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The Hobbit (film series)

2013-03-09T11:32:41Z

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{{disambig-more|The Hobbit|[[The Hobbit (disambiguation)]]}}
{{Film infobox
| image=[[File:The Hobbit (film series) - logo.jpg|250px]]
| name=The Hobbit
| director=[[Peter Jackson]]<ref name="HBTitles">{{webcite|articleurl=http://www.thehobbitblog.com/?p=2563|articlename=Titles and Release Dates Announced|dated=31-May-2011|website=[http://www.thehobbitblog.com/ The Hobbit Blog]|accessed=21-Dec-2011}}</ref> [[Andy Serkis]] (Second Unit Director)<ref name="HBAndy"/>
| producer=Peter Jackson [[Fran Walsh]] [[Carolynne Cunningham]] [[Philippa Boyens]] (Co-Producer) [[Ken Kamins]] (Executive Producer) [[Zane Weiner]] (Executive Producer)<ref name="HBTitles"/>
| writer=[[Guillermo del Toro]] Peter Jackson Fran Walsh Philippa Boyens<ref name="HBTitles"/>
| narrator=
| starring=[[Martin Freeman]] [[Ian McKellen]] [[Richard Armitage]]<ref name="PJCasting1"/> ''[[The Hobbit (film series)#Confirmed cast|See cast section below for more]]''
| music=[[Howard Shore]]<ref name="PJCasting1"/>
| cinematography=[[Andrew Lesnie]]<ref name="PJCasting1"/>
| editing=
| studio=[[New Line Cinema]] [[MGM]] [[WingNut Films]]<ref name="HBTitles"/>
| distributor=[[Warner Bros.|Warner Bros. Pictures]]<ref name="HBTitles"/>
| released='''''An Unexpected Journey''''': 14 December, 2012 '''''The Desolation of Smaug''''': 13 December, 2013 '''''There and Back Again''''': 17 December, 2014<ref name="HBTitles2">{{webcite|articleurl=http://www.thehobbitblog.com/the-hobbit-trilogy-titles-and-release-dates/|articlename=The Hobbit Trilogy titles and release dates|dated=2-September-2012|website=[http://www.thehobbitblog.com/ The Hobbit Blog]|accessed=2-September-2012}}</ref><ref name="TABAMoved">{{webcite|articleurl=http://www.theonering.net/torwp/2013/02/28/69532-third-hobbit-moved-from-july-to-december-2014/?fb_source=pubv1|articlename=Third ‘Hobbit’ movie release moved from July to December 2014|dated=28-February-2013|website=TORN|accessed=1-March-2013}}</ref>
| runtime=
| country=New Zealand United Kingdom United States
| language=English
| budget=
| website=[http://www.thehobbitblog.com/ Official Blog]
| imdb_id=0903624
}}
'''''[[The Hobbit: An Unexpected Journey]]''''', '''''[[The Hobbit: The Desolation of Smaug]]''''', and '''''[[The Hobbit: There and Back Again]]''''', known collectively as '''''The Hobbit''''', are three live-action films based upon [[J.R.R. Tolkien|J.R.R. Tolkien's]] [[1937]] [[The Hobbit|novel of the same name]].<ref name="HBTitles"/><ref name="HBTitles2"/> The three films are being directed by [[Peter Jackson]] and are conceived as prequels to Jackson's earlier project, [[The Lord of the Rings (film series)|''The Lord of the Rings'' (film series)]].<ref name="PJCasting1"/><ref name="PJFilmThree"/>

[[Martin Freeman]] has been cast to play the films' title role of [[Bilbo Baggins]].<ref name="PJCasting1"/> Meanwhile [[Richard Armitage]] will portray [[Thorin|Thorin Oakenshield]],<ref name="PJCasting1"/> while [[Benedict Cumberbatch]] has been cast as [[Smaug]].<ref name="PJCasting4"/> Several cast members from [[The Lord of the Rings (film series)|''The Lord of the Rings'' (film series)]] will reprise their roles, including [[Ian McKellen]] as [[Gandalf|Gandalf the Grey]], [[Cate Blanchett]] as [[Galadriel]], [[Andy Serkis]] as [[Gollum]], and [[Elijah Wood]] as [[Frodo]].<ref name="PJCasting1"/>

Filming in [[New Zealand]] began on [[21 March]], [[2011]] and ended on [[6 July]], [[2012]];<ref name="BBCNews1">{{webcite|articleurl=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/entertainment-arts-12803125|articlename=Hobbit filming finally under way|dated=21-March-2011|website=[http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/ BBC News Online]|accessed=21-Dec-2011}}</ref><ref name="PJFilming"/> Like ''The Lord of the Rings: The Motion Picture Trilogy'', ''The Hobbit'' films are being produced back-to-back and released over three consecutive years: '''''An Unexpected Journey''''' was released in North America on [[14 December]], [[2012]], with '''''The Desolation of Smaug''''' set for [[13 December]], [[2013]], and '''''There and Back Again''''' set for [[17 December]], [[2014]].<ref name="HBTitles"/><ref name="HBTitles2"/><ref name="TABAMoved"/>

[[Peter Jackson]] initially planned to produce two films, but following the conclusion of principal photography, and on seeing early cuts of these films, he decided that he wanted 'to tell more of the tale'. Therefore on [[30 July]], [[2012]], Jackson announced that 'two films will become three'.<ref name="PJFilmThree"/><ref name="FilmThreePR">{{webcite|author=[[New Line Cinema]], [[MGM|Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer Studios]], and [[Warner Bros.|Warner Bros. Pictures]]|articleurl=http://www.facebook.com/notes/the-hobbit/peter-jacksons-long-awaited-filmed-adaptation-of-the-hobbit-to-be-a-trilogy/413954741973470|articlename=PETER JACKSON’S LONG-AWAITED FILMED ADAPTATION OF THE HOBBIT TO BE A TRILOGY|dated=30-July-2012|website=Facebook|accessed=30-July-2012}}</ref>

==Plot==
The three ''Hobbit'' films are expected to follow [[The_Hobbit#Synopsis|the plot]] from [[J.R.R. Tolkien|J.R.R. Tolkien's]] ''[[The Hobbit]]'' in addition to added details revealed in [[The Lord of the Rings Appendices|the Appendices]] to ''[[The Lord of the Rings]]''.

For more specific information see the plot section for each respective film:

*[[The Hobbit: An Unexpected Journey#Plot|''The Hobbit: An Unexpected Journey''#Plot]]
*[[The Hobbit: The Desolation of Smaug#Plot|''The Hobbit: The Desolation of Smaug''#Plot]]
*[[The Hobbit: There and Back Again#Plot|''The Hobbit: There and Back Again''#Plot]]

==Development==
===Origins===
[[Peter Jackson]] and [[Fran Walsh]] first considered the possibility of filming ''[[The Hobbit]]'' and ''[[The Lord of the Rings]]'' in [[1995]]. They hoped to produce three films, the first based on ''The Hobbit'', with the second and third films being adaptations of ''The Lord of the Rings''. Rights to ''The Hobbit'' proved difficult to secure because whilst [[Saul Zaentz]] owned the production rights, [[United Artists]] held the distribution rights. After much wrangling with studios and the script, filming began for the three-film adaptation of ''The Lord of the Rings''. The notion of a ''Hobbit'' film was consequently put to one side. Indeed, after completing his ''Lord of the Rings'' trilogy project, Jackson was averse to the idea of directing an adaptation of ''The Hobbit''.<ref name="HobbitOfficialMovieGuide">[[Brian Sibley]], ''[[The Hobbit: An Unexpected Journey: Official Movie Guide]]'' (2012)</ref>

{{Blockquote|If I were to make these films, I would be frustrated because I would be constantly thinking about what I had done on ''The Lord of the Rings''. I would somehow feel that I had to build or improve on that. I thought it would be a fairly unsatisfying experience to have to compete against my own movies.|[[Peter Jackson]]<ref name="HobbitOfficialMovieGuide"/>}}

===Directorship===
The apathy of [[Peter Jackson]] was the first obstacle to block the way to a ''Hobbit'' film (or films). In early [[2005]] it came to public attention that Jackson was suing [[New Line Cinema]].<ref name="BBCNewsPJSues">{{webcite|articleurl=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/4312463.stm|articlename=Director sues over Rings profits|dated=2-Mar-2005|website=BBC|accessed=11-Feb-2012}}</ref> This cast doubt on whether or not The Hobbit would ever be made. Jackson later told fans that, due to the dispute, he would neither direct nor produce the film.<ref name="BBCNewsPJSues" /> In late 2007 it was confirmed that Jackson would not direct, but ''would'' be an executive producer for two Hobbit movies.<ref name="BBCNewsPJProducer">{{webcite|articleurl=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/7150644.stm|articlename=Jackson to produce Hobbit movies|dated=18-Dec-2007|website=BBC|accessed=11-Feb-2012}}</ref> It was later announced that [[Guillermo del Toro]] would direct the films, and that Jackson will be an active 'executive producer' with the possibility that he would help direct some scenes if necessary.<ref name="BBCNewsGdTDirector">{{webcite|articleurl=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/7366375.stm|articlename=Del Toro to direct Hobbit movies|dated=25-April-2008|website=BBC|accessed=11-Feb-2012}}</ref>

However, on [[30 May]] [[2010]] it was revealed that del Toro could no longer commit himself to direct ''The Hobbit'' films, citing the continued delays in production in his reasoning.<ref name="BBCNewsGdTDirectorLeave">{{webcite|articleurl=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/10204138|articlename=Guillermo del Toro 'leaves' as director of The Hobbit|dated=1-June-2010|website=BBC|accessed=11-Feb-2012}}</ref> Peter Jackson later announced that he would direct both films.<ref name="NZHPJDirector">{{webcite|articleurl=http://www.nzherald.co.nz/entertainment/news/article.cfm?c_id=1501119&objectid=10681008|articlename=The Hobbit gets green light, Jackson to direct|dated=16-Oct-2010|website=[http://www.nzherald.co.nz/ NZ Herald News]|accessed=11-Feb-2012}}</ref>

===The Tolkien Estate's legal action against New Line Cinema===
{{Blockquote|The estate has [...] asked for a court order giving them the ability to terminate any rights the studio have to make films based on other Tolkien works, including The Hobbit.|BBC News Online<ref name="BBCNewsTELegal"/>}}
Production of ''The Hobbit'' films was held up by the [[Tolkien Estate|Tolkien Estate's]] legal action against [[New Line Cinema]]. The Estate should have received 7.5 per cent of all profits from the films under the agreement made by [[J.R.R. Tolkien]] with United Artists in [[1969]]. Crucially, they also sought to stop the production of ''The Hobbit'' films until the case was settled.<ref name="BBCNewsTELegal">{{webcite|articleurl=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/7240421.stm|articlename=Rings film studio sued for $150m|dated=12-Feb-2009|website=BBC|accessed=11-Feb-2012}}</ref> The legal row was finally settled in September [[2009]] after the Tolkien Estate successfully sued New Line Cinema for breach of contract and fraud, receiving a reported $220 million in compensation.<ref name="BBCNewsTELegalSettle">{{webcite|articleurl=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/8245300.stm|articlename=Legal path clear for Hobbit movie|dated=8-September-2009|website=BBC|accessed=11-Feb-2012}}</ref>

===Industrial dispute in New Zealand===
Even before the issue of the directorship had been settled, and before the project was given the go-ahead by the studios, the International Federation of Actors (IFA) told actors to actively avoid participation in the production of ''The Hobbit'' films.<ref name="BBCIndustrial1">{{webcite|articleurl=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/entertainment-arts-11414204|articlename=Union tell actors to avoid Hobbit films|dated=26-September-2010|website=BBC|accessed=31-July-2012}}</ref> The IFA issued this "Do Not Work Order", on [[24 September]], [[2010]], on the basis that the studios refused to engage in union-negotiated contracts.<ref name="FIADNW">{{webcite|articleurl=http://www.aftra.org/4AB692BB8467439D83C12A8A2C44B077.htm|articlename=FIA Do Not Work Order: 'The Hobbit'|dated=24-September-2010|website=[http://www.aftra.org/ The American Federation of Television and Radio Artists]|accessed=31-July-2012}}</ref> Meanwhile the studios argued that they could not make an agreement with a trade union under New Zealand law.<ref name="BBCIndustrial1"/>

[[Peter Jackson]] subsequently warned that the dispute could lead to a huge delay and that production could easily transfer to Eastern Europe.<ref name="BBCIndustrial2">{{webcite|articleurl=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/entertainment-arts-11417340|articlename=Peter Jackson threatens Hobbit shutdown|dated=27-September-2010|website=BBC|accessed=31-July-2012}}</ref> John Key, the incumbent Prime Minister of New Zealand, weighed in on the dispute saying that he hoped the dispute would not force ''The Hobbit'' production to move overseas. He also announced that the New Zealand government had gotten involved in the discussions.<ref name="BBCIndustrial3">{{webcite|articleurl=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/entertainment-arts-11465248|articlename=Hobbit movie 'should stay in New Zealand' says PM|dated=4-October-2010|website=BBC|accessed=31-July-2012}}</ref>

Whilst the studios announced that filming would begin the following February,<ref name="BBCIndustrial4">{{webcite|articleurl=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/entertainment-arts-11560411|articlename=The Hobbit to begin filming in February next year|dated=17-October-2010|website=BBC|accessed=31-July-2012}}</ref> the dispute remained unsettled. With the studios seriously considering moving the production abroad, large numbers of New Zealanders protested in Auckland, [[Wellington]], and Christ Church.<ref name="BBCIndustrial5">{{webcite|articleurl=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/entertainment-arts-11617860|articlename=New Zealanders rally behind Hobbit shoot|dated=25-October-2012|website=BBC|accessed=31-July-2012}}</ref> A settlement was finally reached on [[27 October]], [[2010]], with the Prime Minister himself announcing the news, hoping to prevent the loss of jobs in New Zealand and to reinforce the country's Tolkien tourism industry.<ref name=BBCIndustrial6>{{webcite|articleurl=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/entertainment-arts-11633724|articlename=The Hobbit will be made in New Zealand, PM confirms|dated=27-October-2012|website=BBC|accessed=31-July-2012}}</ref> As part of the agreement, the New Zealand government passed legislation which clarified that film industry workers are independent contractors rather than employees.<ref name="BBCIndustrial7>{{webcite|articleurl=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-pacific-11649734|articlename=Hobbit legislation passed in New Zealand|dated=29-October-2010|website=BBC|accessed=31-July-2012}}</ref> Filming finally began on [[21 March]], [[2011]].<ref name="BBCNews1"/>

===Film Three===
The original plan was to produce two films, entitled ''The Hobbit: An Unexpected Journey'' and ''The Hobbit: There and Back Again'' (to be released in [[14 December]] [[2012]] and [[13 December]] [[2013]] respectively).<ref name="HBTitles"/>

With principle photography coming to a close in [[July]], [[2012]],<ref name="PJFilming">{{webcite|author=[[Peter Jackson]]|articleurl=http://www.facebook.com/photo.php?fbid=10151062342726558&set=a.10150238899061558.364437.141884481557&type=1|articlename=We made it!|dated=6-July-2012|website=FB|accessed=6-July-2012}}</ref> [[Peter Jackson|Jackson]] began to discuss the notion of a third film with [[Fran Walsh]] and [[Philippa Boyens]].<ref name="EmpireDecember2012">Ian Nathan, 'An Unexpected Trilogy', ''Empire'', 282 (December 2012)</ref>

At [[Wikipedia:San Diego Comic-Con International|San Diego Comic-Con International]] 2012, [[Peter Jackson]] revealed that he hoped to film more material (based on [[The Appendices]]) in [[2013]]; this led to speculation that there could be a third "Hobbit" film. These rumours gained substance following media reports that Jackson was in discussion with [[Warner Bros.]] about the notion of an additional film.<ref>{{webcite|author=Ben Fritz, Steven Zeitchik and Nicole Sperling|articleurl=http://www.latimes.com/entertainment/envelope/cotown/la-et-ct-hobbit-third-movie-jackson-20120724,0,2208206.story|articlename=|dated=24-July-2012|website=[http://www.latimes.com/ Los Angeles Times]|accessed=26-July-2012}}</ref> It later emerged that Walsh and Boyens were sent to Los Angeles to pitch the idea to [[Warner Bros.]] whilst Jackson continued to shoot footage.<ref name="EmpireDecember2012"/>

On [[30 July]], [[2012]], [[Peter Jackson]] announced that there would indeed be a third "Hobbit" film. After watching the early cuts of the first two films, Jackson, Walsh and Boyens decided that they wanted to tell more of the story.<ref name="PJFilmThree">{{webcite|author=[[Peter Jackson]]|articleurl=http://www.facebook.com/notes/peter-jackson/an-unexpected-journey/10151114596546558|articlename=An unexpected journery|dated=30-July-2012|website=Facebook|accessed=20-July-2012}}</ref>

{{Blockquote|We know how much of the story of [[Bilbo Baggins]], the Wizard [[Gandalf]], the Dwarves of [[Erebor]], the rise of the [[Sauron|Necromancer]], and the Battle of [[Dol Guldur]] will remain untold if we do not take this chance. The richness of the story of ''[[The Hobbit]]'', as well as some of the related material in the appendices of ''[[The Lord of the Rings]]'', allows us to tell the full story of the adventures of Bilbo Baggins and the part he played in the sometimes dangerous, but at all times exciting, history of Middle-earth.|[[Peter Jackson]]<ref name="PJFilmThree"/>}}

On [[31 August]], [[2012]], it was revealed that the titles of the second and third films would be ''[[The Hobbit: The Desolation of Smaug]]'' and ''[[The Hobbit: There and Back Again]]'' respectively. The release of the first and second film remained unchanged, whilst the third film is due for release on [[17 December]], [[2014]] (moved from the initial release date of [[18 July]], 2014).<ref name="HBTitles2"/><ref name="TABAMoved"/>

==Filming==
[[File:The Hobbit (film series) - Peter Jackson Filming.jpg|thumb|right|Peter Jackson on the last day of principal photography.]]Back-to-back filming for ''The Hobbit'' films began [[21 March]], [[2011]].<ref name="BBCNews1"/> All location filming was done at sites across [[New Zealand]], and most on-set filming took place at [[Stone Street Studio]], [[Wellington]].<ref name="ProductionVideo7">{{webcite|author=[[Peter Jackson]]|articleurl=http://www.facebook.com/photo.php?v=10151028043926807|articlename=THE HOBBIT, Production Video #7|dated=6-June-2011|website=FB|accessed=6-June-2012}}</ref> Filming also took place at Pinewood Studios in the United Kingdom in [[July]], [[2011]]. Using their F Stage and N&P Stages, the production filmed scenes with [[Christopher Lee]] who could not fly to New Zealand.<ref name="Pinewood1">{{webcite|articleurl=http://www.pinewoodgroup.com/our-studios/uk/news/hobbit-pinewood|articlename=The Hobbit at Pinewood|website=[http://www.pinewoodgroup.com/ Pinewood Studios]|accessed=02-August-2012}}</ref><ref name="ProductionVideo3">{{webcite|author=[[Peter Jackson]]|articleurl=http://www.facebook.com/photo.php?v=10150326323406807|articlename=THE HOBBIT, Production Video #3|dated=21-July-2011|website=FB|accessed=02-August-2012}}</ref>

Principal photography ended on [[6 July]], [[2012]], after 266 days filming.<ref name="PJFilming"/>

Although "pick-up" filming had already been planned for [[2013]], it emerged that extra filming would need to take place to accommodate the expansion of the project from two films into three.<ref name="EmpireDecember2012"/>

==Technical details==
===3D===
[[File:John Howe and Alan Lee - 3D concept art.png|thumb|left|3D concept art by [[John Howe]] and [[Alan Lee]]]]
''The Hobbit: An Unexpected Journey'', ''The Hobbit: The Desolation of Smaug'', and ''The Hobbit: There and Back Again'' are being filmed in 3D using [[Wikipedia:Red Digital Cinema Camera Company|RED Epic]] cameras. A rig designed by [[Wikipedia:3ality Technica|3ality Technica]] is being used in the filming of the three films; here two cameras and a mirror are used in order to achieve an intraocular effect similar to that of a human's (the distance between the eyes). This is how the depth required for 3D film is achieved.<ref name="ProductionVideo4">{{webcite|author=[[Peter Jackson]]|articleurl=http://www.facebook.com/photo.php?v=10150451523596807|articlename=THE HOBBIT, Production Video #4|dated=4-Nov-2011|website=FB|accessed=10-Feb-2012}}</ref>

Most of [[John Howe|John Howe's]] and [[Alan Lee|Alan Lee's]] concept art has continued to be produced in 2D. However, they have collaborated on 3D pieces using the simple red and blue 3D effect.<ref name="ProductionVideo4"/>

===48 frames per second===
Breaking with conventional filming techniques, ''The Hobbit: An Unexpected Journey'', ''The Hobbit: The Desolation of Smaug'', and ''The Hobbit: There and Back Again'' are being filmed by capturing 48 frames per second (FPS), twice the normal film standard of 24 frames per second. This makes the film look far more realistic. When describing what people thought when they saw clips of ''The Hobbit'' shown at 48 frames per second, Peter Jackson said that it's 'like the back of the cinema has had a hole cut out of it where the screen is and you're actually looking into the real world'.<ref name="ProductionVideo4"/>

Jackson later discussed the advantages of filming at higher frame rate and in 3D.

{{Blockquote|Now, in the digital age, there’s no reason whatsoever to stick to 24 fps. [...] Science tells us that the human eye stops seeing individual pictures at about 55 fps. Therefore, shooting at 48 fps gives you much more of an illusion of real life. The reduced motion blur on each frame increases sharpness and gives the movie the look of having been shot in 65mm or IMAX. One of the biggest advantages is the fact that your eye is seeing twice the number of images each second, giving the movie a wonderful immersive quality. It makes the 3D experience much more gentle and hugely reduces eyestrain. Much of what makes 3D viewing uncomfortable for some people is the fact that each eye is processing a lot of strobing, blur and flicker. This all but disappears in HFR 3D.|[[Peter Jackson]]<ref name="PJHFR3D">{{webcite|author=[[Peter Jackson]]|articleurl=http://www.facebook.com/notes/peter-jackson/qa-on-hfr-3d/10151299493836558|articlename=Q&A ON HFR 3D|dated=19-November-2012|website=FB|accessed=19-November-2012}}</ref>}}

Additionally, the ''The Hobbit'' films are being filmed at a 5K resolution. This is substantially larger than the conventional 1080 HD resolution. The films are being filmed digitally onto 128 GB memory cards that fit into the RED Epic camera.<ref name="ProductionVideo4"/>

One of the drawbacks of filming 48 frames per second at 5K resolution is that the make-up, prosthetic, prop, set, and costume departments have to work differently. For example, the make-up and prosthetic departments have to redden up the faces of the actors much more than usual because otherwise their skin colour will turn up yellow on the final film. Furthermore, real hair has to be used in order to achieve an authentic look when it moves around.<ref name="ProductionVideo4"/>

Ten minutes of footage was shown at 48 FPS during the [[Warner Bros.]] presentation at [[Wikipedia:CinemaCon|CinemaCon]] [[2012]]. The reaction was mixed. The ''Los Angeles Times'' described the picture as 'hyper-realistic' and the Associated Press described 'vivid, with grass blades, facial lines and soaring mountains appearing luminous and pronounced. The actors looked almost touchable, as if they were performing live on stage'. However, an anonymous projectionist said that '[i]t looked like a made-for-TV movie'.<ref name="BBC48FPS">{{webcite|articleurl=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/entertainment-arts-17836380|articlename=Peter Jackson unveils new Hobbit footage|dated=25-April-2012|website=BBC|accessed=31-July-2012}}</ref><ref name="LAT48FPS">{{webcite|articleurl=http://latimesblogs.latimes.com/movies/2012/04/cinemacon-hobbit-frame-rate-depp-gatsby.html|articlename=CinemaCon: Footage of 'The Hobbit' draws mixed reaction|dated=24-April-2012|website=[http://www.latimes.com/ ''Los Angeles Times'']|accessed=31-July-2012}}</ref>

==Games and merchandise==
===Video games===
In late [[2011]], the ''Los Angeles Times'' reported that [[Warner Bros. Interactive Entertainment]] would release a video game based on ''The Hobbit'' in lieu of the release of ''[[The Hobbit: An Unexpected Journey]]'' in December [[2012]].<ref>{{webcite|author=Ben Fritz|articleurl=http://articles.latimes.com/2011/oct/18/business/la-fi-1018-ct-warner-interactive-20111018/2|articlename=Warner's approach to video games is paying off|dated=18 October 2011|website=[http://www.latimes.com/ ''Los Angeles Times'']|accessed=2 March 2012}}</ref>

In September [[2012]], [[Warner Bros. Interactive Entertainment]] announced that it would produce two free-to-play video games, in co-operation with [[Kabam]].
*The first, a mobile-phone game named ''[[The Hobbit: Kingdoms of Middle-earth]]'', was released in November 2012. In this game the player is able to manage his own kingdom and play as either [[Elves]] or [[Dwarves]].<ref name="IGN-Kingdom and Armies">{{webcite|author=Luke Karmali|articleurl=http://www.ign.com/articles/2012/09/26/warner-bros-announces-the-hobbit-games|articlename=Warner Bros. Announces The Hobbit Games|dated=26 September 2012|website=[http://www.ign.com IGN]|accessed=24 November 2012}}</ref><ref>{{webcite|author=|articleurl=http://www.kabam.com/nl/the-hobbit-kingdoms|articlename=THE HOBBIT: KINGDOMS OF MIDDLE-EARTH|dated=|website=[http://www.kabam.com Kabam]|accessed=24 November 2012}}</ref>
*The second, a strategic browser-based game called ''[[The Hobbit: Armies of the Third Age]]'', allows the player to play as either the [[Elves]], [[Dwarves]] or [[Orcs]] (including several heroes from ''The Hobbit'' films). It is is unknown when ''The Hobbit: Armies of the Third Age'' will be released.<ref name="IGN-Kingdom and Armies"/><ref>{{webcite|author=|articleurl=http://www.kabam.com/nl/the-hobbit-armies|articlename=THE HOBBIT: ARMIES OF THE THIRD AGE|dated=|website=[http://www.kabam.com Kabam]|accessed=24 November 2012}}</ref>

''[[Guardians of Middle-earth]]'', a "Multiplayer Online Battle Arena" video game by Monolith Productions, will include some playable characters ("guardians") from The Hobbit films. Additional The Hobbit "guardians" will be added after the release of The Hobbit, to tie in with the films.<ref>{{webcite|author=|articleurl=http://www.guardiansofmiddleearth.co.uk/game|articlename=Game Info|dated=|website=[http://www.guardiansofmiddleearth.co.uk/ Guardians of Middle-earth]|accessed=24 November 2012}}</ref>

===Lego===
On [[17 December]], [[2011]], it was announced that the [[Lego|Lego Group]] had received the rights to create Lego sets based on ''The Lord of the Rings'' and ''The Hobbit: An Unexpected Journey''. The first sets on The Hobbit were released in the end of 2012.<ref>{{webcite|author=|articleurl=http://aboutus.lego.com/en-us/news-room/2011/december/warner-bros-consumer-products-and-the-lego-group/|articlename=Building sets based on THE LORD OF THE RINGS™ Trilogy and the Two Films Based on THE HOBBIT|dated=16 December 2011|website=lego.com|accessed=2 March 2012}}</ref>

==People involved==
*Production - [[New Line Cinema]]<ref name="PJCasting1"/>
*United States Distribution - [[Warner Brothers]]<ref name="PJCasting1"/>
*International Distribution - [[MGM]]<ref name="PJCasting1"/>
*Director - [[Peter Jackson]]<ref name="PJCasting1"/>
*Second Unit Director - [[Andy Serkis]]<ref name="HBAndy">
{{webcite|articleurl=http://www.thehobbitblog.com/?p=2234|articlename=Andy Serkis to serve as Second Unit Director|dated=8-April-2011|website=[http://www.thehobbitblog.com/ The Hobbit Blog]|accessed=21-Dec-2011}}</ref>
*Producers - [[Peter Jackson]], [[Fran Walsh]], and [[Carolynne Cunningham]]<ref name="PJCasting1"/>
*Co-Producer - [[Philippa Boyens]]<ref name="PJCasting1"/>
*Executive Producers - [[Ken Kamins]] and [[Zane Weiner]]<ref name="PJCasting1"/>
*Writers - Peter Jackson, Fran Walsh, Philippa Boyens, and Guillermo del Toro<ref name="PJCasting1"/>
*Director of Photography - [[Andrew Lesnie]]<ref name="PJCasting1"/>
*Production Designer - [[Dan Hennah]]<ref name="PJCasting1"/>
*Conceptual Designers: [[Alan Lee]] and [[John Howe]]<ref name="PJCasting1"/>
*Composer - [[Howard Shore]]<ref name="PJCasting1"/>
*Make-up and Hair Designer - [[Peter King]]<ref name="PJCasting1"/>
*Costume Designers - [[Ann Maskrey]] and [[Richard Taylor]]<ref name="PJCasting1"/>
*Design and production of weaponry, armour, and prosthetics - [[Weta Workshop]] overseen by [[Richard Taylor]]<ref name="PJCasting1"/>

===Cast===
[[File:The Hobbit (film series) - cast.jpg|right|thumb|'Bilbo' and the 'thirteen dwarves' (N.B. Rob Kazinsky has since been replaced by Dean O'Gorman to play Fíli).<ref name="PJCasting2"/>|400px]]
{| class="wikitable"
|- bgcolor="#CCCCCC"
! Actor !! Role
|-
| [[Richard Armitage]] || [[Thorin]]<ref name="PJCasting1">{{webcite|author=[[Peter Jackson]]|articleurl=http://www.facebook.com/note.php?note_id=10150168211921558|articlename=Production begins in New Zealand on The Hobbit|dated=20-March-2011|website=FB|accessed=21-Dec-2011}}</ref>
|-
| [[John Bell]]<ref name="WBPressRelease1">{{webcite|articleurl=http://www.warnerbroscanada.com/index.php/coming-soon/the-hobbit/|articlename=THE HOBBIT: AN UNEXPECTED JOURNEY|website=[http://www.warnerbroscanada.com/ Warner Bros. Canada]|accessed=9-Feb-2012}}</ref> || [[Bain]]<ref name=Bell>{{webcite|author=Evie Bowman|articleurl=http://news.mymiddleearth.com/2012/07/03/exclusive-qa-with-hobbit-actor-john-bell/|articlename=EXCLUSIVE! Q&A WITH HOBBIT ACTOR JOHN BELL|dated=03-July-2012|website=MEN|accessed=04-July-2012}}</ref>

|-
| [[Cate Blanchett]] || [[Galadriel]]<ref name="PJCasting1"/>
|-
| [[Orlando Bloom]] || [[Legolas]]<ref name="PJCasting5">{{webcite|author=[[Peter Jackson]]|articleurl=http://www.facebook.com/PeterJacksonNZ/posts/10150265634081558|articlename=Ten years ago,...|dated=27-May-2011|website=FB|accessed=21-Dec-2011}}</ref>
|-
| [[Jed Brophy]] || [[Nori]]<ref name="PJCasting1"/>
|-
| [[Adam Brown]] || [[Ori]]<ref name="PJCasting1"/>
|-
| [[John Callen]] || [[Óin]]<ref name="PJCasting1"/>
|-
| [[Billy Connolly]] || [[Dáin Ironfoot]]<ref name="BBCCasting1">{{webcite|articleurl=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/entertainment-arts-16960081|articlename=Billy Connolly lands dwarf role in The Hobbit|dated=9-Feb-2012|website=BBC|accessed=9-Feb-2012}}</ref>
|-
| [[Benedict Cumberbatch]] || [[Smaug]]<ref name="PJCasting4"/>
|-
| [[Luke Evans]] || [[Bard]]<ref name="PJCasting4"/>
|-
| [[Martin Freeman]] || [[Bilbo Baggins]]<ref name="PJCasting1"/>
|-
| [[Stephen Fry]] || The [[Master of Lake-town]]<ref name="PJCasting3">{{webcite|author=[[Peter Jackson]]|articleurl=http://www.facebook.com/note.php?note_id=10150257180211558|articlename=Casting News for The Hobbit|dated=19-May-2011|website=FB|accessed=21-Dec-2011}}</ref>
|-
| [[Ryan Gage]]<ref group="note">[[Ryan Gage]] was initially cast as [[Drogo Baggins]] (see: {{webcite|author=Earl|articleurl=http://www.theonering.net/torwp/2011/07/14/46113-ryan-gage-tweets-about-hobbit-costume-fitting/|articlename=Ryan Gage Tweets About Hobbit “Costume Fitting”|dated=02-Aug-2012|website=TORN|accessed=02-Aug-2012}}).</ref> || [[Alfrid]]<ref name="PJCasting3"/>
|-
| [[Mark Hadlow]] || [[Dori]]<ref name="PJCasting1"/> [[Bert]]<ref name="HobbitOfficialMovieGuide"/>
|-
| [[Peter Hambleton]] || [[Glóin]]<ref name="PJCasting1"/> [[William]]<ref name="HobbitOfficialMovieGuide"/>
|-
| [[Dan Hennah]] || [[Gerontius Took|The Old Took]]<ref name="Weta1">[[Daniel Falconer]], ''[[The Hobbit: An Unexpected Journey: Chronicles: Art & Design]]'', p. 30</ref>
|-
| [[Ian Holm]] || Older [[Bilbo Baggins]]<ref name="PJCasting6">{{webcite|author=[[Peter Jackson]]|articleurl=http://www.facebook.com/permalink.php?story_fbid=10150232032911558&id=141884481557|articlename=One comment that...|dated=22-April-2011|website=FB|accessed=21-Dec-2011}}</ref>
|-
| [[Barry Humphries]] || [[Great Goblin|Goblin King]]<ref name="PJCasting4"/>
|-
| [[Stephen Hunter]] || [[Bombur]]<ref name="PJCasting1"/>
|-
| [[William Kircher]] || [[Bifur]]<ref name="PJCasting1"/> [[Tom]]<ref name="HobbitOfficialMovieGuide"/>
|-
| [[Christopher Lee]] || [[Saruman]]<ref name="TelegraphCasting">{{webcite|articleurl=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/film/film-news/8311016/Christopher-Lee-will-star-in-the-Hobbit-prequel.html|articlename=Christopher Lee will star in the Hobbit prequel|dated=08-Feb-2011|website=[http://www.telegraph.co.uk/ The Telegraph]|accessed=21-Dec-2011}}</ref>
|-
| [[Evangeline Lilly]] || [[Tauriel]]<ref name="PJCasting4">{{webcite|author=[[Peter Jackson]]|articleurl=http://www.facebook.com/note.php?note_id=10150286515141558|articlename=The Hobbit Casting Update|dated=19-June-2011|website=FB|accessed=21-Dec-2011}}</ref>
|-
| [[Sylvester McCoy]] || [[Radagast|Radagast the Brown]]<ref name="IMCasting">{{webcite|author=[[Ian McKellen]]|articleurl=http://www.mckellen.com/cinema/hobbit-movie/110510.htm|articlename=2 Elves and another Wizard|dated=10-May-2011|website=[http://www.mckellen.com/ Ian McKellen's website]|accessed=21-Dec-2011}}</ref>
|-
| [[Ian McKellen]] || [[Gandalf]]<ref name="PJCasting1"/>
|-
| [[Bret McKenzie]] || [[Lindir]]<ref name="IMCasting"/>
|-
| [[Graham McTavish]] || [[Dwalin]]<ref name="PJCasting1"/>
|-
| [[Mike Mizrahi]] || [[Thráin II|Thráin]]<ref name="PJCasting1"/>
|-
| [[James Nesbitt]] || [[Bofur]]<ref name="PJCasting1"/>
|-
| [[Dean O'Gorman]] || [[Fíli]]<ref name="PJCasting2">{{webcite|author=[[Peter Jackson]]|articleurl=http://www.facebook.com/note.php?note_id=10150239464391558|articlename=Casting news!|dated=30-April-2011|website=FB|accessed=21-Dec-2011}}</ref>
|-
| [[Lee Pace]] || [[Thranduil]]<ref name="PJCasting2"/>
|-
| [[Mikael Persbrandt]] || [[Beorn]]<ref name="AFTONBLADETCasting">{{webcite|articleurl=http://www.aftonbladet.se/nojesbladet/film/article13349150.ab|articlename=Persbrandt den bäste för jobbet|dated=30-April-2011|website=[http://www.aftonbladet.se/ AFTONBLADET]|accessed=21-Dec-2011}}</ref>

|-
| [[Andy Serkis]] || [[Gollum]]<ref name="PJCasting1"/>
|-
| [[Conan Stevens]]<ref group="note">[[Conan Stevens]] was initially cast as [[Azog]] (see: {{webcite|author=[[Peter Jackson]]|articleurl=http://www.facebook.com/note.php?note_id=10150257180211558|articlename=Casting News for The Hobbit|dated=19-May-2011|website=FB|accessed=21-Dec-2011}}).</ref> || [[Bolg]]<ref name="TORNBolg">{{webcite|author=MrCere|articleurl=http://www.theonering.net/torwp/2012/04/22/55228-exclusive-hobbits-conan-stevens-chats-with-torn/|articlename=Exclusive: ‘Hobbit’s’ Conan Stevens chats with TORn|dated=22-April-2012|website=TORN|accessed=02-Aug-2012}}</ref>
|-
| [[Ken Stott]] || [[Balin]]<ref name="PJCasting1"/>
|-
| [[Jeffrey Thomas]] || [[Thrór]]<ref name="PJCasting1"/>
|-
| [[Aidan Turner]] || [[Kíli]]<ref name="PJCasting1"/>
|-
| [[Hugo Weaving]] || [[Elrond]]<ref name="IMCasting"/>
|-
| [[Elijah Wood]] || [[Frodo Baggins]]<ref name="PJCasting1"/>
|-
|}

==Gallery==
{{Seealso|:Category:Images from The Hobbit (film series)}}
{{Gallery
|title=Pictures from the production of ''The Hobbit'' films
|height=200
|width=250
|lines=2
|File:The Hobbit - An Unexpected Journey - Bilbo Baggins in Bag End.jpg|[[Martin Freeman]] as [[Bilbo Baggins]] in [[Bag End]].
|File:The Hobbit (film series) - Gandalf the Grey.jpg|[[Ian McKellen]] as [[Gandalf|Gandalf the Grey]].
|File:The Hobbit - An Unexpected Journey - Gandalf in Bag End.jpg|Gandalf in Bag End.
|File:The Hobbit (film series) - Peter Jackson in Bag End 1.jpg|[[Peter Jackson]] on the set of Bag End.
|File:The Hobbit (film series) - Martin Freeman and Peter Jackson.jpg|Martin Freeman and Peter Jackson on the set of Bag End.
|File:The Hobbit (film series) - Peter Jackson in Bag End 2.jpg|Peter Jackson on the set of Bag End.
|File:The Hobbit (film series) - the Dwarves.jpg|The thirteen [[dwarves]].
|File:The Hobbit (film series) - Nori, Ori and Dori.jpg|[[Nori]], [[Ori]] and [[Dori]].
|File:The Hobbit (film series) - Óin and Glóin.jpg|[[Óin]] and [[Glóin]].
|File:The Hobbit (film series) - Fíli and Kíli.jpg|[[Fíli]] and [[Kíli]].
|File:The Hobbit (film series) - Bombur, Bofur and Bifur.jpg|[[Bombur]], [[Bofur]] and [[Bifur]].
|File:The Hobbit (film series) - Balin and Dwalin.jpg|[[Balin]] and [[Dwalin]].
|File:The Hobbit (film series) - Thorin.jpg|[[Thorin]].
}}

==See also==
*''The Hobbit'' (film series)
**''[[The Hobbit: An Unexpected Journey]]''
**''[[The Hobbit: The Desolation of Smaug]]''
**''[[The Hobbit: There and Back Again]]''
*''[[The Hobbit]]''
*[[The Hobbit (1966 film)|''The Hobbit'' (1966 film)]]
*[[The Hobbit (1977 film)|''The Hobbit'' (1977 film)]]
*[[The Hobbit (1968 radio series)|''The Hobbit'' (1968 radio series)]]
*[[The Hobbit (1979 radio series)|''The Hobbit'' (1979 radio series)]]
*[[:Category:Images from The Hobbit (film series)|Images from ''The Hobbit'' (film series)]]
**[[:Category:Images from The Hobbit: An Unexpected Journey|Images from ''The Hobbit: An Unexpected Journey'']]
*''The Hobbit: An Unexpected Journey'' tie-in books
**''[[The Hobbit: An Unexpected Journey: Annual 2013]]''
**''[[The Hobbit: An Unexpected Journey: Chronicles: Art & Design]]''
**''[[The Hobbit: An Unexpected Journey: Chronicles: Creatures & Characters]]''
**''[[The Hobbit: An Unexpected Journey: Official Movie Guide]]''
**''[[The Hobbit: An Unexpected Journey: The Movie Storybook]]''
**''[[The Hobbit: An Unexpected Journey: The World of Hobbits]]''
**''[[The Hobbit: An Unexpected Journey: Visual Companion]]''

==External links==
*[http://www.thehobbit.com/index.html TheHobbit.com] (official website)
*[http://www.thehobbitblog.com/ TheHobbitBlog.com] (official blog)
*[http://www.facebook.com/PeterJacksonNZ Peter Jackson's Facebook page]

{{References|n}}

{{Films}}
{{title|italics}}
[[Category:The Hobbit (film series)| ]]
[[de:Der Hobbit (Film)]]
[[fa:هابیت (مجموعه فیلم)]]
[[fi:Hobitti (2012-2014)]]
[[fr:divertissements/adaptations/films/th]]

Númenóreans

2012-08-02T08:59:28Z

PHoBiA: +interwiki fa

{{cleanup}}
{{race
| image=[[File:Ivan Ulicny - The Age of Númenor.jpg|250px]]
| name=Númenóreans
| dominions=[[Númenor]], [[Eriador]], [[Harad]], [[Umbar]], [[Pelargir]], later [[Arnor]] and [[Gondor]]
| languages= [[Adûnaic]] (native tongue), [[Quenya]], [[Sindarin]]
| height=Taller than other [[Men]]
| length=
| skincolor=
| haircolor=
| feathers=
| distinctions=Alliance with the [[Elves]], advanced technology, longer lifespan
| lifespan= Line of Elros, 400 years. Other lines, 200 years
| members=[[Elros]], [[Tar-Aldarion|Aldarion]], [[Ar-Pharazôn]], [[Elendil]], [[Isildur]]
}}
<center>{{quote|So great was the might and splendor of the Númenóreans that Sauron's own servants deserted him.|''[[The Lord of the Rings]]'', [[Appendix A]]}}</center>
'''Númenóreans''' were the [[Men]] of [[Númenor]], descendants of the [[Edain]] of the [[First Age]], who were granted the island of [[Elenna]] as a dwelling place. They turned against the [[Valar]], and their island home was destroyed in the last years of the [[Second Age]].

==History==
===Prologue===
When the [[Sun]] rose for the first time upon [[Middle-earth]], a new race began its existence in the land called [[Hildórien]]. They were the race of [[Men]], Secondborn from the [[Children of Ilúvatar]]. Those that marched West into [[Beleriand]] during the [[First Age]] were called the [[Edain]] and proved themselves to be allies of the [[Elves]], from whom they gathered knowledge of all things surrounding them. Three were the main Houses of the Edain: [[House of Bëor]], first to cross [[Ered Luin]], [[House of Haleth]] and [[House of Hador]], last to cross the mountains towards West, each having distinct features and different ways of life.

In the events that took place during the First Age, the two kindred races of [[Ilúvatar]], Men and Elves, fought together against the one common enemy, [[Morgoth]] and great were the casualties on either side. When the [[War of Wrath|last battle]] of the First Age was won by the forces of [[Valinor]], the Valar rewarded the Edain by giving them a place to dwell outside the troubled land of Middle-earth. It was called Elenna and later became known as the Island of Númenor. Set halfway between [[Endor]] and [[Aman]], it was there that the descendants from the three houses of Edain established the Kingdom of Númenor in [[Second Age 32|S.A. 32]], which would last and dominate all other mortal peoples throughout the entire Second Age.

===Line of Elros===

Two couples formed between Men and Elves are of great importance for the history of Númenóreans. [[Lúthien]] and [[Beren]] was the first one. Their son, called [[Dior|Dior Eluchíl]], married [[Nimloth of Doriath]] and [[Elwing]] was born. [[Idril]] and [[Tuor]], the second of the two couples between Men and Elves, were parents of [[Eärendil]]. Elwing and Eärendil met at the [[Havens of Sirion]] and from their union twins were born: [[Elros]] and [[Elrond]]. To the two [[Half-elven|half-elves]], the Valar gave a choice: to either live as Men or as Elves. While Elrond chose to live among the [[Firstborn]] of Ilúvatar, Elros joined the race of Men and he became the first [[King of Númenor]].

Númenóreans from the [[Line of Elros]] had right to inherit the [[Sceptre]] and thus become Rulers of Númenor. From the creation until the destruction of the Kingdom, twenty-five [[King of Númenor|Kings]] and [[Ruling Queen of Númenor|Queens]] succeeded to the throne, all descendants of Elros. This blood line was also gifted with longer life than others. While the rest of the Númenóreans lived around 200 years, royal kindred had double life span, 400 years. In front of their names, the [[Quenya]] word ''[[Tar]]'' was added, which meant "royal" or "noble". The language of it was not random, for it shown once more their loyalty and alliance with the [[Eldar]]. When relations between the two races grew colder, the prefix was kept only for the sake of superstition, until finally it was dropped and in his place ''[[Ar]]'' was used, with the same meaning, only that the language was [[Adûnaic]].

Númenóreans from the Line of Elros influenced their era in various ways:

*[[Tar-Aldarion]], a great mariner and Middle-earth explorer
*[[Tar-Ancalimë]], the first Ruling Queen of Númenor
*[[Tar-Minastir]], defeated [[Sauron]] alongside [[Gil-galad|Ereinion Gil-galad]]
*[[Ar-Belzagar]], first ruler to take an Adûnaic name
*[[Ar-Adûnakhôr]], banned the speaking of Quenya and severed relationships with the Eldar
*[[Ar-Pharazôn]], last in the line of rulers, whose kingship led directly to the [[Akallabêth|Downfall of Númenor]]

===Lords of Andúnië===

After the Line of Elros those who held the most power in Númenor were the [[Lords of Andúnië]]. The eldest descendant of the fourth king [[Tar-Elendil]] was a woman, [[Silmariën]]. Due to the fact that during her time the law of [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agnatic_primogeniture agnatic primogeniture] existed, she could not succeed her father and instead her brother took up the [[Sceptre]] as [[Tar-Meneldur]]. In her honor was created the title "Lord of Andúnië", which was set upon her descendants. [[Valandil (Lord of Andúnië)|Valandil]] was her first son and the first to bear that title. Eighteen Lords of Andúnië there were in total, the last one being [[Amandil (Lord of Andúnië)|Amandil]], father of [[Elendil]]. Renowned for their friendship with the Eldar, they were considered leaders of the political party named [[Elendili]].

===Law===

Of great importance was the [[Law of Succession in Númenor]], a set of rules meant to legally establish who would be the heir to the throne. It started out as an inherited custom, which gave exclusive rights to the male descendants of Elros. Tar-Aldarion, the sixth ruler of Númenor, due to the fact that he only had one daughter, replaced the principle of exclusive male heir with that of eldest progeny, of any gender and in [[Second Age 1075|S.A. 1075]] Tar-Ancalimë became the first ruling queen in the history of Númenor.

Not an actual law, but respected as one was the [[Ban of the Valar]], which stated that Númenóreans should never sail West more than the limit of their sight when looking after the shores of Elenna. As the Second Age drew towards its end and the fear of death filled more and more the hearts of the Númenóreans, they sailed further away from the island, until finally the last king, Ar-Pharazôn, broke the Ban of the Valar in his attempt to reach [[Tol Eressëa]] out of the false belief that dwelling in that place granted immortality.

===Politics===

Númenor was a monarchy, which meant that the head of the state was the King or Queen. It was he who held the power of decision over the affairs of the state. However, there was also the executive branch, called the [[Council of the Sceptre]], composed from the Heir of the King and the lords from the six regions of Númenor: [[Forostar]] (''Northlands''), [[Andustar]] (''Westlands''), [[Hyarnustar]] (''Southwestlands''), [[Hyarrostar]] (''Southeastlands''), [[Orrostar]] (''Eastlands'') and [[Mittalmar]] (''Inlands'').

There were two main political parties: Elendili was the first one, the [[Faithful]] they were also called. Led by the Lords of Andúnië, they were loyal to the Elves. Towards the end of Númenor they became a small group, subject to oppression by the opposing party: the [[King's Men]]. They were the ones to rebel against the Valar and their ban. To compensate for these restrictions, they set dominions among the Men of Middle-earth and laid heavy tribute upon them. As the number and the power of the King's Men increased, they forced the Elendili to move from [[Andúnië]], where they lived until then, to the eastern side of the island, at [[Rómenna]]. [[Pelargir]] was a harbor built where the river [[Sirith]] met [[Anduin]] and it was founded by the Faithful in [[Second Age 2350|S.A. 2350]].

===Religion and Tradition===

[[Image:Jan Pospisil - Dunedain at War concept.jpg|thumb|''Dúnedain at War'' by [[Jan Pospisil]].]]
Towards the middle of Mittalmar stood the Holy Mountain [[Meneltarma]], the sacred place on which [[Ilúvatar|Eru]] was worshiped. Its flattened top was wide enough to contain a great crowd during the ceremonies. These took place three times per year, in an absolute silence while climbing its slopes. Prayers were uttered during the feasts of [[Erukyermë]], [[Erulaitalë]] and [[Eruhantalë]]. Soon after [[Second Age 3262|S.A. 3262]] these religious beliefs were abandoned and the worshiping of [[Morgoth|Melkor]] began. It was done in a cylindrical temple near the city of Armenelos built especially for this, and it involved sacrificing men and women over a great fire, whose first flames were lit from the [[White Tree of Tol Eressëa]].

Whenever ships sailed from Númenor, the custom of the [[Green Bough of Return]] took place. A branch from the [[Fragrant Trees|Fragrant Tree]] [[Oiolairë]] was set at the prow as a symbol of good fortune by a Númenórean woman, close relative to the captain of the ship. [[Erendis]], wife of Tar-Aldarion, refused to do so in disagreement with her husband's frequent voyages towards Middle-earth, breaking this tradition for the first time.

===Daily Life===

The Dúnedain were skilled in riding and they loved horses beyond measure. It was said that in the beginning they could even call them in their thoughts, if the man and the beast were bound by friendship. Because of this, Númenor had no paved roads, so that the carriages could move on them more easily. From the [[Noldor]] they learned the art of forging terrible weapons: swords, axes, spears, knives, but mostly bows with which they loved to practice. Later, in the wars of Middle-earth, their arrows resembled dark clouds falling upon the enemies.

But the greatest love of the Númenóreans was the sea and the building of ships. Theirs were the largest ones built in all the [[Arda]], save for those of [[Círdan]] himself. Many were built at the command of Tar-Aldarion, a great mariner king of his time, who also established the [[Guild of Venturers]]. The very headquarters of this organization were located on a ship called [[Eämbar]]. As they were surrounded by water, many of the inhabitants of Númenor were fishermen. Along with the grains cultivated in Orrostar, fish was the main food source for the Númenóreans.

===Kinship with the Elves===

At the foundation of Númenor all the [[Dúnedain]] held the Eldar in friendship. From the island of Tol Eressëa white ships sailed towards the [[Bay of Andúnië]], bringing with them many gifts: birds, flowers, and healing herbs. They also brought a branch from [[Celeborn, White Tree|Celeborn]], the White Tree of Tol Eressëa, and it grew at the court of the king of [[Armenelos]].

As the fear of death crept into the hearts of the Dúnedain, the Firstborn Children of Ilúvatar became envied for their immortality. [[Tar-Atanamir]] was the first to speak against the Eldar and the Ban of the Valar. Little by little the Númenóreans abandoned the use of the [[Eldarin]] tongues. It was during the time of his son, King [[Tar-Ancalimon]], that the two parties were formed, the Elf-friends and the King's Men. The twentieth king, Ar-Adûnakhôr openly chose an Adûnaic name and began to persecute the Faithful, punishing all those who would speak the Elven tongues openly. In the end the Eldar came no more to the land of Númenor.

===Dominion over the Men of Middle-earth===

[[Image:Paula DiSante - Ar-Pharazon Defies.JPG|thumb|right|260px|''Ar-Pharazon Defies'' by [[Paula DiSante]].]]
Due to the fact that the Ban of the Valar restricted them from sailing [[Undying Lands|West]], the Númenóreans began to explore the eastern part of the [[Arda|world]], reaching the shores of Middle-earth in {{SA|600}} in [[Lindon]] and met with [[Gil-galad]]. The news spread swiftly and the [[Middle Men]] in [[Eriador]] were filled with wonder. The sailors met with twelve messengers on the [[Tower Hills]]<ref>{{UT|Aldarion}}</ref>.

The Númenóreans began to cultivate their new friends who were into their [[Dark Years]], grown weak and fearful, and taught them agriculture, stonecraft, smithying and their language [[Adûnaic]] but failed to recognize the [[Pre-Númenórean]] forest-folk of [[Minhiriath]] as ‘kinsmen’, and confused them with [[Men of Shadow]] because it was not related to theirs<ref>{{PM|X}}</ref>

The Middle Men were comforted, populated the western shores. They revered the memory of the tall Sea-kings whom they remembered as gods hoping each time for their return<ref>{{S|AK}}</ref>

More and more Númenor became a great naval power and the [[Guild of Venturers]] established [[Vinyalondë]] (early 9th century)<ref>{{UT|Cirion}}</ref> The Pre-Númenórean were patient until the tree-felling by [[Aldarion]] became devastating<ref name="GC">{{UT|Galadriel}}</ref> and slowly, hostility was growing and dark men out of the mountains were thrusting into [[Enedwaith]] in support of their kinsmen<ref name="A">{{UT|Aldarion}}</ref> In {{SA|820}} Vinyalondë was overthrown by great seas and plundered by hostile men. Men near the coasts were growing afraid of the Númenóreans, or were openly hostile and Aldarion heard rumours of some lord in Middle-earth who hated them. As Gil-galad warned [[Tar-Meneldur]] that this instigator was a servant of the [[Sauron|Enemy]].<ref name="A"/>

Aldarion's successors continued his works and even fought with the pre-Númenóreans<ref>{{UT|Numenor}}</ref> until they attacked and ambushed the Númenóreans when they could. They became their enemies giving no thought to husbandry or replanting. The Númenóreans wrecked the banks, the shorelines, great tracks and roads whom they drove into the forests northwards and southwards from the [[Gwathló]]<ref name="GC"/> and continued battling and destroying what lied ahead of them, pushing into [[Minhiriath]] and [[Enedwaith]], establishing themselves inland as far as the river [[Glanduin]] (the southern boundary of [[Eregion]]), beyond which pre-Númenóreans and hostile peoples lived, a remnant of the peoples that had dwelt in the vales of the White Mountains in ages past<ref>{{App|Languages}}</ref><ref name="GC"/> The natives overcame their fear of the Elves and fled from Minhiriath into the dark woods of the great [[Cape of Eryn Vorn]] (south of the mouth of [[Baranduin]]). Those from Enedwaith took refuge in the eastern mountains ([[Dunland]])<ref name="GC"/>

[[Sauron]] recruited pre-Númenóreans and in the early second millennium he increased pressure on the West, left his stronghold in [[Rhûn]] and relocated in [[Mordor]], drawing closer to the Númenórean sphere of influence. Sauron welcomed by the natives and used the haters of Númenor as spies and guides for his raiders who caused havoc and burned their settlements. He had not enough force to assault the forts at the Haven or along the banks of the [[Gwathló]]. However his regular troops attempted to conquest Eriador, hunting and killing Middle Men and the Elves and by {{SA|1700}} had mastered all Eriador, up to the River [[Lhûn]] and besieged [[Rivendell]].<ref name="GC"/>

Eriador was already ruined when the Númenórean fleet sent by king [[Tar-Minastir]] catched Mordor's troops in the rear and utterly defeated them, but brought peace in the [[Westlands had peace]].<ref name="GC"/>

They explored the coasts of Middle-earth far southward establishing landing and trading posts that grew into cruel vice-kingdoms which left many rumours in the legends of Men, although the Eldar did not know about them<ref>{{PM|Akallabeth}}</ref> In the south they found a useful natural haven already called [[Haven of Umbar|Umbar]] by the natives.

The Númenóreans founded [[Pelargir]] in {{SA|2350}} and discovered the pre-Númenóreans [[Men of the Mountains]] near [[Dunharrow]]<ref>{{HM|RK}}</ref> who eventually repented when Sauron left from Mordor and the power of Gil-galad had grown great<ref name="Rings">{{S|Rings}}</ref>

As the shadow spread over Númenor, [[Tar-Ciryatan]] sailed to Middle-earth, bringing numerous treasures back to Númenor. Later more lands were occupied, plundered or forced to pay heavy tribute in return for the lives of their inhabitants. Towards the end of the kingdom, when their religion had changed and human sacrifices were made towards [[Morgoth|Melkor]], many of the victims were people of Middle-earth taken as prisoners. Because of these acts they were looked upon in fear, called the "Death" itself and the Men of Middle-earth trembled at the sight of a mighty Númenórean ship on the waters of [[Belegaer]]. However, the Faithful shared not the behavior of the King's Men and though they also built a port in Middle-earth, named Pelargir, it was not for the sake of plundering, but meant to be a haven far from those of the opposing party.

When the [[Elendili]] established the [[Realms in Exile]], many Men turned from evil and became subject to them although the pre-Númenóreans were not friendly to them and never learned to distinguish between [[King's Men]] and [[Faithful]], while many remembered Sauron's influence.<ref name="Rings"/> The [[King of the Mountains]] first swore allegiance to [[Isildur]]

When Sauron returned Isildur summoned the [[Men of the Mountains]] to fulfill their oath, they would not because they were afraid of Sauron. They hid in the mountains isolated till slowly dwindled in the barren hills and became the [[Dead Men of Dunharrow]].

===Sauron's Influence===

The only daughter of the king [[Tar-Palantir]], a friend of the Eldar who tried to restore the old ways, was [[Tar-Míriel]]. According to the [[Law of Succession in Númenor|New Law]] she had the right to inherit the throne, but her cousin Pharazôn forced her into marriage, and took the Sceptre for himself, becoming known as Ar-Pharazôn the Golden, the most proud and powerful of all the kings. He desired not only immortality as the ones before him had, but also the dominion over the entire world. For this he gathered a great fleet and opposed the greatest opponent in the path of his task: Sauron.

So mighty were the Númenóreans that the servants of Sauron fled even before the battle began and their leader was taken as a prisoner back to the island of Elenna. Through numerous lies he poisoned the mind of the king and became master of his council, changing even the religion of the Númenóreans and turning them into servants of the dark [[Morgoth]]. And because he assured Ar-Pharazôn that if he ever reached Aman he would become immortal, the last king gathered once more a great host of ships and sailed to break the Ban of the Valar.

===Downfall===
[[File:Ted Nasmith - Queen Tar-Míriel and the Great Wave.jpg|thumb|left|''Queen Tar-Miriel and the Great Wave'' by [[Ted Nasmith]].]]

Pharazôn's attempt to reach Valinor and his previous preparations for war with the Eldar raised the anger of [[Manwë]] who sent his eagle-shaped storm clouds to Númenor. Lightning struck the land, including the temple of Melkor, where human sacrifices were made. Because Sauron himself stood in their path and was not hurt by them, the Númenóreans were deceived even more into thinking he was their rightful god.

Ar-Pharazôn sailed at the head of his fleet known as the [[Great Armament]], led by the flagship [[Alcarondas]], set course towards Valinor and reached Tol Eressëa. His pride fooled him into thinking that the inhabitants of Aman would not stand in his way, because the land was quiet and peaceful, and thus he set camp near the [[Túna]] hill. But Manwë, the Elder King, was aware of what transpired, and the Valar then laid down the Guardianship of Arda. Ilúvatar responded by catastrophically changing the shape of Arda. The Númenóreans present in Valinor were buried under the hills which felt upon them, and on the great island fire was erupted from the top of Meneltarma. The land crumbled into pieces and a great wave swept over it and buried the island at the bottom of the sea. Its people were taken by the waters, and this tragedy brought an end to the Númenórean realm, in [[Second Age 3319|S.A. 3319]].

===Epilogue===

[[Image:Elendil.jpeg|thumb|250px|right|[[Peter McKenzie]] as Elendil in [[The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring]].]]
The only ones to survive the Downfall of Númenor were Elendil and his sons, [[Isildur]] and [[Anárion]], along with the few people of the Elendili. They escaped the [[Akallabêth]] with nine ships, a seedling of [[Nimloth of Númenor|Nimloth]], which Isildur had rescued the night before its destruction and the Seven [[Seeing-stones]]. Cast ashore by the storm on the western lands of Middle-earth, they founded the Númenórean realms in exile: [[Arnor]] and [[Gondor]]. Their war with Sauron continued in the lands of Middle-earth. Fighting side by side with the Elves and the [[Dwarves]] they opposed and defeated him during the [[War of the Last Alliance]].

Long after the Fall there was a belief among those who survived it that the Holy Mountain Meneltarma was not swallowed by the waters, but instead raised to be a new island of its own. The heirs of Elendil built great ships once more and set on its search, not only because they yearned for their home, but also because from that point, the top of Meneltarma, Tol Eressëa could be spotted and their hearts still desired to reach the West, against all warnings. But they never found the top of Meneltarma and their voyages served only to discover that Arda was a round world.

==Names==

The Númenóreans were also known as '''High Men'''.<ref>{{HM|PM}}, pp. 312, 427</ref><ref>{{PE|17}}, p. 101</ref> (Cf. [[Middle Men]].)

==See also==
*[[:Category:Images of Númenóreans|Images of Númenóreans]]
*[[Númenor]]
*[[King of Númenor]]
*[[Akallabêth]]

{{references}}


*''[[The Lord of the Rings]]'', [[Appendix A]]
*''[[The Lord of the Rings]]'', [[Appendix B]]
*''[[The Lord of the Rings]]'', [[Appendix F]]
*''[[The Silmarillion]]'', [[Of Men]]
*''[[Unfinished Tales]]'', [[The Line of Elros: Kings of Númenor]]
*''[[Unfinished Tales]]'', [[Cirion and Eorl and the Friendship of Gondor and Rohan]]
*''[[The Lost Road and Other Writings]]'', [[The Fall of Númenor]]
*''[[The Lost Road and Other Writings]]'', [[The Lost Road]]
*''[[The Peoples of Middle-earth]]'', [[The History of the Akallabeth ]]
*''[[The Peoples of Middle-earth]]'', [[The Tale of Years of the Second Age ]]
*''[[The Peoples of Middle-earth]]'', [[The Heirs of Elendil]]
*''[[The Peoples of Middle-earth]]'', [[Tal-Elmar (chapter)|Tal-Elmar]]

[[Category:Edain]]
[[Category:Men]]
[[Category:Númenóreans| ]]
[[fa:نومه‌نوریان]]
[[fi:Númenorilaiset]]
[[fr:encyclo/peuples/hommes/numenoreens]]

Lonely Mountain

2012-05-11T17:47:19Z

PHoBiA: +interwiki fa

{{Sources}}
{{disambig-more|Lonely Mountain|[[Lonely Mountain (disambiguation)]]}}
{{kingdom
| image = [[File:Jef Murray - The Lonely Mountain 2.jpg|250px]]
| name = Erebor
| meaning = Lonely Mountain
| type = Monarchy/Lordship
| hidep=yes
| headofstate = [[King under the Mountain]]/[[King of Durin's folk]]
| executive =
| legislative =
| judicial =
| capital =
| language = [[Westron]], [[Khuzdul]]
| location = North of [[Lake-town|Esgaroth]], west of the [[Iron Hills]],
| populace= Dwarves
| currency =
| religious =
| holiday =
| anthem =
| formed = Part of the Exiled [[Dwarves of the Grey Mountains]] led by King [[Thrór]] in [[Third Age 2590|T.A. 2590]]
| established = [[Third Age 2590|T.A. 2590]]
| reorganized =
| fragmented =
| dissolved = [[Third Age 2770 | T.A. 2770]]
| restored = [[Third Age 2941 | T.A. 2941]]
}}{{Pronounce|Erebor.mp3|Ardamir}}
'''Erebor''', or the '''Lonely Mountain''' (which it translates as from [[Sindarin]]), was a mountain in the northeast of [[Rhovanion (region)|Rhovanion]]. It was the source of the river [[River Running|Running]], and a major [[Dwarves|Dwarven]] [[Dwarf realms|stronghold]] at the end of the [[Third Age]] and well into the [[Fourth Age|Fourth]].

==History==
===[[Years of the Trees]] and the [[First Age]]===
Erebor was first discovered and colonized by the [[Longbeards]] some time after [[Durin|Durin I]] awoke in [[Mount Gundabad]].{{fact}} It was inhabited by a mining colony for thousands of years, and was connected by the [[Forest Road]]; Which was built by the Dwarves to connect all of its mining colonies. It ran from the [[High Pass]] through [[Mirkwood|Greenwood the Great]] (Later called Mirkwood) to the river [[River Running|Running]] that went all the way up to the [[Iron Hills]], which was east of Erebor.

===From Colony to Capital===
Erebor continued as a colony for millenia, until the awakening of [[Durin's Bane]] in the capital of [[Khazad-dûm]]. In [[Third Age 1980 | T.A.1980]], King [[Durin VI]] was killed by the creature, and in [[Third Age 1981 | 1981]] after the death of Durin's oldest son and heir King [[Náin I]]; the next in line [[Thráin I]] with the rest of his people fled Khazad-dùm (Renamed Moria).
Thráin with those who would follow him, went to the colony in Erebor in [[Third Age 1999 | 1999]]. Where he made himself [[King under the Mountain]], and relocated the capital of the Longbeards.
Under Thráin's rule the [[Arkenstone]] was discovered, and many riches were mined from its depths; After Thráin's death and his son [[Thorin I]] had ruled in Erebor for ten years, he abandoned the mountain in [[Third Age 2210 | 2210]] for the [[Grey Mountains]]; where his people were now gathering.

===Decline===
After King Thorin left the mountain was once again a colony, and its status as capital city was transfered to the Ered Mithrin.

It was nearly four hundred years before Durin's folk returned in mass to Erebor. The reason for this being that the [[Dwarves of the Grey Mountains]] had been fighting a [[War of the Dwarves and Dragons |war]] against the [[Dragons]], who had plagued the Dwarves for hundreds of years. In the year [[Third Age 2590 | 2589]] King [[Náin II]] and middle son [[Frór]] were killed by a great [[Cold-drake]] at the entrance to their halls, which led to the decision by the two remaining heirs, [[Thrór]] and [[Grór]], to leave the mountains with those who wished to follow them.

===Re-establishment===
The [[Third Age 2590|following year]] the now king Thrór, led a group back to Erebor, while his borther Grór led another portion to the Iron Hills, and even some stayed behind in the Ered Mithrin.

Thrór eventually made it to Erebor, and declared himself [[King under the Mountain]]. Under Thrór's rule Erebor once again became the capital of Durin's folk, the [[Dwarves of Erebor]] became the best crafters and masons in Wilderland, trade increased with their kinsman in the Iron Hills and elsewhere, and they also became very rich.

===[[Sack of Erebor]] and exile===
But with this new found prosperity came trouble. it wasn't long before the great dragon [[Smaug]] heard of their great wealth, and one day decided to take their treasure for himself. in the year [[Third Age 2770 | 2770]] Smaug descended on the mountain in a ball of fire. He killed King [[Girion]] of [[Dale]] with many of his knights, and he killed a large amount of the Dwarves living in the mountain. Most of the survivors fled to the Iron Hills, others went with the royal family into exile, and some simply went their own way.

The Lonely Mountain was empty for over two hundred years, save the ever vigilant Smaug who slept in the inner most chamber on a great pile of wealth. But while Durin's folk wandered from the mountain to [[Dunland]] to the northern [[Blue Mountains]]; they ever longed for the halls of Erebor.

===The Quest of Erebor and restoration===
It wasn't until Thrór's grandson [[Thorin|Thorin II Oakenshield]] met the Wizard [[Gandalf]] that the hopes of retaking Erebor seemed possible. Indeed in the year [[Third Age 2941 | 2941]] with Gandalf's council, king Thorin and a small company of friends and family actually made it to the Lonely Mountain. After the Dragon Smaug had realized that the Dwarves had been helped by the [[Men of Dale]] he went to their town of [[Lake-town|Esgaroth]] intent on destroying them. Only to be killed by a man named [[Bard]].
With the help of a [[Hobbits|Hobbit]] named [[Bilbo Baggins]] Thorin and company were able to retake the city and the treasure. Therefore allowing Thorin to proclaim himself King under the Mountain. But after refusing to give any of the treasure to the Men of Esgaroth, and the [[Elves of Mirkwood]], the mountain and the Dwarves and Hobbit in it were put under a bloodless siege.
Things nearly came to blows when Thorin's cousin [[Dáin Ironfoot]] (Grór's grandson) arrived as aid to his kinsman and nearly went to battle against the besiegers. But Gandalf interceded and warned them all of a great host of [[Orcs]] and [[Wargs]] coming to take the mountain. So the Elves, Men, and Dwarves made an alliance, and fought a [[Battle of Five Armies | bloody batte]] against their foes in the valley before the gate of Erebor.

In the end the defenders were victorious against the Orcs and Wargs, but king Thorin was mortally wounded and his nephews were both killed in the battle, and after Thorin's death Dáin was made king of Durin's folk and of the mountain. Finally after so many years of longing the Longbeards finally could return to Erebor.

===Prosperity and the [[War of the Ring]]===
Under Dáin's rule the Dwarves of Erebor became very rich and prosperous. They rebuilt the town of [[Dale]], their trade greatly increased with their kinsman in the Iron Hills once again and with Men; and Erebor was restored to its original greatness.
But once again trouble began to brew in the east. The Men of Dale were nearing war with the [[Easterlings]], and in the year [[Third Age 3019 | 3019]] an emissary from [[Sauron]] came to Erebor and told Dáin that if he were to give up the location of Bilbo (Who had discovered the [[Ring of Power]] in his travels) that Sauron would return to him the three remaining [[Seven Rings|Dwarven rings]]. But being wary of the emissary, Dáin sent his kinsmen [[Glóin (King of Durin's Folk)|Glóin]] to [[Rivendell]] to warn Bilbo that Sauron was after him.

Several months later war broke out between Dale and the East. Dale was driven from their borders at the river Running, and was besieged in their city of Dale for three days in what became the [[Battle of Dale]]. Even with the aid of the Dwarves they could not stop the advance of the Easterlings; and on the third day as the Men and Dwarves retreated into the mountain, King [[Brand]] and King Dáin were killed at the its very gates. The Dwarves and Men held out for several days until word reached the ears of the Easterlings that the great hosts of Sauron in the south had been defeated in the [[Battle of the Morannon]]. With this news fear fell on the besiegers. When the besieged saw this they came forth from the Erebor, and attacked their enemy driving them from Dale across the Running, never to be bothered again.

After the death of his father, [[Thorin Stonehelm|Thorin III Stonehelm]] became king of Durin's folk, and Erebor. Little is known of his reign other than his people helping rebuild the cities of [[Gondor]] and the fortress of [[Helm's Deep]], and part of his people moving to the [[Glittering Caves]]. Erebor continued to prosper until the world grew old and the races of Durin ended.

==Description==
Erebor was possibly 3500 feet tall, as it was snowcapped at spring. Geologically, it was rich in metals and jewels.<ref>[[Karen Fonstad]] ''[[The Atlas of Middle-earth]]''</ref>

The mountain was star-shaped with six ridges radiating as spurs from the peak.

The south-western spur contained [[Ravenhill]] housing a Dwarven guard-post. Between the two western spurs was a narrow vale which was the exit of the [[Back Door]], behind an overhanging cliff. Rough steps ascended to the top of the southern ridge along a narrow ledge turning east behind a boulder into a steep bay.

Inside, the mountain was dug with passages and tunnels leading to cellars and halls and mansions such as the great chamber of Thror near the Front Gate. A secret tunnel led to the "bottommost cellar"

The main entrance into the mountain was the [[Gate of Erebor]] on the south side, opening onto a valley between two great spurs of the mountain. At the end of the southwestern spur was [[Ravenhill]], where there was a lookout post. The [[River Running]] sprang from beneath the mountain and issued from the [[Front Gate]], forming a waterfall that fell into the valley below.

Inside the gate was a broad paved road that went alongside the river in a wide curve leading into the mountain. Not very far from the entrance was the Great Chamber of Thror where feasts and councils were held.

In the Lower Halls, there was a vast chamber called the Great Hall of Thráin at the root of the mountain. From there a secret passageway led to a hidden door in the western side of the mountain. The [[Back Door]] was invisible from the outside except on Durin's Day, when the light of the setting sun would reveal the keyhole.

{{References}}
* [[J.R.R. Tolkien]], ''[[The Hobbit]]'', passim.
* [[J.R.R. Tolkien]], ''[[The Fellowship of the Ring]]'', [[Many Meetings]]
* [[J.R.R. Tolkien]], ''[[The Fellowship of the Ring]]'', [[The Council of Elrond]]
* [[J.R.R. Tolkien]], ''[[The Return of the King]]'', passim.
* [[J.R.R. Tolkien]], ''[[The Lord of the Rings]]'', [[Appendix A]]: III Durin's Folk
* [[J.R.R. Tolkien]] and [[Christopher Tolkien]] (ed.), ''[[Unfinished Tales]]'', [[The Quest of Erebor]]
* [[J.R.R. Tolkien]] and [[Christopher Tolkien]] (ed.), ''[[The Peoples of Middle-earth]]''

[[Category:Cities, Towns and Villages]]
[[Category:Dwarven Realms]]
[[Category:Mountains]]
[[Category:Rhovanion]]
[[Category:Sieges]]
[[Category:Sindarin Locations]]

[[de:Erebor]]
[[fa:تنهاکوه]]
[[fi:Erebor]]

Cirion

2011-09-06T08:19:59Z

PHoBiA: +interwiki fa

{{gondorian infobox
| image=[[Image:Ted Nasmith - The Oathtaking of Cirion and Eorl.jpg|250px]]
| name=Cirion
| othernames=
| titles=[[Ruling Steward]]
| position=
| realm=[[Gondor]]
| affiliation=
| language=[[Westron]], [[Sindarin]], [[Quenya]]
| birth={{TA|2449}}
| birthlocation=
| rule={{TA|2489}} - {{TA|2567|n}} (78 years)
| death={{TA|2567}}
| deathlocation=
| age=118
| house=[[House of Húrin]]
| parentage=[[Boromir (Steward of Gondor)|Boromir]]
| siblings=
| spouse=
| children=[[Hallas]]
| gender=Male
| height=
| hair=
| eyes=
| clothing=
| weapons=
| steed=
}}
{{Pronounce|Cirion.mp3|Ardamir}}
'''Cirion''' ([[Third Age]] 2449<ref>{{PM|Elendil}}, p. 205</ref> – 2567,<ref name="South">{{App|South}}</ref> aged 118 years) was the twelfth [[Ruling Steward]] of [[Gondor]].

==History==
===The Threat from the North and the Battle of the Fields of Celebrant===
Upon assuming the Stewardship in {{TA|2489}},<ref name="South"/> one of Cirion's main concerns was the threat of invasion from the north, where the forts along the [[Anduin]] had long been abandoned. He stationed a few men there and sent scouts into the area between [[Mirkwood]] and [[Dagorlad]]. Cirion's spies discovered new enemies, the [[Balchoth]], steadily migrating in from beyond the Sea of [[Rhûn]].

After the winter of {{TA|2509|n}}, reports came to Cirion that hosts of men were mustering along the southern edge of Mirkwood with plans to invade Gondor. Desperately, Cirion dispatched several messengers to the [[Éothéod]] asking for help. These people had long been friendly to Gonder, but had removed to the far north near the sources of the Anduin.

Six volunteer riders were chosen to attempt the nine hundred and fifty mile journey through [[Calenardhon]], over the [[Undeeps]], and past the shadow of [[Dol Guldur]]. Only one, [[Borondir]], got through to [[Framsburg]] when he delivered his message to King [[Eorl]] the Young.

Knowing that there was scant chance of his message arriving, and not knowing if the Éothéod would respond, Cirion gathered as great a strength as he could and prepared to lead it himself against the threat, while leaving his son [[Hallas]] in command at [[Minas Tirith]].

However, as Cirion led his forces north, the Balchoth crossed the Anduin on rafts and overpowered the defenders. Cirion's army was cut off and driven north over the [[Limlight]]. Then came a sudden attack by a horde of Orcs descending from the [[Misty Mountains]], which pressed Cirion towards the Anduin. Hope was failing when suddenly the horns of Eorl's riders were heard and the fortunes of the [[Battle of the Field of Celebrant]] were reversed. Eorl the Young and his riders swept away the enemy, pursuing the Balchoth across the fields of Calenardhon.<ref name="Cirion">{{UT|Cirion}}</ref>
===The Founding of Rohan===
After the great victory, Cirion parted from Eorl but asked him to meet him again in three months upon the banks of the [[Mering Stream]]. When they met again, Cirion had caused the overgrown path up [[Amon Anwar]] to be cleared, and the two men with their parties ascended the hill.

Prior reaching the top, Cirion revealed his resolution, to offer to Eorl the land of Calenardhon for him and his people, in perpetual alliance with Gondor. Eorl accepted, in acknowledgment of Cirion's wisdom and friendship. The group then continued to climb and, at the summit, Cirion revealed the tomb of [[Elendil]]. Before witnesses (Cirion’s son [[Hallas]], the Prince of [[Dol Amroth]], and two other Councilors of Gondor), Cirion pledged his bond with Eorl. In return, Eorl swore the [[Oath of Eorl]] and became the first [[King of Rohan]].<ref name="Cirion"/>

{{references}}
{{seq-start}}
{{seq-head
| race=gondorian
| house=[[House of Húrin]]
| born={{TA|2449}}
| died={{TA|2567}}
}}
{{seq
| prev=[[Boromir (Steward of Gondor)|Boromir]]
| list=12th [[Ruling Steward|Ruling Steward of Gondor]]
| dates={{TA|2489}} - {{TA|2567|n}}
| next=[[Hallas]]
}}
{{seq-end}}
{{rulingstewards}}
[[Category:Gondorians]]
[[de:Cirion]]
[[fa:کیریون (کارگزار گاندور)]]
[[fr:encyclo:personnages:hommes:3a:dunedain:gondoriens:cirion]]
[[fi:Cirion]]

Boromir (Steward of Gondor)

2011-09-06T08:19:42Z

PHoBiA: +interwiki fa

{{Otherchars|[[Boromir (disambiguation)]]}}
{{gondorian infobox
| image=
| name=Boromir
| othernames=
| titles=[[Ruling Steward]]
| position=
| realm=[[Gondor]]
| affiliation=
| language=[[Westron]], [[Sindarin]]
| birth={{TA|2410}}
| birthlocation=
| rule={{TA|2477}} - {{TA|2489|n}} (12 years)
| death={{TA|2489}}
| deathlocation=
| age=79
| house=[[House of Húrin]]
| parentage=[[Denethor I]]
| siblings=2 older sisters
| spouse=
| children=[[Cirion]]
| gender=Male
| height=
| hair=
| eyes=
| clothing=
| weapons=
| steed=
}}{{Pronounce|Boromir.mp3|Ardamir}}
'''Boromir''' ([[Third Age]] 2410<ref name="Elendil">{{PM|Elendil}}, p. 205</ref> – 2489,<ref name="South">{{App|South}}</ref> aged 79 years) was the eleventh [[Ruling Steward]] of [[Gondor]].
==History==

Boromir was the third child of [[Denethor I]]<ref name="Elendil"/> and succeeded his father upon his death in {{TA|2477}}. He inherited a realm under siege. [[Ithilien]] had been lost to the fierce [[Uruk-hai]], and Boromir fought several extensive campaigns to win back the land. Eventually he succeeded, but Ithilien remained depopulated, [[Osgiliath]] was finally ruined and its stone-bridge was broken.

Boromir was a great captain, even the [[Witch-king]] feared him. He was noble and fair of face, a man strong in body and in will. But he received a [[Morgul-wounds|Morgul-wound]] in that war which shortened his days. He became shrunken with pain and died twelve years after his father.<ref>{{App|Stewards}}</ref>

He was followed by his son [[Cirion]] at his death in 2489.<ref name="South"/>

==Etymology==
:''See [[Boromir#Etymology|Boromir: Etymology]]''

{{References}}
{{seq-start}}
{{seq-head
| race=gondorian
| house=[[House of Húrin]]
| born={{TA|2410}}
| died={{TA|2489}}
}}
{{seq
| prev=[[Denethor I]]
| list=11th [[Ruling Steward|Ruling Steward of Gondor]]
| dates={{TA|2477}} – {{TA|2489|n}}
| next=[[Cirion]]
}}
{{seq-end}}
{{rulingstewards}}

[[de:Boromir (Sohn von Denethor I)]]
[[fa:بورومیر (کارگزار گاندور)]]
[[fr:encyclo:personnages:hommes:3a:dunedain:gondoriens:boromir_ier]]
[[fi:Boromir (Denethor I:n poika)]]

Ecthelion II

2011-09-06T08:18:58Z

PHoBiA: +interwiki fa

{{disambig-more|Ecthelion|[[Ecthelion (disambiguation)]]}}
{{gondorian infobox
| image=[[Image:Catherine Chmiel - Ecthelion,Thorongil and Boromir study.jpg|250px]]
| name=Ecthelion II
| othernames=
| titles=[[Ruling Steward]]
| position=
| realm=[[Gondor]]
| affiliation=
| language=[[Westron]], [[Sindarin]]
| birth={{TA|2886}}
| birthlocation=
| rule={{TA|2953}} - {{TA|2984}} (31 years)
| death={{TA|2984}}
| deathlocation=
| age=98
| house=[[House of Húrin]]
| parentage=[[Turgon (Steward of Gondor)|Turgon]]
| siblings=
| spouse=
| children=[[Denethor II]]
| gender=Male
| height=
| hair=
| eyes=
| clothing=
| weapons=
| steed=
}}{{Pronounce|Ecthelion.mp3|Ardamir}}'''Ecthelion II''' ([[Third Age]] 2886<ref name="Elendil">{{PM|Elendil}}, p. 206</ref> – 2984,<ref name="South">{{App|South}}</ref> aged 98 years) was the twenty-fifth [[Ruling Steward]] of [[Gondor]]. He succeeded his father [[Turgon (Steward of Gondor)|Turgon]] at his death in Third Age 2953.

==History==
Ecthelion was known as a man of wisdom, who encouraged worthy men to enter into his service. One who did so was the stranger [[Thorongil]], who fought for Gondor and severely damaged the [[Corsairs]]' fleet at Umbar in a [[Surprise Attack on Umbar|surprise attack]]. It later transpired that Thorongil was [[Aragorn|Aragorn Elessar]].<ref>{{App|Stewards}}</ref> [[Gandalf]] was also a welcome guest in [[Minas Tirith]] at the time, and Ecthelion strengthened [[Pelargir]] and refortified [[Cair Andros]].<ref name="Elendil"/>

Ecthelion was followed by his son [[Denethor II|Denethor]] at his death in 2984.<ref name="South"/>

==Etymology==

*''See [[Ecthelion of the Fountain#Etymology|Ecthelion of the Fountain: Etymology]]''

{{references}}
{{seq-start}}
{{seq-head
| race=gondorian
| house=[[House of Húrin]]
| born={{TA|2886}}
| died={{TA|2984}}
}}
{{seq
| prev=[[Turgon (Steward of Gondor)|Turgon]]
| list=25th [[Ruling Steward|Ruling Steward of Gondor]]
| dates={{TA|2953}} - {{TA|2984|n}}
| next=[[Denethor II]]
}}
{{seq-end}}
{{rulingstewards}}
[[Category:Gondorians]]
[[de:Ecthelion II.]]
[[fa:اکته‌لیون دوم]]
[[fr:encyclo:personnages:hommes:3a:dunedain:gondoriens:ecthelion_ii]]
[[fi:Ecthelion II]]

Denethor

2011-09-06T08:18:37Z

PHoBiA: +interwiki fa

{{disambig-more|Denethor|[[Denethor (disambiguation)]]}}
{{gondorian infobox
| image=[[Image:Catherine Chmiel - Father (Denethor).jpg|250px]]
| name=Denethor II
| othernames=
| titles=[[Ruling Steward]]
| position=
| realm=[[Gondor]]
| affiliation=
| language=[[Westron]]
| birth={{TA|2930}}
| birthlocation=
| rule={{TA|2984}} - {{TA|3019|n}} (35 years)
| death=[[15 March]], {{TA|3019}}
| deathlocation=[[Rath Dínen]], [[Minas Tirith]]
| age=89
| house=[[House of Húrin]]
| parentage=[[Ecthelion II]]
| siblings=2 older sisters<ref name="Elendil">{{PM|Elendil}}, p. 206</ref>
| spouse=[[Finduilas (wife of Denethor)|Finduilas]]
| children=[[Boromir]] and [[Faramir]]
| gender=Male
| height=
| hair=
| eyes=
| clothing=
| weapons=Sword and knife
| steed=
}}
{{quote|Denethor looked indeed much more like a great [[wizard]] than [[Gandalf]] did, more kingly, beautiful, and powerful; and older.|''[[The Two Towers]]'', [[Minas Tirith (chapter)|Minas Tirith]]}}

'''Denethor II''' ([[Third Age]] 2930<ref name="Elendil"/> – 3019,<ref name="South">{{App|South}}</ref> aged 89 years) was the twenty-sixth and penultimate [[Ruling Steward]] of [[Gondor]]. He succeeded his father [[Ecthelion II]] at his death in {{TA|2984}}. Denethor was described as appearing noble and powerful, even to rival the lordliness of Gandalf. He was proud, tall, wise, far-sighted, and valiant; "more kingly" than any of his predecessors for a long time. He proved a masterful lord and a great ruler, seeing to all things large and small under his command.<ref name="A">{{App|Stewards}}</ref>

==History==
===Pre-Stewardship===
Denethor was born the third child and first son of Ecthelion II, [[Ruling Steward]] of [[Gondor]], in {{TA|2930}}.<ref name="Elendil"/>

Denethor was a masterful man, but also a proud one. When a northerner named [[Thorongil]], a year younger, came to Gondor and won Ecthelion's trust and affections, Denethor grew jealous. Thorongil, a war genius and one who looked enough like Ecthelion to be his close kin, won the love of the people, so that Denethor's envy grew. It is possible that he figured out that Thorongil was really [[Aragorn|Aragorn II]], and with [[Mithrandir]] wished to supplant him. He was not sorry when Thorongil vanished to the east.<ref name="A"/>

[[Image:Catherine Chmiel - Denethor and Finduilas.jpg|thumb|left|200px|''Denethor and Finduilas'' by [[Catherine Chmiel]].]]In {{TA|2976|n}} he married [[Finduilas (wife of Denethor)|Finduilas of Dol Amroth]], whom he loved deeply, daughter of [[Prince of Dol Amroth|Prince]] [[Adrahil II]] of [[Dol Amroth]]. She gave birth to two sons: [[Boromir]] and [[Faramir]]. He doted upon his eldest son, Boromir, while Faramir, his second son, could never please his father nor be seen as Boromir's equal.<ref name="A"/> In the mean time, he studied the lore of Gondor, including the archives that only he and his father could access. Part of his studies were devoted to the lore of the ''[[palantíri]]''.<ref name="pal">{{UT|Palantiri}}</ref>

===Early Stewardship===
Nine years after his marriage, Ecthelion died and Denethor became Ruling Steward. Denethor was not viewed very highly in the eyes of his people in comparison to Thorongil, and moreover there were already dark rumors of power rising in the east. For these reasons, Denethor looked into the long-forbidden [[Anor-stone]], seeking to surpass Thorongil and Gandalf in wisdom, and to keep an eye on them.<ref name="pal"/> Because of the manner of his viewing,<ref name="pal"/> he was greatly strained and aged prematurely.<ref name="A"/>

Only three years after the death of Ecthelion, Finduilas died as well. Denethor was grief-stricken, and became more grim and silent.<ref name="A"/>

The palantír showed him much of what he wanted to see, and his knowledge grew exceedingly, so that he was wondered at by the people. But eventually Sauron, looking into the captured [[Ithil-stone]], discovered that Denethor was using the palantír.<ref name="pal"/> Sauron attempted to wrench the Anor stone to his will, but failed due to Denethor's strength of will, his integrity, and his right to the use of the stone.<ref name="pal"/> But this caused even greater stress upon the steward's already weakened body, coupled by the apparent invincibility of Sauron shown him by the stone. Denethor, meanwhile, looked not only at Mordor, but also probably to [[Saruman]], and extracted information from the wizard to his benefit, which Sauron was helpless to prevent.<ref name="pal"/>

He became blind to all struggles save that of him and Sauron, his people and Sauron's [[orcs]]. He mistrusted all others who resisted Sauron but were not under his own rule.<ref name="A"/> He wore mail under his robes, to prevent himself from getting soft in his old age.<ref name="siege">{{RK|V4}}</ref>

===Stirring of Trouble===
Faramir, his youngest, began to have dreams, speaking of [[Imladris]] and [[Isildur's bane]]. Denethor distrusted Faramir, who although shrewd as himself, was more gentle than Boromir, and furthermore was a friend of Mithrandir, whom Denethor thought wished to remove him from his seat. Boromir shortly after had the same dream, and convinced his father and brother to let him journey northward and find the meaning. Boromir did not return from his quest; he was shot by [[Uruk-hai]] on [[Amon Hen]]. His horn was cloven in two, and was found by watchers below the [[Entwash]], and brought to Denethor. Denethor nearly went mad with grief, and his anger was turned to Faramir, the original recipient of the dream, who in his mind should have gone rather than Boromir.<ref name="A"/>

Knowing of the coming stroke of [[Mordor]], Denethor called in the [[Captains of the Outlands]] to defend [[Minas Tirith]]. [[Nazgûl]] began to fly over the city, out of view but still casting shadows of fear.<ref name="MT">{{RK|V1}}</ref>

Thirteen days after Boromir's death, Mithrandir arrived with the [[Hobbits|hobbit]] [[Peregrin Took]]. Denethor openly vented his rage at first, but at the same time was curiously attracted to the hobbit, a witness of his son's death, questioning him closely and suspiciously. When Peregrin offered his service in return for Boromir's sacrifice, Denethor was pleased and amused. After examining Pippin's [[barrow-blade]], he accepted the hobbit's service courteously. He then confronted Gandalf. While they supped, Gandalf told of the fall of Isengard. Denethor hinted at his own abilities to see what happened in the world. He racked the hobbit with questions for an hour, and then gave his guests lodging.<ref name="MT"/>

===Siege of Gondor===
{{quote|No tomb! No long slow sleep of death embalmed. We will burn like [[Pre-Númenóreans|heathen]] kings before ever a ship sailed hither from the [[Númenor|West]].|Denethor II}}
Soon after the [[Rammas]] was surrounded and Gondor placed under siege. Faramir Denethor's son returned from errands in [[Ithilien]], and told the story of his encounter with [[Frodo Baggins]], who carried [[the One Ring]] on the [[Quest of the Ring]]. Denethor fell into a cold, grim mood, and remained aloof toward Faramir and Gandalf. He let known his feelings about the episode, which were set up against Faramir letting Frodo continuing on the quest, but then moved on to matters of strategy. He decided that while he could not risk sending more men to [[Cair Andros]], he would strengthen the garrison of [[Osgiliath]], leaving his son in charge. Faramir tried to reason with Denethor's strategy and his elevation of the dead Boromir, but it was no use. Denethor admitted coldly and openly that he wished that Faramir was dead and Boromir still lived, and released his son to do his bidding without fondness or farewell.<ref name="siege"/>{{Pronounce|Denethor.mp3|Ardamir}}

Faramir recovered the lost ground all the way back to the [[Anduin]], but was soon faced with fresh troops from [[Minas Morgul]] and [[Harad]], led by the [[Witch-king]], a master strategist and one of terrible presence. Faramir was driven back to the [[Causeway Forts]], but these fell, and Faramir was forced to retreat having lost a third of his men. The retreat was dogged by the [[Nazgûl]], and Faramir was wounded almost to the death by a poisoned dart.<ref name="siege"/>

[[Image:Anke Eissmann - Pyre of Denethor.jpeg|thumb|right|220px|''The Pyre of Denethor'' by [[Anke Eißmann]].]]Denethor, as the outer defenses of the [[Pelennor]] collapsed at many points, looked into his ''palantír'', where he found the Enemy stronger than ever on all fronts, and feared that the Ring was in his hands. Denethor suddenly seemed years older, and his will snapped. He abandoned leadership of the city to Gandalf and [[Imrahil]], staying by his son's side in the [[Tower of Ecthelion|White Tower]], and bitterly regretting what he had done. Bad news came up from below. [[Rohan]] was cut off and could not come to their aid. The first circle was in flames. As this information came up to him, Denethor gave up hope and chose to commit suicide beside his son.<ref name="siege"/>

As [[Grond (battering ram)|Grond]] pounded on the gates of the city he prepared a pyre for him and Faramir in the [[Rath Dínen]]. He was hampered in his aim by [[Beregond (soldier of Gondor)|Beregond]], one of his own [[Guards of the Citadel]], and Gandalf, who removed Faramir from the pyre. At this, at first Denethor seemed willing to abandon his suicidal designs, but suddenly he raised up the ''palantír'' and prophesied the doom of Gondor. He cursed Gandalf and Aragorn, and then he seized a torch and hurled it on the bier. He took the white rod of his office and broke it on his knee, casting it into the flames, symbolizing the end of his stewardship and the end of the rule of the Stewards. He then laid himself down on the table with the ''palantír'' on his breast and so perished.<ref>{{RK|V7}}</ref>

===Afterward===
Faramir did survive, and the city did not fall due to the timely appearance of the [[Rohirrim]] and the [[Dúnedain]] with [[Aragorn|Aragorn II]].<ref>{{RK|V6}}</ref> Faramir kept the title of Steward, but not of Ruling Steward, for he recognized [[Aragorn|Aragorn II]] right to take the throne, whom Denethor had cursed.<ref>{{RK|VI5}}</ref> Faramir's reaction to his father's death is not recorded.

==Etymology==
''Denethor'' was named after the [[Denethor (Nando)|Nandorin chieftain]] of the [[First Age]]. The name is [[Nandorin]] fit into the [[Sindarin]] sound range, and is said to mean "Lithe and lank".<ref>{{WJ|Author}}, Note 17</ref>

== Portrayal in Adaptations ==
[[Image:Denethor from Rankin-Bass' The Return of the King.jpg|thumb|right|''[[The Return of the King (1980 film)]]'']]
[[Image:Denethor, Steward of Gondor.jpg|thumb|''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Motion Picture Trilogy]]'']]
'''1955: ''[[The Lord of the Rings (1955 radio series)|BBC Radio's The Lord of the Rings]]'':'''
:The voice of Denethor is provided by [[Robert Farquharson]].

'''1979: ''[[The Lord of the Rings (1979 radio series)|Mind's Eye's The Lord of the Rings]]'':'''
:The voice of Denethor is provided by [[Tom Luce]].

'''1980: ''[[The Return of the King (1980 film)]]'':'''
:[[William Conrad]] is the voice of Denethor.

'''1981: ''[[The Lord of the Rings (1981 radio series)|BBC Radio's The Lord of the Rings]]'':'''
:The voice of Denethor is provided by [[Peter Vaughan]].

'''2003: ''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King]]'':'''
:Denethor was played by [[John Noble]]. Denethor appears completely irrational; he sends his remaining son on a suicidal mission to enemy-captured [[Osgiliath]] and refuses to light the [[warning beacons of Gondor]] to call for the aid of [[Rohan]]. In the book, the danger of his madness is that it seems to follow a certain logic; Sauron ''does'' have vastly superior forces, all of which he has surely shown to the Steward in the ''palantír''. His actions, however, do not immediately proclaim his insanity; the Osgiliath mission is less obviously suicidal, as the city has not yet been overrun, and the warning beacons have indeed been lit, although Denethor expects little help.

:When Faramir is brought into the throne room, seemingly dead, Pippin attempts to stop Denethor from cremating his son, who he is sure is still alive. After Denethor knocks Pippin away, he falls onto the fire, and, in flames, runs out of the throne room and off the highest ledge of Minas Tirith, killing himself.

==See Also==
* [[:Category:Images of Denethor|Images of Denethor]]
{{seq-start}}
{{seq-head
| race=gondorian
| house=[[House of Húrin]]
| born={{TA|2930}}
| died=[[15 March]], {{TA|3019}}
}}
{{seq
| prev=[[Ecthelion II]]
| list=26th [[Ruling Steward|Ruling Steward of Gondor]]
| dates={{TA|2984}} – {{TA|3019|n}}
| next=[[Faramir]] (titular only)
}}
{{seq-end}}
{{rulingstewards}}

{{references}}
[[Category:Characters in The Lord of the Rings]]
[[Category:Ruling stewards]]
[[de:Denethor II.]]
[[fa:دنه‌تور]]
[[fr:encyclo:personnages:hommes:3a:dunedain:gondoriens:denethor_ii]]
[[fi:Denethor II]]

Hallas

2011-09-06T08:17:55Z

PHoBiA: +interwiki fa

{{gondorian infobox
| image=
| name=Hallas
| othernames=
| titles=[[Ruling Steward]]
| position=
| realm=[[Gondor]]
| affiliation=
| language=[[Westron]], [[Sindarin]]
| birth={{TA|2480}}
| birthlocation=
| rule={{TA|2567}} - {{TA|2605|n}} (38 years)
| death={{TA|2605}}
| deathlocation=
| age=125
| house=[[House of Húrin]]
| parentage=[[Cirion]]
| siblings=
| spouse=
| children=[[Húrin II]]
| gender=Male
| height=
| hair=
| eyes=
| clothing=
| weapons=
| steed=
}}'''Hallas''' ([[Third Age]] 2480<ref>{{PM|Elendil}}, p. 205</ref> – 2605,<ref name="South">{{App|South}}</ref> aged 125 years) was the thirteenth [[Ruling Steward]] of [[Gondor]].

==History==
Hallas was the heir of [[Stewards|Steward]] [[Cirion]], who committed the rule of [[Minas Tirith]] to his son while Cirion led an army north to fight the [[Balchoth]] in {{TA|2510}}. Following the unexpected victory at the [[Battle of the Field of Celebrant]], Hallas was a witness when Cirion gifted [[Calenardhon]] to [[Eorl|Eorl the Young]] and his people.<ref>{{UT|Cirion}}</ref> In fact, it was Hallas who devised the names ''[[Rohan]]'' and ''[[Rohirrim]]''.<ref>{{UT|Index}}</ref>

Hallas died in {{TA|2605}} and was succeeded by his son, who became Steward [[Húrin II]].<ref name="South"/>
{{References}}
{{seq-start}}
{{seq-head
| race=gondorian
| house=[[House of Húrin]]
| born={{TA|2480}}
| died={{TA|2605}}
}}
{{seq
| prev=[[Cirion]]
| list=13th [[Ruling Steward|Ruling Steward of Gondor]]
| dates={{TA|2567}} - {{TA|2605|n}}
| next=[[Húrin II]]
}}
{{seq-end}}
{{rulingstewards}}
[[Category:Gondorians]]
[[Category:House of Húrin]]
[[Category:Stewards]]
[[de:Hallas]]
[[fa:هالاس]]
[[fr:encyclo:personnages:hommes:3a:dunedain:gondoriens:hallas]]
[[fi:Hallas]]

Húrin II

2011-09-06T08:17:35Z

PHoBiA: +interwiki fa

{{disambig-more|Húrin|[[Húrin (disambiguation)]]}}
{{gondorian infobox
| image=
| name=Húrin II
| othernames=
| titles=[[Ruling Steward]]
| position=
| realm=[[Gondor]]
| affiliation=
| language=[[Westron]], [[Sindarin]]
| birth={{TA|2515}}
| birthlocation=
| rule={{TA|2605}} - {{TA|2628|n}}
| death={{TA|2628}}
| deathlocation=
| age=113
| house=[[House of Húrin]]
| parentage=[[Hallas]]
| siblings=
| spouse=
| children=[[Belecthor I]]
| gender=Male
| height=
| hair=
| eyes=
| clothing=
| weapons=
| steed=
}}'''Húrin II''' ([[Third Age]] 2515<ref>{{PM|Elendil}}, p. 205</ref> – 2628,<ref name="South">{{App|South}}</ref> aged 113 years) was the fourteenth [[Ruling Steward]] of [[Gondor]].

==History==
Húrin II, like many of the [[House of Húrin]], was given a name from legends of the [[First Age]].<ref>{{PM|Elendil}}</ref> His name came from a hero of that time, [[Húrin|Húrin Thalion]], the [[Lord of Dor-lómin]].<ref>{{S|West}}</ref> He was actually the third of his family with this name, preceded by [[Húrin of Emyn Arnen]] (the founder of the house of the Stewards) and [[Húrin I]] (one of the Stewards who had ruled during the [[Watchful Peace]]).<ref>{{App|Stewards}}</ref>

Húrin ruled [[Gondor]] as its Steward for twenty-three years, and was succeeded by his son, [[Belecthor I]].<ref name="South"/>

{{references}}
{{seq-start}}
{{seq-head
| race=gondorian
| house=[[House of Húrin]]
| born={{TA|2515}}
| died={{TA|2628}}
}}
{{seq
| prev=[[Hallas]]
| list=14th [[Ruling Steward|Ruling Steward of Gondor]]
| dates={{TA|2605}} - {{TA|2628|n}}
| next=[[Belecthor I]]
}}
{{seq-end}}
{{rulingstewards}}
[[Category:Gondorians]]

[[fa:هورین دوم]]

Belecthor I

2011-09-06T08:16:52Z

PHoBiA: +interwiki fa

{{disambig-two|the fifteenth Ruling Steward of Gondor|the twenty-first Steward|[[Belecthor II]]}}
{{gondorian infobox
| image=
| name=Belecthor
| othernames=
| titles=[[Ruling Steward]]
| position=
| realm=[[Gondor]]
| affiliation=
| language=[[Westron]], [[Sindarin]]
| birth={{TA|2545}}
| birthlocation=
| rule={{TA|2628}} - {{TA|2655|n}} (27 years)
| death={{TA|2655}}
| deathlocation=
| age=105
| house=[[House of Húrin]]
| parentage=[[Húrin II]]
| siblings=
| spouse=
| children=[[Morwen (daughter of Belecthor)|Morwen]]<ref name="Elendil">{{PM|Elendil}}, p. 205</ref> and [[Orodreth (Steward of Gondor)|Orodreth]]
| gender=Male
| height=
| hair=
| eyes=
| clothing=
| weapons=
| steed=
}}
'''Belecthor I''' ([[Third Age]] 2545<ref name="Elendil"/> – 2655,<ref name="South">{{App|South}}</ref> aged 110 years) was the fifteenth [[Ruling Steward]] of [[Gondor]].

==History==
Belecthor succeeded his father [[Húrin II]] at his death in Third Age 2628.<ref name="South"/> The [[Corsairs of Umbar]] were the major threat to [[Gondor]] at the time, although no major events are recorded.

Belecthor had two children: [[Morwen (daughter of Belecthor)|Morwen]]<ref name="Elendil"/> and [[Orodreth (Steward of Gondor)|Orodreth]].

He was followed by his son Orodreth at his death in 2655.<ref name="South"/>

==Etymology==
Belecthor could be composed of the words ''[[beleg]]'' and ''[[thor]]'' therefore meaning "mighty eagle".{{fact}}
{{References}}
{{seq-start}}
{{seq-head
| race=gondorian
| house=[[House of Húrin]]
| born={{TA|2545}}
| died={{TA|2655}}
}}
{{seq
| prev=[[Húrin II]]
| list=15th [[Ruling Steward|Ruling Steward of Gondor]]
| dates={{TA|2628}} – {{TA|2655|n}}
| next=[[Orodreth (Steward of Gondor)|Orodreth]]
}}
{{seq-end}}
{{rulingstewards}}
[[de:Belecthor I.]]
[[fa:بلک‌تور اول]]
[[fr:encyclo:personnages:hommes:3a:dunedain:gondoriens:belecthor_ier]]
[[fi:Belecthor I]]

Orodreth (Steward of Gondor)

2011-09-06T08:16:35Z

PHoBiA: +interwiki fa

{{gondorian infobox
| image=
| name=Orodreth
| othernames=
| titles=[[Ruling Steward]]
| position=
| realm=[[Gondor]]
| affiliation=
| language=[[Westron]], [[Sindarin]]
| birth={{TA|2576}}
| birthlocation=
| rule={{TA|2655}} - {{TA|2685|n}}
| death={{TA|2685}}
| deathlocation=
| age=109
| house=[[House of Húrin]]
| parentage=[[Belecthor I]]
| siblings=[[Morwen (daughter of Belecthor)|Morwen]]
| spouse=
| children=[[Ecthelion I]]
| gender=Male
| height=
| hair=
| eyes=
| clothing=
| weapons=
| steed=
}}'''Orodreth''' ([[Third Age]] {{TA|2576|n}}<ref>{{PM|Elendil}}, p. 205</ref> – {{TA|2685|n}},<ref>{{App|South}}</ref> aged 109 years) was the sixteenth [[Ruling Steward]] of [[Gondor]].

==History==
Orodreth was named after an Elf-lord of the [[First Age]], the younger brother of [[Finrod|Finrod Felagund]] and ruler of [[Nargothrond]]. Many of the Ruling Stewards were named after legendary figures of the First Age.<ref>{{PM|Elendil}}, p. 203</ref>

{{references}}
{{seq-start}}
{{seq-head
| race=gondorian
| house=[[House of Húrin]]
| born={{TA|2576}}
| died={{TA|2685}}
}}
{{seq
| prev=[[Belecthor I]]
| list=16th [[Ruling Steward|Ruling Steward of Gondor]]
| dates={{TA|2655}} - {{TA|2685|n}}
| next=[[Ecthelion I]]
}}
{{seq-end}}
{{rulingstewards}}
[[Category:Gondorians]]
[[de:Orodreth (Truchsess von Gondor)]]
[[fa:اورودرت (کارگزار گاندور)]]
[[fr:encyclo/personnages/hommes/3a/dunedain/gondoriens/orodreth]]
[[fi:Orodreth (Gondorin käskynhaltija)]]

Ecthelion I

2011-09-06T08:16:07Z

PHoBiA: +interwiki fa

{{disambig-more|Ecthelion|[[Ecthelion (disambiguation)]]}}
{{gondorian infobox
| image=
| name=Ecthelion I
| othernames=
| titles=[[Ruling Steward]]
| position=
| realm=[[Gondor]]
| affiliation=
| language=[[Westron]]
| birth={{TA|2600}}
| birthlocation=
| rule={{TA|2685}} - {{TA|2698|n}} (13 years)
| death={{TA|2698}}
| deathlocation=
| age=98
| house=[[House of Húrin]]
| parentage=[[Orodreth (Steward of Gondor)|Orodreth]]
| siblings=
| spouse=
| children=None
| gender=Male
| height=
| hair=
| eyes=
| clothing=
| weapons=
| steed=
}}{{Pronounce|Ecthelion.mp3|Ardamir}}
'''Ecthelion I''' ([[Third Age]] {{TA|2600|n}}<ref name="Elendil">{{PM|Elendil}}, p. 205</ref> – {{TA|2698|n}},<ref>{{App|South}}</ref> aged 98 years) was the seventeenth Ruling Steward of [[Gondor]].

==History==
He succeeded his father [[Orodreth (Steward of Gondor)|Orodreth]] at his death in {{TA|2685}}. He rebuilt the [[Tower of Ecthelion|White Tower]] in [[Minas Tirith]], which afterwards carried his name.

Ecthelion had no children. He was followed by his cousin [[Egalmoth (Steward of Gondor)|Egalmoth]], the grandson of Orodreth's sister [[Morwen (daughter of Belecthor)|Morwen]], at his death in {{TA|2698|n}}.<ref name="Elendil"/>

==Etymology==

*''See [[Ecthelion of the Fountain#Etymology|Ecthelion of the Fountain: Etymology]]''

{{references}}
{{seq-start}}
{{seq-head
| race=gondorian
| house=[[House of Húrin]]
| born={{TA|2600}}
| died={{TA|2698}}
}}
{{seq
| prev=[[Orodreth (Steward of Gondor)|Orodreth]]
| list=17th [[Ruling Steward|Ruling Steward of Gondor]]
| dates={{TA|2685}} - {{TA|2698|n}}
| next=[[Egalmoth (Steward of Gondor)|Egalmoth]]
}}
{{seq-end}}
{{rulingstewards}}
[[Category:Gondorians]]
[[de:Ecthelion I.]]
[[fa:اکته‌لیون اول]]
[[fr:encyclo:personnages:hommes:3a:dunedain:gondoriens:ecthelion_ier]]
[[fi:Ecthelion I]]

Egalmoth (Steward of Gondor)

2011-09-06T08:15:26Z

PHoBiA: +interwiki fa

{{disambig-two|the [[Ruling Steward]] of [[Gondor]]|[[Noldor]]in [[Elves|Elf]] of the [[First Age]]|[[Egalmoth of the Heavenly Arch]]}}
{{gondorian infobox
| image=
| name=Egalmoth
| othernames=
| titles=[[Ruling Steward]]
| position=
| realm=[[Gondor]]
| affiliation=
| language=[[Westron]], [[Sindarin]]
| birth={{TA|2626}}
| birthlocation=
| rule={{TA|2698}} - {{TA|2743|n}} (45 years)
| death={{TA|2743}}
| deathlocation=
| age=117
| house=[[House of Húrin]]
| parentage=''unknown'', grandson of [[Morwen (daughter of Belecthor)|Morwen]]
| siblings=
| spouse=
| children=[[Beren (Steward of Gondor)|Beren]]
| gender=Male
| height=
| hair=
| eyes=
| clothing=
| weapons=
| steed=
}}
'''Egalmoth''' ([[Third Age]] 2626<ref name="Elendil">{{PM|Elendil}}, p. 205</ref> - 2743,<ref name="South">{{App|South}}</ref> aged 117 years) was the eighteenth Ruling Steward of [[Gondor]].

==History==
Egalmoth was probably named after the [[Noldor]]in [[Elves|Elf]] of the [[First Age]].

He succeeded his cousin [[Ecthelion I]] upon his death in {{TA|2698}}. Egalmoth was the grandson of [[Morwen (daughter of Belecthor)|Morwen]], daughter of [[Belecthor I]]. During his rule there was renewed war with the Orcs.<ref name="Elendil"/>

Egalmoth was followed by his son [[Beren (Steward of Gondor)|Beren]] at his death in T.A. 2743.<ref name="South"/>
{{references}}
{{seq-start}}
{{seq-head
| race=gondorian
| house=[[House of Húrin]]
| born={{TA|2626}}
| died={{TA|2743}}
}}
{{seq
| prev=[[Ecthelion I]]
| list=18th [[Ruling Steward]] of [[Gondor]]
| dates={{TA|2698}} - {{TA|2743|n}}
| next=[[Beren (Steward of Gondor)|Beren]]
}}
{{seq-end}}
{{rulingstewards}}
[[Category:Gondorians]]
[[de:Egalmoth (Truchsess von Gondor)]]
[[fa:اگالموت (کارگزار گاندور)]]
[[fr:encyclo:personnages:hommes:3a:dunedain:gondoriens:egalmoth]]
[[fi:Egalmoth]]

Beren (Steward of Gondor)

2011-09-06T08:15:24Z

PHoBiA: +interwiki fa

{{disambig-more|Beren|[[Beren (disambiguation)]]}}
{{gondorian infobox
| image=
| name=Beren
| othernames=
| titles=[[Ruling Steward]]
| position=
| realm=[[Gondor]]
| affiliation=
| language=[[Westron]], [[Sindarin]]
| birth={{TA|2655}}
| birthlocation=
| rule={{TA|2743}} - {{TA|2763|n}} (20 years)
| death={{TA|2763}}
| deathlocation=
| age=108
| house=[[House of Húrin]]
| parentage=[[Egalmoth (Steward of Gondor)|Egalmoth]]
| siblings=
| spouse=
| children=[[Beregond (Steward of Gondor)|Beregond]]
| gender=Male
| height=
| hair=
| eyes=
| clothing=
| weapons=
| steed=
}}'''Beren''' ([[Third Age]] 2655<ref>{{PM|Elendil}}, p. 205</ref> – 2763,<ref name="South">{{App|South}}</ref> aged 108 years) was the nineteenth [[Ruling Steward]] of [[Gondor]].
==History==
Beren succeeded his father [[Egalmoth (Steward of Gondor)|Egalmoth]] at his death in {{TA|2743}}.<ref name="South"/>

Beren spent much of his rule fighting the [[Corsairs of Umbar]] in southern Gondor, for the land was assailed by three great fleets from [[Umbar]] and from [[Harad]]. During the [[Long Winter]] of {{TA|2758}} - {{TA|2759|n}}, [[Rohan]] came under attack from the [[Dunlendings]], but as both nations were under attack neither could help the other. Therefore when [[Saruman]] suddenly appeared and requested leave to dwell in [[Isengard]], Beren gladly gave the [[Wizard]] the keys to [[Orthanc]].<ref>{{App|Stewards}}</ref>

Beren was followed by his son [[Beregond (Steward of Gondor)|Beregond]] at his death in {{TA|2763|n}}.<ref name="South"/>
{{references}}
{{seq-start}}
{{seq-head
| race=gondorian
| house=[[House of Húrin]]
| born={{TA|2655}}
| died={{TA|2763}}
}}
{{seq
| prev=[[Egalmoth (Steward of Gondor)|Egalmoth]]
| list=19th [[Ruling Steward|Ruling Steward of Gondor]]
| dates={{TA|2743}} - {{TA|2763|n}}
| next=[[Beregond (Steward of Gondor)|Beregond]]
}}
{{seq-end}}
{{rulingstewards}}

[[Category:Gondorians]]
[[de:Beren (Truchsess von Gondor)]]
[[fa:برن (کارگزار گاندور)]]
[[fr:encyclo:personnages:hommes:3a:dunedain:gondoriens:beren]]
[[fi:Beren (Gondorin käskynhaltija)]]

Beregond (Steward of Gondor)

2011-09-06T08:15:22Z

PHoBiA: +interwiki fa

{{disambig-two|the Steward of Gondor|soldier during [[War of the Ring]]|[[Beregond (soldier of Gondor)]]}}
{{gondorian infobox
| image=
| name=Beregond
| othernames=
| titles=[[Ruling Steward]]
| position=
| realm=
| affiliation=
| language=
| birth={{TA|2700}}
| birthlocation=
| rule={{TA|2763}} - {{TA|2811|n}} (48 years)
| death={{TA|2811}}
| deathlocation=
| age=111
| house=[[House of Húrin]]
| parentage=[[Beren (Steward of Gondor)|Beren]]
| siblings=
| spouse=
| children=[[Belecthor II]]
| gender=Male
| height=
| hair=
| eyes=
| clothing=
| weapons=
| steed=
}}'''Beregond''' ([[Third Age]] 2700<ref>{{PM|Elendil}}, p. 205</ref> – 2811,<ref name="South">{{App|South}}</ref> aged 111 years) was the twentieth Ruling Steward of [[Gondor]]. He succeeded his father [[Beren (Steward of Gondor)|Beren]] at his death in {{TA|2763|n}}.

In {{TA|2759}} Beregond defeated the [[Corsairs of Umbar]], who had invaded the southern coasts of Gondor. This helped relieve the [[Rohirrim]], who had been attacked by a combined force of [[Dunlendings]] and [[Corsairs of Umbar|Corsairs]] that had sailed up the [[Isen]].

During Beregond's rule, the [[War of the Dwarves and Orcs]] was fought ({{TA|2793}} - {{TA|2799|n}}). Only rumours of the fighting came south until Orcs fleeing from the [[Battle of Nanduhirion]] crossed [[Rohan]] and established themselves in the [[White Mountains]]. Fighting occurred in many dales before they were eradicated.<ref>{{App|Stewards}}</ref>

Beregond was followed by his son [[Belecthor II]] at his death in 2811.<ref name="South"/>
{{References}}
{{seq-start}}
{{seq-head
| race=gondorian
| house=[[House of Húrin]]
| born={{TA|2700}}
| died={{TA|2811}}
}}
{{seq
| prev=[[Beren (Steward of Gondor)|Beren]]
| list=20th [[Ruling Steward|Ruling Steward of Gondor]]
| dates={{TA|2763}} – {{TA|2811|n}}
| next=[[Belecthor II]]
}}
{{seq-end}}
{{rulingstewards}}

[[de:Beregond (Truchsess von Gondor)]]
[[fa:بره‌گوند (کارگزار گاندور)]]
[[fr:encyclo:personnages:hommes:3a:dunedain:gondoriens:beregond_i]]
[[fi:Beregond (käskynhaltija)]]

Alatar

2011-07-08T22:29:18Z

PHoBiA: +interwiki fa

{{Istari infobox
| image=[[Image:Alatar.jpg|250px]]
| name=Alatar
| othernames=[[Morinehtar]] or [[Rómestámo]]<ref name="pome">{{PM|Last}}</ref>
| coming=[[Third Age 1000|T.A. 1000]]
| duty=[[Istari]]
| death=Unknown
| gender=Male
| robes=Sea blue
| appearance=
| hair=
|}}
'''Alatar''' ([[Quenya|Q]], pron. {{IPA|[ˈalatar]}}) was one of the five [[Wizards]] who came to the northwest of [[Middle-earth]] in the [[Third Age]]; he journeyed into the east with [[Pallando]] as a [[Blue Wizards|Blue Wizard]], and never returned to the western lands.

Alatar was one of the original three Wizards selected by the [[Valar]] for the journey from [[Valinor]] to Middle-earth (the other two being [[Curumo]] and [[Olórin]]; [[Saruman]] and [[Gandalf]]).

Alatar and Pallando arrived in Middle-earth dressed in sea blue. For this reason, they were together given the name ''Ithryn Luin'', the "[[Blue Wizards]]". With Saruman, they journeyed into the far east of Middle-earth, but while Saruman returned to the west, Alatar and Pallando did not. Of their fate, we know almost nothing.

[[J.R.R. Tolkien|Tolkien]] mentioned in his letters that he did not know what happened to them, and that the evil power in the east was likely too great, and they probably succumbed like Saruman and founded evil cults. It is also likely that they perished in the east, or they had a permanent task to complete. This supposition was, however, contradicted in a later writing, stating that they probably had a great influence for the better on the [[War of the Ring]], and without them the West might not have won.<ref>{{PM|Last}}</ref>

{{references}}

{{ainur}}

[[Category:Wizards]]
[[Category:Maiar]]
[[Category:Quenya names]]
[[Category:Masculine names]]
[[de:Alatar]]
[[fa:آلاتار]]
[[fr:encyclo/personnages/ainur/maiar/istari/alatar]]
[[fi:Alatar]]

Radagast

2011-07-08T22:28:40Z

PHoBiA: +interwiki fa

{{Istari infobox
| image=[[Image:Radagast (Decipher).JPG|250px]]
| name= Radagast
| othernames= The Brown, [[Radagast|Aiwendil]], Bird Friend, Tender of Beasts, [[Bird-tamer]]
| coming=[[Third Age 1000|T.A. 1000]]
| duty=[[Istari]]
| death=Unknown
| gender=Male
| robes= Brown
| hair=White and Grey
| appearance=Old man cloaked in brown
|}}
{{pronounce|Quenya - Aiwendil.mp3|Gilgamesh}}
{{quote|Radagast the Brown! ... Radagast the Bird-tamer! Radagast the Simple! Radagast the Fool! Yet he had just the wit to play the part that I set him.|[[Saruman]], ''[[The Council of Elrond]]''}}

'''Radagast the Brown''' was one of the [[Wizards]], a good friend of [[Gandalf]], and had a strong affinity for animals. He lived at [[Rhosgobel]], on the western eaves of [[Mirkwood]], near the [[Gladden Fields]] on the [[Anduin|Great River]].

== History ==
Radagast, like the other Wizards, came from [[Valinor]] around the year [[Third Age 1000|1000]] of the [[Third Age]] and was one of the [[Maiar]] of [[Valie]] [[Yavanna]]. His original name was '''Aiwendil''' (pron. {{IPA|[aɪˈwendil]}}), meaning ''Bird Friend'' in [[Quenya]]. Yavanna forced [[Curumo]] to accept Radagast as a companion, which may have been one of the reasons Saruman was contemptuous of him.

The wizard's home was in [[Rhosgobel]] on the western borders of [[Mirkwood]]. He was a friend of [[Beorn]] as well as a friend to the forest's many creatures, especially birds whom he communicated with. Despite this, Gandalf was still more knowledgeable of the animals, and more respected by them than Radagast. Radagast spent most of his time with the wildlife instead of [[Men]] and [[Elves]], whom he found more difficult to deal with. Radagast grew neglectful and easygoing, and he lacked courage, however he remained of good will.

In the summer of [[Third Age 3018|3018]] Radagast was unwittingly used by Saruman to lure Gandalf to [[Orthanc]], sending him to [[Bree]] with a message for Gandalf. In this message Saruman asked Gandalf to come to Orthanc, where Saruman trapped and captured him. Luckily, Radagast didn't mean any harm to Gandalf, and wasn't aware of Saruman's plan. So Radagast also helped rescue the grey wizard by alerting the [[Eagles]] of Gandalf's journey there.

Radagast is without a doubt a mysterious character. While there is little doubt that his heart was in the right place, he did not possess that same selflessness that allowed Gandalf to fulfill the task set to him by the Valar, to aid the free people. Deigning to leave his wooded home, Radagast remained in Northern Mirkwood with the birds and the beasts and the trees.

So in the end, it seems that Radagast was among the four wizards who failed in their tasks to help fight against Sauron. He was not ambitious and cruel like Saruman, but there is no record of him contributing to the downfall of Sauron.

What became of Radagast the Brown in the [[Fourth Age]] is left to speculation. It is possible that he was allowed to return to Valinor, but this seems unlikely. Radagast may have left to wander [[Middle-earth]], or he may have stayed with his birds and his beasts, content to while away the days in Mirkwood until he himself faded away and became part of the forest, the trees and the plants and the leaves.

==Other names==
[[Image:Angelo Montanini - Radagast.jpg|thumb|right|''Radagast'' by [[Angelo Montanini]]]]
* The Brown
* [[Radagast|Aiwendil]]
* Bird Friend
* Tender of Beasts
* Radagast the Bird-tamer - a name mockingly given to Radagast by Saruman.
* Radagast the Simple - a name mockingly given to Radagast by Saruman.
* Radagast the Fool - a name mockingly given to Radagast by Saruman.

== Etymology ==
According to the essay "The Istari" from the ''[[Unfinished Tales]]'', the name ''Radagast'' means "tender of beasts" in [[Adûnaic]], the language of [[Númenor]]. However, in a later note [[J.R.R. Tolkien|Tolkien]] said that the name is in the language of the [[Men]] of the [[Vales of Anduin]], and that its meaning is not interpretable.

The name ''Radagast'' may actually be [[Old English|Anglo-Saxon]]. The word ''gast'' means "ghost, spirit, angel." The element ''rad'' could be derived from ''rudu'', meaning "ruddy, reddish". If this is the case, his name could be translated as "Ruddy Angel" or "Ruddy Spirit", in reference to his [[Maia]] nature and his cloak's color (brown, or perhaps ruddy brown). But this may be too much speculation.

[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radegast_%28god%29 Radagast (god)] was a Slavic name, perhaps referring to a god from Slavic mythology and perhaps Tolkien drew it from there. See the link for the meaning of the name.

==Portrayal in adaptations==
'''1981: ''[[The Lord of the Rings (1981 radio series)|BBC Radio's The Lord of the Ring]]'':'''
:[[Donald Gee]] provided the voice of Radagast. He is however not the person who sends the [[Eagles|Eagle]] to save Gandalf from [[Orthanc]].

'''1988: ''[[J.R.R. Tolkien's War in Middle Earth]]'':'''
[[File:WiMe-Radagast&Hobbits-1.png|thumb|200px]]
:Radagast is non-playable character in this game.

'''2001: ''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring]]'':'''
:The character Radagast and virtually all references to him were removed. He was originally to appear in a background scene, but this was removed because it was thought it would only confuse people.{{fact}} He later appeared on a [[Decipher Card]], played by [[Weta Workshop|Weta]]'s John Harding.

'''2007: ''[[The Lord of the Rings Online]]'':'''
:Radagast is a non-playable character, who gives various quests. He resides at Ost Guruth and Agamaur, keeps in the [[Lone-lands]].

{{references}}
* ''[[The Hobbit]]'', [[Queer Lodgings]]
* ''[[The Fellowship of the Ring]]'', [[The Council of Elrond]]
* ''[[Unfinished Tales]]'', [[The Istari]]
* ''[[The Lost Road and Other Writings]]'' "The Etymologies," entries [[AIWĒ-]] and (N)DIL
* ''[[The Letters of J.R.R. Tolkien]]'', [[Letter 156]]

==See also==
* [[:Category:Images of Radagast|Images of Radagast]]

{{ainur}}
[[Category:Wizards]]
[[Category:Maiar]]
[[Category:Characters in The Hobbit]]
[[Category:Characters in The Lord of the Rings]]
[[Category:Characters in The Silmarillion]]
[[Category:Names]]
[[Category:Masculine names]]
[[de:Radagast]]
[[fa:راداگاست]]
[[fr:encyclo/personnages/ainur/maiar/istari/radagast]]
[[fi:Radagast]]

Pallando

2011-07-08T22:28:12Z

PHoBiA: +interwiki fa

{{Istari infobox
| image=[[Image:Pallando.jpg|250px]]
| name=Pallando
| othernames=[[Morinehtar]] or [[Rómestámo]]<ref name="pome">{{PM|Last}}</ref>
| coming=[[Third Age 1000|T.A. 1000]]
| death=Unknown
| duty=Istari
| robes=Sea blue
| gender=Male
| appearance=
| hair=
|}}
'''Pallando''' ([[Quenya|Q]], pron. {{IPA|[palˈlando]}}) was one of the five [[Wizards]] who came to the northwest of [[Middle-earth]] in the [[Third Age]]. Along with [[Saruman]], he journeyed into the east with [[Alatar]] as one of the [[Blue Wizards]], and never returned to the western lands. The [[Men of the North (Third Age)|Men of the North]] knew very little about Pallando and Alatar, save that they called them [[Ithryn Luin]] (Blue Wizards) because of their sea blue cloth.
{{references}}
{{ainur}}
[[Category:Wizards]]
[[Category:Maiar]]
[[Category:Quenya names]]
[[de:Pallando]]
[[fa:پالاندو]]
[[fr:encyclo/personnages/ainur/maiar/istari/pallando]]
[[fi:Pallando]]

Gimli

2011-07-08T22:24:16Z

PHoBiA: +interwiki fa

{{redirect|Gimli|the uncanonical [[Gimli (Noldo)|Gimli the Noldo]] in ''[[The Tale of Tinúviel]]''}}
{{dwarves infobox
| image=[[Image:John Howe - Gimli 01.jpg|250px]]
| name=Gimli
| othernames=Elf-friend, Lockbearer, Lord of the Glittering Caves
| life=[[Third Age 2879]] - [[Fourth Age 120]]
| realm=[[Thorin's Halls]], [[Erebor]], [[Glittering Caves]]
| parentage=[[Glóin]]
| lineage=[[Durin's line]]
| hood=
| robes=
| gender=Male
|}}{{Pronounce|Gimli.mp3|Ardamir}}
{{quote|Only Gimli lifted up his head; a smouldering fire was in his eyes. . .|''[[The Fellowship of the Ring]]'', [[A Journey in the Dark]]}}

'''Gimli''' was a [[Dwarves|dwarf]] of [[Durin's Folk]], a direct descendant of [[Durin the Deathless]] through [[Náin II]]'s younger son [[Borin]], and in turn [[Farin]]'s younger son [[Gróin]], and his younger son [[Glóin]]. Despite being too young at the time of the [[Quest of Erebor]] (only 62), he became famous as the only Dwarven member of the [[Fellowship of the Ring]].

==History==
Gimli was born in the [[Blue Mountains]] one hundred and nine years after the tragic destruction of [[Dale]] and the wasting of [[Erebor]] by [[Smaug]] the Golden. Little is known about his early life (or the lives of young dwarves in general, as a matter of fact), but he was forbidden to join [[Thorin and Company]] because of his age: only 62 at the time, according to ''[[The Quest of Erebor]]''.

Years later, in [[Third Age 3017|T.A. 3017]], Gimli witnessed the tempting offers of the messenger of [[Sauron]] (presumed to be a [[Nazgûl]]) concerning the [[Ring of Power]], and accompanied his troubled father to [[Rivendell]] for the dual purpose of warning retired burglar (and old acquaintance) [[Bilbo Baggins]] and seeking the counsel of [[Elrond]] on such weighty matters. His purpose in going was unknown – he neither knew Bilbo, nor liked the [[Elves]] any more than any other Dwarf at that time. It is possible his father merely took him for the experience of being in [[Rivendell]]. Whatever the reason, he attended the [[Council of Elrond]] as a representative of the [[Dwarves of Erebor]].

===The Fellowship of the Ring===

Gimli, as the only young dwarf (so far as we know) at the council of Elrond, was appointed as a member of the [[Fellowship of the Ring]]. He alone of the company wore a mail-shirt, and carried a broad-bladed axe. He quickly distinguished himself in the company by declaring that he "needed no map" and naming the [[Misty Mountains]] individually by their [[Khuzdul]] names, inspiring the comment from [[Samwise Gamgee|Sam]]: "A fair jaw-cracker dwarf-language must be!"

Gimli, surprisingly, stood more than all the others with [[Gandalf]] on the matter of passing through [[Moria]]. This may be influenced by his curiosity about the fate of his first cousin [[Balin]], who went thither to refound the ancient kingdom of the [[Longbeards]], and also his vengeful nature. His first clash with [[Legolas]] occurred before the [[Doors of Durin]], in a brief dispute over whose fault it was (the Elves’ or the Dwarves’) that the friendship between them waned. Gandalf quickly intervened, though it was not until [[Lothlórien]] that they would truly become friends.

[[Image:Aleksandr Kortich - 03.jpg|thumb|left|220px|''Moria'' by [[Aleksandr Kortich]]]]He was quite helpful to Gandalf in explaining the Doors to the other curious members of the fellowship. Gandalf showed his appreciation of Gimli’s skills by letting him walk up front through the dark tunnels beside himself, and taking brief counsels with him when the way is unsure. It is probable that here Gandalf is tapping into Dwarven inborn or developed skills rather than actual knowledge of Moria itself, as Gimli had never personally been there.

Gimli reacted most indignantly to Sam’s suggestion that Moria was but “holes”, going so far as to chant for him the ancient ''[[Song of Durin]]''. Gimli continued to be helpful to Gandalf on the rest of the dark passage, and boldly aided in the [[Battle of the Chamber of Mazarbul]], protecting Balin’s tomb. After Gandalf remained behind to halt the Balrog, Gimli led the others across the [[Bridge of Khazad-dûm]].

He again shows great emotion when they near [[Kheled-zâram]], taking [[Frodo Baggins|Frodo]] alone out of all the company with him to see it (though Sam follows as well). This hints at a degree of affection for Frodo, though it may merely be because he was the most important of the company. Despite his helpfulness, at [[Lothlórien]] he became the greatest hindrance to the Company, when he alone was required to be blindfolded and of all of them liked the idea the least (save for perhaps Legolas). The compromise was made that the entire company would go through the Golden Wood in this manner, that Gimli would not suffer alone.

Despite this early struggle, it is Gimli of all the company that is most remembered for his deeds in Lothlórien. For his heart softened towards [[Galadriel]] and as a result toward Elves in general when that great lady sympathized with his sorrows, using the traditional Khuzdul names. In return he attempted to compliment her, as he saw her love and understanding. Though slightly clumsy in his first attempt, he distinguished himself when, as Galadriel gave the Company [[Gifts of Galadriel|gifts]], he asked only for a single strand of her hair. This Galadriel graciously gave with a blessing, probably remembering when [[Fëanor]] had requested a similar gift several millennia ago. Henceforth Gimli was known as "[[Lockbearer]]". He wept openly at the departure from Lothlórien, calling the light more dangerous than the darkness he had feared.

After the departure from Lothlórien Gimli is relegated a fairly minor role. He had, however, become a fast friend of Legolas the Elf, a result of Galadriel’s kindness. This, too, made him famous among all the Dwarves of the [[Third Age]].

===The Three Hunters===

[[Image:Ted Nasmith - Pursuit in Rohan.jpg|thumb|right|200px|''Pursuit in Rohan'' by [[Ted Nasmith]]]] After the [[Breaking of the Fellowship]], during which he and Legolas slew many [[orcs]], Gimli listened in silence as his only remaining comrades, [[Aragorn]] and Legolas, sang a lament for Boromir in the character of three of the Winds. Only the East Wind was left, and Gimli would not sing it, which Aragorn declared to be appropriate.

For most of the chase he served as a commentator, usually leaving the decisions to Aragorn. His reaction was quite hostile to the suspicious [[Rohirrim]], especially after [[Éomer]]’s rash comments about Galadriel. Little did either know that they would become close friends in the times to come as fiery words passed between them. After the [[Three Hunters]] were lent horses, Gimli and Éomer parted in peace, with promises to one another of reconciliation.

Of the Three Hunters, Gimli seemed the most shaken by [[Fangorn Forest]] while they searched for traces of [[Meriadoc Brandybuck|Merry]] and [[Peregrin Took|Pippin]]. Gimli felt no reluctance to shoot the “unarmed” old man whom they thought was [[Saruman]], unlike Aragorn and Legolas. After Gandalf was revealed to them, Gimli fell to his knees. Gandalf put his hand on Gimli’s head, and the dwarf laughed for the first time recorded during the [[Quest of the Ring]].

Gimli’s ire was raised again in King [[Théoden]]’s courts against [[Wormtongue]], who spoke slanderously of the Lady of the Golden Wood. Gandalf quickly calmed him. Gimli was delighted by the [[White Mountains]] and [[Helm's Deep]], declaring "This country has tough bones". He declared that if he had a hundred of his kin he could make the fortress invincible.

===War of the Ring===

[[Image:Ted Nasmith - The Glittering Caves of Aglarond.jpg|thumb|left|220px|''The Glittering Caves of Aglarond'' by [[Ted Nasmith]]]]During the [[Battle of the Hornburg]], Gimli saved Éomer’s life outside the gates. He came in, boasting of his first two orc-kills to his friend Legolas. Legolas estimated his slaughter to amount to twenty, starting the good-hearted orc-killing game that continued through the rest of the battle. Gimli was the first to the culvert when the orcs crept through, leaping heroically into their midst from the walls. He then proceeded to lead the blocking up of the culvert. During the course of the battle Gimli was one of those forced into the [[Glittering Caves]]. He was astonished to see the magnificence of these caverns, moving even Legolas with his glowing description of them. This one sight would change his life.

His final kill score number was forty-two in that battle, surpassing his friend the elf by one. Gimli shows a hint of humor and affection when he greets the two [[Hobbits]] Merry and Pippin comfortably situated among [[wikipedia:flotsam|flotsam]] and [[wikipedia:jetsam|jetsam]] in the ruin of [[Isengard]]. He declared himself deep in Pippin’s debt when the hobbit lent him his spare pipe.

As the fellowship of friends again began to break up – Gandalf and Pippin heading for [[Minas Tirith]], [[Théoden]] and his riders for [[Dunharrow]] – Gimli out of love and respect for Aragorn went with him, Legolas, the sons of Elrond, and the [[Dúnedain]] [[Rangers of the North|Rangers]] on the [[Paths of the Dead]]. He showed great reluctance before the [[Dark Door]], the final thought that drove him downward was the thought of being bested by an Elf underground.

[[Image:Luca Michelucci - 1999 - March.jpg|thumb|right|200px|''The Black Ship'' by [[Luca Michelucci]]]]He participated in the epic [[Battle of the Pelennor Fields|Battle of Pelennor Fields]], returning with Aragorn and his other companions on the [[Black Ships]], and later recounted their journey to the fascinated Hobbits. He began to fear for Legolas, who seemed entranced by the Sea. His position on Elves completely changed, he remarked "If all the fair folk take to the Havens, it will be a duller world for those who are doomed to stay". He was much more skeptical as to the overall end of [[Men]] than his comrade.

Gimli fought in the [[Battle of the Morannon]], passing through unscathed, and finding the alive but bruised Pippin among the dead lying on the hill. He returned to the [[Field of Cormallen]] to be reunited to his friends, and there displayed open affection for all of them, even his frequent rival Pippin ("If only because of the pains you have cost me, which I shall never forget").

===After the War of the Ring===

After the coronation of Aragorn, Gimli said farewell to his old friend Éomer, who begged for pardon as to his words on Galadriel, though he slyly added that he didn’t think she was the fairest in the world: adding that [[Arwen]] was only when Gimli began to threaten him. Gimli was content with that.

During the return journey he visited many places with Legolas, including Fangorn Forest and [[Aglarond]]. Eventually he returned to Erebor, to find it nearly devastated by war. [[Dáin Ironfoot|Dáin II Ironfoot]] had died, and [[Thorin Stonehelm|Thorin III Stonehelm]] was now King. Eventually, though, he returned to the Glittering Caves with a contingent of dwarves, becoming the "[[Lord of the Glittering Caves]]". He rebuilt the gates of Minas Tirith with [[mithril]] and steel, and in both [[Gondor]] and [[Rohan]] accomplished great works. In Aglarond, it is assumed, he lived on until he was old, and in [[Fourth Age 120]] he sailed with Legolas his friend across [[Belegaer]] to [[Valinor]], becoming the first and only Dwarf to do so.

==Character==

Gimli throughout ''[[The Lord of the Rings]]'' showed perhaps the greatest open contempt for Sauron and his minions, save possibly [[Boromir]]. He was a grim character, for the most part, laughing only occasionally and, though in a few rare situations inspiring amusement, never joking. Due to his comments especially in the chapter ''[[The Ring goes South]]'', he may be called more superstitious than the others, acting very much as if Caradhras was an actual living being.

Gimli also carries the characteristic of smoldering vengeance against enemies found in many dwarves, such as when speaking of Moria. It may be that Gimli’s strongest show of sentiment was when speaking of Balin and Moria. He also is shown to have a steadfast nature to match, noticeable, for instance, when he plunges heedlessly across a stagnant creek in his eagerness to get to Moria. He also seems to have a love (or an interest, at least) in food, complementing the [[lembas]] of the Elves most highly.

==Portrayal in Adaptations==
'''1955: ''[[The Lord of the Rings (1955 radio series)|BBC Radio's The Lord of the Rings]]'':'''
:The part of Gimli was read by [[Eric Lugg]].

'''1978: ''[[The Lord of the Rings (1978 film)]]'':'''
:Gimli is portrayed as almost as tall as [[Aragorn]] and [[Legolas]]. He has a grey beard and wears a hood. [[David Buck]] provided Gimli's voice.

'''1979: ''[[The Lord of the Rings (1979 radio series)|Mind's Eye's The Lord of the Rings]]'':'''
:The voice of Gimli is provided by [[Gail Chugg]].

'''1980: ''[[The Return of the King (1980 film)]]'':'''
:Both Gimli and Legolas are omitted from this adaptation, as it centers on Aragorn.

'''1981: ''[[The Lord of the Rings (1981 radio series)|BBC Radio's The Lord of the Rings]]'':'''
:Gimli is played by [[Douglas Livingstone]], who uses a heavily articulated accent.

'''2001: ''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring]]'':'''
[[Image:Gimli son of Gloin.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Gimli in ''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Motion Picture Trilogy]]'']]
:[[John Rhys-Davies]] was Gimli in voice and close-ups; [[Brett Beattie]] was his size-double. Jackson used the antagony between Legolas and Gimli, allthough he placed most of it on Gimli's plate.

'''2002: ''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring (video game)|Vivendi's The Fellowship of the Ring]]'':'''
:Gimli is portrayed as a burly lumberjack, slightly smaller than Legolas, but the same size as Boromir. His moment of glory is in [[Moria]], where he aids the player (at this stage, Frodo) with trying to find the Bridge. He is voiced by [[James Horan]].

'''2002: ''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Two Towers]]'':'''
:Now that [[Meriadoc Brandybuck|Merry]] and [[Peregrin Took|Pippin]] were no longer around to provide comic relief, Gimli was chosen to fill the spot. This has led to much criticism.

'''2003: ''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King]]'':'''
:As in the second film Gimli's character was somewhat controversially used to insert comic relief into the scenes he appeared in.

'''2003: ''[[The Lord of the Rings: War of the Ring|Sierra's War of the Ring]]'':'''
:[[Bob Papenbrook]] provided the voice of Gimli.

== Genealogy ==
{{familytree/start}}
{{familytree| | | | | | | FAR | | | | | | |FAR=[[Farin]]}}
{{familytree| | | |,|-|-|-|^|-|-|-|.| | | |}}
{{familytree| | | FUN | | | | | | GRO | | |FUN=[[Fundin]]|GRO=[[Gróin]]}}
{{familytree| |,|-|^|-|.| | | |,|-|^|-|.| |}}
{{familytree| BAL | | DWA | | OIN | | GLO |BAL=[[Balin]]|DWA=[[Dwalin]]|OIN=[[Óin son of Gróin|Óin]]|GLO=[[Glóin]]}}
{{familytree| | | | | | | | | | | | | |!| |}}
{{familytree| | | | | | | | | | | | | GIM |GIM='''GIMLI ELF-FRIEND''' }}
{{familytree/end}}

==See Also==
* [[:Category:Images of Gimli|Images of Gimli Elf-friend]]
{{sequence
|prev=none
|next=unknown
|list=[[Lord of the Glittering Caves]] <code>IV</code> ?? – 120
}}
{{fellowship}}
[[Category:Characters in The Lord of the Rings]]
[[Category:Dwarves]]
[[Category:Longbeards]]
[[de:Gimli]]
[[fa:گیملی]]
[[fi:Gimli]]

Peregrin Took

2011-07-08T22:23:37Z

PHoBiA: +interwiki fa

{{Hobbit
| image=[[Image:Sarah Zagacki - Pippin.jpg|250px]]
| name=Peregrin Took
| othernames=Pippin, [[Ernil i Pheriannath]], Thain Peregrin I, [[Razanur Tûk]] ''([[Peregrin Took#Names and Titles|see more below]])''
| birth=Spring {{TA|2990}}
| death=After {{FoA|64}}
| parentage=[[Paladin Took II]] & [[Eglantine Banks]]
| gender=Male
| hair=Almost golden <ref name="SD">{{SD|Epilogue}}, p. 115</ref>
| location=[[Tookland]], [[Gondor]]
}}
<center>{{quote|There must be someone with intelligence in [[Fellowship of the Ring|the party]]" "Then you certainly will not be chosen, Peregrin Took! |Pippin and [[Gandalf]],''[[The Fellowship of the Ring]]'', [[The Ring Goes South]]}}</center>

'''Peregrin "Pippin" Took''' ([[Third Age]] 2990 - at least [[Fourth Age]] 64; 1390 - 1484 in [[Shire Reckoning]], reaching at least 94-years-old<ref name="AppB">{{App|B}}</ref>) was one of the [[Hobbits]] in the [[Fellowship of the Ring]]. He was the youngest of the Company, being in his tweens, but grew up quickly and eventually became a Knight of Gondor. [[Elrond]], at least, seemed to doubt his capability for the quest, but Pippin proved to be a loyal and courageous friend.

==Heritage and Family==
He was born in the [[Third Age]] [[Third Age 2990|2990]] (1390 in [[Shire Reckoning]]) to [[Paladin Took II|Paladin Took]] and [[Eglantine Banks]], making him a great-great-grandson of [[Gerontius Took|The Old Took]]. Pippin was not destined to become Thain, but his father inherited the title in S.R. 1415 from [[Ferumbras Took III]] when he died without an heir. Pippin had three older sisters, [[Pearl Took]], [[Pimpernel Took]], and [[Pervinca Took]].<ref name="AppC">{{App|C}}</ref>

Through his father, Pippin was a first cousin of [[Meriadoc Brandybuck|Merry]] (the future [[Master of Buckland]]), the second-cousin once-removed of [[Frodo Baggins|Frodo]], and the first-cousin twice-removed of [[Bilbo Baggins|Bilbo]]. He was not blood-related to [[Samwise Gamgee|Sam]], but Pippin's son [[Faramir Took I|Faramir]] married Sam's daughter [[Goldilocks Gardner|Goldilocks]] in 1463.

==History==

===Fellowship of the Ring===
As one of the [[Conspirators]], he discovered the truth behind [[Frodo Baggins|Frodo]]'s mysterious behaviour and left [[The Shire]], with his kinsman [[Meriadoc Brandybuck]] and his friend [[Samwise Gamgee]], on a quest to destroy [[The One Ring]]. His enthusiasm to accompany Frodo is the result of his adventurous 'Tookish' nature as well as his loyalty and friendship to his cousin.

The stuffiness and eeriness of [[The Old Forest]] made Pippin the most uncomfortable of the four [[Hobbits]] with him becoming more and more suspicious of the intentions of the Forest; Pippin was, however, right to be suspicious as he was trapped by [[Old Man Willow]] before being rescued by [[Tom Bombadil]]. On the way to [[Bree]], from Tom Bombadil's house, Pippin again fell into misfortune as he was trapped by a [[Barrow-wights|Barrow-wight]] on the [[Barrow-downs]].

Whilst at [[The Prancing Pony]] Pippin began to recklessly tell the story of [[Bilbo Baggins|Bilbo]]'s birthday and subsequent disappearance. In order to prevent information about the Ring being revealed, Frodo started to sing - during the song Frodo fell from the table and the Ring slipped upon his finger. As a result, The Prancing Pony was attacked by [[the Nazgûl]] during the night, but the four Hobbits were unharmed thanks to the mysterious [[Rangers of the North|Ranger]], [[Aragorn|Strider]].

When Pippin finally arrived at [[Rivendell]] he was concerned that he and Merry would be left behind whilst both Sam and Frodo get to go on the [[Quest of Mount Doom|Quest]]. However, his indignant attitude paid off as [[Gandalf]] believed that the friendship between Pippin and the other Hobbits would be beneficial to the Quest.

When in [[Moria]], Pippin incurred the wrath of Gandalf on two separate occasions: Pippin annoyed Gandalf with a foolish question while Gandalf was trying to open the [[West-gate of Moria]]; and, when inside Moria, Pippin's curiosity got the better of him as he dropped a stone down a well which lead to [[Fellowship of the Ring|the Fellowship]] hearing the drums in the deep - in doing so Pippin gained the retort, "''Fool of a Took!''" from Gandalf.

===With Treebeard===
During the [[Breaking of the Fellowship]], [[Boromir]] died defending Merry and Pippin from capture by the [[Uruk-hai]] who were taking the Hobbits back to [[Saruman]] at [[Isengard]] on the mistaken belief that one of them had [[The One Ring|the Ring]]. On the journey to Isengard, Pippin displayed intelligence and resourcefulness by cutting his own bonds and leaving his [[Elves|Elven]] brooch from [[Lothlórien]] on the ground for Aragorn to find.

Whilst held captive, Merry and Pippin became aware that the [[Orcs|Orc]] [[Grishnákh]] had guessed that they might have the Ring, so they used Grishnákh's greed to untie them and take them away from the other Orcs. When the [[Rohirrim]] attacked the Uruk-hai, Grishnákh was killed by a spear and Merry and Pippin were able to escape into [[Fangorn Forest]] where they encountered [[Treebeard]] and the other [[Ents]].

[[Image:Ted Nasmith - Wellinghall.jpg|thumb|200px|left|The hobbits in [[Wellinghall]]]]Merry and Pippin struck up a friendship with Treebeard, telling him all about the events of the [[War of the Ring]], whilst Treebeard told the two hobbits about the loss of the [[Entwives]]. Treebeard decided to call an [[Entmoot]] at [[Derndingle]] to decide the Ents' next move. Whilst the Entmoot was going on, Pippin and Merry were left in the care of a 'hasty' Ent named [[Quickbeam]] who had already decided to go to battle with the Orcs as many of his tree friends had been killed.

Merry and Pippin [[Ents#ThebMarchbofbthebEnts|marched with the Ents]] to Isengard where the Ents killed the remaining Orcs, filled the [[Ring of Isengard]] with water, and kept Saruman hostage in [[Orthanc]]. Whilst sitting on their "field of victory", Merry and Pippin were reunited with Aragorn, [[Gandalf]], [[Gimli]] and [[Legolas]] with whom they shared some [[pipe-weed]] and a meal.

Following Gandalf's confrontation with Saruman, [[Gríma Wormtongue|Gríma]] threw the [[Orthanc-stone|palantír of Isengard]] at Gandalf which Pippin subsequently picked up. Overcome by curiosity, Pippin later stole the palantír from Gandalf's keeping; when he looked into it, he was seen by [[Sauron]] who mistakenly believed that Pippin and the Ring were with Saruman in Isengard. Gandalf decided that Pippin was no longer safe, so Gandalf and Pippin rode [[Shadowfax]] to [[Minas Tirith]].

===Guard of the Citadel===
Upon arriving in Minas Tirith, he went with Gandalf to the [[Citadel of Gondor|Citadel]] and recounted [[Boromir]]'s death - in return for Boromir's untimely death, Pippin decided to pledge his allegiance to the grieving [[Stewards of Gondor|Steward]] and so became a [[Guard of the Citadel]]. Pippin befriended [[Beregond (soldier of Gondor)|Beregond]], of the Third Company of the Citadel, who showed him 'round the city and told him the secret passwords and ways of the city.

[[Denethor II]] was amused with the Hobbit's manners, especially the way he spoke to him in a very informal and personalized familiar language, as with a close friend or social equal, since the [[Hobbitish]] dialect lacked formal forms. Denethor's servants were astonished to this view, and probably gave strength to the rumor that Pippin was of very high social rank within his own country, and soon a wild rumor circulated, that the "[[Ernil i Pheriannath]]" had promised 5,000 Hobbits to the defense of the city.

During the [[Siege of Gondor]], Pippin was instrumental in saving [[Faramir]]'s life. After Faramir had returned from battle, he was badly wounded and suffering from the [[Black Breath]]; [[Denethor II|Denethor]] looked into the [[Anor-stone|palantír of Minas Tirith]] and saw the full might of [[Mordor]]. Believing that Sauron's forces would prevail in battle, Denethor ordered his servants to set a pyre so both he and Faramir could burn alive, but Pippin was able to fetch Gandalf and Beregond who were both able to help save Faramir.

After the [[Battle of the Pelennor Fields]] Pippin found [[Meriadoc Brandybuck|Merry]] all in a daze - due to Merry's confrontation with the [[Witch-king]] of [[Angmar]] - and took him to the [[Houses of Healing]] where he was healed by [[Aragorn]]. Pippin accompanied the forces of [[Rohan]] and [[Gondor]] to the [[Black Gate]] where he participated in the [[Battle of the Morannon]], and saved Beregond's life by slaying a [[troll]]. Pippin was crushed beneath the troll, but he was pulled out by [[Gimli]] who spotted his [[hobbits|hobbity]] foot.

===After the War of the Ring===
[[Image:Thain Peregrin I.jpg|thumb|Pippin Took as Thain Peregrin Took I]]
When Pippin and the other Hobbits returned to The Shire, they were enraged to see what had happened to their peaceful corner of the world. Pippin went off to [[Tookland]] to raise up the [[Took Family|Took]]s in rebellion, and when he returned for the [[Battle of Bywater]] he brought 100 strong hobbits with him. Pippin and Merry jointly commanded the Hobbit victory and their names were placed at the top of [[The Roll]] commemorating those who fought in the battle.<ref name="Scouring">{{RK|Scouring}}</ref>

Pippin and Merry were heroes, and would tell all the other hobbits the stories of their travels to far-off lands. They would often go out abroad wearing their armour (Pippin had remained a Knight of Gondor) and people thought they were lordly - a position likely enforced by their extraordinary height caused by the [[Ent-draught]] (they were at least 4'5<nowiki>''</nowiki> tall - taller than [[Bandobras Took|Bullroarer Took]]).<ref name="Concerning">{{FR|Hobbits}}</ref>

In [[Shire Reckoning|S.R.]] 1427 (at the age of 37), he married [[Diamond of Long Cleeve]], and they had their only known child together, [[Faramir Took I|Faramir]], three years later. In 1434 (at the age of 44) Pippin succeeded his father [[Paladin Took II|Paladin]] by becoming the 32nd [[Thain|Thain of the Shire]], and was also made a Counsellor of the North-kingdom by King Elessar.

In S.R. 1436 King Elessar rode north and stayed in [[Annúminas]], and met Pippin, Merry and Sam at the [[Brandywine Bridge]]. In 1452 the King, as a gift, added the [[Westmarch]] to The Shire, and in 1455 Pippin appointed [[Fastred of Greenholm|Fastred]] - son-in-law of Sam - as the first [[Warden of Westmarch]].

As Thain, Pippin collected a library of historical information at [[Great Smials]], especially information relating to [[Númenor]] and the heirs of [[Elendil]]. It was at Great Smials that ''[[Appendix B|The Tale of Years]]'' was likely put together, with assistance from Merry.<ref name="Records">{{FR|Records}}</ref>

In 1484, at the age of 94 and having been Thain for 50 years, Pippin and Merry passed on their possessions and offices to their sons and left [[The Shire]] to visit [[Rohan]] and [[Gondor]]. When they died a few years later their bodies were placed in [[Rath Dínen]]; they were later laid beside King [[Aragorn|Aragorn II]] following his death in [[Fourth Age 120]] (S.R. 1541).

==Genealogy==
<div style="overflow-x: scroll; overflow-y: hidden; border: 1px solid #AAAAAA; padding: 3px; background: #EEEEEE;">
{{familytree/start}}
{{familytree |boxstyle=white-space:nowrap;background-color:#FFFFFF;| | | OLD |y| CHU | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |OLD=[[Gerontius Took|The Old Took]] ''1190 - 1320''|CHU=[[Adamanta Chubb|Adamanta Chubb]] ''unknown''}}
{{familytree | |,|-|-|-|^|-|-|-|.| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |}}
{{familytree |boxstyle=white-space:nowrap;background-color:#FFFFFF;| HIL |y| ROS | | NCH | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |ROS=[[Rosa Baggins]] ''1256 - unknown''|HIL=[[Hildigrim Took|Hildigrim]] ''1240 - 1341''|NCH=''numerous children''}}
{{familytree | | | |!| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |}}
{{familytree |boxstyle=white-space:nowrap;background-color:#FFFFFF;| | | ADA | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |ADA=[[Adalgrim Took|Adalgrim]] ''1280 - 1382''}}
{{familytree | |,|-|^|-|-|-|-|-|-|v|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|.| |}}
{{familytree |boxstyle=white-space:nowrap;background-color:#FFFFFF;| PAL |y| EGL | | | DAU | | | | | | | SAR |y| ESM |PAL=[[Paladin Took II|Paladin II]] ''1333 - 1434''|EGL=[[Eglantine Banks]] ''unknown''|DAU=''3 daughters''|ESM=[[Esmeralda Took|Esmeralda]] ''1336 - unknown''|SAR=[[Saradoc Brandybuck]] ''1340 - 1432''}}
{{familytree | |,|-|^|-|v|-|-|-|v|-|-|-|.| | | | | | | |!| | | |}}
{{familytree |boxstyle=white-space:nowrap;background-color:#FFFFFF;| PEA | | PIM | | PER | | PIP |y| DIA | | MER | | |PEA=[[Pearl Took|Pearl]] ''1375 - unknown''|PIM=[[Pimpernel Took|Pimpernel]] ''1379 - unknown''|PER=[[Pervinca Took|Pervinca]] ''1385 - unknown''|PIP='''PEREGRIN I''' ''1390 - 1484+''|DIA=[[Diamond of Long Cleeve|Diamond]] ''1395 - unknown''|MER=[[Meriadoc Brandybuck|Meriadoc]] ''1382 - 1484+''}}
{{familytree | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |!| | | | | | | | | |}}
{{familytree |boxstyle=white-space: nowrap; background: #FFFFFF;| | | | | | | | | | | GOL |~| FAR | | | | | | | | |GOL=[[Goldilocks Gardner|Goldilocks]] ''1431 - unknown''|FAR=[[Faramir Took I|Faramir I]] ''1430 - unknown''}}
{{familytree/end}}
</div>

==Names and Titles==
* '''Peregrin''' - [[J.R.R. Tolkien|Tolkien]]'s translation of Pippin's Westron name, and is derived from Latin and was used for people who wandered. The English word "pilgrim" is derived from the same root.<ref name="Jim Allen">[[Jim Allan]], ''[[An Introduction to Elvish]]'', The Giving of Names</ref>
* '''Pippin''' - a nickname most often used by Tolkien and fans alike. A 'pet-form' related to the Westron abbreviation ''[[Razar]]''; pippin is a type of [[apples|apple]] related to the word "pip" - perhaps illustrating that Pippin was the youngest member of the Fellowship.
* '''Thain Peregrin I''' - Pippin's 'regal' name when he became the [[Thain of the Shire]].<ref>{{App|Took}}</ref>
* '''[[Razanur Tûk]]''' - Peregrin's true [[Westron]] name, and contains the elements ''[[raza]]'' "stranger", and ''[[razan]]'' "foreign", and is the name of a legendary traveller. <ref name="PM">{{PM|Languages}}</ref>
* "''Fool of a Took''" and "''Tom-fool of a Took''" - given to him by [[Gandalf]] for his often mischievous behaviour, and, in particular, for dropping the stone down the well in [[Moria]].<ref>{{FR|II4}}</ref>
* ''[[Ernil i Pheriannath]]'' - [[Sindarin]] for "Prince of the Halflings", a erroneous title given to Pippin by the people of [[Minas Tirith]] on the belief he must be of high importance to be travelling with Gandalf.<ref name="Minas">{{RK|V1}}</ref>
* [[Guard of the Citadel]] - the office Pippin held when he swore fealty to [[Denethor II|Denethor]].<ref name="Minas"/>
* Knight of Gondor - a position which Aragorn confirmed Pippin held,<ref name="Partings">{{RK|Partings}}</ref> it is unclear whether being a Guard of the Citadel equates to being a Knight or if Aragorn elevated him to that position.
* Counsellor of the North-kingdom - a position granted to Pippin when he became Thain.<ref>{{App|Later}}</ref>

See also: [[Took Family]] for information on Pippin's surname.

==Portrayal in adaptations==
'''1955: ''[[The Lord of the Rings (1955 radio series)|BBC Radio's The Lord of the Rings]]'':'''
:[[Basil Jones]] provided the voice of Pippin.

'''1978: ''[[The Lord of the Rings (1978 film)]]'':'''
:The part of Peregrin Took voiced by [[Dominic Guard]].

'''1979: ''[[The Lord of the Rings (1979 radio series)|Mind's Eye's The Lord of the Rings]]'':'''
:[[Mac McCaddon]] provided the voice of Pippin.
'''1980: ''[[The Return of the King (1980 film)]]'':'''
:Pippin was voiced by the American actor [[Sonny Melendrez]].

'''1981: ''[[The Lord of the Rings (1981 radio series)|BBC Radio's The Lord of the Rings]]'':'''
:Pippin was voiced by [[John McAndrew]].

'''1992: ''[[Tales from the Perilous Realm (1992 radio series)|BBC Radio's Tales from the Perilous Realm]]'':'''
:The role of Pippin is played by [[David Learner]].

'''2001-3: ''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Motion Picture Trilogy]]'':'''
:[[Billy Boyd]] played Pippin. [[Peter Jackson]] has been accused of making his character seem foolish and bumbling.

'''2002: ''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring (video game)|Vivendi's The Fellowship of the Ring]]'':'''
:[[James Arnold Taylor]] provides the voice of Pippin. He is the comic relief character, and his jokes are primarily centered on food.

==See also==
* [[Bandobras Took|Bullroarer Took]]
* [[:Category:Images of Peregrin Took|Images of Peregrin Took]]
* [[Meriadoc Brandybuck]]
* [[Took Family]]
{{Sequence
|prev=[[Paladin Took II]]
|next=[[Faramir Took I]]
|list=32nd [[Thain]] of [[The Shire]] S.R. 1434 - 1484
|}}{{fellowship}}
{{references}}
[[Category:Characters in The Lord of the Rings]]
[[Category:Hobbits]]
[[Category:Thains]]
[[Category:Took]]
[[de:Peregrin Tuk]]
[[fa:پره‌گرین توک]]
[[fr:encyclo:personnages:hobbits:touque:peregrin_touque]]
[[fi:Peregrin Tuk]]

Meriadoc Brandybuck

2011-07-08T22:23:09Z

PHoBiA: +interwiki fa

{{sources}}
{{hobbit
| image=[[Image:John Howe - Merry.jpg|250px]]
| name=Meriadoc Brandybuck
| othernames=Merry, the Magnificent, [[Kalimac Brandagamba]] (his true [[Westron]] name)
| birth= Early in the year [[Third Age 2982|S.R. 1382]]
| death=Sometime between S.R. 1486-1495
| parentage=[[Saradoc Brandybuck]] [[Esmeralda Took]]
| location=[[Brandy Hall]], [[Buckland]]
| gender= Male
| height= Taller than average Hobbit
| hair= Brown
| eyes=
}}
{{quote|You can trust us to stick to you through thick and thin - to the bitter end. And you can trust us to keep any secret of yours - closer than you keep it yourself. But you cannot trust us to let you face trouble alone, and go off without a word. We are your friends, Frodo.|Merry, ''[[A Conspiracy Unmasked]]''}}

'''Meriadoc "Merry" Brandybuck''', called '''The Magnificent''', was a [[Hobbits|Hobbit]], the son of [[Saradoc Brandybuck]]. Merry (as he was often called), was the heir of the [[Brandybuck Family|Brandybucks]] to [[Brandy Hall]], and eventually became the Master there.

==History==
Meriadoc was a part of and apparently led the [[Conspirators]], a group of Frodo's friends (namely [[Samwise Gamgee]], [[Peregrin Took]], [[Fredegar Bolger]], and himself) who sought to protect him (and [[The One Ring|the Ring]]). Eventually, they revealed themselves to him, and demanded to be taken along when Frodo left [[Crickhollow]]. Merry had already arranged for provisions and ponies, so they were able to start right away.

During the following trip to [[Bree]], Merry seemed to have a greater knowledge of the [[Old Forest]] than any of the other Hobbits, and with them encountered [[Old Man Willow]], a [[Barrow-wights|Barrow-wight]], and [[Tom Bombadil]].

Upon reaching [[Bree]], Merry had an encounter with the [[Nazgûl|Black Riders]], and bravely followed them until he passed out from exposure to the [[Black Breath]]. During the trip through the wild with [[Aragorn]], then known as Strider, he often saw the most deeply into the others. After Frodo was wounded on [[Weathertop]], he became the one who consulted most with Strider, and in a way became the spokesman for the Hobbits.

After reaching [[Rivendell]], he, with Pippin, insisted on not being left behind on the [[Quest of the Ring]]. Therefore they were chosen as the eighth and ninth members of the [[Fellowship of the Ring]].

At the gate of [[Khazad-dûm|Moria]], he was commended by [[Gandalf]] for being "''of all people''" on the right track with the riddle (though this was hardly his fault). His impetuosity in Moria was such that he nearly fell into an ancient well running ahead with Pippin. When they reached [[Lothlórien]], he was allowed to sleep in a talan with Frodo, Sam, Pippin and a few elven guards. He, as with the rest of the Comapny, went blindfolded into the Woods of Lorien in a show of support for Gimli, who had to be blindfolded due to being a dwarf.

After the Breaking of the Fellowship Merry and Pippin tried to distract the orcs from Frodo, but ended up being cornered. Boromir came to their rescue, but the number of the Uruk-hai were too many and eventually he was felled by their leader, Ugluk. Captured with Pippin by [[Uruk-hai]], they were separated from the rest of the Fellowship. Merry aided Pippin in an attempt to deceive [[Grishnákh]] into thinking they had the One Ring, and he could have it. During the attack by [[Éomer]] and his [[Rohirrim|Outriders]] they escaped into [[Fangorn Forest]], meeting [[Treebeard]]. They thus became the first mortals for many centuries to encounter the [[Ents]] of Fangorn Forest. They were present at the [[Entmoot]], and the resulting destruction of [[Isengard]].

While Pippin and Gandalf headed away to [[Minas Tirith]], Merry stayed with Aragorn and the Rohirrim, developing a close friendship with King [[Théoden]]. Out of love for him, Merry offered the King his service, which Théoden warmly accepted. "''As a father you shall be to me''", Merry said at that time, and Théoden responded "''For a little while''".

Merry was forbidden - firmly but gently - by the King to ride with them to the aid of Minas Tirith because he could not ride the mighty horses of the Rohirrim so fast and so far. Merry was disappointed until a young rider named [[Dernhelm]] offered to bear him on his horse. In this manner he rode to the [[Battle of the Pelennor Fields]], having a secret understanding with [[Elfhelm]] and several others of the Rohirrim.

During the charge and the commencement of the battle he was almost useless, hiding behind Dernhelm and shaking with fright and nausea. However, Dernhelm's steed, [[Windfola]], threw them both upon the coming of the [[Witch-king]]. Affected by the [[Black Breath]], Merry lay almost senseless on the ground, hearing the voice of Dernhelm standing over the body of Théoden -- who had been mortally wounded by the Witch-king -- defying the Nazgûl. He was startled as he opened his eyes to find that Dernhelm was really [[Éowyn]], the King's niece. After Éowyn was thrown down, perhaps mortally wounded, Merry rose to attack the Witch-king to protect her. He stabbed the Witch-king through the calf with the [[Daggers_of_Westernesse|Barrow-blade]] he still bore, thus breaking the spell of invulnerability surrounding the Wraith. He fainted as Éowyn finished off the Witch-king with a thrust into the head.

Almost killed by the Black Breath, he was revived with Éowyn by Aragorn in the [[Houses of Healing]]. Because of his condition he was unable to go to the [[Battle of the Morannon]], but attended afterwards the burial of [[Théoden]], at which he wept greatly. Upon his departure for the Shire, he was given a special horn by Éomer and Éowyn as a parting gift.

Upon the return to the Shire, he was, with Pippin, the primary leader of the uprising against [[Sharkey]] and his [[Ruffians]]. He was afterwards known as '''Meriadoc the Magnificent''', and lived to be [[Master of Buckland]]. He lived to a ripe old age, coming down to Rohan (presumably after the death of his wife [[Estella Brandybuck|Estella Bolger]]) at the request of King Éomer, having lived 102 years. After the King died, he went to Gondor with his likewise aging friend Pippin, where they both died several years later, and were laid in [[Rath Dínen]]. It was said that they were laid beside [[Aragorn|King Elessar]] upon his death.

==Character==

He was a good friend of [[Frodo Baggins]], who eventually became the [[Ringbearer]], and [[Peregrin Took]], a young relative. He was one of the few (if any) who saw [[Bilbo Baggins]], Frodo's uncle, actually use [[the One Ring]]. He also managed to read, at least in part, Bilbo's book: ''[[There and Back Again]]'', where he learned about the Ring.

He can easily be recognized as a very sharp Hobbit, and his tone throughout ''[[The Lord of the Rings]]'' depicts him as practical, loyal, resourceful, and the best able to cope with the sudden happenings that drew him out of his peaceful home. He was also praised by [[Aragorn|Aragorn II]] as having a 'stout heart'. He was apparently much trusted by Frodo, who sent him along with [[Fredegar Bolger|Fatty Bolger]] to [[Crickhollow]] to prepare his newly-bought home.

{{:Brandybuck Family}}

==Inspiration==
''Meriadoc'' (also spelled ''Meriadek'') was the legendary leader of a group of Welsh mercenaries who settled Armorica (modern Brittany) in the fourth century and founded the house of [[Rohan]].<ref> [[Mark T. Hooker]], [[The Hobbitonian Anthology]], p. 57</ref> Tolkien himself comments on the ''Celtic cast'' of this and other [[Buckland]] and [[Bree]] names that end in –ac, -ic, -oc. <ref>{{HM|PM}}, "[[The Appendix on Languages]]"</ref>

==Portrayal in adaptions==
'''1955: ''[[The Lord of the Rings (1955 radio series)|BBC Radio's The Lord of the Rings]]'':'''
:The voice of Merry is provided by [[Michael Collins]].<ref name="RT1672">Radio Times, Volume 129, No. 1672, [[25 November|November 25]], [[1955]]</ref>

'''1978: ''[[The Lord of the Rings (1978 film)]]'':'''
:The voice of Merry was provided by [[Simon Chandler]].

'''1979: ''[[The Lord of the Rings (1979 radio series)|Mind's Eye's The Lord of the Rings]]'':'''
:The voice of Merry was provided by [[Pat Franklyn]].

'''1980: ''[[The Return of the King (1980 film)]]'':'''
:The voice of Merry was provided by [[Casey Kasem]].

'''1981: ''[[The Lord of the Rings (1981 radio series)|BBC Radio's The Lord of the Rings]]'':'''
:The part of Merry is portrayed by [[Richard O'Callaghan]].

'''1992: ''[[Tales from the Perilous Realm (1992 radio series)|BBC Radio's Tales from the Perilous Realm]]'':'''
:[[Matthew Morgan]] provided the voice of Merry in the two episodes of this series that make up ''The Adventures of Tom Bombadil''.

'''2001-3: ''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Motion Picture Trilogy]]'':'''
:Merry was played by [[Dominic Monaghan]]. Many book-readers believe that, like Pippin, he was made far less competent in the movie than he was in the books: instead of a clever "Conspirator" who helped orchestrate Frodo's escape from the Shire, he was frequently a bumbler who had no idea what he was getting into.

'''2002: ''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring (video game)|Vivendi's The Fellowship of the Ring]]'':'''
:The voice of Merry was provided by [[Quinton Flynn]]. Merry and Pippin are shown as the Conspirators, allthough the "[[Three is Company|three]]" does not include Sam. Merry meets Frodo in the [[Green Dragon Inn]], and he and Pippin ans Sam are not seen again until [[Bamfurlong]].
{{fellowship}}

{{references}}
[[Category:Brandybuck]]
[[Category:Characters in The Lord of the Rings]]
[[Category:Hobbits]]

[[fa:مریادوک برندی‌باک]]

Samwise Gamgee

2011-07-08T22:21:58Z

PHoBiA: +interwiki fa

{{hobbit
| image=[[Image:Peter Jackson's Samwise Gamgee.jpg|250px]]
| name=Samwise Gamgee
| othernames=[[Banazîr]]
| birth=[[6 April|April 6]], [[Third Age 2980|T.A. 2980]]
| death=Unknown, after [[Fourth Age 61]]
| parentage=[[Gaffer Gamgee|Hamfast Gamgee]] and [[Bell Gamgee|Bell Goodchild]]
| location=[[Hobbiton]]
| gender=Male
| hair=
|}}
<center>{{quote|I am glad you are here with me. Here at the end of all things, Sam|[[Frodo Baggins|Frodo]] to Sam at the downfall of [[Sauron]].}}</center>

'''Samwise Gamgee''' ([[Third Age]] April 6, 2980<ref group="note">In the second edition of ''[[The Lord of the Rings]]'', Sam's year of birth was added to ''[[Appendix B|The Tale of Years]]''; it was, however, [[Third Age 2963|T.A. 2963]]. This contradicts both the ''[[Longfather Tree of Master Samwise]]'' and a later entry in ''The Tale of Years''. The incorrect date has been corrected in the [[The Lord of the Rings (50th Anniversary Edition)|50th anniversary edition]]. See also ''[[The Lord of the Rings: A Reader's Companion]]'', p. 716.</ref> - [[Fourth Age]] 61; [[Shire Reckoning]]: 1380 - 1482; 99 years old when he sailed into the [[Aman|West]]) was [[Frodo Baggins]]' servant and the only original member of the [[Fellowship of the Ring]] to remain with him till the very end of the journey to [[Mount Doom]].

== History ==
A gardener by trade, Sam seemed to be a simple [[Hobbits|Hobbit]] of plain speech. However, his love for [[Elves]], his gift for poetry, and his belief that the world contains greater wonders than most hobbits are aware of (all nurtured by his tutor [[Bilbo Baggins]]) set him apart from the beginning. It was Sam who first introduced the theme of the Elves' sailing from [[Middle-earth]], a subtle foreshadowing of Bilbo and Frodo's final journey across the Sea. He lived with his father, Hamfast Gamgee, better known as "[[The Gaffer]]", on [[Bagshot Row]] in [[the Shire]], close to [[Bag End]]. Sam's mother was [[Bell Gamgee|Bell Goodchild]]; he had five siblings: [[Hamson Gamgee|Hamson]], [[Halfred Gamgee|Halfred]], [[Daisy Gamgee|Daisy]], [[May Gamgee|May]], and [[Marigold Gamgee|Marigold]].

As "punishment" for eavesdropping on [[Gandalf|Gandalf's]] conversation with [[Frodo Baggins|Frodo]] regarding the dangers of [[the One Ring]], Sam was made Frodo's first companion on his journey to [[Rivendell]] in the beginning of ''[[The Lord of the Rings]]''. Sam saved Frodo's life more than once during the quest to destroy the Ring, and he accompanied him all the way to [[Mount Doom]].

After [[Shelob]] attacked and seemingly killed Frodo, Sam took the Ring, intending to complete the quest. Because he held the Ring for a time, he is considered one of the [[Ring-bearers]].

After the [[War of the Ring]], he married [[Rose Cotton|Rose "Rosie" Cotton]] back in the Shire. They had thirteen children: [[Elanor Gardner|Elanor the Fair]], [[Frodo Gardner|Frodo]], [[Rose Gardner|Rose]], [[Merry Gardner|Merry]], [[Pippin Gardner|Pippin]], [[Goldilocks Gardner|Goldilocks]], [[Hamfast Gardner|Hamfast]], [[Daisy Gardner|Daisy]], [[Primrose Gardner|Primrose]], [[Bilbo Gardner|Bilbo]], [[Ruby Gardner|Ruby]], [[Robin Gardner|Robin]], and [[Tolman Gardner|Tolman]]. After [[Will Whitfoot]] resigned his post as [[Mayor of Michel Delving]] (the largest town in the Shire and the "unofficial capital"), in Fourth Age 7, Sam was elected Mayor of the Shire for seven consecutive 7-year terms.

After his wife died in Fourth Age 62, Sam entrusted the [[Red Book of Westmarch|Red Book]] to Elanor and left Middle-earth to sail across the Sea and be reunited with Frodo in the [[Undying Lands]], (though it should be noted that as they were both born mortals, they would still eventually die a mortal death).

==Etymology==
Samwise means "simple minded" or "half-minded". Gamgee is a corruption of the name Gammidgy. Both names are presented as translations of the [[Westron]] form of Sam's name '''[[Banazîr]] [[Galbasi]]''' (''also spelled Galpsi'') (q.v. for more information).

Tolkien's English translation, ''Samwís Gamwich'', could have come to ''Samwise Gamgee'' in modern English.

The [[Sindarin]] version of Samwise is '''[[Perhael]]'''.

== Inspiration==
[[J.R.R. Tolkien]] took the name from ''Gamgee Tissue'', a surgical dressing invented by a 19th century [[Birmingham]] surgeon called Joseph Sampson Gamgee. "Gamgee" became the colloquial name in Birmingham for cotton wool. Here, Tolkien describes why he had chosen that name for his character:
{{quote|The choice of Gamgee was primarily directed by alliteration; but I did not invent it. It was caught out of childhood memory, as a comic word or name. It was in fact the name when I was small (in Birmingham) for 'cotton-wool'. (Hence the association of the Gamgees with the Cottons.) I knew nothing of its origin.|''[[The Letters of J.R.R. Tolkien]]''}}

It is possible that Tolkien may have subconsciously recalled Dr. Gamgee (who died in 1886 but is commemorated by a plaque at the Birmingham Medical Institute, only yards from Tolkien's childhood home) but he claimed to be genuinely surprised when, in March 1956, he received a letter from one Sam Gamgee, who had heard that his name was in ''The Lord of the Rings'' but had not read the book. Tolkien replied on March 18:
{{quote|Dear Mr. Gamgee,It was very kind of you to write. You can imagine my astonishment when I saw your signature! I can only say, for your comfort, I hope, that the 'Sam Gamgee' of my story is a most heroic character, now widely beloved by many readers, even though his origins are rustic. So that perhaps you will not be displeased at the coincidence of the name of this imaginary character of supposedly many centuries ago being the same as yours.|''[[The Letters of J.R.R. Tolkien]]:'' [[Letter 184]]}}

He proceeded to send Mr Gamgee a signed copy of all three volumes of the book. However, the incident sparked a nagging worry in Tolkien's mind, as he recorded in his journal:
{{quote|For some time I lived in fear of receiving a letter signed 'S. Gollum'. That would have been more difficult to deal with.|''[[J.R.R. Tolkien: A Biography]]''}}

== Portrayal in Adaptations ==
<center><gallery>
File:Sam Gamgee in The Lord of the Rings 1978.png|Sam in ''[[The Lord of the Rings (1978 film)]]''
File:Rankin-Bass' Samwise Gamgee.jpg|Sam in ''[[The Return of the King (1980 film)]]''
File:Peter Jackson's Samwise Gamgee.jpg|Sam in ''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Motion Picture Trilogy]]''
</gallery></center>

'''1955: ''[[The Lord of the Rings (1955 radio series)|BBC Radio's The Lord of the Rings]]'':'''
:[[Victor Platt]] provided the voice of Sam.
'''1978: ''[[The Lord of the Rings (1978 film)]]'':'''
:[[Michael Scholes]] was the voice of Sam, and [[Billy Barty]] played him in rotoscoped footage.

'''1979: ''[[The Lord of the Rings (1979 radio series)|Mind's Eye's The Lord of the Rings]]'':'''
:The voice of Sam is provided by [[Lou Bliss]].

'''1980: ''[[The Return of the King (1980 film)]]'':'''
:[[Roddy McDowall]] provided the voice of Sam.

'''1981: ''[[The Lord of the Rings (1981 radio series)|BBC Radio's The Lord of the Rings]]'':'''
:A young [[Bill Nighy|William Nighy]] portrays Sam as a warm and caring person. No dialectical or social difference was made.

'''1992: ''[[Tales from the Perilous Realm (1992 radio series)|Tales from the Perilous Realm]]'':'''
:In the two episodes of "The Adventures of Tom Bombadil", [[Jonathan Adams]] portrayed Sam with a very rustic accent.

'''2002: ''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring (video game)|Vivendi's The Fellowship of the Ring]]'':'''
:[[Scott Menville]] provided the voice for Sam in all but the X-box version; there, [[Cliff Broadway]] took over. The role of Sam is greatly diminished: after being caught eavesdropping by Gandalf, Sam is to be Frodo's companion, but he does not appear again until Frodo reaches [[Farmer Maggot]].

'''2001-3: ''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Motion Picture Trilogy]]'':'''
:Sam is played by [[Sean Astin]].

== Commentary ==
Sam Gamgee is by many regarded as the "true hero" of Tolkien's story. Tolkien himself expressed this view in one of his letters: Sam is referred to as the "chief hero", and special emphasis is placed on Sam's "rustic love" for Rosie.<ref>{{L|131}}</ref> The quest to destroy the Ring only succeeds because of Sam, who repeatedly saves Frodo from disaster (such as rescuing him at [[Cirith Ungol]] and carrying him up [[Mount Doom]]). He was one of three Ring-bearers strong enough to surrender the Ring voluntarily.

The relationship between Frodo and Sam is, in many respects, at the center of ''The Lord of the Rings''. To the modern reader, it seems archaic, as it is extremely class-oriented. Sam's humbleness and "plain speaking" is frequently emphasised in contrast to Frodo's "gentility", and he often shows deference to Frodo, calling him "Mister Frodo" or "Master". At the same time, a strong bond of love and trust grows between them, portrayed most poignantly during the events of Cirith Ungol, where Sam vows to return to his (apparently) dead master, to be reunited with Frodo in death.

[[Tolkienists]] regard Sam as Frodo's ''[[wikipedia:Batman (army)|batman]]''. In the British Army, a batman was an orderly who acted as the personal servant of an officer. It was a role with which Tolkien (who served as an Army officer in the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I First World War]) would have been extremely familiar. Sam undertakes all of the typical roles of a batman — he runs errands for Frodo, he cooks, he transports him (or at least carries him), and he carries his luggage. Tolkien confirmed this interpretation when he wrote in a private letter that:
{{quote|My Sam Gamgee is indeed a reflexion of the English soldier, of the privates and batmen I knew in the 1914 war, and recognized as so far superior to myself|''[[The Letters of J.R.R. Tolkien]]''}}

Compare to the relation between [[wikipedia:Don_Quixote|Don Quixote]] and his squire [[wikipedia:Sancho Panza|Sancho Panza]], and the gradual "Quixotization" of Sancho.

{{sequence
|prev=[[Frodo Baggins]]
|next=[[Frodo Baggins]]
|list=[[Ring-bearer]] [[13 March|March 13]], [[Third Age 3019|T.A. 3019]] - [[14 March|March 14]], 3019}}{{fellowship}}

{{references|note}}

[[Category:Characters]]
[[Category:Hobbits]]
[[Category:Gamgee]]
[[Category:Ring-bearers]]
[[Category:Characters in The Lord of the Rings]]

[[de:Samweis Gamdschie]]
[[fa:سم‌وایز گمجی]]

Aragorn

2011-04-25T07:35:08Z

PHoBiA: +interwiki

{{disambig-two|the King of [[Gondor]] and [[Arnor]]|[[Chieftains of the Dúnedain|Chieftain of the Dúnedain]]|[[Aragorn I]]}}
{{arnorian
| image=[[Image:John Howe - Elessar (Battlefields boardgame).jpg|250px]]
| name=Aragorn II
| othernames=[[Aragorn|Aragorn II]], [[Thorongil]], Strider ([[Aragorn#Names and titles|see more below]])
| position=[[Chieftains of the Dúnedain|Chieftain of the Dúnedain]] and King of the [[Reunited Kingdom]]
| birth=[[March 1]], {{TA|2931}}
| rule={{TA|3019}} - {{FoA|120}}
| death={{FoA|120}} (210 years old)
| gender=Male
| parentage=[[Arathorn II]] & [[Gilraen]]
| spouse=[[Arwen|Arwen Undómiel]]
| children=[[Eldarion]], at least two daughters
}}{{Pronounce|Aragorn Elessar.mp3|Ardamir}}
<center>{{quote|Tall as the sea-kings of old, he stood above all that were near; ancient of days he seemed and yet in the flower of manhood; and wisdom sat upon his brow, and strength and healing were in his hands, and a light was about him.|''[[The Return of the King]]'', [[The Steward and the King]]}}</center>
'''Aragorn''' ([[Sindarin|S]], pron. {{IPA|[ˈaraɡorn]}}; [[Third Age]] March 1, 2931 – [[Fourth Age]] 120, aged 210 years<ref>{{HM|AB}}.</ref>) was the son of [[Arathorn II]] and [[Gilraen]]. He was a [[Chieftains of the Dúnedain|Chieftain of the Dúnedain]] and a direct descendant through many generations of [[Isildur]], the last [[High King of the Dúnedain|High King]] of both [[Arnor]] and [[Gondor]]. Aragorn would become the greatest man of his time, leading the [[Dúnedain|Men of the West]] against [[Sauron]]'s forces, helping to destroy [[the One Ring]], and reuniting the [[Reunited Kingdom|Kingdoms of Arnor and Gondor]].

==History==
===Early Life===
At his birth, he received the name Aragorn from his father as "a name used in the House of the Chieftains". But his grandmother, Ivorwen, noted with foresight that Aragorn would one day wear on his breast a green stone; from this would come his royal name ''Elessar'' ([[Quenya]] for "Elfstone"), and he would be a healer and a renewer.

When Aragorn was two years old, his father was slain when an [[Orcs|Orc]] arrow pierced his eye. As was the tradition of his people, Aragorn was fostered in [[Rivendell]] by [[Elrond]]. By Elrond's order, his identity was kept secret, as he feared he would be slain like his father and grandfather. Aragorn was named '''''[[Estel]]''''' ([[Sindarin]] for "Hope") instead, and was not told about his heritage until he came of age in {{TA|2951}}.

Elrond revealed to "Estel" his true name and ancestry in 2951, when Aragorn was twenty years old, and delivered to him the heirlooms of his House: the shards of [[Narsil]] and the [[Ring of Barahir]]. The next day, in the woods of Rivendell, Aragorn met and fell in love with [[Arwen]], daughter of Elrond, who had newly returned from [[Lothlórien]].
[[Image:Stephen Hickman - Aragorn and Arwen.jpg|thumb|200px|left|''Aragorn and Arwen'' by [[Stephen Hickman]]]]

===Life as a Ranger===
Aragorn took up his proper name as Aragorn II, sixteenth of the Chieftains of the Dúnedain, and went into [[The Wild]].
In [[Third Age 2953|2953]] he was not present in Rivendell for the last meeting of the [[White Council]]. Aragorn met [[Gandalf|Gandalf the Grey]] in [[Third Age 2956|2956]], and they became great friends. At Gandalf's advice he started to become interested in [[the Shire]], and became known around the area as '''''Strider'''''.
[[Image:Catherine Chmiel - Ecthelion,Thorongil and Boromir study.jpg|thumb|200px|right|"Thorongil" with [[Ecthelion II]], by [[Catherine Karina Chmiel]]]]
From [[Third Age 2957|2957]] to [[Third Age 2980|2980]] Aragorn took great journeys, serving in the armies of King [[Thengel]] of [[Rohan]], and Steward [[Ecthelion II]] of Gondor. Many of his tasks weakened [[Sauron]] and his allies, which during the [[War of the Ring]] helped the West survive. His name in Gondor and Rohan was '''''Thorongil''''' (Sindarin for "Eagle of the Star"), and with a few Gondorian ships he led a [[Surprise Attack on Umbar|Surprise Attack on the Havens of Umbar]], destroying many of their ships and slaying its lord. He later left Gondor to travel into the far East and South "exploring the hearts of men good and evil" and learning about the "plots and devices" of the servants of the Dark Lord. Later in 2980 he was in [[Lothlórien]], and there once again met Arwen. He gave her the heirloom of his House, the [[Ring of Barahir]], and Arwen pledged her hand to him in marriage.

Elrond gave his foster-son permission to marry his daughter, on the condition that he must first become king of both Gondor and Arnor, for only a king would be worthy of Arwen's hand. This may seem a harsh condition, but it should be noted that it is significantly more lenient than the closest precedent: King [[Thingol]]'s request that [[Beren]] obtain a [[Silmarils|Silmaril]] from [[Morgoth]] before marrying his daughter [[Lúthien]].

===Before and during the War of the Ring===
In the year [[Third Age 3001|3001]], as a now revealed [[Sauron]] continued to regain power in [[Mordor]], Aragorn began assisting [[Gandalf]] for news of [[Gollum]]. Gandalf suspected that the ring [[Bilbo Baggins]] found near Gollum's lake was in fact [[the One Ring]]. In [[Third Age 3018|3018]] after searching intermittently over the years, Aragorn finally overtakes Gollum in the [[Dead Marshes]] and takes him to Thranduil in Mirkwood to be held captive. He then returns west where he meets with Gandalf and learns of [[Frodo Baggins]]' plan to leave the shire with the ring.

Aragorn and his [[Rangers of the North|Rangers]] kept watch over the border of [[the Shire]] waiting for sight of Frodo. While staying in [[Bree]], Aragorn crossed the paths of four hobbits in [[The Prancing Pony]]. Aragorn watched as the hobbits clumsily hid their names and intentions. He watched as [[Frodo Baggins]], the leader of the party, fell from a table and disappeared as he put the ring on. Aragorn, whose name was given as Strider, seemed to show no surprise, only annoyance at Frodo’s foolish vanishing act. He arranged for an interview that night, where he warned them of the [[Nazgûl|Black Riders]] and [[Bill Ferny]], then bluntly requested that they use him as a guide. After some consideration, and a note given them by the forgetful [[Barliman Butterbur]] from Gandalf condoning him, Frodo agreed.

Aragorn’s plan to reach Rivendell was to first head toward [[Archet]] and bear right to [[Weathertop]]. After the [[Ambush at Weathertop]] and the wounding of Frodo, [[Meriadoc Brandybuck|Merry]] took over the position as leader of the Hobbits. After a while they met [[Glorfindel]], a friend of Aragorn’s, and it was not much later that they arrived in Rivendell.

At the Council of Elrond Aragorn was as a member of the [[Fellowship of the Ring]]. Aragorn's intentions were to travel with the company for a while before returning to [[Gondor]] with [[Boromir]].
====Leading the Fellowship of the Ring====
Aragorn encouraged the taking of the [[Caradhras|Redhorn Pass]], which ended in disaster. He reluctantly conceded to Gandalf’s plan to pass through [[Khazad-dûm|Moria]], though his sense of foresight warned him for Gandalf. Indeed, after Gandalf fell into the abyss with [[Durin's Bane]], Aragorn was naturally elected leader of the company, despite some resentment by Boromir.

Aragorn again amazed the rest of the Fellowship by his apparent closeness to the people of [[Lothlórien]], and his friendship with [[Celeborn]] and [[Galadriel]]. At their departure, Galadriel offered him the [[Elfstone]] as a wedding gift from the family of the Elven bride to the groom, foretelling his marriage to Arwen.<ref>{{MR|P3II3}}</ref>. It was worn by Aragorn ever after and from that he later took the name '''Elessar'''.

Even at the [[Falls of Rauros]] he was undecided, leaving it to Frodo for the final decision. For though it was obvious he wished to go to [[Minas Tirith]] with Boromir, he yet felt that it was his duty to go where the [[Ring-bearer]] chose.

[[Image:Inger Edelfeldt - Death of Boromir.jpg|thumb|200px|right|Aragorn at the death of Boromir, by [[Inger Edelfeldt]]]]
After Frodo escaped him and Boromir perished, he with the remaining members of the Fellowship, namely [[Legolas]] and [[Gimli]], chose to try and save Merry and [[Peregrin Took|Pippin]] from the [[Uruk-hai]] that had ambushed them, forming the group that would later be known as the [[Three Hunters]].

He met [[Éomer]] in the fields of [[Rohan]], and an instant friendship formed, both feeling the honesty and lordliness of the other. Éomer took a risk for his sake, giving him horses, with the promise that one day soon Aragorn would return to [[Edoras]]. Aragorn, tracking the Hobbits, followed into Fangorn forest, where he met the resurrected [[Gandalf|Gandalf the White]]. After the restoration of [[Théoden]], he rode to [[Helm's Deep]] to fight in the [[Battle of the Hornburg]]. There he, alongside his new-found “brother” Éomer, and King Théoden, marshaled the defense against [[Saruman]]’s army. His revealed majesty upon the battlements of the Hornburg as he waited for the dawn caused some of the [[Dunlendings|Wild men]] to pause and shudder, and he heralded the return of Gandalf with [[Erkenbrand]].

After Pippin’s terrifying experience with the [[Orthanc-stone]], Gandalf presented it in a formal manner to Aragorn, its rightful master, who hinted that it would be used by him eventually. After the departure of Gandalf and Pippin to Minas Tirith, he rode for a while longer with Théoden, meeting up with his friend [[Halbarad]] of the North, [[Elladan]] and [[Elrohir]], and a company of staunch and fearless Rangers. Elladan and Elrohir gave him a message from Elrond: "''The days are short. If thou art in haste, remember the [[Paths of the Dead]]''". Halbarad bore a gift from the Lady Arwen – the [[Standard of Elendil]]. Aragorn knew the path set before him.

====Return of the King====
A little while later Aragorn took his companions and his rangers and set out for [[Dunharrow]], departing from the King’s company. His course was clear: to take the Paths of the Dead, to summon the [[Oathbreakers|Dead Men]]. In Dunharrow, he met the lady [[Éowyn]], who had fallen in love with him. After making it clear that he could not accept her love, he turned towards the evil road with the dawn.

The [[Grey Company]] passed through the [[Dark Door]] and the [[Dwimorberg]], the Dead following, and coming at last to the [[Stone of Erech]], Aragorn summoned them to his aid. They drew their swords and blew their horns in answer, and swept down upon the [[Corsairs of Umbar|Corsairs]] at [[Pelargir]] drove the mariners away. Aragorn released them, and took the [[Black Ships]] north to Minas Tirith, where the [[Battle of the Pelennor Fields]] raged. The Standard of Elendil broke forth, and his Dúnedain swept down, giving the final blow to the army of [[Gothmog (Lieutenant of Morgul)|Gothmog]]. The counter-attacked army of [[Sauron]] crumbled utterly. But Aragorn did not enter the city.
[[Image:Luca Michelucci - 1999 - March.jpg|thumb|175px|left|The Black ships, by [[Luca Michelucci]]]]
Aragorn, furling his banner, appointed [[Imrahil]] the temporary lord of the City, as the law demanded. Eventually, however, Aragorn did come to the [[Houses of Healing]], where he tended and restored Merry, Éowyn, and [[Faramir]], in accordance with the prophecy “''The hands of the king are the hands of a healer, and so shall the rightful king be known''”. Aragorn then left the city, hooded and cloaked, and yet the people of Minas Tirith followed him, for they had heard rumours. Yet when in the morning they saw the banner of [[Dol Amroth]], they wondered if the Return of the King had been but a dream.

Aragorn held [[Last Debate|council]] with his trusted companions, namely Gandalf, Éomer, Imrahil, and Elrond’s sons – Halbarad had fallen in battle. He agreed to draw forth the forces of [[Mordor]] for the benefit of the [[Quest of the Ring]], and so arranged matters for the [[Battle of the Morannon]]. After the Destruction of the Ring in [[Mount Doom|Orodruin]] and victory at the [[Morannon]], Aragorn returned at last in the triumphant manner that befitted his position. He was crowned at the gates of Minas Tirith, winning the hearts of the people of [[Gondor]]. Gandalf took him up the slopes of Mount [[Mindolluin]], and there Aragorn found the scion of [[Nimloth of Númenor|Nimloth]], the symbol of his mastery of the [[Reunited Kingdom]]. He wedded Arwen on Midsummer's day of 3019, and then was forced to bid his old friends farewell. He turned back to his new kingdom as the [[Fourth Age]] dawned and the Ringbearers left the shores of Middle-earth forever.

===Reign as Elessar===
Aragorn ruled the [[Reunited Kingdom]] of Gondor and Arnor until year 120 of the [[Fourth Age]]. He died after 210 years of life and 122 years of rule. His wife Arwen, now mortal, gave up her life shortly afterwards in year 121, aged 2,901.

He founded the [[House of Telcontar]], and was succeeded by his son [[Eldarion]]. He also had a number of daughters, whose names were not recorded.

Through his ancestor Elendil, Aragorn was a descendant of the [[Númenóreans]], great [[Men]] who were granted long lives by the [[Valar]]. Though [[Númenor]] was destroyed, its people lived on as the [[Dúnedain]], and like their ancestors they too were long-lived. Thus Aragorn lived to a great age, finally passing on at 210 years.

==Etymology==
The name '''Aragorn''' is [[Sindarin]] but has long been without a clear etymology. It clearly contains the first element ''[[ar]]-/[[aran]]'' which appears in the names of the [[Kings of Arthedain]] and [[Chieftains of the Dúnedain]] meaning "royal", but the second element obviously is a [[lenition|lenited]] word *''corn'' or *''gorn'' of unclear meaning.

The [[Quenya]] form ''Ara'''corno'''''<ref name="WP">{{PE|17}}, page 71.</ref> supports the Sindarin form *''corn''

However in "Words, Phrases & Passages in ''The Lord of the Rings''", a late 1950's manuscript by Tolkien published only recently, contains the most clear, and apparently final, thoughts of Tolkien indicate the name means '''"Revered King"''', from ''[[aran]]'' "king" and ''[[gorn|(n)gorn]]'' "dreaded, revered"<ref>{{PE|17}}, page 113.</ref>.

Before that, other theories existed:
*[[Ruth S. Noel]] and several others proposed "King of the Tree"<ref>[[Ruth S. Noel]], ''[[The Languages of Tolkien's Middle-earth]]'', page 114.</ref>, but [[J.R.R. Tolkien]] specifically said that this was not the case<ref>''[[The Letters of J.R.R. Tolkien]]'', [[Letter 347]].</ref>.
*[[David Salo]] deduces "Having Kingly Valor" <ref>[[David Salo]], ''[[A Gateway to Sindarin]]'', page 341.</ref> from Tolkien's cryptic "'Kingly Valour (for so is that name interpreted)"<ref>''[[The Peoples of Middle-earth]]'', Foreword, page xii.</ref>. This is still the most often cited etymology; Robert Ireland's ''[[A Tolkien Dictionary]]'' gives the variation "Royal Zeal"<ref>Robert Ireland, ''[[A Tolkien Dictionary]]'', [http://www.quicksilver899.com/Tolkien/LOTR/LOTR_AC.html The Lord of the Rings A-C].</ref>.
*[[Carl F. Hostetter]] proposed the meanings "King of the Globe" or "King of the Hill" in his analysis of the [[King's Letter]]<ref>[[Carl F. Hostetter]], "The 'King's Letter': An Historical and Comparative Analysis", [[Vinyar Tengwar 31]], page 18.</ref>.

===Names and titles===
* Aragorn II - Aragorn's name as [[Chieftains of the Dúnedain|Chieftain of the Dúnedain]]. He was likely named after [[Aragorn I]].
* [[Thorongil]] - [[Sindarin|S]] "Eagle of the Star", a pseudonym used in [[Gondor]] and [[Rohan]]. Pronounced {{IPA|[θoˈroŋɡil]}}.
* Elessar - [[Quenya|Q]] "Elfstone", Aragorn's name as a king. Despite popular use as such, Aragorn was never known as "Aragorn Elessar", "Aragorn II Elessar" or "[[The Return of the King (1980 film)|King Aragorn]]". Pronounced {{IPA|[eˈlesːar]}}.
* Edhelharn - The [[Sindarin]] equivalent of Elessar, used in the King's Letter<ref>''[[Sauron Defeated]]'', The Epilogue, page 128 and following.</ref>. Pronounced {{IPA|[eˈðel.harn]}}.
* [[Elfstone]] - The [[Westron|Common Speech]] version of the previous two.
* [[Estel]] - [[Quenya|Q]]. Usually glossed as "Hope", the concept ''estel'' more widely means "hope, trust, a temper of mind, steady fixed in purpose, and difficult to dissuade and unlikely to fall into despair or abandon its purpose". Pronounced {{IPA|[ˈestel]}}.
* [[Strider (Aragorn)|Strider]] - A sobriquet given by the men of [[Bree]]. Aragorn used it mockingly.
* [[Wingfoot]] - A honorary name given by [[Éomer]] after the pursuit of the [[Uruk-hai]] through the [[Eastemnet]].
* [[Telcontar]] - A [[Quenya]] form of "Strider", this was the name of Elessar's Royal House. It was not used independently. Pronounced {{IPA|[telˈkontar]}}.
* [[Heir of Isildur|Isildur's Heir]] - A poetic address, as he was the heir of [[Isildur]].
* The Dúnadan - "[[Dúnedain|Man of the West]]", a name given by [[Bilbo Baggins]] when their friendship evolved.
* Longshanks - another, though less frequently used, sobriquet in Bree, ascribed to [[Bill Ferny]]. The legs of the [[Bree-landers|Bree-men]] were shorter than the legs of the [[Dúnedain]].
* Arakorno - A rare Quenya form of Aragorn, which only appeared in a discussion about the words for Quenya "and"<ref name="WP"/>. Pronounced {{IPA|[ˌaraˈkorno]}}.

==Family tree==
{{familytree/start}}
{{familytree | EAR |y| ELW | | GAL |y| CEL |GAL=[[Galadriel]]|CEL=[[Celeborn]]|EAR=[[Eärendil]]|ELW=[[Elwing]]}}
{{familytree | | | |)|-|-|-|.| | | |!| | | |}}
{{familytree | | | ROS | | RON |y| CLB | | |ROS=[[Elros]]|RON=[[Elrond]]|CLB=[[Celebrían]]}}
{{familytree | | | |:| | | | | |!| | | | | |}}
{{familytree | | | KON | | | | |!| | | | | |KON=''[[Kings of Númenor]]''}}
{{familytree | | | |:| | | | | |!| | | | | |}}
{{familytree | | | LOA | | | | |!| | | | | |LOA=''[[Lords of Andúnië]]''}}
{{familytree | | | |:| | | | | |!| | | | | |}}
{{familytree | | | ELE | | | | |!| | | | | |ELE=[[Elendil]]}}
{{familytree | |,|-|^|-|.| | | |!| | | | | |}}
{{familytree | ISI | | ANA | | |!| | | | | |ISI=[[Isildur]]|ANA=[[Anárion]]}}
{{familytree | |:| | | |:| | | |!| | | | | |}}
{{familytree | KOA | | KOG | | |!| | | | | |KOA=''[[Kings of Arnor]]''|KOG=''[[Kings of Gondor]]''}}
{{familytree | |:| | | |:| | | |!| | | | | |}}
{{familytree | KOA | | OND | | |!| | | | | |OND=[[Ondoher]]|KOA=''[[Kings of Arthedain]]''}}
{{familytree | |:| | | |!| | | |!| | | | | |}}
{{familytree | ARV |V| FIR | | |!| | | | | |ARV=[[Arvedui]]|FIR=[[Fíriel]]}}
{{familytree | | | |:| | | | | |!| | | | | |}}
{{familytree | | | COD | | | | |!| | | | | |COD=''[[Chieftains of the Dúnedain]]''}}
{{familytree | | | |:| | | | | |!| | | | | |}}
{{familytree | | | ART |y| GIL |!| | | | | |ART=[[Arathorn II]]|GIL=[[Gilraen]]}}
{{familytree | | | | | |!| | | |!| | | | | |}}
{{familytree | | | | | ARA |y| ARW | | | | |ARA='''ARAGORN II'''|ARW=[[Arwen]]}}
{{familytree | | | | | |,|-|^|-|.| | | | | |}}
{{familytree | | | | | ELD | | SDS | | | | |ELD=[[Eldarion]]|SDS=''several sisters''}}
{{familytree/end}}
==Other versions of the legendarium==
In the earliest unpublished versions of ''[[The Lord of the Rings]]'' (see ''[[The History of The Lord of the Rings]]''), the character that later became Aragorn was called '''''[[Trotter]]''''' instead of Strider, and was a [[Hobbits|Hobbit]] instead of a [[Men|Man]]. He had wooden feet, because he had once traveled to Mordor and been tortured there.

==Portrayal in adaptations==
<center><gallery>
File:WiMe-Aragorn&Frodo VS Nazgul-1-.png|<center>''[[J.R.R. Tolkien's War in Middle Earth]]''</center>
Image:Strider from Ralph Bakshi's The Lord of the Rings.jpg|<center>''[[The Lord of the Rings (1978 film)|Ralph Bakshi's The Lord of the Rings]]''</center>
Image:Aragorn from Rankin-Bass' The Return of the King.jpg|<center>''[[The Return of the King (1980 film)|Rankin/Bass' The Return of the King]]''</center>
Image:Aragorn grimace.jpg|<center>''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Motion Picture Trilogy]]''</center>
Image:Aragorn Anduril viv lotr.JPG|<center>''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring (video game)|Vivendi's The Fellowship of the Ring]]''</center>
Image:Aragorn LOTRO.jpg|<center>''[[The Lord of the Rings Online]]''</center>
</gallery></center>

'''1955: ''[[The Lord of the Rings (1955 radio series)|BBC Radio's The Lord of the Rings]]'':'''
:The voice of Aragorn is provided by [[Godfrey Kenton]].

'''1978: ''[[The Lord of the Rings (1978 film)|Ralph Bakshi's The Lord of the Rings]]'':'''
:The voice of Aragorn is provided by [[John Hurt]]. Some critics have accused this character of looking too much like a [[wikipedia:Stereotypes_of_Native_Americans|stereotype of a Native American]].

'''1979: ''[[The Lord of the Rings (1979 radio series)|Mind's Eye's The Lord of the Rings]]'':'''
:The voice of Aragorn is provided by [[Tom Luce]].

'''1980: ''[[The Return of the King (1980 film)|Rankin/Bass' The Return of the King]]'':'''
:Aragorn was voiced by [[Theodore Bikel]].

'''1981: ''[[The Lord of the Rings (1981 radio series)|BBC Radio's The Lord of the Rings]]'':'''
:Aragorn was voiced by [[Robert Stephens]].

'''1988: ''[[J.R.R. Tolkien's War in Middle Earth]]'':'''
:Aragorn is a playable character. He has brown hair and is bearded, he bears a golden sword.

'''2001: ''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring|Peter Jackson's The Fellowship of the Ring]]'':'''
:Aragorn is played by [[Viggo Mortensen]], though originally, [[Stuart Townsend]] was cast in the role. Townsend was deemed too young. Mortensen had just two weeks to train for his first scene, the standoff with the [[Nazgûl]] at [[Weathertop]]. Mortensen portrays Aragorn full of self-doubt; a change that was presumably made to fit him in the modern "anti-hero" jacket.

'''2002: ''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring (video game)|Vivendi's The Fellowship of the Ring]]'':'''
:[[Daran Norris]] provided the voice of Aragorn.

'''2002: ''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Two Towers|Peter Jackson's The Two Towers]]'':'''
:Aragorn's part is this film is largely similar to the events in book. The most significant difference being that in the book, their was no [[Wargs|Warg]] attack on the party traveling to Helm's Deep and Aragorn did not fall down a cliff.

'''2003: ''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King|Peter Jackson's The Return of the King]]'':'''
:Aragorn shows great trouble over the choice whether or not he should become king, whereas in the book, there is no doubt of his purpose to return as the king from the very first time his lineage is revealed.

'''2007: ''[[The Lord of the Rings Online]]'':'''
:Aragorn is a non-playable character, who the player first meets at [[the Prancing Pony]] and later in the story in [[Rivendell]].

'''See also:''' [http://dare.ubvu.vu.nl/bitstream/1871/10975/1/Aragorn_Final.pdf "Aragorn Seen Through Different Media"] by [[Connie Veugen]], comparing the introduction of Strider in Ralph Bakshi's film, the radio play, Peter Jackson's film and [[Vivendi]]'s [[The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring (video game)|video game]] of ''The Fellowship of the Ring.

==Titles==
{{seq-start}}
{{seq-head
| race=gondorian
| house=[[House of Telcontar]] Continuation of the senior branch of the [[House of Isildur]]
| born=[[March 1]], {{TA|2931}}
| died={{FoA|120}}
}}
{{seq
| prev=[[Arathorn II]]
| list=[[Chieftains of the Dúnedain|Chieftain of the Dúnedain]]
| dates={{TA|2933}} – T.A. 3019
| next=Position abolished
| nvac=None
}}
{{seq
| prev=[[Gandalf]]
| list=Leader of the [[Fellowship of the Ring]]
| dates=[[January 15]] - [[August 22]], {{TA|3019}}
| next=Position abolished
| nvac=None
}}
{{seq
| pvac=Vacant
| prev=Last held by: '''[[Eärnur]]''', 969 years earlier
| list=[[Kings of Gondor|King of Gondor]]
| dates=T.A. 3019 – Fo.A. 120
| next=[[Eldarion]]
| nrow=4
}}
{{seq
| pvac=Vacant
| prev=Last held by: '''[[Eärendur]]''', 2,158 years earlier
| list=[[Kings of Arnor|King of Arnor]]
| dates=T.A. 3019 – Fo.A. 120
}}
{{seq
| pvac=Vacant
| prev=Last held by: '''[[Isildur]]''', 3,017 years earlier
| list=[[High King of the Dúnedain|High King]] of the [[Reunited Kingdom]]
| dates=T.A. 3019 – Fo.A. 120
}}
{{seq
| pvac=None
| prev=New title
| list=Head of the [[House of Telcontar]]
| dates=T.A. 3019 – Fo.A. 120
}}
{{seq-end}}{{northernline}}
{{fellowship}}

==See also==
*[[:Category:Images of Aragorn|Images of Aragorn]]
*[[Timeline of Aragorn II|Timeline of Aragorn]]
{{references}}
[[Category:Characters in The Silmarillion]]
[[Category:Characters in The Lord of the Rings]]
[[Category:Chieftains of the Dúnedain]]
[[Category:Featured Articles]]
[[Category:House of Aranarth]]
[[Category:House of Telcontar| ]]
[[Category:Masculine names]]
[[Category:Rulers of Arnor]]
[[Category:Rulers of Gondor]]
[[Category:Sindarin names]]
[[de:Aragorn II.]]
[[fa:آراگورن دوم]]
[[fr:/encyclo/personnages/hommes/3a/dunedain/dunedain_du_nord/aragorn_ii]]
[[fi:Aragorn II]]

Galadriel

2011-04-22T21:57:47Z

PHoBiA: /* See Also */

{{sources}}
{{noldor infobox
| image=[[Image:Sylvia Polster - Galadriel.jpg|250px]]
| name=Galadriel
| othernames=''[[Artanis]]'' ([[Quenya|Q]], [[Father-name|fn]]), ''[[Nerwen]]'' ([[Quenya|Q]], [[Amilessë|mn]]) ''[[Alatariel]]'' ([[Telerin|T]], [[epessë]])
| titles= Lady of [[Lothlórien]], Lady of Light, Lady of the Wood, Lady of the [[Galadhrim]]
| position=
| realm=[[Tirion]]; [[Lindon]]; [[Eregion]]; [[Lothlórien]]
| affiliation=[[White Council]]
| language=[[Quenya]], [[Sindarin]] and [[Silvan]]
| birth={{YT|1364}}
| birthlocation=[[Tirion]]
| rule=
| death=
| deathlocation=Sailed [[Aman|West]], {{TA|3021}}
| age=
| house=[[House of Finarfin]]
| parentage=[[Finarfin]] and [[Eärwen]]
| siblings=[[Finrod]], [[Angrod]] and [[Aegnor]]
| spouse=[[Celeborn]]
| children=[[Celebrían]]
| gender=Female
| height=6 feet, 4 inches (193cm)
| hair=Radiant gold-silver
| eyes=
| clothing=White robes
| weapons=
| steed=
}}{{Pronounce|Galadriel.mp3|Ardamir}}
{{quote|Very tall [Galadriel and Celeborn] were, and the Lady no less tall than the Lord; and they were grave and beautiful. They were clad wholly in white; and the hair of the Lady was of deep gold… but no sign of age was upon them, unless it were in the depths of their eyes; for these were keen as lances in the starlight, and yet profound, the wells of deep memory.|[[The Lord of the Rings]], ''[[The Mirror of Galadriel]]''}}
'''Galadriel''' ([[Sindarin|S]]: "radiant garland", pron. {{IPA|[ɡaˈladri.el]}}) was a [[Noldo]], one of the [[Calaquendi]], and arguably the most famous and powerful elf of the [[Third Age]]. She was one of the bearers of the [[Three Rings]], of [[Nenya]], and with it kept her realm of [[Lothlórien]] free of stain.

==History==
===Fostering and Life in Aman===

When a fourth child was born to [[Finarfin]], prince of the Noldor, and [[Eärwen]], princess of the [[Teleri]], her father named her '''[[Artanis]]''', which is "noble woman". She was unusually tall and strong as she grew, and so Eärwen’s name for her was '''[[Nerwen]]''', "man-maiden". But the most distinctive thing about her was her hair, which was of a rare silver-gold color, and dazzlingly bright. Her hair reflected her unusually diverse heritage, being half [[Teleri]]n (typified by silver hair), a quarter [[Noldor]]in (typified by dark hair), and a quarter [[Vanyar]]in (typified by golden hair). Despite her mixed blood, she was identified as a princess of the Noldor, as her father was the third son of [[Finwë]], [[High King of the Noldor]]. Yet according to [[J.R.R. Tolkien|Tolkien]]’s later accounts she lived with her Telerin relatives in [[Alqualondë]].

It was in Alqualondë that she met [[Celeborn|Teleporno]], a young Telerin prince probably the son or grandson of [[Olwë]] (which would make him Artanis’s uncle or cousin)[[Galadriel#Other Versions of the Legendarium|*]]. They eventually fell in love, and he called her in his own [[Telerin]] tongue '''[[Alatáriel]]''' (later [[Sindarin]]ized as '''Galadriel''' and semi-[[Quenya]]rized as '''[[Altáriel]]'''). She had another admirer as well: her half-uncle, [[Fëanor]]. Fëanor, being a lover of beauty and brilliance, noted her shining hair. He may have been inspired by her tresses to make the [[Silmarils]], both being said to capture the light of the [[Two Trees]]. He begged her to spare him some of her hair, but she refused him a single hair three times and he gave up. She had unusually strong powers of mental perception, and when she looked into his mind, she saw only darkness, hinting at Fëanor's evil nature.

During the [[Darkening of Valinor]], she was just as fiery and visionary as Fëanor, although she despised him. During the troubles that followed she took no part in the atrocities against the Teleri during the [[Kinslaying of Alqualondë]], but urged Teleporno her beloved to sail across the [[Belegaer|Sea]] to [[Middle-earth]] by her side. He agreed for her sake, and so they both came under the [[Ban of the Valar]]. Their crossing to Middle-earth by ship was the exception—Fëanor and [[Sons of Fëanor|his sons]] had sailed ''stolen'' Telerin ships, while the vast majority of the other Noldor under [[Fingolfin]] crossed the [[Helcaraxë]] on foot.

===First Age===

Once in [[Beleriand]] they were welcomed by King [[Thingol]] of [[Doriath]], as both were Telerin in origin. Thingol knew nothing of what had happened to his brother [[Olwë]] and the [[Calaquendi]], and they brought news. But they said nothing about the Kinslaying. Teleporno was Sindarinized as ''[[Celeborn]]'', and Artanis adopted Teleporno’s pet name for her, ''Alatáriel'', in its Sindarin form: ''Galadriel''. [[Image:456px-Donato_Giancola_-_Galadriel_and_the_mirror.jpg|right|thumb|''Galadriel and the mirror'' by [[Donato Giancola]] ]]
After the rest of the Noldor arrived in Beleriand and the great [[Dagor-nuin-Giliath]] was fought, Galadriel re-established contact with her brothers, though her hate for the orphaned sons of Fëanor was still strong. She learned much from [[Melian]] during her days in Doriath, and occasionally spent time in [[Nargothrond]] with her eldest brother [[Finrod|Finrod Felagund]]. She and Melian became friends, speaking often to one another about Valinor. Melian was eager to learn of the happenings of the Exile, but Galadriel would tell her nothing of what occurred after the death of the Trees. Eventually, however, as Melian’s guesses became more shrewd and accurate, Galadriel told her more, except for that of the death of Finwë, the Kinslaying, and the [[burning of the Ships]] at [[Losgar]]. Melian was able to discern some, and the rest came in rumors to Thingol’s ears. At last, egged on by the accusing words of Thingol, Angrod told all. Galadriel escaped being removed from Doriath by Thingol’s sympathy to the houses of Finarfin and [[Fingolfin]] for the wrongs they had suffered. All the same, she moved for a time to Nargothrond to live with Finrod. By [[First Age 300|300]], however, she had gone back to live in Doriath. Presumably, her husband lived with her there in peace.

Precisely where the twain were during the [[Sack of Nargothrond|destruction of Nargothrond]] in [[First Age 495| 495]] and [[Sack of Doriath|Doriath]] in [[First Age 503|503]]/[[First Age 506|506]] is unknown; perhaps they were there during the sacks and escaped one or both. It is not unlikely that after the destruction of the latter they went either to the [[Havens of Sirion]] or with their Telerin kin to the [[Isle of Balar]] with [[Círdan]]. If the former, they escaped the [[Third Kinslaying]] there, and either went into hiding in Beleriand or, more probably, went to the Isle of Balar. During the [[War of Wrath]], given the choice whether to stay in Middle-earth or not, they surprisingly decided to remain. Galadriel was still very proud, even arrogant, and refused to accept the pardon of the [[Valar]]. Either Celeborn felt the same way, or stayed for the sake of his wife.

===Second Age===

Galadriel and her husband stayed in [[Lindon]], the kingdom of Galadriel’s grandnephew [[Gil-galad]]. There they stayed for a while, ruling over a fiefdom of Noldor. Eventually they established or moved to [[Eregion]]. Celebrimbor lived there, and gradually grew in importance among the smiths. Perhaps because of Galadriel’s detestation (Celebrimbor being the last of the [[House of Fëanor]], though Celebrimbor had refused and forsaken them for their evil deeds), Celeborn and Galadriel made contact with the [[Nandor]] of [[Amdír]], who dwelt in a forest realm called [[Lórinand]]. They eventually crossed the [[Misty Mountains|Hithaeglir]] through [[Khazad-dûm]] and relocated to there, becoming great among the Wood-elves.

Though Galadriel urged Celebrimbor against it, the Noldo collaborated with [[Annatar]] on the great process of making [[Rings of Power]]. By Annatar’s help, the Elves of Eregion created many rings, but both Celebrimbor and Annatar created greater rings of their own in secret. Celebrimbor wrought the [[Three Rings]] of the Elves, which were far more powerful than the lesser rings. Annatar, however, wrought [[the One Ring]]. When he placed it on his finger, the Elves were aware of his treachery, and took off their rings. Celebrimbor, afraid for his life but even more for the safety of the Three Rings, sent them to two of the [[Wise]]: [[Narya]] and [[Vilya]] for Gil-galad (who eventually gave Narya to Círdan), and [[Nenya]] for Galadriel. Very few even of the [[Eldar]] knew who hid each of these Rings. Celebrimbor was slain by [[Sauron]] not long after, and Eregion was laid waste. But the Three Rings were safe.

[[Image:Angus McBride - Galadriel.gif|thumb|left|250px|''Galadriel'' by [[Angus McBride]]]]In time Amdír, King of Lórinand, was slain in the [[Battle of Dagorlad]] during the [[War of the Last Alliance]]. Celeborn may have participated in the war, but the greatest effect it had on the twain (and Lórinand) was the destruction of Sauron and the loss of [[the One Ring]]. Galadriel was now free to use her ring. With Nenya, the Ring of Water, Galadriel made the realm of Lórinand even greater. With the power of her ring, she protected it from the intrusion of evils throughout the [[Third Age]].

===Third Age===

When [[Amroth]] son of Amdír perished, Celeborn and Galadriel ruled Lórinand (now known as [[Lothlórien]] or Lórien) jointly, and were called the [[Lord and Lady]]. Lothlórien blossomed, and Galadriel planted the [[mallorn]] seeds brought with her from Lindon, the only mallorns east of the Sea. They established [[Caras Galadhon]], and the realm of Lothlórien was one of light and life. It was during their days of power and glory in Lothlórien (either before or after the deaths of Amdír and Amroth) that Galadriel bore her first and only child: a daughter exceedingly fair named [[Celebrían]]. She married [[Elrond]], a close friend of Galadriel’s and bearer of [[Vilya]] after the death of Gil-galad during the Alliance. Celeborn and Galadriel had three grandchildren by her, one of whom, [[Arwen]], they were especially close to. But Celebrían was waylaid and tortured by [[Orcs]] in [[Third Age 2509|2509]], and passed West over the sea.

In [[Third Age 2463|2463]] the [[White Council]] was formed. Galadriel, being one of the [[Wise]] and the greatest threat to Sauron alive, was one of the members. Celeborn may have been as well, but this is not known for sure. She was a good friend of [[Gandalf]], and recommended that he be made head of the Council. But this distinction fell instead to [[Saruman]], whom she distrusted.

[[Image:Billy Mosig - The Mirror of Galadriel.jpg|thumb|right|250px|''The Mirror of Galadriel'' by [[Billy Mosig]]]]During the [[War of the Ring]], Galadriel met the [[Fellowship of the Ring]] in [[Third Age 3019|3019]]. She especially was attentive to the [[Hobbits|Hobbit]] [[Frodo Baggins]], who was the bearer of [[the One Ring]]. She showed him Nenya, and let him gaze into her [[Mirror of Galadriel|mirror]] of seeing. He offered her the One Ring, and despite the extreme temptation, she resisted it successfully. She sent the Fellowship off on their quest furnished with [[Gifts_of_Galadriel|gifts]]. The two most important gifts she gave were to [[Aragorn]], whom she knew well and liked, and a [[Dwarves|dwarf]] named [[Gimli]]. To Aragorn she gave the [[Elfstone]], which she and her daughter Celebrían had worn. She was unsure as to what to give Gimli, and asked what he wanted. After complimenting her beauty, he requested a single strand of her hair. Galadriel remembered the posing of a similar question by Fëanor, but had searched Gimli’s heart and knew that his intentions were pure. She rewarded him with three strands, which he was later to put into an imperishable crystal in memory of her.

Not long after the departure of the Fellowship she received the resurrected Gandalf. She reclothed and refurnished him, giving him a new staff. After Gandalf left, Lothlórien was subjected to three successive attacks by armies coming out of [[Dol Guldur]]. By the power of her Ring they were thrice repulsed. Celeborn then led [[Fall of Dol Guldur|an attack on Dol Guldur]] itself. Once the dark fortress was in the hands of the Galadhrim, Galadriel came, threw down its walls, and purified it of its evil. It was her last act of power, for the One Ring was destroyed, and the strength of Nenya waned and eventually vanished almost completely.

===Return to Valinor===

Galadriel attended the wedding of Aragorn with Arwen, then returned to Lothlórien. But in [[Third Age 3021|3021]], two years later, she bade farewell to Celeborn her husband and went West to Valinor. With her went the other two bearers of the Rings, Gandalf and Elrond, and Frodo and Bilbo Baggins who had borne the One Ring. They passed West, and came never again to Middle-earth. There in Valinor Galadriel must have tried to heal Frodo of his spiritual wounds. Whether she was successful or not is unknown. But sometime later during the [[Fourth Age]] she received Celeborn, her husband. And in [[Fourth Age 120]], it is said, she received Gimli her admirer, who died in Valinor.

==Characteristics==

Galadriel was very beautiful, her hair being the most notable feature about her. It reminded the Eldar of the light of the [[Two Trees]]. Galadriel, at least in her earlier years, was of a somewhat proud and rebellious nature. She was free-spirited, and during her time in Aman had many dreams of wide unexplored lands. Her favorite brother was Finrod, for he, too, shared this vision. She could explore the minds and hearts of others, and her gaze was seeing. It may be because of her unusual beauty and power that she became proud.

But by the Third Age she is also seen to act with wisdom and gentleness. In ''[[The Lord of the Rings]]'', she appears very gentle, firm, and wise. She was revered even more than Celeborn by the Galadhrim and all who met her.

==Other Versions of the Legendarium==

There is a bit of befuddlement and confusion in the story of Galadriel, which Tolkien revised multiple times. Originally, and in the published ''[[The Silmarillion|Silmarillion]]'', Galadriel supported Fëanor and even fought at Alqualondë. Then she met Celeborn in [[Doriath]], for Celeborn was one of the Sindar. This earlier account explains the difficulty of Celeborn and Galadriel being so closely related (the Eldar did not marry that close). Though it’s possible that Galadriel and Celeborn rebelliously defied the customs and laws, it is primarily because of this difficulty that some [[Tolkienists]] take the earlier account as canon.

The later account is the one used here, being considered more canon by most (being written and used later than other accounts). It is found in ''[[The Peoples of Middle-earth]]''.

== Genealogy ==
[[Finarfin]] = [[Eärwen]]
|
-------------------|-------------------
| | | |
| | | |
[[Finrod]] [[Angrod]] = [[Eldalótë]] [[Aegnor]] '''GALADRIEL''' = [[Celeborn]]
| |
| |
[[Orodreth]] [[Celebrían]] = [[Elrond]]
| |
------|------ |
| | |
| | |
[[Gil-galad]] [[Finduilas]] |
[[Arwen]] = [[Aragorn|Aragorn Elessar]]

== Portrayal in Adaptations ==
<gallery>
Image:Ralph Bakshi's Galadriel.jpg|Galadriel as portrayed in [[The Lord of the Rings (1978 film)]].
Image:Peter Jackson's Galadriel.jpg|[[Cate Blanchett]] as Galadriel in [[The Lord of the Rings: The Motion Picture Trilogy]].
Image:Galadriel lotr fotr.JPG|Galadriel as portrayed in [[The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring (video game)|Vivendi's The Fellowship of the Ring]].
</gallery>

'''1978: ''[[The Lord of the Rings (1978 film)]]'':'''
:Galadriel is voiced by [[Annette Crosbie]].

'''1981: ''[[The Lord of the Rings (1981 radio series)|BBC Radio's The Lord of the Rings]]'':'''
:The voice of Galadriel is provided by [[Marian Diamond]].

'''2001: ''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring]]'':'''
:Galadriel is played by [[Cate Blanchett]]. Galadriel narrates the Prologue, explaining the creation of the Rings of Power and the War of the Last Alliance. Earlier plans considered were to have either Frodo or Gandalf narrate the Prologue, but this was dropped: Frodo was not alive until thousands of years after these events happened, and although Gandalf was alive, he was not present in Middle-earth at the time; the Wizards came some one thousand years after the Prologue ends. Thus Galadriel narrates the Prologue, because she had first-hand accounts of this history and actively participated in its events.

'''2002: ''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring (video game)|Vivendi's The Fellowship of the Ring]]'':'''
:Galadriel, voiced by [[Jennifer Hale]], is the narrator of the Prologue and the Epilogue, and appears in Lothlórien.

'''2002: ''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Two Towers]]'':'''
:Galadriel frequently seems to be consulting telepathically with Elrond; there is some indication from the books that the two were able to communicate in some way, but the specific instances in the movies have no direct counterparts in the books. Further, the notion that Galadriel would send her warriors to assist at [[Helm's Deep]] is practically unthinkable in the context of the books, where [[Lothlórien]] was itself under threat of attack at the time.

'''2007: ''[[The Lord of the Rings Online]]'':'''
:Galadriel is a non-playable character, who narrates cutscenes. She is first seen during [[The Lord of the Rings Online: Mines of Moria]] Book VI [[The Shadowy Abyss]]. The player can find her at [[Caras Galadhon]].

== See Also ==
* [[:Category:Images of Galadriel|Images of Galadriel]]

[[Category:House of Finarfin]]
[[Category:House of Olwë]]
[[Category:Characters in The Silmarillion]]
[[Category:Characters in The Lord of the Rings]]
[[Category:Sindarin names]]
[[de:Galadriel]]
[[fa:گالادریل]]
[[fr:encyclo/personnages/elfes/noldor/galadriel]]
[[fi:Galadriel]]

User talk:PHoBiA

2011-03-27T22:00:15Z

PHoBiA: /* Welcome! */

{{MediaWiki:NewUserMessage|PHoBiA}}

==Welcome!==
Let me also say a warm welcome to TG! When [[User:Amaniar]] registered, I got an idea that it would be interesting to have an article on TG on Persian translations of Tolkien's works, as well as other information related to the reception of Tolkien in Iran (I've myself worked a bit on similar pages on the subject of Tolkien in Sweden). --[[User:Morgan|Morgan]] 20:33, 27 March 2011 (UTC)
:Hi, Morgan. thanks for your warm welcome :). it's a very good idea to have an article about Persian translations of Tolkien's works. one of our goals in valimar is to create Persian content in works of Tolkien and having an English article about this subject is of course a wonderful job. I'll talk about your idea with [[User:Amaniar]] later. I just fix the database of valimar and setup TG as our bigger sister-site. hope to have a useful Cooperation with each other. best regards -- [[User:PHoBiA|PHoBiA]] 22:00, 27 March 2011 (UTC)

Gondor

2011-03-27T21:36:44Z

PHoBiA: +interwiki

{{kingdom
| image = [[Image:Gondor.jpg|250px]]
| name = Gondor
| meaning = Land of Stone
| type = Monarchy/Stewardship
| hidep=yes
| headofstate = [[King of Gondor]]/[[Ruling Steward]]
| executive = [[Council of Gondor]]
| legislative =
| judicial =
| capital = [[Osgiliath]]/[[Minas Tirith]]
| language = [[Westron]]
| location = South of the [[White Mountains]], west of [[Mordor]]
| populace= Mostly [[Men]]
| currency = The [[castar]]
| religious =
| holiday =
| anthem =
| formed = The escape of the [[Faithful]] from the [[Downfall of Númenor]] in [[Second Age 3319|S.A. 3319]]
| established = [[Second Age 3320|S.A. 3320]]
| reorganized = [[Third Age 3019|T.A. 3019]]
| fragmented =
| dissolved =
| restored =
}}{{Pronounce|Gondor.mp3|Ardamir}}
<center>{{quote|Gondor! Gondor, between the Mountains and the Sea! West Wind blew there; light upon the Silver Tree|[[Aragorn]]<ref name="tRoR">[[J.R.R. Tolkien]], ''[[The Lord of the Rings]]'', ''[[The Two Towers]]'', "[[The Riders of Rohan]]"</ref>}}</center>

'''Gondor''' was the '''South Kingdom''' of the [[Númenóreans]] in [[Middle-earth]], established soon after the downfall of [[Númenor]] by [[Isildur]] and his brother [[Anárion]]. Their father [[Elendil]], who ruled the North Kingdom [[Arnor]], held the overlordship of the realm, however. Though it waned in power over time and the line of its Kings failed, Gondor survived to the end of the [[Third Age]], and had an instrumental role in the [[War of the Ring]]. After the defeat of [[Sauron]], Gondor was ruled by [[Aragorn|Elessar]], Heir of Isildur. Gondor was the seat of the [[Dominion of Men]] in the beginning of the [[Fourth Age]], and many of the tales and legends of the earlier [[Ages of the Children of Ilúvatar|Age]]s of Middle-earth come from the lore and history it preserved.

== History ==
=== Early History ===
Before the Downfall of Númenor, the region that would become Gondor was home to many Númenórean colonists, who either mingled with the indigenous [[Middle Men]] if they were friendly, or dispersed them into [[Ras Morthil]], [[Dunland]], and [[Drúadan Forest]]. The land on which Gondor was founded was more fertile than the more northerly areas of Middle-earth, and therefore it already had a fairly large population before the ships of Elendil's sons arrived, including a well-established haven, [[Pelargir]].<ref name="UTD">[[J.R.R. Tolkien]], [[Christopher Tolkien]] (ed.), ''[[Unfinished Tales]]'', "[[The Drúedain]]"</ref> Pelargir was founded by the [[Faithful]] Númenóreans in the year [[Second Age 2350|2350 of the Second Age]].

The refugees from [[Númenor]] led by [[Isildur]] and [[Anárion]] were given a warm reception upon their arrival by those that had already colonized this area of Middle-earth. The colonists north of the river [[Anduin]] accepted Elendil's claim to kingship over them. South of the Great River, however, the also-newly-exiled [[Black Númenóreans]] did not recognize Elendil's claim. Since the Black Númenóreans were the descendants of the [[King's Men]] of Númenor, who were opposed to the Faithful, they did not unite with Elendil and his sons, who represented the [[Faithful]] in Middle-earth. Much of Gondor's early history was marked by conflict with the Black Númenóreans.

[[Image:Ted Nasmith - The White Tree.jpg|thumb|right|200px|''The White Tree'' by [[Ted Nasmith]]]]After their arrival and acceptance by the people, Isildur and Anárion put themselves to the task of ordering their realm. Isildur built the tower of [[Minas Ithil]] near Mordor as a threat to the [[Mordor|Black Land]], and within its walls he planted a seedling of the [[Nimloth of Númenor|White Tree]] of Númenor that he had taken before its destruction. Anárion raised the tower of [[Minas Anor]] on the other side of Anduin's floodplain as a bulwark against the [[Wild Men]]. In between their cities, the brothers founded [[Osgiliath]], their capital. From this city Isildur and Anárion ruled side-by-side, and used the ''[[palantíri]]'', the Seeing Stones that the Faithful had taken with them from Númenor, to maintain contact with Elendil and the other areas under their control.

=== First Conflict with Sauron ===
The Dúnedain were at first unaware that Sauron, who had been taken as a prisoner to Númenor before its destruction, had survived the disastrous Downfall. However, not long after the kingdom's cities were built, the awakening of the fires of [[Orodruin]] signaled his return. At that time, the Men of Gondor first called the mountain ''Amon Amarth'', or Mount Doom. Soon after, Sauron launched an attack on Minas Ithil, which forced Isildur into a retreat. Sauron took the fortress and burned the White Tree that had grown there, but Isildur saved one of its seedlings and took it and his family on a ship down the Anduin. He sailed to the north to confer with Elendil about these events. Anárion remained in Gondor and continued to hold Osgiliath. He also managed to push back Sauron's forces to the mountain range of [[Ephel Dúath]], but Sauron began to gather reinforcements, among whom were a large number of Black Númenóreans, and the Men of Gondor knew that their realm was in great danger of being destroyed unless aid came.

=== The [[War of the Last Alliance]] ===
Elendil reacted to the threat of Sauron by combining forces with [[Gil-galad]] the [[Elves|Elven]]-king to make the [[Last Alliance of Elves and Men]]. Their armies marched southeast from Arnor and Gil-galad's realm of [[Lindon]]. Supported by the forces of Gondor, [[Lórinand]], [[Mirkwood]] and the dwarves of [[Moria]], the Alliance fought a great battle on the plain of [[Dagorlad]] north of Mordor. The armies of Elendil and Gil-galad were victorious, and entered Mordor itself, where they laid a siege on Sauron's Tower of [[Siege of Barad-dûr|Barad-dûr]] for seven years. During this time, Anárion was killed by a rock thrown from the Tower that broke his helm. The siege ended when Sauron himself emerged from Barad-dûr to fight the Alliance. Gil-galad and Elendil attacked and destroyed Sauron, though they themselves were slain the process.<ref name="OtRoP">[[J.R.R. Tolkien]], [[Christopher Tolkien]] (ed.), ''[[The Silmarillion]]'', "[[Of the Rings of Power and the Third Age]]"</ref>

=== Gondor in the Beginning of the [[Third Age]] ===
====Rebuilding====
After the battle, during which the long Second Age came to an end, Isildur built a secret tomb for Elendil on the mountain [[Amon Anwar]].<ref name="CE"/> He also aided Anárion's son [[Meneldil]], who was now King, in reorganizing Gondor. Isildur planted the seedling of the White Tree that he had saved in Minas Anor, and it endured for several centuries. After these acts, Isildur left Gondor in the third year of the Third Age with the intent of ruling his father's kingdom of Arnor. He [[Battle of the Gladden Fields|never arrived]].<ref name="Gladden">[[J.R.R. Tolkien]], [[Christopher Tolkien]] (ed.), ''[[Unfinished Tales]]'', "[[The Disaster of the Gladden Fields]]"</ref>

==== Gondor Prospers ====
After the war, Gondor's power and wealth grew steadily (only interrupted by an [[Easterlings|Easterling]] invasion in [[Third Age 492]]). Its power would continue to grow into the 9th century of the Third Age. While the power of Gondor's sister kingdom [[Arnor]] peaked during the 9th century, when it broke into various successor states, Gondor's greatest glory was yet to come.

==== Gondor's Golden Age ====
[[File:Gondor TA1050.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Gondor in [[Third Age 1050|T.A. 1050]]]]Gondor's power reached its Golden Age under the four "[[Ship-king|Ship-kings]]":

* [[Tarannon Falastur]], reigned [[Third Age 830]] - [[Third Age 913]]. First of the Ship-Kings, died childless
* [[Eärnil I]], [[Third Age 913]] - [[Third Age 936]]. Nephew of Tarannon
* [[Ciryandil]], [[Third Age 936]] - [[Third Age 1015]]
* [[Hyarmendacil I|Ciryaher Hyarmendacil I]], [[Third Age 1015]] - [[Third Age 1149]]. Last of the Ship-Kings.<ref name="Gondor">[[J.R.R. Tolkien]], ''[[The Lord of the Rings]]'', ''[[Appendix A]]'', "Gondor and the Heirs of Anárion"</ref>

The reign of Tarannon was an unhappy one: he married [[Berúthiel]], nefarious and loveless. Unlike her husband, she hated the Sea, its smells and its sounds. Mystery began to surround her as she used her [[cats]] to spy on every one, and paranoia and fear rose. After much ado, Tarannon banished her from Gondor, setting her on an adrift ship with her cats. It was last seen passing [[Haven of Umbar|Umbar]] in the South.<ref name="UTI7">[[J.R.R. Tolkien]], [[Christopher Tolkien]] (ed.), ''[[Unfinished Tales]]'', "[[The Istari]]", note 7</ref>

In the reign of the powerful king Hyarmendacil I Gondor reached the height of its power. During Hyarmendacil's reign Gondor's borders reached their furthest extent. The Kingdom extended east to the [[Sea of Rhûn]], south to the nearest lands of the [[Haradrim]], as far north as [[Mirkwood]] and west towards the borders of [[Arnor]]. Gondor would also enjoy several centuries of peace due to its military might.<ref name="Gondor"/>

[[Rómendacil II]] built on the northern approach to [[Nen Hithoel]] the giant pillars [[Argonath]] to mark the northern border of Gondor around [[Third Age 1340]].

=== The Decline of Gondor ===
But after his reign decadence spread under the kings of Gondor and a long period of decline began (although Gondor experienced several revivals). Three great calamities struck Gondor during the second millennium of the Third Age, which are held to be the chief reasons for its decline: the [[Kin-strife]], the [[Great Plague]], and the invasion of the [[Wainriders]] (a tribe of Easterlings), one of series of conflicts in the [[Wainrider/Balchoth War]].

==== The Kin-strife ====
In the 15th century a great civil war named the Kin-strife tore the nation apart. The current King Eldacar was of mixed blood: his mother was of the Northmen. Popular displeasure at this led to the overthrow of King Eldacar by Castamir, the admiral of all of Gondor's naval forces who possessed some royal blood. Eldacar's son was slain, and he fled north. Castamir was afterward known as [[Castamir|Castamir the Usurper]]. During his ten year rule he proved to be very cruel, and because of his love of his old fleet, he lavished attention on the coastal regions while the interior provinces were ignored and left to rot. Eldacar then returned with an army of his Northmen kinsmen, and they were joined by armies of Gondorians from interior provinces such as Anórien. [[Osgiliath]] was devastated during this conflict, its great bridge destroyed and its ''[[palantíri|palantír]]'' lost. Eldacar slew Castamir and reclaimed his throne, but Castamir's sons and their forces were besieged in Pelargir, the great port of Gondor. They eventually retreated to Umbar, where they joined with the Corsairs, and troubled Gondor for many years, until their descendants died out.

==== The Great Plague ====
In [[Third Age 1636]] the [[Great Plague]] struck and the [[White Tree of Gondor|White Tree]] died. This Plague was no localized event: the Plague swept through all of Middle-earth, reaching the successor states of Arnor and the [[Hobbits]] of [[the Shire]] in the North. King [[Tarondor (King of Gondor)|Tarondor]] found a sapling of the White Tree, and moved the capital from Osgiliath to [[Minas Anor]], the City of Anárion. During this time, Gondor was so depopulated that the fortifications guarding against the re-entry of evil into Mordor were abandoned. It is believed that had the Haradrim or Easterlings been capable of attacking Gondor at this time, it would have fallen. However, the Plague left Gondor's enemies in no better condition than Gondor itself, and neither side was capable of mounting new offensives.

==== The Invasion of the Wainriders ====
Following the sapping of Gondor's strength by the plague, the Wainrider invasions devastated Gondor, and the conflict lasted for almost a century. The Wainriders destroyed the Northern Army of Gondor, but survivors linked up with the victorious Southern Army of Gondor, led by a general named Eärnil, and they destroyed the Wainriders as they celebrated their victory during the [[Battle of the Camp]], in [[Third Age 1944]].

=== The Line of the Kings Fails ===
==== Reunification Rejected ====
In 1944, Gondor also faced a constitutional crisis when King [[Ondoher]] was slain in a previous battle with both his sons. [[Arvedui]], King of [[Arthedain]], Ondoher's son-in-law, and the victorious general Eärnil, who was a distant blood-relative of Ondoher, claimed the throne. Arvedui's claim lay mainly in the reintroduction of the old Númenórean law of accession, which stated the eldest (remaining) child should succeed the king. If the law was reintroduced, then Arvedui's wife [[Fíriel]], Ondoher's daughter and last remaining child would become [[Ruling Queens of Númenor|Ruling Queen]], making their descendants Kings of both Arnor and Gondor. Arvedui also tried to put weight behind his claim as he was Isildur's heir. The council of Gondor recognised that the name of Isildur was held in honour in Gondor, but they dictated that the South-Kingdom must be ruled by an Heir of Anárion. Due to his ancestry from Fíriel and Arvedui, more than a millennium later, Aragorn Elessar put forward his claim as the heir of both Isildur and Anárion.

Eärnil lay his claim as being a direct descendant of King [[Telumehtar]] Umbardacil. His claim was also greatly bolstered by the popularity he had gained as the victorious general who saved Gondor from the Wainriders after winning the southern theatre of the war. Steward [[Pelendur]] who was temporarily ruling Gondor as serving as arbiter of succession, intervened in favour of Gondor's victorious general who would rule as [[Eärnil II]].

==== The Last Heir of Anárion ====
During the [[Battle of Fornost]], Eärnil II's heir Eärnur led Gondor's forces to victory over the [[Witch-king]] of [[Angmar]], who was actually the Lord of the [[Nazgûl]]. Although Eärnur wished to fight him, Eärnur's horse was terrified and fled the battle against his wishes. By the time he mastered his horse and return, the Witch-king had fled. [[Glorfindel of Rivendell|Glorfindel]] the Elf then prophesied to him that it was better that he not fight the Lord of the Nazgûl because "never by the hand of man shall he fall".

Eärnur later ascended to the throne, ruling from Minas Anor (Tower of the Sun). During this time, the Ringwraiths captured Minas Anor's sister city, Minas Ithil (Tower of the Moon), renaming it Minas Morgul (Tower of Sorcery) and taking it as their lair. Minas Anor was renamed Minas Tirith (Tower of Guard) as a result. The Lord of the Nazgûl repeatedly sent messengers to Minas Tirith challenging Eärnur to single combat, taunting him that he had fled out of cowardice from facing him during the Battle of Fornost. Eventually, King Eärnur was overcome by wrath and rode with a small company of knights to Minas Morgul, to accept the challenge. They were never heard from again. So ended the Line of [[Anárion]].

=== The Stewards of Gondor ===
==== The Ruling Stewards ====
The realm was governed by a long line of hereditary Stewards after the disappearance of [[Eärnur]], son of Eärnil, since there was no proof that the last king was dead, and no claimant had enough support to be accepted as his successor. The line of Anárion was held to have failed, and Gondor was not willing to risk to another Kin-strife, which would surely have destroyed it. Whenever there was a new Steward, he would swear an oath to yield rule of Gondor back to the King, in essence only an heir of Isildur, if he should ever return. In Gondor there was no one who could claim descent from Isildur in direct line, and the northern line of Arnor had effectively disappeared, so this oath was not considered seriously. The line of Stewards ruled as Kings, without having the title.

==== Cirion and Eorl ====
[[Image:Ted Nasmith - The Oathtaking of Cirion and Eorl.jpg|thumb|left|200px|''The Oathtaking of Cirion and Eorl'' by [[Ted Nasmith]]]]
In [[Third Age 2510]], when Steward [[Cirion]] ruled over Gondor, the nation faced one of its greatest perils: an Easterling tribe named the ''[[Balchoth]]'' invaded Gondor with massive force. Gondor's army marched to fight the Balchoth but were cut off from [[Minas Tirith]] and pushed back in the direction of the [[Limlight]].

Messengers were sent to get help from the [[Éothéod]], a tribe which lived in the northern vales of the [[Anduin]], but nobody expected the messengers to reach their destination. When certain peril came upon Gondor, however, the Éothéod turned the tide of the [[Battle of the Field of Celebrant]]. After the victory the Éothéod were awarded the fields of [[Calenardhon]] north of the [[Ered Nimrais]] from the Gap of Rohan at the southern end of the [[Misty Mountains|Hithaeglir]], [[Fangorn Forest]], rivers Limlight to river [[Anduin]], western [[Emyn Muil]] and the [[Mering Stream]], where they established the kingdom of [[Rohan]] with [[Eorl the Young]] as their first king. A perpetual alliance between Gondor and Rohan was established by the oath Eorl swore to Cirion.<ref name="CE"/>

=== [[War of the Ring]]===
[[File:Gondor TA3019.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Gondor in [[Third Age 3019|T.A. 3019]]]]
In 3019, during the [[War of the Ring]], Gondor was the strongest of the free nations that opposed Sauron, and thus, its defeat was his primary strategic goal in the war.<ref name="MT">[[J.R.R. Tolkien]], ''[[The Lord of the Rings]]'', ''[[The Return of the King]]'', "[[Minas Tirith (chapter)|Minas Tirith]]"</ref> Gondor faced an all out attack on its capital Minas Tirith in the [[Battle of the Pelennor Fields]]. Although nearly defeated, the Rohirrim once again turned the tide of battle, and helped win the war, though with heavy losses.<ref name="tBotPF">{{RK|Battle}}</ref> The combined army of the West then carried the battle to Sauron at the Battle of the Morannon, a feint to distract Sauron's attention from Frodo Baggins's quest to destroy the One Ring in Mount Doom, thus causing Sauron's destruction and the allies' ultimate victory.

After the second and final defeat of Sauron the Kingship was restored, [[Aragorn|Aragorn II]] became king of the [[Reunited Kingdom]] of Gondor and Arnor.

[[Faramir]], last heir of the Ruling Stewards, was to retain the office of steward (though not ruling), and was made [[Prince of Ithilien]], which had been reconquered from the forces of Mordor.<ref name="tSatK">[[J.R.R. Tolkien]], ''[[The Lord of the Rings]]'', ''[[The Return of the King]]'', "[[The Steward and the King]]"</ref> Faramir would serve as the King's representative during absence or illness, and became the chief counsellor of the [[Council of Gondor]].<ref name="L244">[[J.R.R. Tolkien]], [[Humphrey Carpenter]], [[Christopher Tolkien]] (eds.), ''[[The Letters of J.R.R. Tolkien]]'', [[Letter 244]] (dated c. [[1963]])</ref>

==Geography==
Initially, Gondor was comprised of the lands to the North and South of the [[White Mountains]], but [[Calenardhon|a large part of the northern territories]] was gifted to the [[Éothéod]] in [[Third Age 2510]].<ref name="CE">[[J.R.R. Tolkien]], [[Christopher Tolkien]] (ed.), ''[[Unfinished Tales]]'', "[[Cirion and Eorl]]"</ref> Gondor's close proximity to Sauron's land was the catalyst of many battles and skirmishes, but its location also gave the Gondorians more ability to protect the other regions of Middle-earth from the Dark Lord and his servants.<ref name="CoE">[[J.R.R. Tolkien]], ''[[The Lord of the Rings]]'', ''[[The Fellowship of the Ring]]'', "[[The Council of Elrond]]"</ref>
===Regions===
Gondor was divided between several nearly autonomous regions. These were the following:
* [[Ithilien]], across the [[Anduin]] from Minas Tirith
* [[Anórien]], surrounding [[Minas Tirith]]
* [[Lossarnach]]
* [[Lebennin]]
* [[Belfalas]]
* [[Dor-en-Ernil]], ruled by the [[Prince of Dol Amroth]]
* [[Lamedon]], north of the [[Ringló]]
* [[Anfalas]], or the Langstrand, in the south-west
* [[Ethir Anduin]]

The long cape of [[Andrast]] was not populated.

Additionally, Gondor held or had held the following regions at certain points in its history:
* [[Harondor]] or South Gondor, which was contested between Gondor and [[Harad]]
* [[Calenardhon]], which was given to the Éothéod and became Rohan
* [[Enedwaith]], never really populated by Gondor and soon abandoned
* [[Rhovanion (region)|Rhovanion]], which was never fully under the control of Gondor but under Gondorian influence at certain times during the Third Age

===Cities===
Cities in Gondor included:
* [[Calembel]]
* [[Dol Amroth]], a city on the coast of Belfalas
* [[Erech]], fortress of Gondor, abandoned by the end of the Third Age
* [[Linhir]]
* [[Minas Tirith]] (originally named Minas Anor), City of the Kings
* [[Osgiliath]], city and former capital of Gondor on the river Anduin, largely destroyed and abandoned by the end of the Third Age
* [[Pelargir]]
* [[Tarnost]] (debatable)<ref name="t2M">[[J.R.R. Tolkien]], [[Christopher Tolkien]], ''[[The War of the Ring]]'', "[[The Second Map]]"</ref>

===Fortresses and outposts===
Additionally, Gondor used the following locations as military strongholds at certain points in its history, many of which Mordor later took:
* The outposts of [[Amon Hen]] and [[Amon Lhaw]] on [[Emyn Muil]] probably had small garrisons
* [[Isengard|Angrenost]], the fortress of Isengard, later granted to [[Saruman]]
* [[Aglarond]], the Gondorian fortress, later known as Helm's Deep
* The [[Towers of the Teeth]], built by the Gondorians to keep watch over Mordor
* The Gondorian fortress guarding the pass of [[Cirith Ungol]]
* The castle that came to be called [[Durthang]], the largest fortress in Mordor, originally built to guard the [[Ephel Dúath]]
* [[Minas Ithil]], conquered by [[Mordor]] and renamed [[Minas Morgul]] by the Gondorians
* [[Tharbad]] to the north, held by both Gondor and Arnor but abandoned and later ruined after Gondor retreated from [[Enedwaith]]
* The [[Haven of Umbar]], a harbour in the south which was contested by the Haradrim and lost and reclaimed several times

==Languages==
As the Gondorians came from Númenor, so came their language: [[Westron]], or the Common Speech, was the main language of the people of Gondor. Though the source of Westron lied in Pelargir,<ref name="AppF">[[J.R.R. Tolkien]], ''[[The Lord of the Rings]]'', ''[[Appendix F]]'', "Of Men"</ref> the clearest form, without any accent, was spoken in Minas Tirith.<ref name="L193">[[J.R.R. Tolkien]], [[Humphrey Carpenter]], [[Christopher Tolkien]] (eds.), ''[[The Letters of J.R.R. Tolkien]]'', [[Letter 193]] (dated [[November 2]], [[1956]])</ref> This style was nobler and more antique than other dialects, and this was the Westron the Elves adopted.<ref name="L144">[[J.R.R. Tolkien]], [[Humphrey Carpenter]], [[Christopher Tolkien]] (eds.), ''[[The Letters of J.R.R. Tolkien]]'', [[Letter 144]] (dated [[April 25]], [[1954]])</ref> In reverence of the mighty lords of Númenor of old, Eldarin was spoken by nobility. Quenya was known to the learned, and Sindarin was used to be polite, especially by those of high [[Númenóreans|Númenórean]] blood.<ref name="L347">[[J.R.R. Tolkien]], [[Humphrey Carpenter]], [[Christopher Tolkien]] (eds.), ''[[The Letters of J.R.R. Tolkien]]'', [[Letter 347]] (dated [[December 17]], [[1972]])</ref> However, especially the Sindarin contained several [[Gondor Sindarin|dialectical differences]].<ref name="CE49">[[J.R.R. Tolkien]], [[Christopher Tolkien]] (ed.), ''[[Unfinished Tales]]'', "[[Cirion and Eorl]]", note 49</ref>

==Etymology==
In earlier times, it was called the South Kingdom, or ''[[Hyaralondie]]'', ''[[Hyallondie]]'' and ''[[Turmen Hyallondiéva]]'' in Quenya, and ''[[Arthor na Challonnas]]'' in Sindarin from the Númenórean point of view: the elements ''[[londie]]'' and ''[[lonnas]]'' mean "harbour, landing".<ref name="PE17">{{PE|17}}</ref>

The name '''Gondor''' was likely adopted from the lesser people's terminology<ref name="L324">{{L|324}}</ref> and translates from [[Sindarin]] as "Stone-land", from the words ''[[gond]]'', "stone", and ''(n)[[dor]]'', "land".<ref name="L324"/> The (generally not used) [[Quenya]] form of the name was ''[[Ondonóre]]''.<ref name="VT42">{{VT|42}}</ref> Gondor received its name because of the abundance of stone in the [[Ered Nimrais]], and the usage of it in great stone cities, statues, and monuments, such as Minas Tirith and the Argonath.

In [[Rohan]], it was known as '''[[Stoningland]]''',<ref name="tBotPF"/> and [[Ghân-buri-Ghân]] of the [[Drúedain]] also recognized their use of stone.<ref name="RotR">{{RK|Ride}}</ref>

{{references}}
[[Category:Gondor| ]]
[[Category:Regions]]
[[Category:Sindarin Locations]]
[[de:Gondor]]
[[fa:گاندور]]
[[fi:Gondor]]

User talk:Hyarion

2011-03-27T19:41:58Z

PHoBiA: /* valimar */ new section

{| style="border: 1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color: #f9f9f9; color: black; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 1em; padding: 0.2em; float: right; clear: right;"
|-
!align="center"|[[Image:archive.png|50px|Archive]] Archives
----
|-
|
* [[User_talk:Hyarion/Archive 1|2005]]     
* [[User_talk:Hyarion/Archive 2|2006]]     
* [[User_talk:Hyarion/Archive 3|2007]]     
* [[User_talk:Hyarion/Archive 4|2008]]     
|}
{{usertalk}}

== General disclaimer ==

Hiya. I was working on uploading the FotR-pics when I suddenly thought, don't we need a general disclaimer to put underneath images? "The name(s) <nowiki>{{1}}, {{2}} and {{3}}</nowiki> and the description of their appearance are based on the works of J.R.R. Tolkien, and the copyright to these names and descriptions is owned by [[Middle-earth Enterprises|Tolkien Enterprises]]. TG does neither have nor claim ownership blah blah blah...", you know the works. Since our current fair-use policy could use some work (display on userpages, for example, is not fair use). -- {{User:Ederchil/sig}} 17:31, 16 December 2008 (UTC)

:Agreed, although I think underneath the images should state fair use, while our Disclaimer link at the bottom of all pages should mention the general copyright message. --[[User:Hyarion|Hyarion]] 04:57, 21 January 2009 (UTC)

::That link in the bottom leads to a page that does not exist yet, [[Tolkien Gateway:General disclaimer]]. -- {{User:Ederchil/sig}} 08:31, 21 January 2009 (UTC)

== Me again - image galleries ==

Don't know when the next meeting will be, so I thought I'd post it here before I forget it. In the case of some categories - [[:Category:Images of Gothmog]] most notoriously - there's still some problem over disambiguation. Maybe all image categories should be renamed with the full pagename of the subject? Thus, [[:Category:Images of Boromir (Son of Denethor II)]] and such, rather than "Images of Boromir" - it is also handy when we would have a special box pointing to images - such as Wikipedia's interlinking with Wiktionary and Wikiquote, or Wookieepedia with quotes and images. I already did on of those for artist's galleries, [[:Template:Viewgal]]. -- {{User:Ederchil/sig}} 14:55, 31 December 2008 (UTC)

:Sorry for the late response, I've been meaning to reply for some time; school/work has gotten the best of me lately, but not for long! I fully agree regarding the full page name for Image categories. The Images box is a great idea, I don't know why I hadn't done that already, it'll help the articles look a little nicer as well. --[[User:Hyarion|Hyarion]] 04:57, 21 January 2009 (UTC)

== UsercrEation ==
I'm looking at the User Creation log at the moment. Do we have some sort of bot operating? All those twelve lettered users are just too many to be a coincidence. -- {{User:Ederchil/sig}} 09:18, 8 January 2009 (UTC)

:Yup. Gonna block them all infinitely. -- {{User:Ederchil/sig}} 15:45, 8 January 2009 (UTC)

==Ithilien + search==
Now that I'm on your talk anyway, any chance of the glitch in the search system of Ithilien (top links don't work) being fixed soon? I very much feel like switching back to cavendish. -- {{User:Ederchil/sig}} 08:31, 21 January 2009 (UTC)

:Too late for soon; but I did manage to fix it. The search box has also moved temporarily to the top right. --[[User:Hyarion|Hyarion]] 23:52, 22 February 2009 (UTC)

== The Hobbit ==
I really hope to see this on the big screen i have waited now for so many years. Your fathers works are beyond compare and and everyone should be able to enjoy his works through reading and through Television and films ... i`d like my children to grow up reading his works as i have . Thanks {{unsigned|Tom}}

:Uhm... Hyar, I didn't know you looked like CT? -- {{User:Ederchil/sig}} 22:20, 1 February 2009 (UTC)

==Multiple usernames==
Now that we can see the user creation log, it's also visible to see people who make multiple accounts. What do we do with those?

And on another note, isn't it time to archive 2008? -- {{User:Ederchil/sig}} 22:35, 22 February 2009 (UTC)

:I suppose we should have some formal policy on multiple accounts. I should be able to change someone's username if they wish to change their name, so there really isn't much reason for someone to create two. I'd imagine the main perpetrators are bots in which case we can just ban their IP address if they do it continuously. As long as the user isn't switching back and forth between the accounts or creating them excessively there's probably not much harm.

:I think I was contemplating which year to archive the discussions which spanned multiple years. I went ahead and made a decision, although now I kind of miss my lengthy talk page.

:Thank you for stepping up these last few months. Two jobs and school don't mix well with the wiki, but my life should be down to no school and one job shortly so I'll be able to get back into the swing of things. Keep up the great work! --[[User:Hyarion|Hyarion]] 00:11, 23 February 2009 (UTC)

== Arda.jpg ==

[[Image:Arda.jpg|200px]]

Could you please tell me where (in which book) can I find the original map?
--[[Special:Contributions/201.253.244.46|201.253.244.46]] 19:37, 23 February 2009 (UTC) Buenos Aires, Argentina.

:It's a fanon map. Not correct legendarium-wise. I favour deletion, even. But where did it come from? It's been circling the net for some time, I don't think it came from a book. -- {{User:Ederchil/sig}} 19:40, 23 February 2009 (UTC)

::Ohh ok, thanks very much

:::To me, it looks like it has been created by a fan, based on the maps by Karen Wynn Fonstad's [[The Atlas of Middle-earth]].--{{User:KingAragorn/sig}} 17:20, 24 February 2009 (UTC)

==Meetings==
Dear, Hyarion,

i was looking at the website and i noticed that there are meedings held on this sight. the last meeding was novemember 26th of 2008 and it was cancled and on that page it did not come up and say when the next meeding is going to happen. also i have another question when you want to enter another articail in the forums how do you do that? and is the chat area down is it being worked on. best of luck in life.{{unsigned|Elfhorse}}

==Backups==
This one comes partly from last night's outage, and partly from what happened to the [http://tfwiki.net/wiki/Main_Page TFWiki] recently (a crash and a major - one year - loss of work): If TG would crash, what's the situation on the backups? Would we have to search for Google caches, or is there some backup system? -- {{User:Ederchil/sig}} 08:22, 18 March 2009 (UTC)

:Right now the database is backed up weekly and we save a couple months worth of backups but I'm planning on doing nightly remote dumps, as even a week is a lot of lost work. The server hasn't been as reliable as it used to, I think we'll be migrating to a new host within the next year or two so we can improve uptime. --[[User:Hyarion|Hyarion]] 00:38, 20 March 2009 (UTC)

== Next Meeting ==

It is planned that we hold our next meeting on the [[Tolkien Gateway:Meetings/5 April 2009|5th of April 2009]], please inform us if you can attend [[Tolkien Gateway talk:Meetings/5 April 2009|here]].--{{User:KingAragorn/sig}} 18:42, 22 March 2009 (UTC)

=="Retrieved From"==
Anyway we can get rid of that line that suddenly appeared everywhere? -- {{User:Ederchil/sig}} 08:34, 8 April 2009 (UTC)

:Never mind, it's gone. -- {{User:Ederchil/sig}} 10:28, 8 April 2009 (UTC)

==Next Meeting==

Sorry to clutter up your talk page, but just informing you about the next meeting. It is planned that we hold our next meeting on '''Monday''' the [[Tolkien Gateway:Meetings/13 April 2009|13th of April 2009]], please inform us if you can attend [[Tolkien Gateway talk:Meetings/13 April 2009|here]]. Remember that it's on Easter Monday, not Easter Sunday. Thanks!--{{User:KingAragorn/sig}} 13:21, 9 April 2009 (UTC)

:Unfortunately I'll be at work but I'll try my best to check in. Keep up the great work! --[[User:Hyarion|Hyarion]] 00:16, 10 April 2009 (UTC)

== RE:Welcome ==

Thanks you, Hyarion. I want to make a question before returning to editing: How can I get rollback rights (if there are any)? I am already a rollbacker in another wiki, Halopedia (www.halo.wikia.com), and I would like to know how can I obtain these rights here. Thanks for your time,

<tt>[[User:Odysseas-spartan-53|Odysseas]]-[[User talk:Odysseas-spartan-53|Spartan]][[Special:Contributions/Odysseas-spartan-53|53]]</tt> 11:13, 23 May 2009 (UTC)

:Hi Odysseas, sorry for the delay; right now we aren't distibuting roll back rights, but keep up the great work and we'll get them to you eventually. --[[User:Hyarion|Hyarion]] 03:07, 2 June 2009 (UTC)

== FA ==

See [[Forum:Featured article icon]].

Can we get [http://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Extension:ImageMap Extension: ImageMap] or something like it? -- {{User:Ederchil/sig}} 16:37, 10 June 2009 (UTC)

:Yea, looks easy enough to install. I should have it done this weekend. --[[User:Hyarion|Hyarion]] 01:57, 11 June 2009 (UTC)

== Merge ==

So what happened with the disscussions about the merging of the One Wiki to Rule Them All and Tolkien Gateway? Did it not work, or was there some issue? Was it forgotton? ~[http://lotr.wikia.com/User:Arvan_Swordwielder Arvan Swordwielder]

Hi Arvan, most of the editors migrated here but Wikia wished to keep their version online. If I can help with anything else just let me know. --[[User:Hyarion|Hyarion]] 04:34, 1 September 2009 (UTC)

== Thumbnails ==

Hi. Can you please check out [[Historical Atlas]] and tell me what is wrong with thumbnail generation? It could evolve into a great article. Thanks [[User:Sage|Sage]] 11:23, 22 September 2009 (UTC)

:As far as I can tell, it's images in general that's to blame here. There's something wrong with uploading since the last update. -- {{User:Ederchil/sig}} 12:28, 22 September 2009 (UTC)

===Sitenotice===
Related to the above, I've tried to put up [[:MediaWiki:Sitenotice|sitenotice]] to tell editors not to upload for the time being, but apparently you haven't activated it yet. Can you, please? also for future use it could be handy. -- {{User:Ederchil/sig}} 18:14, 22 September 2009 (UTC)

== Saruman's ring ==

Hi, I was reading Saruman's article and it's good but there is something I would like to ask. In the "Chief of the White Council" you have stated that Saruman HAD MADE a ring of power by using the knowledge of the noldor of former Eregion to enchant he's speaking voice. I would like to know WHERE and HOW have you came up with this knowledge because i have read a lot about middle earth and i have never found that Tolkien would have stated that Saruman had knowledge about making a ring of power or actualy made one. Also Where could he have made it? Orthanc or Isengard hadn't great forges before orcs came there and i doubt that forge any made by orc would be hot enough to make a ring of power.
Aromez

13:12

27.11.2009

== Google Maps for Arda ==

Hey, I have finished the [[User:Eldarion_Telcontar/Google_Maps_for_Arda|Google Maps for Arda extension]], we talked about [[Tolkien_Gateway_talk:To-do#map_engine_for_middle-earth|here]]. KingAragorn has tested it on a MediaWiki server he set up and after resolving one error it works well. Now it would be great if you could install the extension on our server. You can find the installation instructions [[User:Eldarion Telcontar/Google Maps for Arda/Installation|here]] (it takes under 10 minutes to install).

Best wishes, [[User:Eldarion Telcontar|Eldarion Telcontar]] 21:06, 3 December 2009 (UTC)

:I see you're back Hyarion, what are your thoughts on this?--{{User:KingAragorn/sig}} 00:28, 24 December 2009 (UTC)

::Love it, let me see if I can get it added tonight. --[[User:Hyarion|Hyarion]] 04:25, 24 December 2009 (UTC)

:::Hm, do either of you two have the Tiles.zip file handy? It looks like the rapidshare link expired. --[[User:Hyarion|Hyarion]] 05:20, 24 December 2009 (UTC)

::::I have uploaded the file again. You can download it [http://rapidshare.de/files/48887909/Tiles.zip.html here]. Merry Christmas!! -- [[User:Eldarion Telcontar|Eldarion Telcontar]] 15:23, 24 December 2009 (UTC)

:::::You can see it working [http://arda.agilityhoster.com/wiki/index.php?title=Main_Page here].--{{User:KingAragorn/sig}} 21:08, 10 January 2010 (UTC)

:::::: I really like this. Is there another way to download it? [[User:Smeagol|Smeagol]] 07:06, 12 January 2010 (UTC)

::::::: What are you looking for? You can download it [http://rapidshare.de/files/48887909/Tiles.zip.html here] from Rapidshare. I could upload it to another hoster as well if you like. -- [[User:Eldarion Telcontar|Eldarion Telcontar]] 20:29, 12 January 2010 (UTC)

==Images==

When I've tried to insert pictures on various pages I have been unable to, and it said this message:

"Error creating thumbnail:

'''Warning:''' passthru() has been disabled for security reasons in '''/home/tolkieng/public_html/w/includes/GlobalFunctions.php''' on line '''2024'''"

could you explain what is going wrong? [[User:LotRfan01|LotRfan01]] 20:36, 17 December 2009 (UTC)

:It's a glitch since the last update. Hyar hasn't been around lately, but he's the one that can solve this, I'll see if I can email him tomorrow. For now, the best advice is to wait until it's been fixed, or, if it's really necessary, upload pics of about 250px wide. See also [[Forum:Image problems|here]]-- {{User:Ederchil/sig}} 21:43, 17 December 2009 (UTC)

::Sorry for taking so long to get this fixed; it should be working now. --[[User:Hyarion|Hyarion]] 05:01, 23 December 2009 (UTC)

== Chat problems? ==

The hyarion.gotdns.com subdomain seems to be out of order, and as a result none of the java entrances to the chat can be accessed. At least one other person has been asking about this for some time. Would be nice if you could find the time to try and iron out what's wrong. -- [[User:Mithrennaith|Mithrennaith]] 23:27, 20 December 2009 (UTC)

:Hi Mithrennaith, you bet, I'll see if I can get those Java clients up by the weekend. --[[User:Hyarion|Hyarion]] 05:02, 23 December 2009 (UTC)

::Hi Hyarion, they still seem to be down - I haven’t been able to get any response out of them since my previous mention. — [[User:Mithrennaith|Mithrennaith]] 22:23, 10 June 2010 (UTC)

== 500 Internal Server Error ==

I keep experiencing this with greater frequency. I know it's common on large family-tress, but I've experienced this on smaller ones, on pages without family-trees and Recent Changes (I get this a lot on Recent Changes). I don't know what's going on there, but I thought I'd better let you know. I don't know if I'm the only person getting this. --{{User:Mith/sig}} 00:51, 3 January 2010 (UTC)
::I have it too, and it happens to me mostly when I save a page. [[User:Grond|Grond]] 07:48, 3 January 2010 (UTC)
:::I have experienced it too, just now, when looking up the history of [[Amrod]] and when calling [[User:Þelma]]. — [[User:Mithrennaith|Mithrennaith]] 06:30, 23 February 2010 (UTC)

::::Me too, still seems like a common problem. --[[User:Morgan|Morgan]] 17:40, 6 May 2010 (UTC)

:::::Still happens to me over the last few days regularly. — [[User:Mithrennaith|Mithrennaith]] 22:23, 10 June 2010 (UTC)

::::::This shouldn't happen anymore, let me know if the problem persists. Thanks. --[[User:Hyarion|Hyarion]] 01:36, 30 August 2010 (UTC)

== My Bot ==

Hello Hyarion! Sorry to double-post on your talk page, but I was wondering whether for you could make [[User:Mithbot]] a bot? I promise I know what I'm doing (I'm using the [http://dotnetwikibot.sourceforge.net/ DotNetWikiBot Framework] which [[User:KingAragorn Bot]] uses) and would be fixing redirects, spelling errors, categorisations, that sort of thing. Thanks, --{{User:Mith/sig}} 00:11, 10 January 2010 (UTC)

:Done (a while ago, but replying for consistency). --[[User:Hyarion|Hyarion]] 01:37, 30 August 2010 (UTC)

== Forum inputbox down ==

Err ... while you’re at it, could you make [[:Forum:Council]] work again? Nobody can put up a new topic now (or you need to know exactly what needs doing and do a lot of work ‘manually’). — [[User:Mithrennaith|Mithrennaith]] 22:23, 10 June 2010 (UTC)

:Fixed. --[[User:Hyarion|Hyarion]] 01:37, 30 August 2010 (UTC)

== server move hiccups ==

For some reason, all links are underlined since the server move. Any idea how to fix that? -- {{User:Ederchil/sig}} 16:45, 6 July 2010 (UTC)

:Is there a problem with [[MediaWiki:Common.css]]: I've noticed that the style wasn't being applied to inclusions of [[Template:Pronounce]] and [[Template:Seq-head]] as well as the anchor issue Ederchil's mentioned. --{{User:Mith/sig}} 17:37, 6 July 2010 (UTC)

== The new server ==

Just wanted to say that the increased speed of the new server is very much appreciated! Many thanks for your work! --[[User:Morgan|Morgan]] 12:13, 7 July 2010 (UTC)

:Glad to hear it is noticeable! We do seem to be having some random but persistent issues with the web server locking up and needing to be restarted, so if anyone has experienced that yet, it's not just you. I'm looking into it. Luckily my configuration is to blame and not the server. --[[User:Hyarion|Hyarion]] 04:54, 8 July 2010 (UTC)

::I guees you already know it, but when trying to upload images, it says: "Inernal error: The upload directory (public) is not writable by the webserver". --[[User:Morgan|Morgan]] 17:28, 8 July 2010 (UTC)

:::Actually, that one I didn't know, thanks for the heads up. I'll get it fixed tonight. --[[User:Hyarion|Hyarion]] 18:16, 8 July 2010 (UTC)

::::The [[Forum:Council|Forum]] also still seems to be broken, even worse than before ... — [[User:Mithrennaith|Mithrennaith]] 04:51, 10 July 2010 (UTC)

:::::Just a reminder of the image upload problem - still doesn't work. --[[User:Morgan|Morgan]] 12:06, 17 July 2010 (UTC)

::::::This should be working now, extremely sorry this took so long. --[[User:Hyarion|Hyarion]] 01:31, 30 August 2010 (UTC)

==Solving the image upload error==
Hyarion, if you got stuck, do you think this thread could help out? [http://www.mwusers.com/forums/showthread.php?10474-The-upload-directory-(public)-is-not-writable-by-the-webserver. MediawikiUsers (external link)] --[[User:Morgan|Morgan]] 16:30, 21 July 2010 (UTC)

AFAIK, he's out of town right now. --{{User:KingAragorn/sig}} 17:46, 21 July 2010 (UTC)

== IMPORTANT - database syntax error ==

This text shows up several times (bit not always) when trying to reach an article on TG:

''A database query syntax error has occurred. This may indicate a bug in the software. The last attempted database query was:
INSERT IGNORE INTO `objectcache` (keyname,value,exptime) VALUES ('tg_wiki:pcache:idhash:5 [FOLLOWED BY ca. +1000 UNREADABLE CHARACTERS]
from within function "MediaWikiBagOStuff::_doinsert". Database returned error "126: Incorrect key file for table './tg_wiki/objectcache.MYI'; try to repair it (localhost)".''

--[[User:Morgan|Morgan]] 08:09, 29 July 2010 (UTC)

:I get it with categories, a lot. Another error message:

A database query syntax error has occurred. This may indicate a bug in the software. The last attempted database query was:
DELETE FROM `objectcache` WHERE keyname='tg_wiki:pcache:idhash:27909-0!1!0!!en!2'
from within function "MediaWikiBagOStuff::_doquery". Database returned error "126: Incorrect key file for table './tg_wiki/objectcache.MYI'; try to repair it (localhost)".

:Which basically says the same thing except it doesn't include the gibberish. -- {{User:Ederchil/sig}} 08:15, 29 July 2010 (UTC)

::Seems perhaps like we have to ''"run the update script"'' in order to ''"correct the database schema"'', which is done ''"from the command line, browse to the 'maintenance' directory and run the update.php script to check and update the schema."'' At least this is what the thread [http://www.gossamer-threads.com/lists/wiki/wikitech/170529 Mailing list archive:Mediawiki] tells me. But I'm not a tech guy ;-) --[[User:Morgan|Morgan]] 08:28, 29 July 2010 (UTC)

:::This was resolved, it happens from time to time when a record gets corrupted. --[[User:Hyarion|Hyarion]] 01:39, 30 August 2010 (UTC)

== Forum Problem ==

For over a month I have not been able to see forum topics. The page appears without any threads and only some coding for buttons, etc. that should be there. Am i the only one who sees this and whay hasn't it been fixed?--{{User:Breragor/sig}} 01:45, 13 August 2010 (UTC)

:See also [[User_talk:Ederchil#Editcount-Template_doesn.27t_work|here]]. -- {{User:Ederchil/sig}} 06:20, 13 August 2010 (UTC)

::The forum's [[Special:RecentChangesLinked/Category:Council|recent changes page]] is quite handing for up with the it in the meantime. --[[User:Aule the Smith|Aule the Smith]] 08:54, 13 August 2010 (UTC)

:::How long do we expect this to be as such, becuase it's already been like a month? {{unsigned|Breragor}}

::::We don't know. TG has been experiencing a number of technical problems lately. Frankly, the forum not showing is the least of these problems. Aule the Smith has provided you with a handy link as a work around, you could also look at [[:Category:Council]]. To start a new thread: '''[http://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=Forum:TITLE&action=edit&preload=Template:Counciltop New Thread]''' (Edit URL where is says ''TITLE)'' --{{User:KingAragorn/sig}} 00:01, 15 August 2010 (UTC)

:Err, are we sure Hyarion is aware of the ongoing problems with image uploading and extensions? The server is a lot smoother now (at least to me), but there doesn't seem to be any sign of them being re-enabled. {{User:Aule the Smith/sig}} 18:54, 23 August 2010 (UTC)

::I emailed Hyarion about it but the message bounced :S {{User:Aule the Smith/sig}} 17:16, 29 August 2010 (UTC)

:::Yes, a few of us have been sending emails to Hyarion, sadly to no avail. :( --{{User:KingAragorn/sig}} 17:55, 29 August 2010 (UTC)

::::Yea, sorry for anyone sending e-mails to hyarion at tolkiengateway.net, I haven't finished seting up the mail service on the new server so the e-mails will probably bounce back. In the mean time you can contact me via hyarion at gmail.com --[[User:Hyarion|Hyarion]] 01:51, 30 August 2010 (UTC)

== Server Details ==

Hi Hyarion, just a quick message (so I don't forget), is any of the information on this page accurate: [[Tolkien Gateway:Servers]]. Do you think that you could update it (or else I'm probably going to delete it). --{{User:Mith/sig}} 10:15, 28 August 2010 (UTC)

== Hyarion is back! ==

Hyarion, your re-appearance is greatly appreciated! Many thanks! --[[User:Morgan|Morgan]] 01:38, 30 August 2010 (UTC)

:Indeed, let the images flow! {{User:Aule the Smith/sig}} 08:04, 30 August 2010 (UTC)

== SVG thumbnails ==

[[:File:J.R.R._Tolkien_-_Crown_of_Gondor.svg|Don't appear]] to work. {{User:Aule the Smith/sig}} 12:19, 1 September 2010 (UTC)
:They should be working now, although that specific file looks like it needs to be re-uploaded. --[[User:Hyarion|Hyarion]] 16:29, 3 October 2010 (UTC)

== Email ==

Hey like the site hope I can do something, just a FYI, I did not receive a conformation email for my account. I am still checking things on my end, thought I would mention it if you have a bug on your end. [[User:Mlpearc|'''Mlpearc''']] [[User_talk:Mlpearc|'''powwow''']] 19:02, 19 September 2010 (UTC)

:Hello there. Welcome aboard, always good to see new faces. I think I may know what the culprit is regarding your confirmation e-mail, looking into it now. --[[User:Hyarion|Hyarion]] 19:34, 19 September 2010 (UTC)

::Thank you for your response. [[User:Mlpearc|'''Mlpearc''']] [[User_talk:Mlpearc|'''powwow''']] 19:54, 19 September 2010 (UTC)

::Just checking, I have not received anything yet. [[User:Mlpearc|'''Mlpearc''']] [[User_talk:Mlpearc|'''powwow''']] 15:41, 22 September 2010 (UTC)

== Poster of Bilbo's Last Song by Pauline Baynes ==

Do you know where I can get a new (or VGC 2nd hand) copy of this poster please (as shown on this site)?

Thanks

PaulB

:You'd be better off asking someone on [http://www.tolkienguide.com Tolkien Collector's Guide]. [http://www.tolkienguide.com/modules/newbb/viewtopic.php?topic_id=490 This thread] there mirrors what I would suggest: try [http://www.ebay.co.uk eBay]! --{{User:Mith/sig}} 11:13, 17 October 2010 (UTC)

== Email Confirmation ==

Hello. I just wanted to inquire - when I created an account (a while ago now) and gave my email address, I received no confirmation. A message appeared that said (something like) the format of my email address was incorrect. I checked and it was just my normal email address. Have I done something else incorrect? Can I fix this? "Greenwizard 1 Nov 2010"

:Hi Greenwizard! Thanks so much for your contributions to our music articles. Regarding confirmation of e-mail address, this is actually a bug in our mail service at the moment, so you have done everything correctly. Sorry for the inconvenience, it should be fixed shortly. --[[User:Hyarion|Hyarion]] 01:59, 1 November 2010 (UTC)

==No Worries==
OK thanks Hyarion - glad I didn't enter details incorrectly. BTW, I'm most impressed with this site and the way it's organised. Cheers "Greenwizard 2 Nov 2010"

== Server down ==

Hello Hyarion. TG was down for at least 7 hours yesterday. Do you have any update on the work with keeping the server stable? --[[User:Morgan|Morgan]] 11:45, 11 December 2010 (UTC)

:Without jinxing anything, I believe the server issue has been resolved. We have gone from multiple issues per day to none this past week. I ended up blocking a specific indexing bot from crawling the site. --[[User:Hyarion|Hyarion]] 05:20, 24 December 2010 (UTC)

::Great news, Hyarion! I've noticed that the server hasn't been down lately.--[[User:Morgan|Morgan]] 10:30, 24 December 2010 (UTC)

::This is indeed momentous news and a great Christmas present! Might we be seeing some extensions return, now? --{{User:Mith/sig}} 23:54, 24 December 2010 (UTC)

== valimar ==

Hi Hyarion, I'm one of the Founders & Bureaucrats of [http://wiki.valimar.ir/index.php?title=%D8%B5%D9%81%D8%AD%D9%87%D9%94_%D8%A7%D8%B5%D9%84%DB%8C valimar] (and also one of [http://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A8%D8%B1:PHoBiA the admins] in [http://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B5%D9%81%D8%AD%D9%87%D9%94_%D8%A7%D8%B5%D9%84%DB%8C Persian Wikipedia]). I'm glad that you setup us as your sister-site. I'll setup reciprocal links to TG articles as soon as possible. Best Regards -- [[User:PHoBiA|PHoBiA]] 19:41, 27 March 2011 (UTC)
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User talk:PHoBiA

2011-03-27T19:28:03Z

PHoBiA: Adding welcome message to new user's talk page