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Castamir

2024-10-27T06:21:49Z

Progüvo06: /* Etymology */

{{infobox character
| people=[[Gondorians|Gondorian]]
| name=Castamir
| image=Matěj Čadil - Castamir the Usurper of Gondor.jpg
| caption="Castamir the Usurper of Gondor" by [[:Category:Images by Matěj Čadil|Matěj Čadil]]
| pronun=
| othernames="The Usurper"
| titles=[[Captain of Ships]], [[Kings of Gondor|King of Gondor]]
| position=
| location=[[Gondor]]
| affiliation=
| language=[[Westron]]
| birth={{TA|1259}}
| birthlocation=
| rule={{TA|1437}} – {{TA|1447|n}} (10 years)
| death={{TA|1447}}
| deathlocation=
| age=188
| notablefor=
| house=[[House of Anárion]]
| parentage=''unknown'', grandfather [[Calimehtar (son of Calmacil)|Calimehtar]]
| siblings=
| spouse=
| children=
| gender=Male
| height=
| hair=
| eyes=
| clothing=
| weapons=
| steed=
}}
'''Castamir "The Usurper"''' ([[Quenya|Q]], pron. {{IPA|[ˈkastamir]}}; {{TA|1259}}<ref>{{PM|Elendil}}</ref> – {{TA|1447|n}},<ref>{{App|South}}</ref> aged 188 years) usurped the throne of [[Gondor]] from [[Eldacar (King of Gondor)|Eldacar]], ruling from {{TA|1437|n}} to {{TA|1447|n}}, until he was violently deposed.

==History==
Castamir was the grandson of [[Calimehtar (son of Calmacil)|Calimehtar]], the younger son of [[Calmacil (King of Gondor)|Calmacil]], the eighteenth [[Kings of Gondor|King of Gondor]]. Although not a direct heir to the throne he was a noble of realm and became the [[Captain of Ships]].

When [[Eldacar (King of Gondor)|Eldacar]] ascended to the throne in {{TA|1432}} a civil war broke out in [[Gondor]]. Eldacar's mother had been [[Vidumavi]], a princess from [[Rhovanion]] and not of [[Númenórean]] descent. It was unheard of for an heir to the throne to come from one of an alien and lesser race, as viewed by the [[Dúnedain]], and many feared that her shorter lifespan would diminish the majesty of the Kings. Before Eldacar's ascension rebellion brewed in Gondor, especially in the southern parts, and when he became King full civil war broke out, called the [[Kin-strife]].<ref>{{App|TA}}</ref>

Castamir joined the rebellion and being nearest in blood to the crown as well as having the greatest following (due to his support by the people of the coasts and havens of [[Pelargir]] and [[Umbar]]) he became its leader. He led the rebel forces that besieged Eldacar in [[Osgiliath]] and forced the King to flee to his kinsfolk in Rhovanion. The nature of Castamir's character became apparent during the long siege for he not only caused slaughter and destruction in Osgiliath beyond the demands of war, he also had [[Ornendil]], Eldacar's son, put to death when the city fell.

In Eldacar's absence, Castamir seized the throne. After having shown great cruelty during the war, he further alienated his subjects by being haughty and ungenerous. He also planned to remove the King's seat to Pelargir, a proposal that lowered Castamir in the eyes of the people of [[Minas Anor]] and [[Ithilien]].

In the north, Eldacar forged an army composed of his kinsfolk, those Northmen who had been in the service of Gondor, and a growing number of disaffected Dúnedain from the northern parts of the realm. In {{TA|1447}} Eldacar marched south and his army was augmented by folks from [[Calenardhon]], [[Anórien]], and Ithilien. Castamir's forces met Eldacar's army in [[Lebennin]] where the [[Battle of the Crossings of Erui]] was fought. Much of the best blood of Gondor was lost in the fray. Eldacar himself slew Castamir in the fight and thus reclaimed his Kingship.

However, Castamir's sons escaped from the battle and withdrew their father's forces into Pelargir. There they withstood a siege until they could sail away to Umbar. This city and haven became a lordship independent of Gondor and a refuge for all enemies of the realm, a threat that would last for centuries.<ref>{{App|Gondor}}</ref>

==Etymology==
''Castamir'' is [[Quenya]]. Its meaning is not glossed, but as Paul Strack explains, the final element of this name is probably ''[[mírë]]'' ("jewel").<ref>{{webcite|author=Paul Strack|articleurl=https://www.eldamo.org/content/words/word-1935153091.html|articlename=Q. ''Castamir'' m.|website=Eldamo|accessed=29 October 2021}}</ref>

The first element, ''casta'', is not translated, but it could be a variant of ''[[cassa]]'' "helmet". In that case, his name means "helmet-jewel" or "jewelled helmet".

== Genealogy ==
{{familytree/start}}
{{familytree | | | | | | | CAL | | | | |NAR=[[Narmacil I]] ''{{TA|1049|n}} - {{TA|1294|n}}''|CAL=[[Calmacil (King of Gondor)|Calmacil]] ''{{TA|1058|n}} - {{TA|1304|n}}''}}
{{familytree | | | | | |,|-|^|-|.| | | |}}
{{familytree | VID | | ROM | | CAL | | |VID=[[Vidugavia]] ''unknown''|ROM=[[Rómendacil II]] ''{{TA|1126|n}} - {{TA|1366|n}}''|CAL=[[Calimehtar (son of Calmacil)|Calimehtar]] ''unknown''}}
{{familytree | |!| | | |!| | | |:| | | |}}
{{familytree | VID |y| VAL | | |:| | | |VID=[[Vidumavi]] ''d. {{TA|1332|n}}''|VAL=[[Valacar]] ''{{TA|1194|n}} - {{TA|1432|n}}''}}
{{familytree | | | |!| | | | | |:| | | |}}
{{familytree | | | ELD | | | | CAS | | |ELD=[[Eldacar (King of Gondor)|Eldacar]] ''{{TA|1255|n}} - {{TA|1490|n}}''|CAS='''CASTAMIR''' ''{{TA|1259|n}} - {{TA|1447|n}}''†}}
{{familytree | |,|-|^|-|.| | | |!| | | |}}
{{familytree | ORN | | ALD | | SON | | |ORN=[[Ornendil]] ''d. {{TA|1437|n}}''†|ALD=[[Aldamir]] ''{{TA|1330|n}} - {{TA|1540|n}}''†|SON=''sons'' ''unknown''†}}
{{familytree | | | | | |!| | | |:| | | |}}
{{familytree | | | | | HYA | | |:| | | |HYA=[[Hyarmendacil II]] ''{{TA|1391|n}} - {{TA|1621|n}}''}}
{{familytree | | | | | | | |F|~|A|~|7| |}}
{{familytree | | | | | | | |:| | | |:| |}}
{{familytree | | | | | | | ANG | | SAN |ANG=[[Angamaitë]] ''fl. {{TA|1634|n}}''|SAN=[[Sangahyando]] ''fl. {{TA|1634|n}}''}}
{{familytree/end}}

{{references}}

{{seq-start}}
{{seq-head
| race=gondorian
| house=[[House of Anárion]] Cadet branch of [[House of Elros]]
| born={{TA|1259}}
| died={{TA|1447}}
}}
{{seq
| prev=[[Eldacar (King of Gondor)|Eldacar]]
| list=22nd [[Kings of Gondor|King of Gondor]]
| dates={{TA|1437}} – {{TA|1447}}
| next=[[Eldacar (King of Gondor)|Eldacar]]
}}
{{seq-end}}

{{southernline}}
[[Category:Gondorians]]
[[Category:House of Anárion]]
[[Category:Mariners]]
[[Category:Quenya names]]
[[Category:Rulers of Gondor]]
[[Category:Third Age characters]]
[[de:Castamir]]
[[fr:encyclo:personnages:hommes:3a:dunedain:gondoriens:castamir]]
[[fi:Castamir]]

Last Debate

2024-10-25T07:19:32Z

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{{disambig-more|Last Debate|[[The Last Debate (disambiguation)]]}}
{{events
| image = Alan Lee - The Last Debate.jpg
| event=Last Debate
| othernames=
| location=Outside [[Minas Tirith]]
| date=[[March 16]] {{TA|3019}}
| result=Creation of the [[Army of the West]]
| partof=[[The War of the Ring]]
| participants=[[Aragorn]], [[Imrahil]], [[Gandalf]], [[Éomer]], [[Elladan]], [[Elrohir]]
| description=
| references=
| gallery=
}}
{{Quote|[...] This, I deem, is our duty. And better so than to perish nonetheless – as we surely shall, if we sit here – and know as we die that no new age shall be.|[[Gandalf]]}}

The '''Last Debate''' was the council that [[Aragorn]] held with [[Imrahil]], [[Gandalf]], [[Éomer]], [[Elladan]], and [[Elrohir]] outside [[Minas Tirith]] on [[16 March|March 16]], {{TA|3019|n}}.
==History==
After the [[Battle of Pelennor Fields]], Aragorn convened the Last Debate to decide their next course of action. Gandalf told the captains that they would not be able to defeat [[Sauron]] or his army through force of arms and that the one thing that would is [[The One Ring]]. He impressed upon them how important it was that the Ring be destroyed lest Sauron get it. He counselled them to create an army to march on the [[Black Gate]] to draw the [[Eye of Sauron]] away from [[Frodo]] and [[Sam]]. Éomer brought up concerns for the defence of Minas Tirith once the army left. In the end, they decided to leave behind 3,000 [[Rohirrim]] to attack a very large blocking force stationed on the [[West Road]] in [[Anórien]]; 4,000 who were coming by land from [[Pelargir]]; possibly several thousand who were coming up the [[Anduin]]; and the survivors from the siege of the city. This left the city better defended than it had been before the Battle of Pelennor Fields. Despite the knowledge that they were walking straight into a trap and some fears that Sauron would simply crush them without giving little thought to them, it was agreed that 7000 soldiers would leave Minas Tirith in two days.<ref>{{RK|Debate}}, pp. 878-82</ref> Also debated was whether to assail [[Minas Morgul]] which Gandalf strongly advocated against because of "evil that dwelt in the valley, where the minds of living men would turn to madness and horror" and the risk of drawing the Eye of Sauron too near to Frodo and Sam.<ref>{{RK|Gate}}, pp.884-5</ref>

The expeditionary force, known as the [[Army of the West]], numbered 7,000 men, and two days later on [[18 March]] they left for the Morannon. Of those that left, under [[Aragorn]] there were 2,000 of those who sailed with him up the [[Anduin]]; under [[Imrahil]] were 3,500 (probably from among the original defenders of the city); under [[Éomer]] were 500 [[Rohirrim]] unhorsed, and another 500 horsed; and lastly another 500 horsed Knights of [[Dol Amroth]], [[Rangers of the North]], and the two sons of [[Elrond]], [[Elladan]] and [[Elrohir]]. In total 6000 on foot and 1000 on horse.<ref>{{RK|Debate}}, pp. 881-81</ref>
{{references}}
[[Category:Events]]
[[Category:Third Age]]

Second Siege of Imladris

2024-10-17T20:29:39Z

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#REDIRECT [[Second siege of Imladris]]

Second siege of Imladris

2024-10-17T20:29:38Z

Progüvo06: Progüvo06 moved page Second Siege of Imladris to Second siege of Imladris

{{unnamed}}
{{battle
| name=Second siege of Imladris
| image=
| conflict=[[Angmar conflict]]
| date=C. {{TA}} 1400
| place=[[Rivendell]]
| result=Angmar defeated, Rivendell leads counteroffensive
| side1=[[Elves of Rivendell]]
| side2=Forces of [[Angmar]]
| commanders1=[[Elrond]]
| commanders2=Possibly the [[Witch-King]]
| forces1=Several thousand Elves
| forces2=Likely thousands of Orcs, Evil Men, other creatures
| casual1=Unknown, but probably light
| casual2=Unknown, but likely significant
|}}

The '''second siege of Imladris''' took place sometime between {{TA|1356}} and {{TA|1409|n}} of the [[Third Age]] in the War between [[Arnor]] and [[Angmar]].
At some point the siege was broken, and Lord [[Elrond]] was able to help subdue the forces of Angmar for a time by bringing reinforcements from [[Lothlórien]].

== Related Pages ==
*[[First Siege of Imladris]]

[[Category:Conflicts of the Angmar War]]
[[Category:Sieges]]

Second siege of Imladris

2024-10-17T20:29:13Z

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Arnor

2024-10-17T20:24:44Z

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{{kingdom
| image=Stephen_Raw_-_Middle-earth_map_(1_of_4).png
| name=Arnor
| pronun=
| othernames=Kingdom of the North, the Lost Realm, the North-kingdom, the Northern Kingdom, the North-realm
| location=Most of [[Eriador]]
| capital=[[Annúminas]], later [[Fornost Erain]]
| towns=[[Lond Daer]], [[Tharbad]], [[Bree]], [[Hobbiton]]
| regions=[[Arthedain]], [[Cardolan]], [[Rhudaur]]
| population=[[Arnorians]] [[Middle Men]] [[Hobbits]] Few [[Elves]]
| language=[[Westron]], [[Sindarin]], [[Quenya]], [[Hobbitish]]
| govern1=[[Kings of Arnor|King of Arnor]]/[[High King of the Dúnedain|High King]]
| govern2=Council of Arnor
| govern3=
| currency=
| holiday=
| precededby=[[Númenor]]
| event1=Founded
| event1date={{SA|3320}}
| event2=Divided
| event2date={{TA|861}}
| event3=Abandoned
| event3date={{TA|1974}}
| event4=Re-formed
| event4date=[[1 May]], {{TA|3019}}
| event5=
| event5date=
| followedby=[[Reunited Kingdom]]
}}

'''Arnor''', or the '''Northern Kingdom''', was a kingdom of the [[Dúnedain]] in the land of [[Eriador]] in [[Middle-earth]]. It was the original seat of the [[High King (Dúnedain)|High King of Arnor]] who ruled over both Arnor and [[Gondor]].
==Geography==
Arnor included most of [[Eriador]], extending from the gulf of [[Lune]] (west of which was [[Lindon]]) to the river [[Greyflood]] and its tributary, the river [[Loudwater]] (east of which was [[Rivendell]]).<ref name="eriador"/>

The Dunedain of Arnor dwelt in many places in Eriador, but most of the population centered around the region of [[Arthedain]]. The Dunedain mainly inhabited the cities of [[Fornost]] and the capital city of [[Annúminas]], as well as along the [[Baranduin]] and the gulf of [[Lune]]. By the later [[Third Age]], the settlements of the Dúnedain of [[Cardolan]] and [[Rhudaur]] had decayed and become ruins and [[barrows]].<ref name=rings/>
=== Regions ===

* [[Arthedain]], the core of the north-kingdom bordering the Lune
* [[Cardolan]], the lands south of the [[East Road]], east of the Brandywine
* [[Rhudaur]], the region between the Weather Hills and the [[Misty Mountains]]

=== Sites of civilization===

* [[Annúminas]], the old capital on the shore of Lake Evendim
* [[Fornost]], the new capital of the successor state of Arthedain
* [[Bree]], a trading centre located on the East Road
* [[Lond Daer]], an old harbour town founded by Númenóreans
* [[Weathertop|Amon Sûl]], also called Weathertop, a watchtower on the highest of the Weather Hills
* [[Elostirion]], an elven watchtower in the [[Tower Hills]]
* [[Tharbad]], a fortified town and port on each side of the River Greyflood on the southern border of Arnor

=== ''[[Palantíri]]'' ===

The '''[[Palantíri]]''' or 'seeing stones' were spherical stones that could communicate with each other and give visual impressions to a skilled remote user. [[Elendil]] and his two sons originally divided these stones between themselves. They were usually heavily guarded and under the control of the kings. There were seven of these stones in total. The northern kingdom possessed three, and the southern kingdom held the other four.<ref name=rings/>{{rp|362}} They were:

* The [[Elostirion-stone]], kept in the tower of [[Elostirion]]. This was used to communicate with The Master Stone in [[Tol Eressëa]], the Lonely Isle of the Elves, along the [[Straight Road]]. It could not contact the other Middle-Earth stones.
* The [[Amon Sûl-stone]], kept in the watchtower of [[Weathertop|Amon Sûl]]. The [[Amon Sûl-stone]] was a large stone, and the northern kings often used it to contact its corresponding large stone in Gondor, at the great dome of [[Osgiliath]].
* The [[Annúminas-stone]], kept in Arnor's capital city of [[Annúminas]]. Though one of the lesser stones, it was the stone most often used by the [[Kings of Arnor]].

==History==

=== Early history ===
Before the foundation of Arnor, [[Eriador]] was home to [[Middle Men]] of [[Edain]] stock. As a result of the slow emigration that started under the [[Númenórean]] kings [[Tar-Meneldur]] and [[Tar-Aldarion]], a sizable population formed. These early colonists soon interbred with the indigenous population of Eriador. The [[Faithful]] favored Eriador over the more southern regions (Gondor) because the [[Elves of Lindon]] under their high king [[Gil-galad]] lived very near across the river [[Lhûn]].<ref name=rings>{{S|Rings}}</ref>{{rp|360}} Conversely, the [[King's Men]] settled more to the south in the later days. Thus, the area was populated by people who were mainly still Faithful and [[Elf-friends]], where much of the knowledge of the [[Elder Days]] was preserved.

[[File:Steven White Jr. - Ann18.jpg|left|220px|thumb|''Palace Complex at Annúminas'' by Steven White, Jr.]]
During the [[Downfall of Númenor]], [[Elendil]] and his people sailed through the [[Gulf of Lune]] and up the [[Lune]] river, and befriended the [[High King of the Noldor]] Gil-galad.<ref name=rings/> Both Elendil and his sons were welcomed by the Men who were in whole or part of [[Númenorean]] blood.<ref name=rings/><ref name=languages>{{App|Men}}</ref> These [[Men of Eriador]] accepted the new kingdom of Elendil and helped to people and maintain the many places that the Northern Dúnedain built.<ref name=rings/> The [[Men of Bree]] also became subjects of Arnor.<ref name=languages/> Gil-galad and [[Elves of Lindon|his people]] aided the fledgling realm; he even built the [[Emyn Beraid]] for Elendil.<ref name=rings/>

Elendil founded Arnor at the end of the [[Second Age]] ({{SA|3320}}), while his sons founded the southern realm of [[Gondor]]. Both kingdoms of the [[Númenóreans]] were known as the [[Realms in Exile]], and their history is intertwined.
Despite its precedence over it as the seat of the High King, Arnor was never as powerful and populous as Gondor.<ref>{{PM|Atani}}</ref>

Elendil established the city of [[Annúminas]] as his capital. Besides the chief cities like Annúminas and [[Fornost]], the [[Men of Arnor]] concentrated around the courses of the Lhûn and the [[Baranduin]], the hills of [[Rhudaur]], and built towers on [[Amon Sûl]].<ref name=rings/>
=== [[War of the Last Alliance]] ===
[[File:The Lord of the Rings - The Motion Picture Trilogy - Isildur 2.jpg|right|thumb|''Isildur'' in Peter Jackson's ''The Fellowship of the Ring'']]
In {{SA|3430}}, Arnor joined forces with [[Gil-galad]] in a great alliance opposing Sauron, the [[Last Alliance of Elves and Men]]. When Elendil led his people against [[Sauron]], the [[Dúnedain]] and the other Men of Eriador marched together to the South.<ref name=rings/> In conjunction with southern forces from Gondor, they confronted Sauron's armies in the [[War of the Last Alliance]]. This great war lasted several years, that reached [[Dagorlad]] and [[Mordor]] itself far in the south, culminating to the [[Siege of Barad-dûr]]. Both [[Elendil]] and his son [[Anárion]] were slain in this conflict, but [[Isildur]] cut the [[One Ring]] from Sauron's finger and prevailed.

Isildur (who was also King of Gondor) was the elder son of Elendil and would inherit the High Kingship and throne of Arnor. But he never reached his new realm: he was killed in {{TA|2}} in the [[Disaster of the Gladden Fields]], as were his three eldest sons; the [[One Ring]] was also lost there.

Isildur's fourth and youngest son, [[Valandil (King of Arnor)|Valandil]], who had remained at [[Rivendell]] due to his youth, became [[Heir of Isildur|his heir]] ({{TA|10}}). But the Men of Arnor suffered heavy casualties in the War and subsequent Disaster; there now remained too few people and the places that Elendil had built became partially depopulated. Arnor never fully recovered from the devastating losses.<ref name=rings/>

Because neither Valandil nor his subsequent heirs claimed the throne of Gondor (at least until [[Arvedui|Arvedui's]] attempt), the realms were split; but whilst Arnor's ruler kept the title [[High King of the Dúnedain|High King]] in practice they were King of Arnor only, and had no power over the South-kingdom. [[Anárion]] and his heirs made no claim over the Northern-kingdom and styled themselves as simply as [[Kings of Gondor]].

=== Breakup, decline, and war with Angmar ===
Arnor's capital was [[Annúminas]] on [[Lake Evendim]], but by {{TA|861}} [[Fornost Erain]] had taken its place. No longer a site of such importance, Annúminas became depopulated and was slowly abandoned.

After the death of its tenth king, [[Eärendur (King of Arnor)|Eärendur]], in {{TA|861}}, Arnor was divided up between his three sons. The eldest, [[Amlaith]], claimed Kingship over all Arnor but was reduced to only ruling the region of Arthedain as his kingdom, while the other sons founded the kingdoms of [[Cardolan]] and [[Rhudaur]].<ref name=eriador>{{App|Eriador}}</ref><ref name=rings/><ref name=ta>{{App|TA}}</ref> The three petty kingdoms often strifed, usually over control of the [[Weather Hills]] and the [[palantíri|palantír]] of [[Amon Sûl]].<ref name=eriador/>

[[File:Grant Gould - The Witch King.jpg|right|thumb|220px|''The Witch King'' by Eliot Gould]]

Seeing the disunion in Arnor, during the reign of Malvegil (c. {{TA|1300}}), the [[Witch-king]] of [[Angmar]] arose in the north, later identified as in fact the lord of [[Sauron]]'s [[Ringwraiths]]. This new threat began attacking Rhudaur and Cardolan.<ref name=eriador/>

Eventually the line of [[Isildur]] failed in the other kingdoms but Arthedain and the Dúnedain were few in Rhudaur, where a lord of the [[Hill-men]], secretly supporting Angmar, seized power. Arnor was refounded ''de jure'' by the seventh [[King of Arthedain]], [[Argeleb I]], and Cardolan placed itself under its suzerainty but Rhudaur resisted. Arthedain thus reasserted control over Cardolan but in response, fortified a line along the [[Weather Hills]], but Rhudaur and Angmar attacked and killed the King in {{TA|1356}}. His son [[Arveleg I]], however, counterattacked in conjunction with Cardolan and [[Lindon]] and drove the enemy back.<ref name=eriador/>
[[File:BFME2 - Weathertop.jpg|left|220px|thumb|''Weathertop'' from BFME2]]
Arveleg continued to hold the frontier along the Hills for the following years, until {{TA|1409}}, when Angmar crossed the [[Hoarwell]] and successfully captured [[Weathertop]], and Arveleg fell in battle, as did the [[last prince of Cardolan]] (later interred in the [[Barrow-downs]]).<ref>{{HM|RC}}, "Fog on the Barrow-downs", pp. 144-5; Index, 'Cardolan, [[Last prince of Cardolan|last prince of]]'</ref> Amon Sûl fell, and its ''[[Amon Sûl-stone|palantír]]'' was taken to Fornost. With Amon Sûl lost, Angmar had free reign over the all the lands of Cardolan, which was ravaged, and the population was forced to hold out in the Barrow Downs, or took refuge in the [[Old Forest]]. Rhudaur was occupied by evil Men subject to [[Angmar]], and the remaining Dúnedain were slain or fled west.<ref name=eriador/>

[[The Shire]], once the hunting grounds of the [[King of Arnor]], was a fertile and well-tilled part of Arnor, deserted during the waning days of the Arthedain. The [[Hobbits]] (who had lived in [[Dunland]] and parts of depopulated [[Cardolan]] and [[Rhudaur]]) got official permission from King [[Argeleb II]] to settle the lands. This was finally done in {{TA|1601}} by [[Bree-hobbits]] led by the brothers [[Marcho]] and [[Blanco]]; almost all of the Hobbits of Middle-earth could be found there by 30 years later. The [[Shire-hobbits]] considered themselves as subjects of the King of Arthedain, at least nominally, considering the isolation of their country. Nevertheless, they sent some support troops to the great battles Arnor fought against Angmar.<ref name=eriador/>

The Men of Arnor did not have the strength to drive away the forces of Angmar, so the [[Elves of Lindon]], forces of [[Rivendell]], and the [[Galadhrim]] would defeat the armies of Angmar much later.<ref name=eriador/>

=== The [[Great Plague]] ===
[[File:Amir Salehi - Servant of Death.jpg|right|220px|thumb|Amir Salehi - ''Servant of Death'']]
Another threat appeared to the northern kingdoms, the [[Great Plague]] that came from the [[East]]. The Men of Arnor were so much affected that the joint garrison at [[Tharbad]] that Arnor held with Gondor, ceased to exist,<ref>{{UT|6d}}</ref> and the last of the Dúnedain of Cardolan died on the Barrow-downs. The Witch-king, exploiting the tragedy, sent evil spirits, the [[Barrow-wights]], to infest the area.

The [[Shire-folk]] were damaged by it, but not heavily. The plague lost its strength, however, at this point, so that most of [[Arthedain]] was unaffected.<ref name=eriador/>

The two Realms in Exile eventually suspected that these disasters might be being coordinated by a single power, and resumed communications. As a result, Prince Arvedui, heir to the Sceptre, wedded [[Fíriel]], the daughter of [[Ondoher]] [[King of Gondor]] ({{TA|1940}}). That happened before Ondoher was slain in battle, and hoping to save his Kingdom, Arvedui staked his claim to Gondor, by right of his descent from Elendil and by that of his wife. The [[Council of Gondor]] refused the reunification and crowned King [[Eärnil II]], who maintained good relations with Arnor, promising aid against Angmar. But Arnor's strength was fast dwindling; in {{TA|1973}} Arvedui (who now was King) sent a message to Gondor that Angmar was preparing its final assault, and Eärnil mustered a great armament bound for [[Lindon]], but it would arrive too late.<ref name=gondor>{{App|Gondor}}</ref>

=== Fall of Arthedain ===

In {{TA|1974}}, the final chapter in Arthedain's history began. The Witch-king attacked during the harsh winter weather. The capital of [[Fornost]] fell, and the remaining Arnorian forces were driven over the Lune river into Lindon.<ref name=eriador/> Arvedui fled to [[Forochel]], while his son, [[Aranarth]], informed [[Círdan]] at the [[Grey Havens]] about the disaster. Círdan's sailors were eventually unable to rescue Arvedui, and [[Malbeth]] the Seer's prophecy at his birth, that he would be the 'Last king' of Arthedain, was fulfilled.

=== Showdown with Angmar ===
The Gondorian naval forces under [[Eärnur]], [[Captain of Gondor]] eventually landed in the Grey Havens, from which debarked the most powerful army seen in the north of Middle-earth in centuries.

The remnants of Arnor would later join the great force, led by Cirdan and Eärnur, in the greatest joint Elf-Man army since the [[War of the Last Alliance]]; this great [[Host of the West (Arnor)|Host of the West]] marched northward toward the Arnorian capital of Fornost, where the Witch-king had occupied.
He confidently marched his forces out to meet them in the open. The Host attacked him from the [[Hills of Evendim]], and a [[Battle of Fornost|large battle]] broke out. The cavalry under Eärnur pursued what remained of the Angmar forces, and were joined by an Elven force under [[Glorfindel]] from [[Rivendell]]. Angmar fell but the Witch-King fled.

Thus both Arthedain and Angmar were destroyed. the Dúnedain of Arnor created new homes in the [[Angle of Eriador|Angle]] south of [[Rivendell]], but Aranarth perceived that his people had become too few after the continuing wars to reestablish the realm. [[Men of Bree|Some Men]] survived in [[Bree]] and other villages, while the Hobbits survived in the Shire and Bree; in the Shire they chose a [[Thain]] from among themselves to replace the fallen King in {{TA|1979}}. The Shire remained a minor but independent political unit.<ref name="lotr1018">{{App|Arnor}}</ref>

==Legacy==
=== [[Rangers of the North]] ===
Aranarth instead of calling himself a king or prince, he assumed the title [[Chieftains of the Dúnedain|Chieftain]] and took his dwindling people, now secretive wanderers who traveled from place to place in Eriador. His son, [[Arahael]], grew up safely in Rivendell under the fosterhood of [[Elrond]], a tradition that was followed through the rest of the Third Age. Also brought to Elrond were the heirlooms of the [[House of Isildur]]: the [[Sceptre of Annúminas]], the [[Ring of Barahir]], the shards of [[Narsil]], and the [[Star of Elendil]].<ref name=eriador/> Thus, through them the royal [[House of Isildur]] was maintained successfully from father to son for a millennium.

There were sixteen Chieftains in direct descent, under many perils in Eriador, and many of the Chieftains died premature deaths. One of these was [[Arathorn II]], who was slain by Orcs raiding the area. So the Dúnedain survived in the shadows, waiting for a better day when the kingdom would be reborn, that would be in the time of [[Aragorn]], on [[1 May]], {{TA|3019}}.

=== [[War of the Ring]] ===
The Kingdom of Arnor had been fallen for a thousand years by the time the [[War of the Ring]] broke out, but northern forces did participate in the War. [[Aragorn]] participated, the [[Heir of Isildur]], and there were several hundred of them operating during the conflict. The A company of this group accompanied Aragorn through the [[Paths of the Dead]] and during the attack on [[Umbar]] which captured the Corsair fleet. They participated at the last battle, fighting under his banner, at the [[Battle of the Morannon]], where [[Sauron]] was finally thrown down.

There was conflict in other areas of the North. There were three different invasions of [[Lothlórien]], which were thrown back by the Elven army under [[Celeborn]] and [[Thranduil]]. Finally, Celeborn led an attack resulting in the [[Fall of Dol Guldur|capture of Dol Guldur]] and put an end to Sauron's northern threat.

There was also a battle fought in [[the Shire]], between Saruman's [[Ruffians]] and [[Hobbits|Hobbit]] militia forces. This was the last battle fought in the [[War of the Ring]], and resulted in the death of Saruman and the death or capture of his followers. This became known as the [[Battle of Bywater]], and represents the Hobbit contribution to the War.<ref name="lotr992-996">''[[The Lord of the Rings]]'', [[The Scouring of the Shire]], pp. 992-6</ref>

=== Restoration and the [[Reunited Kingdom]] ===
[[File:Rowena Morrill - The Last Steward of Gondor.jpg|left|220px|thumb|''The Last Steward of Gondor'' by Rowena Morrill]]
Faramir, son of Denethor II the last Ruling Steward, presented his rod of office to the new king, and received it back from him. [[Aragorn|Aragorn II]] then was crowned by [[Gandalf]] as [[Aragorn|King Elessar]], refounded the Kingdom of Arnor as part of the [[Reunited Kingdom]], and made [[Annúminas]] his new capital city.<ref name="lotr1019">''[[The Lord of the Rings]]'', [[Appendix A]], p. 1019.</ref> He was wed to the Elven princess Arwen, who became [[Arwen|Queen Evenstar]] of Arnor and Gondor. After the fall of [[Sauron]] Arnor was safe again for resettlement of Men, and although it remained less populated than [[Gondor]] to the south, in time Arnor became a more densely populated region again, even if it had dwindled in size due to the independence of [[the Shire]]. The area encompassed by the Reunited Kingdom now encompassed the territory of the [[Two Kingdoms]] at their greatest extent. In the North, this included all the land between the [[Lune|River Lune]] and the [[Misty Mountains]], and in the South included all the land between Dunland in the west, to the [[Far Harad]] southwards, to [[Rhûn]] in the east. The reborn kingdom continued on into the Fourth Age, with [[Eldarion]] eventually succeeding his father to the throne of this now empire-sized state.

== Languages ==
Many people in Arnor were of Númenórean stock. However, aside from the Exiles, most had long since mingled with non-Númenórean peoples; the predominant language spoken by them was [[Westron]].<ref>{{App|F}}</ref> At least some of the population, especially the upper classes, were fluent in [[Sindarin]], while [[Quenya]] was studied as a language of lore. Many early place names and the names of the [[House of Isildur|royal house]] were Quenya, but by the 8th century of the [[Third Age]], Quenya had given way to Sindarin.

== Etymology ==
'''''Arnor''''' was the colloquial name for the '''North Kingdom'''. The North Kingdom, as the land was called at its conception, was also known as ''Turmen Follondiéva'' in [[Quenya]] and ''Arthor na Forlonnas'' in [[Sindarin]]. These names quickly fell out of use, in favour of ''Arnor'': the ''Land of the King'', so called for the kingship of [[Elendil]], and to seal its precedence over the [[Gondor|southern realm]]. In full, poetic Sindarin, it was called ''Arannor'', which mirrored its Quenya name, '''''Arandórë'''''.<ref>{{PE|17}}, p. 28</ref> Though technically ''Arandórë'' would have a Sindarin form ''Ardor'', [[J.R.R. Tolkien|Tolkien]] chose ''Arnor'' because it sounded better. This linguistic change was ascribed to a later, Mannish development of Sindarin.<ref name="L347">{{L|347}}</ref><ref>{{HM|RC}}, p. 17</ref> The form '''''Arnanórë''''' is also seen.<ref name="L347" />

==Portrayal in adaptations==
'''2002: {{tttee}}:'''
:Peter Jackson's movies do not mention the long history of how Arnor and Gondor diverged, nor do they mention Arnor by name. The one passing reference to it is in a scene from the Extended Edition, when Aragorn reveals to Éowyn that he is actually eighty-seven years old. She realises that he must be one of the [[Dúnedain]], a descendant of Númenor blessed with long life, but says that she thought his race had passed into legend. Aragorn acknowledges that he is one of the Dúnedain, and explains that there are not many of his people left, because "the Northern kingdom was destroyed long ago".

'''2012: [[The Hobbit: An Unexpected Journey]]:'''
:The kingdom of Arnor is mentioned indirectly by [[Galadriel]] in the [[White Council]] scene, and so is the [[Angmar War|war with Angmar]] and it's aftermath.

==See also==
* [[Kings of Arnor]]
* [[Kings of Gondor]]
* [[Gondor]]
* [[War of the Last Alliance]]
* [[War of the Ring]]

{{References}}

[[Category:Arnor| ]]
[[Category:Eriador]]
[[Category:Regions]]
[[Category:Sindarin locations]]

[[de:Arnor]]
[[fi:Arnor]]
[[fr:encyclo/geographie/royaumes/arnor]]

Gwaith-i-Mírdain

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{{organization infobox
| name=Gwaith-i-Mírdain
| image = Angus McBride - Celebrimbor.gif
| caption="Celebrimbor" by Angus McBride
| pronun={{respell|gweyeth|ee|mear|deyen}}
| othernames=Mírdain, People of the Jewel-smiths
| founded={{SA|750}}
| founder=[[Celebrimbor]]
| purpose=
| members=Mainly [[Noldor]]
| location=Headquartered at the [[House of the Mírdain]] in [[Ost-in-Edhil]], [[Eregion]]
| disbanded={{SA|1697}}
| notablefor=Forging the [[Rings of Power]]
| gallery=the Gwaith-i-Mírdain
}}
The '''Gwaith-i-Mírdain''', the '''People of the Jewel-smiths''', was a brotherhood of [[Elves|Elven]] master craftsmen of the [[Second Age]] who created the [[Rings of Power]].

==History==
The Gwaith were founded by [[Celebrimbor]] and other [[Noldor]] of [[Lindon]] who settled in [[Eregion]], close to the [[Dwarves]] of [[Moria|Khazad-dûm]] and their ''[[mithril]]'' mines. Their capital was [[Ost-in-Edhil]] ({{SA|750}}<ref>{{App|B1}}</ref>).

Noldor and [[Dwarves of Khazad-dûm|Dwarves]] cooperated for about a thousand years, and their rare friendship was the closest between [[Elves]] and [[Dwarves]] in history. Celebrimbor helped to construct the famous and magical [[Doors of Durin|West-gate of Moria]]. The Gwaith were said to be the most talented artisans to have worked since the time of [[Fëanor]] himself (who was Celebrimbor's grandfather).

[[Sauron]], after failing with [[Gil-galad]] and [[Elrond]], targeted the Gwaith. In the guise of [[Annatar]] the "Lord of Gifts" in {{SA|1200}} he presented himself as an agent of the [[Valar]] and taught them how to forge the [[Rings of Power]]. The Gwaith were easily tempted since they wanted to bring to [[Middle-earth]] the joys of Valinor.<ref>{{S|V}}</ref><ref name="L">{{L|131}}</ref> The Rings would prevent or slow the decay of the mortal world, preserve what was desired or loved and also enhance the natural powers of a possessor even if that would mean disrupting the natural course of the mortal world.<ref name="L"/><ref>{{L|181}}</ref><ref>{{L|154}}</ref>

The Gwaith together with "Annatar" made several rings in {{SA|1500}}. Because of their friendship with the Dwarves, Celebrimbor presented King [[Durin III]] with [[Ring of Thrór|a Ring of Power]].<ref>{{App|A3}}</ref> When Annatar had left (actually for [[Mordor]]) about {{SA|1590}} Celebrimbor made the [[Three Rings]]<ref>{{FR|I2}}</ref> partly using the teachings of "Annatar".

Then Sauron betrayed them and forged [[the One Ring]]. However, the Gwaith realized his plan and denied to hand him their Rings, resulting in the [[War of the Elves and Sauron]]. Eregion was devastated in {{SA|1697}} and the survivors of the Gwaith followed [[Elrond]] and retreated to [[Rivendell]].

==Etymology==
''Gwaith-i-Mírdain'' means "Brotherhood of Jewel-smiths" in [[Sindarin]] (from ''[[gwaith]]'' = "host, people" and ''[[mírdain]]'' = "jewel-smiths").

{{references}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Gwaith-i-Mirdain}}

[[Category:Organizations]]
[[Category:Sindarin demonyms]]
[[Category:Smiths]]
[[de:Gwaith-i-Mírdain]]
[[fr:encyclo:personnages:elfes:noldor:gwaith-i-mirdain]]
[[fi:Gwaith-i-Mírdain]]

Hobbits

2024-10-15T20:37:53Z

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{{disambig-more|Hobbits|[[The Hobbit (disambiguation)]]}}
{{people infobox
| name=Hobbits
| image = Kay Woollard - The Landlord of the Ivy Bush (retouched unfinished design).jpg
| caption="The Landlord of the Ivy Bush" by [[Kay Woollard]]
| pronun=
| othernames=''Cūbugin'' ([[Westron|W]]), ''Periannath'' ([[Sindarin|S]]), ''Periandi'' ([[Quenya|Q]]) Halflings, Holbytlan, Little People
| origin=
| location=[[The Shire]], [[Buckland]], [[Bree-land]]
| affiliation=[[Host of the West (Arnor)|Host of the West]]
| rivalry=
| language=[[Hobbitish]] (a regional dialect of [[Westron]])
| members=[[Marcho]] and [[Blanco]], [[Sméagol]], [[Bandobras Took]], [[Bilbo Baggins]], [[Frodo Baggins]]
| lifespan=c. 96<ref name="LOTRProjectStats">{{webcite|author=Emil Johansson|articleurl=http://lotrproject.com/statistics/#lifeexpectancy|articlename=Lord of the Rings in Statistics|website=[http://lotrproject.com/ Lord of the Rings Project]|accessed=09-September-2012}}</ref>
| distinctions=[[Gift of Men|Mortality]], diminutive stature, furry feet
| height=2-4 ft or 0.6-1.2 m (often less than three feet in later days)
| hair=Typically curly brown, rarely blond (until the [[Fourth Age]]), and white and grey in later years
| skin=Nut-brown to white
| clothing=
| weapons=
}}
{{quote|In a hole in the ground there lived a hobbit.|''[[The Hobbit]]'', "[[An Unexpected Party]]"}}
'''Hobbits''' were a small race that typically dwelt underground, believed to be related to [[Men]]. They played little role in history, save during the [[War of the Ring]].

==Description and culture==
{{quote|There is more in you of good than you know, child of the kindly [[Eriador|West]]. Some courage and some wisdom, blended in measure. If more of us valued food and cheer and song above hoarded gold, it would be a merrier world.|[[Thorin Oakenshield]] in ''[[The Hobbit]]'', "[[The Return Journey]]"}}

Hobbits were between two and four feet tall,<ref name=Concerning>{{FR|Hobbits}}</ref> with differences between male and female: about 3 feet 6 inches for males<ref>{{NM|P2vi}}, "Heights", p. 195</ref> and seldom exceeded 3 feet for female.<ref name=atani>{{PM|Atani}}</ref> They had short legs, slightly pointed ears<ref>{{L|27}}</ref> and furry feet with leathery soles, resulting in most never wearing shoes. Compared to the [[Dwarves]] they are a bit shorter and less stout or stocky. Early in their recorded history, Hobbits were divided in three kinds with different customs and temperament. The '''[[Stoors]]''' grew facial hair and had an affinity for water, boats and swimming and wore boots; the '''[[Fallohides]]''' were fair, tall and slim, an adventurous people, friendlier and more open to outsiders. Finally, the '''[[Harfoots]]''' were the most numerous and instituted the living in burrows. In later days the Harfoot traits became the "norm".
[[File:Kay Woollard - Dinner Time - A farmhouse kitchen.jpg|thumb|left|''Dinner Time - A farmhouse kitchen in the Shire'' by [[Kay Woollard]]]]

Hobbits had a life span somewhat longer than Men of non-[[Númenórean]] descent, averaging between 90 and 100 years. The time at which a young hobbit "came of age" was 33.<ref name=FRI1>{{FR|I1}}</ref> The oldest-living recorded hobbit (except [[Gollum]] and [[Bilbo Baggins]], whose lives were extended by the power of [[The One Ring]]) was The [[Gerontius Took|Old Took]], who reached the age of 130.

By nature they were of gentle disposition, neither cruel nor vindictive.<ref>{{PM|XNotes}}, #55</ref> Slow to quarrel, they never had been warlike, and never fought among themselves, nor hunted for sport; by the late Third Age the Shire-hobbits knew of weapons only as trophies or useless trinkets. However they were skilled with all kind of tools, as well as arms when there was a need; they were keen-eyed and used the bow well, and also the stones, successfully thrown against trespassing beasts.

Throughout their history Hobbits had showed unparalleled skill, courage and also endurance and resistance in times of danger and terror. During their [[Wandering Days]] Hobbits demonstrated an easiness to adapt to the environments they visited and adopted the customs and languages of the peoples they were in contact with. In the Shire, they had settled with a closed and comfort-loving lifestyle; they were fond of an unadventurous bucolic life of farming, eating, smoking [[pipe-weed]], socializing and talking about genealogies. Hobbits also liked to drink ale in inns, and ate at least six meals a day when they could get them. Every [[Highday]] and after noon, Hobbits celebrated a small holiday with evening feasts.<ref name=cal>{{App|Calendars}}</ref>

However, their hidden potentials resurfaced in difficult times; in the [[Long Winter]], [[Gandalf]] admired their uncomplaining courage and pity for one another, thanks to which they survived.<ref>{{UT|Erebor}}</ref> Another example of Hobbitish hardiness and resistant nature, was [[Gollum]], who despite using [[the One Ring]] for years, did not transform into a [[Wraiths|Wraith]] under the Ring's evil power (unlike the [[Nazgûl|nine Mannish Kings]]).<ref>
{{webcite|author=Stan Brown|website=FAQ of the Rings|articleurl=http://oakroadsystems.com/genl/ringfaq.htm#Q1-GollumWraith |articlename=Why hadn’t Gollum turned into a wraith long ago?}}</ref> These surprising Hobbit traits also were tested and proven during the [[Quest of Erebor]] and, most notably, the [[War of the Ring]].

===Clans and families===
Hobbits were universally monogamous and "[[Wikipedia:Patrilineality|patrilinear]]" (family names descended in the male-line) and normally the titular family head was the eldest male, but his wife had an equal, but separate status. In the large powerful families (such as the [[Took Family|Tooks]]) the head of what we would call a clan was the eldest male of the most direct line of descent. If the master died first his titular headship of the clan was taken by his wife and, only after her death, by their son.

Chieftains and leaders of their clans and tribes were typically of Fallohide kind, as they were by nature more adventurous.

The custom in the "younger" families was that when the head had no male heir, the headship passed to the daughter's eldest son. In such cases the heir took the name of his mother’s family while retaining the father’s family name in second place; this was the case with [[Otho Sackville-Baggins]], who obtained headship of the Sackvilles through his mother [[Camellia Sackville|Camellia]].<ref name=L214/>

===Gift-giving===
The Hobbits generally exchanged gifts as a form of "payment" for services but also of thanksgiving in favors and friendships. According to an ancient custom, a hobbit baby, shortly after birth and its name-announcement, was given a gift by the head of the family, as a token of accepting it into the family (on the rare cases of adoptions, parents gave gifts to their new child). Gifts then became a means of recognizing family membership, and the head of the family ritually gave something, even if only a token ([[mathom]]), to a [[ribadyan|birthday celebrant]].

On its third birthday, a hobbit child gave presents to their parents, that typically was something that was personally found, or produced (made or grown). This may have been extended to other ages and relatives resulting to the celebrant both receiving and giving a gift. Birthdays had considerable social importance, and customs were regulated by fairly strict etiquette, usually reduced to formalities.<ref name=L214>{{L|214}}</ref>

==Origin==
[[File:Lidia Postma - Hobbits comparison.jpg|thumb|left|The three kinds of Hobbits. Arty by Lidia Postma]]
Hobbits did not have legends concerning their origin. Lacking better evidence, it is suggested that they are a miniature variant of [[Men]], or of a related branch.<ref>[[Letter to Arthur Ransome]]</ref> Nearly all scholars agree that Men were closely related to Hobbits, far more closely than Men were to either [[Elves]] or [[Dwarves]]. It was thus commonly assumed that Hobbits were among the Younger [[Children of Ilúvatar]] and were the result of the same act of creation as Men. This would imply that Hobbits had the [[Gift of Men]] to pass entirely beyond [[Arda]].

It is supposed that Hobbits branched out from Men as a race in the [[Elder Days]], but they don't appear at all in the chronicles of the [[Elves]].<ref name=Concerning>{{FR|Hobbits}}</ref> Their exact origin is unknown but in their early days they could have been primitive and "savage".<ref name=atani/> Apparently they survived in [[Middle-earth]] for millennia far from importance and the knowledge of stronger races; they come into the records not earlier than the early [[Third Age]] where they were living in the [[Vales of Anduin]] in [[Rhovanion|Wilderland]], between [[Mirkwood]] and the [[Misty Mountains]]. They have lost the genealogical details of how they are related to the rest of mankind. While they stayed there, the [[Northmen]] knew them. Their descendants, the [[Rohirrim]], had that memory of the ''[[holbytla]]n'' and they remained an object of lore until they contacted them during the War of the Ring. Many old words and names in "[[Hobbitish]]" are cognates of words in [[Rohanese]], so much so that even someone without linguistic training could make out the relation ([[Meriadoc Brandybuck]] would later write an entire book devoted to the relationship, ''[[Old Words and Names in the Shire]]'').

==History==

[[File:Robin Wood - Mathom lore.jpg|thumb|''Mathom lore'' by Robin Wood]]
While situated in the Valley of the Anduin River the Hobbits lived close by the Northmen. Some time near the beginning of the [[Third Age]], they were uneasy because of the growing numbers of [[Easterlings|alien men]] from the [[East]] who passed the [[Greenwood]] and harassed the Northmen and no doubt they also sensed the rising [[Shadow]] of [[Dol Guldur]].<ref name=atani/> They took the arduous task of crossing the [[Misty Mountains]], beginning thus their '''[[Wandering Days]]'''. Some of the Stoors, however, returned to that place, and it is from these people that [[Gollum]] would come many years later.

The Hobbits took different routes in their journey westward, and eventually they came to a land between the River [[Baranduin]] (which they renamed ''Brandywine'') and the [[Weather Hills]]. Along the way they founded many settlements (most of them disappeared and were forgotten), and the divisions between the Hobbit-kinds began to blur. Only [[Bree]] and a few surrounding villages lasted to the end of the Third Age.

In the year {{TA|1601}}, two Fallohide brothers, [[Marcho]] and [[Blanco]], decided to cross the River Brandywine and settle on the other side. Large numbers of Hobbits followed them, and most of their former territory was depopulated. The new land that they found on the west bank of the Brandywine is called [[The Shire]].

Hobbits became first famous and a renowned part of the wider history during the [[Quest of Erebor]] ([[Bilbo Baggins]] was the first ever famous Hobbit) and later during the [[War of the Ring]]. In the later [[Ages]] they have dwindled and their numbers have diminished and although they still linger in the North-west of the Old World, they are rarely seen; they avoid the [[Big Folk]] with dismay, using their art of disappearing.<ref name=Concerning/>

==Some well-known Hobbits==
[[File:Anke Eißmann - Frodo and Bilbo.jpg|thumb|''Frodo and Bilbo'' by [[Anke Eißmann]]]]
* [[Bilbo Baggins]]
* [[Frodo Baggins]]
* [[Samwise Gamgee|Samwise "Sam" Gamgee]]
* [[Meriadoc Brandybuck|Meriadoc "Merry" Brandybuck]]
* [[Belladonna Took]]
* [[Peregrin Took|Peregrin "Pippin" Took]]
* [[Fredegar Bolger|Fredegar "Fatty" Bolger]]
* [[Otho Sackville-Baggins|Otho]] and [[Lotho Sackville-Baggins]]
* [[Lobelia Sackville-Baggins]]
* [[Gerontius Took|Old Took]]
* [[Bandobras Took|Bullroarer Took]]
* [[Sméagol]] (who became the creature [[Gollum]])
* [[Déagol]]

Though in ''[[The Hobbit]]'' it is mentioned that [[Gandalf]] "was responsible for so many quiet lads and lasses going off into the Blue for mad adventures," no female Hobbits are depicted in [[J.R.R. Tolkien|Tolkien]]'s stories doing so; however Hobbit women do appear in his works, such as the formidable [[Lobelia Sackville-Baggins]], Sam's wife [[Rose Cotton]], and [[Belladonna Took]], one of the Old Took's remarkable daughters, who is said to have given up adventuring upon marrying the respectable [[Bungo Baggins]].

== Etymology ==
:''This section explains the fictional etymology of the word in the linguistic context of Middle-earth; for the actual origin of the word see the section [[#Inspiration]] below''.
''Hobbit'' was derived from [[Old English]] ''[[holbytla]]'', "hole-dweller" which represents the [[Rohanese]] language.<ref>{{HM|RW}}, p. 144</ref> In a letter, Tolkien commented on the pronunciation of the word ''hobbit'': "I am sure many hobbits drop their ''h''s like most rural folk in England".<ref>[[J.R.R. Tolkien]], "[[Letter to Alina Dadlez (19 September 1962)]]" (letter); quoted in {{CG|RG}}, p. 1036</ref>

The relationship hobbit/holbytla parallels the original [[Westron]] ''[[Kuduk]]'' (Hobbit), derived from the actual Rohirric ''[[kûd-dûkan]]'' (holbytla, hole dweller). This name obviously derives from the times when the hobbits lived at the [[Vales of Anduin]] with the [[Northmen]].<ref name="Road">{{TT|III8}}</ref><ref name="Translation">{{App|F2}}</ref>

Hobbits were also called ''[[Halflings]]'' by the [[Dúnedain]], first when they still measured 2 [[ranga]]r tall; twice as high as a hobbit who would reach only 1 ranga. The word retained even when the later generations of Dúnedain became shorter.<ref name=linear>{{UT|Linear}}</ref> Hobbits used the term when talking to those that knew them as Halflings but preferred to be called Hobbits.<ref>{{TT|Road}}, p. 557</ref>

''Halfling'' represents a translation of [[Westron]] ''[[banakil]]''. In [[Quenya]] the word is ''[[perian|Perian(d-)]]'' pl. ''Periandi''<ref>{{webcite|articleurl=http://www.tolkienlibrary.com/press/856-most_expensive_Tolkien_book_in_the_world.php|articlename=Most expensive Tolkien bok in the world|website=[http://www.tolkienlibrary.com/index.php TolkienLibrary.com]}}, dedication to [[Elaine Griffiths]]</ref> and in [[Sindarin]] ''[[Perian]]'' pl. ''Periannath''.<ref>{{RK|Cormallen}}</ref>

*''See also: [[Wikipedia:Hobbit (word)]]''

==Inspiration==
{{quote|I am in fact a Hobbit (in all but size). I like gardens, trees and unmechanized farmlands; I smoke a pipe, and like good plain food [...]; I like, and even dare to wear in these dull days, ornamental waistcoats. I am fond of mushrooms (out of a field); have a very simple sense of humour [...]; I go to bed late and get up late [...]. I do not travel much.|[[J.R.R. Tolkien]]|[[Letter 213]]}}

The name 'Hobbit' was probably constructed meaningless as a spontaneous inspiration, without prior intent, but it would have been natural for him to see in it the prefix ''hob'' as in [[Hobgoblin]]. When later he began to work out the language relations further (see: [[Mannish]]) he decided that it could be a derived form of an [[Old English]] word such as ''[[holbytla]]''. Tolkien also claimed "''that the only E. word that influenced the invention was ‘hole’; that granted the description of hobbits.''"<ref>{{L|319}}</ref>

According to Tolkien, the word ''hobbit'' came first, and then he decided to write ''[[The Hobbit]]'' around it. As a university lecturer, he was in the process of correcting reports when he started scribbling on a blank piece of paper and wrote, "In a hole in the ground there lived a hobbit", and the rest of the story sprang from that.<ref>[[Humphrey Carpenter]], ''[[J.R.R. Tolkien: A Biography]]'', p.172</ref> The idea of a little hole dwelling creature was introduced to Tolkien by one of his students in a story he had written.

It was revealed recently that the word pre-dated Tolkien's usage, though with a different meaning).<ref name="annot">{{HM|AH}}</ref> Tolkien's concept of hobbits, in turn, seems to have been inspired by Edward Wyke Smith's 1927 children's book ''[[Wikipedia:The Marvellous Land of Snergs|The Marvellous Land of Snergs]]'', and by Sinclair Lewis's 1922 novel ''[[Wikipedia:Babbitt (novel)|Babbitt]]''. Tolkien wrote to [[W.H. Auden]] that ''The Marvellous Land of Snergs'' "was probably an unconscious source-book for the Hobbits"<ref name=annot/> and he told an interviewer that the word ''hobbit'' "might have been associated with Sinclair Lewis's ''Babbitt''" who enjoys the comforts of his home.

The name ''hobbit'' had previously appeared in an obscure "[[Wikipedia:Denham Tracts|list of spirits]]" by Michael Denham, which includes several repetitions. There is no evidence to suggest Tolkien used this as a source — indeed he spent many years trying to find out whether he really did coin the word. Denham's "hobbit spirits" (which are never referenced anywhere except in the long list) have no obvious relation to Tolkien's Hobbits, other than the name (which may possibly imply hob- "small"): Tolkien's Hobbits are small humans, not spirits. Nonetheless, some few people have suggested that the reference in the Denham list should invalidate the trademark.

== In popular usage ==
"Hobbit" is a trademark owned by the [[Middle-earth Enterprises]], as some of names, places and artifacts included in ''[[The Hobbit]]'' and ''[[The Lord of the Rings]]'' by [[J.R.R. Tolkien]]. For this reason [[Dungeons and Dragons]] and other fantasy tend to refer to Hobbits and Hobbit-like races rather as '''Halflings''' (''hin'' in the Mystara universe, ''hurthlings'' in Ancient Domains of Mystery).

''[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homo_floresiensis Homo floresiensis]'', a possible species in the genus Homo (thus, related to humans) discovered in 2004, has been informally dubbed a "hobbit" by its discoverers due to its small size.

[[Tolkien fandom|Fans]] have noted that in depictions and adaptations such as [[The Lord of the Rings (film series)|''The Lord of the Rings'' (film series)]], Hobbits are shown with unusually large feet, a conception probably influenced by the widespread art of [[the Brothers Hildebrandt]]. However, Tolkien himself never mentioned that large feet was a general feature of Hobbits.<ref>{{webcite|author=|articleurl=http://newboards.theonering.net/forum/gforum/perl/gforum.cgi?do=post_view_printable;post=365823;guest=38267446|articlename=Big Feet|dated=|website=[http://newboards.theonering.net/forum/gforum/perl/gforum.cgi?guest=35804230 The One Ring Forums]|accessed=2 September 2012}}</ref>

{{references}}
[[Category:Hobbits| ]]
[[Category:Men]]
[[fr:encyclo/peuples/hobbits/hobbits]]
[[de:Hobbits]]
[[fi:Hobitit]]
[[pt-br:Hobbits]]

Hobbits

2024-10-15T20:37:09Z

Progüvo06:

{{disambig-more|Hobbits|[[The Hobbit (disambiguation)]]}}
{{people infobox
| name=Hobbits
| image = Kay Woollard - The Landlord of the Ivy Bush (retouched unfinished design).jpg
| caption="The Landlord of the Ivy Bush" by [[Kay Woollard]]
| pronun=
| othernames=''Cūbugin'' ([[Westron|W]]), ''Periannath'' ([[Sindarin|S]]), ''Periandi'' ([[Quenya|Q]]) Halflings, Holbytlan, Little People
| origin=
| location=[[The Shire]], [[Buckland]], [[Bree-land]]
| affiliation=[[Host of the West (Arnor)|Host of the West]]
| rivalry=
| language=[[Hobbitish]] (a regional dialect of [[Westron]])
| members=[[Marcho]] and [[Blanco]], [[Sméagol]], [[Bandobras Took]], [[Bilbo Baggins]], [[Frodo Baggins]]
| lifespan=c. 96<ref name="LOTRProjectStats">{{webcite|author=Emil Johansson|articleurl=http://lotrproject.com/statistics/#lifeexpectancy|articlename=Lord of the Rings in Statistics|website=[http://lotrproject.com/ Lord of the Rings Project]|accessed=09-September-2012}}</ref>
| distinctions=[[Gift of Men|Mortality]], diminutive stature, furry feet
| height=2-4 ft or 0.6-1.2 m (often less than three feet in later days)
| hair=Typically curly brown, rarely blond (until the [[Fourth Age]]), and white and grey in later years
| skin=Nut-brown to White
| clothing=
| weapons=
}}
{{quote|In a hole in the ground there lived a hobbit.|''[[The Hobbit]]'', "[[An Unexpected Party]]"}}
'''Hobbits''' were a small race that typically dwelt underground, believed to be related to [[Men]]. They played little role in history, save during the [[War of the Ring]].

==Description and culture==
{{quote|There is more in you of good than you know, child of the kindly [[Eriador|West]]. Some courage and some wisdom, blended in measure. If more of us valued food and cheer and song above hoarded gold, it would be a merrier world.|[[Thorin Oakenshield]] in ''[[The Hobbit]]'', "[[The Return Journey]]"}}

Hobbits were between two and four feet tall,<ref name=Concerning>{{FR|Hobbits}}</ref> with differences between male and female: about 3 feet 6 inches for males<ref>{{NM|P2vi}}, "Heights", p. 195</ref> and seldom exceeded 3 feet for female.<ref name=atani>{{PM|Atani}}</ref> They had short legs, slightly pointed ears<ref>{{L|27}}</ref> and furry feet with leathery soles, resulting in most never wearing shoes. Compared to the [[Dwarves]] they are a bit shorter and less stout or stocky. Early in their recorded history, Hobbits were divided in three kinds with different customs and temperament. The '''[[Stoors]]''' grew facial hair and had an affinity for water, boats and swimming and wore boots; the '''[[Fallohides]]''' were fair, tall and slim, an adventurous people, friendlier and more open to outsiders. Finally, the '''[[Harfoots]]''' were the most numerous and instituted the living in burrows. In later days the Harfoot traits became the "norm".
[[File:Kay Woollard - Dinner Time - A farmhouse kitchen.jpg|thumb|left|''Dinner Time - A farmhouse kitchen in the Shire'' by [[Kay Woollard]]]]

Hobbits had a life span somewhat longer than Men of non-[[Númenórean]] descent, averaging between 90 and 100 years. The time at which a young hobbit "came of age" was 33.<ref name=FRI1>{{FR|I1}}</ref> The oldest-living recorded hobbit (except [[Gollum]] and [[Bilbo Baggins]], whose lives were extended by the power of [[The One Ring]]) was The [[Gerontius Took|Old Took]], who reached the age of 130.

By nature they were of gentle disposition, neither cruel nor vindictive.<ref>{{PM|XNotes}}, #55</ref> Slow to quarrel, they never had been warlike, and never fought among themselves, nor hunted for sport; by the late Third Age the Shire-hobbits knew of weapons only as trophies or useless trinkets. However they were skilled with all kind of tools, as well as arms when there was a need; they were keen-eyed and used the bow well, and also the stones, successfully thrown against trespassing beasts.

Throughout their history Hobbits had showed unparalleled skill, courage and also endurance and resistance in times of danger and terror. During their [[Wandering Days]] Hobbits demonstrated an easiness to adapt to the environments they visited and adopted the customs and languages of the peoples they were in contact with. In the Shire, they had settled with a closed and comfort-loving lifestyle; they were fond of an unadventurous bucolic life of farming, eating, smoking [[pipe-weed]], socializing and talking about genealogies. Hobbits also liked to drink ale in inns, and ate at least six meals a day when they could get them. Every [[Highday]] and after noon, Hobbits celebrated a small holiday with evening feasts.<ref name=cal>{{App|Calendars}}</ref>

However, their hidden potentials resurfaced in difficult times; in the [[Long Winter]], [[Gandalf]] admired their uncomplaining courage and pity for one another, thanks to which they survived.<ref>{{UT|Erebor}}</ref> Another example of Hobbitish hardiness and resistant nature, was [[Gollum]], who despite using [[the One Ring]] for years, did not transform into a [[Wraiths|Wraith]] under the Ring's evil power (unlike the [[Nazgûl|nine Mannish Kings]]).<ref>
{{webcite|author=Stan Brown|website=FAQ of the Rings|articleurl=http://oakroadsystems.com/genl/ringfaq.htm#Q1-GollumWraith |articlename=Why hadn’t Gollum turned into a wraith long ago?}}</ref> These surprising Hobbit traits also were tested and proven during the [[Quest of Erebor]] and, most notably, the [[War of the Ring]].

===Clans and families===
Hobbits were universally monogamous and "[[Wikipedia:Patrilineality|patrilinear]]" (family names descended in the male-line) and normally the titular family head was the eldest male, but his wife had an equal, but separate status. In the large powerful families (such as the [[Took Family|Tooks]]) the head of what we would call a clan was the eldest male of the most direct line of descent. If the master died first his titular headship of the clan was taken by his wife and, only after her death, by their son.

Chieftains and leaders of their clans and tribes were typically of Fallohide kind, as they were by nature more adventurous.

The custom in the "younger" families was that when the head had no male heir, the headship passed to the daughter's eldest son. In such cases the heir took the name of his mother’s family while retaining the father’s family name in second place; this was the case with [[Otho Sackville-Baggins]], who obtained headship of the Sackvilles through his mother [[Camellia Sackville|Camellia]].<ref name=L214/>

===Gift-giving===
The Hobbits generally exchanged gifts as a form of "payment" for services but also of thanksgiving in favors and friendships. According to an ancient custom, a hobbit baby, shortly after birth and its name-announcement, was given a gift by the head of the family, as a token of accepting it into the family (on the rare cases of adoptions, parents gave gifts to their new child). Gifts then became a means of recognizing family membership, and the head of the family ritually gave something, even if only a token ([[mathom]]), to a [[ribadyan|birthday celebrant]].

On its third birthday, a hobbit child gave presents to their parents, that typically was something that was personally found, or produced (made or grown). This may have been extended to other ages and relatives resulting to the celebrant both receiving and giving a gift. Birthdays had considerable social importance, and customs were regulated by fairly strict etiquette, usually reduced to formalities.<ref name=L214>{{L|214}}</ref>

==Origin==
[[File:Lidia Postma - Hobbits comparison.jpg|thumb|left|The three kinds of Hobbits. Arty by Lidia Postma]]
Hobbits did not have legends concerning their origin. Lacking better evidence, it is suggested that they are a miniature variant of [[Men]], or of a related branch.<ref>[[Letter to Arthur Ransome]]</ref> Nearly all scholars agree that Men were closely related to Hobbits, far more closely than Men were to either [[Elves]] or [[Dwarves]]. It was thus commonly assumed that Hobbits were among the Younger [[Children of Ilúvatar]] and were the result of the same act of creation as Men. This would imply that Hobbits had the [[Gift of Men]] to pass entirely beyond [[Arda]].

It is supposed that Hobbits branched out from Men as a race in the [[Elder Days]], but they don't appear at all in the chronicles of the [[Elves]].<ref name=Concerning>{{FR|Hobbits}}</ref> Their exact origin is unknown but in their early days they could have been primitive and "savage".<ref name=atani/> Apparently they survived in [[Middle-earth]] for millennia far from importance and the knowledge of stronger races; they come into the records not earlier than the early [[Third Age]] where they were living in the [[Vales of Anduin]] in [[Rhovanion|Wilderland]], between [[Mirkwood]] and the [[Misty Mountains]]. They have lost the genealogical details of how they are related to the rest of mankind. While they stayed there, the [[Northmen]] knew them. Their descendants, the [[Rohirrim]], had that memory of the ''[[holbytla]]n'' and they remained an object of lore until they contacted them during the War of the Ring. Many old words and names in "[[Hobbitish]]" are cognates of words in [[Rohanese]], so much so that even someone without linguistic training could make out the relation ([[Meriadoc Brandybuck]] would later write an entire book devoted to the relationship, ''[[Old Words and Names in the Shire]]'').

==History==

[[File:Robin Wood - Mathom lore.jpg|thumb|''Mathom lore'' by Robin Wood]]
While situated in the Valley of the Anduin River the Hobbits lived close by the Northmen. Some time near the beginning of the [[Third Age]], they were uneasy because of the growing numbers of [[Easterlings|alien men]] from the [[East]] who passed the [[Greenwood]] and harassed the Northmen and no doubt they also sensed the rising [[Shadow]] of [[Dol Guldur]].<ref name=atani/> They took the arduous task of crossing the [[Misty Mountains]], beginning thus their '''[[Wandering Days]]'''. Some of the Stoors, however, returned to that place, and it is from these people that [[Gollum]] would come many years later.

The Hobbits took different routes in their journey westward, and eventually they came to a land between the River [[Baranduin]] (which they renamed ''Brandywine'') and the [[Weather Hills]]. Along the way they founded many settlements (most of them disappeared and were forgotten), and the divisions between the Hobbit-kinds began to blur. Only [[Bree]] and a few surrounding villages lasted to the end of the Third Age.

In the year {{TA|1601}}, two Fallohide brothers, [[Marcho]] and [[Blanco]], decided to cross the River Brandywine and settle on the other side. Large numbers of Hobbits followed them, and most of their former territory was depopulated. The new land that they found on the west bank of the Brandywine is called [[The Shire]].

Hobbits became first famous and a renowned part of the wider history during the [[Quest of Erebor]] ([[Bilbo Baggins]] was the first ever famous Hobbit) and later during the [[War of the Ring]]. In the later [[Ages]] they have dwindled and their numbers have diminished and although they still linger in the North-west of the Old World, they are rarely seen; they avoid the [[Big Folk]] with dismay, using their art of disappearing.<ref name=Concerning/>

==Some well-known Hobbits==
[[File:Anke Eißmann - Frodo and Bilbo.jpg|thumb|''Frodo and Bilbo'' by [[Anke Eißmann]]]]
* [[Bilbo Baggins]]
* [[Frodo Baggins]]
* [[Samwise Gamgee|Samwise "Sam" Gamgee]]
* [[Meriadoc Brandybuck|Meriadoc "Merry" Brandybuck]]
* [[Belladonna Took]]
* [[Peregrin Took|Peregrin "Pippin" Took]]
* [[Fredegar Bolger|Fredegar "Fatty" Bolger]]
* [[Otho Sackville-Baggins|Otho]] and [[Lotho Sackville-Baggins]]
* [[Lobelia Sackville-Baggins]]
* [[Gerontius Took|Old Took]]
* [[Bandobras Took|Bullroarer Took]]
* [[Sméagol]] (who became the creature [[Gollum]])
* [[Déagol]]

Though in ''[[The Hobbit]]'' it is mentioned that [[Gandalf]] "was responsible for so many quiet lads and lasses going off into the Blue for mad adventures," no female Hobbits are depicted in [[J.R.R. Tolkien|Tolkien]]'s stories doing so; however Hobbit women do appear in his works, such as the formidable [[Lobelia Sackville-Baggins]], Sam's wife [[Rose Cotton]], and [[Belladonna Took]], one of the Old Took's remarkable daughters, who is said to have given up adventuring upon marrying the respectable [[Bungo Baggins]].

== Etymology ==
:''This section explains the fictional etymology of the word in the linguistic context of Middle-earth; for the actual origin of the word see the section [[#Inspiration]] below''.
''Hobbit'' was derived from [[Old English]] ''[[holbytla]]'', "hole-dweller" which represents the [[Rohanese]] language.<ref>{{HM|RW}}, p. 144</ref> In a letter, Tolkien commented on the pronunciation of the word ''hobbit'': "I am sure many hobbits drop their ''h''s like most rural folk in England".<ref>[[J.R.R. Tolkien]], "[[Letter to Alina Dadlez (19 September 1962)]]" (letter); quoted in {{CG|RG}}, p. 1036</ref>

The relationship hobbit/holbytla parallels the original [[Westron]] ''[[Kuduk]]'' (Hobbit), derived from the actual Rohirric ''[[kûd-dûkan]]'' (holbytla, hole dweller). This name obviously derives from the times when the hobbits lived at the [[Vales of Anduin]] with the [[Northmen]].<ref name="Road">{{TT|III8}}</ref><ref name="Translation">{{App|F2}}</ref>

Hobbits were also called ''[[Halflings]]'' by the [[Dúnedain]], first when they still measured 2 [[ranga]]r tall; twice as high as a hobbit who would reach only 1 ranga. The word retained even when the later generations of Dúnedain became shorter.<ref name=linear>{{UT|Linear}}</ref> Hobbits used the term when talking to those that knew them as Halflings but preferred to be called Hobbits.<ref>{{TT|Road}}, p. 557</ref>

''Halfling'' represents a translation of [[Westron]] ''[[banakil]]''. In [[Quenya]] the word is ''[[perian|Perian(d-)]]'' pl. ''Periandi''<ref>{{webcite|articleurl=http://www.tolkienlibrary.com/press/856-most_expensive_Tolkien_book_in_the_world.php|articlename=Most expensive Tolkien bok in the world|website=[http://www.tolkienlibrary.com/index.php TolkienLibrary.com]}}, dedication to [[Elaine Griffiths]]</ref> and in [[Sindarin]] ''[[Perian]]'' pl. ''Periannath''.<ref>{{RK|Cormallen}}</ref>

*''See also: [[Wikipedia:Hobbit (word)]]''

==Inspiration==
{{quote|I am in fact a Hobbit (in all but size). I like gardens, trees and unmechanized farmlands; I smoke a pipe, and like good plain food [...]; I like, and even dare to wear in these dull days, ornamental waistcoats. I am fond of mushrooms (out of a field); have a very simple sense of humour [...]; I go to bed late and get up late [...]. I do not travel much.|[[J.R.R. Tolkien]]|[[Letter 213]]}}

The name 'Hobbit' was probably constructed meaningless as a spontaneous inspiration, without prior intent, but it would have been natural for him to see in it the prefix ''hob'' as in [[Hobgoblin]]. When later he began to work out the language relations further (see: [[Mannish]]) he decided that it could be a derived form of an [[Old English]] word such as ''[[holbytla]]''. Tolkien also claimed "''that the only E. word that influenced the invention was ‘hole’; that granted the description of hobbits.''"<ref>{{L|319}}</ref>

According to Tolkien, the word ''hobbit'' came first, and then he decided to write ''[[The Hobbit]]'' around it. As a university lecturer, he was in the process of correcting reports when he started scribbling on a blank piece of paper and wrote, "In a hole in the ground there lived a hobbit", and the rest of the story sprang from that.<ref>[[Humphrey Carpenter]], ''[[J.R.R. Tolkien: A Biography]]'', p.172</ref> The idea of a little hole dwelling creature was introduced to Tolkien by one of his students in a story he had written.

It was revealed recently that the word pre-dated Tolkien's usage, though with a different meaning).<ref name="annot">{{HM|AH}}</ref> Tolkien's concept of hobbits, in turn, seems to have been inspired by Edward Wyke Smith's 1927 children's book ''[[Wikipedia:The Marvellous Land of Snergs|The Marvellous Land of Snergs]]'', and by Sinclair Lewis's 1922 novel ''[[Wikipedia:Babbitt (novel)|Babbitt]]''. Tolkien wrote to [[W.H. Auden]] that ''The Marvellous Land of Snergs'' "was probably an unconscious source-book for the Hobbits"<ref name=annot/> and he told an interviewer that the word ''hobbit'' "might have been associated with Sinclair Lewis's ''Babbitt''" who enjoys the comforts of his home.

The name ''hobbit'' had previously appeared in an obscure "[[Wikipedia:Denham Tracts|list of spirits]]" by Michael Denham, which includes several repetitions. There is no evidence to suggest Tolkien used this as a source — indeed he spent many years trying to find out whether he really did coin the word. Denham's "hobbit spirits" (which are never referenced anywhere except in the long list) have no obvious relation to Tolkien's Hobbits, other than the name (which may possibly imply hob- "small"): Tolkien's Hobbits are small humans, not spirits. Nonetheless, some few people have suggested that the reference in the Denham list should invalidate the trademark.

== In popular usage ==
"Hobbit" is a trademark owned by the [[Middle-earth Enterprises]], as some of names, places and artifacts included in ''[[The Hobbit]]'' and ''[[The Lord of the Rings]]'' by [[J.R.R. Tolkien]]. For this reason [[Dungeons and Dragons]] and other fantasy tend to refer to Hobbits and Hobbit-like races rather as '''Halflings''' (''hin'' in the Mystara universe, ''hurthlings'' in Ancient Domains of Mystery).

''[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homo_floresiensis Homo floresiensis]'', a possible species in the genus Homo (thus, related to humans) discovered in 2004, has been informally dubbed a "hobbit" by its discoverers due to its small size.

[[Tolkien fandom|Fans]] have noted that in depictions and adaptations such as [[The Lord of the Rings (film series)|''The Lord of the Rings'' (film series)]], Hobbits are shown with unusually large feet, a conception probably influenced by the widespread art of [[the Brothers Hildebrandt]]. However, Tolkien himself never mentioned that large feet was a general feature of Hobbits.<ref>{{webcite|author=|articleurl=http://newboards.theonering.net/forum/gforum/perl/gforum.cgi?do=post_view_printable;post=365823;guest=38267446|articlename=Big Feet|dated=|website=[http://newboards.theonering.net/forum/gforum/perl/gforum.cgi?guest=35804230 The One Ring Forums]|accessed=2 September 2012}}</ref>

{{references}}
[[Category:Hobbits| ]]
[[Category:Men]]
[[fr:encyclo/peuples/hobbits/hobbits]]
[[de:Hobbits]]
[[fi:Hobitit]]
[[pt-br:Hobbits]]

Mirkwood

2024-10-14T18:49:45Z

Progüvo06:

{{disambig-more|Mirkwood|[[Mirkwood (disambiguation)]]}}
{{location infobox
| name=Mirkwood
| image=J.R.R. Tolkien - Mirkwood.jpg
| caption="Mirkwood" by [[J.R.R. Tolkien]]
| pronun=
| othernames=Greenwood the Great, ''Eryn Galen'', ''Taur e-Ndaedelos'', ''Taur-nu-Fuin'', ''[[Eryn Lasgalen]]''
| location=East of the [[Misty Mountains]], south of [[Ered Mithrin]]
| type=Forest
| description=Deep, thick, dark forest
| regions=[[East Lórien]], [[Narrows]], [[Woodland Realm]]
| towns=[[Amon Lanc]] (later [[Dol Guldur]]), [[Elvenking's Halls]], [[Rhosgobel]]
| inhabitants=[[Spiders]], [[Silvan Elves]] ([[Elves of Mirkwood]], [[Galadhrim]]), [[Northmen]] ([[Woodmen]], [[Beornings]]), [[Orcs]], [[Olog-hai]], [[Nazgûl]]
| created=
| destroyed=
| events=[[Battle under the trees]], [[Fall of Dol Guldur]]
}}
{{quote|Well, here is Mirkwood! ''[...]'' Greatest of the forests of the Northern world. I hope you like the look of it.|[[Gandalf]] in ''[[The Hobbit]]'', "[[Queer Lodgings]]"}}

'''Mirkwood''' ([[Sindarin|S]]: ''Taur e-Ndaedelos''<ref name="LotRAppF">{{App|Translation}}, p. 1134</ref>) was a great forest east of the river [[Anduin]] in [[Rhovanion]]. It was previously called Greenwood the Great ([[Sindarin|S]]: ''Eryn Galen'') until the Shadow of the influence of Sauron fell on it. It was named the [[Eryn Lasgalen|Wood of Greenleaves]] ([[Sindarin|S]]: ''[[Eryn Lasgalen]]'') when the shadow was lifted after the defeat of Sauron.

== Geography ==
Mirkwood seems to have had much the same boundaries as it did at the end of the Third Age for most of its history. It was roughly rectangular in shape: stretching from the foothills of the [[Grey Mountains]] in the north to the [[North Undeep]] in the south, and from the east edge of the vale of [[Anduin]] to the [[Lonely Mountain]].

It was bisected by the ancient [[Old Forest Road]]. Later, when this road became unusable, a second path through the forest was made to the north. Between the two paths lay the [[Mountains of Mirkwood]]. The [[Forest River]] cut through the forest's northern end from its source in the western Grey Mountains, joined in the centre by the [[Enchanted River]] which flowed north from the Mountains of Mirkwood.
[[File:J.R.R. Tolkien - Map of Wilderland.jpg|thumb|right|Map of [[Rhovanion|Wilderland]] by [[J.R.R. Tolkien]] showing the northern part of Mirkwood.]]
South of the Old Forest road the [[East Bight]] created the ''Narrows of the Forest'', only one hundred miles across. South and west of the narrows was the a hill called [[Amon Lanc]].

== History ==
=== First Age ===
Originally called Greenwood the Great, the forest may have once formed part of the vast primeval woodland which covered most of [[Middle-earth]] during the [[Years of the Trees]] in the [[First Age]], possibly linked to Lothlórien across the Anduin.<ref>{{UT|Galadriel}} p. 252</ref> The [[Eldar]] passed through the area on their [[Great Journey|journey]] to [[Valinor]] and it was first populated at this time by the [[Nandor]]. Unwilling to cross the [[Misty Mountains]], these Elves settled also in the wooded valleys of the river Anduin. They multiplied and were joined by wandering [[Avari]], becoming known as Silvan or Wood-elves.

The Old Forest Road was constructed very early in Greenwood's history by the [[Durin's Folk|Longbeard]] [[Dwarves]] to carry traffic between their territory in the Misty Mountains to [[Lonely Mountain|Erebor]], and the [[Iron Hills]].This road would be later abandoned as the [[Orcs]] of the [[Misty Mountains]] and [[Grey Mountains]] took [[Mount Gundabad|Gundabad]] and the surrounding region, cutting off communication between Khazad-dûm and the Iron Hills and Erebor.<ref>{{PM|Dwarves}}</ref>

=== Second Age ===
In around the year {{SA|750}}, the [[Sindar|Sinda]] prince, [[Oropher]], removed from [[Lindon]] to Greenwood where he was taken by the Silvan Elves as their lord. This forested region to the east of the [[Anduin]] is where [[Silvan Elves]], of [[Nandor]] descent and the [[Avari]], lived.<ref>{{PM|Second}}</ref> Oropher built his halls at [[Amon Lanc]] and was accepted as the leader of the Wood-elves of Greenwood, later the [[Elves of Mirkwood]], forming the [[Woodland Realm]].

During the First and Second Age, the [[Northmen]], such as the ancestors of the [[Woodmen]], had been allies of the [[Longbeards]] and the [[Dwarves]] of the hills surrounding the Greenwood, and were enemies of the [[Orcs]] and [[Easterlings]].<ref>{{PM|Relations}}, third, fourth and seventh paragraph</ref> The Woodmen maintained friendly relations with the Elves of the Greenwood.<ref name=UT>{{UT|Gladden}}, ''The sources of the legend of Isildur's death'', first paragraph</ref>

=== Third Age ===
The first millennium of the [[Third Age]] probably saw the creation of the East Bight by men living in the eastern eaves of the forest. These men may have formed part of the [[Rhovanion|Kingdom of Rhovanion]] led by [[Vidugavia]]. Men, such as the [[Éothéod]], and [[Hobbits]] also lived in the vale of Anduin and were likely responsible for the retreat of the forest's western border.

At the beginning of the Third Age, [[Thranduil]] replaced [[Oropher]] as king of the Woodland Realm. Probably as a result of massive losses at the [[Battle of Dagorlad]] the Silvan population of Greenwood was diminished and became mainly concentrated in the hills then known as [[Mountains of Mirkwood|Emyn Duir]]. At the beginning of the second millennium of the Third Age, a mysterious being came to Amon Lanc in the south of Greenwood the Great, and there built the stronghold known as [[Dol Guldur]]; "hill of sorcery." This was the magician known as the Necromancer, who was later revealed to be none other than Sauron himself, and from his fortress tower a shadow of nightshade began to spread across the woodlands. The story of Sauron's darkening of Greenwood the Great mirrors events in the [[First Age]], when he occupied the highland forests of [[Dorthonion]], north of [[Beleriand]]. That region, too, fell under his shadow, and was also known as [[Taur-nu-Fuin (Dorthonion)|Taur-nu-Fuin]]. From that time on, the Elves came to refer to the Greenwood as Taur-nu-Fuin, the forest under nightshade, rendered into the [[Mannish]] tongue as 'Mirkwood'.

Around the [[Third Age 1636|same time]] as the [[Great Plague]] devastated [[Gondor]] and [[Eriador]], the [[Shadow]] grew deep in Greenwood and evil things reappeared. Later the wise noted this coincidence and considered it a sign of Sauron's return.<ref>{{App|Gondor}}</ref>

Indeed, by the time of [[Cirion]] (c. T.A. 2500), [[Dol Guldur]] controlled the [[Balchoth]], a tribe of [[Easterlings]] who dwelt east of Mirkwood; often they made raids through the forest up to the [[Vales of Anduin]], until they were all but deserted, until [[Battle of the Field of Celebrant|defeated]].<ref>{{App|Stewards}}</ref>
[[File:Alan Lee - The Elvenking's Gate.jpg|thumb|''The Elvenking's Gate'' by [[Alan Lee]]]]
Sauron's arrival caused a darkening of Greenwood, and at this point it became known as Mirkwood. The children of [[Shelob]], giant [[spiders]], as well as bats and orcs in Dol Guldur's service occupied the forest and it became thicker, darker and covered in cobwebs.<ref>{{H|Flies}}</ref>

This caused Thranduil to lead the Silvan population of Mirkwood to migrate north for the last time, north of the forest river. The Wood-elves specifically dwell apparently exclusively in the [[Elvenking's Halls]] at the eastern end of the Forest River. The ancient Old Forest Road was abandoned by men and Dwarves alike, with a new but seldom used path being made further from Dol Guldur and the Hobbits near the forest's eastern border migrated away.

Mirkwood remained a place of fear throughout the Third Age, though the kingdoms of [[Lonely Mountain|Erebor]] and [[Dale]] flourished briefly in the time of the [[King under the Mountain|Kings under the Mountain]]. This prosperity was ended by the arrival of the [[Dragons|Dragon]] [[Smaug]] who brought yet further desolation to the area north-eastern Mirkwood. Small homesteads of 'Woodmen' are also recorded as living in the western edge of the forest south of the old road in {{TA|2941|n}}.<ref>{{HM|H}}, "Map of Wilderland"</ref>

In {{TA|2850|n}}, [[Gandalf]] visited Mirkwood and entered Dol Guldur, this time in secret. The Grey Pilgrim discovered that the Necromancer was none other than Sauron, who had regained his powers, millennia after the Battle of Dagorlad.<ref>{{App|TA}}, entry for the year 2850, p. 1088</ref>

[[File:Galadriel dol guldur bfmeII.JPG|thumb|left|Galadriel casts down the walls of Dol Guldur]]
In {{TA|2941}}, as [[Thorin and Company]] were going on the [[Quest of Erebor]], the shadow over Mirkwood was lifted, albeit temporarily. While Thorin and Company were journeying to Erebor, the [[White Council]], prompted by the [[Wizards|Wizard]] [[Gandalf]]'s discovery of the true identity of Sauron drove him from Dol Guldur. Gandalf also planned the successful [[Quest of Erebor]], which resulted in the slaying of Smaug in the same year. The combination of these two events allowed the re-established kingdoms of Erebor and Dale and the flourishing of the Woodland Realm and of a confederacy of Woodmen led by the [[Beornings]]. The Darkness of Mirkwood was lifted for a while.

Only ten years after these events in {{TA|2951}} Sauron, now based in [[Mordor]], sent [[Khamûl]] and two other [[Nazgûl]] to reoccupy Dol Guldur.<ref>{{App|TA}}, entry for the year 2951, p. 1089</ref>

On 21 March {{TA|3018|n}}, [[Aragorn]] who had captured [[Gollum]] in the [[Dead Marshes]] arrived with Gollum in Mirkwood.<ref>{{UT|Other}}</ref>

Two days later, on 23 March {{TA|3018|n}}, Gandalf arrived in Mirkwood<ref name=Note6>{{UT|Other}} note 6</ref> and began to interrogate Gollum.<ref>{{UT|Other}} and note 4</ref>

On 29 March {{TA|3018|n}}, Gandalf left Mirkwood.<ref name=Note6/>

On 20 June, Orcs attacked the Elves of Mirkwood and Gollum was able to escape from his captivity.<ref>{{App|Great}}, entry for the year 3018, June 20, p. 1093</ref> Afterwards Legolas leaves Mirkwood to travel to Rivendell to attend the Council of Elrond and to report that Gollum has escaped.<ref>{{FR|Council}}, p. 255</ref>

On 11, 15 and 22 March {{TA|3019|n}},<ref>{{App|Great}}, entry for the year 3019, March 11, March 15 and March 22, pp. 1093-1094</ref> forces from Dol Guldur assaulted the realm of Lórien, but they were repulsed each time because of the valor of the Elves of Lórien and by the power of Galadriel, but the woods on the borders of Lórien were seriously damaged.<ref name=Great>{{App|Great}}, p. 1094</ref>

On 15 March {{TA|3019|n}}, the day of the [[Battle of the Pelennor Fields]] in front of Minas Tirith,<ref>{{App|Great}}, entry for the year 3019, March 15, p. 1094</ref> forces from Dol Guldur invaded the realm of Thranduil in Mirkwood. Thranduil defeated the forces of Dol Guldur in a long battle under the trees during which there was great damage through by fire.<ref name=Great/>

On 28 March {{TA|3019|n}},<ref>{{App|Chief}}, entry for the year 3019, March 28, p. 1095</ref> the host of the Elves of [[Lórien]] led by [[Celeborn]] crossed the Anduin in boats and conquered Dol Guldur. Galadriel destroyed the walls of Dol Guldur and uncovered its pits and the forest was cleansed.<ref name=Great/>

On 6 April {{TA|3019|n}},<ref>{{App|Chief}}, entry for the year 3019, April 6, p. 1095</ref> Celeborn and Thranduil met in the middle of Mirkwood and gave it the new name ''Eryn Lasgalen'', The Wood of Greenleaves. They divided the forest between them so that the realm of Thranduil encompassed the northern part of the wood down to the [[Mountains of Mirkwood]] and that the realm of Celeborn encompassed the southern part of the wood south of the [[Narrows of the Forest]], which was named East Lórien by Celeborn. Thranduil and Celeborn gave all the wide forest between the Mountains of Mirkwood and the Narrows of the Forest to the [[Beornings]] and the [[Woodmen]].<ref name=Great/>

=== Fourth Age ===
Though initially they prospered as the darkness was lifted, the elves of the Wood of Greenleaves were destined either to depart for Valinor or fade into rustic forest spirits. The forest probably then ultimately fell under the dominion of Men, the descendants of the Beornings and the men of Dale.

== Etymology ==
''Mirkwood'' is an English name, which means "gloomy wood". It is a combination of "mirk" and "wood".<ref name=L289>{{L|289}}</ref>

== Other names ==
''Eryn Galen'' is a [[Sindarin]] name, which means "Greenwood". Paul Strack suggests that it is a combination of ''[[eryn]]'' ("wood") and the [[lenition|lenited]] form ''galen'' of ''[[calen]]'' ("green").<ref>{{webcite|author=Paul Strack|articleurl=https://www.eldamo.org/content/words/word-1914672065.html|articlename=S. ''Eryn Galen'' loc.|website=Eldamo|accessed=25 November 2022}}</ref>

''Taur e-Ndaedelos'' is a [[Sindarin]] name, which literally means "forest of the great fear".<ref name="LotRAppF"/><ref>{{LR|Etymologies}}, entries "DAY", "[[TAWAR]]"</ref> Paul Strack suggests that it is a combination of ''[[taur]]'' ("forest"), ''[[en]]'' ("of the") and ''daedelos'' ("horrible fear").<ref>{{webcite|author=Paul Strack|articleurl=https://www.eldamo.org/content/words/word-3937677453.html|articlename=S. ''Taur e-Ndaedelos'' loc.|website=Eldamo|accessed=25 November 2022}}</ref> In another point, the latter word was given the form ''Dae'''dh'''elos'' (with [[lenition|lenited]] ''-delos'') and glossed as "Shadow of Abomination".<ref>{{LR|Etymologies}}, entry "DYEL"</ref>

''Taur-nu-Fuin'' is a [[Sindarin]] name, which means "Mirkwood" or "Forest under Night(shade)". Paul Strack suggests that it is a combination of ''[[taur]]'' ("forest"), ''[[nu]]'' ("under") and ''[[fuin]]'' ("night" or "nightshade").<ref>{{webcite|author=Paul Strack|articleurl=https://www.eldamo.org/content/words/word-2976540083.html|articlename=S. ''Taur-nu-Fuin'' loc.|website=Eldamo|accessed=25 November 2022}}</ref> It is a namesake of [[Taur-nu-Fuin (Dorthonion)|Taur-nu-Fuin]] in [[Dorthonion]], which existed before the First Age ended and [[Beleriand]] was drowned.

''Eryn Lasgalen'' is a [[Sindarin]] name,<ref name=Eryn>{{webcite|author=Paul Strack|articleurl=https://www.eldamo.org/content/words/word-703513105.html|articlename=S. ''Eryn Lasgalen'' loc.|website=Eldamo|accessed=25 November 2022}}</ref> which means "Wood of Greenleaves".<ref name="Great"/> Paul Strack suggests that it is a combination of ''[[eryn]]'' ("wood"), ''[[lass]]'' ("leaf") and the [[lenition|lenited]] form ''galen'' of ''[[calen]]'' ("green").<ref name=Eryn/>

==Other versions of the legendarium==
In ''[[The Book of Lost Tales]]'', the [[Gnomish]] names ''Ladwen-na-Dhaideloth'', ''Ladwen Daideloth'' and ''Dor-na-Dhaideloth'' appear, referring to a land of [[Tol Eressea]] known as [[Heath of the Sky-roof]]. It was the site of a great battle, and afterwards was known as [[Withered Heath]].<ref>{{LT2|VI}}</ref>

==Inspiration==
''Mirkwood'' is the Anglicized form of the Norse name ''[[wikipedia:Myrkviðr|Myrkviðr]]'' or ''mirkiwidu'', originally hailing from [[Poetic Edda|Eddaic poems]]. Myrkviðr was the name of a "dark boundary-forest ... the great forest that divided the land of the Goths from the land of the Huns".<ref>{{HM|SG}}, pp. 131, 227-8, 372</ref> In a letter to his grandson Michael, Tolkien wrote that the name "''Mirkwood'' was not his invention but was probably the Primitive Germanic name of the great mountainous forest regions that anciently formed a barrier to the south of the lands of Germanic expansions and in some traditions became used especially for the boundary between Goths and Huns. He then continues to discuss the origin of the name in very early German ''mirkiwidu'' writings.<ref name=L289/>

Projected into Old English, the term appears as ''Myrcwudu'' in Tolkien's ''[[The Lost Road]]'', as a poem sung by [[Ælfwine]]:<ref>{{HM|LR}}: "The Lost Road: (iii) The unwritten chapters": ''[[King Sheave]]'' and note to line 150</ref>
<poem style="font-style:italic; margin-left:20px;">
Sea-danes and Goths, Swedes and Northmen,
Franks and Frisians, folk of the islands,
Swordmen and Saxons, Swabes and English,
and the Langobards who long ago
beyond Myrcwudu a mighty realm
and wealth won them in the Welsh countries
where Ælfwine Eadwine's heir
in Italy was king. All that has passed.
</poem>

The name ''Mirkwood'' was also used by [[William Morris]] in his novel ''[[The House of the Wolfings]]'' ([[1888]]).<ref>{{HM|RC}}, p. 13</ref>

==Portrayal in adaptations==
===Mirkwood in adaptations===
<gallery mode="traditional" widths="250px" heights="150px">
File:The Hobbit - The Desolation of Smaug - Bilbo and the butterflies in the canopy of Mirkwood.jpg|Mirkwood in [[The Hobbit: The Desolation of Smaug]]
File:The Lord of the Rings War in the North - Mirkwood-1-.jpg|Mirkwood in [[The Lord of the Rings: War in the North]]
</gallery>

'''2003: [[The Hobbit (2003 video game)|''The Hobbit'' (2003 video game)]]:'''
:Mirkwood is the setting of two large chapters of the game: the first one involves rescuing of Dwarves from the Spiders, while the second covers the Halls of King [[Thranduil]] and subsequent escape.

'''2004: ''[[The Lord of the Rings: War of the Ring]]'':'''
:Several missions of both good and evil campaigns take place in Mirkwood. In the Evil campaign, the [[Witch-King]] is reclaiming [[Dol Guldur]] for Sauron, while in the Good campaign [[Legolas]] and elven archers pursue the escaped [[Gollum]].

'''2004: ''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Battle for Middle-earth]]'':'''
:Mirkwood is one the battlefields for the non-storyline engagements.

'''2006: ''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Battle for Middle-earth II]]'':'''
:Mirkwood makes appearance in both Good campaign and non-storyline skirmishes, in both cases the map is very different from the one in the first game.

'''2007: ''[[The Lord of the Rings Online]]'':'''
:Southern Mirkwood and Dol Guldur are the setting of the game's second expansion, ''[[The Lord of the Rings Online: Siege of Mirkwood]]''. In its storyline, Celeborn and Galadriel organize a military campaign against Dol Guldur while the Fellowship still resides in Lothlorien (not to be confused with the later battle during the War of the Ring). The announced goal is to saw chaos into Orc forces by destroying as many of their troops, weapons and supplies as possible, to delay an inevitable assault upon Lothlorien. The true purpose, however, is to distract the Eye of Sauron from the company departing down the shores of Anduin. An assault by the Golden Host of the Galadhrim is successful despite minor losses and after establishing multiple camps throughout southern Mirkwood arrives at the walls of the fortress itself. However, without the White Lady they do not have the means of bringing down the walls, so the Elves prepare to swiftly fall back beyond Anduin before the main forces of the Enemy arrive.

'''2011: ''[[The Lord of the Rings: War in the North]]'':'''
:Mirkwood is the setting of one the missions in the game, where [[Eradan]], [[Farin]] and [[Andriel]] have to rescue [[Radagast|Radagast the Brown]] from a giant spider.

'''2012-14: [[The Hobbit (film series)|''The Hobbit'' (film series)]]:'''
:Mirkwood is featured in the [[The Hobbit: The Desolation of Smaug|second Hobbit film]], with its scenes being shot both on set in the studio and on location.

== See also ==
*[[Taur-nu-Fuin (Dorthonion)]]
{{references}}
{{companyroute}}
[[Category:Forests]]
[[Category:Regions]]
[[Category:Rhovanion]]
[[de:Düsterwald]]
[[fr:encyclo/geographie/forets/rhovanion/foret noire]]
[[fi:Synkmetsä]]

Irmo

2024-10-08T06:29:05Z

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{{rewrite}}
{{infobox character
| people=[[Valar|Vala]]
| name=Irmo
| image=Maureval - Irmo Lorien.png
| caption="Irmo Lorien" by [[:Category:Images by Maureval|Maureval]]
| pronun=[[Quenya|Q]], {{IPA|[ˈirmo]}}
| othernames=''Lórien'' ([[Quenya|Q]])
| titles=
| position=Master of Visions and Dreams
| location=[[Lórien (Valinor)|Lórien]], [[Valinor]]
| affiliation=
| language=
| notablefor=
| siblings=[[Mandos]] and [[Nienna]]
| spouse=[[Estë]]
| gender=Male
| height=
| hair=
| eyes=
| clothing=
| weapons=
| steed=
}}
{{Quote|Irmo the younger is the master of visions and dreams. In Lórien are his gardens in the land of the Valar, and they are the fairest of all places in the world, filled with many spirits.|''[[The Silmarillion]]'', "[[Valaquenta]]: Of the Valar"}}

'''Irmo''', more commonly known as ''Lórien'', was a [[Valar|Vala]], the master of visions and dreams. He maintained the [[Lórien (Valinor)|Gardens of Lórien]].

==History==
Irmo was the younger brother of [[Mandos|Námo]]. Irmo and Námo were the [[Fëanturi]], the masters of spirits.<ref name=vala>{{S|IIb}}</ref> Their sister was [[Nienna]]. Like his brother, Mandos, Irmo was typically known by the name of his domain, Lórien.

He lived in his gardens with his spouse [[Estë]]. His halls and extensive gardens were located away from [[Valmar]], though still within [[Valinor]]. Irmo tended to, and provided refuge to the [[Elves]] of Valinor in Lórien. He would guide the [[Eldar]] through visions and dreams.<ref name=vala/>

When [[Míriel]] lost strength after giving birth to [[Fëanor]], she was brought to Lórien for rest. But her spirit willingly departed to [[Mandos]], refusing to return.<ref>{{S|6}}</ref>

When the [[Sun]] and [[Moon]] were originally set in their paths, [[Varda]] purposed that the two vessels should journey in [[Ilmen]] and mingle their light as the [[Two Trees]] once had. However, Irmo and Estë asked her to reconsider as "sleep and rest had been banished from the Earth."<ref name=Sun/> Therefore, Varda changed her council and created twilight.<ref name=Sun>{{S|11}}</ref>

==Etymology==
''Irmo'' is a [[Quenya]] name meaning "Desirer" or "Master of Desire".<ref>{{PE|21}}, p. 85</ref> His common name ''Lórien'' ([[Quenya]]; {{IPA|[ˈloːri.en]}}) means "Land of Dreams".

In ''[[The Etymologies]]'', '''''Lhuien''''' is given as a [[Noldorin]] cognate of ''Lórien''.<ref>{{LR|P3}}, entry "LOS"</ref>

In [[Eriol]]'s [[Old English]] translations, Irmo is referred to as ''Swefnfréa'' "Dream-ruler".<ref>{{SM|QA1}}</ref>

==Genealogy==
{{familytree/start}}
{{familytree| | | | | |,|-|-|-|v|-|-|-|.| | | | | | |}}
{{familytree| VAI |~| MAN | | NIE | | IRM |~| EST | |VAI=[[Vairë]]|MAN=[[Mandos]]|NIE=[[Nienna]]|IRM='''IRMO'''|EST=[[Estë]]}}
{{familytree/end}}

==Other versions of the legendarium==
In early versions of the legendarium, this Vala (variously spelt '''''Lorien''''' and '''''Lôrien''''') was given various surnames: [[Qenya]] '''''Olofantur''''' (the element ''fantur'', a derivative of the [[Sundocarme|root]] FANA, refers to "visions, dreams, falling asleep"),<ref name=LT1>{{LT1|Appendix}}, pp. 253, 259</ref> Qenya '''''Fulmur''''' (probably from the root FUMU, "sleep"), and [[Gnomish]] '''''Losfan''''' (consisting of ''oloth'' "a dream, apparition, vision" + ending ''-fan'', thus ''(o)loth-fan'' > ''Losfan'').<ref name=PE14>{{PE|14}}, p. 12</ref> Gnomish renderings of his first name included '''''Glurim''''' (containing the element ''lûr'' "slumber") and '''''Lûriel''''' or '''''Lúriel''''' (> '''''Lúrin''''').<ref name=LT1/><ref name=PE14/><ref>{{PE|11}}, p. 18</ref>

Poppies, the flowers of sleep "which the Gods called ''[[fumellar]]''", were used in enchantments by Irmo. He descried many mysterious visions in the silvery light of the cauldron [[Silindrin]], which contained the collected dew of [[Silpion]].<ref name=irmo>{{LT1|III}}</ref>

{{references}}
{{Ainur}}
[[Category:Characters in The Book of Lost Tales]]
[[Category:Characters in The Silmarillion]]
[[Category:First Age characters]]
[[Category:Quenya names]]
[[Category:Valar]]

[[de:Lórien (Vala)]]
[[fr:encyclo/personnages/ainur/valar/irmo]]
[[fi:Irmo]]

Saeros

2024-10-06T20:46:29Z

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{{infobox character
| name=Saeros
| people=[[Guest-elves|Guest-elf]]
| image=Ted Nasmith - Saeros' Fatal Leap 2.jpg
| caption="Saeros' Fatal Leap" by [[Ted Nasmith]]
| pronun=
| othernames=''Orgol'' ([[Saeros#Other versions of the legendarium|see below]])
| titles=
| position=Counsellor to [[Thingol]]
| location=[[Doriath]]
| affiliation=[[Guest-elves]]<ref name=WJP1>{{WJ|P1}}, pp. 112-3</ref>
| language=[[Doriathrin]]
| birth=[[Years of the Trees]]<ref name="UT">{{UT|Narn}}, "Túrin in Doriath", p. 77</ref>
| birthlocation=
| rule=
| death={{FA|484}}<ref name="GA">{{GA|259}}</ref>
| deathlocation=Tributary of [[Esgalduin]]<ref name="CH-5.2">{{CH|5}}, p. 90</ref>
| age=
| notablefor=
| house=
| parentage=[[Ithilbor]]<ref name="UT" />
| siblings=
| spouse=
| children=
| gender=Male
| height=
| hair=
| eyes=
| clothing=Shield<ref name="CH-5">{{CH|5}}, p. 85</ref>
| weapons=Sword<ref name="CH-5"/>
| steed=
}}

{{Quote|But Saeros dwelt mostly in Menegroth, and won the esteem of the king; and he was proud, dealing haughtily with those whom he deemed of lesser state and worth than himself. He became a friend of Daeron the minstrel, for he also was skilled in song; and he had no love for Men, and least of all for any kinsman of Beren Erchamion.|''[[Unfinished Tales]]'', "''[[Narn i Hîn Húrin]]''", ''Túrin in Doriath''}}

'''Saeros''' was an Elf of the [[Nandor]]<ref name="UT" /> who lived in [[Doriath]]. He was a counsellor to King [[Thingol]] and was central to an epochal event in the early life of [[Túrin]].

==History==
Saeros was a member of the court of King [[Thingol]], taking refuge there after the fall of his lord [[Denethor (son of Lenwë)|Denethor]] in the [[First Battle]]. In [[Menegroth]], he won the esteem of the king and the friendship of [[Daeron]]. When [[Túrin]] came to Doriath as a fosterchild five centuries later, Saeros had become a counsellor to the King, and was jealous that such honor should be given to a [[Man]].<ref name="in Doriath">{{CH|5}}</ref>

When Túrin was twenty, Saeros insulted him at a royal dinner, comparing the [[House of Hador|Men of Hithlum]] to animals. In his anger Túrin struck him with a goblet, injuring him. The next day Saeros ambushed Túrin in the woods, but was overcome. Túrin went on to strip him naked and told him to run back to [[Menegroth]] like an animal. While running in terror Saeros fell into a ravine and died. Túrin, fearing King Thingol's wrath, fled Doriath,<ref name="in Doriath"/> calling himself ''[[Neithan]]'' ("The Wronged").<ref>{{CH|6}}, p. 101</ref>

== Etymology ==
Saeros' name is difficult to translate, but might mean "Bitter Rain" in [[Sindarin]] (from ''[[saer]]'' = "bitter"<ref>[https://www.glyphweb.com/arda/s/saeros.php Saeros] on The Encyclopedia of Arda</ref> and ''[[ross]]'' = "rain").{{fact}} If "bitter" is the root word of his name, then ''Saeros'' is probably a epithet.{{fact}}

== Genealogy ==
{{familytree/start}}
{{familytree| ITH | |ITH=[[Ithilbor]] ''b. {{FA}}''}}
{{familytree| |!| | |}}
{{familytree| SAE | |SAE='''SAEROS''' ''d. {{FA|484}}''}}
{{familytree/end}}

== Other versions of the legendarium ==
In one variant of the [[Narn]], during his first introduction, Saeros is described as the kinsman of [[Daeron]], and in another, his brother.<ref>{{UT|2n}}, p. 147, note 8</ref>

In ''[[The Later Annals of Beleriand]]'' he is named '''''Orgof''''' and is a kinsman of Thingol. He was slain by Turin at the king's board.<ref>{{LR|P2III}}</ref>{{rp|112}}

This story is similar in the ''[[Quenta Silmarillion]]'' and the ''[[The Grey Annals]]'' where he continues to be named ''Orgof'' and is slain when Turin casts a drinking vessel into his face.<ref name="GA"/><ref name="quenta">{{LR|Quenta}}</ref>{{rp|§40}}

In an accompanying note to ''The Grey Annals'', [[J.R.R. Tolkien|Tolkien]] wrote the name '''''Orgol''''' in the margin;<ref name=WJP1/> in the appendix to ''[[The Children of Húrin]]'', [[Christopher Tolkien]] made the following comment on the issue:

{{blockquote|It seems, incidentally, certain from a closer understanding of the relations of the manuscripts that my father rejected the name ''Saeros'' and replaced it by ''Orgol'', which by 'linguistic accident' coincides with Old English ''orgol'', ''orgel'' 'pride'. But it seems to me too late now to remove ''Saeros''.|{{CH|A2}}, p. 287}}

{{references}}
[[Category:Characters in The Book of Lost Tales]]
[[Category:Characters in The Children of Húrin]]
[[Category:Characters in The Silmarillion]]
[[Category:First Age characters]]
[[Category:Nandor]]
[[Category:Sindarin names]]

Sack of Erebor

2024-10-05T06:51:46Z

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{{battle
| name=Sack of Erebor
| image = Lída Holubová - Smaug.jpg
| conflict=Isolated event
| date={{TA|2770}}
| place=[[Lonely Mountain|Erebor]]
| result=Destruction of the Kingdom under the Mountain, slaughter of thousands of Dwarves
| side1=Dwarves, and Men
| side2=[[Smaug]] the Dragon
| commanders1=*King [[Thrór]]
* Lord [[Girion]] of [[Dale]] †
| commanders2=*Smaug
| forces1=Unknown est. 5-10,000 Dwarves, and est. 1-4,000 [[Men of Dale]]
| forces2=Smaug the Dragon
| casual1=Unknown but many, est. thousands of Dwarves (military and civilian), hundreds of Men including Girion
| casual2=None
}}

The '''Sack of Erebor''' occurred when [[Smaug]] attacked the [[Lonely Mountain]] and drove the [[Dwarves of Erebor]] from their capital.

==Background==
After the slaying of King [[Dáin I]] outside his [[Dáin's Halls|hall]] at the conclusion of the [[War of the Dwarves and Dragons]], the new King, Thrór, and his brother [[Grór]] abandoned the [[Grey Mountains]] for safer dwellings with most of their subjects. The king went to the Lonely Mountain (former seat of the Durin's throne), and Grór to the primary source of the Longbeards' iron supply, the [[Iron Hills]].
Over the years the [[Dwarves of Erebor]] gained great renown throughout Middle-earth for the splendor of their halls, craftsmanship, and great stores of wealth. Word eventually reached Smaug the dragon, one of the great fire drakes who now dwelled in the Grey Mountains, who in his lust for treasure desired to take the mountain.<ref name="Party">{{H|1}}</ref>

== The Battle ==
One night in {{TA|2770}}, Smaug descended upon the mountain in flames, catching the Dwarves and [[Men of Dale]] off guard. The warriors of the mountain came out of the [[Front Gate|great gate]] to engage the dragon, but all were killed. Then Smaug attacked [[Dale]] whose warriors were all called to arms, and destroyed most of them. He then returned to the mountain and routed the remaining Dwarves. Afterwards he piled up all the gold within the mountain and made it his dwelling, emerging only ever so often to eat maidens from Dale which eventually caused its abandonment.<ref name="Party"/>

== Aftermath ==
In the end the [[Kingdom under the Mountain]] was destroyed, and likely thousands of Dwarves and several hundred people (including King [[Girion]]) of Dale were killed. King [[Thrór]] himself along with his son [[Thráin|Thráin II]] barely escaped out of the [[Back Door|secret entrance]]. Most of the Dwarves who escaped fled to the [[Iron Hills]].<ref>{{UT|Erebor}}</ref>

With his family and a small company of followers, the King went into a homeless wandering southward but not before cursing Smaug. It would be almost two hundred years before Thrór's grandson [[Thorin]] would return to the mountain to reclaim his home and treasure.

== Portrayal in adaptations ==
'''1967: [[The Hobbit (1967 film)|''The Hobbit'' (1967 film)]]:'''
:The Sack of Erebor appears briefly in the prologue.

'''2012: ''[[The Hobbit: An Unexpected Journey]]'':
:The Sack of Erebor appears in the prologue of the film, with the events narrated by [[Bilbo Baggins]] as he writes his book ''[[There and Back Again]]''. Thorin participates in the failed defense of the Mountain, and Thráin loses the [[Arkenstone]] in the evacuation.

{{references}}
[[Category:Conflicts of the Third Age]]

Dwarf realms

2024-10-04T16:41:11Z

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Throughout the history of [[Arda]], there have been many '''Dwarf realms''':
* '''[[Moria|Khazad-dȗm]] '''was the most famous and greatest of all the dwarf kingdoms. Located in the [[Misty Mountains]], it was the home of the [[Longbeards]] and was later populated with [[Firebeards]] and [[Broadbeams]] fleeing [[Nogrod]] and [[Belegost]]. It prospered for thousands of years until the Dwarves awoke the [[Balrogs|Balrog]] which drove them from Khazad-dȗm, it was then renamed ''[[Moria]]'' ("Black Pit" in [[Sindarin]]). It is told that a few centuries into the [[Fourth Age]], [[Durin VII]] – a descendant (some sources say the son)<ref name="Making">{{PM|Aiv}}, pp. 278-9.</ref> of [[Thorin III Stonehelm]] – at last led Durin's Folk back to recolonize [[Khazad-dûm]], where they remained "until the world grew old and the Dwarves failed and the days of Durin's race were ended".<ref name="Making" />

* '''[[Nogrod]] and [[Belegost]] '''were located in the [[Blue Mountains]]. The [[Firebeards]] and [[Broadbeams]] awoke in the [[Blue Mountains]], and lived there throughout the history of their people. These two houses built the great Dwarven cities of [[Nogrod]] and [[Belegost]] in the Blue Mountains. It is not clear whether they shared the two cities or whether each house dwelt in its own.<ref>{{PM|Dwarves}}</ref> Nogrod and Belegost were ruined at the end of the [[First Age]], leaving the Firebeards and the Broadbeams to either rebuild their halls or, as many did relocate to Khazad-dȗm in {{SA|40}}. The '''''Ered Luin''''' would later become a refuge for much of Durin's folk who established [[Thorin's Halls]] beyond the [[Lune]]<ref name="Folk">{{App|Durin}}</ref> during the latter Third Age. However, the Firebeards and Broadbeams continued to live there through the Fourth Age, and probably till the diminishing of the race of Dwarves (there always remained some Dwarves on the eastern side of the Blue Mountains in days afterwards.)<ref>{{UT|Concerning}}</ref>

* The '''Exiled Kingdom in the [[Grey Mountains]]''' were the [[Dáin's Halls|great halls]] of which many of Durin's folk relocated to after being exiled from Khazad-dȗm. The [[Dwarves of the Grey Mountains]] became very prosperous in their new halls. For over 500 years they mined and defended their halls from the [[Dragons]] of the north and the Orcs from the west. Until, finally [[Cold-drakes]] forced them from the mountains, and killed their king [[Dain |Dain I]]. However, dwarves still remained in the Ered Mithrin throughout the Third and Fourth Age after the core population fled, surviving in whatever mines and halls were remaining.<ref name="Folk" />

* The '''[[Kingdom under the Mountain]]''' was one of the greatest kingdoms of the Dwarves. Located at [[Lonely Mountain|Erebor]], it was founded by [[Thráin I]], but was abandoned by his son, [[Thorin I]]. It was resettled by [[Thrór]] but, years later, [[Smaug]] [[Sack of Erebor|sacked]] the mountain and drove the Dwarves out. [[Thorin|Thorin II Oakenshield]] refounded the kingdom in {{TA|2941}} at the cost of his life.

* The '''[[Iron Hills]]''' were a range of small mountains rich with iron, colonized by Durin's folk during the [[First Age]]. Around the year 2500 of the Third Age, [[Grór]] son of [[Dáin I]] founded the Iron Hills as an independent kingdom after the Dwarves were exiled from the [[Grey Mountains]], and he became the first [[Lord of the Iron Hills]]. The exiles who settled in the Iron Hills were of course in friendly relations with the Dwarves of the [[Lonely Mountain]] (Erebor), who were of similar like and mind, being kin to Grór and [[Thrór]]. After the [[Battle of Five Armies]], many [[Dwarves of the Iron Hills]] relocated to the [[Lonely Mountain]] after the kingdom of Erebor was re-founded.

* The '''[[Glittering Caves]]''' '''of [[Glittering Caves|Aglarond]]''' were a cave system in the [[White Mountains]] behind [[Helm's Deep]]. [[Gimli]] son of [[Glóin]] led a large group of [[Dwarves of Erebor]] there after the [[War of the Ring]] and became the [[Lord of the Glittering Caves]]. His Dwarves performed great services for the [[Rohirrim]] and the [[Men of Gondor]], of which the most famous was the making of new gates for Minas Tirith, forged out of ''[[mithril]]'' and steel.<ref name="Folk" /> The dwarves of Aglarond restored the Hornburg following the War of the Ring, and it became a fortress they shared with the Rohirrim. The Dwarves of the Glittering Caves carefully tended the stone walls and opened new ways and chambers and hung lamps that filled the caverns with light.<ref>{{TT|Road}}</ref>

* '''[[Rhûn]]''' was inhabited by four of the Dwarf clans: the [[Ironfists]], [[Stiffbeards]], [[Blacklocks]] and [[Stonefoots]].<ref>{{PM|X}}, pp. 301, 322 (note 24)</ref> The distance between their mansions in the East and the [[Misty Mountains]], specifically [[Gundabad]], was said to be as great or greater than that of Gundabad's distance from the [[Blue Mountains]] in the West.<ref>{{PM|Dwarves}}, p. 301</ref> In the [[Third Age]], Dwarves of those kingdoms journeyed out of Rhûn to join all Middle-earth's other Dwarf clans in the [[War of the Dwarves and Orcs]], which was fought in and under the [[Misty Mountains]]. After this war, the survivors returned home. Late in the Third Age, when war and terror grew in Rhûn itself, considerable numbers of its Dwarves left their ancient homelands. They sought refuge in Middle-earth's western lands, where some of them met [[Frodo Baggins]].<ref>{{FR|Shadow}}</ref>

* The '''Exiled Realm in [[Dunland]]''' was established by Dwarves fleeing from [[Erebor]] after it was sacked by [[Smaug]]. This is where [[Thrór]] departed when he and his companion [[Nár]] journeyed to [[Moria]] in TA 2790. After the [[Battle of Azanulbizar]], provoked by the [[Orcs]]' brutal slaying of Thrór, [[Thráin|Thráin II]] and [[Thorin]] led the remnants of their followers back to Dunland but soon left (to eventually settle in the [[Ered Luin]]).

{{references}}
[[Category:Dwarven realms]]
[[Category:Dwarves]]
[[de:Zwerge#Bekannte Zwergenstädte]]

Kingdom under the Mountain

2024-10-04T16:37:43Z

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{{kingdom
| image=Jef Murray - The Lonely Mountain 2.jpg
| name=Kingdom under the Mountain
| pronun=
| othernames=The Dwarf-kingdom, Erebor, Lonely Mountain, Mountain Kingdom
| location=The [[Lonely Mountain]]
| capital=
| towns=
| regions=
| population=[[Dwarves of Erebor]]
| language=[[Westron]], [[Khuzdul]]
| govern1=[[King under the Mountain]]
| govern2=
| govern3=
| currency=
| holiday=
| precededby=[[Moria|Khazad-Dûm]]
| event1=Founded
| event1date={{TA|1999}}
| event2=Abandoned
| event2date={{TA|2210}}
| event3=Reclaimed
| event3date={{TA|2590}}
| event4=Lost to Smaug
| event4date={{TA|2770}}
| event5=Reclaimed
| event5date={{TA|2941}}
| followedby=
}}
The '''Kingdom under the Mountain''' was the name given to the Dwarf realm of [[Lonely Mountain|Erebor]].<ref name="Durin">{{App|Durin}}</ref> It was founded in {{TA|1999}} when [[Thráin I]] came to the Lonely Mountain<ref name="ta">{{App|TA}}</ref> and discovered the [[Arkenstone]].<ref name="Durin"/> The kingdom lasted until {{TA|2770|n}}, when [[Smaug]] the [[Dragons|Dragon]] invaded and either killed the Dwarves or forced them to leave. When Smaug was slain in {{TA|2941|n}}, [[Dáin Ironfoot]] became King Dáin II and the kingdom was restored.<ref name="ta"/>

==History==
===Foundation===
While mining for [[mithril]] in {{TA|1980}}, the dwarves of [[Khazad-dûm]] awoke [[Durin's Bane|a Balrog]] and it killed King [[Durin VI]]. Many Dwarves died defending their city, including Durin's oldest son and heir, King [[Náin I]]. In {{TA|1981}}, the next in line, [[Thráin I]], fled with the rest of his people.<ref name="Durin"/>

Thráin, with those who would follow him, went to the colony in the [[Lonely Mountain]] in {{TA|1999}} where he made himself [[King under the Mountain]],<ref name=ta>{{App|TA}}</ref> and relocated the capital of the Longbeards. Under Thráin's rule the [[Arkenstone]] was discovered, and many riches were mined from its depths. After Thráin's death and his son [[Thorin I]] had ruled for ten years, he abandoned the Mountain in {{TA|2210}} for the [[Grey Mountains]]; where his people were now gathering.

===Decline===
After King Thorin left the mountain was once again a colony, and its status as capital city was transferred to the Ered Mithrin.

It was nearly four hundred years before Durin's folk returned in mass to the Lonely Mountain. The reason for this being that the [[Dwarves of the Grey Mountains]] had been fighting a [[War of the Dwarves and Dragons|war]] against the [[Dragons]], who had plagued the Dwarves for hundreds of years. In the year {{TA|2589}} King [[Náin II]] and middle son [[Frór]] were killed by a great [[Cold-drakes|Cold-drake]] at the entrance to their halls, which led to the decision by the two remaining heirs, [[Thrór]] and [[Grór]], to leave the mountains with those who wished to follow them,

===Re-establishment===
The [[Third Age 2590|following year]] the now king Thrór, led a group back to the Lonely Mountain, while his brother Grór led another portion to the Iron Hills, and even some stayed behind in the Ered Mithrin.

Thrór eventually made it to the Lonely Mountain, and declared himself [[King under the Mountain]]. Under Thrór's rule the Lonely Mountain once again became the capital of Durin's folk, the [[Dwarves of Erebor]] became the best smiths and masons in Wilderland, trade increased with their kinsman in the Iron Hills and elsewhere, and they also became very rich.

===Sack of Erebor===
{{main|Sack of Erebor}}
[[File:Ted Nasmith - Smaug the Destroyer.jpg|thumb|''Smaug the Destroyer'' by [[Ted Nasmith]]]]
But with this new found prosperity came trouble. It wasn't long before the great dragon [[Smaug]] heard of their great wealth, and one day decided to take their treasure for himself. In the year {{TA|2770}}, Smaug descended on the mountain in a ball of fire. He killed King [[Girion]] of [[Dale]] with many of his knights, and he killed a large amount of the Dwarves living in the mountain. Most of the survivors fled to the Iron Hills, others went with the royal family into exile, and some simply went their own way.

While Durin's folk wandered from the mountain to [[Dunland]] to the northern [[Blue Mountains]]; they ever longed for the halls of the Lonely Mountain.

===Restoration===
{{main|Quest of Erebor}}
[[File:Brian Durfee - Returned Exiles.jpg|thumb|left|''Returned Exiles'' by Brian Durfee]]
In {{TA|2941}}, with Gandalf's council, [[Thorin |Thorin Oakenshield]] and a [[Thorin and Company|company of twelve dwarves]], with the help of the [[Hobbits|Hobbit]] [[Bilbo Baggins]], undertook the Quest of Erebor and retook the city and treasure. In the meantime the Dragon Smaug went to destroy [[Lake-town|Esgaroth]], only to be killed by a man named [[Bard]].

Thorin was free to proclaim himself King under the Mountain. However the mountain was besieged by the Men of Esgaroth and the [[Elves of Mirkwood]], who wished recompensation for the damage done by the dragon. [[Dáin Ironfoot]] arrived to support Thorin, but a great host of [[Orcs]] and [[Wargs]] came to take the mountain. Then the Elves, Men, and Dwarves were united and [[Battle of Five Armies|fought]] against them. After Thorin's and his nephews' deaths, Dáin was made King of Durin's folk and of the mountain. Finally after so many years of longing the Longbeards finally returned to the Lonely Mountain.

===Later history===
Under Dáin's rule the Dwarves of Erebor became very rich and prosperous. They rebuilt the town of [[Dale]], their trade greatly increased with their kinsman in the Iron Hills once again and with Men; and the Lonely Mountain was restored to its original greatness. But once again trouble began to brew in the east. The Men of Dale were nearing war with the [[Easterlings]], and in the year {{TA|3019}} an emissary from [[Sauron]] came to Dáin and said that if he were to give up the location of Bilbo (who had discovered the [[The One Ring|Ring of Power]] in his travels) that Sauron would return to him the three remaining [[Seven Rings|Dwarven rings]]. But being wary of the emissary, Dáin sent his kinsmen [[Glóin]] to [[Rivendell]] to warn Bilbo that Sauron was after him.

Several months later the Dwarves aided the [[Men of Dale]] who defended them against [[Easterlings]]. The [[Battle of Dale]] lasted for 3 days until they were forced to retreat into the Mountain; King [[Brand]] and King Dáin were killed at its very gates. The Dwarves and Men held out for several days until the besieged came forth from the Lonely Mountain, and drove the attackers back to the [[East]], never to be bothered again.

After the death of his father, [[Thorin Stonehelm|Thorin III Stonehelm]] became King of Durin's folk and King-under-the-Mountain. Ambassadors were sent to the crowning of the [[King Elessar]], and both kingdoms remained friends of [[Gondor]], subjects of the [[King of the West]].<ref>{{App|Great}}</ref>

{{references}}
[[Category:Cities, towns and villages]]
[[Category:Dwarven realms]]

[[de:Königreich unter dem Berg]]
[[fi:Vuorenalainen Kuningaskunta]]
[[fr:encyclo/geographie/royaumes/royaume sous la montagne]]

First Siege of Imladris

2024-10-03T05:49:15Z

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{{unnamed}}
{{battle
|name=First Siege of Imladris
|image=
|conflict=[[War of the Elves and Sauron]]
|date={{SA|1697}} - {{SA|1700}}
|place=[[Imladris]]
|result=Victory for the [[Elves]]
*Siege lifted
|side1=[[Elves of Eregion]] [[Elves of Lindon]]
|side2=Forces of [[Sauron]]
|commanders1=
[[Elrond]]
|commanders2=
[[Sauron]]
|forces1=Unknown
|forces2="a strong detachment" left behind by [[Sauron]]<ref name="Galadriel"/>
|casual1=Unknown
|casual2=Unknown
}}
The '''First Siege of Imladris''' was a siege of [[Elrond]]'s refuge by [[Sauron]]'s forces during the [[War of the Elves and Sauron]] in the [[Second Age]].

==Background==
In {{SA|1200}} [[Sauron]] came to [[Eregion]] in disguise, claiming to be an emissary of the [[Valar]] sent to offer aid to the [[Eldar]]. Although rejected by [[Gil-galad]], he was able to win over [[Celebrimbor]] and the smiths of Eregion. The brotherhood of smiths, the [[Gwaith-i-Mírdain]], profited from his knowledge<ref name="Galadriel">{{UT|Concerning}}</ref> and around {{SA|1500|n}} they began forging the [[Rings of Power]], finishing them in {{SA|1590|n}}.<ref name="SA">{{App|SA}}</ref> Unbeknownst to them, Sauron (who had returned to [[Mordor]]) created a master [[One Ring|Ring]] to rule the others. However, Celebrimbor perceived the designs of Sauron and prevented the use of the [[Three Rings]].

==History==
===Prelude===
{{main|Sack of Eregion}}
Infuriated by Celebrimbor's defiance, Sauron led a host out of Mordor.<ref name="Galadriel"/> In {{SA|1695|n}} this army invaded [[Eriador]] from the south.<ref name="SA"/> Gil-galad sent out a force under the command of [[Elrond]] which joined with [[Celeborn]] in defence of Eregion, but they were unable to prevent Sauron from conquering the realm. Celebrimbor was captured and killed. Elrond too would have been overwhelmed but for an attack upon Sauron's force from the rear by [[Dwarves]] from [[Moria|Khazad-dûm]] and many [[Galadhrim]] led by [[Amroth]].<ref name="Galadriel">{{UT|Concerning}}</ref> Elrond gathered what remained of the [[Elves of Eregion]] and retreated northward.<ref name="Galadriel"/>

===Siege===
In {{SA|1697|n}} Elrond founded the refuge of [[Imladris]]. Sauron did not immediately pursue Elrond, turning his attention upon the [[Dwarves of Khazad-dûm]] and [[Elves of Lórinand]]. Once they were driven back into Khazad-dûm and the gates were shut, Sauron sought to overrun all of Eriador. While Sauron sent most of his army west to attack [[Lindon]], he had to leave a strong detachment behind to contain Elrond.<ref name="Galadriel"/>

The siege lasted until {{SA|1700|n}}, when a great [[Númenórean]] navy, sent by [[Tar-Minastir]], arrived in Lindon.<ref name="SA"/> The might of [[Númenor]] broke Sauron's army at the [[Lhûn]] and crushed his forces at the [[Battle of the Gwathló]]. The army he had left besieging Imladris was caught between Elrond and Gil-galad and utterly destroyed, thus ending the siege.

===Aftermath===
A [[White Council|Council]] was held in the wake of Sauron's defeat. Given the devastation of Eregion, it was decided that Imladris should become the new Elvish stronghold in eastern [[Eriador]]. In recognition of his efforts, Gil-galad bestowed the ring [[Vilya]] upon Elrond at this time and made him his vice-regent.<ref name="Galadriel"/> Elrond maintained Imladris from then on until the end of the [[Third Age]], when he departed from [[Middle-earth]].<ref>{{App|Chief}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Second Siege of Imladris]]

{{references}}
[[Category:Conflicts of the Second Age]]
[[Category:Sieges]]

Nirnaeth Arnoediad

2024-09-27T17:15:08Z

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{{disambig-two|the battle|chapter of the same name|[[The Battle of Unnumbered Tears]]}}
{{battle
| name=Nirnaeth Arnoediad
| image=Mysilvergreen - The Battle of Unnumbered Tears.jpg
| conflict=[[Wars of Beleriand]]
| date={{FA|472}}
| place=[[Anfauglith]] and the [[Fen of Serech]]
| result=Decisive victory for [[Morgoth]]
*[[Union of Maedhros]] disbanded
*Death of [[Fingon]]
*Capture of [[Húrin]]
*Invasion of [[Hithlum]] by the [[Easterlings (First Age)|Easterlings]]
*[[Fall of the Falas]]
*[[Sons of Fëanor]] retreat to [[Ossiriand]]
| side1=[[Union of Maedhros]] [[Gondolindrim]] army
| side2=Forces of [[Morgoth]] [[Easterlings (First Age)|Easterlings]] (under [[Ulfang]])<ref group=note>There is no mention of [[Ulfang]] taking part in the battle and it is noted that his son [[Uldor]] was the leader of the treachery, commanding his forces. It is unknown if he was alive or dead by that time or still alive after. In the appendix of ''[[The Lost Road and Other Writings|The Lost Road]]'' it states that Ulfand (earlier form of Ulfang) was born in year 100, died 170. When comparing the dates with the earliest ''[[Annals of Beleriand]]'' Ulfand died two years before the battle which started at 172.</ref>
| commanders1=[[Maedhros]] 
[[Fingon]] † 
[[Turgon]] 
[[Mablung]] 
[[Beleg]] 
[[Gwindor]] 
[[Húrin|Húrin Thalion]] 
[[Haldir (Chieftain of the Haladin)|Haldir]] † 
[[Bór]] † 
[[Azaghâl|Azaghâl of Belegost]] † 
[[Caranthir]] 
[[Maglor]] 
[[Huor]] † 
[[Glorfindel]] 
[[Ecthelion]] 
| commanders2=[[Morgoth]] 
[[Gothmog (balrog)|Gothmog]] 
[[Glaurung]] 
[[Uldor]] † 
Unnamed Captain of Morgoth<ref name="UT">{{CH|2}}</ref> † 
| forces1=[[Elves]], [[Men]], [[Dwarves]]. Specific numbers are not given other than force of 10,000 [[Gondolindrim]].<ref name="NA">{{S|20}}</ref>
| forces2=Full strength of [[Angband]] including [[Balrogs]], [[Wolves]], [[Orcs]], [[Dragons]], see note on numbers.<ref group=note>In the ''[[Annals of Beleriand]]'' it is written that there were 100,000 [[Orcs]] and 1000 [[Balrogs]] when [[Morgoth]] emptied [[Angband]]. It is unclear if this number was definite since Tolkien had revised the number of Balrogs significantly over the development of the story.</ref>
| casual1=Heavy
| casual2=Unknown
}}
{{quote|Then in the plain of [[Anfauglith]], on the fourth day of the war, there began Nirnaeth Arnoediad, Unnumbered Tears, for no song or tale can contain all of its grief.|''[[Quenta Silmarillion]]'', "[[Of the Fifth Battle: Nirnaeth Arnoediad]]"}}
The '''Nirnaeth Arnoediad''', also known as the '''Battle of Unnumbered Tears''', was the fifth battle in the [[Wars of Beleriand]] fought between the forces of [[Morgoth]] and the [[Union of Maedhros]]. Its name was taken from the first words of the [[Doom of Mandos]]: ''"Tears unnumbered ye shall shed..."''. The battle was a pivotal moment in the war as the northern power of the [[Elves]] took heavy casualties, allowing Morgoth to exercise his dominance over [[Beleriand]].

==Background==
{{main|Union of Maedhros}}
In the almost two decades since their defeat in the [[Dagor Bragollach]], the [[Noldor]] had lost control over the entire north of Beleriand, and were, for the most part, reduced to refugees dwelling in [[Hithlum]] and [[Nargothrond]]. [[Gondolin]] was shut up and unknown.

In {{FA|468}},<ref>{{GA|212}}</ref> [[Maedhros]] after hearing the deeds of [[Beren]] and [[Lúthien]] perceived Morgoth was not unassailable and planned to take the offence against [[Angband]] before Morgoth would destroy them all one by one. Thus he set out plans to reunite the foes of Morgoth under a new league, the [[Union of Maedhros]].<ref name="NA"/>

Under this [[Union of Maedhros]] all the [[Elves]] of Beleriand, as well as the [[Edain]], [[Dwarves]], and the newly arrived [[Easterlings (First Age)|Easterlings]] were invited to combine in arms and fight Morgoth. The smithies of [[Nogrod]] and [[Belegost]] were busy preparing weapons and the Easterlings following [[Bór]] and [[Ulfang]] were trained for war. In west Beleriand the [[Noldor]] in [[Hithlum]] prepared as well as the Men of the [[house of Hador]] and [[people of Haleth]]. Tidings of the Union also came to [[Turgon]].<ref name="NA"/>

Because of the evil deeds of [[Celegorm]] and [[Curufin]] it hindered Maedhros' plans, [[Orodreth]] the king of Nargothrond refused to participate, but [[Gwindor]] joined the Union, commanding a group of Elves against his will. From [[Doriath]], where [[Thingol]] had sworn never to fight beside any son of Fëanor, came only [[Mablung]] and [[Beleg]], who did not wish to remain behind.<ref group=note>In the ''[[The Grey Annals]]'' Thingol sends a small force of Grey-elves with Mablung, Beleg is not mentioned to have gone to war.</ref><ref name="NA"/>

A year later<ref>{{GA|213}}</ref> Maedhros made the first trial of his strength and cleared the northward regions of Beleriand of Orcs and regained much of the land the Elves lost in the Dagor Bragollach, even [[Dorthonion]] was freed. Unbeknown to Maedhros Ulfang and his followers were in secret league with Morgoth and he was well aware of the plans of the Union from his spies.<ref name="NA"/>

==Strategy and array==
The [[Union of Maedhros]] was divided into two hosts, the western host was commanded by Fingon and the eastern host was commanded by Maedhros.

'''Western Host'''
*'''[[Fingon]]'''
**[[Noldor]] of [[Hithlum]]
**[[Gwindor]]
***[[Elves of Nargothrond]]
**Some [[Falathrim]]
**[[Húrin|Húrin Thalion]] and [[Huor]]
***[[Men of Dor-lómin]]
**[[Haldir (Chieftain of the Haladin)|Haldir]]
***[[Men of Brethil]]
**[[Mablung]] and [[Beleg]] of [[Doriath]]
'''Eastern Host'''
*'''[[Maedhros]]'''
**[[Fëanorians|Noldor of East Beleriand]]
**[[Maglor]] (and Maedhros)
***[[Bór]]
****[[Easterlings (First Age)|Easterlings]] (faithful)
**[[Caranthir]]
***[[Ulfang]]
****[[Easterlings (First Age)|Easterlings]] (faithless)
**[[Azaghâl]]
***[[Dwarves of Belegost]]

The strategy of the Union was for Maedhros to march in force into [[Anfauglith]], there he hoped Morgoth would respond by sending out his armies to meet the eastern host. The western host would remain hidden in the woods and valleys east of [[Ered Wethrin]] waiting for the firing of a great beacon in [[Dorthonion]]. Upon firing of the beacon Fingon would lead his host and engage the host of Morgoth from the west hoping to break it like hammer and anvil. The western host was reinforced later when [[Turgon]] unexpectedly came forth with ten thousand [[Gondolindrim]].<ref name="NA"/>

==History==
===Prelude===
{{blockquote|Then When Fingon heard afar the great trumpet of Turgon, the shadow passed and his heart was uplifted, and he shouted aloud: 'Utúlie'n aurë! Aiya Eldalië ar Atanatarni, utúlie'n aurë! The day has come! Behold, people of the Eldar and Fathers of Men, the day has come!' And all those who heard his great voice echo in the hills answered crying: 'Auta i lómë! The night is passing!'|The Children of Húrin, The Battle of Unnumbered Tears}}

On the morning of Midsummer the trumpets of the Eldar greeted the rising of the sun and hosts of [[Fingon]] and [[Maedhros]] gathered in the west and east. Fingon on the walls of [[Eithel Sirion]] saw his host arrayed, hidden in the woods and he looked to the east and through the dust he saw the glint of steel and indeed Maedhros had set forth into [[Anfauglith]]. A dark cloud gathered about [[Thangorodrim]] and the wrath of Morgoth was aroused and he accepted the challenge. A shadow of doubt fell upon the heart of Fingon then suddenly a cry went up of wonder and joy, as [[Turgon]] had come unsummoned and unlooked for with his host - "ten thousand strong, with bright mail and long swords and spears like a forest".<ref name="NA"/>

Fingon received Turgon's army with the cry ''"[[Utúlie'n aurë!]]"'' and they stationed guarding the passes of [[Sirion]] and he became hopeful. Morgoth through his spies had learned of the battle plan, and his treacherous servants had delayed [[Maedhros]]' march to prevent swift union of the two forces.<ref name="NA"/>

===Battle===
[[File:Peter Xavier Price - Gwindor's Charge.jpg|left|thumb|''Gwindor's Charge'' by [[Peter Xavier Price]]]]
Morgoth then moved forward with his plan, that same hour a host of Orcs sallied forth from [[Angband]] to provoke the western host to attack and another greater host was sent to meet Maedhros.<ref name="UT"/> The hearts of the Noldor grew restless and the captains wished to assail the Orc-host in the plains, but Fingon forbade this and to urge caution and to wait for the Orcs to assault the hills.<ref name="UT"/><ref group=note>In ''[[The Silmarillion]]'' this warning was told by [[Húrin]].</ref> Within sight of the [[Ered Wethrin]], [[Gwindor]]'s brother [[Gelmir]], captured during the [[Dagor Bragollach]], was brought forth, and brutally slain. Enraged, Gwindor broke ranks and charged along with his men. From their hidden positions in the eastern hills, Fingon's forces suddenly charged along with them. The Orc host was taken by surprise and swiftly defeated, and the sudden charge of Fingon's army nearly foiled Morgoth's plans; the forces of Gwindor and Fingon pushed forth, reaching Angband itself.<ref name="NA"/>

Morgoth shook upon his throne as Gwindor's company pounded at his gates above. They burst through, and slew the guards on the steps of Angband itself, though Morgoth had trapped them. They were then ambushed with hidden forces set about Angband; all of Gwindor's company was slain and Gwindor himself was captured. From clandestine gates around Angband, thousands of Orcs erupted suddenly, repulsing the host of Fingon from the walls. The Elven army was driven back in great slaughter, and many [[Haladin]] fell fighting in the rearguard including their lord [[Haldir (Chieftain of the Haladin)|Haldir]].<ref name="NA"/>

[[File:Joona Kujanen - The Fall of Azaghal.jpg|thumb|left|''The Fall of Azaghâl'' by [[:Category:Images by Joona Kujanen|Joona Kujanen]]]]
[[Turgon]], who had withheld his host from the reckless charge, now came upon the Orc host. The phalanx of Turgon broke through the Angband lines, and met with the guard of Fingon.

Finally, Maedhros arrived, but before he could make junction with Fingon and Turgon, Morgoth unleashed his last strength and all of Angband was emptied; wolves, wolfriders, Balrogs, dragons and with them [[Glaurung]]. Union forces could yet have prevailed, but [[Uldor]] turned ranks and attacked Maedhros in the rear, while more of his kin came down from the mountains and attacked from the east. [[Maglor]] slew Uldor in single combat,<ref group=note>In ''[[The Grey Annals]]'' Uldor was slained by Cranthir (Caranthir)</ref> [[Bór]] and his sons slew [[Ulfast]] and [[Ulwarth]] and they themselves were slain, but could not turn the tide of the battle. Under assault from three sides, the eastern host was scattered, and only the valour of the [[Dwarves]] of [[Belegost]] helped them escape, as their lord [[Azaghâl]] and his forces held off Glaurung, allowing the [[sons of Fëanor]] to escape into [[Ossiriand]].<ref name="NA"/>

[[Image:Jenny Dolfen - Nirnaeth Arnoediad - Unnumbered Tears.jpg|thumb|right|''Nirnaeth Arnoediad - Unnumbered Tears'' by [[Jenny Dolfen]]]]
[[Azaghâl]] and his army fought with fierce iron masks on, and they were able to resist the fire far better than any Elf or Man. Then Glaurung trampled Azaghâl beneath his feet, but Azaghâl ran a dagger through Glaurung's stomach, and the dragon fled in pain. Many beasts retreated with him. In a solemn ceremony, the Dwarves picked up their fallen leader, abandoning the battle, and marched him home in a great procession. Their wrath was so great that none troubled them.<ref name="NA"/>

All this had not helped the western host, who were attacked by many Orcs under [[Gothmog (balrog)|Gothmog]]. Gothmog cut a path to Fingon and fought him in single combat. After another Balrog bound him with a whip, Fingon was hewed by Gothmog's black axe and his body was beaten with maces. [[Húrin]] begged Turgon to retreat back to Gondolin, knowing now he was the last of the [[House of Fingolfin]] and Gondolin still remained hidden so Morgoth would still know fear in his heart. [[Huor]] then said to the king that from his house the hope of Elves and Men will come and 'from me and you a new star shall arise.' Huor and Húrin and the remaining [[Men of Dor-lómin]] formed a living wall across the [[Fen of Serech]], buying time for Turgon to escape with what remained of the Elves of Gondolin and Fingon's host. Acting as a rearguard, these Men were almost all slain – Huor fell when his eye was pierced by a poisoned arrow. His brother Húrin fought ferociously to buy his allies time to escape, fighting until his axe withered away. Morgoth had ordered him to be taken alive, however; he killed no fewer than seventy Orcs<ref group=note>In ''[[The Grey Annals]]'' it was a hundred Orcs</ref> and Trolls before he became pinned under their corpses, and was later taken prisoner by Gothmog.<ref name="NA"/>

===Aftermath===
[[File:Ted Nasmith - The Hill of Slain.jpg|thumb|''The Hill of Slain'' by [[Ted Nasmith]]]]
The Orcs gathered all of the slain Elves and Men and piled them in a mound in the midst of the desolate landscape and it was so great it could be seen from afar, and the Elves named it [[Haudh-en-Nirnaeth]], Hill of Tears or Haudh-en-Ndengin, Hill of the Slain. Grass grew on that hill long after the battle but nowhere else in Anfauglith and no servant of Morgoth would go near it.<ref name="NA"/>

Morgoth now had complete dominance in the north and his servants pressed southwards whenever. Morgoth sent the Easterlings that served him into Hithlum and shut them in and denied to them the fertile lands of [[Beleriand]]. The Easterlings plundered and harassed the women, children and old of Hador's people and what remnant of Elves still in Hithlum was sent to the mines of Angband. In the east the sons of Fëanor were scattered and they retreated to the woods and mountains and Himring was occupied by the Orcs. A year later Morgoth [[Fall of the Falas|sacked the havens]] of the [[Falas]].<ref name="NA"/>

Morgoth's destruction was not entirely complete, however, for Turgon, now [[High King of the Noldor]] after the death of Fingon, had evaded capture, and his city Gondolin was still unknown to Morgoth. [[Doriath]] and [[Nargothrond]] still remained.<ref name="NA"/>

==Etymology==
''Nirnaeth ''(or ''Nírnaeth'')'' Arnoediad ''(or ''Arnediad'') is [[Sindarin]] for "Tears Uncountable".<ref>{{WJ|Index}}</ref><ref>{{S|Index}}</ref>

Note that the "oe" of "Arnoediad" is not the Sindarin diphthong "oe", but rather the single [[i-affection|umlaut]] vowel "œ", better represented with a ligature.<ref>{{LR|Etymologies}}, entry "NOT"</ref>

==Other versions of the legendarium==
The earliest concept of the battle appears in ''[[Gilfanon's Tale]]'' and is named the '''Battle of Unnumbered Tears'''. The text was abandoned by Tolkien and what information of the battle existed in outlines for the ''[[Lost Tales]]'', from it many essential features would remain in later writings including the death of the leader of the [[Gnomes]] (Noldor), treachery of Men - corrupted by [[Melko]] and [[Turgon]] escaping with his host.<ref>{{LT1|Xn}}</ref>

A common element of the battle in the drafts is that the [[Union of Maedhros]] comprises of two hosts, a western force commanded by [[Fingon]] and a eastern force commanded by [[Maedhros]]. This division was mainly due to strategy employed by the leaders, a hammer and anvil tactic to encircle and destroy the host of [[Morgoth]]. In the ''[[Sketch of the Mythology]]'' the division is caused because the Fëanorians refuse to be led by [[Fingon|Finweg]] (Fingon) thus the host is divided and the other is led by [[Maidros]] and [[Maglor]].<ref name="S">{{SM|2}}</ref> This animosity between the two factions was changed later to have them more friendly and cooperative. This is part of the frequent revisions that Tolkien made of the composition and allegiances of the armies:
*In the earlier drafts the Dwarves of [[Belegost]] and [[Nogrod]] do not participate in the battle but instead help arm the eastern host as well as 'many armies' - their "smithies were busy in those days".<ref name="Q11">{{SM|Q11}}</ref><ref name="QS">{{LR|P2VI}}</ref> The Dwarves were more concerned with war profiteering than fighting,<ref>{{GA|212|note}}</ref> it is said that they gained much "wealth and jewelry of Elves and Men", and they "did not favour either side".<ref group=note>This line is different depending on which draft you read. In the ''[[Quenta]]'': 'For we do not know the rights of this quarrel,' they[Dwarves] said 'and we are friends of neither side-until it hath the mastery.' In the ''[[Quenta Silmarillion (Lost Road)|Quenta Silmarillion]]'': 'For we do not know the right causes of this quarrel,' they[Dwarves] said, 'and we favour neither side-until one hath the mastery.'</ref> This is from the earlier view of the Dwarves that they were neutral and so inclined to deal with the servants of Morgoth.<ref>{{LT2|IV}}</ref> The ''[[Sketch of the Mythology|Sketch]]'' mentions that the Fëanorians made war upon them but this was later changed to converse.<ref name="S"/> In the later writings Tolkien made the Dwarves 'less evil' and they now participate in the battle and the Dwarves of Belegost were able to hold their ground against the brood of [[Glaurung]] and their lord [[Azaghâl]] wounds Glaurung.<ref>{{GA|232}}</ref> This is incorporated in ''[[The Silmarillion]]''.
*In the ''[[Sketch of the Mythology|Sketch]]'' and ''[[Quenta]]'' (as originally written) Turgon is already with Finweg in [[Hithlum]] and is one of the commanders of the western host. When they are defeated Turgon flees with the remnant of the Gnomes down [[Sirion]] thanks to the heroics of [[Húrin]] and [[Huor]]. It is here that their scouts discover the [[Tumladen|valley]] encircled by the mountains and establish [[Gondolin]].<ref name="S"/><ref>{{SM|Q15}}</ref> In the ''Quenta'' there was a change and it had Turgon coming forth 'unlooked for' with a great host, which would mean that Gondolin was already established before the battle.<ref name="Q11"/> The foundation of Gondolin occurring before the battle remained in later writings.
*In ''[[The Silmarillion]]'' [[Thingol]] did not send any of his people to war save only [[Mablung]] and [[Beleg]].<ref name="NA"/> In the ''Sketch'' Thingol does indeed send help and allows the 'Gnomes of Doriath' to join the Union and a 'few from [[Doriath]]'. These Gnomes were refugees when Morgoth broke the [[Siege of Angband]] and they arrived to Doriath to take service to Thingol and [[Melian]].<ref name="S"/> This element originates from ''[[The Tale of Tinúviel]]'' where some Noldoli are in Tinwelint's service.<ref>{{LT2|I}}</ref> In another version Thingol sends Mablung and a small force of Grey-elves.<ref>{{GA|221}}</ref>
*In the earlier drafts Maidros' host consist of Men, Gnomes and [[Ilkorins]] or Dark-elves.<ref name="S"/> The Ilkorins were an early name for [[Úmanyar]]. The Dark-elves answer the summons of Maidros but they are not from Doriath<ref name="Q11"/> but from the south,<ref name="QS"/> where they fled after Morgoth broke the [[Siege of Angband]].<ref>{{SM|Q9}}</ref> Furthermore the [[Green-elves]] of [[Ossiriand]] join Maidros in the battle.<ref name="QS"/> The explicit mention of Dark-elves and Green-elves joining the battle disappeared in the latest writings which is most likely due to keeping consistency of the story, Thingol refusing to help and the Green-elves refusing to go to war after the death of their leader. In ''The Silmarillion'' it states Maedhros gathered all the strength of Elves, Men and Dwarves.

In ''[[The Silmarillion]]'' Morgoth plans to send a decoy force to draw out Fingon, which succeeds due to the dismembering of the prisoner [[Gelmir (son of Guilin)|Gelmir]]. However this element plays out differently in early drafts, for instance in the ''Sketch'' it has Finweg's host advance into Dor-na-Fauglith ([[Anfauglith]]) and they defeat an Orc host, they pursue them only to fight against a greater host when they reach Angband. There is no prisoner but the element of Finweg fighting two hosts in the opening stages remained in later writings.<ref>{{SM|2a}}</ref> This is further developed in the ''Quenta'', Finweg does not advance nor is their any Orc host present, but Finweg send heralds to Angband to summon the hosts of Morgoth, Morgoth replies by sending a host out with a captured herald and they slew him in front of Finweg which provokes him and the entire host to charge.<ref name="Q11"/> Notice that it is Finweg that is provoked by the slewing of the herald, this later changes to [[Gwindor]], who was also present in the battle but is named Flinding. The use of the heralds was abandoned in later writings,<ref>{{SM|CQ11}}</ref> so the role was replaced by Gelmir who was now in the later writings the brother of Gwindor.

[[Turgon]] was originally already in [[Hithlum]], however this was altered when Tolkien had [[Gondolin]] already existing before the battle so Turgon would arrive later on the day onlooked.<ref name="Q11"/> In the ''[[The Earliest Annals of Beleriand|Annals of Beleriand]]'' there is different version of events where Turgon does not arrive to take part in preparation near Hithlum, instead he emerges from [[Taur-na-Fuin]] unlooked for and engages the Orcs that were driving back Fingon's host.<ref>{{SM|7I}}</ref>

The battle was originally the third Battle of the [[Wars of Beleriand]] but was replaced by the [[Dagor Bragollach]] and it became the fourth battle<ref>{{SM|Index}}</ref> and then eventually to the fifth battle.

The Elvish name went through many changes in Tolkien's writings. In the stories of the ''[[Lost Tales]]'' it appeared as [[Gnomish]] '''Nínin-Udathriol''' or [[Qenya]] '''Nieriltasinwa'''.<ref>{{LT2|Appendix}}</ref> Later revised to '''Nínin Unothradin''' or '''Nirnaithos Unothradin''',<ref>{{LB|1a}}</ref> and again later to '''Nirnaith Únoth''' then to '''Nirnaith Ornoth'''<ref>{{LB|1d}}</ref> in the ''[[The Lay of the Children of Húrin]]''. In the drafts it appeared as '''Nirnaith Irnoth''' then changed to '''Nirnaith Dirnoth'''<ref>{{SM|7In}}</ref> There was another variant '''Dagor Nirnaith'''.<ref>{{LR|A2}}</ref> '''Nírnaith Arnediad''' was the name of the battle in the ''[[Quenta Silmarillion (Lost Road)|Quenta Silmarillion]]'' which had another variant '''Nírnaeth Arnediad''' (or Aronoded).<ref>{{LR|P3}}</ref> The final form was now '''Nirnaeth Arnoediad''', which had another variant '''Dagor Arnediad'''<ref>{{WJ|P1}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[:Category:Images of Nirnaeth Arnoediad|Images of Nirnaeth Arnoediad]]

{{references|n}}
{{warsofbeleriand}}
[[Category:Conflicts in The Book of Lost Tales]]
[[Category:Conflicts of the First Age]]
[[Category:Sindarin names]]
[[de:Nirnaeth Arnoediad]]
[[fr:encyclo/evenements/1a/guerres/nirnaeth arnoediad]]
[[fi:Nirnaeth Arnoediad]]

Gondorians

2024-09-26T11:36:11Z

Progüvo06:

{{people infobox
| name=Gondorians
| image = Liz Danforth - Gondorian.jpg
| caption="[[:File:Liz Danforth - Gondorian.jpg|Gondorian]]" by [[Liz Danforth]]
| pronun=
| othernames=Men of Gondor, Stone-folk, Stonehouse-folk
| origin=Descendants of the [[Númenóreans]] in [[Gondor]]<ref group="note">Gondorians are descended from a mixture of [[Númenóreans]] and non-[[Númenóreans]]; namely [[Northmen]] refugees from [[Rhovanion]] and indigenous [[Men of the Mountains]].</ref><ref>{{L|64}}, also [[Letter 144]], [[Letter 256]]</ref><ref name="Cirion">{{UT|Cirion}}</ref><ref name=gondor/>
| location=[[Gondor]]
| affiliation=[[Last Alliance of Elves and Men]], [[Host of the West (Arnor)|Host of the West]]
| rivalry=[[Black Númenóreans]], [[Corsairs of Umbar]], [[Easterlings]], [[Haradrim]]
| language=[[Westron]], [[Sindarin]], [[Quenya]]
| members=[[Denethor]], [[Boromir]], [[Faramir]], [[Imrahil]], [[Borondir]]
| lifespan=''[[#Lifespan|See below]]''
| distinctions=
| height=
| hair=
| skin=
| clothing=
| weapons=
}}
The '''Gondorians''' were the inhabitants of [[Gondor]]. The '''Dúnedain of Gondor''', also known as the '''Dúnedain of the South''', constituted the ruling class and nobility of [[Gondor]] being descendants of the [[Exiles of Númenor]] who established the South-Kingdom. The history of the Gondorians is extensively dominated by the actions of the Dúnedain of the South.

==History==
===Early history===
In [[Númenor]]ean colonies and outposts, such as [[Belfalas]] and [[Pelargir]], there were many [[Faithful]], fully or partially of [[Númenórean]] blood, who descended from [[Númenor]].<ref name=rings/> The Númenóreans venturing north of Pelargir met Men who had already settled in valleys on either side of the [[White Mountains]], and classified them "[[Middle Men]]" due to their friendliness to the [[West]], and recognized as descendants of the Men who abjured the [[Shadow]].<ref name=atani>{{PM|Atani}}</ref> There were many men of mingled blood, descended from the [[Men of the Mountains|Men of]] the [[White Mountains]] during the [[Dark Years]].<ref name="Minas Tirith">{{RK|V1}}</ref>
[[File:Anke Eißmann - Departure from Gondor.jpg|thumb|''Departure from Gondor'' by [[Anke Eißmann]]]]
After the [[Downfall of Númenor]], the [[Exiles of Númenor]], led by [[Elendil]], established the [[Realms in Exile]]. Arriving at the [[Mouths of Anduin]], Elendil's sons, [[Isildur]] and [[Anárion]], ascended the great river and founded the realm of Gondor. The colonists welcomed them and allied themselves with the founders of the [[Kingdoms of the Dúnedain]].<ref name=rings>{{s|Rings}}</ref><ref name=languages>{{App|Men}}</ref> Elendil made the Faithful nobles of his kin who ruled Belfalas "[[Princes of Dol Amroth|Princes]]".<ref name="Cirion"/> Even the [[Pre-Númenóreans|non-Númenórean]] peoples, like the [[Men of the Mountains]], swore allegiance to Isildur.<ref>{{RK|V2}}</ref>

Originally ruled by their [[High King (Dúnedain)|High King]], the [[Dúnedain]] were divided as the [[Dúnedain of Arnor]] and the [[Dúnedain of the South|Dúnedain of Gondor]], following [[Disaster of the Gladden Fields|the death of Isildur]] ({{TA|2}}). Isildur had relinquished the rule of Gondor to his nephew [[Meneldil]] who became the first [[King of Gondor]] to rule in his own right, and so the Gondorians became an independent people.<ref name=rings/><ref name="AppB">{{App|B2}}</ref>

The Men of Gondor were, from the beginning of their history, always more powerful and populous than their northern counterparts, the [[Men of Arnor]], in spite of their borders being impeded in the South and East.<ref name=atani/>

===Third Age===
As the realm endured, the splendour of the Gondorians grew, until during the reign of [[Hyarmendacil I]] ({{TA|1050}}) it recalled the wealth and majesty of [[Númenor]].<ref name=gondor>{{App|Gondor}}</ref><ref name="AppB"/> They built high towers, strong places, and havens of many ships; and many different peoples bowed to the [[Crown of Gondor]].<ref name=rings/>
[[File:John Howe - The Watchful Peace.jpg|thumb|''The Watchful Peace'' by [[John Howe]]]]
In the later [[Third Age]], the Gondorian blood became much mingled with that of other men, especially the [[Northmen]] of [[Rhovanion]]. King [[Eldacar (King of Gondor)|Eldacar]], who himself had Northmannish blood, showed favour to the Northmen who supported him. The [[Kin-strife]] led to the loss of many Dúnedain. After his return from exile, many noble houses, including the royal [[House of Anárion]], became more mingled with the blood of [[Middle Men|"lesser" Men]].<ref name=gondor/>

The [[Great Plague]] decimated the Gondorians with many, including King [[Telemnar]] and his kin.<ref name=gondor/><ref name=rings/>

After the reign of King [[Eärnur]], royal descendants among the Dúnedain of Gondor had become few and no claimant for the throne could be found of pure Númenórean blood, or whose claim all would accept, and people were afraid of a new Kin-strife that would devastate the kingdom. Thus, by default, [[Mardil]] began the line of [[Ruling Stewards of Gondor]].<ref name=gondor/><ref name=rings/>

During the rule of the [[Stewards]], the remaining Dúnedain of Gondor still defended the passage of the [[Anduin]] against the terrors of [[Minas Morgul]] and against all the enemies of the West.<ref name=rings/>

By the time of the [[War of the Ring]], most Dúnedain of Gondor lived within [[Minas Tirith]] and in the townlands of the [[Pelennor]]. Many Dúnedain also lived in the royal lands of [[Anórien]], [[Ithilien]], and [[Belfalas]], and others the southern fiefs, in the high vales of the mountain-borders, in [[Lossarnach]], or further south in [[Lebennin]].<ref name="Minas Tirith"/><ref name=languages/><ref name="Language">{{PM|Languages}}</ref>

===Later history===
Upon the reunification of the [[Kingdoms of the Dúnedain]] after the [[War of the Ring]], the Dúnedain were [[Reunited Kingdom|reunited]] under [[Aragorn II Elessar]], [[Isildur's Heir]], and their glory was restored.<ref name=rings/>

==Characteristics==
===Appearance and Traits===
The Gondorians of [[Númenóreans|Númenórean]] descent were tall, pale-skinned, with dark hair, shining grey eyes, and proud faces.<ref name="Minas Tirith"/><ref name="Herbs">{{TT|Herbs}}</ref> They were a proud and noble people, valiant in the face of hardship.<ref name="Minas Tirith"/> The Men of [[Gondor]] whose blood is more mingled with the people of the [[White Mountains]] (such as those of [[Lossarnach]]) were grim-faced, shorter, and somewhat swarthier than many others in [[Gondor]].<ref name="Minas Tirith"/>

===Lifespan===
In the beginning of their history, the Dúnedain were blessed with a lifespan thrice the life of [[Middle Men|lesser men]], yet this ever-diminished over the course of the [[Third Age]].<ref name=languages/><ref name=eriador>{{App|Eriador}}</ref> After Gondor's numbers were replenished by lesser [[Northmen]] after the [[Kin-Strife]], the mingling did not at first hasten the waning of the Dúnedain, as had been feared, but it still proceeded little by little as it had before.<ref name=gondor/>

After the fall of the [[Kings of Gondor|Kings]], the waning was much swifter in [[Gondor]] than in [[Arnor]].<ref name=eriador/> In fact, [[Hador (Steward of Gondor)|Hador]] the seventh [[Ruling Steward]] of [[Gondor]] was the last Gondorian to live 150 years and after his time the life-span of those with [[Númenóreans|Númenórean]] blood waned more rapidly.<ref name="Elendil">{{PM|Elendil}}</ref> By the time of the [[War of the Ring]], the lifespan of the Dúnedain of Gondor had waned to little greater than that of lesser men.<ref name=Healing/> Only few among the Gondorians passed 100 years with vigour, except in the more pure and noble houses.<ref name=Healing/>

Upon the reunification of the [[Two Kingdoms]], the life-span of all [[Dúnedain]] (including those of Gondor) was not restored and continued to wane until it became as that of other men.<ref name="Elendil"/>

==Culture==
===Skills===
The original Gondorians brought extraordinary knowledge of stonework with them from [[Númenor]], and this skill was a vital part of the character of [[Gondor]] and its people. In the early years of the realm, the Gondorians worked to erect mighty cities and monuments throughout their new land. Their original capital at [[Osgiliath]] had great stone bridges spanned the [[Anduin]], as well as mighty houses and towers of stone. Other works marvellous and strong they built in the land in the days of their power, at the [[Argonath]], and at [[Aglarond]], and at [[Erech]]; and at [[Isengard]], they made the [[Orthanc|Pinnacle of Orthanc]] of unbreakable stone.<ref name=rings/> They also built great roads that ran both north and south of the [[White Mountains]].<ref>{{RK|Ride}}</ref>

The Gondorians were very skilled in the arts of healing and medicine, having preserved much wisdom of [[Númenor]].<ref name="Cirion"/> They were skilled in healing all such sickness [[Men]] were subject to.<ref name=Healing>{{RK|Houses}}</ref>

The Men of [[Gondor]] were noted for their great seafaring skills, especially naval warfare. They built navies and extended the sway of Gondor along the coasts west and south of the [[Mouths of Anduin]] for more than a thousand years.<ref name=gondor/><ref name=rings/>

===Customs===
The Dúnedain of the South married late in their life and had few children. Several of the [[Kings of Gondor]] were childless.<ref name=gondor/>

Before a meal, the Gondorians had a little ritual called the [[Standing Silence]]: they looked towards the [[West]] in silence, towards [[Númenor]], and beyond to [[Aman]], and to that which is beyond Elvenhome.<ref>{{TT|Window}}</ref>

Gondorian ships were usually black and silver in colour.<ref>{{webcite|author=Daniel Helen|articleurl=http://www.tolkiensociety.org/2015/11/tolkiens-annotated-map-of-middle-earth-transcribed/|articlename=Tolkien’s annotated map of Middle-earth transcribed|dated=10 November 2015|website=The Tolkien Society|accessed=5 August 2018}}</ref>

The people of [[Minas Tirith]] used horses very little and they were rarely seen in their streets, save only those ridden by the errand-riders of their lord.<ref name="Minas Tirith"/>

===Language===
[[Westron]], or the Common Speech, was the main language of the people of [[Gondor]]. An antique, more formal and terse, form of the Common Tongue was spoken by the Gondorians.<ref>{{App|Translation}}</ref>

Many of the Men of Gondor could also speak the [[Elvish]] tongues, a notable distinction and characteristic among the [[Dúnedain of the South]].<ref name=languages/> [[Sindarin]] had long ceased to be a "first language" in [[Gondor]], but was learned in early youth (by those claiming [[Númenórean]] descent) from loremasters, and used by them as a mark of rank and high-blood.<ref name="Elendil"/> It had changed very little since the [[Downfall of Númenor]] and though the Men of [[Gondor]] altered some of the sounds, they could still understand the [[Elves]] and be understood by them.<ref name="Elendil"/> [[Westron]] became used more and more by the Dúnedain of Gondor themselves, so that at the time of the [[War of the Ring]], [[Sindarin]] was known to only a small part of the peoples of Gondor (and spoken daily by fewer); they dwelt mostly in [[Minas Tirith]] and the adjacent townlands, and in the land of the tributary princes of [[Dol Amroth]].<ref name=languages/> [[Sindarin]] was used to be polite, especially in [[Minas Tirith]].<ref name="quenya">{{L|347}}</ref>

[[Quenya]] was known to the learned of [[Gondor]], a tradition which has continued from the loremasters of [[Númenor]], to be used for places of fame and reverence in addition to the names of royalty and men of great renown.<ref name=languages/><ref name="quenya"/> All the royal names of the [[Kings of Gondor]] as well as all the [[Stewards]] until [[Mardil Voronwë]] were [[Quenya]] names.<ref name=languages/><ref>{{App|South}}</ref> At the end of the [[Third Age]], there were more [[Men]] (those of [[Minas Tirith]] and its fiefs) that knew [[Quenya]] or spoke [[Sindarin]] than there were [[Elves]] (those of [[Lindon]], [[Rivendell]], and [[Lórien]]) who did either.<ref name="quenya"/>

==Portrayal in adaptations==
'''1982-97: ''[[Middle-earth Role Playing]]'':'''
: Gondorians, or Gondorian Commoners, are one of the cultures, suitable for player characters, that are given a detailed description. The Gondorians contain varying degrees of blood from Dúnedain, [[Northmen]] and Men from [[Harad]] and [[Dunland]].<ref>{{ICE|2001}}, p. 168</ref><ref>{{ICE|2020}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[Dúnedain of Arnor]]

{{references|notes}}
[[Category:Gondorians| ]]
[[Category:Men]]

Ambush at Fangorn Forest

2024-09-24T16:36:35Z

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{{sources|JR_Snow|17/02/24}}
{{unnamed}}
{{battle
| name=Ambush At Fangorn Forest
| image = Angus McBride - Rohirrim.gif
| conflict=[[War of the Ring]]
| date=[[29 February]], {{TA|3019}}
| place=Edge of [[Fangorn Forest]]
| result=[[Rohirrim]] Victory, Pippin and Merry Escape into Fangorn Forest
| side1=*[[Rohan]]
| side2=*[[Isengard]],
*[[Mordor]],
*[[Moria]]
| commanders1=*[[Éomer]]
| commanders2=*[[Grishnákh]]†,
*[[Uglúk]]†
| forces1=*Unknown number of [[Rohirrim]] Riders
| forces2=*[[Uruk-hai]] From [[Isengard]],
*[[Orcs of Mordor]],
*[[Orcs of the Misty Mountains]],
*[[Orcs of Isengard]]
| casual1=Minimal, including [[Gárulf]]
| casual2=All Forces
}}

This '''ambush''' was conducted by a company of [[Rohirrim]] led by [[Éomer]] against a mixed force of [[Uruk-hai]] from [[Isengard]] and [[Orcs]] from [[Mordor]] and the [[Misty Mountains]]. It occurred in late February of {{TA|3019}}, near the edge of [[Fangorn Forest]].<ref name="Uruk">{{TT|III3}}</ref>

== Description ==
The [[Uruk-hai|Uruks]], who had been carrying two prisoners ([[Meriadoc Brandybuck]] and [[Peregrin Took]]) in tow, were anxiously attempting to reach Isengard as quickly as possible. However, they were joined by an [[Orcs of Mordor|Orc of Mordor]] named [[Grishnákh]], as well as a company of [[Orcs of the Misty Mountains|Orcs from the Mountains]]. Grishnákh was seeking [[the One Ring]] to deliver to his master [[Sauron]]'s [[Nazgûl|Ringwraiths]], and the latter group sought revenge against the [[Fellowship of the Ring]] for their previous intrusion in [[Moria]].

This led to a series of disagreements with the Uruks that delayed their progress many times. During one of these conflicts, a few of the Mountain-Orcs were killed, leading to Grishnákh disappearing and returning with a squad of [[Mordor]] Orcs.

By the time the three parties came to an agreement, the riders of [[Rohan]] had caught wind of the Orcs and Uruks (due to their failure to kill one of their scouts), and pursued them across Rohan. In a panic, most of the Mountain-Orcs fled ahead, but were debilitated by the bright sunlight and left for dead by the Isengarders as they reached the eaves of [[Fangorn Forest]].

There, the Rohirrim launched their final attack and slaughtered all of the Orcs and Uruk-hai present. Éomer himself engaged in a duel with [[Uglúk]], the leader of the Isengarders, and slew him.

== Aftermath ==
During the confusion, Merry and Pippin managed to escape their captors and avoid most of the conflict by disappearing into Fangorn Forest, where they would later meet [[Treebeard]]. The Rohirrim piled the corpses of the slain Uruks and Orcs on the battlefield and had them burned.

The horses [[Hasufel]] and [[Arod]], whose riders had been killed in the skirmish, were lent to the [[Three Hunters]].

== Portrayal in adaptations ==
'''2002: ''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Two Towers]]'':'''
:The circumstances of the battle are simplified. The force of Orcs consists of Uruk-hai, led by Uglúk, and Orcs, seemingly loyal to Grishnakh. When the Orcs start quarreling over whether or not they would eat one of the Hobbits, Uglúk decapitates one of the Mordor-Orcs and his Uruks began eating its corpse. At this point, Grishnakh catches Merry and Pippin attempting to escape, only to be shot by an arrow. Then, the Rohirrim arrive and launch their attack from out of the darkness. However, unlike the book, Grishnakh survives the battle and pursues Merry and Pippin into the forest where he is killed by Treebeard.

'''2002: ''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Two Towers (video game)|''The Lord of the Rings: The Two Towers'' (video game)]]'''''
:Although omitted from the console versions, the GameBoy Advance version features another version of the ambush. The battle appeared to have occurred between the Uruks of Isengard and a group of Orcs from Mordor. The former seem to have been victorious, and drove the latter into the forest, where they are presumably killed by Huorns.
{{references}}
[[Category:Conflicts of the War of the Ring]]
__NOTOC__

Ambush at Fangorn Forest

2024-09-24T16:35:11Z

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{{sources|JR_Snow|17/02/24}}
{{unnamed}}
{{battle
| name=Ambush At Fangorn Forest
| image = Angus McBride - Rohirrim.gif
| conflict=[[War of the Ring]]
| date=[[29 February]], {{TA|3019}}
| place=Edge of [[Fangorn Forest]]
| result=[[Rohirrim]] victory, Pippin and Merry Escape into Fangorn Forest
| side1=*[[Rohan]]
| side2=*[[Isengard]],
*[[Mordor]],
*[[Moria]]
| commanders1=*[[Éomer]]
| commanders2=*[[Grishnákh]]†,
*[[Uglúk]]†
| forces1=*Unknown number of [[Rohirrim]] Riders
| forces2=*[[Uruk-hai]] From [[Isengard]],
*[[Orcs of Mordor]],
*[[Orcs of the Misty Mountains]],
*[[Orcs of Isengard]]
| casual1=Minimal, including [[Gárulf]]
| casual2=All Forces
}}

This '''ambush''' was conducted by a company of [[Rohirrim]] led by [[Éomer]] against a mixed force of [[Uruk-hai]] from [[Isengard]] and [[Orcs]] from [[Mordor]] and the [[Misty Mountains]]. It occurred in late February of {{TA|3019}}, near the edge of [[Fangorn Forest]].<ref name="Uruk">{{TT|III3}}</ref>

== Description ==
The [[Uruk-hai|Uruks]], who had been carrying two prisoners ([[Meriadoc Brandybuck]] and [[Peregrin Took]]) in tow, were anxiously attempting to reach Isengard as quickly as possible. However, they were joined by an [[Orcs of Mordor|Orc of Mordor]] named [[Grishnákh]], as well as a company of [[Orcs of the Misty Mountains|Orcs from the Mountains]]. Grishnákh was seeking [[the One Ring]] to deliver to his master [[Sauron]]'s [[Nazgûl|Ringwraiths]], and the latter group sought revenge against the [[Fellowship of the Ring]] for their previous intrusion in [[Moria]].

This led to a series of disagreements with the Uruks that delayed their progress many times. During one of these conflicts, a few of the Mountain-Orcs were killed, leading to Grishnákh disappearing and returning with a squad of [[Mordor]] Orcs.

By the time the three parties came to an agreement, the riders of [[Rohan]] had caught wind of the Orcs and Uruks (due to their failure to kill one of their scouts), and pursued them across Rohan. In a panic, most of the Mountain-Orcs fled ahead, but were debilitated by the bright sunlight and left for dead by the Isengarders as they reached the eaves of [[Fangorn Forest]].

There, the Rohirrim launched their final attack and slaughtered all of the Orcs and Uruk-hai present. Éomer himself engaged in a duel with [[Uglúk]], the leader of the Isengarders, and slew him.

== Aftermath ==
During the confusion, Merry and Pippin managed to escape their captors and avoid most of the conflict by disappearing into Fangorn Forest, where they would later meet [[Treebeard]]. The Rohirrim piled the corpses of the slain Uruks and Orcs on the battlefield and had them burned.

The horses [[Hasufel]] and [[Arod]], whose riders had been killed in the skirmish, were lent to the [[Three Hunters]].

== Portrayal in adaptations ==
'''2002: ''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Two Towers]]'':'''
:The circumstances of the battle are simplified. The force of Orcs consists of Uruk-hai, led by Uglúk, and Orcs, seemingly loyal to Grishnakh. When the Orcs start quarreling over whether or not they would eat one of the Hobbits, Uglúk decapitates one of the Mordor-Orcs and his Uruks began eating its corpse. At this point, Grishnakh catches Merry and Pippin attempting to escape, only to be shot by an arrow. Then, the Rohirrim arrive and launch their attack from out of the darkness. However, unlike the book, Grishnakh survives the battle and pursues Merry and Pippin into the forest where he is killed by Treebeard.

'''2002: ''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Two Towers (video game)|''The Lord of the Rings: The Two Towers'' (video game)]]'''''
:Although omitted from the console versions, the GameBoy Advance version features another version of the ambush. The battle appeared to have occurred between the Uruks of Isengard and a group of Orcs from Mordor. The former seem to have been victorious, and drove the latter into the forest, where they are presumably killed by Huorns.
{{references}}
[[Category:Conflicts of the War of the Ring]]
__NOTOC__

New lands

2024-08-20T18:23:38Z

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'''New lands''' and new seas were created by [[Ilúvatar]] when [[Arda|the world]] was remade after the [[Downfall of Númenor]] and [[Aman]] was removed. They were formed after Eru cast back the [[Great Sea]] west, and the [[Empty Lands]] east of [[Middle-earth]].

Long after that [[Changing of the World|cataclysm]], [[Men]] from [[Middle-earth]] sailed west to the [[Great Sea]], seeking the summit of the [[Meneltarma]], which they believed had risen above the waves and from which a person could still descry the Undying Lands. However, the Isle of Meneltarma was never found. Instead mariners only discovered new lands which were like the old lands in that they were subject to death. These new lands did not form a barrier to travel; sailors found that they could circumnavigate the world and thus could report: ''îdô kâtha batîna lôkhî'' ("All roads are now bent").<ref>{{S|Akallabeth}}</ref>
==Inspiration==
Considering that Middle-earth "corresponds" to Europe<ref>{{HM|Guide}}, entry "Middle-earth"</ref> and [[Belegaer]] to Atlantic<ref>[[Karen Wynn Fonstad]], ''[[The Atlas of Middle-earth]]'', p. 194</ref> it can be suggested that the "new lands" correspond to the Americas.<ref>{{webcite||articleurl=https://lotr.fandom.com/wiki/New_Lands?oldid=255768|articlename=New Lands|website=[https://lotr.fandom.com One Wiki to rule them all]|accessed=13 September 2020}}</ref>

[[David Day]] in ''[[Tolkien: The Illustrated Encyclopedia]]'' displays some chronological evolution of [[Arda]], and a continent resembling the Americas forming east of Middle-earth after the [[Fourth Age]].

Later in his life, Tolkien wrote about the possibility that the [[Valar]] and the [[Calaquendi]] left the world spiritually, while the landmass of Aman remained, and became the Americas.<ref name=Nature>{{NM|P3xv}}</ref>
{{references}}
[[Category:Regions]]

Valarindi

2024-08-20T13:07:52Z

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The '''Valarindi''' were the '''Children of the [[Valar]]''' in the earliest phases of the mythology, especially in ''[[The Book of Lost Tales]]''. In the later versions the concept was abandoned and some of the Valarindi characters survived as [[Maiar]]. The Quenya name is attested for the last time in'' [[The Annals of Aman]]''.<ref name="">{{AA|4}}, p. 49</ref>

==List of Valarindi==
*[[Manwë]] and [[Varda]]: [[Fionwë]], [[Ilmarë|Erinti]]
*[[Aulë]] and [[Yavanna]]: [[Oromë]], [[Nessa]]
*Oromë and [[Vána]]: [[Nielíqui]]
*[[Tulkas]] and Nessa: [[Telimektar]]
*[[Melko]] and the [[ogres|ogress]] [[Ulbandi]]: [[Kalimbo]]/[[Gothmog|Kosomot]]

*[[Túrin Turambar]] was named among the sons of the Gods in both the ''[[Quenta Noldorinwa]]''<ref>{{SM|Q19}}, pp. 165-166 (see note 9)</ref> and the ''[[Quenta Silmarillion (Lost Road)|Quenta Silmarillion]]'' of 1937,<ref>{{LR|P2VI}}, p. 333</ref> although it was later removed along with the concept.
{{References}}

==External links==
*[http://middle-earth.xenite.org/2014/10/10/how-could-melian-have-children-if-the-valar-could-not/ How Could Melian have Children if the Valar Could Not?] by [[Michael Martinez]]

[[Category:Quenya demonyms]]
[[Category:Valar]]
[[Category:Valarindi| ]]

Valarindi

2024-08-20T09:35:42Z

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The '''Valarindi''' were the '''Children of the [[Valar]]''' in the earliest phases of the mythology, especially in ''[[The Book of Lost Tales]]''. In the later versions the concept was abandoned and some of the Valarindi characters survived as [[Maiar]]. The Quenya name is attested for the last time in'' [[The Annals of Aman]]''.<ref name="">{{AA|4}}, p. 49</ref>

==List of Valarindi==
*[[Manwë]] and [[Varda]]: [[Fionwë]], [[Ilmarë|Erinti]]
*[[Aulë]] and [[Yavanna]]: [[Oromë]], [[Nessa]]
*Oromë and [[Vána]]: [[Nielíqui]]
*[[Tulkas]] and Nessa: [[Telimektar]]
*[[Melkor]] and the [[ogres|ogres]] [[Ulbandi]]: [[Kalimbo]]/[[Gothmog|Kosomot]]

*[[Túrin Turambar]] was named among the sons of the Gods in both the ''[[Quenta Noldorinwa]]''<ref>{{SM|Q19}}, pp. 165-166 (see note 9)</ref> and the ''[[Quenta Silmarillion (Lost Road)|Quenta Silmarillion]]'' of 1937,<ref>{{LR|P2VI}}, p. 333</ref> although it was later removed along with the concept.
{{References}}

==External links==
*[http://middle-earth.xenite.org/2014/10/10/how-could-melian-have-children-if-the-valar-could-not/ How Could Melian have Children if the Valar Could Not?] by [[Michael Martinez]]

[[Category:Quenya demonyms]]
[[Category:Valar]]
[[Category:Valarindi| ]]

Edain

2024-08-20T09:33:19Z

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{{people infobox
| name=Edain
| image = Wouter Florusse - The Edain.jpg
| caption="[[:File:Wouter Florusse - The Edain.jpg|The Edain]]" by Wouter Florusse
| pronun={{respell|eh|deyen}}
| othernames=''Atani'', ''Atanatári'' ([[Quenya|Q]])
| origin=[[Men]] who crossed into [[Beleriand]]
| location=[[Beleriand]], [[Middle-earth]], [[Númenor]]
| affiliation=
| rivalry=[[Morgoth]]
| language=[[Mannish]], [[Sindarin]]
| members=[[Húrin]], [[Túrin]], [[Tuor]], [[Beren]], [[Barahir]], [[Andreth]], [[Morwen]], [[Bëor]]
| lifespan=c. 90<ref name="ReferenceA">{{HM|Guide}}, p. 106, entry "Edain"</ref>
| distinctions=
| height=
| hair=
| skin=
| clothing=
| weapons=
}}
{{quote|Do you forget to whom you speak? Such things you spoke long ago to our fathers; but we escaped from your shadow. And now we have knowledge of you, for we have looked on the faces that have seen the [[Light of Valinor|Light]], and heard the voices that have spoken with [[Manwe]].|[[Húrin Thalion]] in ''[[The Children of Húrin]]'', "[[The Words of Húrin and Morgoth]]"}}
The '''Edain''' was the name given by the [[Elves]] to the noble [[Men]] of the [[First Age]] who fought alongside with the Elves in the [[Wars of Beleriand]].

''Edain'' is normally the [[Sindarin]] word for Men (sing. ''adan'' "Man") and thus applied to ''all'' Men, though it became associated with only those who came into [[Beleriand]] during the [[Long Peace]], the noble [[#The_Three_Houses|Three Houses]] who became close allies with the [[Elves]] and fought beside them against [[Morgoth]]. Other groups of Men who stayed in [[Eriador]] or the [[East]]; or entered Beleriand later in the First Age, such as the [[Easterlings (First Age)|Easterlings]], are not counted among the Edain.

The Edain were the ancestors of the [[Númenóreans]] or [[Dúnedain]], the High Men of the [[Second Age|Second]] and [[Third Age]].

==Origins==
[[File:Steamey - Men met Dark Elves.jpg|thumb|150px|left|''Men met Dark Elves'' by Steamey]]
The ancestors of the Edain were those [[Hildor|Men]] that [[Awakening of Men|awoke]] in [[Hildórien]] when the [[Sun]] first rose. Later they began migrating after coming into conflict with other Men that fell under the [[Shadow]].<ref name="S17">{{S|17}}</ref> They were drawn to the [[West]] seeking the rumoured [[Great Sea]] and the [[Two Trees|Light]] found there. These Men were divided into three distinct peoples with their own language and appearance.<ref name=atani>{{PM|Atani}}</ref>

As they continued moving west at some point the tribes separated into two hosts, two tribes moving north and the other south. The northern host was separated again,<ref>{{PM|XNotes}}, 45</ref> the [[House of Bëor|Lesser Folk]] of that host arrived at the shores of the [[Sea of Rhûn]] and dwelt at the feet of the nearby hills in the south-west. The other folk of the north host which was much greater than the previous came later and dwelt in the north-east woods near the shores. When the [[House of Hador|Greater Folk]] were able to craft boats so they could sail the sea they eventually discovered the [[House of Bëor|Lesser Folk]] dwelling in the hills, but they didn't meet or exchange tidings often, as their tongues had already diverged from their original common tongue but they continued to remain in kinship.<ref>{{PM|Ros}}, Note 13</ref> Some of the Greater Folk stayed behind in [[Rhovanion]], who seemed to had been the ancestors of the [[Northmen]].<ref name=atani/><ref>{{UT|Cirion}}, Note 4</ref>

During their wanderings the [[House of Bëor|Lesser Folk]] made contact with the [[Moriquendi|Dark Elves]] that still dwelt in the east<ref>{{S|12}}</ref> and they adopted "many words and devices" that influenced their language.<ref name=S17/> They also encountered [[Dwarves]] whenever they travelled near mountains.<ref>{{WJ|Dwarves}}, §6</ref>

The [[House of Haleth|tribe]] that followed the southern route was different from the two Folk of the north and spoke an unrelated language.<ref name=S17/> They settled in the valleys of the [[White Mountains]] and were joined by a group of strange folk whom they called [[Drúedain|Drûg]] when they resumed their way to the west.<ref name="UTTD">{{UT|Druedain}}</ref> but also some remained behind, in [[Minhiriath]] and [[Eriador]]; those were the ancestors of the [[Enedwaith]] and the [[Gwathuirim]].<ref name=atani/>

Eventually the three Folks crossed [[Eriador]] and arrived at the [[Blue Mountains]], [[Bëor]] and some of his [[House of Bëor|folk]] were the first Men to enter Beleriand around the fourth century of the [[Years of the Sun]] of the First Age. The next year the vanguard of the [[House of Haleth|southern tribe]] followed and made contact with the [[Laiquendi|Elves of Ossiriand]], followed by the [[House of Hador|Greater Folk]] of the north. These Men therefore spoke two different languages, one of them being divided in at least two dialects.<ref name=S17/> They already had met Dwarves and [[Avari]] in the East and had adopted some of their speech.

==History==
===The Three Houses===
[[File:Ted Nasmith - Felagund Among Bëor’s Men.jpg|thumb|''Felagund among Bëor's Men'' by [[Ted Nasmith]]]]
The tribes of Men became [[Elf-friends]], they entered the service of the [[Eldar]] of Beleriand and were ennobled and consisted of the Three Mannish noble Houses:

# The '''[[House of Bëor]]''': these descended from the Lesser Folk, they were dark-haired and stoutly built, and most resembled the [[Noldor]] of all Elves. They were first discovered by [[Finrod|Finrod Felagund]], King of [[Nargothrond]], and under his guidance later made their way to the lands of the Noldorin lord [[Amrod]], in a place later known as [[Estolad]], the Encampment. They remained loyal to the [[House of Finarfin]], and later settled in the lands of [[Dorthonion]].
# The Second House, later known as the '''[[Haladin]]''' or the '''[[House of Haleth]]'''. They were a reclusive folk, dark-haired but smaller in stature than the Bëorians. They were unrelated to the other two Houses and kept separate from the other Men. They settled in [[Thargelion]] before later receiving permission to settle in the [[Forest of Brethil]], part of [[Doriath]]. They mostly kept out of the wars.
# The '''Folk of Marach''', later best known as the '''[[House of Hador]]'''. They descended from the Greater Folk and thus were related to the First House. They were tall and golden-haired, and most resembled the [[Vanyar]] of all Elves. They were a very numerous and war-like tribe, and the [[Green-elves]] of [[Ossiriand]] feared them. They later settled in [[Hithlum]] by way of [[Estolad]]. They were loyal to [[Fingolfin]] and to his son [[Fingon]].

The Drûg that accompanied the Haladin to Beleriand lived with them in the forest of [[Brethil]], the Eldar named them [[Drúedain]] and admitted them into the rank of [[Atani]].<ref name=UTTD/>

Some Edain grew suspicious of the Elves, believing that their journey to Beleriand was for nought and some returned to Eriador.<ref name=S17/>

===Wars of Beleriand===
The Edain were allies of the Elves and took part in the [[Wars of Beleriand]] against Morgoth and suffered heavy losses throughout the course of the war. In the [[Dagor Bragollach]] the House of Bëor was nearly wiped out and their folk massacred, the few remaining fled to [[Hithlum]] and [[Himring]].<ref>{{S|18}}</ref>

After Morgoth's victory in the [[Nirnaeth Arnoediad]] the lands of the Hadorians were invaded by [[Easterlings (First Age)|Easterlings]] and they were subjugated by them.<ref>{{S|20}}</ref>

===Later history===
[[Eärendil]], a descendant of all Three Houses of the Edain, sailed to [[Valinor]] and begged the [[Valar]] for aid against the power of Morgoth in Middle-earth which they accepted. The Edain fought with the [[Host of Valinor]] against the forces of Morgoth in the conflict known as the [[War of Wrath]]. Morgoth was ultimately defeated at the end.<ref>{{S|24}}</ref>
[[File:Luis F. Bejarano - Numenorean guard.jpg|thumb|''Numenorean guard'' by [[Luis F. Bejarano]]]]
After the War, the Edain were honoured and blessed by [[Eönwë]] in body and mind. They were granted the island of [[Númenor]] by the [[Valar]] as a gift for their fight during the [[Wars of Beleriand]], their loyalty to the Elves and their suffering.<ref>{{S|Akallabeth}}</ref>

Those of the Folk of Hador settled most of the island, while those of Bëor settled mostly in the north-west, where they continued to maintain using the Sindarin language.<ref name=atani>{{PM|Atani}}</ref>{{rp|329}}<ref>{{UT|4}}, note 19</ref> Few of the Folk of Haleth had survived the ruin of Beleriand,<ref>{{PM|Ros}}, Note 17</ref> and some of them settled the island along with the Drúedain that lived with them.<ref>{{UT|Druedain}}, note 7</ref> Thus the Edain's descendants became a race far greater than all other Men in Middle-earth, living within sight of the blessed realm.

Some of the Edain did not leave Middle-earth to Númenor, some fled the disaster of the war to [[Eriador]] in the east, and their descendants remembered rumours of the deluge of the land beyond the [[Blue Mountains]] and feared to look upon the [[Sea]].<ref name=atani/>

When the Númenóreans returned to Middle-earth, they encountered many Men who were related to the Atani: they classified them as ''[[Middle Men]]'', and established friendly relations with them, such as the [[Northmen]] or the [[Men of Bree]]. [[Pre-Númenóreans|Other Men]], such as the Enedwaith, were not recognised as Middle Men even though they share some kinship with the Folk of Haleth, but because they were hostile to the Númenoreans.<ref name=atani/>

==Characteristics==
The Edain were noble in spirit, and their appearances differed between houses, although during the progress of the late First Age, they mingled by the disasters of the [[War of the Jewels]] and intermarriage, so their differences became less marked.<ref name=atani/> Those of the First House were for the most part dark-haired and stocky, with grey or brown eyes and skin ranging from fair to swarthy. Little is known of the characteristics of the Second House, save for that they were dark of hair. Those of the Third House were golden-haired and tall, with fair skin and blue eyes.<ref name=atani/>{{rp|308}}

Upon their arrival to Beleriand, they were taught much lore and wisdom by the [[Eldar]] and their manners and arts were enhanced.<ref name=atani/> They were loyal to their benefactors, strong and fierce in battle. Their lifespan approached 90, probably quite more than of their ancestors, although that was the case only in peaceful times.<ref name="ReferenceA">{{HM|Guide}}, p. 106, entry "Edain"</ref>

Their descendants, the Númenóreans, were further blessed and ennobled. Their first [[King of Númenor|King]] [[Elros]] the [[Half-elven]] was a descendant of two unions between the Edain and the Eldar.

In Beleriand, most of the Edain adopted the [[Sindarin]] tongue, although their native language was [[Mannish]] with elements from [[Avarin]] and [[Khuzdul]]<ref>{{PM|Dwarves}}</ref> after their first contact with the [[Dark Elves]] and [[Dwarves]], respectively. The language of the survivors of the First and Third Houses was the ancestor of [[Adûnaic]]; the language of the Second House was unrelated to them. (See also: [[Taliska]].)

== Etymology ==
{{pronounce|Sindarin - Edain.mp3|Gilgamesh}}
'''edain''' is the plural of '''''[[adan]]''''', "man" in [[Sindarin]].

''Adan'' is a loan of the [[Quenya]] term '''''[[Atani|Atan]]''''' (plural ''Atani'' “Second Kindred”). Since the Elves primarily encountered the Elf-friends, the term usually refers to them, but could later also include other Men. The intended reference could be further clarified by using Q. ''Núnatani'', S. ''[[Dunedain]]'' “Western Men” or Q. ''Hróatani'', S. ''Rhunedain'' “[[Easterling]]s”<ref>{{PE|17}}, p. 18</ref>

The noble Edain were also known as '''''Atanatari''''' which means '''Fathers of Men'''.
{{references}}
[[Category:Dúnedain]]
[[Category:Edain| ]]
[[Category:Sindarin demonyms]]
[[de:Edain]]
[[fr:encyclo:peuples:hommes:edain]]
[[fi:Edain]]

Valarindi

2024-08-19T17:45:02Z

Progüvo06: /* List of Valarindi */

Valarindi

2024-08-19T17:40:53Z

Progüvo06:

The '''Valarindi''' were the '''Children of the [[Valar]]''' in the earliest phases of the mythology, especially in ''[[The Book of Lost Tales]]''. In the later versions the concept was abandoned and some of the Valarindi characters survived as [[Maiar]]. The Quenya name is attested for the last time in'' [[The Annals of Aman]]''.<ref name="">{{AA|4}}, p. 49</ref>

==List of Valarindi==
*[[Manwë]] and [[Varda]]: [[Fionwë]], [[Ilmarë|Erinti]]
*[[Aulë]] and [[Yavanna]]: [[Oromë]], [[Nessa]]
*Oromë and [[Vána]]: [[Nielíqui]]
*[[Tulkas]] and Nessa: [[Telimektar]]
*[[Melkor]] and the [[ogres|ogres]] [[Ulbandi]]: [[Kalimbo]]/[[Gothmog|Kosomot]]

*[[Túrin Turambar]] was named among the sons of the Gods in both the ''[[Quenta Noldorinwa]]''<ref>{{SM|Q19}}, pp. 165-166 (see note 9)</ref> and the ''[[Quenta Silmarillion (Lost Road)|Quenta Silmarillion]]'' of 1937,<ref>{{LR|P2VI}}, p. 333</ref> although it was later removed along with the concept.
{{References}}

==External links==
*[http://middle-earth.xenite.org/2014/10/10/how-could-melian-have-children-if-the-valar-could-not/ How Could Melian have Children if the Valar Could Not?] by [[Michael Martinez]]

[[Category:Quenya demonyms]]
[[Category:Valar]]
[[Category:Valarindi| ]]