Tolkien Gateway - User contributions [en]

Talk:East Road

2020-02-20T22:09:08Z

Olthar:

'''Great East Road''': unless the name appears in ''The History of Middle-earth'' it doesn't appear anywhere. In ''The Silmarillion'', ''Unfinished Tales'', or in ''The Hobbit'' it doesn't appear; in ''The Lord of the Rings'' there is only one mention of "the great East Road" where the G in the word "great" is not capitalized, thus not part of the name: "Northward, where they looked most hopefully, they could see nothing that might be the line of the great East Road, for which they were making." (''The Fellowship of the Ring'', ch. 6 "The Old Forest"). --Tik 14:59, 8 December 2018 (UTC)

:I checked ''The History of Middle-earth'' and it isn't there either, prefers "East Road" as the primary reference. I have changed all appropriate references throughout this wiki to "East Road"; I think "Great East Road" is fanon. --{{User:Mith/sig}} 18:49, 15 December 2018 (UTC)

::On the same note, Great Road seems to be never used in reference to this road. "Great Road" is mentioned in UT, but refers to North- South Road. [[User:Olthar|Olthar]] 22:09, 20 February 2020 (UTC)

The Trilogy

2020-02-12T01:04:52Z

Olthar:

{{stub}}
{{video game infobox
| image=
| name=The Trilogy
| developer=Smeagol 88
| publisher=[[Platus Productions]]
| platform=Windows 3.1, [[wikipedia:Windows 95|Windows 95]]
| releasedate=Cancelled
| genre=RPG
|}}'''''The Trilogy''''' was a video game that covered both ''[[The Hobbit]]'' and ''[[The Lord of the Rings]]'', designed by somebody that called himself ''Smeagol 88''. The game was cancelled in [[2000]]. It was developed with ''Klik & Play'' and later with ''Multimedia Fusion'', game-development engines designed by [[wikipedia:Clickteam|Clickteam]].

== External Links ==
* [http://haven.theonering.net/gaming/thetrilogy.html Gaming Havens about this game]
* [http://www.lysator.liu.se/tolkien-games/entry/thetrilogy.html Tolkien Games about this game]
{{title|italics}}
[[Category:Microsoft Windows games]]

Talk:Two-headed Trolls

2020-02-12T00:05:25Z

Olthar:

Maybe I'm pushing interpretation of canonical works to the limit in this article! But it shouldn't be worse than the "Half-trolls", or similar legendary creatures. ;-) --[[User:Morgan|Morgan]] 18:22, 15 November 2010 (UTC)
==Ettin==
It would be great if we could verify the statement on wikipedia that ''Ettin'' historically/traditionally are described as two-headed monsters (see
[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Narnian_creatures#E List of Narnian Creatures] at Wikipedia (accessed 15 November 2010)). I will keep it in the background of my head (the reading head, not the other one...) when reading traditional fairy-tales , to see what comes up.--[[User:Morgan|Morgan]] 18:51, 15 November 2010 (UTC)
:Being an old D&D player, I always think of Ettins as being two-headed trolls myself. I looked around on the 'net for something that showed that Ettin is a two-headed giant in mythology, but I couldn't find anything. --[[User:Pinkkeith|Pinkkeith]] 18:59, 15 November 2010 (UTC)
::It honestly seems that the "two-headedness" came purely from D&D and propagated other media from there. Gygax is notorious for borrowing names from Tolkien and Gandalf's notion about two heads is probably what lead to the idea... --[[User:Olthar|Olthar]] 01:59, 12 February 2020 (UTC)

Gaffer Gamgee

2020-02-11T23:54:07Z

Olthar:

{{hobbit infobox
| name=Hamfast Gamgee
| image=[[Image:Stephen Hickman - Gaffer Gamgee and the Black Rider.jpg|250px]]
| caption="Gaffer Gamgee and the Black Rider" by [[Stephen Hickman]]
| pronun=
| othernames=Gaffer, Old Gamgee, [[Ranugad]] [[Galbasi]]
| titles=
| position=Gardener
| location=[[Hobbiton]]
| affiliation=
| language=
| birth={{SR|1326}}
| birthlocation=
| rule=
| death={{SR|1428}}<ref group=note>''[[The Complete Guide to Middle-earth]]'' gives {{FoA|8}}</ref>
| deathlocation=
| age=102
| notablefor=
| family=[[Gamgee Family|Gamgee]]
| parentage=[[Hobson|Hobson Gamgee]]
| siblings=[[Andwise Roper|Andy]], [[May (hobbit)|May]] and [[Halfred of Overhill|Halfred]]
| spouse=
| children=[[Hamson Gamgee|Hamson]], [[Halfred Gamgee|Halfred]], [[Daisy Gamgee|Daisy]], [[May Gamgee|May]], [[Samwise Gamgee|Samwise]] and [[Marigold Gamgee|Marigold]]
| gender=Male
| height=
| hair=In later life, grey
| eyes=
| clothing=
| weapons=
| steed=
}}
{{quote|Elves and Dragons! Cabbages and potatoes are better for me and you.|[[Gaffer Gamgee|The Gaffer]]<ref>{{FR|Party}}</ref>}}
'''Hamfast Gamgee''', better known as '''the Gaffer''', was a [[Hobbits|Hobbit]] of [[the Shire]], and the father of [[Samwise Gamgee]].
==History==

Hamfast was born in 2926, the third son of [[Hobson|Hobson Gamgee]], who was a roper by trade.<ref name="Gamgee">{{App|Gamgee}}</ref>

He entered the service of his relative, [[Holman Greenhand]], and became a gardener. One of his first jobs was tending the garden of [[Bag End]]. On [[22 June]], {{TA|2942}}, he and Holman tried frantically to keep the garden in order during the auction of the presumed-dead [[Bilbo Baggins]]. It is likely that at this time he already lived at Number 3, [[Bagshot Row]].

Hamfast became a gardener in his own right in about {{TA|2960}}<ref>{{HM|Guide}}, p. 187</ref>, and a local expert on [[potatoes]]. He married [[Bell Gamgee|Bell Goodchild]], and they had six children: [[Hamson Gamgee|Hamson]], [[Halfred Gamgee|Halfred]], [[Daisy Gamgee|Daisy]], [[May Gamgee|May]], Samwise and [[Marigold Gamgee|Marigold]].<ref name="Gamgee"/> Sam became Hamfast's apprentice.

Sam took over most of his father's work, who had become too old for the laborous work. He became known as the "Gaffer", a name Sam uses more often than "Hamfast".

Prior to the [[Bilbo's Farewell Party|Farewell Party]], the Gaffer entertained a crowd at the [[Ivy Bush]]. Always a man of loquacity and knowledge, he argued with [[Sandyman]], [[Old Noakes]] and Ham's neighbor [[Daddy Twofoot]] about the [[Baggins Family|Bagginses]] and the [[Sackville-Baggins Family|Sackville-Bagginses]].

On [[22 September]], {{TA|3018}}, the night of the departure of [[Frodo Baggins|Frodo]] and Sam from the Shire, [[Khamûl]], one of the [[Nazgûl]] rode up the lane, and asked the elderly hobbit about "[[Baggins Family|Baggins]]". A week later, he was visited by [[Gandalf]] who also informed about Frodo's whereabouts.<ref>{{FR|Meetings}}</ref>

When [[Lotho Sackville-Baggins|Lotho]] and eventually [[Sharkey]] took over the Shire, the Gaffer was evicted from Bagshot Row.<ref>{{RK|Scouring}}</ref> After the [[Battle of Bywater]], in which he only had a marginal role, he moved back into the newly restored [[New Row]], while Sam moved into Bag End. He was looked after by the [[Widow Rumble]], and died in [[Fourth Age 7]].<ref>{{RK|Havens}}</ref>

His son, Sam, named his seventh child [[Hamfast Gardner|Hamfast]] after his father.<ref name="Gamgee"/>

==Etymology==
The name ''Hamfast'' means "Stay-at-home", or literally, "Home-fast". It is a translation of his [[Westron]] name, [[Ranugad]] [[Galbasi]].<ref>{{App|F2}}</ref> In the [[King's Letter]], the name (referring to [[Hamfast Gardner]], not the Gaffer) is translated into [[Sindarin]] as [[Baravorn]].<ref>{{SD|Epilogue}}</ref>

"[[Wiktionary:gaffer|Gaffer]]" is a colloquial word for "old man".

==In other stories==
In the illustrated short story ''[[Mr. Bliss]]'', there is a resident in the village named Gaffer Gamgee who struggles to listen to the discussion between Mr Binks and Sergeant [[Boffin Family|Boffin]] about whether Mr Bliss should be locked up for failure to pay for his car. Sergeant Boffin also has a son named [[Sam]].<ref>[[J.R.R. Tolkien]], ''[[Mr. Bliss]]'' (2011 edition), p. 63</ref>

==Inspiration==
In [[Letter 257]], [[J.R.R. Tolkien]] recounts a holiday to Lamorna Cave in the early 1930's. To amuse his sons, he named a local Gaffer Gamgee. This "curious local character" was "an old man who used to go about swapping gossip and weather-fashion and such like". The surname was chosen because it alliterated with Gaffer.

Tolkien had several encounters with actual Gamgees, however. [[wikipedia:Gamgee Tissue|Gamgee Tissue]], a word young Ronald considered comical, was named after [[wikipedia:Sampson Gamgee|J. Sampson Gamgee]] (1828-1886), a famous [[Birmingham]] surgeon,<ref>{{L|72}}</ref> whilst in the Black Country dialect cotton wool was referred to as "gamgee".<ref>{{webcite|website=[http://sedgleymanor.com/ The Ancient Manor of Sedgley]|articleurl=http://sedgleymanor.com/dictionaries/dialect.html|articlename=Black Country Dialect|accessed=9 September 2014}}</ref> The Gamgees were notorious surgeons - years later, Dr. Leonard Gamgee tended those war-wounded, including Lieutenant Tolkien.<ref>[[John Garth]], ''[[Tolkien and the Great War]], "Part Three: Castles in the air", p. 206</ref>

==Portrayal in adaptations==
'''1981: [[The Lord of the Rings (1981 radio series)|''The Lord of the Rings'' (1981 radio series)]]:'''
:[[John Church]] plays Gaffer Gamgee. He used a thick peasant accent for the role. He is included in early episodes including a full dramatisation of his encounter with the Nazgul. He also features towards the end of the adaptation when he admonishes the returning Hobbits for wearing "ironmongery."

[[File:The Lord of the Rings - The Fellowship of the Ring - Gaffer Gamgee.jpg|Gaffer in ''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring]]''|right|thumb|150px]]
'''2001: ''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring]]'':'''
:Gaffer appears in the film's [[The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring (extended edition)|Extended Edition]], where he is played by [[Norman Forsey]]. The conversation in the Ivy Bush is moved to the [[Green Dragon]] Inn, though the dialogue remains much the same. He does not appear at Sam's marriage in ''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King|The Return of the King]]''.

'''2002: [[The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring (video game)|''The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring'' (video game)]]:'''
:Gaffer appears twice; at first, he drinks at the Green Dragon, but during the night, he informs Frodo of the Ringwraith that stalks the Shire. He was voiced by an uncredited [[Jim Piddock]].

==Notes==
<references group=note/>
{{references}}
[[Category:Characters in The Lord of the Rings]]
[[Category:Fourth Age characters]]
[[Category:Hobbits]]
[[Category:Gamgee]]
[[Category:Third Age characters]]

[[de:Hamfast Gamdschie (Sohn von Hobsen)]]
[[fi:Hamfast Gamgi (Ukko Gamgi)]]
[[fr:encyclo/personnages/hobbits/gamegie/hamfast_gamegie_1]]

Mithrellas

2015-04-23T08:35:15Z

Olthar: Mithrellas' fate

'''Mithrellas''' was a [[Silvan Elves|Silvan Elf]] who, according the tradition of the House of [[Angelimir]], accompanied [[Nimrodel the Elf-maid|Nimrodel]] on her journey to the southern havens. Mithrellas, it is said, became lost in the woods of [[Belfalas]], where she was found by [[Imrazôr]] the [[Númenóreans|Númenórean]], who married her. So [[Elvish]] blood entered the line of the [[Prince of Dol Amroth|Princes of Dol Amroth]], it was claimed, and her son [[Galador]] became the first of the long line of Princes. Mithrellas also bore Imrazôr a daughter, [[Gilmith]].<ref>{{UT|Galadriel}}</ref><ref>{{PM|Elendil}}, pp. 220-2</ref> After the birth, she ran away at night and was never seen again.<ref>{{UT|Amroth}}</ref>

==Etymology==
The first element in ''Mithrellas'' is likely the [[Sindarin]] word ''[[mith]]'' ("grey").

==Genealogy==
{{familytree/start}}
{{familytree | IMR |y| MIT |IMR=[[Imrazôr]] ''{{TA|1950}} - {{TA|2076|n}}''|MIT='''MITHRELLAS''' ''unknown''}}
{{familytree | |,|-|^|-|.| |}}
{{familytree | GAL | | GIL |GAL=[[Galador]] ''{{TA|2004|n}} - {{TA|2129|n}}''|GIL=[[Gilmith]] ''unknown''}}
{{familytree | |:| | | | | |}}
{{familytree | DOL | | | | |DOL=[[Princes of Dol Amroth|''Princes of Dol Amroth'']]}}
{{familytree/end}}

{{references}}
[[Category:Silvan Elves]]
[[de:Mithrellas]]
[[fi:Mithrellas]]

Ecthelion II

2015-04-07T11:49:47Z

Olthar: Undo revision 264739 by Olthar (talk)

{{disambig-more|Ecthelion|[[Ecthelion (disambiguation)]]}}
{{gondorian infobox
| image=[[Image:Catherine Chmiel - Ecthelion,Thorongil and Boromir study.jpg|250px]]
| name=Ecthelion II
| pronun=
| othernames=
| titles=[[Ruling Steward]]
| position=
| location=[[Gondor]]
| affiliation=
| language=[[Westron]], [[Sindarin]]
| birth={{TA|2886}}
| birthlocation=
| rule={{TA|2953}} - {{TA|2984}} (31 years)
| death={{TA|2984}}
| deathlocation=
| age=98
| notablefor=
| house=[[House of Húrin]]
| parentage=[[Turgon (Steward of Gondor)|Turgon]]
| siblings=
| spouse=
| children=[[Denethor|Denethor II]]; 2 unnamed daughters<ref name="Elendil">{{PM|Elendil}}, p. 206</ref>
| gender=Male
| height=
| hair=
| eyes=
| clothing=
| weapons=
| steed=
}}{{Pronounce|Ecthelion.mp3|Ardamir}}'''Ecthelion II''' ([[Third Age]] 2886<ref name="Elendil">{{PM|Elendil}}, p. 206</ref> – 2984,<ref name="South">{{App|South}}</ref> aged 98 years) was the twenty-fifth [[Ruling Steward]] of [[Gondor]]. He succeeded his father [[Turgon (Steward of Gondor)|Turgon]] at his death in Third Age 2953.

==History==
Ecthelion was the son of Steward [[Turgon (Steward of Gondor)|Turgon]]. A few years before he took the throne, [[Sauron]] had declared himself openly.<ref>{{App|TA}}</ref>

Ecthelion was known as a man of wisdom, who encouraged worthy men to enter into his service. One who did so was the stranger [[Thorongil]], who fought for Gondor and severely damaged the [[Corsairs]]' fleet at Umbar in a [[Surprise Attack on Umbar|surprise attack]]. It later transpired that Thorongil was [[Aragorn|Aragorn Elessar]].<ref>{{App|Stewards}}</ref> [[Gandalf]] was also a welcome guest in [[Minas Tirith]] at the time. Ecthelion also strengthened [[Pelargir]] and refortified [[Cair Andros]].<ref name="Elendil"/>

Ecthelion was followed by his son [[Denethor]] at his death in 2984.<ref name="South"/>

==Genealogy==
{{familytree/start}}
{{familytree | | | | | | | TUR | | |TUR=[[Túrin II]] ''{{TA|2815|n}} - {{TA|2914|n}}''}}
{{familytree | | | | | | | |!| | | |}}
{{familytree | DOL | | | | TUR | | |DOL=[[Princes of Dol Amroth|''Princes of Dol Amroth'']]|TUR=[[Turgon (Steward of Gondor)|Turgon]] ''{{TA|2855|n}} - {{TA|2953|n}}''}}
{{familytree | |:| | | | | |!| | | |}}
{{familytree | ADR | | | | ECT | | |ADR=[[Adrahil II]] ''{{TA|2917|n}} - {{TA|3010|n}}''|ECT='''ECTHELION II''' ''{{TA|2886|n}} - {{TA|2984|n}}''}}
{{familytree | |!| | | |,|-|^|-|.| |}}
{{familytree | FIN |y| DEN | | DAU |FIN=[[Finduilas (wife of Denethor)|Finduilas]] ''{{TA|2950|n}} - {{TA|2988|n}}''|DEN=[[Denethor|Denethor II]] ''{{TA|2930|n}} - {{TA|3019|n}}''†|DAU=''two daughters'' ''unknown''}}
{{familytree | |,|-|^|-|.| | | | | |}}
{{familytree | BOR | | FAR | | | | |BOR=[[Boromir]] ''{{TA|2978|n}} - {{TA|3019|n}}''†|FAR=[[Faramir]] ''{{TA|2983|n}} - {{FoA|82}}''}}
{{familytree/end}}

==Etymology==

*''See [[Ecthelion#Etymology|Ecthelion: Etymology]]''

{{references}}
{{seq-start}}
{{seq-head
| race=gondorian
| house=[[House of Húrin]]
| born={{TA|2886}}
| died={{TA|2984}}
}}
{{seq
| prev=[[Turgon (Steward of Gondor)|Turgon]]
| list=25th [[Ruling Steward|Ruling Steward of Gondor]]
| dates={{TA|2953}} - {{TA|2984|n}}
| next=[[Denethor|Denethor II]]
}}
{{seq-end}}
{{rulingstewards}}
[[Category:Gondorians]]
[[de:Ecthelion II.]]
[[fa:اکته‌لیون دوم]]
[[fr:encyclo:personnages:hommes:3a:dunedain:gondoriens:ecthelion_ii]]
[[fi:Ecthelion II]]

Ecthelion II

2015-04-07T11:47:51Z

Olthar: link the page, not redirect

{{disambig-more|Ecthelion|[[Ecthelion (disambiguation)]]}}
{{gondorian infobox
| image=[[Image:Catherine Chmiel - Ecthelion,Thorongil and Boromir study.jpg|250px]]
| name=Ecthelion II
| pronun=
| othernames=
| titles=[[Ruling Steward]]
| position=
| location=[[Gondor]]
| affiliation=
| language=[[Westron]], [[Sindarin]]
| birth={{TA|2886}}
| birthlocation=
| rule={{TA|2953}} - {{TA|2984}} (31 years)
| death={{TA|2984}}
| deathlocation=
| age=98
| notablefor=
| house=[[House of Húrin]]
| parentage=[[Turgon (Steward of Gondor)|Turgon]]
| siblings=
| spouse=
| children=[[Denethor II|Denethor]]; 2 unnamed daughters<ref name="Elendil">{{PM|Elendil}}, p. 206</ref>
| gender=Male
| height=
| hair=
| eyes=
| clothing=
| weapons=
| steed=
}}{{Pronounce|Ecthelion.mp3|Ardamir}}'''Ecthelion II''' ([[Third Age]] 2886<ref name="Elendil">{{PM|Elendil}}, p. 206</ref> – 2984,<ref name="South">{{App|South}}</ref> aged 98 years) was the twenty-fifth [[Ruling Steward]] of [[Gondor]]. He succeeded his father [[Turgon (Steward of Gondor)|Turgon]] at his death in Third Age 2953.

==History==
Ecthelion was the son of Steward [[Turgon (Steward of Gondor)|Turgon]]. A few years before he took the throne, [[Sauron]] had declared himself openly.<ref>{{App|TA}}</ref>

Ecthelion was known as a man of wisdom, who encouraged worthy men to enter into his service. One who did so was the stranger [[Thorongil]], who fought for Gondor and severely damaged the [[Corsairs]]' fleet at Umbar in a [[Surprise Attack on Umbar|surprise attack]]. It later transpired that Thorongil was [[Aragorn|Aragorn Elessar]].<ref>{{App|Stewards}}</ref> [[Gandalf]] was also a welcome guest in [[Minas Tirith]] at the time. Ecthelion also strengthened [[Pelargir]] and refortified [[Cair Andros]].<ref name="Elendil"/>

Ecthelion was followed by his son [[Denethor]] at his death in 2984.<ref name="South"/>

==Genealogy==
{{familytree/start}}
{{familytree | | | | | | | TUR | | |TUR=[[Túrin II]] ''{{TA|2815|n}} - {{TA|2914|n}}''}}
{{familytree | | | | | | | |!| | | |}}
{{familytree | DOL | | | | TUR | | |DOL=[[Princes of Dol Amroth|''Princes of Dol Amroth'']]|TUR=[[Turgon (Steward of Gondor)|Turgon]] ''{{TA|2855|n}} - {{TA|2953|n}}''}}
{{familytree | |:| | | | | |!| | | |}}
{{familytree | ADR | | | | ECT | | |ADR=[[Adrahil II]] ''{{TA|2917|n}} - {{TA|3010|n}}''|ECT='''ECTHELION II''' ''{{TA|2886|n}} - {{TA|2984|n}}''}}
{{familytree | |!| | | |,|-|^|-|.| |}}
{{familytree | FIN |y| DEN | | DAU |FIN=[[Finduilas (wife of Denethor)|Finduilas]] ''{{TA|2950|n}} - {{TA|2988|n}}''|DEN=[[Denethor|Denethor II]] ''{{TA|2930|n}} - {{TA|3019|n}}''†|DAU=''two daughters'' ''unknown''}}
{{familytree | |,|-|^|-|.| | | | | |}}
{{familytree | BOR | | FAR | | | | |BOR=[[Boromir]] ''{{TA|2978|n}} - {{TA|3019|n}}''†|FAR=[[Faramir]] ''{{TA|2983|n}} - {{FoA|82}}''}}
{{familytree/end}}

==Etymology==

*''See [[Ecthelion#Etymology|Ecthelion: Etymology]]''

{{references}}
{{seq-start}}
{{seq-head
| race=gondorian
| house=[[House of Húrin]]
| born={{TA|2886}}
| died={{TA|2984}}
}}
{{seq
| prev=[[Turgon (Steward of Gondor)|Turgon]]
| list=25th [[Ruling Steward|Ruling Steward of Gondor]]
| dates={{TA|2953}} - {{TA|2984|n}}
| next=[[Denethor|Denethor II]]
}}
{{seq-end}}
{{rulingstewards}}
[[Category:Gondorians]]
[[de:Ecthelion II.]]
[[fa:اکته‌لیون دوم]]
[[fr:encyclo:personnages:hommes:3a:dunedain:gondoriens:ecthelion_ii]]
[[fi:Ecthelion II]]

Tar-Alcarin

2015-04-07T10:17:19Z

Olthar:

{{numenorean infobox
| image=
| name=Tar-Alcarin
| pronun=
| othernames=
| titles=[[King of Númenor]]
| position=
| location=[[Númenor]]
| affiliation=[[King's Men]]
| language=[[Adûnaic]], [[Sindarin]] and [[Quenya]]
| birth={{SA|2406}}
| birthlocation=
| rule={{SA|2637}} - {{SA|2737|n}} (''de jure'') {{SA|2657}} - {{SA|2737|n}} (''de facto'')
| death={{SA|2737}}
| deathlocation=
| age=331
| notablefor=
| house=[[House of Elros]]
| parentage=[[Tar-Vanimeldë]] and [[Tar-Anducal|Herucalmo]]
| siblings=
| spouse=
| children=[[Tar-Calmacil]]
| gender=Male
| height=
| hair=
| eyes=
| clothing=
| weapons=
| steed=
}}'''Tar-Alcarin''' was the seventeenth [[King of Númenor]].<ref>{{UT|Kings}}, Tar-Alcarin</ref> His name means "the Glorious".

Tar-Alcarin was the son of [[Ruling Queen of Númenor|Ruling Queen]] [[Tar-Vanimeldë]] and [[Herucalmo]], a descendant of [[Tar-Atanamir]]. When Tar-Vanimeldë died in {{SA|2637}}, Herucalmo took the [[Sceptre]] for his own and assumed the name Tar-Anducal. Tar-Alcarin had to wait for twenty years until his father died before he could become the rightful King. "Tar-Anducal" being an usurper was not reckoned in the Line of Kings as the seventeenth ruler of [[Númenor]].<ref>{{UT|Kings}}, Tar-Vanimeldë</ref>
== Genealogy ==
{{familytree/start}}
{{familytree | TEL | | | | |TEL=[[Tar-Telemmaitë]] ''{{SA|2136|n}} - {{SA|2526|n}}''}}
{{familytree | |!| | | | | |}}
{{familytree | VAN |y| HER |VAN=[[Tar-Vanimeldë]] ''{{SA|2277|n}} - {{SA|2637|n}}''|HER=[[Tar-Anducal]] ''{{SA|2286|n}} - {{SA|2657|n}}''}}
{{familytree | | | |!| | | |}}
{{familytree | | | ALC | | |ALC='''TAR-ALCARIN''' ''{{SA|2406|n}} - {{SA|2737|n}}''}}
{{familytree | | | |!| | | |}}
{{familytree | | | CAL | | |CAL=[[Tar-Calmacil]] ''{{SA|2516|n}} - {{SA|2825|n}}''}}
{{familytree | |,|-|^|-|.| |}}
{{familytree | ARD | | GIM |ARD=[[Tar-Ardamin]] ''{{SA|2618|n}} - {{SA|2899|n}}''|GIM=[[Gimilzagar]] ''b. {{SA|2630|n}}''}}
{{familytree/end}}
{{references}}

{{seq-start}}
{{seq-head
| race=numenorean
| house=[[House of Elros]]
| born={{SA|2406}}
| died={{SA|2737}}
}}
{{seq
| prev=[[Tar-Anducal]] (''de facto'')
| list=17th [[King of Númenor]]
| dates={{SA|2657}} - {{SA|2737|n}}
| next=[[Tar-Calmacil]]
}}
{{seq-end}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Alcarin}}
[[Category:House of Elros]]
[[Category:King's Men]]
[[Category:Rulers of Númenor]]
[[de:Tar-Alcarin]]
[[fa:تار-آلکارین]]
[[fr:encyclo/personnages/hommes/2a/numenoreens/tar-alcarin]]
[[fi:Tar-Alcarin]]

Aranarth

2015-04-04T17:30:49Z

Olthar:

{{arnorian infobox
| image=[[File:Kent Burles - Aranarth.jpg|250px]]
| name=Aranarth
| pronun=
| othernames=
| titles=[[Chieftain of the Dúnedain]]
| position=
| location=[[Rivendell]]
| affiliation=
| language=[[Sindarin]], [[Westron]]
| birth={{TA|1938}}
| birthlocation=
| rule={{TA|1975}} - {{TA|2106|n}}
| death={{TA|2106}}
| deathlocation=
| age=168
| notablefor=
| house=[[House of Isildur]]
| parentage=[[Arvedui]] and [[Fíriel]]
| siblings=
| spouse=
| children=[[Arahael]]
| gender=Male
| height=
| hair=
| eyes=
| clothing=
| weapons=
| steed=
}}
'''Aranarth''' ({{TA|1938}} - {{TA|2106|n}}, died aged 168) was the first of the [[Chieftains of the Dúnedain]], and would have been the sixteenth [[King of Arthedain]] had [[Angmar]] not destroyed the realm.

==History==
Aranarth was the son of [[Fíriel]], the daughter of King [[Ondoher]] of [[Gondor]], and [[Arvedui]], son of King [[Araphant]] of Arthedain, and as such, he was descended from both [[Isildur]] and [[Anárion]].

When he was only young, the [[Witch-king]] of [[Angmar]] destroyed the [[Arnor|North-kingdom]] and overran [[Fornost Erain|Fornost]]. Most of the remnants of the [[Dúnedain]] fled over the [[Lhûn|Lune]] into [[Lindon]]. However, Aranarth's father held out upon the [[North Downs]] until he escaped to the north. After hiding in abandoned dwarf-mines in the [[Blue Mountains]] the King and his men sought the help of the [[Lossoth]], who gave them grudging aid.

Aranarth reported to [[Círdan]] of the King's flight to the north. Círdan sent a ship to the [[Icebay of Forochel]] to seek and rescue him. However, the hull of the ship was broken on the ice and all of the passengers drowned (including Arvedui) and the two ''[[palantíri]]'' the King had secured from the fall of Fornost were lost.<ref name="Eriador">{{App|Eriador}}</ref>

As the heir of Arvedui, this made Aranarth the King of Arthedain (and nominally the claimed title of [[Kings of Arnor|King of Arnor]]), but he did not claim this title as the kingdom had been destroyed. He instead claimed the title of [[Chieftains of the Dúnedain|Chieftain of the Dúnedain]], and with the remnants of the Dúnedain (thenceforth known as the [[Rangers of the North]]) he rode with [[Eärnur]] of Gondor to destroy the kingdom of Angmar.<ref name="Gondor">{{App|Gondor}}</ref>

Aranarth's son [[Arahael]] was born and raised in [[Rivendell]], as were all the sons of chieftains after him; and [[Elrond]] was entrusted with the safekeeping of the heirlooms of the North-kingdom: the [[Ring of Barahir]], the shards of [[Narsil]], the [[Star of Elendil]], and the [[Sceptre of Annúminas]].<ref name="Eriador"/>

Aranarth died in 2106, after ruling for 131 years - longer than any other chieftain.<ref name="TA">{{App|TA}}</ref>

==Etymology==
Aranarth's name is [[Sindarin]] and means "Noble King", coming from ''[[aran]]'' meaning "king", and ''[[arth]]'' meaning "noble, loftly".<ref>{{LR|Etymologies}}</ref>

==Other versions of the legendarium==
Early drafts of [[Appendix A]] list Aranarth's date of birth as {{TA|1938}},<ref>{{PM|Elendil}}, p. 196</ref> but in [[Appendix A]], "Gondor and the Heirs of Anárion"<ref name="Gondor"/> and in the [[Appendix B|Tale of Years]], his parents' wedding year is given {{TA|1940}}.<ref name="TA"/>

==Genealogy==
{{familytree/start}}
{{familytree | ARN | | GON |ARN=[[Kings of Arnor|''Kings of Arnor'']]|GON=[[Kings of Gondor|''Kings of Gondor'']]}}
{{familytree | |:| | | |:| |}}
{{familytree | ARA | | OND |ARA=[[Araphant]] ''{{TA|1789|n}} - {{TA|1964|n}}''|OND=[[Ondoher]] ''{{TA|1787|n}} - {{TA|1944|n}}''†}}
{{familytree | |!| | | |!| |}}
{{familytree | ARV |y| FIR |ARV=[[Arvedui]] ''{{TA|1864|n}} - {{TA|1975|n}}''†|FIR=[[Fíriel]] ''b {{TA|1896|n}}''}}
{{familytree | | | |!| | | |}}
{{familytree | | | ARA | | |ARA='''ARANARTH''' ''{{TA|1938|n}} - {{TA|2106|n}}''}}
{{familytree | | | |!| | | |}}
{{familytree | | | ARH | | |ARH=[[Arahael]] ''{{TA|2012|n}} - {{TA|2177|n}}''}}
{{familytree | | | |!| | | |}}
{{familytree | | | ARN | | |ARN=[[Aranuir]] ''{{TA|2084|n}} - {{TA|2247|n}}''}}
{{familytree | | | |:| | | |}}
{{familytree | | | COD | | |COD=[[Chieftains of the Dúnedain|''Chieftains of the Dúnedain'']]}}
{{familytree/end}}

==Portrayal in adaptations==

'''1982-97: ''[[Middle-earth Role Playing]]'':'''
:Aranarth is a Dúnadan based in Fornost, famous for his tracking abilities and described as a man "who leaves no footprints".<ref>{{ICE|2005}}</ref>

{{references}}
{{seq-start}}
{{seq-head
| race=arnorian
| house=[[House of Isildur]] Cadet branch of [[House of Elros]]
| born={{TA|1938}}
| died={{TA|2106}}
}}
{{seq
| prev=[[Arvedui]]
| list=24th [[Heir of Isildur|Heir]] of [[Isildur]]
| dates={{TA|1975}} – {{TA|2106|n}}
| next=[[Arahael]]
| nrow=2
}}
{{seq
| pvac=None
| prev=''[[Arvedui]], as [[Kings of Arthedain|King of Arthedain]]''
| list=1st [[Chieftain of the Dúnedain]]
| dates={{TA|1975}} – {{TA|2106|n}}
}}
{{seq-end}}{{northernline}}
[[Category:House of Aranarth| ]]
[[Category:Chieftains of the Dúnedain]]
[[Category:Sindarin names]]
[[de:Aranarth]]
[[fr:encyclo/personnages/hommes/3a/dunedain/dunedain_du_nord/aranarth]]
[[fi:Aranarth]]

Belzagar

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#REDIRECT [[Tar-Calmacil]]
[[Category:Adûnaic names]]

Ar-Belzagar

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Olthar: This page contributed nothing new

#REDIRECT [[Tar-Calmacil]]
{{DEFAULTSORT:Belzagar}
[[Category:Adûnaic_names]]

Sméagol

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Olthar: Page merged to Smials page and Gollum page. Changing to redirect.

#REDIRECT [[Gollum]]
[[Category:Mannish names]]

1894

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Olthar: No reason for England page on tg

{{year-header}}
==February==
* '''[[17 February|17]]''' - [[Hilary Tolkien|Hilary Arthur Reuel Tolkien]], younger brother to [[J.R.R. Tolkien]], is born in [[Bloemfontein]], South Africa.
==October==
* '''[[18 October|18]]''' - [[Geoffrey Bache Smith]], childhood friend of Tolkien, is born.

==November==
* [[Mabel Suffield|Mabel]], [[Hilary Tolkien|Hilary]], and [[J.R.R. Tolkien|Ronald]] take a train to the coast near Cape Town so Ronald can be in the cooler air.
* After they return home a trip to England is decided as [[Mabel Suffield|Mabel]] dislikes the hot climate and the [[Bloemfontein]] lifestyle, even though [[Arthur Tolkien|Arthur]] is happy with it.

==Christmas==
* "My first Christmas memory is of blazing sun, drawn curtains and a drooping eucalyptus" ([[Letter 163]])

{{Years|1891|1892|1893|1894|1895|1896|1897|}}
[[Category:Years (real-world)]]

Tom Shippey

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Olthar: No reason for England page on tg

{{author infobox
| image=[[File:Tom Shippey.jpg|250px]]
| name=Tom Shippey
| born=[[9 September]] [[1943]]
| died=
| education=[[Oxford University]]
| occupation=Author
| location=
| website=
}}
'''Thomas Alan Shippey''' (1943) is one of the most well known scholars on [[J.R.R. Tolkien]], as well as fantasy and science fiction in general. He describes himself as a "Tolkien polemicist".<ref>Email from Tom Shippey (as of 17 February 2012) to [[User:Morgan]].</ref>

==Life==
===Youth===
Many commenters have noticed the parallels between his life and Tolkien's: born in a colony, moved to [[Birmingham]] at a young age, followed by an academic career in [[Oxford]] and [[Leeds]].

Shippey was born in India, where his father worked as a bridge builder. He spent the first several years of his life there.<ref name="hanley">Paul Hanley, [http://media.www.unewsonline.com/media/storage/paper953/news/2008/02/08/News/Let-Us.Introduce.You.To.Thomas.Shippey.Ph.d-3198399.shtml ''Let us introduce you to ... Thomas Shippey, Ph.D.''] </ref> His father then sent him to a strict boarding school in England, and when his father came back, Shippey was transfered to [[King Edward's School]] in [[Birmingham]], where he studied from [[1954]] to [[1960]].<ref name="Preface">Tom Shippey, ''[[The Road to Middle-earth]]'', Preface to the Third Edition</ref>

Here he was introduced to science fiction, and ''[[The Hobbit]]'', which was lent to him when he was 14 years old.<ref name="white">Claire E. White, [http://www.writerswrite.com/journal/mar02/shippey.htm ''Talking Tolkien With Thomas Shippey]''</ref> Shippey quickly developed an affinity for [[Old English]], Old Norse, German and Latin (like Tolkien) and playing rugby (like Tolkien), and he was able to afford ''[[The Lord of the Rings]]'' when he won a school contest.<ref name="hanley"/>

===Academic career===
Shippey did not immediately pursue an academic career after graduation, as the British economy in the early 1960s did not offer much work. Not until the mid-sixties did he enroll in [[Cambridge]].<ref name="white"/> His first academic work on Tolkien was from late 1969 or early 1970. Shippey, a junior lecturer at the University of Birmingham, was asked to speak at a Tolkien day organised by a student association. That lecture, "Tolkien as philologist", would form Shippey's view of Tolkien - a philologist - for years to come. Unbeknownst to him, [[Joy Hill]], the private secretary of Tolkien, was in the audience. After the lecture, she asked him for the script, for Tolkien to read. Tolkien wrote to Shippey on [[13 April|April 13]], [[1970]], with what first seemed like a formal reply.
<ref name="Preface"/>

The first meeting between Shippey and Tolkien took place in [[1972]]. [[Norman Davis]], successor of Tolkien at the Merton Chair of English Language, invited Shippey over for dinner. Shippey, then a Fellow of [[Oxford University|St. John's College]], taught Old and Middle English with Tolkien's syllabus, and his meeting with Tolkien at the diner left him full of professional piety.<ref name="Preface"/>

After Tolkien's death, Shippey's admiration only grew. His first printed essay, "Creation from Philology in ''The Lord of the Rings''", was much of an elaboration of his 1970 lecture. In 1979, he was elected to the Chair of English Language and Medieval English Literature at the [[Leeds University|University of Leeds]], a former position of Tolkien. He published his first book, the famed ''[[The Road to Middle-earth]]'', in [[1982]]. At this time, Shippey shifted from the view of Tolkien as a philologist to a view of a post-war writer, or what he called "traumatised authors", like [[wikipedia:Kurt Vonnegut|Vonnegut]] and [[wikipedia:William Golding|Golding]].<ref name="Preface"/>

After 14 years at Leeds, Shippey moved to the [[wikipedia:Saint Louis University|Saint Louis University]], where he was elected to the Walter J. Ong Chair of Humanities. Here, he could focus in teaching, research and publishing, rather than administrative work. He currently still holds this chair.<ref name="hanley"/>

===Peter Jackson's The Lord of the Rings===
Being considered the foremost expert on Tolkien, Shippey appeared in several documentaries surrounding [[The Lord of the Rings (film series)|''The Lord of the Rings'' (film series)]]. He also assisted the dialect coaches<ref name="white"/> and is personally thanked in the closing credits.<ref name="imdb">[http://www.imdb.com/name/nm0794142/ Tom Shippey] at [http://www.imdb.com/ IMDb]</ref> He later recollected his experiences:
{{quote|The funny thing about interviews is you never know which bits they're going to pick. It always feels as if they sit you down, shine bright lights in your eyes, and ask you questions till you say something really silly, and that's the bit they choose. At least they didn't waterboard me. But it was good fun, and I'd cheerfully do it again.|Tom Shippey<ref>[http://www.tolkienlibrary.com/press/885-Tom_Shippey_chat_session.php Transcript of chat session with Pr. Tom Shippey during The Legend of Sigurd and Gudrun Online Release Party (09.05.09)] at [[Pieter Collier|TolkienLibrary]]</ref>}}

==Bibliography==
The list below is extensive, but not complete.
===Books===
* [[1982]]: ''[[The Road to Middle-earth]]'' (first edition)
* [[1993]]: ''The Road to Middle-earth'' (second edition)
* [[2001]]: ''[[J.R.R. Tolkien: Author of the Century]]''
* [[2003]]: ''The Road to Middle-earth'' (third edition)
* [[2007]]: ''[[Roots and Branches|Roots and Branches: Selected papers on Tolkien]]''
===Articles===
* [[1975]]: ''[[J.R.R. Tolkien: Scholar and Storyteller|J.R.R. Tolkien, Scholar and Story-Teller: Essays in Memoriam]]''
** "Creation from Philology in ''The Lord of the Rings''"
* [[1980]]: ''[[Amon Hen 45]]''
** "A Wose by any Other Name"
* [[1988]]: ''[[Arda 1984/1985|Arda 1984]]''
** "Commentary and translation of ''The Clerkes Compleinte'' by J.R.R. Tolkien"
* [[1989]]: ''[[Amon Hen 100]]''
** "Tolkien's Academic Reputation Now"
* [[1991]]: ''[[Leaves from the Tree: J.R.R. Tolkien's Shorter Fiction]]''
** "Tolkien and ''The Homecoming of Beohrtnoth''"
* [[1991]]: ''[[Unquendor|Lembas Extra]]''
** "Heroes and Heroism: Tolkien's Problems, Tolkien's Solutions"
* [[1992]]: ''[[Arda (annual)|Arda]]'' 1987
** "Long Evolution: ''The History of Middle-earth'' and Its Merits"
* [[1993]]: ''[[Scholarship and Fantasy: The Tolkien Phenomenon]]''
** "Tolkien as a Post-War Writer" (originally lecture)
* [[1994]]: ''[[Unquendor|Lembas Extra]]''
** "Noblesse Oblige: Images of Class in Tolkien"
* [[1995]]: ''[[Proceedings of the J.R.R. Tolkien Centenary Conference]]''
** "Tolkien as a Post-War Writer" (reprinted)
** "Tolkien and the Gawain-poet"
* [[1995]]: ''[[Unquendor|Lembas Extra]]''
** "Tolkien and the West Midlands: The Roots of Romance"'
* [[1997]]: ''[[Digging Potatoes, Growing Trees|Digging Potatoes, Growing Trees - Volume 1]]''
** "Inspiration and Invention, or Where Tolkien Got Stuck" [Speech at the Tolkien Society's Annual Dinner 1980]
** "...I thought of the incident of Zeebrugge which nobody wrote about at all..." [Speech at the Tolkien Society's Annual Dinner 1983]
* [[1998]]: ''[[Digging Potatoes, Growing Trees|Digging Potatoes, Growing Trees - Volume 2]]''
** "What have these people got in common? One thing... they had all been shot at" [Speech at the Tolkien Society's Annual Dinner 1991]
* [[2000]]: ''[[J.R.R. Tolkien and His Literary Resonances]]''
** "Orcs, Wraiths, Wights: Tolkien's Images of Evil"
* [[2000]]: ''Literary Appropriations of the Anglo-Saxons from the Thirteenth to the Twentieth Century''
** "The Undeveloped Image: Anglo-Saxon in Popular Consciousness from Turner to Tolkien"
* [[2000]]: "[[J.R.R. Tolkien. Modern Critical Views]]"
** "Lit. and Lang"
* [[2000]]: ''[[The Ways of Creative Mythologies]]''
** "Grimm, Grundtwig, Tolkien: Nationalisms and the Invention of Mythologies"
* [[2001]]: ''Journal of the Fantastic in the Arts'' 12/2
** "Allegory versus Bounce: Tolkien's ''Smith of Wootton Major''" (with [[Verlyn Flieger]])
* [[2001]]: ''[[Lembas (journal)|Lembas]]'' 100
** "The Versions of ''The Hoard''"
* [[2002]]: [[The Best of Amon Hen|''The Best of Amon Hen'' Part 2]]
** "Tolkien's Academic Reputation Now"
* [[2002]]: ''The Daily Telegraph'' ([[2 January|January 2]])
** "Why the Critics Must Recognize ''Lord of the Rings'' as a Classic"
* [[2002]]: ''[[A Tolkien Compass]]''
** Foreword to the Third Edition
* [[2002]]: ''[[wikipedia:World Literature Today|World Literature Today]]'' 77/2
** "From Page to Screen"
* [[2003]]: [[Christian History 78|''Chistian History'', Issue 78]]
** "A Feeling for Language"
* [[2003]]: ''[[The People's Guide to J.R.R. Tolkien]]''
** Foreword
* [[2004]]: ''[[Unquendor|Lembas Extra]]''
** "Indexing and Poetry in The Lord of the Rings"
* [[2004]]: ''[[Tolkien and the Invention of Myth: A Reader]]''
** "Tolkien and the Appeal of the Pagan: ''Edda'' and ''Kalevala''"
* [[2004]]: ''[[Tolkien Studies: Volume 1]]''
**"Light-elves, Dark-elves, and Others: Tolkien's Elvish Problem"
**"J.R.R. Tolkien, A Checklist" (with [[Douglas A. Anderson]])
* [[2005]]: ''[[Understanding The Lord of the Rings]]''
** "Another Road to Middle-earth: Jackson's Movie Trilogy"
* [[2006]]: ''[[J.R.R. Tolkien Encyclopedia: Scholarship and Critical Assessment]]'', entries:
** "Alliterative Verse by Tolkien"
** "Tom Buchan, John (1875-1940)"
** "Cruces in Medieval Literature"
** "[[C.S. Lewis|Lewis, C.S.]] (1898-1963)"
** "Literature, Twentieth Century: Influence of Tolkien"
** "Mythology, Germanic"
** "New Glossary of the Dialect of the Huddersfield District, A"
** "Old Norse Language"
** "Owl and the Nightingale, The"
** "Poems by Tolkien in Other Languages"
** "Poems by Tolkien: [[The Adventures of Tom Bombadil]]"
** "Poems by Tolkien: Uncollected"
** "Scholars of Medieval Literature, Influence of"
** "Ylfe, Álfar, [[Elves]]"
* [[2006]]: ''[[The Lord of the Rings 1954-2004: Scholarship in Honor of Richard E. Blackwelder]]''
** "History in Words: Tolkien's Ruling Passion"
* [[2007]]: ''[[Myth and Magic: Art according to the Inklings]]''
** "New Learning and New Ignorance: Magia, Goeteia, and the Inklings"
* [[2007]]: ''[[Silver Leaves]]'' 1
** "Tolkien Connections"
* [[2008]]: ''[[Mallorn (journal)|Mallorn]]'' 45
** "Encyclopedia of Ignorance", guest editorial
* [[2008]]: ''[[Tales from the Perilous Realm]]''
** Foreword
*[[2008]]: ''[[The Ring Goes Ever On: Proceedings of the Tolkien 2005 Conference]]''

**"Wisdom and Wise Sayings in ''The Lord of the Rings''"
* [[2009]]: ''[[Beowulf and the Dragon]]''
** Foreword
* [[2010]]: [[Mallorn 49|''Mallorn'' 49]]
** "A question of source" (review of ''[[The Epic Realm of Tolkien]]'')
* [[2011]]: ''[[Tolkien and the Study of His Sources]]''
** "Introduction: Why Source Criticism?"
*[[2011]]: [[Lembas Extra 2011|''Lembas Extra'' 2011]]
** "The Ancestors of the Hobbits, Strange Creatures in English Folklore"
* [[2012]]: [[Amon Hen 235|''Amon Hen'' 235]]
** "Professor Moorman Again"
* [[2013]]: ''[[J.R.R. Tolkien: the Forest and the City]]''
** "Goths and Roman in Tolkien's Imagination"
*[[2013]]: ''[[Tolkien's Poetry]]''
** "Tolkien's Development as a Writer of Alliterative Poetry in Modern English"
*[[2014]]: ''[[From Peterborough to Faëry]]''
** "Jack Vance: Il ottimo fabbro"
*[[2014]]: ''[[Tolkien and Philosophy]]''
**"Tolkien between Philosophy and Philology" (with Franco Manni)
* [[2014]]: [[Mallorn 55|''Mallorn'' 55]]:
** "Reconstructing the Politics of the Dark Age"

===Lectures===
* [[1970]]: ''Tolkien as Philologist'' ([[wikipedia:University of Birmingham|University of Birmingham]])
* [[1993]]: ''Tolkien as a Post-War Writer'' ([[wikipedia:University of Turku|University of Turku]])
* [[2002]]: ''Tolkien and Iceland: The Philology of Envy'' ([[wikipedia:University of Iceland|University of Iceland]], [http://www.hi.is/Apps/WebObjects/HI.woa/wa/dp?detail=1004508&name=nordals_en_greinar_og_erindi read here])
* [[2002]]: ''J.R.R. Tolkien: The Man Behind The Lord of the Rings'' (covention, [[wikipedia:Arizona State University|Arizona State University]])
**"Trees, Chainsaws, and the Visions of Paradise in J.R.R. Tolkien" (in [[2003]] also in [[wikipedia:Cleveland State University|Cleveland State University]])
* [[2004]]: ''Adapting Middle-Earth: Tolkien, the Books, and the Movies'' ([[wikipedia:Northern Illinois University|Northern Illinois University]])
* [[2004]]: ''From Page to Screen: Problems Tolkien Set for Jackson'' ([[wikipedia:Hope College|Hope College]], [[wikipedia:University of Victoria|University of Victoria]])
* [[2004]]: ''History in Words, Tolkien's Ruling Passion'' ([[Marquette University]])
* [[2005]]: ''Wisdom and the Wise in The Lord of the Rings'' ([[wikipedia:Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University|Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University]])
* [[2005]]: ''[[Tolkien 2005]]'' (convention, [[wikipedia:Aston University|Aston University]])
** "Tolkien and the War"
** "Wisdom and Wise Sayings in ''The Lord of the Rings''"
* [[2006]]: ''Narnia and Middle-Earth: Seventy Years on and Still Accelerating'' ([[wikipedia:Marymount University|Marymount University]])
* [[2007]]: ''Filming the Lord of the Rings: How Peter Jackson Coped with J.R.R. Tolkien'' ([[wikipedia:Bates College|Bates College]])
* [[2008]]: ''C.S. Lewis, the Inklings, and the Call to Christian Community'' (conference, [[Diana Glyer|Azusa Pacific University]])
** "The two Images, Discarded and Rejected?"

===Reviews===
* [[1977]]: ''The Times Literary Supplement''
** ([[13 May|May 13]]): "The Foolhardy Philologist" (review of ''[[J.R.R. Tolkien: A Biography]]'' by [[Humphrey Carpenter]])
* [[1977]]: ''Oxford Mail''
** ([[15 September|September 15]]): "Silmarillion: The Oddest Tolkien Yet" (review of ''[[The Silmarillion]]'')
* [[1978]]: ''The Times Literary Supplement''
** "Return Trip" (review of ''[[The Complete Guide to Middle-earth]]''
* [[1979]]: ''[[Mallorn (journal)|Mallorn]]'' 13
** "An Introduction to Elvish" (review of ''[[An Introduction to Elvish]]'' by [[Jim Allan]])
* [[1980]]: ''Notes and Queries'' 225
** (December): "Tolkien's Art" (review of ''[[Tolkien's Art: A Mythology for England]]'' by [[Jane Chance]]'')
* [[1981]]: ''The Times Literary Supplement''
** ([[28 August|August 28]]): "A Philologist in Purgatory" (review of ''[[The Letters of J.R.R. Tolkien]]'')
* [[1982]]: ''The Times Literary Supplement''
** ([[26 November|November 26]]): "Blunt Belligerence" (review of ''[[Mr. Bliss]]'')
* [[1995]]: ''The Library''
** (March issue): "J.R.R. Tolkien: A Descriptive Bibliography" (review of ''[[J.R.R. Tolkien: A Descriptive Bibliography]]'' by [[Wayne G. Hammond]])
* [[2001]]: ''The Times Literary Supplement''
** ([[21 December|December 21]]): "Temptations for All Time" (review of ''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring]]'')
* [[2002]]: ''The Times Literary Supplement''
** ([[20 December|December 20]]): "The Plot Unravels" (review of ''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Two Towers]]'')
* [[2004]]: ''The Times Literary Supplement''
** ([[9 January|January 9]]): "Not Worn Lightly" (review of ''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King]]'')
* [[2004]]: ''The Times Literary Supplement''
** ([[20 February|February 20]]) "An Enchanted Front" (review of ''[[Tolkien and the Great War]]'' by [[John Garth]])
* [[2005]]: ''[[wikipedia:Archaeology (magazine)|Archeology]]'' 58/2
** "Excavating Middle-earth" (review of ''[[The Real Middle Earth]]'' by [[Brian Bates]])
* [[2005]]: ''The New York Review of Science Fiction'' (March issue)
** Review of ''[[The Science of Middle-Earth]]'' by [[Henry Gee]]
** Review of ''[[The Real Middle Earth]]'' by [[Brian Bates]]
* [[2007]]: ''[[Tolkien Studies: Volume 4]]''
** Review of ''[[The Roots of Tolkien's Middle-earth]]'' by [[Robert S. Blackham]]
* [[2008]]: ''[[Tolkien Studies: Volume 5]]''
** Review of ''[[The History of The Hobbit]]'' by [[John D. Rateliff]]
* [[2008]]: ''[[Aiglos (journal)|Aiglos]]'' #9
** Review of ''[[The Roots of Tolkien's Middle-earth]]'' by [[Robert S. Blackham]] (translated into Polish [[Agnieszka Sylwanowicz]])
* [[2009]]: ''The Times Literary Supplement'', May 6, 2009
**"[http://entertainment.timesonline.co.uk/tol/arts_and_entertainment/the_tls/article6232731.ece Tolkien out-Wagners Wagner]" - review of ''[[The Legend of Sigurd and Gudrún]]''
* [[2010]]: [[Mallorn 49|''Mallorn'' 49]]
** "A question of source" (review of ''[[The Epic Realm of Tolkien]]'')
* [[2013]]: ''The Times Literary Supplement''
** "[http://www.the-tls.co.uk/tls/public/article1278838.ece Tolkien's King Arthur]" - review of ''[[The Fall of Arthur]]''

===Documentaries===
* [[1992]]: ''[[Tolkien Remembered]]'' - Himself
* [[1996]]: ''[[J.R.R.T.: A Film Portrait of J.R.R. Tolkien]]'' - Himself
* [[1998]]: ''[[An Awfully Big Adventure: J.R.R. Tolkien]]'' - Himself
* [[2001]]: ''[[Beyond the Movie: The Fellowship of the Ring]]'' - Himself
* [[2002]]: ''[[Page to Screen: The Lord of the Rings]]'' - Himself
* [[2003]]: ''[[J.R.R. Tolkien: Origins of Middle-Earth]]'' - Himself

==Awards==
* [[1984]] - '''[[Mythopoeic Society|Mythopoeic Award]]''', Mythopoeic Scholarship Award for Inkling Studies, ''[[The Road to Middle-earth]]''
* [[2001]] - '''[[Mythopoeic Society|Mythopoeic Award]]''', Mythopoeic Scholarship Award for Inkling Studies, ''[[J.R.R. Tolkien: Author of the Century]]''
* [[2001]] - '''[http://www.worldfantasy.org/awards/2001.html World Fantasy Award]''', Special Award Professional, ''J.R.R. Tolkien:Author of the Century''
* [[2004]] - '''[[The One Ring Celebration|TORn Award]]''', Best Tolkien based Lecture presented at an Academic Function, ''History in Words, Tolkien's Ruling Passion''
* [[2006]] - '''[[The One Ring Celebration|TORn Award]]''', Best Lecture/Paper

==External links==
* [http://www.slu.edu/x23819.xml Tom Shippey profile at Saint Louis University]
* [http://www.swarthmore.edu/news-events/tolkien-book-to-jackson-script-medium-and-message Tolkien Book to Jackson Script: The Medium and the Message]

{{References}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Shippey, Tom}}
[[Category:Authors]]
[[Category:British people]]
[[Category:JRRTE contributors]]
[[Category:People by name]]
[[de:Tom Shippey]]

Sackville-Baggins Family

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Olthar: No reason for England page on tg

<noinclude>The '''Sackville-Baggins Family''' was a branch of the [[Baggins Family]].

==History==
[[Camellia Sackville]] was the daughter of the head of the [[Sackville Family]].<ref name="L214">[[J.R.R. Tolkien]], [[Humphrey Carpenter]], [[Christopher Tolkien]] (eds.), ''[[The Letters of J.R.R. Tolkien]]'', [[Letter 214]] (late [[1958]], early [[1959]])</ref> She married [[Longo Baggins]], the son of [[Mungo Baggins]].<ref name="Bag"/> Some time prior to the birth of their first son, [[Otho Sackville-Baggins|Otho]], Camelia's father died. As was the custom in the "younger" families when there was no male heir, the headship passed to the daughter's eldest son. He would then use his mother's name, and add his father's to it. Thus, the Sackville-Baggins branch was created.<ref name="L214"/>

Otho married [[Lobelia Sackville-Baggins|Lobelia Bracegirdle]] of [[Hardbottle]], and the two had one child, [[Lotho Sackville-Baggins|Lotho]].<ref name="Bag"/> Despite being the heir of the wealthy<ref>[[J.R.R. Tolkien]], [[Humphrey Carpenter]], [[Christopher Tolkien]] (eds.), ''[[The Letters of J.R.R. Tolkien]]'', [[Letter 25]] (January or February [[1938]])</ref> Sackville Family, the Sackville-Bagginses yearned for the headship of the Baggins Family, and more specifically, their residence, [[Bag End]].<ref>[[J.R.R. Tolkien]], ''[[The Hobbit]]'', "[[The Return Journey]]"</ref> After the disappearance of [[Bilbo Baggins]], the Sackville-Bagginses made an unsuccessful claim at the headship, but it was already passed to [[Frodo Baggins|Frodo]].<ref name="Party">[[J.R.R. Tolkien]], ''[[The Lord of the Rings]]'', ''[[The Fellowship of the Ring]]'', "[[An Unexpected Party]]"</ref>
</noinclude>
==Genealogy==
<noinclude>The Sackville-Bagginses were descendants of Mungo Baggins, like Bilbo. They considered themselves the heir of the Baggins Family headship because Frodo Baggins was the descendant of [[Largo Baggins]], Mungo's younger brother.</noinclude><includeonly>The Sackville-Baggins family tree.</includeonly><ref name="Bag">{{App|C1}}</ref>

{{familytree/start}}
{{familytree | | | | | | | | | | | | | MUN |y| LAU | | | | | | | | |MUN=[[Mungo Baggins]] ''1207-1300''|LAU=[[Laura Grubb]] ''1214-1316''}}
{{familytree | | | | | |,|-|-|-|v|-|-|-|v|-|^|-|-|-|-|-|v|-|-|-|.| |}}
{{familytree | BET |y| BUN | | BEL | | LON |y| CAM | | LIN | | BIN |BET=[[Belladonna Took]] ''1252-1334''|BUN=[[Bungo Baggins|Bungo]] ''1246-1326''|BEL=[[Belba Baggins|Belba]] ''1256-1356''|LON=[[Longo Baggins|Longo]] ''1260-1350''|CAM=[[Camellia Sackville]] ''unknown''|LIN=[[Linda Proudfoot|Linda]] ''1262-1363''|BIN=[[Bingo Baggins|Bingo]] ''1264-1363''}}
{{familytree | | | |!| | | | | | | | | | | |!| | | | | | | | | | | |}}
{{familytree | | | BIL | | | | | | | | | | OTH |y| LOB | | | | | | |OTH='''[[Otho Sackville-Baggins]]''' ''1310-1412''|LOB='''[[Lobelia Sackville-Baggins|Lobelia Bracegirdle]]''' ''1318-1420''|BIL=[[Bilbo Baggins|Bilbo]] ''1290-1421+''}}
{{familytree | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |!| | | | | | | | | |}}
{{familytree | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | LOT | | | | | | | | |LOT='''[[Lotho Sackville-Baggins|Lotho]]''' ''1364-1419''}}
{{familytree/end}}
==Etymology==
'''Sackville''' was the name of a relatively young Hobbit family.<ref name="L214"/> Their name had an association with '''Baggins''' in that both contained an element for "bag/sack"; Sackville was a slightly more aristocratic version.<ref name="Nomen">[[J.R.R. Tolkien]], [[Wayne G. Hammond]], [[Christina Scull]] (eds.), ''[[Guide to the Names in The Lord of the Rings|Nomenclature of The Lord of the Rings]]'', published in: [[Wayne G. Hammond]], [[Christina Scull]], ''[[The Lord of the Rings: A Reader's Companion]]'', page 762</ref> [[Tom Shippey]] argued that this "similarity" also provoked an antonymy: [[Bag End]] was used around England as a replacement of French ''cul-de-sac'', "dead end street" - even Tolkien's own aunt [[Jane Neave]] lived in a house of that name. Tolkien did not like the Norman conquest of Britain, and made the Bagginses English. The name ''Sackville'', however, is very Norman, as one of the few, if not the only, Hobbit family name.<ref>[[Tom Shippey]], ''[[J.R.R. Tolkien: Author of the Century]]'', page 10</ref>

==Other Versions of the Legendarium==
In [[J.R.R. Tolkien]]'s manuscript of ''[[The Hobbit]]'' the Sackville-Baggins were called the '''Allibone Baggins'''.<ref>{{HH|End}}, p. 691</ref> [[John D. Rateliff]] stated that the change to "Sackville" was penciled in about the time the story was being prepared for publication in [[1936]]. The significance of "Allibone" is unknown although Mr. Rateliff thought it might relate to ''Alboin'', a character in ''The Lost Road''.<ref>{{HH|End}}, Text Note 14, p. 699</ref>
{{references}}
[[Category:Characters in The Hobbit]]
[[Category:Characters in The Lord of the Rings]]
[[Category:Hobbit Families]]
[[Category:Sackville-Baggins|*]]</noinclude>

The Lord of the Rings

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Olthar: No reason for England page on tg

{{disambig-more|{{PAGENAME}}|[[{{PAGENAME}} (disambiguation)]]}}
{{cleanup}}
{{book
|title=The Lord of the Rings
|image=[[Image:Jrrt lotr cover design.jpg|225px]]|
|author=[[J.R.R. Tolkien]]
|publisher=
|date=1954-1955
|format=Hardcover
|pages=
}}

{{quote|The English-speaking world is divided into those who have read '''The Lord of the Rings''' and [[The Hobbit]] and those who are going to read them.|Sunday Times}}

'''''The Lord of the Rings''''' is a book by [[J.R.R. Tolkien]], the sequel to his earlier work, ''[[The Hobbit]]''. It was published in three volumes in 1954 and 1955.

The story's [[Lord of the Ring|titular character]] is the Dark Lord [[Sauron]] of [[Mordor]]. The primary villain of the work, he created [[the One Ring]] to control nineteen other [[Rings of Power]], and is thus the "Lord of the Rings." Sauron, in turn, was the servant of an earlier Dark Lord, [[Morgoth]] (Melkor), who is prominent in Tolkien's ''[[The Silmarillion]]'', the history of Middle-earth.

==Books and volumes==
===Writing===
Tolkien did not originally intend to write a sequel to ''[[The Hobbit]]'', and instead wrote several other children's tales, including ''[[Roverandom]]'' and ''[[Farmer Giles of Ham]]''. As his main work, Tolkien began to outline the history of [[Arda]], telling tales of the [[Silmarils]], and many other stories of how the races and situations that we read about in the Lord of the Rings trilogy came to be. Tolkien died before he could complete and put together ''[[The Silmarillion]]'', but his son [[Christopher Tolkien]] edited his father's work, filled in gaps and published it in 1977.

Tolkien had a deep desire to write a mythology for England, especially after his horrific experiences during the First World War. He was also influenced by the effects of continued industrialisation, where he saw much of the England he loved passing away and became aware of the immense evil in the world. Thus to understand his writings we must be aware of how Tolkien the scholar influences Tolkien the author. His writing of this mythology emerges as an Oxford philologist well acquainted with Northern European Medieval Literature including the great mythic works such as the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hervarar_saga Hervarar saga], the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Völsunga_Saga Völsunga saga], the influential ''[[Beowulf (poem)|Beowulf]]'' as well as other [[Old Norse]], [[Old English|Old]] and [[Middle English]] Texts. He was also inspired by non-Germanic works such as the Finnish epic ''[[Kalevala]]''. A man who had created his first language by the age of seven, he was driven by a desire to write a mythology for England influenced by his exposure and expertise of these ancient traditions. The need for such a myth was often a topic of conversation in his meetings with the [[Inklings]], fellow Oxford scholars who have been described as Christian Romantics, meeting weekly and discussing Icelandic myths and their own unpublished compositions. Tolkien agreed with one of the other members of the group, [[C.S. Lewis]], that if there were no adequate myths for England then they would have to write their own. Tolkien's work has been commonly interpreted in this light.

Persuaded by his publishers, he started 'a new hobbit' in December 1937. After several false starts, the story of the One Ring soon emerged, and the book mutated from being a sequel to ''The Hobbit'' to being, in theme, more of a sequel to the unpublished ''[[The Silmarillion|Silmarillion]]''. The idea of the first chapter (''A Long-Expected Party'') arrived fully-formed, although the reasons behind Bilbo's disappearance, and the significance of the Ring did not arrive, along with the title ''The Lord of the Rings'' until spring [[1938]]. Originally he was going to write another story in which Bilbo had used up all his treasure and was looking for another adventure to gain more; however he remembered the ring and the powers it had and decided to write about that instead. He started to write it with Bilbo as the main character but decided that the story was too serious to use the fun loving Hobbit so Tolkien looked to use a member of Bilbo's family. He thought about using Bilbo's son but this generated some difficult questions — Where was his wife? How could Bilbo let his son go into that kind of danger? — so he looked for an alternate character to carry the ring. In Greek legend, it was a hero's nephew that gained the item of power, and so into existence came the Hobbit Frodo.

Writing was slow due to Tolkien's perfectionism, and was frequently interrupted by his obligations as an examiner, and other academic duties. In fact, the first sentence of ''[[The Hobbit]]'' was written on a blank page a student had left on an exam paper that Tolkien was grading — "In a hole in the ground there lived a Hobbit". He seems to have abandoned the book during most of 1943 and only re-started it in April 1944. This effort was written as a serial for [[Christopher Tolkien]] and [[C.S. Lewis]] — the former would be sent copies of chapters as they were written while he was serving in Africa in the [[Royal Air Force]]. He made another push in 1946, and showed a copy of the manuscript to his publishers in 1947. The story was effectively finished the next year, but Tolkien did not finish revising earlier parts of the work until 1949.

A dispute with his publishers, [[Allen and Unwin]], led to the book being offered to [[HarperCollins|Collins]] in 1950. He intended ''the Silmarillion'' (itself largely unrevised at this point) to be published along with ''The Lord of the Rings'', but Allen and Unwin were unwilling to do this. After his contact at Collins, [[Milton Waldman]], expressed the belief that ''The Lord of the Rings'' itself 'urgently needed cutting', he eventually demanded that they publish the book in 1952. They did not do so, and so Tolkien wrote to Allen and Unwin, saying "I would gladly consider the publication of any part of the stuff".

Some locations and characters were inspired by Tolkien's childhood in [[Sarehole]], then a [[Warwickshire]] village, now part of [[Birmingham]], and in Birmingham itself.

===Publication===
For publication, due largely to post-war paper shortages, but also to keep the price of the first volume down, the book was divided into three volumes (''[[The Fellowship of the Ring]]'': Books I and II; ''[[The Two Towers]]'': Books III and IV; and ''[[The Return of the King]]'': Books V and VI, 6 appendices). Delays in producing appendices and maps led to these being published later than originally hoped — on the 29 July and 11 November 1954 and 20 October 1955 in the United Kingdom, slightly later in the United States. ''The Return of the King'' was especially delayed. He did not, however, much like the title ''The Return of the King'', believing it gave away too much of the storyline. He had originally suggested ''[[The War of the Ring]]'' which was dismissed by his publishers.

The books were published under a 'profit-sharing' arrangement, where Tolkien would not receive an advance or royalties until the books had broken even, but after then take a large share of the profits.

An index to the entire 3-volume set at the end of third volume was promised in the first volume. However, this proved impractical to compile in a reasonable timescale. Later, in 1966, four indices which were not compiled by Tolkien were added to ''The Return of the King''.

Because the three-volume binding was so widely distributed, the work is usually referred to as the ''Lord of the Rings'' "trilogy". Tolkien himself made use of the term "trilogy" for the work, though he did at other times consider this incorrect, as it was written and conceived as a single novel.

A 1999 (Millennium Edition) British (ISBN 0-261-10387-3) 7-volume box set followed the six-book division authored by Tolkien, but with the Appendices from the end of Book VI bound as a separate volume. The letters of ''Tolkien'' appear on the spines of the boxed set which includes a CD.

The individual names for books in this series were decided posthumously, based on suggestions Tolkien had made during his lifetime.

* T Book I: ''The Ring Sets Out''
* O Book II: ''The Ring Goes South''
* L Book III: ''The Treason of Isengard''
* K Book IV: ''The Ring Goes East''
* I Book V: ''The War of the Ring''
* E Book VI: ''The End of the Third Age''
* N [[The Lord of the Rings Appendices|Appendices]]

The name of the complete work is often abbreviated to ''''LotR'''', ''''LOTR'''', or simply ''''LR'''', and the three volumes as FR, FOTR, or FotR (The '''F'''ellowship '''o'''f '''t'''he '''R'''ing), TT or TTT ('''T'''he '''T'''wo '''T'''owers), and RK, ROTK, or RotK (The '''R'''eturn '''o'''f '''t'''he '''K'''ing).

Four of the titles, ''[[The Return of the Shadow]]'', ''[[The Treason of Isengard]]'', ''[[The War of the Ring]]'' and ''[[The End of the Third Age]]'', were used by [[Christopher Tolkien]] for ''[[The History of The Lord of the Rings]]''.

== Publication history ==
:''Main article: [[The Lord of the Rings editions]]''
The three parts were first published by [[Allen and Unwin]] in [[1954]]-[[1955]] several months apart. They were later reissued many times by multiple publishers, as one, three, six or seven volumes. Two current printings are ISBN 0-618-34399-7 (one-volume) and ISBN 0-618-34624-4 (three volume set).

In the early 1960s, Donald A. Wollheim, science fiction editor of the paperback publisher [[Ace Books]], realized that ''The Lord of the Rings'' was not protected in the United States under American copyright law because the US hardcover edition had been bound from pages printed in the UK for the British edition. Ace Books proceeded to publish an edition, unauthorized by Tolkien and without compensation to him. Tolkien made this plain to US fans who wrote to him. Grass-roots pressure became so great that Ace books withdrew their edition and made a nominal payment to Tolkien, well below what he might have been due in an appropriate publication. However, this poor beginning was overshadowed when an authorized edition followed from [[Ballantine Books]] to tremendous commercial success. By the mid-1960s the books, due to their wide exposure on the American public stage, had become a true cultural phenomenon. The Second Edition of the Lord of the Rings dates from this time — Tolkien undertook various textual revisions to produce a version of the book that would have a valid U.S. copyright.

The books have been translated, with various degrees of success, into dozens of other languages.

Tolkien, an expert in philology, examined many of these translations, and had comments on each that illuminate both the translation process and his work.

The enormous popular success of Tolkien's epic saga greatly expanded the demand for fantasy fiction. Largely thanks to ''The Lord of the Rings'', the genre flowered throughout the 1960s. Many well-written books of this genre were published (comparable works include the ''Earthsea'' books of [[Ursula K. Le Guin]], the ''Thomas Covenant'' novels of Stephen R. Donaldson, and in the case of the ''Gormenghast'' books by Mervyn Peake, and ''The Worm Ourobouros'' by E. R. Eddison, rediscovered). It also strongly influenced the role playing game industry that achieved popularity in the 1970s with ''Dungeons & Dragons'' which featured many creatures that could be found in Tolkien's books.

As in all artistic fields, a great many lesser derivatives of the more prominent works appeared. The term "Tolkienesque" is used in the genre to refer to the oft-used and abused storyline of ''The Lord of the Rings'': a group of adventurers embarking on a quest to save a magical fantasy world from the armies of an evil "[[Dark Lord|dark lord]]", and is a testament to how much the popularity of these books has increased, since many critics initially decried Lord of the Rings as being "[[Richard Wagner|Wagner]] for children" (a reference to the [[Ring Cycle]]) — a specially interesting commentary in light of a possible interpretation of The Lord of The Rings as a Christian response to Wagner, for example following <ref>http://atimes.com./atimes/others/spengler.html ATimes'</ref> Oswald Spengler.

In [[2002]] the first unabridged audio version of ''The Lord of the Rings'' was published by Recorded Books with [[Rob Inglis]] narrating.

On [[19 April]] [[2009]] the first e-book of the trilogy was published by HarperCollins (ISBN 9780007322497, ISBN 9780007322503, ISBN 9780007322558). The e-book was made available at waterstones.com, harpercollinsebooks.co.uk and tolkien.co.uk. Another verision of the e-book was made available for the Amazon Kindle.

== The books ==

''The Lord of the Rings'' began as a personal exploration by Tolkien of his interests in philology, religion (particularly Roman Catholicism); fairy tales, and Norse and Celtic mythology.
Tolkien detailed his creation to an astounding extent; he created a complete mythology for his realm of Middle-earth, including genealogies of characters, languages, [[runes]], calendars and histories.
Some of this supplementary material is detailed in the appendices to ''The Lord of the Rings'', and the mythological history was woven into a large, biblically-styled volume entitled ''[[The Silmarillion]]''.

J. R. R. Tolkien once described ''The Lord of the Rings'' as "''a fundamentally religious and Catholic work''" he wrote to his friend, the English Jesuit Father [[Robert Murray]], "''unconsciously so at first, but consciously in the revision.''"(''[[The Letters of J.R.R. Tolkien]]'', 142). There are many theological themes underlying the narrative, the battle of good versus evil, the triumph of humility over pride, the activity of grace, Death and Immortality, Resurrection, Salvation, Repentance, Self-Sacrifice, Free Will, Humility, Justice, Fellowship, Authority and Healing.
In it the great virtues of Mercy and Pity (shown by Bilbo and Frodo towards Gollum) win the day and the message from the Lord's Prayer "And lead us not into temptation, but deliver us from evil" was very much on Tolkien's mind as Frodo struggled against the power of the One Ring (''Letters'', 181 and 191).

Religious motifs other than Christian can be discerned as strong influences in Tolkien's Middle Earth. The pantheon of the Valar and Maiar (greater and lesser gods/angels) responsible for the creation and maintenance of everything from skies ([[Manwë]]) and seas ([[Ulmo]]), to dreams ([[Irmo|Lórien]]) and dooms ([[Mandos]]) suggest a pre-Christian mythology in style, albeit that these Valar and Maiar are themselves creations of a monotheistic entity — Illuvatar or Eru, "The One".

Other pre-Christian mythological references can be seen in the representations of: a "Green Man" — Tom Bombadil, wise-men — the Istari (commonly referred to as the Wizards, perhaps more of angels), shapechangers — Beorn, undead spirits — Barrow Wights, Oathbreakers, sentient nonhumans — Dwarves, Elves, Hobbits, and, of course, Ents. Magic is utilised freely in Middle-earth, and may be found not only in the incantations of Wizards, but in the weapons and tools of warriors and craftspeople, in the perceptions and abilities of heroes, and in the natural world itself.

Tolkien did repeatedly insist that his works were not an allegory of any kind, and even though his thoughts on the matter are mentioned in the introduction of the book, there has been heavy speculation about the Ruling Ring being an allegory for the atom bomb. However, Tolkien had already completed most of the book, and planned the ending in entirety, before the first atom bombs were made public to the world during the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki in August 1945. However there is a strong theme of despair in front of new mechanized warfare that Tolkien himself had experienced in the trenches of World War One. The development of a specially bred orc army, and the destruction of the environment to aid this have modern resonances. Nevertheless, the author's own opinion on the matter of allegories was that he disliked them, and it would be irresponsible to dismiss such direct statements on these matters lightly.

The plot of ''The Lord of the Rings'' builds from his earlier book ''[[The Hobbit]]'' and more obliquely from the history in ''[[The Silmarillion]]'', which contains events to which the characters of ''The Lord of the Rings'' look back upon in the book.
The [[Hobbits]] become embroiled in great events that threaten their entire world, as [[Sauron]], an evil spirit, attempts to regain the lost [[The One Ring|One Ring]] which will restore him to full potency.

=== The storyline ===
See the articles on ''[[The Fellowship of the Ring]]'', ''[[The Two Towers]]'', and ''[[The Return of the King]]'' for plot summaries.

=== Criticism ===
The book was characterized as "juvenile balderdash" by American critic Edmund Wilson in his essay "[http://www.jrrvf.com/sda/critiques/The_Nation.html Oo, those awful Orcs]", and in 1961 Philip Toynbee wrote, somewhat prematurely, that it had "passed into a merciful oblivion" <ref>http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/film/1695926.stm</ref>. Although she had never read ''The Lord of the Rings'', Germaine Greer wrote "it has been my nightmare that Tolkien would turn out to be the most influential writer of the twentieth century. The bad dream has materialized."

[[W.H. Auden]] also criticized the book in a 1968 ''Critical Quarterly'' article, "Good and evil in ''The Lord of the Rings''," objecting to Tolkien's conception of sentient species that are intrinsically evil without possibility of redemption. (This is a criticism often directed at [[Dungeons and Dragons]]-like fantasy worlds as well as at fantasy literature in general, and a criticism that Tolkien himself increasingly struggled with during his last years.) On the other hand, in a 1956 ''New York Times'' book review, "At the end of the Quest, Victory," Auden also called the book "a masterpiece of its genre" that "succeeded where [[wikipedia:John Milton|Milton]] failed" in depicting an epic battle between good and evil, and wrote that it "never violated" the "reader's sense of the credible."

Furthermore, like almost every fantasy book, Lord of the Rings is also accused by Evangelicals for its alleged references to quasi-pagan elements and "occultism".

Science-fiction author David Brin has criticized the books for unquestioning devotion to a traditional elitist social structure, their positive depiction of the slaughter of the opposing forces, and their romantic backward-looking worldview <ref>http://www.davidbrin.com/tolkienarticle1.html</ref>. These criticisms often supply also similar accusations about [[racism]].

Another notable SF writer Michael Moorcock wrote a long and piercing critique of the book under the title Epic Pooh advancing the thesis that it was simply a child's tale written in the language of epic myth.

China Mieville, a modern fantasy writer, criticised Tolkien's works as "reactionary." Mieville is also a detractor of later fantasy which draws heavily upon Tolkien's work, based on the idea that such work is cliche.

===Alternative Titles===
J.R.R. Tolkien contemplated numerous alternative titles for ''The Lord of the Rings'' and its volumes before the final titles were chosen. An early title for the trilogy was "The Magic Ring" ([[John D. Rateliff]], ''[[The History of The Hobbit]]''). From a letter to [[Rayner Unwin]], Tolkien writes:
{{quote|Would it not do if the 'book-titles' were used: e.g. The Lord of the Rings: Vol. I The Ring Sets out (sic) and The Ring Goes South; Vol. II The Treason of Isengard, and The Ring goes East; Vol. III The War of the Ring, and The End of the Third Age? "If not, I can at the moment think of nothing better than: I The Shadow Grows II The Ring in the Shadow III The War of the Ring or The Return of the King.|''[[The Letters of J.R.R. Tolkien]]'', [[Letter 136]]}}

A note from this letter states a manuscript located at [[Marquette University]], Milwaukee, USA, has a different set of titles: Vol. I The First Journey and The Journey of the Nine Companions; Vol. II The Treason of Isengard and The Journey of the Ringbearers; Vol. III The War of the Ring and The End of the Third Age.

In [[Letter 139]] Tolkien writes again to Unwin with his new preferences: The Return of the Shadow, II The Shadow Lengthens, and III The Return of the King. On August 17th he writes his updated choices: I The Fellowship of the Ring, II The Two Towers (deliberately ambiguous), III The War of the Ring.

== Adaptations of ''The Lord of the Rings'' ==
===Film===
====Bakshi====
:''Main article: [[The Lord of the Rings (1978 film)]]''

This film, originally released by [[United Artists]], was directed by [[Ralph Bakshi]] and used an animation technique called rotoscoping in which footage of live actors was filmed and then traced over.

The film was part one of what was originally to be a two-part adaptation of Tolkien's story, Part I ending after the battle of Helm's Deep, but before Sam, [[Frodo Baggins|Frodo]] and [[Gollum]] traverse the [[Dead Marshes]], and Part II picking up from where the first film left off. Made for a minimal budget of $8 million dollars, the film earned $30 million dollars at the box office.

United Artists viewed the film as a flop, and refused to fund a Part II (covering the rest of the story), leaving the door open for [[Rankin/Bass]] to do the work for him.

====Rankin/Bass====
:''Main article: [[The Return of the King (1980 film)]]''
The 1980 animated television version of ''[[The Return of the King (1980 film)|The Return of the King]]'' picked up from where the book began, and not from where Bakshi's film left off. Additionally, the change in style and character design was quite noticeable.

Since this film was targeted to a younger audience, adult enthusiasts have complained that much of the depth and darkness of the book was discarded.

====Peter Jackson====
:''Main article: [[The Lord of the Rings (film series)|''The Lord of the Rings'' (film series)]]''
[[Miramax]] developed a full-fledged live-action adaptation of ''The Lord of the Rings'', with [[Peter Jackson]] as director. Eventually, Miramax became uneasy with the sheer scope of the proposed project and wanted to combine the suggested two films into one. [[Peter Jackson]] struck a deal with Miramax that if he could not find a fresh studio to back the project, he would walk away and leave the rights and all the work so far completed with Miramax. However, in 1998, [[New Line Cinema]] assumed production responsibility, unexpectedly announcing that it would mount three, not just two films (while Miramax executives Bob Weinstein and Harvey Weinstein retained on-screen credits as executive film producers).

The three live action films (supplemented with extensive computer-generated imagery, for example in the major battle scenes, using the "[[Massive]]" software) were filmed simultaneously. Jackson filmed all the major scenes in his native New Zealand. ''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring|The Fellowship of the Ring]]'' was released on December 19, 2001. ''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Two Towers|The Two Towers]]'' was released on December 18, 2002 and ''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King|The Return of the King]]'' was released worldwide on December 17, 2003. All three films won the Hugo Award for Best (Long-form) Dramatic Presentation in their respective years.

Although some have criticized these films because they have altered the story somewhat and, arguably, have a noticeably different tone from Tolkien's original vision, others have hailed them as remarkable achievements. [[Peter Jackson]] has defended his changes by stating that he views the films as merely one man's interpretation.

[[Peter Jackson]]'s film adaptations garnered seventeen Oscars (four for ''The Fellowship of the Ring'', two for ''The Two Towers'', and eleven for ''The Return of the King''). ''The Return of the King'' won all of the eleven awards for which it was nominated, including Best Picture -- it was the first film of the fantasy genre to do so. With 30 total nominations, the trilogy became the most-nominated in the Academy's history, surpassing the ''Godfather'' series' 28 nominations.

''The Return of the King''<nowiki>'</nowiki>s Oscar sweep is widely seen as a proxy award for the entire trilogy. ''The Return of the King''<nowiki>'</nowiki>s 11 Oscars at the 2004 Academy Awards tied it for most awards won for one film with ''Titanic'' six years earlier and the [[1959]] version of ''Ben-Hur''. It also broke the previous "sweep" record, beating ''Gigi'' and ''The Last Emperor''.

The visual-effects work has been groundbreaking, particularly the creation of the emotionally versatile digital character [[Gollum]]. The scale of the production alone — three films shot and edited back to back over a period of little more than three years — is unprecedented.

The films have also proven to be substantial box office successes. The premiere of ''The Return of the King'' took place in [[Wellington]], [[New Zealand]], on December 1, 2003 and was surrounded by fan celebrations and official promotions (the production of the films having contributed significantly to the New Zealand economy). The movie earned $34.5 million on its opening day, making it the seventh-largest opening day for a film released on a Wednesday <ref>http://boxofficemojo.com/alltime/days/?page=wed&p=.htm</ref>. ''The Return of the King'' was also the second movie in history (after ''Titanic'') to earn over 1 billion $US (worldwide).

Fanatics of the films have also flocked to the locations where the trilogy was filmed in New Zealand, with many tour companies being totally devoted to taking fans to and from the filming locations that Director Peter Jackson chose for the adaptation of Tolkien’s epic trilogy.

===Radio===

The [[BBC]] produced a [[The Lord of the Rings (1956 radio series)|13-part radio adaptation]] of ''The Lord of the Rings'' in 1955. It was panned by Tolkien, complaining about the "sillification" of it and the changing of characters, such as Old Man Willow in league with Mordor and Goldberry being Tom Bombadil's daughter rather than his wife. No recording has survived.{{fact}}

A [[The Lord of the Rings (1979 radio series)|1979 dramatization]] was broadcast in the USA and subsequently issued on tape and CD. No cast or credits appear on the audio packaging. Each of the actors was apparently recorded separately and then the various parts were edited together. Thus, unlike a BBC recording session where the actors are recorded together, none of the cast are actually interacting with each other and the performances suffer badly as a result.

In [[1981]] the BBC broadcast a [[The Lord of the Rings (1981 radio series)|new, ambitious dramatization]] of ''The Lord of the Rings'' in 26 half-hour installments.

==Stage==

[[Ed Mirvish|Mirvish Productions]] has started rehearsals for a three-hour stage musical adaptation of ''The Lord of the Rings'' that will have a cast of over 65 actors and cost C$27 million (£11.5 million). The show will be written by Shaun McKenna and Matthew Warchus with music by [[A. R. Rahman]] and [[Värttinä]], collaborating with [[Christopher Nightingale]] and will be directed by [[Matthew Warchus]]. It will open on March 23 2006 at Toronto's Princess of Wales Theatre, with preview performances from February 2 until March 22. It is planned to premiere in London in autumn 2006 and New York City within two years.

The director explained his vision of the play’s format by saying, "We have not attempted to pull the novel towards the standard conventions of musical theatre, but rather to expand those conventions so that they will accommodate Tolkien's material. As a result, we will be presenting a hybrid of text, physical theatre, music and spectacle never previously seen on this scale. To read the novel is to experience the events of Middle-earth in the mind’s eye; to watch the films is to view Middle-earth as though through a giant window. Only in the theatre are we actually plunged into the events as they happen. The environment surrounds us. We participate. We are in Middle-earth."

==Awards==
* In 1957 it was awarded the International Fantasy Award
* In the 2003 "Big Read" survey conducted by the BBC, The Lord of the Rings was found to be the "Nation's Best-loved Book" <ref>http://www.bbc.co.uk/arts/bigread/top100.shtml</ref>.
* Australians voted The Lord of the Rings "My Favourite Book" in a 2004 survey conducted by the Australian ABC
* In a 1999 poll of Amazon.com customers, The Lord of the Rings was judged to be their favourite "book of the millennium". <ref>http://archive.salon.com/books/feature/2001/06/04/tolkien/</ref>
* In 2002 Tolkien was voted the ninety-second "greatest Briton" in a poll conducted by the BBC
* In 2004 he was voted thirty-fifth in the SABC3's Great South Africans, the only person to appear in both lists
* In a 2004 poll inspired by the UK’s "Big Read" survey, about 250,000 Germans found The Lord of the Rings to be their favourite work of literature. <ref>http://www.smh.com.au/articles/2004/10/04/1096871805007.html?from=storyrhs</ref>
* The Lord of the Rings came in 3rd in the Librarians' Poll <ref>http://tolkiensociety.org/news/librarians-poll.html</ref>

{{lotr}}

==See also==
*[[The Lord of the Rings/Quotations|''The Lord of the Rings''/Quotations]]

{{References}}

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