - {{TA|3019}}
| death=[[25 March]] {{TA|3019}}
| deathlocation=[[Barad-dûr]], [[Mordor]]
| age=
| notablefor=Smith of [[Aulë]] Lieutenant to [[Morgoth]] Deceived the [[Elves]] into forging the [[Rings of Power]]; Created [[The One Ring]]; Brought about the [[Downfall of Númenor]]; Nearly conquered the whole of [[Middle-earth]]
| parentage=
| siblings=
| spouse=
| children=
| race=[[Maiar|Maia]]
| gender=Male
| height=''[[#Appearance|See below]]''
| hair=
| eyes=''[[#Eye of Sauron|See below]]''
| clothing=
| weapons=[[The One Ring]]
| steed=
}}
<center>{{Quote|But in after days he rose like a shadow of Morgoth and a ghost of his malice, and walked behind him on the same ruinous path down into the Void.|''[[Valaquenta]]'': Of the Enemies}}</center>

'''Sauron''' was a highly gifted [[Maia]]. He was a student of [[Aulë]] and became skilled at crafting and making. He was named '''Mairon'''. Coveting the power through which he would coordinate all things according to his own will, he joined with [[Melkor]]. As "Gorthaur" he became the most trusted lieutenant of Morgoth, being reckoned as the greatest of his allies and servants in the [[Wars of Beleriand]]. From his fortress of [[Tol-in-Gaurhoth]], Sauron was directly responsible for the death of [[Barahir]] and later the [[Noldorin]] king [[Finrod]] during the [[Quest for the Silmaril]]. He demonstrated the ability to take the form of a wolf, a serpent, and a vampire.

After the downfall of Morgoth, Sauron continually strove to conquer [[Middle-earth]] throughout the [[Second Age|Second]] and [[Third Age|Third]] Ages. In the Second Age, under the guise of '''Annatar''', he deceived the [[Elves]] of [[Eregion]], who under his guidance had created the [[Rings of Power]], whilst he secretly forged [[the One Ring]] in [[Mount Doom]]. Thus Sauron became "'''[[Lord of the Ring|the Lord of the Rings]]'''". Failing to corrupt the Elves, he assaulted the [[Westlands]], beginning a period called the [[Dark Years]], the first time he became known as the '''[[Dark Lord]]'''. The arrogant [[Númenóreans]], contesting their rule on Middle-earth, challenged him, and Sauron accepted to be brought to [[Númenor]] as a captive; however his influence corrupted the Númenóreans further - leading to the [[Downfall of Númenor]]. His spirit escaped, as did [[Elendil]] and his sons, founding the Realms in Exile of [[Arnor]] and [[Gondor]]. Elves and the [[Dúnedain]], formed the [[Last Alliance]] and, in {{SA|3441}}, Elendil and Elven [[High King of the Noldor|High King]] [[Gil-galad]] died fighting Sauron. Following Sauron's defeat, Elendil's son, [[Isildur]], severed his Ringed finger and took the One Ring for himself.

In the Third Age,Sauron the Enemy returned to Middle-earth and, as the '''Necromancer''', took the hill of [[Amon Lanc]] as his fortress of [[Dol Guldur]]; one of his foremost servants, the [[Witch-king]], formed the realm of [[Angmar]] in the north of [[Eriador]]. Following an attack by the [[White Council]] in {{TA|2941}}, the Dark Lord Sauron returned to his fortress of [[Barad-dûr]] in [[Mordor]], marshalling his armies and using his two-faced vassal, the corrupted [[Wizards|Wizard]] [[Saruman]]. By {{TA|3018}} [[Frodo Baggins]] was in possession of the Ring, and he was led by [[Gandalf]] as a member of the [[Fellowship of the Ring]] in the [[Quest of the Ring]]. Whilst Sauron waged the [[War of the Ring]] against the [[Free peoples]] of Middle-earth, Frodo Baggins, [[Samwise Gamgee]] and [[Gollum]] reached Mount Doom on [[25 March]] {{TA|3019}}, and the Ring was destroyed. The breaking of the Ring caused Sauron's fall, and his stepping on Morgoth's path down into the [[Void]], resulting in the start of the [[Fourth Age]] and the [[Dominion of Men]].

== History ==
=== Origin ===
[[File:Maureval - Mairon.jpg|thumb|left|''Mairon'' by [[:Category:Images by Maureval|Maureval]]]]
As one of the most powerful [[Maiar]], Sauron was created by [[Ilúvatar]] before the [[Music of the Ainur]].<ref name="Ainu">{{S|Ainu}}</ref> At the beginning of Time, he was amongst the [[Ainur]] who entered into [[Eä]].<ref name="SVala">{{S|IId}}</ref> Here he became one of the Maiar of [[Aulë]], among whose people he was deemed mighty and surpassed only by the Smith himself,<ref name="SVala"/> and was known as '''''Mairon'''''.<ref name="PE17.1">{{PE|17}}, p. 183</ref>

Mairon's virtue was his love for order, planning and coordination, disliking confusion and chaos. But his obsession with order gradually overshadowed his love for the other intelligent beings of Arda, who would benefit from his planning; it became the sole object of his will, the end in itself. He started admiring [[Melkor]]'s power to realize his designs quickly and masterfully.<ref name=myths/>

Early on he was ensnared by Melkor, becoming his greatest and most trusted servant.<ref name="SRings">{{S|Rings}}</ref> Thus he came to be known as '''''Gorthaur''''' by the [[Sindar]] of [[Beleriand]] and '''''Sauron''''' by others. Sauron initially was not as evil as Morgoth, as he was serving someone and not himself.<ref name="SVala"/> Unlike Melkor, who wanted to unmake and corrupt the world, Sauron wished to rule it and do what he wanted with it.<ref name=myths>{{MR|Myths}}, pp. 394-398</ref>

=== First Age ===
After [[Morgoth]] made his great fortress of [[Angband]] in the north-west of [[Middle-earth]], he appointed Sauron to be its commander.<ref name="SCaptivity">{{S|Captivity}}</ref> When the [[Valar]] captured Melkor at the [[Battle of the Powers]], they stormed and searched Utumno and Angband; however, they failed to find Sauron.<ref name="SCaptivity"/>

{{blockquote|Sauron was become now a sorcerer of dreadful power, master of shadows and of phantoms, foul in wisdom, cruel in strength, misshaping what he touched, twisting what he ruled, lord of werewolves; his dominion was torment.|''[[Quenta Silmarillion]]'', "[[Of the Ruin of Beleriand and the Fall of Fingolfin]]"}}

Sauron continued his evil operations; during the [[Great March]] it is said that he afflicted the [[Atyamar|land of the Elves]] in the [[Vales of Anduin]], forcing the [[Elves]] to resume their journey.<ref>{{NM|P1vii}}, pp. 50-51</ref>

With the unchaining of Morgoth and his subsequent destruction of the [[Two Trees|Two Trees of Valinor]], the [[Sun]] first rose and ushered in the awakening of [[Men]]. Leaving Sauron in command of the war, Morgoth left Angband in secret to find the second-born kindred of the [[Children of Ilúvatar]] and to corrupt them to his will.<ref name="SWest">{{S|West}}</ref>

After the [[Fall of Fingolfin]], Sauron launched an attack on [[Tol Sirion]]. Utter fear descended upon [[Orodreth]] and those who defended the isle. Sauron assailed [[Minas Tirith (Beleriand)|Minas Tirith]] and turned it into a watch tower for Morgoth. Therein Sauron sat and Tol Sirion the fair became [[Tol-in-Gaurhoth]], the Isle of Werewolves.<ref name="SFingolfin">{{S|Fingolfin}}</ref>

Upon hearing of the deeds of [[Barahir]] and his companions, Morgoth ordered Sauron to find and kill them. [[Gorlim]], one of Barahir's companions, was captured and brought before Sauron. Sauron promised that he would free Gorlim and his wife [[Eilinel]] in return for information. Under the terror of Sauron's eyes, Gorlim revealed everything he knew, and thus the hiding place of Barahir was betrayed to the enemy. Subsequently, Sauron revealed Eilinel was dead and had Gorlim put to death.<ref name="Beren">{{S|Beren}}</ref>

[[Beren]], son of [[Barahir]], promised to avenge his father's death. He wandered [[Dorthonion]] as an outlaw and achieved great deeds that were heard far and wide. Morgoth set a high price on his head and Sauron, commanding a great army of [[werewolves]] and [[fell beasts]], sought for Beren.<ref name="Beren"/>

Later, [[Finrod|Finrod Felagund]], Beren, and their ten companions left [[Nargothrond]] in search of the [[Silmarils]]. Despite their being disguised as Orcs, Sauron espied them as they entered into the vale between [[Ered Wethrin]] and [[Taur-nu-Fuin (Dorthonion)|Taur-nu-Fuin]] and was suspicious, as Orcs passing were supposed to report to him. He had them captured and they were brought to him. There Finrod and Sauron fought in songs of power; the strength of both was great, but Sauron was more powerful. He then stripped them of their Orc disguises but failed to discern who they were. He had them thrown into a dark pit where one by one they were devoured by a werewolf. Withstanding this horror, they refused to betray one another.<ref name="Beren"/>

[[File:Ted Nasmith - Huan Subdues Sauron.jpg|thumb|''Huan subdues Sauron'' by [[Ted Nasmith]]]]
When all of their companions were dead, Finrod and Beren were the last who remained alive in Sauron's pit. When a werewolf went to attack Beren, Finrod Felagund used all his power to defeat it. In this he was successful. However, he was critically wounded and soon passed away. In that dark moment, [[Lúthien]] came to the bridge of [[Tol-in-Gaurhoth]] and sang. From his tower of Minas Tirith, Sauron saw Lúthien and knew that it was the famous daughter of [[Melian]] and [[Thingol]]. He desired to capture her and hand her over to Morgoth. Therefore, he sent a wolf to the bridge, but it was quickly and silently slain by [[Huan]]. He sent many more, and each one Huan killed. Finally, he sent [[Draugluin]], sire of the werewolves of Angband. The fight between Huan and Draugluin was fierce. Eventually Draugluin fled and, before dying, he told his master that Huan was there. According to prophecy, Huan would not die until he had encountered the greatest of all wolves, so Sauron contrived to take on that role and defeat the hound. Therefore Sauron took on the form of a werewolf, the greatest the world had ever seen, and went towards the bridge. So great was the terror of his approach that even Huan momentarily recoiled. Sauron leaped to attack Lúthien, but she drew her magic veil over his eyes, afflicting him with fatigue and blindness. Then Huan sprang upon Sauron and there they fought. The force of Sauron's malice alone left Lúthien weak and nearly unconscious, and the fighting was brutal and prolonged; however, he could not subdue the hound of [[Valinor]]. He was trapped within Huan's jaws and could not break free, even when he took the form of a serpent and finally his own shape. Rather than leave his physical form, he yielded to Lúthien, giving her control of the isle in return for his release. He then took the form of a vampire and fled to [[Taur-nu-Fuin (Dorthonion)|Taur-nu-Fuin]], filling the forest with horror.<ref name="Beren"/>

After the [[War of Wrath]], with the downfall of [[Morgoth]] and the destruction of [[Thangorodrim]], Sauron adopted a fair form and repented his evil deeds in fear of the wrath of the Valar. [[Eönwë]] ordered Sauron to return to [[Valinor]] in order to receive the judgement of Manwë. Sauron was not willing to suffer such humiliation, and he instead fled and hid himself in [[Middle-earth]].<ref name="SRings"/>

=== Second Age ===
[[File:Mysilvergreen - Sauron-Annatar and the creation of the One Ring.png|thumb|right|''Sauron-Annatar and the creation of the One Ring'' by [[:Category:Images by Mysilvergreen|Mysilvergreen]]]]
It was {{SA|500|n}} years into the [[Second Age]] when Sauron started to stir again.<ref name="lotr-toy"/> Sauron decided that the [[Valar]] had forgotten about [[Middle-earth]] and he once again turned to evil; many Men in [[East]] and [[South]], already corrupted by Melkor, fell under the [[Shadow]] by following him.<ref name="SRings"/> By {{SA|882}}, [[Gil-galad]] sensed a shadow arising in the East and sent a [[Gil-galad's letter|warning]] to [[Númenor]].<ref>{{UT|Wife}}</ref> Around {{SA|1000}} Sauron was alarmed by the growing power of the [[Númenóreans]], and chose [[Mordor]] as a land to make into a stronghold. He began the building of [[Barad-dûr]], the Dark Tower, near Mount Doom.<ref name="lotr-toy"/>

Although Sauron long knew that [[Men]] were easier to sway, he sought to bring the [[Elves]] into his service, as they were far more powerful.<ref name="SRings"/> After lying hidden and increasing his power in secret, in {{SA|1200}} Sauron put on a fair visage, calling himself '''Annatar''', the Lord of Gifts, an emissary from the Valar. He was never welcome in [[Lindon]] as [[Elrond]] and [[Gil-galad]] did not trust him and refused to treat with him, although they did not perceive who he truly was.<ref name="SRings"/>

Elsewhere Annatar was gladly received, especially in [[Eregion]], where only [[Galadriel]] distrusted him. The [[Noldorin]] smiths there learned much from him in art and magic, as their thirst for knowledge was great.<ref name="lotr-coe">{{FR|Council}}</ref><ref name="lotr-toy">{{App|SA}}</ref> Under the tutelage of Annatar and the leadership of [[Celebrimbor]], grandson of [[Fëanor]], the [[Gwaith-i-Mírdain]], became more skilled than anyone save Fëanor himself. In the year {{SA|1500}}, when they reached the very height of their power, the Elves began the forging of the [[Rings of Power]], which according to Annatar would help them preserve their powers over Middle-earth.

But Sauron was ready to begin his own plans, and in {{SA|1600}} - ten years after the completion of the Rings of Power - he created [[The One Ring]] to control the bearers of the other Rings. He invested most of his own power into the Ring as he forged it, so that it would be more powerful than the others. With its power he completed the building of the Dark Tower.<ref name="SRings"/><ref name="lotr-toy" />

But the Elves were not so easily ensnared, and as soon as Sauron put on the One Ring they and Celebrimbor were aware of him, and realised they were betrayed.<ref name="lotr-coe" /><ref name="lotr-toy" /> They hid their Rings from Sauron and did not use them. Sauron demanded that the other Rings be given to him, for they would not have been made without his knowledge. The Elves refused, and the War was inevitable.<ref name="SRings"/>

==== [[Black Years]] ====
During this time Sauron constructed the [[Black Gate]] of Mordor to prevent invasion, and raised massive armies of [[Orcs]], [[Trolls]], and Men, chiefly [[Easterlings]] and [[Southrons]] whom he dominated as a king and god. He had them make many fortified towns, and armed those under him with iron.<ref name=dm/><ref name="SRings"/>

The [[War of the Elves and Sauron]] began in {{SA|1693}} and was a bloody conflict which destroyed Eregion and devastated much of Eriador.<ref name="lotr-toy"/> Celebrimbor was slain and his body impaled on a spike paraded at the head of Sauron's legions. The Elves were pushed back almost to the Blue Mountains, while their Dwarven allies (who had also rejected Sauron) retreated behind the walls of [[Moria]] where Sauron could not assail them.

Sauron was the [[Dark Lord]] of almost all of Middle-earth beyond the coasts, but the [[Númenóreans]] responded to the Elves' call for aid and sent a relief force. With united forces, Sauron's army was driven back and defeated near the [[Sarn Ford]] and withdrew to [[Tharbad]] where he was reinforced. But the Númenórean admiral [[Ciryatur]] had sent a fleet up the river Gwathló and Sauron's army was [[Battle of the Gwathló|attacked in the rear and utterly defeated]]. The Dark Lord fled back to Mordor with little more than his own bodyguard and a handful of orcs.<ref>{{UT|Galadriel}}</ref>

Nonetheless, while Sauron's subsequent power never quite matched the height it had during the War with the Elves, many of his most powerful enemies' homelands had been devastated. As the Númenóreans established dominions around the [[Westlands]] (c. {{SA|1800}}),<ref name="lotr-toy"/> Sauron's empire continued to expand to dominate barbarian Men as servants and worshippers to the far south and east.<ref name=dm>{{PM|Dwarves}}</ref><ref>{{UT|Amroth}}</ref>

As the Elves had failed him, he had decided to distribute the Rings of Power to three corrupted lords of [[Númenor]]<ref name=Akallabeth>{{S|Akallabeth}}</ref> and [[Khamûl|an Easterling king]] and other five Men, as well as lords of the Dwarves. The Dwarves proved too hardy and resistant to their effects; but the Men eventually faded and in {{SA|2251}} they appeared as [[Ringwraiths]], his greatest slaves.<ref name="lotr-toy"/>

Believing he would dominate all of Middle-earth, Sauron assumed many glorious titles: '''King of Kings''',<ref name=L131>{{L|131}}</ref> '''King of Men''',<ref name=Akallabeth/> '''Lord of the Earth''',<ref name="SRings"/> and even '''Lord of the World'''.<ref name=L131/>

==== On Númenor ====
[[File:Elena Kukanova - The Temple of Melkor.jpg|200px|thumb|right|''The Temple of Melkor'' by [[Elena Kukanova]]]]
This offended the arrogant [[Númenóreans]] who had already started to fall under the [[Shadow]]. The proud Númenóreans came to Middle-earth with great force of arms, and Sauron's forces fled. Realising he could not defeat the Númenóreans with military strength, Sauron allowed himself to be taken as a hostage to Númenor by King [[Ar-Pharazôn]] in {{SA|3262}}.<ref name="lotr-toy"/>

There, he quickly grew from captive to adviser and was known as '''Zigûr''', the Wizard;<ref name=Defeated>{{HM|SD}}, ''passim''</ref> he seduced the King and further corrupted the people.<ref name="lotr-toy"/> He converted many Númenóreans to the worship of Darkness, becoming High Priest of a Melkor cult. He had the [[White Tree]] cut down and in its place raised a great [[Temple]] in which he performed human sacrifices, persecuting those who were still [[Faithful]]. Finally, he convinced the king to rebel against the Valar and attack Valinor itself, claiming they would gain immortality. [[Ilúvatar|Eru]], the supreme God, then directly intervened: Númenor was drowned under the sea, and the great navy of Númenor was destroyed.

Sauron was on Númenor in the Temple of Melkor and was caught in the ensuing [[Drowning of Númenor|flood]]. However, his spirit survived, although severely weakened by the destruction, and it fled back to Middle-earth.

==== Against the Faithful ====
Sauron's spirit returned to Mordor in {{SA|3320}},<ref name="lotr-toy"/> where he slowly rebuilt his strength, although he was unable to assume a fair shape. From this point on he started to rule through terror and force, largely filling the fearsome role left vacant by his former master.

Meanwhile, a few faithful Númenóreans, led by [[Elendil]], were saved from the flood, and they founded [[Gondor]] and [[Arnor]] in Middle-earth. Sauron still considered them his hated enemies and he launched a pre-emptive attack on Gondor in {{SA|3429}}.<ref name="lotr-toy"/>

In response, the Númenóreans formed the [[Last Alliance of Elves and Men|Last Alliance]] with the Elven-king [[Gil-galad]]. Learning of them, Sauron dispatched some [[Orcs of Mordor]] to the [[Misty Mountains]] to ambush them.<ref>{{UT|Gladden}}, Note #20</ref> He also burned the [[Brown Lands|gardens]] of the [[Entwives]] against the advance of the Allies down the [[Anduin]].<ref>{{L|144}}</ref> Nonetheless the Allies reached Mordor and defeated Sauron's forces in the [[Battle of Dagorlad]] in {{SA|3434}} and finally laid siege before [[Barad-dûr]].<ref name="lotr-toy"/>

The siege lasted for seven years until {{SA|3441}}, when Sauron left his fortress, engaging in direct combat. Elendil and Gil-galad fought Sauron and vanquished him, but both were killed.<ref name="lotr-toy"/> [[Isildur]], son of Elendil, cut the One Ring from Sauron's finger and claimed it. Later, the Ring betrayed him and was lost for more than two thousand years. After his defeat in the War of the Last Alliance, Sauron lost his ability to form a physical body for a great while.

=== Third Age ===
Sauron's defeat released his subjects, like the [[Easterlings]], from his tyranny, but they fell into chaos. Their tribes and kingdoms battled against each other and some withdrew to the hated west.<ref>{{UT|6b}}, p. 259</ref> Weakened by his defeat and the loss of the One Ring, it is thought that he fled to the far east to regain his power and strength before returning.

It was not until c. {{TA|1000}} that Sauron could again begin to take shape in a physical living body. Worried by this prospect, the [[Valar]] sent [[Wizards|five]] [[Maiar]] from the West to assist the peoples of Middle-earth against Sauron.<ref>{{UT|Istari}}, pp. 388-389</ref>

His power was enough that he began again to throw a shadow across portions of [[Middle-earth]]. Apparently, Sauron's spirit managed to move some Easterlings, who invaded [[Rhovanion]] and came to the [[Vales of Anduin]].<ref>{{PM|XNotes}}, #60</ref>

==== The Necromancer ====
These moves coincided with the coming of the [[Shadow]] to [[Greenwood the Great]].<ref>{{PM|Atani}}</ref> Around {{TA|1050|n}} he chose [[Amon Lanc|a hill]] in southern Greenwood as a place to build the fortress of [[Dol Guldur]]. At first, [[the Wise]] thought that this "Necromancer" was one of the [[Nazgûl]] who had returned and taken up residence in southern Greenwood.<ref name=TA/>

The year {{TA|1300}} marked Sauron's increased power, evidenced by "evil things" who multiplied and grew bold again, like the [[Orcs of the Misty Mountains]] and some of the [[Dragons]], who attacked the [[Dwarves]]; and the return of the Nazgûl, with the founding of the evil realm of [[Angmar]].<ref name=TA/> In the following centuries, Sauron's subjects in Angmar, the East and the South concentrated against his ancient enemies. Kings [[Araphant]] of [[Arnor]] and [[Ondoher]] of [[Gondor]] realised that a single force was coordinating the attacks on both of their kingdoms and that they needed to work together to combat this evil. However, Angmar was successful in destroying Arnor, and soon after the Nazgûl gathered in Mordor and [[Second Fall of Minas Ithil|conquered]] [[Minas Ithil]] to prepare for Sauron's return; their final success was ending the [[Kings of Gondor|royal line]] of Gondor.<ref name=gondor>{{App|Gondor}}</ref><ref name="SRings"/><ref name=TA/> As his shadow deepened, [[Durin's Bane|a balrog]] awoke, causing the desertion of [[Moria]].<ref name=TA/>
[[File:John Howe - Pass the Doors of Dol Guldur.jpg|thumb|left|''Pass the Doors of Dol Guldur'' by [[John Howe]]]]
By {{TA|2060}} the power of Dol Guldur grew so much that [[the Wise]] were alerted that Sauron was returning. [[Gandalf]] entered the fortress in {{TA|2063|n}} but the shadow fled before him. Returning to the [[East]],<ref name=TA/> Sauron started corrupting the [[Easterlings]] and forging a strong alliance between their tribes.{{fact}} The period of his absence was known as the ''[[Watchful Peace]]'', because the Shadow on Mirkwood had lessened and the Nazgûl stayed quiet in Minas Morgul,<ref name=TA/> using this period to prepare for Sauron's return.

==== Return to Dol Guldur ====
The Necromancer returned in {{TA|2460|n}} more powerful, with many Men in his service, and again took up residence in [[Dol Guldur]].<ref name=TA/> His return coincided with the One Ring revealing itself [[Third Age 2463|three years later]], falling in the hands of [[Gollum|a Stoor]]. Sensing the danger, the [[Wise]] formed the [[White Council]].<ref name=TA/>

The Necromancer's aims remained to gather the Rings of Power, find news about the One Ring, and eliminate the [[Heir of Isildur]], if one remained in [[Middle-earth]].<ref>{{App|Tale}}</ref><ref name=TA/> In {{TA|2475}} the [[Uruk-hai]] exited Mordor and briefly conquered [[Ithilien]]. [[Third Age 2480|Some years later]] the Orcs of the Mountains organized themselves, blocking the passes to the West; Moria had been depopulated centuries earlier by the Balrog, and Sauron sent Orcs and [[Trolls]] there.<ref name=TA/> Also under his shadow were the [[Balchoth]], who invaded Mirkwood and cooperated with Orcs to attack Gondor.<ref name=stew/> Sauron's servants captured the [[King of Durin's Folk|Dwarf King]] [[Thráin|Thráin II]] and took [[Ring of Thrór|one]] of the [[Seven Rings|Seven Dwarf rings]] from him.<ref name=TA/>

Still investigating the Necromancer, [[Gandalf]] snuck into Dol Guldur in {{TA|2850|n}} and met the dying Dwarf King, learning that the Necromancer was none other than Sauron. [[Third Age 2851|The next year]], Gandalf informed the White Council and urged an immediate attack upon the fortress, but [[Saruman|Saruman the White]] had learned of the presence of the [[The One Ring|Ruling Ring]] near the [[Gladden Fields]], and he thought it best to allow Sauron to build up his strength in order to reveal its location so that Saruman could seize it himself. Following this strategy, Saruman opposed Gandalf.<ref name=TA>{{App|TA}}</ref>

As his power was growing and his arising came closer, his minions moved again against Gondor; his agents stirred the [[Haradrim]] to resume attacking Gondor, while [[Uruk-hai]] and [[Orcs of Mordor]] infested [[Ithilien]]<Ref name=stew/><Ref name=TA/> but never managed to pass beyond Anduin, further into Gondor.<ref name=hunt>{{UT|Hunt}}</ref> All this time Sauron apparently had learned about the [[Disaster of the Gladden Fields]] where his old enemy Isildur was killed, shortly after his own demise, almost three millennia ago. He sent his minions to look for the One Ring around [[Anduin]] near the [[Gladden Fields]], not knowing that it had been already in the possession of [[Gollum|a Stoor]].<Ref name=TA/>

==== Attack of the White Council ====
Considering the situations, and the occupation of the dragon [[Smaug]] of [[Erebor]], Gandalf was worried that Sauron's military assault against the [[West]] was a matter of time, and that he would use Smaug in his force; Gandalf started considering a simultaneous attack both against Dol Guldur and against Smaug, to weaken Sauron.<ref name=erebor>{{UT|Erebor}}</ref>
[[File:Angus McBride - Dol Guldur.jpg|thumb|''Dol Guldur'' by [[Angus McBride]]]]
In {{TA|2939}} Saruman learned that Sauron was searching for the Ring, and worried that he would find it sooner than he. In {{TA|2941|n}} he conceded with Gandalf to [[Attack on Dol Guldur|attack Dol Guldur]].<ref name=TA/> Indeed, in the meantime Gandalf managed to eliminate Smaug, and the Orcs of the Mountains were decimated in the [[Battle of Five Armies|ensuing battle]], allowing the [[Kingdom Under the Mountain]] and [[Dale]] to flourish again.<ref name=erebor/><ref>{{H|Return}}</ref>

Although Gandalf was weakening Sauron's potential grasp in the [[Wilderland|North]],<ref name=erebor/> Sauron had been expecting the White Council's attack against Dol Guldur and fled from there.<ref name=TA/>

==== Return to Mordor ====
The [[Nazgûl]] had been preparing [[Barad-dûr]] for Sauron's return, so it was easy for Sauron to return secretly to his old stronghold [[Third Age 2942|a year later]]. Sauron declared himself openly in {{TA|2951}}, sent three Nazgûl back to Dol Guldur and started rebuilding the Dark Tower, and once it was completed, the [[Mount Doom]] erupted.<Ref name=stew>{{App|Stewards}}</ref><ref name=TA/>

From then on Sauron stayed in Barad-dûr to conduct his war on the [[Free peoples]]. The shadow of Mordor caused despair and sickness to the Gondorians, like [[Finduilas_(wife_of_Denethor)|Finduilas]], and in his desperation, the Steward [[Denethor]], Sauron's most immediate enemy, used the [[Anor-stone]] to gain knowledge. That ''[[palantír]]'' was directly linked to the [[Ithil-stone]] that the Nazgûl had taken from Minas Morgul, and when Sauron used it, he discovered Denethor was using his. Sauron attempted to wrench the Anor-stone to his will, but failed due to Denethor's strength of will and birth-right to the stone. But this stressed and wore out the steward, who lost his hope.<ref name=stew/><ref>{{UT|Palantiri}}</ref>

By {{TA|3000}} the shadow lengthened, and Saruman, who was residing in [[Orthanc]], had secretly found and decided to use the [[Orthanc-stone]]. As happened with Denethor, Sauron linked with his mind, managing to enslave him;<ref name=TA/> from one of his wisest enemies, Saruman became one of his greatest servants.

Around {{TA|3009}} [[Gollum]], who formerly bore the One Ring and now pursued its thief, ventured into Mordor and was captured by Sauron's minions. Gollum was tortured and interrogated for the following years,<ref name=TA/> and before releasing him, Sauron learned that the One Ring had been found by [[Bilbo Baggins]] of [[the Shire]].

Sauron bred immense armies of Orcs and allied with or enslaved Men from the east and south. He adopted the symbol of a lidless eye, and he was able at that time to send out his will over Middle-earth, so that the [[Eye of Sauron]] became a symbol of power and fear.

==== The War of the Ring ====
Sauron was alarmed when the [[Elves of Mirkwood]] captured Gollum,<ref name=TA/> so in June of {{TA|3018}} he dispatched the Nazgûl to hunt for the [[One Ring]] in secrecy. To disguise the crossing of the Nine over the Great River, Sauron staged an [[Sauron's attack on Osgiliath|attack on Osgiliath]]. This feint served two purposes: first, to test the strength and preparedness of Denethor, and second and more importantly, to present the Nazgûl as merely a military asset, concealing from the [[Wise]] their true mission.<ref name=hunt/> Denethor's forces were stronger than Sauron hoped, but Sauron took the eastern half of the city nonetheless. This allowed the Nazgûl to cross the Great River and begin their hunt.<ref name=hunt/> Now knowing the measure of his enemy, Sauron continued to amass his forces in Minas Morgul and Mordor in preparation for the siege of Gondor.<ref>{{TT|IV4}}</ref>

By September, the Nazgûl had failed to discover the Shire, and Sauron's wrath and fear were mounting. Via messenger, Sauron ordered the Nine to discard secrecy in favour of speed and go to Isengard to confront Saruman about his knowledge of the whereabouts of the Ring. At this time, Sauron also conveyed to the Nine such dire threats as to dismay even the Lord of Morgul.<ref name=hunt/> The Nine ultimately failed in their mission, being defeated and unhorsed by the flood of the Bruinen. The Witch-king returned alone to Mordor in December of 3018 to Sauron's great fear, for Sauron perceived that his foes still had strength left in them, and luck seemed to be on their side.<ref>{{HM|RC}}, "The Ring Goes South", p. 262</ref>

Sauron's next glimpse of the Ring (or so he believed) would come in the late hours of [[5 March]] T.A. 3019, when Pippin looked into the [[palantir]] of Orthanc that he had recovered from the flood of Isengard. Sauron, unaware of Saruman's defeat at hands of the [[Ents]], assumed Pippin was the Wizard's prisoner, and was being forced to look into the Palantir as a form of cruel sport. Rather than interrogate Pippin immediately, Sauron chose to torment him, and bid him tell Saruman that he would send for the prisoner immediately. <ref>{{TT|Palantir}}</ref> He was therefore deceived into thinking the Ring was finally within his grasp.

A few hours later, on the morning of [[6 March]], Sauron encountered one of his foes in the ''palantír'' of Orthanc: Aragorn looked into the Stone, revealing himself to Sauron as the Heir of Isildur and wielder of [[Andúril]], the Blade Reforged. Aragorn spoke no word to Sauron and with a great effort of will wrested control of the Stone from him. As Aragorn intended, this played on Sauron's gnawing doubts and filled him with fear, believing that Aragorn might have overthrown Saruman, seizing Pippin and therefore the Ring. Thus, he ordered the Witch-king to launch his long-planned assault on Gondor immediately, rather than wait for all preparations to be made, hoping to destroy his enemies before they had a chance to make full use of the Ring's power.<ref name=RKV2>{{RK|V2}}</ref>

The death of the Witch-king and the defeat of his army in the [[Battle of the Pelennor Fields]] were a setback to Sauron, but he still had a great force of arms held in reserve in Mordor, more than enough to eventually secure military victory against all of his enemies combined. After his encounter with Aragorn in the ''palantír'', Sauron believed that one of his foes in Minas Tirith held the One Ring and would soon attempt to use it. As such, Gandalf was able to exploit Sauron's false beliefs with an audacious plan: the army of the Free Peoples would march on the Black Gate as a feint, keeping Sauron's Eye fixed upon them and blind to all else that moved, as the true Ringbearer made his way to Mount Doom.<ref name=RKV9>{{RK|V9}}</ref>

For the next nine days, Gandalf's plan worked - as the Host of the West made its way east and north, Sauron kept his entire focus upon it and diverted the whole strength of Mordor to the Black Gate to meet them. Even when Shagrat brought news of an "Elvish" intruder in [[Cirith Ungol]], Sauron's belief that the Ring was with the Host of the West remained unshaken and he made no attempt to investigate further; he could certainly not imagine that his enemies were trying to sneak the Ring into Mordor. Frodo and Sam thus made it to the [[Sammath Naur]] undetected, and Sauron did not become aware of them until the very moment that Frodo claimed the Ring for himself.<ref name=RKVI3>{{RK|VI3}}</ref> [[File:Ted Nasmith - The Shadow of Sauron.jpg|thumb|''The Shadow of Sauron'' by [[Ted Nasmith]]]]

Only then did Sauron finally perceive Frodo and, realising he had been tricked, was overwhelmed with wrath and fear. He instantly lost all interest in the ongoing [[Battle of the Morannon]] and dispatched the Nazgûl from the skies above the battle to Mount Doom with all haste. It was too late; Gollum fell into the Crack of Doom with the Ring, destroying it and himself. In the moment of the Ring's destruction, Barad-dûr and many other of Sauron's fortresses crumbled to ruin. Sauron's spirit emerged and rose above Mordor like a black cloud - he stretched out his hand towards the army of the West, but even as he did so, he was blown away by a great wind and vanished.<ref name=RKVI4>{{RK|VI4}}</ref>

== Legacy ==
Thus Sauron's power was unmade, and his dominion in Middle-earth came to an end. According to Gandalf, Sauron was "maimed for ever, becoming a mere spirit of malice that gnaws itself in the shadows, but cannot again grow or take shape."<ref name=RKV9 /> Sauron's corporeal body that was in the Dark Tower died, and without the Ring his spirit no longer had the power to create a new one. Though his indestructible mind and being were bound forever to [[Eä]], Sauron had lost all power to effect his will upon the world<ref>{{L|200}}</ref> and could never again grow in strength.<ref>{{MR|P5VII}}, section iii, p. 403 and note 11, p. 407</ref>

It is said of Sauron, in summary of his long career of wickedness in Arda, that "he rose like a shadow of Morgoth and a ghost of his malice, and walked behind him on the same ruinous path down into the Void."<ref>{{S|IId}}</ref>

==Characteristics==
Sauron was a being of exceptional power, both in personal might and in sorcery, yet his greatest strength lie in his cunning, intellect, and charisma; through persuasion, deception, and coercion, he brought ruin to many mortal realms and united others unto himself, often without ever having to physically intervene, and he nearly cast Middle-earth into darkness several times throughout his existence.

Much like his [[Melkor|master]], pride in his own abilities was his greatest personal weakness, and this arrogance, coupled with an underestimation of his enemies, would ultimately doom him.<ref>{{RK|Doom}}</ref>
=== Physical form ===
[[File:J.R.R. Tolkien - Sauron.jpg|thumb|right|Tolkien's unfinished sketch of Sauron, apparently showing him just after the destruction of the Ring]]
At first Sauron appeared as a royal and commanding figure in a strong body. He was also able to veil his power and change his shape. Later, however, he could take only a terrible form, of a stature greater than a [[Men|Man]]'s, though not giant,<ref>{{L|246}}</ref> "an image of malice and hatred made visible; and the Eye of Sauron the Terrible few could endure."<ref name=Akallabeth/> [[Isildur]] recounted that at the [[Siege of Barad-dûr]], Sauron's hand was black with a deadly burning touch.<ref name="lotr-coe"/> Gollum would also call him "Black Hand", noticing he only had four fingers after Isildur cut one off.<ref name=Closed>{{TT|IV3}}</ref>

=== Eye of Sauron ===
The '''[[Eye of Sauron]]''', called by various names, was the symbol of [[Sauron]] the Dark Lord following the loss of [[the One Ring]]. This symbol was adopted to show his unceasing vigilance and piercing perception, and was displayed on the weaponry of his servants, or at least the [[orcs]].

Sauron's Eye as Frodo sees it in the [[Mirror of Galadriel]] is the only feature of his later form described in detail. It is yellow and rimmed with fire, with a slit pupil, "a window into nothing."<ref>{{FR|II7}}</ref> The colour is compared to that of a cat's eye, but because of the references to Sauron's Lidless Eye, it may also resemble that of a snake, such as an adder. Readers differ as to whether Sauron's eyes were literally lidless and resembled what Frodo saw, or instead the Eye was only a symbol that Frodo saw in the Mirror in an elaborate form.

Sauron's gaze, even indirectly, was known to wither, exhaust, and weaken his foes, with [[Denethor II|Denethor]], [[Aragorn II|Aragorn]], and [[Gandalf the Grey|Gandalf]] all rendered weary and dreadful after confronting him.<ref>{{FR|Breaking}}</ref> The sheer malevolence Sauron exuded through his presence alone was enough to render Lúthien frail and nearly unconscious.<ref>{{S|Beren}}</ref>

== Etymology ==
{{pronounce|Quenya - Sauron.mp3|Gilgamesh}}
'''''Sauron''''' (pron. {{IPA|[ˈsaʊron]}})<ref group=note>''Sauron'' is pronounced "sour-on" (''sour'' as in not sweet).</ref> is a [[Quenya]] name, said to mean "the Abhorred".<ref>{{S|Index}}, entry "Sauron"</ref>

Several accounts of the origin of the name ''Sauron'' were suggested in different linguistic manuscripts:
*deriving from Quenya ''[[saura]]'' ("foul, evil-smelling, putrid", from the [[Sundocarme|root]] [[THUS#Other versions|THUS]]).<ref>{{LR|Etymologies}}, entry "[[THUS]]-"</ref>
*deriving from Quenya ''[[saura]]'' ("foul, vile"; from root [[SAWA]]). The manuscript continues saying that ''Sauron'' "could be a genuine [[Sindarin]] formation from ''[[saur]]''; but is probably from Quenya". However, this origin appears to have been rejected, as it is followed by the comment "No. [[THAW|THAW-]], cruel. ''[[Saura]]'', cruel" in the manuscript.<ref>{{PE|17}}, pp. 183-4</ref>
*deriving from the [[Primitive Quendian]] form ''þaurond-'' (formed from the adjective ''þaurā'' "detestable", from root [[THAW]]).<ref>{{L|297}}, p. 380</ref>
*deriving from '''''Thauron''''', which includes the [[Sindarin]] element ''[[thaur]]'' ("abominable, abhorrent"; also found in [[Sauron#Other names|''Gor'''thaur''''']]).<ref name=Appendix>{{S|Appendix}}, entries ''gor'', ''thaur''</ref>

== Other names ==
{{pronounce|Sindarin - Gorthaur.mp3|Gilgamesh}}
{{pronounce|Quenya - Mairon.mp3|Gilgamesh}}
{{Pronounce|Annatar.mp3|Ardamir}}
'''''Gorthaur''''' was a name used of Sauron by the [[Sindar]] during the [[First Age]],<ref name="SVala"></ref><ref>{{WJ|15}}, p. 240</ref> meaning "Terrible Dread". The name is composed of the elements ''[[gor]]'' ("horror, dread") and ''[[thaur]]'' ("abominable, abhorrent").<ref name=Appendix></ref> The Quenya equivalent was '''''Ñorsus'''''.<ref name="PE17.1"></ref>

In some of Tolkien's notes from the 1950s, it is said that Sauron's original name was '''''Mairon''''' ([[Quenya|Q]], "the Admirable"), but this was altered after he was suborned by Melkor. He continued to call himself Mairon the Admirable, or '''Tar-mairon''' ("King Excellent"), until after Númenor's downfall,<ref name="PE17.1"/> although he could not use that name in Númenor, as it was a Quenya name with royal implications. There he was called '''''Zigûr''''',<ref name=Defeated></ref> meaning "Wizard" in [[Adûnaic]].<ref>{{SD|3vi9}}, p. 437</ref>

'''''Annatar''''' is Quenya for "Lord of Gifts", from ''[[anna]]'' + ''[[tar]]''.<ref>{{S|Appendix}}, entries ''anna'', ''tar''</ref> It can be noticed that Morgoth used a similar name when he seduced the first [[Men]]: "Giver of Gifts".<ref>{{MR|P4i}}, The '[[Tale of Adanel]]', p. 344</ref> In an isolated note, Tolkien gives other names used by Sauron when he seduced the Elves in the Second Age: '''''Artano''''' ("High-smith") and '''''Aulendil''''' ("Devoted to Aulë").<ref>{{UT|6}}, Notes, p. 254</ref>

Among his many titles and epithets were:
*The '''Base Master of Treachery''', used once by Gandalf to explain why the [[Mouth of Sauron]] should not be trusted.<ref name=Mouth>{{RK|V10}}</ref>
*The '''Black One''', used once by [[Gollum]].<ref>{{TT|IV3}}</ref>
*The '''[[Black Hand]]''', used twice by Gollum.<ref name=Closed>{{TT|IV3}}</ref>
*The '''Black Master''', used by [[Isildur]] when cursing Sauron's former servants, the [[Men of the Mountains|Oathbreakers]].<ref name=RKV2/>
*The '''[[Dark Lord]]''', given by the [[Free Peoples]] after he rose in the Second Age.<ref name="SRings"/>
*The '''Dark Power''', used by Gandalf.<ref name=Shadow>{{FR|I2}}</ref>
*The '''Deceiver''', given by [[Amandil]] before departing to ask the Valar deliverance from Sauron's corruption.<ref name=Akallabeth>{{S|Akallabeth}}</ref>
*The '''Enemy''', given by the [[Free Peoples]] after he rose in the Second Age.<ref name="SRings"/>
*The '''One Enemy''', used once by Frodo Baggins.<ref>{{TT|IV4}}</ref>
*The '''[[Eye of Sauron|Eye]]''', with its variants, mainly refered to his mental form and his [[Eye of Sauron|emblem]], but also applied to Sauron himself.<ref>{{RK|I3}}, entry "Eye, The"</ref>
*The '''Great''', following the name of ''Sauron'', it is only used once by Gandalf,<ref name=Shadow>{{FR|I2}}</ref> once by [[Glóin]],<ref name="lotr-coe"/> and once by the Mouth of Sauron.<ref name=Mouth>{{RK|V10}}</ref>
*The '''King of Kings''', given by himself when he rose in the Second Age, enraging Ar-Pharazôn.<ref name=L131/>
*The '''Lord of the Earth''', given by himself when he rose in the Second Age.<ref name="SRings"/>
*The '''[[King of Men]]''', given by himself when he rose in the Second Age, enraging Ar-Pharazôn.<ref name=Akallabeth>{{S|Akallabeth}}</ref>
*The '''Lord of the World''', given by himself when he rose in the Second Age, enraging Ar-Pharazôn.<ref name=L131/>
*The '''North King''', given by the people of [[Agar]].<ref>{{PM|Elmar}}</ref>
*The '''Necromancer''', used during his rule in [[Dol Guldur]] when his identity was unknown.<ref name="lotr-coe"/>
*The '''Nameless''', probably given by the [[Gondorians|people of Gondor]], as it is only used by Boromir as '''Nameless Enemy''',<ref name="lotr-coe"/> by Faramir as '''Nameless One''',<ref>{{TT|IV5}}</ref> and by the watchmen of Gondor.<ref>{{RK|V4}}</ref>
*The '''[[Lord of the Ring]]''' or '''Lord of the Rings'''.
*The '''[[Ring-maker]]'''.<ref name=Shadow/>
*The '''Ruler''', used once by Saruman during his confrontation with Gandalf.<ref name="lotr-coe"/>
*The '''[[Shadow]]''', not properly given to him, but to his power when he expanded it in the Third Age.<ref name="SRings"/>
*The '''Sorcerer''', used during his rule in [[Dol Guldur]] when his identity was unknown.<ref name="lotr-coe"/>
*'''Wolf-Sauron''', the name given to the dreadful werewolf-shape that [[Sauron]] took on when he went to do battle with [[Huan]].<ref name="Beren"/>

== Other versions of the legendarium ==
Since the earliest versions of the [[legendarium]], Sauron has undergone many changes. The prototype of this character was '''[[Tevildo]]''', lord of the cats, who played the role later taken by Sauron in the earliest version of the story of [[Beren]] and [[Lúthien]] in ''[[The Book of Lost Tales Part Two]]'', "[[The Tale of Tinúviel]]". Morgoth also had another servant named '''[[Fankil]]''' who led evil [[Dwarves]] and notably acted as his lieutenant, a role assumed by Sauron in the final works.

Tevildo later was transformed into '''[[Thû]]''', the Necromancer - the first proper iteration of the later Sauron. The name was then changed to ''Gorthû'', ''Sûr'', and finally to Sauron. ''Gorthû'', in the form ''Gorthaur'', remained in ''The Silmarillion''.

Prior to the publication of ''The Silmarillion'', Sauron's origins and true identity were unclear to those without full access to Tolkien's notes. In early editions of ''[[The Complete Guide to Middle-earth|The Guide to Middle Earth]]'', Sauron is described as "probably of the Eldar elves".

=== The Necromancer ===
In ''[[The Hobbit]]'', the Necromancer is an obscure villainous entity mentioned fleetingly by [[Gandalf]] as one of the dangers of the wider world. He is peripheral to the plot of the book: explaining why the company takes the dangerous road through Mirkwood rather than going around, and providing a reason for Gandalf's absence for that section of the journey. Thematically the Necromancer, a truly 'terrible' force beyond the power of the main protagonists, gives the world of ''The Hobbit'' a greater level of reality which Tolkien felt was necessary for a "fairy-tale" to ring true.<ref name="Letter17">{{L|17}}</ref>

Despite the alias, it would appear that the Necromancer was always intended to stand for [[Sauron]], a figure from the very earliest phases of his legendarium (as [[Tevildo]] in "[[The Tale of Tinúviel]]"). Shortly after the publication of ''The Hobbit'' Tolkien wrote:

{{blockquote|Mr Baggins began as a comic tale among conventional and inconsistent Grimm's fairy-tale dwarves, and got drawn into the edge of it – so that even Sauron the terrible peeped over the edge.|[[Letter 19]]}}

Indeed, in the ''[[Lay of Leithian]]'', [[Thû]] is called a "necromancer" who "held his hosts of [[phantoms]] and of wandering [[ghosts]]" (l. 2075) in [[Tol-in-Gaurhoth]].<ref>{{LB|C7}}</ref>

However, as ''The Hobbit'' was not originally intended to be integrated with Tolkien's wider mythology the Necromancer did not necessarily need to be consistent with his [[First Age]] counterpart Sauron, rather the two were loosely linked to add an 'impression of depth' to the narrative of ''The Hobbit''. With Tolkien's decision to merge the two 'worlds' and make Sauron the central antagonist of ''[[The Lord of the Rings]]'' came the need to reconcile the two figures and account for his whereabouts in the millennia between the end of the First Age and his dwelling in Bilbo's Mirkwood. This was largely achieved in the ''[[Appendix B|Tale of Years]]'', with Sauron becoming a much greater figure after the fall of his master, one who arguably drove the history of the entire Second and Third Ages of Middle-earth.

Fans have noted that the alias "Necromancer" for Sauron is obscure, as in the context of neither ''The Hobbit'' nor ''The Lord of the Rings'' Sauron is ever specifically mentioned to use [[Wikipedia:necromancy|necromancy]], i.e. controlling the [[spirits]] of the dead.<ref>{{webcite|author=|articleurl=http://scifi.stackexchange.com/questions/47756/why-is-sauron-called-the-necromancer|articlename=Why is Sauron called the "Necromancer"?|dated=|website=Stackexchange|accessed=9 January 2020}}</ref>

A later essay mentions the practice of necromancy concerning the ''[[fëar]]'' of the [[Unbodied]] Elves, mentioning that Sauron possibly did so and also taught his followers,<ref>{{MR|P3II3c}}, p. 224</ref> although this reference is not given in the context of the story.

== Minions and allies ==
*[[Thuringwethil]]- Vampire Herald
*[[Draugluin]]- First of the Werewolves of Angband; mortally-wounded by [[Huan]]
*The [[Witch-king of Angmar]] - Lord of Morgul, Lord of the Nazgûl and deadliest servant; vanquished by [[Éowyn]] and [[Merry]]
**[[Khamûl]] - Lieutenant of Dol Guldur, second only to the Witch-king among the Nazgûl; undone by the destruction of the [[One Ring]]
**Other 7 [[Nazgûl]] - Most terrible of his servants; perished with the One Ring
*The [[King of the Dead]] - King of the Oathbreakers, former servant bound to the [[Heir of Isildur]]
*[[Ar-Pharazôn]] - Last King of Númenor, rival-turned-puppet, coerced to the worship of the Darkness
*[[Herumor]] - Lord among the Haradrim
*[[Fuinur]] - Chief among the Haradrim
*[[Captain of the Haven]] - Commander of the Corsairs of Umbar; slain by [[Aragorn]]
*The [[Mouth of Sauron]] - Lieutenant of the Dark Tower and personal Ambassador
**[[Grishnákh]] - Orc captain of the Dark Tower; slain by the Riders of Rohan
*[[Saruman]] - Lord of Isengard, corrupted White Wizard and capable but faithless servant; stabbed in the back by Gríma
**[[Gríma]] - Chief counsellor of King [[Théoden]] in Rohan, Saruman's mole at the court; shot by Hobbit arrows
**[[Squint-eyed Southerner]] - Dunlending spy at the Prancing Pony Inn
**[[Bill Ferny]] - Outlaw of Bree-land
**[[Harry Goatleaf]] - Keeper of the West-gate of Bree, informant
*[[Gothmog (Lieutenant of Morgul)|Gothmog]] - Lieutenant of Morgul, second only to the Witch-king among the Morgul-host
**[[Gorbag]] - Captain of the Orcs of Morgul that captured [[Frodo Baggins]]; murdered by Shagrat
*[[Shagrat]] - Captain of Cirith Ungol; put to death for his failures
**[[Muzgash]] - Orc guard at Cirith Ungol; shot by treacherous comrades
**[[Lagduf]] - Orc sentry stationed at Cirith Ungol; shot by treacherous comrades
**[[Radbug]] - Orc sentinel of Cirith Ungol; had his eyes squeezed out by Shagrat
**[[Snaga (orc of Mordor)|Snaga]] - Torturer of Cirith Ungol; fell to his demise in a fight with [[Samwise Gamgee]]
**[[Ufthak]] - Orc subordinate in Cirith Ungol; caught by Shelob in her webs
*[[Shelob]] - Descendant of [[Ungoliant]] and convenient guardian of the pass through Mordor
*The [[Two Watchers]] - Statues inhabited by evil spirits
;Characters from older concepts
*[[Naglur-Danlo]] - Orc of Cirith Ungol
*[[Shagram]] - Orc soldier of Cirith Ungol

== Portrayal in adaptations ==
{{Gallery
|title=Sauron in Adaptations
|width=160
|height=160
|lines=3
|File:The Lord of the Rings (1978 film) - Prologue.jpg|Sauron in [[The Lord of the Rings (1978 film)|''The Lord of the Rings'' (1978 film)]]
|File:LOTR-vol2-Sauron1.png|Sauron in ''[[J.R.R. Tolkien's The Lord of the Rings, Vol. II: The Two Towers]]''
|File:The Lord of the Rings - The Motion Picture Trilogy - Sauron.jpg|Sauron ''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring]]''
|File:The Eye Of Sauron.jpg|Eye of Sauron in ''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Two Towers]]''
|File:Necromancer.jpg|The Necromancer in the ''[[Lord of the Rings Strategy Battle Game]]''
|File:Lord of the Rings The Third Age - Eye of Sauron.png|Eye of Sauron in ''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Third Age]]''
|File:The Lord of the Rings Online Shadows of Angmar - Eye of Sauron.png|Eye of Sauron in ''[[The Lord of the Rings Online: Shadows of Angmar]]''
|File:The Lord of the Rings Online Shadows of Angmar - Annatar.png|[[Annatar|Antheron]] in ''[[The Lord of the Rings Online: Shadows of Angmar]]''
|File:The Lord of the Rings Online - Sauron.jpg|Sauron in ''[[The Lord of the Rings Online]]: [[Minas Morgul]]''
|File:The Lord of the Rings Conquest - Sauron1.png|Sauron in ''[[The Lord of the Rings: Conquest]]''
|File:Guardians of Middle-earth - Sauron.png|Sauron in ''[[Guardians of Middle-earth]]''
|File:The Hobbit - An Unexpected Journey - Necromancer.jpg|The Necromancer in ''[[The Hobbit: An Unexpected Journey]]''
|File:The Rings of Power (TV series) - Sauron in Dúrnost.jpg|Sauron in [[Dúrnost]] within ''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Rings of Power]]''
|File:The Rings of Power (TV series) - Halbrand in Mordor.jpg|[[Charlie Vickers]] as Sauron/[[Halbrand]] in [[Mordor]] within ''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Rings of Power]]''
}}

=== Films ===
'''1978: [[The Lord of the Rings (1978 film)|''The Lord of the Rings'' (1978 film)]]:'''
: Sauron is briefly shown in the prologue sequence as a shadowy figure in a horned helmet in a non-speaking role.

'''2001-03: [[The Lord of the Rings (film series)|''The Lord of the Rings'' (film series)]]:'''
:Sauron is played by [[Sala Baker]] and voiced by [[Alan Howard]]. In these films, he is depicted as a tall -yet not gigantic - armored warlord wielding a huge mace (a blend between his vague description by Tolkien and the more detailed appearance of [[Morgoth]] as described in ''[[The Silmarillion]]''). In the first film, he is depicted dispatching a number of Elves and Men with his mace, before killing [[Gil-galad]] (offscreen; the scene figured in the concept art done for the prologue, however) and then [[Elendil]] before being defeated by [[Isildur]] using his father's [[Narsil|broken sword]] to cut off the finger wearing [[the One Ring]], as well as three others on the same hand. This strangely causes his body to explode, producing a shockwave that knocks everyone on the battlefield off their feet.

:Later on, [[Saruman]] implies to [[Gandalf]] that Sauron was unable to retain his physical form and that the Eye was his astral form, a detail which is never brought up in the novel. It is unknown if Saruman was truthful with this statement, or if he was either misinformed or lying (since he was already corrupted by his yearning for power and Sauron's influence).

:For the portrayal of Sauron as a giant eye of fire in these movies, see [[Eye of Sauron#Portrayal in adaptations]].

'''2012-14: [[The Hobbit (film series)|''The Hobbit'' (film series)]]:'''
: Sauron is played and voiced by [[Benedict Cumberbatch]], under his assumed identity as the Necromancer. In these films, it is stated that the White Council does not discover he is Sauron until much later, during the events of these films, previously believing him to be a human with skills in magic. In these films, Sauron initially appears as a shadowy figure before assuming his armoured form from the previous films. With him as the slit black pupil, he projects flames around him, creating the visage of the Great Eye.

===Television ===
'''2022: [[The Lord of the Rings: The Rings of Power|''The Lord of the Rings: The Rings of Power]]:'''
:'''1 September: ''[[A Shadow of the Past]]'':'''
::Sauron appears overseeing an army of [[Orcs]] at [[Dúrnost]] during the prologue, narrated by [[Galadriel]]. No actor is credited for the specific role.

:'''14 October: ''[[Alloyed]]'':'''
::It is revealed that Sauron was disguised as [[Halbrand]] (portrayed by [[Charlie Vickers]]) the entire time. After being supposedly "split open" by [[Adar (The Rings of Power)|Adar]], he took on the form of a mortal [[Men|Man]] and gave to himself the name Halbrand. At some point in time, he came upon the corpse of the last King of the [[Mordor|Southlands]] and took up the crest because he thought that it suited him well.

=== Radio series ===
'''1955: [[The Lord of the Rings (1955 radio series)|''The Lord of the Rings'' (1955 radio series)]]:'''
:The voice of Sauron is provided by [[Felix Felton]].<ref name="RT1724">Radio Times, Volume 133, No. 1724, [[23 November|November 23]], [[1956]]</ref>

'''1968: [[The Hobbit (1968 radio series)|''The Hobbit'' (1968 radio series)]]:'''
:Sauron is mentioned only very briefly at the end; [[Gandalf]] and [[Elrond]] discuss how the "Necromancer" had been driven from his abode in the south of [[Mirkwood]].

'''1981: [[The Lord of the Rings (1981 radio series)|''The Lord of the Rings'' (1981 radio series)]]:'''

'''1979: [[The Hobbit (1979 radio series)|''The Hobbit'' (1979 radio series)]]:'''

'''1979: [[The Lord of the Rings (1979 radio series)|''The Lord of the Rings'' (1979 radio series)]]:'''

=== Video games ===
'''1985: ''[[Lord of the Rings: Game One]]'':'''

'''1988: ''[[J.R.R. Tolkien's War in Middle Earth]]''

'''1990: [[J.R.R. Tolkien's The Lord of the Rings, Vol. I (1990 video game)|''J.R.R. Tolkien's The Lord of the Rings, Vol. I'' (1990 video game)]]:'''
:Sauron is mentioned by [[Gandalf]] in the beginning of the game.

'''1993: ''[[J.R.R. Tolkien's The Lord of the Rings, Vol. II: The Two Towers]]'':'''
:Sauron is mentioned in the beginning of the game, when [[Gandalf]] explains the history of [[the One Ring]].

'''2002: [[The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring (video game)|''The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring'' (video game)]]:'''

'''2002: [[The Lord of the Rings: The Two Towers (video game)|''The Lord of the Rings: The Two Towers'' (video game)]]:'''

'''2003: ''[[The Lord of the Rings: War of the Ring]]'':'''

'''2003: [[The Hobbit (2003 video game)|''The Hobbit'' (2003 video game)]]:'''
:Sauron and the events of the south of Mirkwood are left unmentioned. However, whilst in Mirkwood, [[Bilbo Baggins|Bilbo]] has to defeat creatures that he calls "Minions of the Necromancer".

'''2003: [[The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King (video game)|''The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King'' (video game)]]:'''

'''2004: ''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Third Age]]'':'''
:At the end of the game, Berethor and company (the playable characters) have to defeat the eye of Sauron by physically attacking him on top of [[Barad-dûr]].

'''2004: ''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Battle for Middle-earth]]'':'''

'''2005: ''[[The Lord of the Rings: Tactics]]'':'''

'''2006: ''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Battle for Middle-earth II]]'':'''

'''2007: ''[[The Lord of the Rings Online]]'':'''
:Sauron, in his fair guise, appears during the flashback to the years of the [[Second Age]]. He uses the name "Antheron" instead of "Annatar", which only appears in the works not covered by the game' licese.
:Visiting Sauron's personal chambers in [[Dol Guldur]] leads to a vision of the Dark Lord, still weak and recovering from his defeat at the hand of [[Isildur]].
:During an extended flashback sequence to the [[War of the Last Alliance]], Sauron himself is met within [[Barad-dur]] by the player, who controls a historic character.

'''2009: ''[[The Lord of the Rings: Conquest]]'':'''

'''2010: ''[[The Lord of the Rings: Aragorn's Quest]]'':'''

'''2011: ''[[The Lord of the Rings: War in the North]]'''''

'''2012: ''[[Guardians of Middle-earth]]'':'''
:Sauron is a "guardian".<ref name="Trailer">{{webcite|author=|articleurl=http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=caYW7d-8MIY&feature=player_embedded|articlename=''Guardians of Middle-earth'': First Official Gameplay Trailer|dated=29 June 2012|website=YT|accessed=16 July 2012}}</ref>

'''2014: ''[[Middle-earth: Shadow of Mordor]]'''''

'''2017: ''[[Middle-earth: Shadow of War]]'''''

'''2021: ''[[The Lord of the Rings: Rise to War]]'''''

=== Others ===
'''1982-97: ''[[Middle-earth Role Playing]]'':'''
:Sauron is treated as a Mage of level 180 (level 360 if using the One Ring). Among his items are the Elf-slaying Black Sword (S. ''Mormegil''), the Gauntlet of Slaying ("Narsil's Bane"), and the Black Scale of dragonskin. Among his special powers are Domination (control over other players using the One Eye), resistance to normal weapons, and the ability to force anyone within his sight to resist fear (or otherwise becoming frozen).

'''1995-8: ''[[Middle-earth Collectible Card Game]]'':'''
:The card "[http://www.tradecardsonline.com/im/selectCard/card_id/54534/cards_lang/1 Sauron]", appearing in the set ''[[Middle-earth: The Balrog|The Balrog]]'', is playable as a manifestation of the card "[http://www.tradecardsonline.com/im/selectCard/card_id/54002/cards_lang/1 The Lidless Eye]" (from the set [[Middle-earth: The Lidless Eye|''The Lidless Eye'']]), and can be used by players to enhance their general influence.<ref>{{webcite|author=|articleurl=http://www.tradecardsonline.com/im/selectCard/game_id/20/goal/|articlename=Home page for the game Middle Earth|dated=|website=[http://www.tradecardsonline.com/ Trade Cards Online]|accessed=5 January 2012}}</ref>

== External links ==
*[http://folk.uib.no/hnohf/sauronname.htm ''A Name for the Dark Lord''] by [[Helge Fauskanger]].

{{references|note}}

{{seq-start}}
{{seq-head
| race=evil
| house=[[Maia]]
| died=[[25 March]] {{TA|3019}}
}}
{{seq
| pvac=None
| prev=Ring created
| list=[[Ring-bearer]]
| dates=c. {{SA|1600}} – {{SA|3441|n}}
| next=[[Isildur]]
}}
{{seq-end}}

{{ainur}}
{{numenor}}
{{ringbearers}}
{{hobbitfilms}}
{{lordoftheringsfilms}}
[[Category:Characters in The Lord of the Rings]]
[[Category:Characters in The Silmarillion]]
[[Category:Evil]]
[[Category:First Age characters]]
[[Category:Maiar]]
[[Category:Ring-bearers]]
[[Category:Rulers in Middle-earth]]
[[Category:Second Age characters]]
[[Category:Servants of Melkor]]
[[Category:Third Age characters]]
[[Category:Quenya names]]
[[de:Sauron]]
[[fi:Sauron]]
[[fr:encyclo/personnages/ainur/maiar/sauron]]

King of Men

2022-12-20T13:23:47Z

LordoftheEarth:

'''King of Men''' was a title claimed by two of [[Arda]]'s major tyrants: [[Sauron]], the great subversive [[Maiar|Maia]], and [[Ar-Pharazôn]], a power-hungry [[Númenóreans|Númenórean]].

==History==
During the [[Dark Years|Black Years]], when his empire encompassed almost all of [[Middle-earth]], Sauron styled himself as the "King of Men",<ref name=Akallabeth>{{S|Akallabeth}}</ref> demanding god-like deference from his great following among Men;<ref name=Rings>{{S|Rings}}</ref> this incensed Ar-Pharazôn who perceived Sauron as a competitor for lordship of Arda.

Seeking to contend with the [[Dark Lord]], the [[King of Númenor]] confronted him and seemingly prevailed, wrestling the title of "King of Men" from his rival and oppressing the Men of Middle-earth. Ultimately, though, Ar-Pharazôn became Sauron's puppet, so that the latter remained in truth the most feared tyrant since [[Morgoth]]'s ousting.<ref name=Akallabeth>{{S|Akallabeth}}</ref>

King of Men

2022-12-20T13:21:30Z

LordoftheEarth: Created page with "'''King of Men''' was a title claimed by two of Arda's major tyrants: Sauron, the great subversive Maia, and Ar-Pharazôn, a power-hungry Númenóreans..."

'''King of Men''' was a title claimed by two of [[Arda]]'s major tyrants: [[Sauron]], the great subversive [[Maiar|Maia]], and [[Ar-Pharazôn]], a power-hungry [[Númenóreans|Númenórean]].

==History==
During the [[Dark Years|Black Years]], when his empire encompassed almost all of [[Middle-earth]], Sauron styled himself as the "King of Men",<ref name=Akallabeth>{{S|Akallabeth}}</ref> demanding god-like deference from his great following among Men;<ref name="SRings"/> this incensed Ar-Pharazôn who perceived Sauron as a competitor for lordship of Arda.

Seeking to contend with the [[Dark Lord]], the [[King of Númenor]] confronted him and seemingly prevailed, wrestling the title of "King of Men" from his rival and oppressing the Men of Middle-earth. Ultimately, though, Ar-Pharazôn became Sauron's puppet, so that the latter remained in truth the most feared tyrant since [[Morgoth]]'s ousting.<ref name=Akallabeth>{{S|Akallabeth}}</ref>

Isengard

2022-12-19T17:47:20Z

LordoftheEarth: /* Third Age */

{{disambig-more|Isengard|[[Isengard (disambiguation)]]}}
{{location infobox
| name=Isengard
| image=[[File:Ted Nasmith - Orthanc in the Second Age.jpg|250px]]
| caption="Orthanc in the Second Age" by [[Ted Nasmith]]
| pronun=
| othernames=''Angrenost'' ([[Sindarin|S]]) [[Treegarth of Orthanc]]
| location=[[Nan Curunír]]<ref name="TTTreebeard">{{TT|Treebeard}}</ref>, at the southern tip of the [[Misty Mountains]]<ref name="FRCouncil">{{FR|Council}}</ref> 
| type=Fortress
| description=A circular wall of rock that enclosed the valley, in the centre of which stood the stone tower of [[Orthanc]]<ref name="FRCouncil"/>
| regions=
| towns=
| inhabitants=[[Dúnedain]]<ref name="SV">{{S|V}}</ref> [[Dunlendings]]<ref name="UTIsen">{{UT|Isen}}, Appendix (ii)</ref> [[Saruman]]<ref name="TTTreebeard"/> [[Orcs]]<ref name="TTTreebeard"/> [[Men of Darkness|Wicked men]]<ref name="TTTreebeard"/> [[Ents]]<ref name="RKPartings">{{RK|Partings}}</ref> [[Huorns]]<ref name="RKPartings"/>
| created=Late [[Second Age]]
| destroyed=
| events=[[Battle of Isengard]]<ref name="TTFlotsam">{{TT|Flotsam}}</ref>
}}

<center>{{quote|My business is with Isengard tonight— with the rock and stone.|[[Treebeard]] in ''[[The Two Towers]]'', "[[Flotsam and Jetsam]]"}}</center>

'''Isengard''', also known as '''Angrenost''', was a great fortress and the domain of [[Saruman]], located within a valley at the southern end of the [[Misty Mountains]] near the [[Gap of Rohan]]. In the centre of the [[Ring of Isengard]] stood the stone tower of [[Orthanc]].<ref name="FRCouncil"/>

==Description==
The fortress of Isengard was located in a valley at the southern tip of the [[Misty Mountains]]; the [[Ring of Isengard]] was a great wall of stone that ran out from the mountain-side and then back again. The only entrance to Isengard was found delved into the southern wall of Isengard. One entering Isengard would pass through its only gate, travel down the long tunnel and pass through the iron doors to come to the plain of Isengard. In the centre of the plain, half a mile from the gate, stood the looming tower of [[Orthanc]]. For most of its history the lands of Isengard were green and a river ran from the mountains to form a lake. However after the treason of Saruman all green things that grew were removed and the river was dammed. The inner-ring was riddled with houses which cut into the walls. About the plain great shafts had been dug deep and many stone-flags paved the roads of the surface.<ref name="TTFlotsam"/><ref name="TTRoad">{{TT|Road}}</ref>

{{blockquote|A great ring-wall of stone, like towering cliffs, stood out from the shelter of the mountain-side, from which it ran and then returned again. One entrance only was there made in it, a great arch delved in the southern wall. Here through the black rock a long tunnel had been hewn, closed at either end with mighty doors of iron. They were so wrought and poised upon their huge hinges, posts of steel driven into the living stone, that when unbarred they could be moved with a light thrust of the arms, noiselessly. One who passed in and came at length out of the echoing tunnel, beheld a plain, a great circle, somewhat hollowed like a vast shallow bowl: a mile it measured from rim to rim.|''[[The Two Towers]]'', "[[The Road to Isengard]]"}}

==History==
===Second Age===
[[File:Rob Alexander - Isengard.jpg|thumb|''Isengard'' by [[Rob Alexander]]]]
It is unknown exactly when Isengard was first established. However it must have been built between {{SA|3320}}, the year in which the realms of [[Gondor]] and [[Arnor]] were established, and {{SA|3430}}, the year in which the [[Last Alliance of Elves and Men]] was formed to resist [[Sauron]]'s tyranny.<ref>{{App|B1}}</ref> The [[Ring of Isengard]], and the tower of [[Orthanc]] therein, were built by the [[Dúnedain]], the Exiles of [[Númenor]], as a fortress on the north-western tip of Gondor. Within Orthanc was placed one of the seven seeing stones, the ''[[palantíri]]''.<ref name="SV"/> This stone would hence be referred to as the [[Orthanc-stone]].<ref name="TTP">{{TT|Palantir}}</ref>

===Third Age===
[[Calenardhon]], a region never densely populated, suffered greatly at the hands of the {{TA|1636}} [[Great Plague]]. [[Orthanc]] was thus closed and its keys were sent to [[Minas Tirith]].<ref name="UTP">{{UT|Palantiri}}</ref> The fortress of Isengard, however, remained manned by a small garrison led by a hereditary Gondorian chieftain. This company grew more secretive as time progressed; its chieftain became known as the "[[Lord of Isengard]]" and they were believed to meddle in dark [[magic]] by the [[Rohirrim]].<ref name="UTIsen"/>

The attention of the [[Stewards of Gondor]] eventually turned eastwards and their emissaries to Isengard eventually ceased completely. In their neglect they did not realise that the line of Gondorian chieftains had failed. The people had long intermingled with the [[Dunlendings]], enemies of the Rohirrim, and became more friendly to them than to the 'wild Northmen'. [[Hill-men]] of [[Dunland]] were allowed to settle in and around Isengard. They seized control of the fortress and slew any of the ancient Isengard guards who were unwilling to merge with them. During the reign of [[King of Rohan|King]] [[Déor]] they became openly hostile to the Rohirrim. Déor could not besiege Isengard and [[Egalmoth]], the Steward of Gondor, was unable to send help. Instead Déor kept a strong force of riders in the north of the [[Westfold]].<ref name="UTIsen"/> The occupation lasted through the reign of King [[Gram]].<ref name="AppA2"/>

At the time of King [[Helm]]'s reign in {{TA|2758}}, the exiled lord [[Wulf]] led the Dundlendings into a great invasion of Rohan. Despite impressive victories, they were eventually defeated by the Rohirrim. The Dunlendings who occupied Isengard suffered considerably in the [[Long Winter]]. They capitulated and were driven out by Helm's nephew, [[Fréaláf]] (soon to be the new King of Rohan) near the end of {{TA|2759}}.<ref name="AppA2">{{App|A2}}</ref><ref name="UTIsen"/>

====Saruman's domain====
When the [[Istari|Wizard]] [[Saruman]] returned from his travels into the east of [[Middle-earth]], he offered to make Isengard his home and to lend his help in defending the West. As both Gondor and Rohan suffered from the Long Winter and wars, the Wizard Saruman was welcomed by King Fréaláf and Steward [[Beren (Steward of Gondor)|Beren]] alike with open arms. In {{TA|2759}},<ref name="AppStewards">{{App|Stewards}}</ref> The valley in which Isengard resided soon became known as "[[Nan Curunír]]", the "Valley of Saruman" or the "Wizard's Vale".<ref name="TTTreebeard">{{TT|Treebeard}}</ref><ref name="TTRoad">{{TT|Road}}</ref>

In {{TA|2953}}<ref group="note">''[[The Complete Guide to Middle-earth]]'', entry "Isengard" incorrectly gives the date {{TA|2963}}.</ref>, following the last meeting of the [[White Council]], the Wizard took Isengard for his own as [[Lord of Isengard]], and fortified it.<ref name="AppTA">{{App|TA}}</ref><ref name="AppStewards"/> Around {{TA| 2990}}, [[Orcs]] began mustering and breeding in muddy pits tunneled within the ringed walls. <ref>{{UT|Palantiri}}</ref> With the corrupted Wizard suborned by the [[Dark Lord]] through the ''[[palantír]]'',<ref name="AppTA">{{App|TA}}</ref> Isengard became a nominal fiefdom of [[Mordor]], as Saruman wished to share in Sauron's power by either aiding his victory or retrieving the [[One Ring]] first.<ref name="FRCouncil">{{FR|Council}}</ref>

On [[10 July]], {{TA|3018}}, Gandalf arrived at Isengard, having been summoned there by Saruman.<ref name="AppGreat">{{App|Great}}</ref> The corrupted Wizard revealed his true colours and demanded that the Grey Pilgrim submit to him or to the Dark Lord. Gandalf refused both choices and was imprisoned atop [[Orthanc]]. From the pinnacle of the tower Gandalf could see that Isengard had been transformed; in place of trees and grass were pits and forges, and Saruman was assembling [[Orcs of Isengard|his Orcs]] and [[Wolves]] into an army both in service and in rivalry of Sauron.<ref name="FRCouncil">{{FR|Council}}</ref> On [[18 September]], {{TA|3018}}, Gandalf was borne away by [[Gwaihir]] the [[eagles|eagle]].<ref name="AppGreat"/>

Believing that Saruman knew the location of the One Ring, Sauron sent the [[Nazgûl]] to Isengard. The [[Witch-king]] arrived at the gate of Isengard two days after Gandalf's escape (or, according to a different account, on the very day of his escape). But the Lord of [[Minas Morgul|Morgul]] and his company did not have the strength to assault Isengard. The Nazgûl departed after Saruman told them that he believed Gandalf knew the whereabouts of the Ring and suggested they seek him out.<ref name="UTHunt">{{UT|Hunt}}</ref>

Isengard became Saruman's base of operations during the [[War of the Ring]]. His war with [[Rohan]] began on [[25 February]], {{TA|3019}}, with the [[First Battle of the Fords of Isen]]. The forces of Isengard were victorious and the Wizard Saruman's main objective, the killing of Prince [[Théodred]] (son of King [[Théoden]]), was achieved. With another victory at the [[Second Battle of the Fords of Isen]] on [[2 March]], the legions of Isengard won passage into the plains of Rohan and marched onwards to [[Helm's Deep]], suffering utter defeat in the [[Battle of the Hornburg]] (on [[3 March]]).<ref name="AppGreat"/><ref name="UTIsen"/>

[[File:Jef Murray - After the Flood.jpg|thumb|[[Jef Murray]] - ''After the Flood'']]
{{Blockquote|My business is with Isengard tonight, with rock and stone.|[[Treebeard]]<ref name="TTFlotsam"/>}}

On 2 March, the [[Battle of Isengard]] began when the [[Ents]] of [[Fangorn Forest]] began their attack on the unprotected Isengard.<ref name="AppGreat"/> They overran the Orcs and vile Men therein, but were unable to assail the tower of Orthanc.<ref name="TTFlotsam"/>

On [[5 March]], [[Meriadoc Brandybuck|Merry]] and [[Peregrin Took|Pippin]], now the "doorwardens" of Isengard, welcomed [[Théoden]], [[Éomer]], [[Gandalf]], [[Aragorn]], [[Legolas]], and [[Gimli]].<ref name="TTRoad"/> They parleyed with Saruman, but he refused to co-operate and was so left locked in Orthanc until the defeat of his master, Sauron.<ref name="TTVoice">{{TT|Voice}}</ref>

On [[22 August]], {{TA|3019}},<ref name="AppB3">{{App|B3}}</ref> Treebeard, now in charge of what remained of the ringed fortress,<ref name="TTRoad"/> allowed Saruman and his helper, [[Gríma]], to depart from Isengard. Before they went, they handed over the keys of Orthanc. This Treebeard told to Gandalf and company when they travelled through Isengard on their journey home.<ref name="RKPartings">{{RK|Partings}}</ref>

====Treegarth and the Fourth Age====
{{main|Treegarth of Orthanc}}
Following the Battle of Isengard in which the [[Ring of Isengard]] was destroyed, the Ents filled the land with gardens of orchards and trees. A stream ran into a small clear lake, in the middle of which stood the black-stone tower of Orthanc. Whilst the Treegarth of Orthanc became part of the [[Reunited Kingdom]], [[Aragorn|King Elessar]] granted the Ents complete self-governance of what was formerly Isengard.<ref name="RKPartings"/>

==Etymology==
''Isengard'' means "Iron-enclosure" in [[Old English]] (see also [[Isen]]): "''It was so called because of the great hardness of the stone in that place and especially in the central tower of Orthanc.''"<ref name="Nomen">{{HM|N}}, p. 772</ref>

''Isen'' is a variant form of Old English ''iren'' 'iron.' 'Gard' is a modernization of Old English ''geard'' meaning 'enclosure,' which occurs in Old English ''Middangeard'', the equivalent of Old Norse ''Midgard'', both of which mean the world of Men. Through misunderstanding, ''Middangeard'' became ''Middanerd'' > 'Middle-earth.' The name ''Isengard'' represents a [[Westron]] translation of [[Sindarin]] ''Angrenost''.<ref name="Nomen"/>

'''''Angrenost''''' is [[Sindarin]] for "Iron Fostress",<ref name="SIndex">{{S|Index}}, entry "Angrenost"</ref> from ''[[anga|angren]]'' ("of iron") + ''[[ost]]'' ("fort, stronghold, enclosure").<ref>{{S|Appendix}}, entries ''[[anga]]'', ''[[ost]]''</ref>

==Portrayal in adaptations==
{{Gallery
|title=Isengard in Adaptations
|height=150
|width=225
|lines=2
|File:War in Middle Earth - Orcs and Uruk-hai at Isengard.png| Isengard in ''[[J.R.R. Tolkien's War in Middle Earth]]''
|File:The Lord of the Rings (film series) - Isengard.jpg|Isengard in [[The Lord of the Rings (film series)|''The Lord of the Rings'' (film series)]]
|File:The Lord of the Rings Online - Isengard.jpg| Isengard in ''[[The Lord of the Rings Online: Rise of Isengard]]''
|File:ArdaCraft Isengard.jpg| Isengard in ''[[ArdaCraft]]''
}}

===Films===
'''2001-03: [[The Lord of the Rings (film series)|''The Lord of the Rings'' (film series)]]:'''
:Peter Jackson's Isengard is reflective of [[J.R.R. Tolkien|J.R.R. Tolkien's]] descriptions of the fortress.

===Games===
'''1988: ''[[J.R.R. Tolkien's War in Middle Earth]]'':'''
:Isengard is one of the many battlefields of this game.

'''2011: ''[[The Lord of the Rings Online: Rise of Isengard]]'':'''
:Isengard is a prominent stronghold of evil within [[Eriador]], and is the chief fortress of Saruman and his faction, the [[White Hand]]. It is available for exploration, and plays host to various instances.<ref>{{webcite|author=Justin Olivetti|articleurl=http://massively.joystiq.com/2011/04/21/through-turbines-palantir-developers-outline-lotros-future/|articlename=Through Turbine's palantír: Developers outline LotRO's future|dated=21-April-2011|website=[http://massively.joystiq.com/ MASSIVELY by joystiq]|accessed=23-Dec-2011}}</ref>

{{references|n}}
{{FellowshipRoute}}
[[Category:Anglicized Westron words]]
[[Category:Entish realms]]
[[Category:Evil realms]]
[[Category:Fortresses]]
[[Category:Mannish realms]]
[[Category:Misty Mountains]]
[[de:Isengart]]
[[fi:Rautapiha]]
[[fr:encyclo/geographie/villes_tours_et_forteresses/gondor/isengard]]

Isengard

2022-12-19T17:45:11Z

LordoftheEarth:

{{disambig-more|Isengard|[[Isengard (disambiguation)]]}}
{{location infobox
| name=Isengard
| image=[[File:Ted Nasmith - Orthanc in the Second Age.jpg|250px]]
| caption="Orthanc in the Second Age" by [[Ted Nasmith]]
| pronun=
| othernames=''Angrenost'' ([[Sindarin|S]]) [[Treegarth of Orthanc]]
| location=[[Nan Curunír]]<ref name="TTTreebeard">{{TT|Treebeard}}</ref>, at the southern tip of the [[Misty Mountains]]<ref name="FRCouncil">{{FR|Council}}</ref> 
| type=Fortress
| description=A circular wall of rock that enclosed the valley, in the centre of which stood the stone tower of [[Orthanc]]<ref name="FRCouncil"/>
| regions=
| towns=
| inhabitants=[[Dúnedain]]<ref name="SV">{{S|V}}</ref> [[Dunlendings]]<ref name="UTIsen">{{UT|Isen}}, Appendix (ii)</ref> [[Saruman]]<ref name="TTTreebeard"/> [[Orcs]]<ref name="TTTreebeard"/> [[Men of Darkness|Wicked men]]<ref name="TTTreebeard"/> [[Ents]]<ref name="RKPartings">{{RK|Partings}}</ref> [[Huorns]]<ref name="RKPartings"/>
| created=Late [[Second Age]]
| destroyed=
| events=[[Battle of Isengard]]<ref name="TTFlotsam">{{TT|Flotsam}}</ref>
}}

<center>{{quote|My business is with Isengard tonight— with the rock and stone.|[[Treebeard]] in ''[[The Two Towers]]'', "[[Flotsam and Jetsam]]"}}</center>

'''Isengard''', also known as '''Angrenost''', was a great fortress and the domain of [[Saruman]], located within a valley at the southern end of the [[Misty Mountains]] near the [[Gap of Rohan]]. In the centre of the [[Ring of Isengard]] stood the stone tower of [[Orthanc]].<ref name="FRCouncil"/>

==Description==
The fortress of Isengard was located in a valley at the southern tip of the [[Misty Mountains]]; the [[Ring of Isengard]] was a great wall of stone that ran out from the mountain-side and then back again. The only entrance to Isengard was found delved into the southern wall of Isengard. One entering Isengard would pass through its only gate, travel down the long tunnel and pass through the iron doors to come to the plain of Isengard. In the centre of the plain, half a mile from the gate, stood the looming tower of [[Orthanc]]. For most of its history the lands of Isengard were green and a river ran from the mountains to form a lake. However after the treason of Saruman all green things that grew were removed and the river was dammed. The inner-ring was riddled with houses which cut into the walls. About the plain great shafts had been dug deep and many stone-flags paved the roads of the surface.<ref name="TTFlotsam"/><ref name="TTRoad">{{TT|Road}}</ref>

{{blockquote|A great ring-wall of stone, like towering cliffs, stood out from the shelter of the mountain-side, from which it ran and then returned again. One entrance only was there made in it, a great arch delved in the southern wall. Here through the black rock a long tunnel had been hewn, closed at either end with mighty doors of iron. They were so wrought and poised upon their huge hinges, posts of steel driven into the living stone, that when unbarred they could be moved with a light thrust of the arms, noiselessly. One who passed in and came at length out of the echoing tunnel, beheld a plain, a great circle, somewhat hollowed like a vast shallow bowl: a mile it measured from rim to rim.|''[[The Two Towers]]'', "[[The Road to Isengard]]"}}

==History==
===Second Age===
[[File:Rob Alexander - Isengard.jpg|thumb|''Isengard'' by [[Rob Alexander]]]]
It is unknown exactly when Isengard was first established. However it must have been built between {{SA|3320}}, the year in which the realms of [[Gondor]] and [[Arnor]] were established, and {{SA|3430}}, the year in which the [[Last Alliance of Elves and Men]] was formed to resist [[Sauron]]'s tyranny.<ref>{{App|B1}}</ref> The [[Ring of Isengard]], and the tower of [[Orthanc]] therein, were built by the [[Dúnedain]], the Exiles of [[Númenor]], as a fortress on the north-western tip of Gondor. Within Orthanc was placed one of the seven seeing stones, the ''[[palantíri]]''.<ref name="SV"/> This stone would hence be referred to as the [[Orthanc-stone]].<ref name="TTP">{{TT|Palantir}}</ref>

===Third Age===
[[Calenardhon]], a region never densely populated, suffered greatly at the hands of the {{TA|1636}} [[Great Plague]]. [[Orthanc]] was thus closed and its keys were sent to [[Minas Tirith]].<ref name="UTP">{{UT|Palantiri}}</ref> The fortress of Isengard, however, remained manned by a small garrison led by a hereditary Gondorian chieftain. This company grew more secretive as time progressed; its chieftain became known as the "[[Lord of Isengard]]" and they were believed to meddle in dark [[magic]] by the [[Rohirrim]].<ref name="UTIsen"/>

The attention of the [[Stewards of Gondor]] eventually turned eastwards and their emissaries to Isengard eventually ceased completely. In their neglect they did not realise that the line of Gondorian chieftains had failed. The people had long intermingled with the [[Dunledings]], enemies of the Rohirrim, and became more friendly to them than to the 'wild Northmen'. [[Hill-men]] of [[Dunland]] were allowed to settle in and around Isengard. They seized control of the fortress and slew any of the ancient Isengard guards who were unwilling to merge with them. During the reign of [[King of Rohan|King]] [[Déor]] they became openly hostile to the Rohirrim. Déor could not besiege Isengard and [[Egalmoth]], the Steward of Gondor, was unable to send help. Instead Déor kept a strong force of riders in the north of the [[Westfold]].<ref name="UTIsen"/> The occupation lasted through the reign of King [[Gram]].<ref name="AppA2"/>

At the time of King [[Helm]]'s reign in {{TA|2758}}, the exiled lord [[Wulf]] led the Dundlendings into a great invasion of Rohan. Despite impressive victories, they were eventually defeated by the Rohirrim. The Dunlendings who occupied Isengard suffered considerably in the [[Long Winter]]. They capitulated and were driven out by Helm's nephew, [[Fréaláf]] (soon to be the new King of Rohan) near the end of {{TA|2759}}.<ref name="AppA2">{{App|A2}}</ref><ref name="UTIsen"/>

====Saruman's domain====
When the [[Istari|Wizard]] [[Saruman]] returned from his travels into the east of [[Middle-earth]], he offered to make Isengard his home and to lend his help in defending the West. As both Gondor and Rohan suffered from the Long Winter and wars, the Wizard Saruman was welcomed by King Fréaláf and Steward [[Beren (Steward of Gondor)|Beren]] alike with open arms. In {{TA|2759}},<ref name="AppStewards">{{App|Stewards}}</ref> The valley in which Isengard resided soon became known as "[[Nan Curunír]]", the "Valley of Saruman" or the "Wizard's Vale".<ref name="TTTreebeard">{{TT|Treebeard}}</ref><ref name="TTRoad">{{TT|Road}}</ref>

In {{TA|2953}}<ref group="note">''[[The Complete Guide to Middle-earth]]'', entry "Isengard" incorrectly gives the date {{TA|2963}}.</ref>, following the last meeting of the [[White Council]], the Wizard took Isengard for his own as [[Lord of Isengard]], and fortified it.<ref name="AppTA">{{App|TA}}</ref><ref name="AppStewards"/> Around {{TA| 2990}}, [[Orcs]] began mustering and breeding in muddy pits tunneled within the ringed walls. <ref>{{UT|Palantiri}}</ref> With the corrupted Wizard suborned by the [[Dark Lord]] through the ''[[palantír]]'',<ref name="AppTA">{{App|TA}}</ref> Isengard became a nominal fiefdom of [[Mordor]], as Saruman wished to share in Sauron's power by either aiding his victory or retrieving the [[One Ring]] first.<ref name="FRCouncil">{{FR|Council}}</ref>

On [[10 July]], {{TA|3018}}, Gandalf arrived at Isengard, having been summoned there by Saruman.<ref name="AppGreat">{{App|Great}}</ref> The corrupted Wizard revealed his true colours and demanded that the Grey Pilgrim submit to him or to the Dark Lord. Gandalf refused both choices and was imprisoned atop [[Orthanc]]. From the pinnacle of the tower Gandalf could see that Isengard had been transformed; in place of trees and grass were pits and forges, and Saruman was assembling [[Orcs of Isengard|his Orcs]] and [[Wolves]] into an army both in service and in rivalry of Sauron.<ref name="FRCouncil">{{FR|Council}}</ref> On [[18 September]], {{TA|3018}}, Gandalf was borne away by [[Gwaihir]] the [[eagles|eagle]].<ref name="AppGreat"/>

Believing that Saruman knew the location of the One Ring, Sauron sent the [[Nazgûl]] to Isengard. The [[Witch-king]] arrived at the gate of Isengard two days after Gandalf's escape (or, according to a different account, on the very day of his escape). But the Lord of [[Minas Morgul|Morgul]] and his company did not have the strength to assault Isengard. The Nazgûl departed after Saruman told them that he believed Gandalf knew the whereabouts of the Ring and suggested they seek him out.<ref name="UTHunt">{{UT|Hunt}}</ref>

Isengard became Saruman's base of operations during the [[War of the Ring]]. His war with [[Rohan]] began on [[25 February]], {{TA|3019}}, with the [[First Battle of the Fords of Isen]]. The forces of Isengard were victorious and the Wizard Saruman's main objective, the killing of Prince [[Théodred]] (son of King [[Théoden]]), was achieved. With another victory at the [[Second Battle of the Fords of Isen]] on [[2 March]], the legions of Isengard won passage into the plains of Rohan and marched onwards to [[Helm's Deep]], suffering utter defeat in the [[Battle of the Hornburg]] (on [[3 March]]).<ref name="AppGreat"/><ref name="UTIsen"/>

[[File:Jef Murray - After the Flood.jpg|thumb|[[Jef Murray]] - ''After the Flood'']]
{{Blockquote|My business is with Isengard tonight, with rock and stone.|[[Treebeard]]<ref name="TTFlotsam"/>}}

On 2 March, the [[Battle of Isengard]] began when the [[Ents]] of [[Fangorn Forest]] began their attack on the unprotected Isengard.<ref name="AppGreat"/> They overran the Orcs and vile Men therein, but were unable to assail the tower of Orthanc.<ref name="TTFlotsam"/>

On [[5 March]], [[Meriadoc Brandybuck|Merry]] and [[Peregrin Took|Pippin]], now the "doorwardens" of Isengard, welcomed [[Théoden]], [[Éomer]], [[Gandalf]], [[Aragorn]], [[Legolas]], and [[Gimli]].<ref name="TTRoad"/> They parleyed with Saruman, but he refused to co-operate and was so left locked in Orthanc until the defeat of his master, Sauron.<ref name="TTVoice">{{TT|Voice}}</ref>

On [[22 August]], {{TA|3019}},<ref name="AppB3">{{App|B3}}</ref> Treebeard, now in charge of what remained of the ringed fortress.,<ref name="TTRoad"/> allowed Saruman and his helper, [[Gríma]], to depart from Isengard. Before they went, they handed over the keys of Orthanc. This Treebeard told to Gandalf and company when they travelled through Isengard on their journey home.<ref name="RKPartings">{{RK|Partings}}</ref>

====Treegarth and the Fourth Age====
{{main|Treegarth of Orthanc}}
Following the Battle of Isengard in which the [[Ring of Isengard]] was destroyed, the Ents filled the land with gardens of orchards and trees. A stream ran into a small clear lake, in the middle of which stood the black-stone tower of Orthanc. Whilst the Treegarth of Orthanc became part of the [[Reunited Kingdom]], [[Aragorn|King Elessar]] granted the Ents complete self-governance of what was formerly Isengard.<ref name="RKPartings"/>

==Etymology==
''Isengard'' means "Iron-enclosure" in [[Old English]] (see also [[Isen]]): "''It was so called because of the great hardness of the stone in that place and especially in the central tower of Orthanc.''"<ref name="Nomen">{{HM|N}}, p. 772</ref>

''Isen'' is a variant form of Old English ''iren'' 'iron.' 'Gard' is a modernization of Old English ''geard'' meaning 'enclosure,' which occurs in Old English ''Middangeard'', the equivalent of Old Norse ''Midgard'', both of which mean the world of Men. Through misunderstanding, ''Middangeard'' became ''Middanerd'' > 'Middle-earth.' The name ''Isengard'' represents a [[Westron]] translation of [[Sindarin]] ''Angrenost''.<ref name="Nomen"/>

'''''Angrenost''''' is [[Sindarin]] for "Iron Fostress",<ref name="SIndex">{{S|Index}}, entry "Angrenost"</ref> from ''[[anga|angren]]'' ("of iron") + ''[[ost]]'' ("fort, stronghold, enclosure").<ref>{{S|Appendix}}, entries ''[[anga]]'', ''[[ost]]''</ref>

==Portrayal in adaptations==
{{Gallery
|title=Isengard in Adaptations
|height=150
|width=225
|lines=2
|File:War in Middle Earth - Orcs and Uruk-hai at Isengard.png| Isengard in ''[[J.R.R. Tolkien's War in Middle Earth]]''
|File:The Lord of the Rings (film series) - Isengard.jpg|Isengard in [[The Lord of the Rings (film series)|''The Lord of the Rings'' (film series)]]
|File:The Lord of the Rings Online - Isengard.jpg| Isengard in ''[[The Lord of the Rings Online: Rise of Isengard]]''
|File:ArdaCraft Isengard.jpg| Isengard in ''[[ArdaCraft]]''
}}

===Films===
'''2001-03: [[The Lord of the Rings (film series)|''The Lord of the Rings'' (film series)]]:'''
:Peter Jackson's Isengard is reflective of [[J.R.R. Tolkien|J.R.R. Tolkien's]] descriptions of the fortress.

===Games===
'''1988: ''[[J.R.R. Tolkien's War in Middle Earth]]'':'''
:Isengard is one of the many battlefields of this game.

'''2011: ''[[The Lord of the Rings Online: Rise of Isengard]]'':'''
:Isengard is a prominent stronghold of evil within [[Eriador]], and is the chief fortress of Saruman and his faction, the [[White Hand]]. It is available for exploration, and plays host to various instances.<ref>{{webcite|author=Justin Olivetti|articleurl=http://massively.joystiq.com/2011/04/21/through-turbines-palantir-developers-outline-lotros-future/|articlename=Through Turbine's palantír: Developers outline LotRO's future|dated=21-April-2011|website=[http://massively.joystiq.com/ MASSIVELY by joystiq]|accessed=23-Dec-2011}}</ref>

{{references|n}}
{{FellowshipRoute}}
[[Category:Anglicized Westron words]]
[[Category:Entish realms]]
[[Category:Evil realms]]
[[Category:Fortresses]]
[[Category:Mannish realms]]
[[Category:Misty Mountains]]
[[de:Isengart]]
[[fi:Rautapiha]]
[[fr:encyclo/geographie/villes_tours_et_forteresses/gondor/isengard]]

Watchtower of Ostirith

2022-12-02T21:22:51Z

LordoftheEarth:

{{Adaptation}}
{{location infobox
| name=Watchtower of Ostirith
| image=
| caption=
| pronun=
| othernames=
| location=The [[Mordor|Southlands]] of [[Middle-earth]]
| type=Tower
| description=
| regions=
| towns=
| inhabitants=[[Silvan]] [[Elves]]
| created=[[First Age]]
| destroyed=Late [[Second Age]]
| rebuilt=
| events=Eruption of [[Orodruin]]
}}

The '''Watchtower of Ostirith'''<ref>''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Rings of Power]]'', "[[Partings]]", Trivia: Scene 42</ref> was a tower located within the eastern foothills of the [[Ephel Dúath]]. The Watchtower of Ostirith was invented for ''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Rings of Power]]'' by [[Amazon Studios]].

== History ==
During the [[Elder Days]], the Watchtower of Ostirith was originally built by the [[Easterlings (First Age)|Men]] who followed [[Morgoth]], of which, it is said that the tower still possesses a power fashioned for those tainted by the [[Shadow]]. The watchtower also housed the stone-engraven likeness of [[Sauron]], Morgoth's lieutenant and successor - the sculpture concealed an elaborate device that could unleash the fires of [[Orodruin]].

Sometime after the [[Wars of Beleriand]], a garrison of [[Silvan]] [[Elves]] under the command of the [[Revion|Watchwarden Revion]] used the tower for their seventy nine year vigilance over the many villages of the [[Mordor|Southlands]]. This garrison included [[Elves]] such as [[Arondir]] and [[Médhor]].

Late into the [[Second Age]], the elves stationed at Ostirith were captured by a group of [[Orcs]] operating within the [[Mordor|Southlands]] of [[Middle-earth]]. At the same time, [[Bronwyn]] lead the villagers of [[Tirharad]] to seek shelter at the tower. Many other refugees fled there as well, such as the villagers of [[Iorbad]].

Eventually, Arondir is let out of the Orc camp by leave of the Orcs' leader, [[Adar]], to tell the [[Men]] at the Watchtower to either swear fealty to him or to leave the Southlands.

When Arondir delivered the message, some of the villagers, including [[Rowan (The Rings of Power)|Rowan]] and [[Waldreg]], leave the old Watchtower to bend the knee to Adar, believing that they had no other choice. The remaining villagers under Bronwyn make up a battle plan for when the Orcs inevitably come for them.

Hours later, Adar leads his army directly into a trap, in which Arondir causes the entire Watchtower to collapse, annihilating over half of the army, including [[Bazur]], yet also destroying Ostirith in the process.

Later, Waldreg returns to the ruins of the Watchtower of Ostirith, and, using the sword key, enacts Adar's plan to create a place for his "children" to call home. If the floodwater that was let loose did not destroy the remainder of the Watchtower, then it is very likely that the fires of Orodruin certainly did.

== Etymology ==
''Ostirith'' is clearly meant to be [[Sindarin]], a combination of ''[[ost]]'' ("fort, fortress, citadel") + ''[[tirith]]'' ("watching, guard").

{{References}}

[[Category:Locations from adaptations]]

[[fi:Ostirith (televisiosarjan paikka)]]

Watchtower of Ostirith

2022-12-02T21:20:50Z

LordoftheEarth: The stone-engraven helm was clearly in Sauron's likeness, as Waldreg asked Adar about Sauron upon seeing it.

{{Adaptation}}
{{location infobox
| name=Watchtower of Ostirith
| image=
| caption=
| pronun=
| othernames=
| location=The [[Mordor|Southlands]] of [[Middle-earth]]
| type=Tower
| description=
| regions=
| towns=
| inhabitants=[[Silvan]] [[Elves]]
| created=[[First Age]]
| destroyed=Late [[Second Age]]
| rebuilt=
| events=Eruption of [[Orodruin]]
}}

The '''Watchtower of Ostirith'''<ref>''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Rings of Power]]'', "[[Partings]]", Trivia: Scene 42</ref> was a tower located within the eastern foothills of the [[Ephel Dúath]]. The Watchtower of Ostirith was invented for ''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Rings of Power]]'' by [[Amazon Studios]].

== History ==
During the [[Elder Days]], the Watchtower of Ostirith was originally built by the [[Easterlings (First Age)|Men]] who followed [[Morgoth]], of which, it is said that the tower still possesses a power fashioned for those tainted by the [[Shadow]]. The watchtower also housed the stone-engraven likeness of [[Sauron]], Morgoth's lieutenant and successor - the sculpture concealed a device that could unleashed the fires of [[Orodruin]].

Sometime after the [[Wars of Beleriand]], a garrison of [[Silvan]] [[Elves]] under the command of the [[Revion|Watchwarden Revion]] used the tower for their seventy nine year vigilance over the many villages of the [[Mordor|Southlands]]. This garrison included [[Elves]] such as [[Arondir]] and [[Médhor]].

Late into the [[Second Age]], the elves stationed at Ostirith were captured by a group of [[Orcs]] operating within the [[Mordor|Southlands]] of [[Middle-earth]]. At the same time, [[Bronwyn]] lead the villagers of [[Tirharad]] to seek shelter at the tower. Many other refugees fled there as well, such as the villagers of [[Iorbad]].

Eventually, Arondir is let out of the Orc camp by leave of the Orcs' leader, [[Adar]], to tell the [[Men]] at the Watchtower to either swear fealty to him or to leave the Southlands.

When Arondir delivered the message, some of the villagers, including [[Rowan (The Rings of Power)|Rowan]] and [[Waldreg]], leave the old Watchtower to swear their service to Adar, believing that they had no other choice. The remaining villagers under Bronwyn make up a battle plan for when the Orcs inevitably come for them.

Hours later, Adar leads his army directly into a trap, in which Arondir causes the entire Watchtower to collapse, annihilating over half of the army, including [[Bazur]], yet also destroying Ostirith in the process.

Later, Waldreg returns to the ruins of the Watchtower of Ostirith, and, using the sword key, enacts Adar's plan to create a place for [[Orcs]] to call home. If the floodwater that was let loose did not destroy the remainder of the Watchtower, then it is very likely that [[Mount Doom|Orodruin]] certainly did.

== Etymology ==
''Ostirith'' is clearly meant to be [[Sindarin]], a combination of ''[[ost]]'' ("fort, fortress, citadel") + ''[[tirith]]'' ("watching, guard").

{{References}}

[[Category:Locations from adaptations]]

[[fi:Ostirith (televisiosarjan paikka)]]

Buldar

2022-11-26T17:05:21Z

LordoftheEarth:

__NOTOC__
{{men infobox
| people=[[Pre-Númenóreans|Folk of Agar]]
| name=Buldar
| image=
| caption=
| pronun=
| othernames=Tal-Bulda
| titles=
| position=
| location=[[Agar]]
| affiliation=[[Sauron|North King]]
| language=[[Pre-Númenórean|Pre-Númenórean language]]
| birth=[[Second Age]]
| birthlocation=[[Agar]]
| rule=
| death=[[Second Age]]
| deathlocation=
| age=
| notablefor=Wedding [[Elmar]] against her will
| house=
| parentage=
| siblings=
| spouse=[[Elmar]]
| children=Several unnamed children, [[Hazad Longbeard]]
| gender=Male
| height=
| hair=
| eyes=
| clothing=
| weapons=Sword
| steed=
}}

'''Buldar''' was a [[Pre-Númenóreans|Man]] of [[Agar]] who was the father of [[Hazad Longbeard]] and the grandfather of [[Tal-Elmar (character)|Tal-Elmar]] during the [[Second Age]].

== History ==
During his days of youth, Buldar fought in the army of the [[Sauron|North King]] in the valley of [[Ishmalog]] against the [[Númenóreans|"Fell Folk"]] and came back home to Agar with "a wound, a sword and a woman". The latter, named [[Elmar]], he wedded mostly against her wish and had many sons, of which the youngest was Hazad. Elmar warned Buldar, however,that though ehe was forced to live with him she would have her vengeance: [[Tal-Elmar|one]] of her bloodline would arise in Agar and bring about the downfall of Buldar's folk. <ref>{{PM|Elmar}}</ref>

== Genealogy ==
<div style="overflow-x: scroll; overflow-y: hidden; border: 1px solid #AAAAAA; padding: 3px; background: #EEEEEE;">
{{familytree/start}}
{{familytree| BUL |y| ELM |~|~|~|~|~|~|y|~| HUS |BUL='''BULDAR'''''fl. {{SA}}''|ELM=[[Elmar]]''fl. {{SA}}''|HUS=''Unknown husband''''fl. {{SA}}''}}
{{familytree| |,|-|^|-|.| | | | | | | |!| | | |}}
{{familytree| CHI | | HAZ |y| WIF | | UNK | | | | |CHI=''Unknown children''|HAZ=[[Hazad Longbeard]]''fl. {{SA}}''|WIF=''Unknown wife''''fl. {{SA}}''|UNK=''Unknown children''}}
{{familytree| | | | | |,|-|^|-|.| | | | | | | |}}
{{familytree| | | | | SON | | TAL | | | | | | |SON=''Sixteen sons''|TAL=[[Tal-Elmar (character)|Tal-Elmar]]''fl. {{SA}}''}}
{{familytree/end}}
</div>

== Other versions of the legendarium ==
In a penciled note added to the manuscripts, J.R.R. Tolkien proposed that Buldar should be left out of the story and Elmar to be Hazad's wife. However, in the published version, this change did not occur.<ref>{{PM|Elmar}}, note 5</ref>

The rejected version of Buldar’s name is Tal-Bulda.

{{references}}
[[Category:Second Age characters]]
[[Category:People of Agar]]
[[Category:Mannish words]]
[[Category:Servants of Sauron]]

Sauron

2022-11-23T16:36:42Z

LordoftheEarth: /* Other names */

{{evil infobox
| name=Sauron
| image=[[File:Alaïs - Annatar.jpg|250px]]
| caption="Annatar" by [[:Category:Images by Alaïs|Alaïs]]
| pronun=[[Quenya|Q]], {{IPA|[ˈsaʊron]}}
| othernames=''Annatar'' ([[Quenya|Q]]) ''Gorthaur'' ([[Sindarin|S]])''Mairon'' ([[Quenya|Q]]) ''Zigûr'' ([[Adûnaic|A]]) The Enemy [[Eye of Sauron|The Eye]] The Necromancer The Shadow ''([[#Other names|See below]])''
| titles=The [[Dark Lord]] King of Men The [[Lord of the Ring|Lord of the Rings]] Lord of the World Ring-maker
| position=
| location=[[Utumno]] [[Angband]] [[Tol-in-Gaurhoth]] [[Mordor]] [[Númenor]] [[Dol Guldur]]
| affiliation=[[Aulë]] [[Morgoth]]
| language=[[Valarin]], [[Black Speech]]
| birth=[[Creation of the Ainur]]
| birthlocation=
| rule={{SA|1600}} - {{TA|3019}}
| death=[[25 March]] {{TA|3019}}
| deathlocation=[[Barad-dûr]], [[Mordor]]
| age=
| notablefor=Smith of [[Aulë]] Lieutenant to [[Morgoth]] Deceived the [[Elves]] into forging the [[Rings of Power]]; Created [[The One Ring]]; Brought about the [[Downfall of Númenor]]; Nearly conquered the whole of [[Middle-earth]]
| parentage=
| siblings=
| spouse=
| children=
| race=[[Maiar|Maia]]
| gender=Male
| height=''[[#Appearance|See below]]''
| hair=
| eyes=''[[#Eye of Sauron|See below]]''
| clothing=
| weapons=[[The One Ring]]
| steed=
}}
<center>{{Quote|But in after days he rose like a shadow of Morgoth and a ghost of his malice, and walked behind him on the same ruinous path down into the Void.|''[[Valaquenta]]'': Of the Enemies}}</center>

'''Sauron''' was a highly gifted [[Maia]]. He was a student of [[Aulë]] and became skilled at crafting and making. He was named '''Mairon'''. Coveting the power through which he would coordinate all things according to his own will, he joined with [[Melkor]]. As "Gorthaur" he became the most trusted lieutenant of Morgoth, being reckoned as the greatest of his allies and servants in the [[Wars of Beleriand]]. From his fortress of [[Tol-in-Gaurhoth]], Sauron was directly responsible for the death of [[Barahir]] and later the [[Noldorin]] king [[Finrod]] during the [[Quest for the Silmaril]]. He demonstrated the ability to take the form of a wolf, a serpent, and a vampire.

After the downfall of Morgoth, Sauron continually strove to conquer [[Middle-earth]] throughout the [[Second Age|Second]] and [[Third Age|Third]] Ages. In the Second Age, under the guise of '''Annatar''', he deceived the [[Elves]] of [[Eregion]], who under his guidance had created the [[Rings of Power]], whilst he secretly forged [[the One Ring]] in [[Mount Doom]]. Thus Sauron became "'''[[Lord of the Ring|the Lord of the Rings]]'''". Failing to corrupt the Elves, he assaulted the [[Westlands]], beginning a period called the [[Dark Years]], the first time he became known as the '''[[Dark Lord]]'''. His influence corrupted the [[Númenóreans]] - leading to the destruction of [[Númenor]] - which led to [[Elendil]] founding the Realms in Exile of [[Arnor]] and [[Gondor]]. Elves and the [[Dúnedain]], the descendants of the Númenóreans, formed the [[Last Alliance]] and, in {{SA|3441}}, Elendil and Elven [[High King of the Noldor|High King]] [[Gil-galad]] died fighting Sauron, but Elendil's son [[Isildur]] severed his Ringed finger and destroyed his body. Following Sauron's defeat, Isildur took the One Ring for himself.

In the Third Age,Sauron the Enemy returned to Middle-earth and, as the '''Necromancer''', took the hill of [[Amon Lanc]] as his fortress of [[Dol Guldur]]; one of his foremost servants, the [[Witch-king]], formed the realm of [[Angmar]] in the north of [[Eriador]]. Following an attack by the [[White Council]] in {{TA|2941}}, the Dark Lord Sauron returned to his fortress of [[Barad-dûr]] in [[Mordor]], marshalling his armies and using his two-faced vassal, the corrupted [[Wizards|Wizard]] [[Saruman]]. By {{TA|3018}} [[Frodo Baggins]] was in possession of the Ring, and he was led by [[Gandalf]] as a member of the [[Fellowship of the Ring]] in the [[Quest of the Ring]]. Whilst Sauron waged the [[War of the Ring]] against the [[Free peoples]] of Middle-earth, Frodo Baggins, [[Samwise Gamgee]] and [[Gollum]] reached Mount Doom on [[25 March]] {{TA|3019}}, and the Ring was destroyed. The breaking of the Ring caused Sauron's fall, and his stepping on Morgoth's path down into the [[Void]], resulting in the start of the [[Fourth Age]] and the [[Dominion of Men]].

== History ==
=== Origin ===
[[File:Maureval - Mairon.jpg|thumb|left|''Mairon'' by [[:Category:Images by Maureval|Maureval]]]]
As one of the most powerful [[Maiar]], Sauron was created by [[Ilúvatar]] before the [[Music of the Ainur]].<ref name="Ainu">{{S|Ainu}}</ref> At the beginning of Time, he was amongst the [[Ainur]] who entered into [[Eä]].<ref name="SVala">{{S|IId}}</ref> Here he became one of the Maiar of [[Aulë]], among whose people he was deemed mighty and surpassed only by the Smith himself,<ref name="SVala"/> and was known as '''''Mairon'''''.<ref name="PE17.1">{{PE|17}}, p. 183</ref>

Mairon's virtue was his love for order, planning and coordination, disliking confusion and chaos. But his obsession with order gradually overshadowed his love for the other intelligent beings of Arda, who would benefit from his planning; it became the sole object of his will, the end in itself. He started admiring [[Melkor]]'s power to realize his designs quickly and masterfully.<ref name=myths/>

Early on he was ensnared by Melkor, becoming his greatest and most trusted servant.<ref name="SRings">{{S|Rings}}</ref> Thus he came to be known as '''''Gorthaur''''' by the [[Sindar]] of [[Beleriand]] and '''''Sauron''''' by others. Sauron initially was not as evil as Morgoth, as he was serving someone and not himself.<ref name="SVala"/> Unlike Melkor, who wanted to unmake and corrupt the world, Sauron wished to rule it and do what he wanted with it.<ref name=myths>{{MR|Myths}}, pp. 394-398</ref>

=== First Age ===
After [[Morgoth]] made his great fortress of [[Angband]] in the north-west of [[Middle-earth]], he appointed Sauron to be its commander.<ref name="SCaptivity">{{S|Captivity}}</ref> When the [[Valar]] captured Melkor at the [[Battle of the Powers]], they stormed and searched Utumno and Angband; however, they failed to find Sauron.<ref name="SCaptivity"/>

{{blockquote|Sauron was become now a sorcerer of dreadful power, master of shadows and of phantoms, foul in wisdom, cruel in strength, misshaping what he touched, twisting what he ruled, lord of werewolves; his dominion was torment.|''[[Quenta Silmarillion]]'', "[[Of the Ruin of Beleriand and the Fall of Fingolfin]]"}}

Sauron continued his evil operations; during the [[Great March]] it is said that he afflicted the [[Atyamar|land of the Elves]] in the [[Vales of Anduin]], forcing the [[Elves]] to resume their journey.<ref>{{NM|P1vii}}, pp. 50-51</ref>

With the unchaining of Morgoth and his subsequent destruction of the [[Two Trees|Two Trees of Valinor]], the [[Sun]] first rose and ushered in the awakening of [[Men]]. Leaving Sauron in command of the war, Morgoth left Angband in secret to find the second-born kindred of the [[Children of Ilúvatar]] and to corrupt them to his will.<ref name="SWest">{{S|West}}</ref>

After the [[Fall of Fingolfin]], Sauron launched an attack on [[Tol Sirion]]. Utter fear descended upon [[Orodreth]] and those who defended the isle. Sauron assailed [[Minas Tirith (Beleriand)|Minas Tirith]] and turned it into a watch tower for Morgoth. Therein Sauron sat and Tol Sirion the fair became [[Tol-in-Gaurhoth]], the Isle of Werewolves.<ref name="SFingolfin">{{S|Fingolfin}}</ref>

Upon hearing of the deeds of [[Barahir]] and his companions, Morgoth ordered Sauron to find and kill them. [[Gorlim]], one of Barahir's companions, was captured and brought before Sauron. Sauron promised that he would free Gorlim and his wife [[Eilinel]] in return for information. Under the terror of Sauron's eyes, Gorlim revealed everything he knew, and thus the hiding place of Barahir was betrayed to the enemy. Subsequently, Sauron revealed Eilinel was dead and had Gorlim put to death.<ref name="Beren">{{S|Beren}}</ref>

[[Beren]], son of [[Barahir]], promised to avenge his father's death. He wandered [[Dorthonion]] as an outlaw and achieved great deeds that were heard far and wide. Morgoth set a high price on his head and Sauron, commanding a great army of [[werewolves]] and [[fell beasts]], sought for Beren.<ref name="Beren"/>

Later, [[Finrod|Finrod Felagund]], Beren, and their ten companions left [[Nargothrond]] in search of the [[Silmarils]]. Despite their being disguised as Orcs, Sauron espied them as they entered into the vale between [[Ered Wethrin]] and [[Taur-nu-Fuin (Dorthonion)|Taur-nu-Fuin]] and was suspicious, as Orcs passing were supposed to report to him. He had them captured and they were brought to him. There Finrod and Sauron fought in songs of power; the strength of both was great, but Sauron was more powerful. He then stripped them of their Orc disguises but failed to discern who they were. He had them thrown into a dark pit where one by one they were devoured by a werewolf. Withstanding this horror, they refused to betray one another.<ref name="Beren"/>

[[File:Ted Nasmith - Huan Subdues Sauron.jpg|thumb|''Huan subdues Sauron'' by [[Ted Nasmith]]]]
When all of their companions were dead, Finrod and Beren were the last who remained alive in Sauron's pit. When a werewolf went to attack Beren, Finrod Felagund used all his power to defeat it. In this he was successful. However, he was critically wounded and soon passed away. In that dark moment, [[Lúthien]] came to the bridge of [[Tol-in-Gaurhoth]] and sang. From his tower of Minas Tirith, Sauron saw Lúthien and knew that it was the famous daughter of [[Melian]] and [[Thingol]]. He desired to capture her and hand her over to Morgoth. Therefore, he sent a wolf to the bridge, but it was quickly and silently slain by [[Huan]]. He sent many more, and each one Huan killed. Finally, he sent [[Draugluin]], sire of the werewolves of Angband. The fight between Huan and Draugluin was fierce. Eventually Draugluin fled and, before dying, he told his master that Huan was there. According to prophecy, Huan would not die until he had encountered the greatest of all wolves, so Sauron contrived to take on that role and defeat the hound. Therefore Sauron took on the form of a werewolf, the greatest the world had ever seen, and went towards the bridge. So great was the terror of his approach that even Huan momentarily recoiled. Sauron leaped to attack Lúthien, but she drew her magic veil over his eyes, afflicting him with fatigue and blindness. Then Huan sprang upon Sauron and there they fought. The force of Sauron's malice alone left Lúthien weak and nearly unconscious, and the fighting was brutal and prolonged; however, he could not subdue the hound of [[Valinor]]. He was trapped within Huan's jaws and could not break free, even when he took the form of a serpent and finally his own shape. Rather than leave his physical form, he yielded to Lúthien, giving her control of the isle in return for his release. He then took the form of a vampire and fled to [[Taur-nu-Fuin (Dorthonion)|Taur-nu-Fuin]], filling the forest with horror.<ref name="Beren"/>

After the [[War of Wrath]], with the downfall of [[Morgoth]] and the destruction of [[Thangorodrim]], Sauron adopted a fair form and repented his evil deeds in fear of the wrath of the Valar. [[Eönwë]] ordered Sauron to return to [[Valinor]] in order to receive the judgement of Manwë. Sauron was not willing to suffer such humiliation, and he instead fled and hid himself in [[Middle-earth]].<ref name="SRings"/>

=== Second Age ===
[[File:Mysilvergreen - Sauron-Annatar and the creation of the One Ring.png|thumb|right|''Sauron-Annatar and the creation of the One Ring'' by [[:Category:Images by Mysilvergreen|Mysilvergreen]]]]
It was {{SA|500|n}} years into the [[Second Age]] when Sauron started to stir again.<ref name="lotr-toy"/> Sauron decided that the [[Valar]] had forgotten about [[Middle-earth]] and he once again turned to evil; many Men in [[East]] and [[South]], already corrupted by Melkor, fell under the [[Shadow]] by following him.<ref name="SRings"/> By {{SA|882}}, [[Gil-galad]] sensed a shadow arising in the East and sent a [[Gil-galad's letter|warning]] to [[Númenor]].<ref>{{UT|Wife}}</ref> Around {{SA|1000}} Sauron was alarmed by the growing power of the [[Númenóreans]], and chose [[Mordor]] as a land to make into a stronghold. He began the building of [[Barad-dûr]], the Dark Tower, near Mount Doom.<ref name="lotr-toy"/>

Although Sauron long knew that [[Men]] were easier to sway, he sought to bring the [[Elves]] into his service, as they were far more powerful.<ref name="SRings"/> After lying hidden and increasing his power in secret, in {{SA|1200}} Sauron put on a fair visage, calling himself '''Annatar''', the Lord of Gifts, an emissary from the Valar. He was never welcome in [[Lindon]] as [[Elrond]] and [[Gil-galad]] did not trust him and refused to treat with him, although they did not perceive who he truly was.<ref name="SRings"/>

Elsewhere Annatar was gladly received, especially in [[Eregion]], where only [[Galadriel]] distrusted him. The [[Noldorin]] smiths there learned much from him in art and magic, as their thirst for knowledge was great.<ref name="lotr-coe">{{FR|Council}}</ref><ref name="lotr-toy">{{App|SA}}</ref> Under the tutelage of Annatar and the leadership of [[Celebrimbor]], grandson of [[Fëanor]], the [[Gwaith-i-Mírdain]], became more skilled than anyone save Fëanor himself. In the year {{SA|1500}}, when they reached the very height of their power, the Elves began the forging of the [[Rings of Power]], which according to Annatar would help them preserve their powers over Middle-earth.

But Sauron was ready to begin his own plans, and in {{SA|1600}} - ten years after the completion of the Rings of Power - he created [[The One Ring]] to control the bearers of the other Rings. He invested most of his own power into the Ring as he forged it, so that it would be more powerful than the others. With its power he completed the building of the Dark Tower.<ref name="SRings"/><ref name="lotr-toy" />

But the Elves were not so easily ensnared, and as soon as Sauron put on the One Ring they and Celebrimbor were aware of him, and realised they were betrayed.<ref name="lotr-coe" /><ref name="lotr-toy" /> They hid their Rings from Sauron and did not use them. Sauron demanded that the other Rings be given to him, for they would not have been made without his knowledge. The Elves refused, and the War was inevitable.<ref name="SRings"/>

==== [[Black Years]] ====
During this time Sauron constructed the [[Black Gate]] of Mordor to prevent invasion, and raised massive armies of [[Orcs]], [[Trolls]], and Men, chiefly [[Easterlings]] and [[Southrons]] whom he dominated as a king and god. He had them make many fortified towns, and armed those under him with iron.<ref name=dm/><ref name="SRings"/>

The [[War of the Elves and Sauron]] began in {{SA|1693}} and was a bloody conflict which destroyed Eregion and devastated much of Eriador.<ref name="lotr-toy"/> Celebrimbor was slain and his body impaled on a spike paraded at the head of Sauron's legions. The Elves were pushed back almost to the Blue Mountains, while their Dwarven allies (who had also rejected Sauron) retreated behind the walls of [[Moria]] where Sauron could not assail them.

Sauron was the [[Dark Lord]] of almost all of Middle-earth beyond the coasts, but the [[Númenóreans]] responded to the Elves' call for aid and sent a relief force. With united forces, Sauron's army was driven back and defeated near the [[Sarn Ford]] and withdrew to [[Tharbad]] where he was reinforced. But the Númenórean admiral [[Ciryatur]] had sent a fleet up the river Gwathló and Sauron's army was [[Battle of the Gwathló|attacked in the rear and utterly defeated]]. The Dark Lord fled back to Mordor with little more than his own bodyguard and a handful of orcs.<ref>{{UT|Galadriel}}</ref>

Nonetheless, while Sauron's subsequent power never quite matched the height it had during the War with the Elves, many of his most powerful enemies' homelands had been devastated. As the Númenóreans established dominions around the [[Westlands]] (c. {{SA|1800}}),<ref name="lotr-toy"/> Sauron's empire continued to expand to dominate barbarian Men as servants and worshippers to the far south and east.<ref name=dm>{{PM|Dwarves}}</ref><ref>{{UT|Amroth}}</ref>

As the Elves had failed him, he had decided to distribute the Rings of Power to three corrupted lords of [[Númenor]]<ref name=Akallabeth>{{S|Akallabeth}}</ref> and [[Khamûl|an Easterling king]] and other five Men, as well as lords of the Dwarves. The Dwarves proved too hardy and resistant to their effects; but the Men eventually faded and in {{SA|2251}} they appeared as [[Ringwraiths]], his greatest slaves.<ref name="lotr-toy"/>

Believing he would dominate all of Middle-earth, Sauron assumed many glorious titles: '''King of Kings''',<ref name=L131>{{L|131}}</ref> '''King of Men''',<ref name=Akallabeth/> '''Lord of the Earth''',<ref name="SRings"/> and even '''Lord of the World'''.<ref name=L131/>

==== On Númenor ====
[[File:Elena Kukanova - The Temple of Melkor.jpg|200px|thumb|right|''The Temple of Melkor'' by [[Elena Kukanova]]]]
This offended the arrogant [[Númenóreans]] who had already started to fall under the [[Shadow]]. The proud Númenóreans came to Middle-earth with great force of arms, and Sauron's forces fled. Realising he could not defeat the Númenóreans with military strength, Sauron allowed himself to be taken as a hostage to Númenor by King [[Ar-Pharazôn]] in {{SA|3262}}.<ref name="lotr-toy"/>

There, he quickly grew from captive to adviser and was known as '''Zigûr''', the Wizard;<ref name=Defeated>{{HM|SD}}, ''passim''</ref> he seduced the King and further corrupted the people.<ref name="lotr-toy"/> He converted many Númenóreans to the worship of Darkness, becoming High Priest of a Melkor cult. He had the [[White Tree]] cut down and in its place raised a great [[Temple]] in which he performed human sacrifices, persecuting those who were still [[Faithful]]. Finally, he convinced the king to rebel against the Valar and attack Valinor itself, claiming they would gain immortality. [[Ilúvatar|Eru]], the supreme God, then directly intervened: Númenor was drowned under the sea, and the great navy of Númenor was destroyed.

Sauron was on Númenor in the Temple of Melkor and was caught in the ensuing [[Drowning of Númenor|flood]]. However, his spirit survived, although severely weakened by the destruction, and it fled back to Middle-earth.

==== Against the Faithful ====
Sauron's spirit returned to Mordor in {{SA|3320}},<ref name="lotr-toy"/> where he slowly rebuilt his strength, although he was unable to assume a fair shape. From this point on he started to rule through terror and force, largely filling the fearsome role left vacant by his former master.

Meanwhile, a few faithful Númenóreans, led by [[Elendil]], were saved from the flood, and they founded [[Gondor]] and [[Arnor]] in Middle-earth. Sauron still considered them his hated enemies and he launched a pre-emptive attack on Gondor in {{SA|3429}}.<ref name="lotr-toy"/>

In response, the Númenóreans formed the [[Last Alliance of Elves and Men|Last Alliance]] with the Elven-king [[Gil-galad]]. Learning of them, Sauron dispatched some [[Orcs of Mordor]] to the [[Misty Mountains]] to ambush them.<ref>{{UT|Gladden}}, Note #20</ref> He also burned the [[Brown Lands|gardens]] of the [[Entwives]] against the advance of the Allies down the [[Anduin]].<ref>{{L|144}}</ref> Nonetheless the Allies reached Mordor and defeated Sauron's forces in the [[Battle of Dagorlad]] in {{SA|3434}} and finally laid siege before [[Barad-dûr]].<ref name="lotr-toy"/>

The siege lasted for seven years until {{SA|3441}}, when Sauron left his fortress, engaging in direct combat. Elendil and Gil-galad fought Sauron and vanquished him, but both were killed.<ref name="lotr-toy"/> [[Isildur]], son of Elendil, cut the One Ring from Sauron's finger and claimed it. Later, the Ring betrayed him and was lost for more than two thousand years. After his defeat in the War of the Last Alliance, Sauron lost his ability to form a physical body for a great while.

=== Third Age ===
Sauron's defeat released his subjects, like the [[Easterlings]], from his tyranny, but they fell into chaos. Their tribes and kingdoms battled against each other and some withdrew to the hated west.<ref>{{UT|6b}}, p. 259</ref> Weakened by his defeat and the loss of the One Ring, it is thought that he fled to the far east to regain his power and strength before returning.

It was not until c. {{TA|1000}} that Sauron could again begin to take shape in a physical living body. Worried by this prospect, the [[Valar]] sent [[Wizards|five]] [[Maiar]] from the West to assist the peoples of Middle-earth against Sauron.<ref>{{UT|Istari}}, pp. 388-389</ref>

His power was enough that he began again to throw a shadow across portions of [[Middle-earth]]. Apparently, Sauron's spirit managed to move some Easterlings, who invaded [[Rhovanion]] and came to the [[Vales of Anduin]].<ref>{{PM|XNotes}}, #60</ref>

==== The Necromancer ====
These moves coincided with the coming of the [[Shadow]] to [[Greenwood the Great]].<ref>{{PM|Atani}}</ref> Around {{TA|1050|n}} he chose [[Amon Lanc|a hill]] in southern Greenwood as a place to build the fortress of [[Dol Guldur]]. At first, [[the Wise]] thought that this "Necromancer" was one of the [[Nazgûl]] who had returned and taken up residence in southern Greenwood.<ref name=TA/>

The year {{TA|1300}} marked Sauron's increased power, evidenced by "evil things" who multiplied and grew bold again, like the [[Orcs of the Misty Mountains]] and some of the [[Dragons]], who attacked the [[Dwarves]]; and the return of the Nazgûl, with the founding of the evil realm of [[Angmar]].<ref name=TA/> In the following centuries, Sauron's subjects in Angmar, the East and the South concentrated against his ancient enemies. Kings [[Araphant]] of [[Arnor]] and [[Ondoher]] of [[Gondor]] realised that a single force was coordinating the attacks on both of their kingdoms and that they needed to work together to combat this evil. However, Angmar was successful in destroying Arnor, and soon after the Nazgûl gathered in Mordor and [[Second Fall of Minas Ithil|conquered]] [[Minas Ithil]] to prepare for Sauron's return; their final success was ending the [[Kings of Gondor|royal line]] of Gondor.<ref name=gondor>{{App|Gondor}}</ref><ref name="SRings"/><ref name=TA/> As his shadow deepened, [[Durin's Bane|a balrog]] awoke, causing the desertion of [[Moria]].<ref name=TA/>
[[File:John Howe - Pass the Doors of Dol Guldur.jpg|thumb|left|''Pass the Doors of Dol Guldur'' by [[John Howe]]]]
By {{TA|2060}} the power of Dol Guldur grew so much that [[the Wise]] were alerted that Sauron was returning. [[Gandalf]] entered the fortress in {{TA|2063|n}} but the shadow fled before him. Returning to the [[East]],<ref name=TA/> Sauron started corrupting the [[Easterlings]] and forging a strong alliance between their tribes.{{fact}} The period of his absence was known as the ''[[Watchful Peace]]'', because the Shadow on Mirkwood had lessened and the Nazgûl stayed quiet in Minas Morgul,<ref name=TA/> using this period to prepare for Sauron's return.

==== Return to Dol Guldur ====
The Necromancer returned in {{TA|2460|n}} more powerful, with many Men in his service, and again took up residence in [[Dol Guldur]].<ref name=TA/> His return coincided with the One Ring revealing itself [[Third Age 2463|three years later]], falling in the hands of [[Gollum|a Stoor]]. Sensing the danger, the [[Wise]] formed the [[White Council]].<ref name=TA/>

The Necromancer's aims remained to gather the Rings of Power, find news about the One Ring, and eliminate the [[Heir of Isildur]], if one remained in [[Middle-earth]].<ref>{{App|Tale}}</ref><ref name=TA/> In {{TA|2475}} the [[Uruk-hai]] exited Mordor and briefly conquered [[Ithilien]]. [[Third Age 2480|Some years later]] the Orcs of the Mountains organized themselves, blocking the passes to the West; Moria had been depopulated centuries earlier by the Balrog, and Sauron sent Orcs and [[Trolls]] there.<ref name=TA/> Also under his shadow were the [[Balchoth]], who invaded Mirkwood and cooperated with Orcs to attack Gondor.<ref name=stew/> Sauron's servants captured the [[King of Durin's Folk|Dwarf King]] [[Thráin|Thráin II]] and took [[Ring of Thrór|one]] of the [[Seven Rings|Seven Dwarf rings]] from him.<ref name=TA/>

Still investigating the Necromancer, [[Gandalf]] snuck into Dol Guldur in {{TA|2850|n}} and met the dying Dwarf King, learning that the Necromancer was none other than Sauron. [[Third Age 2851|The next year]], Gandalf informed the White Council and urged an immediate attack upon the fortress, but [[Saruman|Saruman the White]] had learned of the presence of the [[The One Ring|Ruling Ring]] near the [[Gladden Fields]], and he thought it best to allow Sauron to build up his strength in order to reveal its location so that Saruman could seize it himself. Following this strategy, Saruman opposed Gandalf.<ref name=TA>{{App|TA}}</ref>

As his power was growing and his arising came closer, his minions moved again against Gondor; his agents stirred the [[Haradrim]] to resume attacking Gondor, while [[Uruk-hai]] and [[Orcs of Mordor]] infested [[Ithilien]]<Ref name=stew/><Ref name=TA/> but never managed to pass beyond Anduin, further into Gondor.<ref name=hunt>{{UT|Hunt}}</ref> All this time Sauron apparently had learned about the [[Disaster of the Gladden Fields]] where his old enemy Isildur was killed, shortly after his own demise, almost three millennia ago. He sent his minions to look for the One Ring around [[Anduin]] near the [[Gladden Fields]], not knowing that it had been already in the possession of [[Gollum|a Stoor]].<Ref name=TA/>

==== Attack of the White Council ====
Considering the situations, and the occupation of the dragon [[Smaug]] of [[Erebor]], Gandalf was worried that Sauron's military assault against the [[West]] was a matter of time, and that he would use Smaug in his force; Gandalf started considering a simultaneous attack both against Dol Guldur and against Smaug, to weaken Sauron.<ref name=erebor>{{UT|Erebor}}</ref>
[[File:Angus McBride - Dol Guldur.jpg|thumb|''Dol Guldur'' by [[Angus McBride]]]]
In {{TA|2939}} Saruman learned that Sauron was searching for the Ring, and worried that he would find it sooner than he. In {{TA|2941|n}} he conceded with Gandalf to [[Attack on Dol Guldur|attack Dol Guldur]].<ref name=TA/> Indeed, in the meantime Gandalf managed to eliminate Smaug, and the Orcs of the Mountains were decimated in the [[Battle of Five Armies|ensuing battle]], allowing the [[Kingdom Under the Mountain]] and [[Dale]] to flourish again.<ref name=erebor/><ref>{{H|Return}}</ref>

Although Gandalf was weakening Sauron's potential grasp in the [[Wilderland|North]],<ref name=erebor/> Sauron had been expecting the White Council's attack against Dol Guldur and fled from there.<ref name=TA/>

==== Return to Mordor ====
The [[Nazgûl]] had been preparing [[Barad-dûr]] for Sauron's return, so it was easy for Sauron to return secretly to his old stronghold [[Third Age 2942|a year later]]. Sauron declared himself openly in {{TA|2951}}, sent three Nazgûl back to Dol Guldur and started rebuilding the Dark Tower, and once it was completed, the [[Mount Doom]] erupted.<Ref name=stew>{{App|Stewards}}</ref><ref name=TA/>

From then on Sauron stayed in Barad-dûr to conduct his war on the [[Free peoples]]. The shadow of Mordor caused despair and sickness to the Gondorians, like [[Finduilas_(wife_of_Denethor)|Finduilas]], and in his desperation, the Steward [[Denethor]], Sauron's most immediate enemy, used the [[Anor-stone]] to gain knowledge. That ''[[palantír]]'' was directly linked to the [[Ithil-stone]] that the Nazgûl had taken from Minas Morgul, and when Sauron used it, he discovered Denethor was using his. Sauron attempted to wrench the Anor-stone to his will, but failed due to Denethor's strength of will and birth-right to the stone. But this stressed and wore out the steward, who lost his hope.<ref name=stew/><ref>{{UT|Palantiri}}</ref>

By {{TA|3000}} the shadow lengthened, and Saruman, who was residing in [[Orthanc]], had secretly found and decided to use the [[Orthanc-stone]]. As happened with Denethor, Sauron linked with his mind, managing to enslave him;<ref name=TA/> from one of his wisest enemies, Saruman became one of his greatest servants.

Around {{TA|3009}} [[Gollum]], who formerly bore the One Ring and now pursued its thief, ventured into Mordor and was captured by Sauron's minions. Gollum was tortured and interrogated for the following years,<ref name=TA/> and before releasing him, Sauron learned that the One Ring had been found by [[Bilbo Baggins]] of [[the Shire]].

Sauron bred immense armies of Orcs and allied with or enslaved Men from the east and south. He adopted the symbol of a lidless eye, and he was able at that time to send out his will over Middle-earth, so that the [[Eye of Sauron]] became a symbol of power and fear.

==== The War of the Ring ====
Sauron was alarmed when the [[Elves of Mirkwood]] captured Gollum,<ref name=TA/> so in June of {{TA|3018}} he dispatched the Nazgûl to hunt for the [[One Ring]] in secrecy. To disguise the crossing of the Nine over the Great River, Sauron staged an [[Sauron's attack on Osgiliath|attack on Osgiliath]]. This feint served two purposes: first, to test the strength and preparedness of Denethor, and second and more importantly, to present the Nazgûl as merely a military asset, concealing from the [[Wise]] their true mission.<ref name=hunt/> Denethor's forces were stronger than Sauron hoped, but Sauron took the eastern half of the city nonetheless. This allowed the Nazgûl to cross the Great River and begin their hunt.<ref name=hunt/> Now knowing the measure of his enemy, Sauron continued to amass his forces in Minas Morgul and Mordor in preparation for the siege of Gondor.<ref>{{TT|IV4}}</ref>

By September, the Nazgûl had failed to discover the Shire, and Sauron's wrath and fear were mounting. Via messenger, Sauron ordered the Nine to discard secrecy in favour of speed and go to Isengard to confront Saruman about his knowledge of the whereabouts of the Ring. At this time, Sauron also conveyed to the Nine such dire threats as to dismay even the Lord of Morgul.<ref name=hunt/> The Nine ultimately failed in their mission, being defeated and unhorsed by the flood of the Bruinen. The Witch-king returned alone to Mordor in December of 3018 to Sauron's great fear, for Sauron perceived that his foes still had strength left in them, and luck seemed to be on their side.<ref>{{HM|RC}}, "The Ring Goes South", p. 262</ref>

Sauron's next glimpse of the Ring (or so he believed) would come in the late hours of [[5 March]] T.A. 3019, when Pippin looked into the [[palantir]] of Orthanc that he had recovered from the flood of Isengard. Sauron, unaware of Saruman's defeat at hands of the [[Ents]], assumed Pippin was the Wizard's prisoner, and was being forced to look into the Palantir as a form of cruel sport. Rather than interrogate Pippin immediately, Sauron chose to torment him, and bid him tell Saruman that he would send for the prisoner immediately. <ref>{{TT|Palantir}}</ref> He was therefore deceived into thinking the Ring was finally within his grasp.

A few hours later, on the morning of [[6 March]], Sauron encountered one of his foes in the ''palantír'' of Orthanc: Aragorn looked into the Stone, revealing himself to Sauron as the Heir of Isildur and wielder of [[Andúril]], the Blade Reforged. Aragorn spoke no word to Sauron and with a great effort of will wrested control of the Stone from him. As Aragorn intended, this played on Sauron's gnawing doubts and filled him with fear, believing that Aragorn might have overthrown Saruman, seizing Pippin and therefore the Ring. Thus, he ordered the Witch-king to launch his long-planned assault on Gondor immediately, rather than wait for all preparations to be made, hoping to destroy his enemies before they had a chance to make full use of the Ring's power.<ref name=RKV2>{{RK|V2}}</ref>

The death of the Witch-king and the defeat of his army in the [[Battle of the Pelennor Fields]] were a setback to Sauron, but he still had a great force of arms held in reserve in Mordor, more than enough to eventually secure military victory against all of his enemies combined. After his encounter with Aragorn in the ''palantír'', Sauron believed that one of his foes in Minas Tirith held the One Ring and would soon attempt to use it. As such, Gandalf was able to exploit Sauron's false beliefs with an audacious plan: the army of the Free Peoples would march on the Black Gate as a feint, keeping Sauron's Eye fixed upon them and blind to all else that moved, as the true Ringbearer made his way to Mount Doom.<ref name=RKV9>{{RK|V9}}</ref>

For the next nine days, Gandalf's plan worked - as the Host of the West made its way east and north, Sauron kept his entire focus upon it and diverted the whole strength of Mordor to the Black Gate to meet them. Even when Shagrat brought news of an "Elvish" intruder in [[Cirith Ungol]], Sauron's belief that the Ring was with the Host of the West remained unshaken and he made no attempt to investigate further; he could certainly not imagine that his enemies were trying to sneak the Ring into Mordor. Frodo and Sam thus made it to the [[Sammath Naur]] undetected, and Sauron did not become aware of them until the very moment that Frodo claimed the Ring for himself.<ref name=RKVI3>{{RK|VI3}}</ref> [[File:Ted Nasmith - The Shadow of Sauron.jpg|thumb|''The Shadow of Sauron'' by [[Ted Nasmith]]]]

Only then did Sauron finally perceive Frodo and, realising he had been tricked, was overwhelmed with wrath and fear. He instantly lost all interest in the ongoing [[Battle of the Morannon]] and dispatched the Nazgûl from the skies above the battle to Mount Doom with all haste. It was too late; Gollum fell into the Crack of Doom with the Ring, destroying it and himself. In the moment of the Ring's destruction, Barad-dûr and many other of Sauron's fortresses crumbled to ruin. Sauron's spirit emerged and rose above Mordor like a black cloud - he stretched out his hand towards the army of the West, but even as he did so, he was blown away by a great wind and vanished.<ref name=RKVI4>{{RK|VI4}}</ref>

== Legacy ==
Thus Sauron's power was unmade, and his dominion in Middle-earth came to an end. According to Gandalf, Sauron was "maimed for ever, becoming a mere spirit of malice that gnaws itself in the shadows, but cannot again grow or take shape."<ref name=RKV9 /> Sauron's corporeal body that was in the Dark Tower died, and without the Ring his spirit no longer had the power to create a new one. Though his indestructible mind and being were bound forever to [[Eä]], Sauron had lost all power to effect his will upon the world<ref>{{L|200}}</ref> and could never again grow in strength.<ref>{{MR|P5VII}}, section iii, p. 403 and note 11, p. 407</ref>

It is said of Sauron, in summary of his long career of wickedness in Arda, that "he rose like a shadow of Morgoth and a ghost of his malice, and walked behind him on the same ruinous path down into the Void."<ref>{{S|IId}}</ref>

==Characteristics==
Sauron was a being of exceptional power, both in personal might and in sorcery, yet his greatest strength lie in his cunning, intellect, and charisma; through persuasion, deception, and coercion, he brought ruin to many mortal realms and united others unto himself, often without ever having to physically intervene, and he nearly cast Middle-earth into darkness several times throughout his existence.

Much like his [[Melkor|master]], pride in his own abilities was his greatest personal weakness, and this arrogance, coupled with an underestimation of his enemies, would ultimately doom him.<ref>{{RK|Doom}}</ref>
=== Physical form ===
[[File:J.R.R. Tolkien - Sauron.jpg|thumb|right|Tolkien's unfinished sketch of Sauron, apparently showing him just after the destruction of the Ring]]
At first Sauron appeared as a royal and commanding figure in a strong body. He was also able to veil his power and change his shape. Later, however, he could take only a terrible form, of a stature greater than a [[Men|Man]]'s, though not giant,<ref>{{L|246}}</ref> "an image of malice and hatred made visible; and the Eye of Sauron the Terrible few could endure."<ref name=Akallabeth/> [[Isildur]] recounted that at the [[Siege of Barad-dûr]], Sauron's hand was black with a deadly burning touch.<ref name="lotr-coe"/> Gollum would also call him "Black Hand", noticing he only had four fingers after Isildur cut one off.<ref name=Closed>{{TT|IV3}}</ref>

=== Eye of Sauron ===
The '''[[Eye of Sauron]]''', called by various names, was the symbol of [[Sauron]] the Dark Lord following the loss of [[the One Ring]]. This symbol was adopted to show his unceasing vigilance and piercing perception, and was displayed on the weaponry of his servants, or at least the [[orcs]].

Sauron's Eye as Frodo sees it in the [[Mirror of Galadriel]] is the only feature of his later form described in detail. It is yellow and rimmed with fire, with a slit pupil, "a window into nothing."<ref>{{FR|II7}}</ref> The colour is compared to that of a cat's eye, but because of the references to Sauron's Lidless Eye, it may also resemble that of a snake, such as an adder. Readers differ as to whether Sauron's eyes were literally lidless and resembled what Frodo saw, or instead the Eye was only a symbol that Frodo saw in the Mirror in an elaborate form.

Sauron's gaze, even indirectly, was known to wither, exhaust, and weaken his foes, with [[Denethor II|Denethor]], [[Aragorn II|Aragorn]], and [[Gandalf the Grey|Gandalf]] all rendered weary and dreadful after confronting him.<ref>{{FR|Breaking}}</ref> The sheer malevolence Sauron exuded through his presence alone was enough to render Lúthien frail and nearly unconscious.<ref>{{S|Beren}}</ref>

== Etymology ==
{{pronounce|Quenya - Sauron.mp3|Gilgamesh}}
'''''Sauron''''' (pron. {{IPA|[ˈsaʊron]}})<ref group=note>''Sauron'' is pronounced "sour-on" (''sour'' as in not sweet).</ref> is a [[Quenya]] name, said to mean "the Abhorred".<ref>{{S|Index}}, entry "Sauron"</ref>

Several accounts of the origin of the name ''Sauron'' were suggested in different linguistic manuscripts:
*deriving from Quenya ''[[saura]]'' ("foul, evil-smelling, putrid", from the [[Sundocarme|root]] [[THUS#Other versions|THUS]]).<ref>{{LR|Etymologies}}, entry "[[THUS]]-"</ref>
*deriving from Quenya ''[[saura]]'' ("foul, vile"; from root [[SAWA]]). The manuscript continues saying that ''Sauron'' "could be a genuine [[Sindarin]] formation from ''[[saur]]''; but is probably from Quenya". However, this origin appears to have been rejected, as it is followed by the comment "No. [[THAW|THAW-]], cruel. ''[[Saura]]'', cruel" in the manuscript.<ref>{{PE|17}}, pp. 183-4</ref>
*deriving from the [[Primitive Quendian]] form ''þaurond-'' (formed from the adjective ''þaurā'' "detestable", from root [[THAW]]).<ref>{{L|297}}, p. 380</ref>
*deriving from '''''Thauron''''', which includes the [[Sindarin]] element ''[[thaur]]'' ("abominable, abhorrent"; also found in [[Sauron#Other names|''Gor'''thaur''''']]).<ref name=Appendix>{{S|Appendix}}, entries ''gor'', ''thaur''</ref>

== Other names ==
{{pronounce|Sindarin - Gorthaur.mp3|Gilgamesh}}
{{pronounce|Quenya - Mairon.mp3|Gilgamesh}}
{{Pronounce|Annatar.mp3|Ardamir}}
'''''Gorthaur''''' was a name used of Sauron by the [[Sindar]] during the [[First Age]],<ref name="SVala"></ref><ref>{{WJ|15}}, p. 240</ref> meaning "Terrible Dread". The name is composed of the elements ''[[gor]]'' ("horror, dread") and ''[[thaur]]'' ("abominable, abhorrent").<ref name=Appendix></ref> The Quenya equivalent was '''''Ñorsus'''''.<ref name="PE17.1"></ref>

In some of Tolkien's notes from the 1950s, it is said that Sauron's original name was '''''Mairon''''' ([[Quenya|Q]], "the Admirable"), but this was altered after he was suborned by Melkor. He continued to call himself Mairon the Admirable, or '''Tar-mairon''' ("King Excellent"), until after Númenor's downfall,<ref name="PE17.1"/> although he could not use that name in Númenor, as it was a Quenya name with royal implications. There he was called '''''Zigûr''''',<ref name=Defeated></ref> meaning "Wizard" in [[Adûnaic]].<ref>{{SD|3vi9}}, p. 437</ref>

'''''Annatar''''' is Quenya for "Lord of Gifts", from ''[[anna]]'' + ''[[tar]]''.<ref>{{S|Appendix}}, entries ''anna'', ''tar''</ref> It can be noticed that Morgoth used a similar name when he seduced the first [[Men]]: "Giver of Gifts".<ref>{{MR|P4i}}, The '[[Tale of Adanel]]', p. 344</ref> In an isolated note, Tolkien gives other names used by Sauron when he seduced the Elves in the Second Age: '''''Artano''''' ("High-smith") and '''''Aulendil''''' ("Devoted to Aulë").<ref>{{UT|6}}, Notes, p. 254</ref>

Among his many titles and epithets were:
*The '''Base Master of Treachery''', used once by Gandalf to explain why the [[Mouth of Sauron]] should not be trusted.<ref name=Mouth>{{RK|V10}}</ref>
*The '''Black One''', used once by [[Gollum]].<ref>{{TT|IV3}}</ref>
*The '''[[Black Hand]]''', used twice by Gollum.<ref name=Closed>{{TT|IV3}}</ref>
*The '''Black Master''', used by [[Isildur]] when cursing Sauron's former servants, the [[Men of the Mountains|Oathbreakers]].<ref name=RKV2/>
*The '''[[Dark Lord]]''', given by the [[Free Peoples]] after he rose in the Second Age.<ref name="SRings"/>
*The '''Dark Power''', used by Gandalf.<ref name=Shadow>{{FR|I2}}</ref>
*The '''Deceiver''', given by [[Amandil]] before departing to ask the Valar deliverance from Sauron's corruption.<ref name=Akallabeth>{{S|Akallabeth}}</ref>
*The '''Enemy''', given by the [[Free Peoples]] after he rose in the Second Age.<ref name="SRings"/>
*The '''One Enemy''', used once by Frodo Baggins.<ref>{{TT|IV4}}</ref>
*The '''[[Eye of Sauron|Eye]]''', with its variants, mainly refered to his mental form and his [[Eye of Sauron|emblem]], but also applied to Sauron himself.<ref>{{RK|I3}}, entry "Eye, The"</ref>
*The '''Great''', following the name of ''Sauron'', it is only used once by Gandalf,<ref name=Shadow>{{FR|I2}}</ref> once by [[Glóin]],<ref name="lotr-coe"/> and once by the Mouth of Sauron.<ref name=Mouth>{{RK|V10}}</ref>
*The '''King of Kings''', given by himself when he rose in the Second Age, enraging Ar-Pharazôn.<ref name=L131/>
*The '''Lord of the Earth''', given by himself when he rose in the Second Age.<ref name="SRings"/>
*The '''King of Men''', given by himself when he rose in the Second Age, enraging Ar-Pharazôn.<ref name=Akallabeth>{{S|Akallabeth}}</ref>
*The '''Lord of the World''', given by himself when he rose in the Second Age, enraging Ar-Pharazôn.<ref name=L131/>
*The '''North King''', given by the people of [[Agar]].<ref>{{PM|Elmar}}</ref>
*The '''Necromancer''', used during his rule in [[Dol Guldur]] when his identity was unknown.<ref name="lotr-coe"/>
*The '''Nameless''', probably given by the [[Gondorians|people of Gondor]], as it is only used by Boromir as '''Nameless Enemy''',<ref name="lotr-coe"/> by Faramir as '''Nameless One''',<ref>{{TT|IV5}}</ref> and by the watchmen of Gondor.<ref>{{RK|V4}}</ref>
*The '''[[Lord of the Ring]]''' or '''Lord of the Rings'''.
*The '''[[Ring-maker]]'''.<ref name=Shadow/>
*The '''Ruler''', used once by Saruman during his confrontation with Gandalf.<ref name="lotr-coe"/>
*The '''[[Shadow]]''', not properly given to him, but to his power when he expanded it in the Third Age.<ref name="SRings"/>
*The '''Sorcerer''', used during his rule in [[Dol Guldur]] when his identity was unknown.<ref name="lotr-coe"/>
*'''Wolf-Sauron''', the name given to the dreadful werewolf-shape that [[Sauron]] took on when he went to do battle with [[Huan]].<ref name="Beren"/>

== Other versions of the legendarium ==
Since the earliest versions of the [[legendarium]], Sauron has undergone many changes. The prototype of this character was '''[[Tevildo]]''', lord of the cats, who played the role later taken by Sauron in the earliest version of the story of [[Beren]] and [[Lúthien]] in ''[[The Book of Lost Tales Part Two]]'', "[[The Tale of Tinúviel]]". Morgoth also had another servant named '''[[Fankil]]''' who led evil [[Dwarves]] and notably acted as his lieutenant, a role assumed by Sauron in the final works.

Tevildo later was transformed into '''[[Thû]]''', the Necromancer - the first proper iteration of the later Sauron. The name was then changed to ''Gorthû'', ''Sûr'', and finally to Sauron. ''Gorthû'', in the form ''Gorthaur'', remained in ''The Silmarillion''.

Prior to the publication of ''The Silmarillion'', Sauron's origins and true identity were unclear to those without full access to Tolkien's notes. In early editions of ''[[The Complete Guide to Middle-earth|The Guide to Middle Earth]]'', Sauron is described as "probably of the Eldar elves".

=== The Necromancer ===
In ''[[The Hobbit]]'', the Necromancer is an obscure villainous entity mentioned fleetingly by [[Gandalf]] as one of the dangers of the wider world. He is peripheral to the plot of the book: explaining why the company takes the dangerous road through Mirkwood rather than going around, and providing a reason for Gandalf's absence for that section of the journey. Thematically the Necromancer, a truly 'terrible' force beyond the power of the main protagonists, gives the world of ''The Hobbit'' a greater level of reality which Tolkien felt was necessary for a "fairy-tale" to ring true.<ref name="Letter17">{{L|17}}</ref>

Despite the alias, it would appear that the Necromancer was always intended to stand for [[Sauron]], a figure from the very earliest phases of his legendarium (as [[Tevildo]] in "[[The Tale of Tinúviel]]"). Shortly after the publication of ''The Hobbit'' Tolkien wrote:

{{blockquote|Mr Baggins began as a comic tale among conventional and inconsistent Grimm's fairy-tale dwarves, and got drawn into the edge of it – so that even Sauron the terrible peeped over the edge.|[[Letter 19]]}}

Indeed, in the ''[[Lay of Leithian]]'', [[Thû]] is called a "necromancer" who "held his hosts of [[phantoms]] and of wandering [[ghosts]]" (l. 2075) in [[Tol-in-Gaurhoth]].<ref>{{LB|C7}}</ref>

However, as ''The Hobbit'' was not originally intended to be integrated with Tolkien's wider mythology the Necromancer did not necessarily need to be consistent with his [[First Age]] counterpart Sauron, rather the two were loosely linked to add an 'impression of depth' to the narrative of ''The Hobbit''. With Tolkien's decision to merge the two 'worlds' and make Sauron the central antagonist of ''[[The Lord of the Rings]]'' came the need to reconcile the two figures and account for his whereabouts in the millennia between the end of the First Age and his dwelling in Bilbo's Mirkwood. This was largely achieved in the ''[[Appendix B|Tale of Years]]'', with Sauron becoming a much greater figure after the fall of his master, one who arguably drove the history of the entire Second and Third Ages of Middle-earth.

Fans have noted that the alias "Necromancer" for Sauron is obscure, as in the context of neither ''The Hobbit'' nor ''The Lord of the Rings'' Sauron is ever specifically mentioned to use [[Wikipedia:necromancy|necromancy]], i.e. controlling the [[spirits]] of the dead.<ref>{{webcite|author=|articleurl=http://scifi.stackexchange.com/questions/47756/why-is-sauron-called-the-necromancer|articlename=Why is Sauron called the "Necromancer"?|dated=|website=Stackexchange|accessed=9 January 2020}}</ref>

A later essay mentions the practice of necromancy concerning the ''[[fëar]]'' of the [[Unbodied]] Elves, mentioning that Sauron possibly did so and also taught his followers,<ref>{{MR|P3II3c}}, p. 224</ref> although this reference is not given in the context of the story.

== Minions and allies ==
*[[Thuringwethil]]- Vampire Herald
*[[Draugluin]]- First of the Werewolves of Angband; mortally-wounded by [[Huan]]
*The [[Witch-king of Angmar]] - Lord of Morgul, Lord of the Nazgûl and deadliest servant; vanquished by [[Éowyn]] and [[Merry]]
**[[Khamûl]] - Lieutenant of Dol Guldur, second only to the Witch-king among the Nazgûl; undone by the destruction of the [[One Ring]]
**Other 7 [[Nazgûl]] - Most terrible of his servants; perished with the One Ring
*The [[King of the Dead]] - King of the Oathbreakers, former servant bound to the [[Heir of Isildur]]
*[[Ar-Pharazôn]] - Last King of Númenor, rival-turned-puppet, coerced to the worship of the Darkness
*[[Herumor]] - Lord among the Haradrim
*[[Fuinur]] - Chief among the Haradrim
*[[Captain of the Haven]] - Commander of the Corsairs of Umbar; slain by [[Aragorn]]
*The [[Mouth of Sauron]] - Lieutenant of the Dark Tower and personal Ambassador
**[[Grishnákh]] - Orc captain of the Dark Tower; slain by the Riders of Rohan
*[[Saruman]] - Lord of Isengard, corrupted White Wizard and capable but faithless servant; stabbed in the back by Gríma
**[[Gríma]] - Chief counsellor of King [[Théoden]] in Rohan, Saruman's mole at the court; shot by Hobbit arrows
**[[Squint-eyed Southerner]] - Dunlending spy at the Prancing Pony Inn
**[[Bill Ferny]] - Outlaw of Bree-land
**[[Harry Goatleaf]] - Keeper of the West-gate of Bree, informant
*[[Gothmog (Lieutenant of Morgul)|Gothmog]] - Lieutenant of Morgul, second only to the Witch-king among the Morgul-host
**[[Gorbag]] - Captain of the Orcs of Morgul that captured [[Frodo Baggins]]; murdered by Shagrat
*[[Shagrat]] - Captain of Cirith Ungol; put to death for his failures
**[[Muzgash]] - Orc guard at Cirith Ungol; shot by treacherous comrades
**[[Lagduf]] - Orc sentry stationed at Cirith Ungol; shot by treacherous comrades
**[[Radbug]] - Orc sentinel of Cirith Ungol; had his eyes squeezed out by Shagrat
**[[Snaga (orc of Mordor)|Snaga]] - Torturer of Cirith Ungol; fell to his demise in a fight with [[Samwise Gamgee]]
**[[Ufthak]] - Orc subordinate in Cirith Ungol; caught by Shelob in her webs
*[[Shelob]] - Descendant of [[Ungoliant]] and convenient guardian of the pass through Mordor
*The [[Two Watchers]] - Statues inhabited by evil spirits
;Characters from older concepts
*[[Naglur-Danlo]] - Orc of Cirith Ungol
*[[Shagram]] - Orc soldier of Cirith Ungol

== Portrayal in adaptations ==
{{Gallery
|title=Sauron in Adaptations
|width=160
|height=160
|lines=3
|File:The Lord of the Rings (1978 film) - Prologue.jpg|Sauron in [[The Lord of the Rings (1978 film)|''The Lord of the Rings'' (1978 film)]]
|File:LOTR-vol2-Sauron1.png|Sauron in ''[[J.R.R. Tolkien's The Lord of the Rings, Vol. II: The Two Towers]]''
|File:The Lord of the Rings - The Motion Picture Trilogy - Sauron.jpg|Sauron ''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring]]''
|File:The Eye Of Sauron.jpg|Eye of Sauron in ''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Two Towers]]''
|File:Necromancer.jpg|The Necromancer in the ''[[Lord of the Rings Strategy Battle Game]]''
|File:Lord of the Rings The Third Age - Eye of Sauron.png|Eye of Sauron in ''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Third Age]]''
|File:The Lord of the Rings Online Shadows of Angmar - Eye of Sauron.png|Eye of Sauron in ''[[The Lord of the Rings Online: Shadows of Angmar]]''
|File:The Lord of the Rings Online Shadows of Angmar - Annatar.png|[[Annatar|Antheron]] in ''[[The Lord of the Rings Online: Shadows of Angmar]]''
|File:The Lord of the Rings Online - Sauron.jpg|Sauron in ''[[The Lord of the Rings Online]]: [[Minas Morgul]]''
|File:The Lord of the Rings Conquest - Sauron1.png|Sauron in ''[[The Lord of the Rings: Conquest]]''
|File:Guardians of Middle-earth - Sauron.png|Sauron in ''[[Guardians of Middle-earth]]''
|File:The Hobbit - An Unexpected Journey - Necromancer.jpg|The Necromancer in ''[[The Hobbit: An Unexpected Journey]]''
|File:The Rings of Power (TV series) - Sauron.jpg|Sauron in ''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Rings of Power]]''
|File:The Rings of Power (TV series) - Dark Lord Halbrand.jpg|[[Charlie Vickers]] as Sauron/[[Halbrand]] in ''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Rings of Power]]''
}}

=== Films ===
'''1978: [[The Lord of the Rings (1978 film)|''The Lord of the Rings'' (1978 film)]]:'''
: Sauron is briefly shown in the prologue sequence as a shadowy figure in a horned helmet.

'''2001-03: [[The Lord of the Rings (film series)|''The Lord of the Rings'' (film series)]]:'''
:Sauron is played by [[Sala Baker]] and voiced by the late [[Alan Howard]]. In these films, he is depicted as a tall -yet not gigantic - armored warlord wielding a huge mace (a blend between his vague description by Tolkien and the more detailed appearance of [[Morgoth]] as described in ''[[The Silmarillion]]''). In the first film, he is depicted dispatching a number of Elves and Men with his mace, before killing [[Gil-galad]] (offscreen; the scene figured in the concept art done for the prologue, however) and then [[Elendil]] before being defeated by [[Isildur]] using his father's [[Narsil|broken sword]] to cut off the finger wearing [[the One Ring]], as well as three others on the same hand. This strangely causes his body to explode, producing a shockwave that knocks everyone on the battlefield off their feet.

:Later on, [[Saruman]] implies to [[Gandalf]] that Sauron was unable to retain his physical form and that the Eye was his astral form, a detail which is never brought up in the novel. It is unknown if Saruman was truthful with this statement, or if he was either misinformed or lying (since he was already corrupted by his yearning for power and Sauron's influence).

:For the portrayal of Sauron as a giant eye of fire in these movies, see [[Eye of Sauron#Portrayal in adaptations]].

'''2002: [[The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring (video game)|''The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring'' (video game)]]:'''

'''2002: [[The Lord of the Rings: The Two Towers (video game)|''The Lord of the Rings: The Two Towers'' (video game)]]:'''

'''2003: [[The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King (video game)|''The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King'' (video game)]]:'''

'''2012-14: [[The Hobbit (film series)|''The Hobbit'' (film series)]]:'''
: Sauron is played and voiced by [[Benedict Cumberbatch]], under his assumed identity as the Necromancer. In these films, it is stated that the White Council does not discover he is Sauron until much later, during the events of these films, previously believing him to be a human with skills in magic. In these films, Sauron initially appears as a shadowy figure before assuming his armoured form from the previous films. With him as the slit black pupil, he projects flames around him, creating the visage of the Great Eye.

===Television ===
'''2022: [[The Lord of the Rings: The Rings of Power|''The Lord of the Rings: The Rings of Power]]:'''
:'''1 September: ''[[A Shadow of the Past]]'':'''
::Sauron is mentioned multiple times in the TV show. He appears briefly in the beginning of the episode A Shadow of the Past, during the destruction of the [[Two Trees of Valinor]]. No actor is credited for the role of Sauron.

:'''14 October: ''[[Alloyed]]'':'''
::It is revealed that Sauron was disguised as Halbrand the entire season. After being supposedly "split open" by [[Adar (The Rings of Power)|Adar]], he took on the form of a mortal [[Men|Man]] and gave to himself the name Halbrand. At some point in time, he came upon the corpse of the last King of the [[Mordor|Southlands]]. He took the crest because he thought that it suited him. For more information on this form of Sauron, please see the [[Halbrand]] page.

=== Radio series ===
'''1955: [[The Lord of the Rings (1955 radio series)|''The Lord of the Rings'' (1955 radio series)]]:'''
:The voice of Sauron is provided by [[Felix Felton]].<ref name="RT1724">Radio Times, Volume 133, No. 1724, [[23 November|November 23]], [[1956]]</ref>

'''1968: [[The Hobbit (1968 radio series)|''The Hobbit'' (1968 radio series)]]:'''
:Sauron is mentioned only very briefly at the end; [[Gandalf]] and [[Elrond]] discuss how the "Necromancer" had been driven from his abode in the south of [[Mirkwood]].

'''1981: [[The Lord of the Rings (1981 radio series)|''The Lord of the Rings'' (1981 radio series)]]:'''

'''1979: [[The Hobbit (1979 radio series)|''The Hobbit'' (1979 radio series)]]:'''

'''1979: [[The Lord of the Rings (1979 radio series)|''The Lord of the Rings'' (1979 radio series)]]:'''

=== Video games ===
'''1985: ''[[Lord of the Rings: Game One]]'':'''

'''1988: ''[[J.R.R. Tolkien's War in Middle Earth]]''

'''1990: [[J.R.R. Tolkien's The Lord of the Rings, Vol. I (1990 video game)|''J.R.R. Tolkien's The Lord of the Rings, Vol. I'' (1990 video game)]]:'''
:Sauron is mentioned by [[Gandalf]] in the beginning of the game.

'''1993: ''[[J.R.R. Tolkien's The Lord of the Rings, Vol. II: The Two Towers]]'':'''
:Sauron is mentioned in the beginning of the game, when [[Gandalf]] explains the history of [[the One Ring]].

'''2003: ''[[The Lord of the Rings: War of the Ring]]'':'''

'''2003: [[The Hobbit (2003 video game)|''The Hobbit'' (2003 video game)]]:'''
:Sauron and the events of the south of Mirkwood are left unmentioned. However, whilst in Mirkwood, [[Bilbo Baggins|Bilbo]] has to defeat creatures that he calls "Minions of the Necromancer".

'''2004: ''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Third Age]]'':'''
:At the end of the game, Berethor and company (the playable characters) have to defeat the eye of Sauron by physically attacking him on top of [[Barad-dûr]].

'''2004: ''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Battle for Middle-earth]]'':'''

'''2005: ''[[The Lord of the Rings: Tactics]]'':'''

'''2006: ''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Battle for Middle-earth II]]'':'''

'''2007: ''[[The Lord of the Rings Online]]'':'''
:Sauron, in his fair guise, appears during the flashback to the years of the [[Second Age]]. He uses the name "Antheron" instead of "Annatar", which only appears in the works not covered by the game' licese.
:Visiting Sauron's personal chambers in [[Dol Guldur]] leads to a vision of the Dark Lord, still weak and recovering from his defeat at the hand of [[Isildur]].
:During an extended flashback sequence to the [[War of the Last Alliance]], Sauron himself is met within [[Barad-dur]] by the player, who controls a historic character.

'''2009: ''[[The Lord of the Rings: Conquest]]'':'''

'''2010: ''[[The Lord of the Rings: Aragorn's Quest]]'':'''

'''2011: ''[[The Lord of the Rings: War in the North]]'''''

'''2012: ''[[Guardians of Middle-earth]]'':'''
:Sauron is a "guardian".<ref name="Trailer">{{webcite|author=|articleurl=http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=caYW7d-8MIY&feature=player_embedded|articlename=''Guardians of Middle-earth'': First Official Gameplay Trailer|dated=29 June 2012|website=YT|accessed=16 July 2012}}</ref>

'''2014: ''[[Middle-earth: Shadow of Mordor]]'''''

'''2017: ''[[Middle-earth: Shadow of War]]'''''

'''2021: ''[[The Lord of the Rings: Rise to War]]'''''

=== Others ===
'''1982-97: ''[[Middle-earth Role Playing]]'':'''
:Sauron is treated as a Mage of level 180 (level 360 if using the One Ring). Among his items are the Elf-slaying Black Sword (S. ''Mormegil''), the Gauntlet of Slaying ("Narsil's Bane"), and the Black Scale of dragonskin. Among his special powers are Domination (control over other players using the One Eye), resistance to normal weapons, and the ability to force anyone within his sight to resist fear (or otherwise becoming frozen).

'''1995-8: ''[[Middle-earth Collectible Card Game]]'':'''
:The card "[http://www.tradecardsonline.com/im/selectCard/card_id/54534/cards_lang/1 Sauron]", appearing in the set ''[[Middle-earth: The Balrog|The Balrog]]'', is playable as a manifestation of the card "[http://www.tradecardsonline.com/im/selectCard/card_id/54002/cards_lang/1 The Lidless Eye]" (from the set [[Middle-earth: The Lidless Eye|''The Lidless Eye'']]), and can be used by players to enhance their general influence.<ref>{{webcite|author=|articleurl=http://www.tradecardsonline.com/im/selectCard/game_id/20/goal/|articlename=Home page for the game Middle Earth|dated=|website=[http://www.tradecardsonline.com/ Trade Cards Online]|accessed=5 January 2012}}</ref>

== External links ==
*[http://folk.uib.no/hnohf/sauronname.htm ''A Name for the Dark Lord''] by [[Helge Fauskanger]].

{{references|note}}

{{seq-start}}
{{seq-head
| race=evil
| house=[[Maia]]
| died=[[25 March]] {{TA|3019}}
}}
{{seq
| pvac=None
| prev=Ring created
| list=[[Ring-bearer]]
| dates=c. {{SA|1600}} – {{SA|3441|n}}
| next=[[Isildur]]
}}
{{seq-end}}

{{ainur}}
{{numenor}}
{{ringbearers}}
{{hobbitfilms}}
{{lordoftheringsfilms}}
[[Category:Characters in The Lord of the Rings]]
[[Category:Characters in The Silmarillion]]
[[Category:Evil]]
[[Category:First Age characters]]
[[Category:Maiar]]
[[Category:Ring-bearers]]
[[Category:Rulers in Middle-earth]]
[[Category:Second Age characters]]
[[Category:Servants of Melkor]]
[[Category:Third Age characters]]
[[Category:Quenya names]]
[[de:Sauron]]
[[fi:Sauron]]
[[fr:encyclo/personnages/ainur/maiar/sauron]]