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	<id>https://tolkiengateway.net/w/api.php?action=feedcontributions&amp;feedformat=atom&amp;user=Sadron</id>
	<title>Tolkien Gateway - User contributions [en]</title>
	<link rel="self" type="application/atom+xml" href="https://tolkiengateway.net/w/api.php?action=feedcontributions&amp;feedformat=atom&amp;user=Sadron"/>
	<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://tolkiengateway.net/wiki/Special:Contributions/Sadron"/>
	<updated>2026-06-13T10:59:04Z</updated>
	<subtitle>User contributions</subtitle>
	<generator>MediaWiki 1.41.1</generator>
	<entry>
		<id>https://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=User:Sadron&amp;diff=371086</id>
		<title>User:Sadron</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=User:Sadron&amp;diff=371086"/>
		<updated>2023-03-29T15:12:51Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Sadron: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;Mae govannen, I eneth nîn Sadron.&amp;lt;/p&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
Contact me at sadron.soe@gmail.com&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Hello, my name is Sadron.&lt;br /&gt;
Like many of you, I am really into the Lord of The Rings and Hobbit books/movies. I have learned four the modes of Tengwar: Sindarin, Quenya, Bereliand, and English. I have just recently begun to learn the language of Sindarin. I hope to be able to make some contributions to this web site and to gain a lot of new info of the Tolkien universe.&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;hr /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Hola, me llamo Sadron.&lt;br /&gt;
Como muchos de ustedes, estoy muy interesado en los libros/películas de El Señor de Los Anillos y El Hobbit. He aprendido 4 modos de Tengwar: sindarin, quenya, bereliand e inglés. Actualmente estoy aprendiendo el idioma sindarin. Espero poder hacer algunas contribuciones a este sitio web y obtener mucha información nueva del universo Tolkien.&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;hr /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
--[[User:Sadron|Sadron]] 15:16, 22 April 2020 (UTC)&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Sadron</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=The_Lord_of_the_Rings:_The_Rings_of_Power&amp;diff=356580</id>
		<title>The Lord of the Rings: The Rings of Power</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=The_Lord_of_the_Rings:_The_Rings_of_Power&amp;diff=356580"/>
		<updated>2022-09-06T19:56:57Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Sadron: /* Source material and copyrights */&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;{{currentevent}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{disambig-two|the Amazon TV Series|rings created by the Elves|[[Rings of Power]]}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{film infobox&lt;br /&gt;
| image=[[File:Amazon - The Lord of the Rings - The Rings of Power.png|250px]]&lt;br /&gt;
| name=The Lord of the Rings: The Rings of Power&lt;br /&gt;
| director=&lt;br /&gt;
| producer=[[J.D. Payne]] and [[Patrick McKay]] (showrunners)&lt;br /&gt;
| writer=&#039;&#039;&#039;Novel:&#039;&#039;&#039;&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;[[J.R.R. Tolkien]]&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;&#039;&#039;&#039;Screenplay:&#039;&#039;&#039;&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;John D. Payne and Patrick McKay &lt;br /&gt;
| narrator=&lt;br /&gt;
| starring=&#039;&#039;[[#Cast and characters|see below]]&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
| music=&lt;br /&gt;
| cinematography=&lt;br /&gt;
| editing=&lt;br /&gt;
| distributor=Amazon Prime Video&lt;br /&gt;
| released=[[2 September]] [[2022]] (first episode&#039;s schedule)&lt;br /&gt;
| runtime=&lt;br /&gt;
| country=United States, United Kingdom, New Zealand&lt;br /&gt;
| language=English&lt;br /&gt;
| budget=&lt;br /&gt;
| website=[http://www.amazon.com/adlp/lotronprime Official website]&lt;br /&gt;
| imdb_id=7631058&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;The Lord of the Rings: The Rings of Power&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;, otherwise known as &#039;&#039;&#039;The Lord of the Rings on Prime&#039;&#039;&#039;, is a television series and an adaptation of the writings of [[J.R.R. Tolkien]]. It is created and produced by [[Amazon Studios]] working alongside the [[Tolkien Estate]], [[The Tolkien Trust]], [[HarperCollins]] and [[New Line Cinema]]. Set in the [[Second Age]] of [[Middle-earth]],&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;AMSA&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{webcite|author=|articleurl=http://twitter.com/LOTRonPrime/status/1103656946509344768|articlename=Welcome to the Second Age:|dated=7 March 2019|website=Twitter|accessed=30 January 2020}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; it explores new storylines preceding J.R.R. Tolkien&#039;s &#039;&#039;[[The Fellowship of the Ring]].&#039;&#039;&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;AMNZ&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{webcite|author=|articleurl=http://press.aboutamazon.com/news-releases/news-release-details/amazon-studios-announces-new-zealand-location-its-upcoming|articlename=Amazon Studios Announces New Zealand as Location for Its Upcoming Series Based on The Lord of the Rings|dated=17 September 2019|website=Amazon|accessed=18 September 2019}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; The first two episodes were released on [[2 September]] [[2022]].&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt; This also is the day of death of Professor J.R.R. Tolkien.{{webcite|author=@LOTRonPrime|articleurl=http://twitter.com/LOTRonPrime/status/1422255647106617359|articlename=A new journey beings|dated=2 August 2021|website=Twitter|accessed=2 August 2021}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Premise==&lt;br /&gt;
{{blockquote|Amazon Studios&#039; forthcoming series brings to screens for the very first time the heroic legends of the fabled Second Age of Middle-earth&#039;s history. This epic drama is set thousands of years before the events of J.R.R. Tolkien’s The Hobbit and The Lord of the Rings, and will take viewers back to an era in which great powers were forged, kingdoms rose to glory and fell to ruin, unlikely heroes were tested, hope hung by the finest of threads, and the greatest villain that ever flowed from Tolkien&#039;s pen threatened to cover all the world in darkness. Beginning in a time of relative peace, the series follows an ensemble cast of characters, both familiar and new, as they confront the long-feared re-emergence of evil to Middle-earth. From the darkest depths of the Misty Mountains, to the majestic forests of the elf-capital of Lindon, to the breathtaking island kingdom of Númenor, to the furthest reaches of the map, these kingdoms and characters will carve out legacies that live on long after they are gone.|Official synopsis&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{webcite|author=Justin Sewell|articleurl=http://www.theonering.net/torwp/2021/01/12/110065-exclusive-official-show-synopsis-for-amazons-lord-of-the-rings-series/|articlename=EXCLUSIVE: Official Show Synopsis for Amazon’s LORD OF THE RINGS Series|dated=12 January 2021|website=[http://www.theonering.net TheOneRing]|accessed=13 January 2021}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Source material and copyrights==&lt;br /&gt;
The showrunners said that they wish to &amp;quot;come up with the novel Tolkien never wrote and do it as the mega-event series&amp;quot;.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;VanityFair&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; They explained that they only have the copyrights to adapt [[The Hobbit]] and [[The Lord of the Rings]] along with it&#039;s [[Appendices]], without the rights to [[Silmarillion]], the [[Unfinished Tales]] or other books that contain vast majority of Tolkien&#039;s writings on the [[Second Age]].&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;VFQuestions&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
The show is not considered cannon, and is rejected by many Tolkien enthusiasts.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Episodes==&lt;br /&gt;
=== Season One ===&lt;br /&gt;
# [[A Shadow of the Past]]&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Adrift]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Cast and characters==&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;In alphabetical order&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
=== Season One ===&lt;br /&gt;
{| class=&amp;quot;wikitable&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
|- bgcolor=&amp;quot;#CCCCCC&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
! Actor !! Role&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| [[Cynthia Addai-Robinson]]&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;VA20&amp;quot;/&amp;gt; || [[Tar-Míriel|Queen Regent Míriel]]&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{webcite|author=The Lord of the Rings on Prime|articleurl=https://twitter.com/LOTRonPrime/status/1547418520400658432|articlename=Cynthia Addai-Robinson is Queen Regent Míriel|dated=14 February 2022|website=[https://twitter.com Twitter]|accessed=14 February 2022}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| [[Robert Aramayo]]&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Meet&amp;quot;/&amp;gt; || [[Elrond]]&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{webcite|author=The Lord of the Rings on Prime|articleurl=https://twitter.com/LOTRonPrime/status/1492167519439925260|articlename=Robert Aramayo is Elrond. #LOTRROP|dated=9 June 2022|website=[https://twitter.com Twitter]|accessed=11 June 2022}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| [[Owain Arthur]]&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Meet&amp;quot;/&amp;gt; || [[Durin IV|Prince Durin IV]]&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{webcite|author=The Lord of the Rings on Prime|articleurl=https://twitter.com/LOTRonPrime/status/1492168323051802626|articlename=Owain Arthur is Prince Durin IV. #LOTRROP|dated=9 June 2022|website=[https://twitter.com Twitter]|accessed=11 June 2022}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| [[Maxim Baldry]]&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;VA20&amp;quot;/&amp;gt; || [[Isildur]]&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{webcite|author=The Lord of the Rings on Prime|articleurl=https://twitter.com/LOTRonPrime/status/1547417633603059712|articlename=Maxim Baldry is Isildur|dated=14 February 2022|website=[https://twitter.com Twitter]|accessed=14 February 2022}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| [[Ian Blackburn]]&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;VA20&amp;quot;/&amp;gt; || [[Rowan (The Rings of Power)|Rowan]]&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| [[Nazanin Boniadi]]&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Meet&amp;quot;/&amp;gt; || [[Bronwyn]]&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{webcite|author=The Lord of the Rings on Prime|articleurl=https://twitter.com/LOTRonPrime/status/1492168861403299841|articlename=Nazanin Boniadi is Bronwyn. #LOTRROP|dated=9 June 2022|website=[https://twitter.com Twitter]|accessed=11 June 2022}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| [[Beau Cassidy]] || [[Dilly|Dilly]]&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| [[Kip Chapman]]&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;VA20&amp;quot;/&amp;gt; || [[Rían (The Rings of Power)|Rían]]&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| [[Morfydd Clark]]&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Meet&amp;quot;/&amp;gt; || [[Galadriel]]&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{webcite|author=The Lord of the Rings on Prime|articleurl=https://twitter.com/LOTRonPrime/status/1492167351902609413|articlename=Morfydd Clark is Galadriel. #LOTRROP|dated=9 June 2022|website=[https://twitter.com Twitter]|accessed=11 June 2022}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| [[Ismael Cruz Córdova]]&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Meet&amp;quot;/&amp;gt; || [[Arondir]] &amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{webcite|author=The Lord of the Rings on Prime|articleurl=https://twitter.com/LOTRonPrime/status/1492168672051445771|articlename=Ismael Cruz Cordova is Arondir. #LOTRROP|dated=9 June 2022|website=[https://twitter.com Twitter]|accessed=11 June 2022}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| Anthony Crum&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;VA20&amp;quot;/&amp;gt; || &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| [[Maxine Cunliffe]]&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;VA20&amp;quot;/&amp;gt; || [[Vilma]]&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| [[Charles Edwards]]&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;VFInside&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{webcite|author=The Lord of the Rings on Prime|articleurl=https://www.vanityfair.com/hollywood/2022/02/amazon-the-rings-of-power-series-first-look|articlename=Amazon’s Lord of the Rings Series Rises: Inside The Rings of Power|dated=10 February 2022|website=[https://www.vanityfair.com/ Vanity Fair]|accessed=11 February 2022}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; || [[Celebrimbor]]&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{webcite|author=The Lord of the Rings on Prime|articleurl=https://twitter.com/LOTRonPrime/status/1534220750311174144|articlename=Charles Edwards is Celebrimbor|dated=14 February 2022|website=[https://twitter.com Twitter]|accessed=14 February 2022}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| [[Will Fletcher]]|| [[Finrod]]&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| [[Nicholas Foustellis]] || [[Elves|Elf]]&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| [[Trystan Gravelle]]&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;VA20&amp;quot;/&amp;gt; || [[Pharazôn]]&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{webcite|author=The Lord of the Rings on Prime|articleurl=https://twitter.com/LOTRonPrime/status/1547418058515521537|articlename=Trystan Gravelle is Pharazôn|dated=14 February 2022|website=[https://twitter.com Twitter]|accessed=14 February 2022}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| [[Lenny Henry|Sir Lenny Henry]]&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;VA20&amp;quot;/&amp;gt; || [[Sadoc Burrows]]&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{webcite|author=The Lord of the Rings on Prime|articleurl=https://twitter.com/LOTRonPrime/status/1533945721929420800#m|articlename=Sir Lenny Henry is Sadoc Burrows. #LOTRROP|dated=9 June 2022|website=[https://twitter.com Twitter]|accessed=11 June 2022}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| [[Ema Horvath]]&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Meet&amp;quot;/&amp;gt; || [[Eärien]]&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{webcite|author=The Lord of the Rings on Prime|articleurl=https://twitter.com/LOTRonPrime/status/1547417835961552896|articlename=Ema Horvath is Eärien|dated=14 February 2022|website=[https://twitter.com Twitter]|accessed=14 February 2022}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| [[Thusitha Jayasundera]]&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;VA20&amp;quot;/&amp;gt; || [[Malva]]&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| [[Markella Kavenagh]]&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Meet&amp;quot;/&amp;gt; || [[Elanor Brandyfoot|Elanor &amp;quot;Nori&amp;quot; Brandyfoot]]&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{webcite|author=The Lord of the Rings on Prime|articleurl=https://twitter.com/LOTRonPrime/status/1493253881651937283|articlename=Markella Kavenagh is Elanor ‘Nori’ Brandyfoot|dated=14 February 2022|website=[https://twitter.com Twitter]|accessed=14 February 2022}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| [[Virginie Laverdure]] || [[Abigail]]&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| [[Joseph Mawle]]&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Meet&amp;quot;/&amp;gt; || &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| [[Fabian McCallum]]&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;VA20&amp;quot;/&amp;gt; || [[Thondir]]&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| [[Tom McCathie]] || [[Pre-Númenóreans|Hunter]]&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| [[Simon Merrells]]&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;VA20&amp;quot;/&amp;gt; || [[Revion]]&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| [[Geoff Morrell]]&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;VA20&amp;quot;/&amp;gt; || [[Waldreg]]&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{webcite|author=The Lord of the Rings on Prime|articleurl=https://twitter.com/PrimeVideo/status/1559940412114083841|articlename=Get to know the Southlanders in #TheRingsOfPower&lt;br /&gt;
|dated=17 August 2022|website=[https://twitter.com/ Twitter]|accessed=17 August 2022}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| [[Tyroe Muhafidin]]&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Meet&amp;quot;/&amp;gt; || [[Theo]]&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{webcite|author=The Lord of the Rings on Prime|articleurl=https://mobile.twitter.com/LOTRonPrime/status/1516457306497581056|articlename=Tyroe Muhafidin is Theo. #LOTRROP #RingsofPower|dated=19 April 2022|website=[https://twitter.com Twitter]|accessed=19 April 2022}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| [[Peter Mullan]]&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;VA20&amp;quot;/&amp;gt; || [[Durin III|King Durin III]]&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;VFQuestions&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{webcite|author=burning questions about amazons the rings of power|articleurl= https://www.vanityfair.com/hollywood/2022/02/10-burning-questions-about-amazons-the-rings-of-power |articlename=Amazon’s Lord of the Rings Series: FAQ|dated=14 February 2022|website=[https://www.vanityfair.com/ Vanity Fair]|accessed=16 February 2022}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| [[Sophia Nomvete]]&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Meet&amp;quot;/&amp;gt; || [[Disa|Princess Disa]] &amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{webcite|author=The Lord of the Rings on Prime|articleurl=https://twitter.com/LOTRonPrime/status/1492168418358874123|articlename=Sophia Nomvete is Princess Disa. #LOTRROP|dated=9 June 2022|website=[https://twitter.com Twitter]|accessed=11 June 2022}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| [[Lloyd Owen]]&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;VA20&amp;quot;/&amp;gt; || [[Elendil]]&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{webcite|author=The Lord of the Rings on Prime|articleurl=https://twitter.com/LOTRonPrime/status/1547417424361885696|articlename=Lloyd Owen is Elendil|dated=14 February 2022|website=[https://twitter.com Twitter]|accessed=14 February 2022}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| Augustus Prew&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;VA20&amp;quot;/&amp;gt; || [[Médhor]]&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| [[Kenneth Ransom]] || [[Pre-Númenóreans|Hunter]]&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| [[Megan Richards]]&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Meet&amp;quot;/&amp;gt; || [[Poppy Proudfellow]]&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{webcite|author=The Lord of the Rings on Prime|articleurl=https://twitter.com/LOTRonPrime/status/1534982703908433920#m|articlename=Megan Richards is Poppy Proudfellow. #LOTRROP|dated=9 June 2022|website=[https://twitter.com Twitter]|accessed=11 June 2022}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| [[Berynn Schwerdt]] || [[Eamon]]&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| [[Dylan Smith]]&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Meet&amp;quot;/&amp;gt; || [[Largo Brandyfoot]]&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{webcite|author=The Lord of the Rings on Prime|articleurl=https://twitter.com/LOTRonPrime/status/1534982400869945344#m|articlename=Dylan Smith is Largo Brandyfoot. #LOTRROP|dated=9 June 2022|website=[https://twitter.com Twitter]|accessed=11 June 2022}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| [[Peter Tait]]&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;VA20&amp;quot;/&amp;gt; || [[Tredwill]]&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| Alex Tarrant&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;VA20&amp;quot;/&amp;gt; || &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| [[Charlie Vickers]]&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Meet&amp;quot;/&amp;gt; || [[Halbrand]]&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{webcite|author=The Lord of the Rings on Prime|articleurl=https://twitter.com/LOTRonPrime/status/1492169017741778944|articlename=Charlie Vickers is Halbrand. #LOTRROP|dated=9 June 2022|website=[https://twitter.com Twitter]|accessed=11 June 2022}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| [[Amelie Child Villiers]] || [[Galadriel|Galadriel]] (Young)&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| [[Shelley Waddams]] || [[Elves|Elf Attendant]]&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| [[Leon Wadham]]&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;VA20&amp;quot;/&amp;gt; || [[Kemen (television character)|Kemen]]&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{webcite|author=The Lord of the Rings on Prime|articleurl=https://twitter.com/LOTRonPrime/status/1547418271141560321|articlename=Leon Wadham is Kemen|dated=14 February 2022|website=[https://twitter.com Twitter]|accessed=14 February 2022}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| [[Benjamin Walker]]&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;VA20&amp;quot;/&amp;gt; || [[Gil-galad|High-King Gil-galad]]&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{webcite|author=The Lord of the Rings on Prime|articleurl=https://twitter.com/LOTRonPrime/status/1493253777415098372|articlename=Benjamin Walker is High King Gil-galad|dated=14 February 2022|website=[https://twitter.com Twitter]|accessed=14 February 2022}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| [[Daniel Weyman]]&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Meet&amp;quot;/&amp;gt; || [[The Stranger]]&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{webcite|author=The Lord of the Rings on Prime|articleurl=https://twitter.com/LOTRonPrime/status/1493253972639076352|articlename=Daniel Weyman is The Stranger|dated=14 February 2022|website=[https://twitter.com Twitter]|accessed=14 February 2022}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| [[Megan Lilly Wilding]] || [[Dwarves|Guard]]&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| [[Sara Zwangobani]]&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;VA20&amp;quot;/&amp;gt; || [[Marigold Brandyfoot]]&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{webcite|author=The Lord of the Rings on Prime|articleurl=https://twitter.com/LOTRonPrime/status/1534982566448533504#m|articlename=Sara Zwangobani is Marigold Brandyfoot. #LOTRROP|dated=9 June 2022|website=[https://twitter.com Twitter]|accessed=11 June 2022}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Production==&lt;br /&gt;
[[File:Amazon - Middle-earth map.jpg|thumb|250px|Fourth map of Middle-earth, released by Amazon on 6 March 2019]]&lt;br /&gt;
In November [[2017]], it was reported that Amazon Studios were in discussion with Warner Bros. Television and the [[Tolkien Estate]] about developing a series based on &#039;&#039;[[The Lord of the Rings]]&#039;&#039;.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{webcite|author=Daniel Holloway|articleurl=http://variety.com/2017/tv/news/lord-of-the-rings-amazon-1202606519/|articlename=&#039;Lord of the Rings&#039;: Amazon, Warner Bros. in Talks for Series Adaptation (EXCLUSIVE)|dated=3 November 2017|website=[http://variety.com/ Variety]|accessed=30 January 2020}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; Later, in November, Amazon Studios announced they have secured the rights to develop a multi-season television series set in Middle-earth with the potential for spin-offs.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{webcite|author=Joe Otterson|articleurl=http://variety.com/2017/tv/news/lord-of-the-rings-tv-series-amazon-1202613609/|articlename=‘Lord of the Rings’ Series Moving Forward at Amazon With Multi-Season Production Commitment|dated=13 November 2017|website=[http://variety.com/ Variety]|accessed=31 July 2019}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; The rights have been said to have cost close to $250 million.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;DLAZ&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{webcite|author=Nellie Andreeva|articleurl=http://deadline.com/2017/11/amazon-the-lord-of-the-rings-tv-series-multi-season-commitment-1202207065/|articlename=Amazon Sets ‘The Lord of the Rings’ TV Series In Mega Deal With Multi-Season Commitment|dated=13 November 2017|website=Deadline|accessed=30 January 2020}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; Amazon Studios will cooperate with the Tolkien Estate, [[The Tolkien Trust]], [[HarperCollins]] and [[New Line Cinema]].&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;DLAZ&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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On [[13 February]] [[2019]], Amazon&#039;s newly created [http://twitter.com/LOTRonPrime Twitter account] associated with the show posted the quote &amp;quot;I wisely started with a map.&amp;quot;, taken from Tolkien&#039;s [[Letter 144]].&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{webcite|author=|articleurl=http://twitter.com/LOTRonPrime/status/1095797330127646721|articlename=“I wisely started with a map” — J.R.R. Tolkien|dated=13 February 2019|website=Twitter|accessed=30 January 2020}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; On [[15 February]] the Twitter account released a map of Middle-earth along with a line of the [[Ring Verse]], over the next few weeks different versions of the map were released with each successive one including more labels than the previous as well as more lines from the verse. On [[7 March]] the final map was released which showed a wider view of Middle-earth, including the island of [[Númenor]] and the final post &amp;quot;Welcome to the Second Age&amp;quot;.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;AMSA&amp;quot;/&amp;gt; [[Tom Shippey]] and artist [[John Howe]] had worked on the accuracy of the maps, however dedicated [[Tolkien fandom|fans]] had detected several mistakes and anachronisms.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{webcite|articleurl=http://narniafans.com/2019/08/interview-with-narnia-conceptual-designer-john-howe/|articlename=Interview with John Howe|website=Narnia Fans|accessed=25 June 2020}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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The series being set in the [[Second Age]] was predicted by [[Tolkien Society]] Chair [[Shaun Gunner]] in February.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{webcite|website=Twitter|accessed=15 February 2020|dated=18 February 2019|articleurl=http://twitter.com/ShaunGunner/status/1097505289618841601|articlename=Shaun Gunner on Twitter}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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On [[27 July]] 2019 a video was published that introduced the creative team; [[J.D. Payne]] and [[Patrick McKay]] were announced as the showrunners, the writing team consisting of Gennifer Hutchison, Helen Shang, Jason Cahill, Glenise Mullins, Justin Dohle, Stephany Folsom and Bryan Cogman, Belén Atienza, Bruce Richmond, Gene Kelly and Lindsey Weber as executive producers, Ron Ames as co-producer, Kate Hawley as costume designer, Rick Heinrichs as production designer and Jason Smith as visual effects supervisor. The team will also include Tolkien scholar [[Tom Shippey]] and artist [[John Howe]]. [[J. A. Bayona|Bayona]] will direct the first two episodes.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{webcite|author=|articleurl=http://twitter.com/LOTRonPrime/status/1155142047420080129|articlename=&#039;&#039;Meet our Fellowship&#039;&#039;|dated=27 July 2019|website=Twitter|accessed=30 January 2020}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; In an interview with the German Tolkien Society, scholar [[Tom Shippey]] stated  that events from the First and Third Ages are &amp;quot;off-limits&amp;quot;.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{webcite|author=Tobias M. Eckrich |articleurl=http://www.tolkiengesellschaft.de/30918/exklusive-interview-with-tom-shippey-concerning-lotronprime/|articlename=Exclusive interview with Tom Shippey concerning LOTRonPrime|dated=29 July 2019|website=[http://www.tolkiengesellschaft.de Deutche Tolkien Gesellschaft]|accessed=6 August 2019}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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On [[17 September]] 2019, Amazon Studios announced that the series will be filmed in New Zealand.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;AMNZ&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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On [[18 November]] 2019, Amazon Studios Head Jennifer Salke announced a second season renewal for the series.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{webcite|author=Nellie Andreeva|articleurl=http://deadline.com/2019/11/the-lord-of-the-rings-series-renewed-season-2-amazon-early-renewal-season-1-hiatus-writers-room-reassembled-1202788730/|articlename=‘The Lord Of the Rings’ Series Gets Early Season 2 Renewal By Amazon, Sets Season 1 Hiatus|dated=18 November 2019|website=Deadline|accessed=17 March 2020}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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Due to the COVID-19 pandemic production of the series was suspended.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{webcite|author=Chris Keall|articleurl=http://www.nzherald.co.nz/business/news/article.cfm?c_id=3&amp;amp;objectid=12316871|articlename=Coronavirus: Amazon&#039;s Lord of the Rings production in West Auckland shut down|dated=15 March 2020|website=[http://www.nzherald.co.nz/ The New Zealand Herald]|accessed=17 July 2020}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; On 9 May 2020 the New Zealand Film Commission has allowed the production of film and TV to continue in the country.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{webcite|author=|articleurl=http://www.nzherald.co.nz/entertainment/news/article.cfm?c_id=1501119&amp;amp;objectid=12330716|articlename=Covid 19 coronavirus: Avatar, Lord Of The Rings filming resumes in NZ|dated=9 May 2020|website=[http://www.nzherald.co.nz/ The New Zealand Herald]|accessed=17 July 2020}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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In December 2020, [[Bryan Cogman]] left the series for Entertainment One, after completing work on the scripts for season one.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{webcite|author=Lesley Goldberg |articleurl=http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/live-feed/bryan-cogman-moves-overall-deal-to-eone-exclusive|articlename=Bryan Cogman Moves Overall Deal to eOne (Exclusive)|dated=7 December 2020|website=The Hollywood Reporter|accessed=15 December 2020}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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On [[24 March]] [[2021]], Amazon Studios announced that [[Wayne Yip|Wayne Che Yip]] has joined the creative team, as both a co-executive producer and director.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{webcite|author=Matt Grobar|articleurl=http://deadline.com/2021/03/wayne-che-yip-boards-lord-of-the-rings-series-director-co-ep-amazon-studios-1234720477/|articlename=Wayne Che Yip Boards ‘The Lord Of The Rings’ Series As Director &amp;amp; Co-EP, Will Helm Four Episodes Of Amazon Original|dated=24 March 2021|website=[http://deadline.com/ Deadline]|accessed=5 April 2021}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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On May 2021, it was announced that [[Charlotte Brändström]] will  direct another two episodes.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{webcite|author=Matt Grobar|articleurl=https://deadline.com/2021/05/the-witcher-charlotte-brandstrom-amazons-the-lord-of-the-rings-series-1234755360/|articlename=‘The Witcher’ Director Charlotte Brändström Joins Amazon’s ‘The Lord Of The Rings’ Series&lt;br /&gt;
|dated=13 May 2021|website=[http://deadline.com/ Deadline]|accessed=21 August 2021}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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On September 2021, it was reported that [[Howard Shore]] and [[Bear McCreary]] are in talks to compose the soundtrack for the series.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{webcite|articleurl=https://www.theonering.net/torwp/2021/09/19/111495-howard-shore-and-bear-mccreary-to-soundtrack-lotr-on-prime-series/|articlename=Howard Shore and Bear McCreary to soundtrack LOTR on Prime series|dated=September 19, 2021|website=TheOneRing.net|accessed=September 20, 2021}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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On 19 January [[2022]], a first teaser was released announcing the official title for the series: &#039;&#039;The Lord of the Rings: The Rings of Power&#039;&#039;.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{webcite|author=@LOTRonPrime|articleurl=http://twitter.com/LOTRonPrime/status/1483816516327915522?cxt=HHwWhICq-dHQyZcpAAAA|articlename=Title Announcement|dated=19 January 2022|website=Twitter|accessed=19 January 2022}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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===Casting===&lt;br /&gt;
On 22 July 2019, it was reported that Amazon has made its first cast for the new series that Markella Kavenagh was in talks to play a character named &amp;quot;Tyra&amp;quot;.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{webcite|author=Joe Otterson|articleurl=http://variety.com/2019/tv/news/lord-of-the-rings-series-amazon-cast-markella-kavenagh-1203268175|articlename=‘Lord of the Rings’ Series at Amazon Taps First Cast Member (EXCLUSIVE)|dated=22 July 2019|website=[http://variety.com/ Variety]|accessed=22 October 2019}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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Will Poulter was cast for an unknown role in September 2019&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{webcite|author=Joe Otterson|articleurl=http://variety.com/2019/tv/news/lord-of-the-rings-series-amazon-will-poulter-cast-1203321951/|articlename=‘Lord of The Rings’ Series at Amazon Casts Will Poulter (EXCLUSIVE)|dated=4 September 2019|website=[http://variety.com/ Variety]|accessed=22 October 2019}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; however in December it was reported that he left the series due to scheduling conflicts.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{webcite|author=Joe Otterson|articleurl=http://variety.com/2019/tv/news/lord-of-the-rings-series-amazon-will-poulter-1203433273/|articlename=‘Lord of the Rings’: Will Poulter No Longer Attached to Amazon Series (EXCLUSIVE)|dated=12 December 2019|website=[http://variety.com/ Variety]|accessed=13 December 2019}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; This was later confirmed by Poulter in an interview.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{webcite|author=Will Richards|articleurl=http://www.nme.com/news/tv/will-poulter-explains-why-he-left-amazons-lord-of-the-rings-tv-series-2706105|articlename=Will Poulter explains why he left Amazon&#039;s &#039;Lord Of The Rings&#039; TV series|dated=12 July 2020|website=[http://www.nme.com/ NME]|accessed=17 July 2020}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; He was replaced by Robert Aramayo who was reported to be playing a character named &amp;quot;Beldor&amp;quot;.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{webcite|author=Nellie Andreeva|articleurl=http://deadline.com/2020/01/robert-aramayo-cast-the-lord-of-the-rings-amazon-tv-series-game-of-thrones-alum-cast-1202823073/|articlename=&#039;The Lord Of the Rings&#039;: Robert Aramayo To Star In Amazon TV Series|dated=7 January 2020|website=Deadline|accessed=15 January 2020}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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In October 2019 it was reported that Maxim Baldry&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{webcite|author=Jeff Sneider|articleurl=http://collider.com/lord-of-the-rings-tv-series-cast-maxim-baldry/|articlename=Exclusive: ‘Lord of the Rings’ TV Series Adds ‘Years and Years’ Star Maxim Baldry|dated=15 October 2019|website=Collider|accessed=13 December 2019}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; and Joseph Mawle has joined the cast, the latter playing &amp;quot;Oren&amp;quot;, the lead villain of the series.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{webcite|author=Nellie Andreeva|articleurl=http://deadline.com/2019/10/the-lord-of-the-rings-joseph-mawle-cast-star-amazon-series-oren-game-of-thrones-alum-1202765493/|articlename=&#039;The Lord Of The Rings&#039;: Joseph Mawle To Star In Amazon Series|dated=21 October 2019|website=Deadline|accessed=22 October 2019}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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In December 2019 there were reports of Ema Horvath&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{webcite|author=Nellie Andreeva|articleurl=http://deadline.com/2019/12/ema-horvath-cast-the-lord-of-the-rings-amazon-series-1202806025/|articlename=‘The Lord Of The Rings’: Ema Horvath Joins Cast Of Amazon Series|dated=10 December 2019|website=Deadline|accessed=13 December 2019}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; and Morfydd Clark joinining the cast, it was said that Clark is to play a &amp;quot;young [[Galadriel]]&amp;quot;.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{webcite|author=Justin Kroll|articleurl=http://variety.com/2019/tv/news/lord-of-the-rings-series-galadriel-morfydd-clark-1203446284/amp/|articlename=&#039;Lord of the Rings&#039; Series Taps Morfydd Clark as Young Galadriel (EXCLUSIVE)|dated=17 December 2019|website=[http://variety.com/ Variety]|accessed=4 January 2020}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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On 15 January 2020, the series&#039; official social media confirmed the castings of Kavenagh, Aramayo, Mawle, Horvath and Clark as well as revealing new members of the cast; Owain Arthur, Nazanin Boniadi, Tom Budge, Ismael Cruz Cordova, Tyroe Muhafidin, Sophia Nomvete, Megan Richards, Dylan Smith, Charlie Vickers and Daniel Weyman.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Meet&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{webcite|author=|articleurl=http://www.facebook.com/LOTRonPrime/photos/?tab=album&amp;amp;album_id=2410457885934047|articlename=Meet the first members of our fellowship. #LOTRonPrime|dated=15 January 2020|website=Facebook|accessed=15 January 2020}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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In December 2020, it was announced that 20 actors have been added to the cast; Cynthia Addai-Robinson, Maxim Baldry (reported to have joined back in October 2019), Ian Blackburn, Kip Chapman, Anthony Crum, Maxine Cunliffe, Trystan Gravelle, Sir Lenny Henry, Thusitha Jayasundera, Fabian McCallum, Simon Merrells, Geoff Morrell, Peter Mullan, Lloyd Owen, Augustus Prew, Peter Tait, Alex Tarrant, Leon Wadham, Benjamin Walker and Sara Zwangobani.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;VA20&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{webcite|author=Joe Otterson|articleurl=http://variety.com/2020/tv/news/lord-of-the-rings-series-amazon-cast-1234845274/|articlename=‘Lord of the Rings’ Series at Amazon Adds 20 Actors to Cast|dated=3 December 2020|website=[http://variety.com/ Variety]|accessed=3 December 2020}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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In March 2021, Tom Budge announced that he had departed the series after filming several episodes. He explained that Amazon had decided to go in a different direction with his character after reviewing the first episodes.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{webcite|author=|articleurl=http://www.instagram.com/p/CMZnFx-HkAp/|articlename=Tom Budge on Instagram|dated=14 March 2021|website=[http://instagram.com/ Instagram]|accessed=5 April 2021}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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In July 2021 Charles Edwards, Will Fletcher, Amelie Child-Villiers, and Beau Cassidy were added to the first season&#039;s cast that July.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{webcite|author=|articleurl=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/tv/tv-news/amazon-lord-of-the-rings-tv-series-cast-1234976309/|articlename=Amazon’s ‘Lord of the Rings’ Rounds Out Sprawling Cast (Exclusive)&lt;br /&gt;
|dated=1 July 2021|website=Hollywood Reporter|accessed=21 August 2021}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; A third of the first season&#039;s 124 speaking roles, including seven of the 32 major recurring roles, went to New Zealand actors.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{webcite|author=|articleurl=https://www.newsroom.co.nz/page//govt-hopes-amazon-will-come-back-to-film-more-seasons|articlename=Return of the Rings: Govt hopes Amazon will come back to film more seasons&lt;br /&gt;
|dated=5 August 2021|website=[https://www.newsroom.co.nz Newsroom|accessed=21 August 2021}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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===Filming===&lt;br /&gt;
====Season 1====&lt;br /&gt;
[[File:The Rings of Power (TV series) - Adar poster.jpg|thumb|One of the promotional posters released on February 2022]]&lt;br /&gt;
Although pre-production on the series reportedly began in June 2018 in [[Auckland]], filming began on [[14 March]] [[2020]]&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{webcite|author=|articleurl=https://www.gamespot.com//articles/lord-of-the-rings-tv-show-director-shares-a-behind/1100-6474422/|articlename=&lt;br /&gt;
Lord Of The Rings TV Show Director Shares A Behind-The-Scenes Photo&lt;br /&gt;
|dated=15 March 2020|website=[https://www.gamespot.com Gamespot]|accessed=25 August 2021}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; in Auckland primarily at Kumeu Film Studios and Auckland Film Studios.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{webcite|author=|articleurl=https://www.newstalkzb.co.nz/news/entertainment/new-zealand-set-to-be-location-for-lord-of-the-rings-1-5-billion-tv-show/|articlename=New $1.5b LOTR TV series set to film in Auckland|dated=30 June 2019|website=[https://www.newstalkzb.co.nz Newstalk ZB]|accessed=25 August 2021}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; Location filming took place around Auckland in February.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{webcite|author=|articleurl=https://www.theonering.net/torwp/2020/02/21/107557-exclusive-spy-report-from-the-set-of-amazons-lotr-with-photos/|articlename=EXCLUSIVE:Spy Report from the Set of Amazon&#039;s LOTR with photos |dated=21 February 2020|website=[https://deadline.com Deadline]|accessed=26 December 2021}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; Filming for the first two episodes was expected to continue through May,&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{webcite|author=|articleurl=https://www.stuff.co.nz/life-style/homed/real-estate/118857705/lord-of-the-rings-tv-amazon-studios-puts-out-call-for-homes-for-cast-and-crew|articlename=Lord of the Rings TV: Amazon Studios puts out call for homes for cast and crew|dated=21 February 2020|website=[https://www.stuff.co.nz Stuff]|accessed=26 December 2021}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; with a four or five-month production break then planned during which footage for the two episodes would be reviewed and writing on the second season would begin.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{webcite|author=|articleurl=https://deadline.com/2019/11/the-lord-of-the-rings-series-renewed-season-2-amazon-early-renewal-season-1-hiatus-writers-room-reassembled-1202788730/|articlename=&lt;br /&gt;
‘The Lord Of the Rings’ Series Gets Early Season 2 Renewal By Amazon, Sets Season 1 Hiatus&lt;br /&gt;
|dated=19 January 2020|website=[https://deadline.com DEADLINE]|accessed=26 December 2021}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;Production was scheduled to resume in mid-October and continue until late June 2021.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{webcite|author=|articleurl=https://www.stuff.co.nz/life-style/homed/real-estate/118857705/lord-of-the-rings-tv-amazon-studios-puts-out-call-for-homes-for-cast-and-crew|articlename= Lord of the Rings TV: Amazon Studios puts out call for homes for cast and crew|dated=19 January 2020|website=[https://www.stuff.co.nz Stuff.co]|accessed=26 December 2021}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; However, filming was placed on hold indefinitely in mid-March 2020 due to the COVID-19 pandemic, with around 800 cast and crew members told to stay home.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{webcite|author=|articleurl=https://www.nzherald.co.nz/business/coronavirus-amazons-lord-of-the-rings-production-in-west-auckland-shut-down/JZE3ZEXWQQIQJXH4KYENFR3LRY/?c_id=3&amp;amp;objectid=12316871|articlename=&lt;br /&gt;
Coronavirus: Amazon&#039;s Lord of the Rings production in West Auckland shut down&lt;br /&gt;
|dated=15 March 2020|website=[https://www.nzherald.co.nz NZherald]|accessed=26 December 2021}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; In early May, the majority of filming for the first two episodes was confirmed to have been completed before the COVID-19 shutdown. Filming on the series was allowed to resume then under new safety guidelines from the New Zealand government, but, instead of completing filming for the first two episodes at that time, the filming shutdown segued into the intended production break, with filming for the first two episodes set to be completed once filming on further episodes was ready to begin.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{webcite|author=|articleurl=https://deadline.com/2020/05/new-zealand-returns-to-production-paving-way-for-avatar-sequels-to-resume-live-action-filming-1202929138/|articlename=&lt;br /&gt;
New Zealand Returns To Production, Paving Way For ‘Avatar’ Sequels &amp;amp; ‘The Lord Of The Rings’ Series To Resume Filming |dated=7 May 2020|website=[https://deadline.com Deadline]|accessed=26 December 2021}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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It was reported that the TV series was one of seven film and television productions that were granted exemptions to allow cast and crew members to enter New Zealand while its borders were closed to non-New Zealanders due to [[Wikipedia:COVID-19|COVID-19]]. The exemptions were granted before [[June 18]] by Economic Development Minister Phil Twyford, and applied to 93 members of the production as well as 20 family members. Around 10 percent of the series&#039; crew were believed to be non-[[New Zealand|New Zealanders]], and many of them had remained in the country during its pandemic lockdown and did not require exemptions. Pre-production on further episodes began by July [[2020]],&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{webcite|author=|articleurl=https://www.stuff.co.nz/entertainment/122012197/revealed-the-six-productions-joining-avatar-in-getting-border-exemptions|articlename= &lt;br /&gt;
Revealed: The six productions joining Avatar in getting border exemptions&lt;br /&gt;
|dated=3 July 2020|website=[https://www.stuff.co.nz Stuff.co]|accessed=26 December 2021}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; and filming on the series resumed on [[September 28]].&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{webcite|author=|articleurl=https://deadline.com/2020/09/the-lord-of-the-rings-resumes-production-amazon-new-zealand-cowboy-bebop-netflix-dtart-of-production-1234584918/|articlename= &lt;br /&gt;
Amazon’s ‘The Lord Of The Rings’ Resumes Production In New Zealand, Netflix’s ‘Cowboy Bebop’ Next&lt;br /&gt;
|dated=28 September 2020|website=[https://deadline.com Deadline]|accessed=26 December 2021}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; Bayona completed filming on his episodes by December 23,&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{webcite|author=|articleurl=https://comicbook.com/tv-shows/news/amazons-lord-of-the-rings-pilot-wrapped-filming/|articlename= Amazon&#039;s Lord Of The Rings Pilot Has Wrapped Filming&lt;br /&gt;
|dated=25 December 2020|website=[https://comicbook.com ComicBook]|accessed=26 December 2021}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; with production on further episodes set to begin in January 2021 following a two week break for Christmas.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{webcite|author=|articleurl=https://www.nzherald.co.nz/entertainment/spy-lunch-of-the-rings-the-lotr-star-spotted-on-waiheke/WFTPOF2VTQ272HKL6NT2QLHHQI/|articlename=&lt;br /&gt;
Spy: Lunch of the Rings? The LOTR star spotted on Waiheke&lt;br /&gt;
|dated=19 December 2020|website=[https://www.nzherald.co.nz NZherald]|accessed=26 December 2021}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; Yip confirmed that he had begun filming his episodes by March,&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{webcite|author=|articleurl=https://variety.com/2021/tv/news/lord-of-the-rings-amazon-wayne-che-yip-1234936829/|articlename= ‘Lord of the Rings’ Series Adds Director Wayne Che Yip as Co-Executive Producer&lt;br /&gt;
|dated=24 March 2021|website=[https://variety.com Variety]|accessed=26 December 2021}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; and Brändström was in New Zealand for production on the series when she was announced as director in May.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{webcite|author=|articleurl=https://deadline.com/2021/05/the-witcher-charlotte-brandstrom-amazons-the-lord-of-the-rings-series-1234755360/|articlename= ‘The Witcher’ Director Charlotte Brändström Joins Amazon’s ‘The Lord Of The Rings’ Series |dated=13 May 2021|website=[https://deadline.com Deadline]|accessed=26 December 2021}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Marketing==&lt;br /&gt;
On [[19 January]] 2022, Amazon revealed of the series&#039; full title. Instead of creating a title reveal with visual effects, the studio released an announcement video in which the letters of the title are physically cast from molten metal while an excerpt of the &amp;quot;[[Ring Verse]]&amp;quot; from &#039;&#039;The Lord of the Rings&#039;&#039; is read in voiceover. The video was directed by Klaus Obermeyer, who worked with special effects supervisor Lee Nelson under advisement by veteran special effects supervisor [[Douglas Trumbull]].&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{webcite|author=|articleurl=http://www.theonering.net/torwp/2022/01/19/111840-prime-videos-the-lord-of-the-rings-title-reveal-exclusive-behind-the-scenes-images/|articlename=Prime Video&#039;s The Lord of the Rings TITLE REVEAL - EXCLUSIVE Behind the Scenes images|dated=3 February 2022|website=[https://www.polygon.com/ Polygon]|accessed=4 February 2022}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
On [[3 February]] 2022, Amazon Studios revealed a series of character posters for the series.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{webcite|author=|articleurl=https://www.polygon.com/22915948/lord-of-the-rings-of-power-characters-posters|articlename=Amazon’s first Lord of the Rings: The Rings of Power character posters are a guessing game|dated=4 February 2022|website=[https://www.polygon.com/ Polygon]|accessed=4 February 2022}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; On 10 February, a &amp;quot;first look&amp;quot; was revealed with photos of some of the characters,&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;VanityFair&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{webcite|author=Anthony Breznican &amp;amp; Joanna Robinson|articleurl=https://www.vanityfair.com/hollywood/2022/02/amazon-the-rings-of-power-series-first-look|articlename=Amazon’s Lord of the Rings Series Rises: Inside The Rings of Power&lt;br /&gt;
|dated=10-Feb-2022|website=VanityFair|accessed=20-July-2022}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; followed by the release of the teaser trailer on 13 February during Super Bowl LVI.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{webcite|author=Erin Carson and Jennifer Bisset|articleurl=https://www.cnet.com/culture/entertainment/amazon-introduces-lord-of-the-rings-the-rings-of-power-in-new-trailer/|articlename=Amazon Introduces &#039;Lord of the Rings: The Rings of Power&#039; in New Trailer|website=[http://www.cnet.com/ CNet]|accessed=9 April 2022}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; The official watch party for the trailer was hosted on YouTube by [[TheOneRing.net]].&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{webcite|author=|articleurl=http://www.theonering.net/torwp/2022/02/07/111973-official-lotr-trailer-watch-party-for-prime-videos-rings-of-power-to-be-hosted-by-torn/|articlename=Official LOTR Trailer Watch party for Prime Video’s Rings of Power to be hosted by TORn!|website=[https://www.theonering.net/ TheOneRing.net]|accessed=9 April 2022}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
On [[14 July]], Amazon released another trailer for the series online.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{webcite|author=William Goodman|articleurl=https://www.gq.com/story/lord-of-the-rings-rings-of-power-trailer|articlename=What the ‘Lord of the Rings: Rings of Power’ Trailer Reveals About the New Prequel Series&lt;br /&gt;
|dated=14 July 2022|website=[https://www.gq.com Get Go]|accessed=22 July 2022}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==See also==&lt;br /&gt;
* [[:Category:Images from The Rings of Power (TV series)|Category:Images from &#039;&#039;The Rings of Power&#039;&#039; TV series]]&lt;br /&gt;
* [[The Lord of the Rings: The Rings of Power Season 1 Soundtrack|&#039;&#039;The Lord of the Rings: The Rings of Power&#039;&#039; Season 1 Soundtrack]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== External links ==&lt;br /&gt;
* [http://www.amazon.com/adlp/lotronprime Official website]&lt;br /&gt;
* [http://www.facebook.com/LOTRonPrime/ Official Facebook page]&lt;br /&gt;
* [http://www.youtube.com/channel/UC5gNthckomHt36m9-WH042Q/ Youtube channel]&lt;br /&gt;
* https://www.fandom.com/articles/lord-rings-power-hidden-character-details&lt;br /&gt;
* https://www.aboutamazon.com/news/entertainment/lord-of-the-rings-numenor-images&lt;br /&gt;
* https://www.looper.com/962547/robert-aramayo-sheds-light-on-a-younger-elrond-in-rings-of-power-exclusive-interview/?utm_source=dlvr.it&amp;amp;utm_medium=twitter&lt;br /&gt;
* https://time.com/6205837/the-rings-of-power-amazon-most-expensive/&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{References}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{title|italics}}&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Television series]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Upcoming productions]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[fr:divertissements/adaptations/series/lsda_amazon]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[fi:The Lord of the Rings (Amazon)]]&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Sadron</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=User:Sadron&amp;diff=356579</id>
		<title>User:Sadron</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=User:Sadron&amp;diff=356579"/>
		<updated>2022-09-06T19:50:14Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Sadron: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;Mae govannen, I eneth nîn Sadron.&amp;lt;/p&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
Contact me at sadron.soe@gmail.com&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Hello, my name is Sadron.&lt;br /&gt;
Like many of you, I am really into the Lord of The Rings and Hobbit books/movies. I have learned four the modes of Tengwar: Sindarin, Quenya, Bereliand, and English. I have just recently begun to learn the language of Sindarin. I hope to be able to make some contributions to this web site and to gain a lot of new info of the Tolkien universe.&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;hr /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Hola, me llamo Sadron.&lt;br /&gt;
Como muchos de ustedes, estoy realmente interesado en los libros/películas de El señor de los anillos y Hobbit. He aprendido 4 modos de Tengwar: sindarin, quenya, bereliand e inglés. Actualmente estoy aprendiendo el idioma sindarin. Espero poder hacer algunas contribuciones a este sitio web y obtener mucha información nueva del universo Tolkien.&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;hr /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
--[[User:Sadron|Sadron]] 15:16, 22 April 2020 (UTC)&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Sadron</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=Talk:Heren_Istarion&amp;diff=338612</id>
		<title>Talk:Heren Istarion</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=Talk:Heren_Istarion&amp;diff=338612"/>
		<updated>2021-11-18T21:11:09Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Sadron: Created page with &amp;quot;This page has been merged with Wizards.&amp;quot;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;This page has been merged with [[Wizards]].&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Sadron</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=Wizards&amp;diff=338611</id>
		<title>Wizards</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=Wizards&amp;diff=338611"/>
		<updated>2021-11-18T21:10:22Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Sadron: /* Heren Istarion */&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;{{rewrite}}{{people infobox&lt;br /&gt;
| name=Wizards&lt;br /&gt;
| image=[[File:Angel Falto - The Istari.jpg|250px]]&lt;br /&gt;
| caption=&amp;quot;[[:File:Angel Falto - The Istari.jpg|The Istari]]&amp;quot; by [[:Category:Images by Angel Falto|Angel Falto]]&lt;br /&gt;
| pronun=&lt;br /&gt;
| othernames=&#039;&#039;Istari&#039;&#039; ([[Quenya|Q]]), &#039;&#039;Ithryn&#039;&#039; ([[Sindarin|S]])&lt;br /&gt;
| origin=[[Maiar]] sent to [[Middle-earth]]&lt;br /&gt;
| location=[[Orthanc]] (Saruman)&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;[[Rhosgobel]] (Radagast)&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;[[Rhûn]] and [[Harad]] (Blue Wizards)&lt;br /&gt;
| affiliation=[[Heren Istarion]], [[Free peoples]]&lt;br /&gt;
| rivalry=[[Sauron]]&lt;br /&gt;
| language=&lt;br /&gt;
| members=[[Saruman]], [[Gandalf]], [[Radagast]], [[Blue Wizards]]&lt;br /&gt;
| lifespan=Immortal&lt;br /&gt;
| distinctions=&lt;br /&gt;
| height=&lt;br /&gt;
| hair=&lt;br /&gt;
| skin=&lt;br /&gt;
| clothing=&lt;br /&gt;
| weapons=&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{quote|Do not meddle in the affairs of wizards, for they are subtle and quick to anger.|[[Gildor|Gildor Inglorion]] in &#039;&#039;[[The Fellowship of the Ring]]&#039;&#039;, &amp;quot;[[Three is Company]]&amp;quot;}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The &#039;&#039;&#039;Wizards&#039;&#039;&#039; of [[Middle-earth]], also known as the &#039;&#039;&#039;Istari&#039;&#039;&#039; in [[Quenya]] and the &#039;&#039;&#039;[[Ithron|Ithryn]]&#039;&#039;&#039; in [[Sindarin]], were a small group of beings outwardly resembling [[Men]] but possessing much greater physical and mental power. Together they formed the &#039;&#039;&#039;[[Heren Istarion]]&#039;&#039;&#039;, the Order of the Wizards, led by [[Saruman]] [[the White]].&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==History==&lt;br /&gt;
[[File:John Howe - Gandalf 01.jpg|thumb|right|&#039;&#039;Gandalf&#039;&#039; by [[John Howe]]]]&lt;br /&gt;
The wizards, also called Istari, were [[Maiar]], vassals of the [[Valar]]. These were sent by the Valar to help and assist the peoples of Middle-earth against Sauron as he gathered his forces during the [[Third Age]]. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The five known Istari were:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Curumo]], a Maia of [[Aulë]] &lt;br /&gt;
*[[Olórin]], a Maia of [[Manwë]] (held by Círdan the Shipwright to be the wisest of the Order).&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{S|IIc}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref group=note&amp;gt;Gandalf does, however, refer to Saruman as “&#039;&#039;the wisest of our Order&#039;&#039;“ during the [[Council of Elrond]]. This could be an inconsistency, but could also be humility on Gandalf’s part.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Aiwendil]], a Maia of [[Yavanna]]&lt;br /&gt;
*Alatar and Pallando, both Maiar of [[Oromë]]. Alatar and Pallando, also known as [[Ithryn Luin]], the &amp;quot;Blue Wizards,&amp;quot; went into the East and South, and do not appear in any of the main tales of Middle-earth. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In the northwest of Middle-earth Curumo became known as [[Saruman]] to Men and [[Curunír]] to [[Elves]]; Olórin was known as [[Gandalf]] to Men and [[Mithrandir]] to Elves; while Aiwendil became known as [[Radagast]].&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The Istari came to Middle-earth around the year {{TA|1000}} (though the Blue Wizards may have arrived much earlier). Each wizard was assigned a colour for his clothes, white being indicative of the chief. The two that travelled to the East and South wore sea-blue robes, hence their name Ithryn Luin, the &amp;quot;Blue Wizards.&amp;quot; Similarly the other wizards also became known by their colours, being referred to as &amp;quot;Saruman the White,&amp;quot; &amp;quot;Gandalf the Grey,&amp;quot; and &amp;quot;Radagast the Brown.&amp;quot; It is not known if the colour had any special meaning concerning their rank, abilities or nature.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
They were clothed in the bodies of old men, restricting their powers so that they would only assist the peoples of Middle-earth and not seek domination like Sauron had, who was also a Maia. They were charged by the Valar to assist the people of Middle-earth through persuasion and encouragement, not force or fear. By inhabiting the bodies of Men they also became susceptible to all of the weaknesses of a physical body: they felt hunger, pain, greed, sorrow, joy, and all other emotions and pains of Men.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
They were immortal, and they aged only very slowly. However, their bodies could be killed: Gandalf was mortally wounded in his duel with the [[Durin&#039;s Bane|Balrog of Moria]], and only through the intervention of [[Ilúvatar]] himself was he restored to his body.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Very few of Middle-earth&#039;s inhabitants knew who the Wizards really were; the Istari did not share this information. Most believed they were Elves or wise Men (&#039;&#039;Gandalf&#039;&#039; represents this interpretation, meaning &#039;&#039;Wand-elf&#039;&#039;, because the Men who gave him the nickname believed he was an Elf). They attracted few questions due to their gentle nature and dislike of direct interference with other people&#039;s affairs. In spite of their specific and unambiguous goal, the Wizards were nevertheless capable of mortal feelings, thus [[Gandalf]] felt great affection for the [[Hobbits]]. On the other hand, they could feel negative mortal emotions like greed, jealousy, and lust for power. Saruman himself fell victim to these emotions, and it is hinted in an essay in &#039;&#039;[[Unfinished Tales]]&#039;&#039; that the Blue Wizards (see below) may have also fallen prey to these temptations during their journeys in the East.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Saruman was originally gifted with the greatest power of the five Istari and was named the head of the White Council, a group of the Wise in opposition to Sauron. In {{TA|2759}}, he was invited by the rulers of Gondor and Rohan to settle in [[Isengard]] and the impenetrable tower of [[Orthanc]]. Saruman was learned in the lore of the [[Rings of Power]], gradually becoming corrupted by the desire for the Rings and by Sauron&#039;s direct influence on him through the &#039;&#039;[[Palantíri|palantír]]&#039;&#039; of [[Orthanc]]. Eventually he became ensnared in Sauron&#039;s power, and assisted him in the War of the Ring until he was defeated by the [[Ents]] and Gandalf, who broke his staff and cast him out of the White Council. Saruman&#039;s death came at the hands of his servant [[Gríma|Wormtongue]] in [[The Shire]], after the destruction of [[the One Ring]]. His spirit was then dispersed by a wind from the West, becoming similar to Sauron in his destruction.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
When Saruman fell to the temptation of the Ring, and after the defeat of the Balrog of Moria, Gandalf was reborn and given the title of Gandalf the White. Gandalf, who had originally been nominated for leadership of the White Council by the Elf-Lady [[Galadriel]], assumed leadership both of the White Council and the Order of the Istari. He then cast Saruman from the order and led the West to victory over Sauron, advising the [[Ring-bearers|Ringbearer]] [[Frodo Baggins|Frodo]] and the new king of [[Gondor]] [[Aragorn|Aragorn Elessar]]. After the defeat of Sauron and Saruman, Gandalf traveled west across the Sea with the Ringbearers, revealing that he himself was the bearer of [[Narya]], one of the Elven Rings of Power.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Radagast stayed true to his mission for a while, even serving as a messenger to Gandalf from Saruman, convincing Gandalf to meet with Saruman. He also instructed the birds in his service to assist Saruman and Gandalf. Radagast dwelt at [[Rhosgobel]] near the borders of [[Mirkwood]]. Eventually, Radagast is said to have become enamoured of the beasts and birds and to have ultimately failed to complete his mission. Later writings are less critical of Radagast, arguing that he did not fail at his mission as much as simply choose a tactic - working with the animal world - that ultimately proved less directly effective than working with Men and Elves.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The [[Blue Wizards]] went into the East and South and do not come into the tales of north-western Middle-earth. It is sometimes thought that the Blue Wizards also failed in their mission and fell to the temptations that had corrupted Saruman; it is said that their fall gave rise to magical cults in the East and South. However, other writings again suggest otherwise, even that the Blue Wizards possibly succeeded in their mission, and that the victories of the West would have been impossible without their influence in the East and South.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Heren Istarion==&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;Heren Istarion&#039;&#039;&#039; ([[Quenya]]: &amp;quot;Order of Wizards&amp;quot;) was the title assigned to the [[Wizards|Istari]] of the [[Third Age]]. None except [[Elrond]], [[Círdan]], and [[Galadriel]] knew of what kind and from where they came. Among [[Men]] it was initially assumed that the wizards were also men who by long and secret study had acquired great knowledge of lore and arts. However, as the Third Age passed it was marked that the wizards did not die and so Men began to believe that they were of Elven-kind.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In truth the Heren Istarion had been created in [[Valinor]]. A council of the [[Valar]] was called by [[Manwë]] which resolved to send three emissaries. Initially only Curumo (Saruman), chosen by [[Aulë]], and Alatar, chosen by [[Oromë]], stepped forward. Manwë then asked for Olórin (Gandalf) and commanded him to go. Curumo took Aiwendil (Radagast) with him because [[Yavanna]] begged him to do so and Alatar took along his friend Pallando.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Círdan witnessed the landing of the Order c. {{TA|1000}}. Their &amp;quot;mission&amp;quot; was to advise and persuade Men and Elves to resist [[Sauron]]. The number of members of the Heren Istarion was unknown but to the North of [[Middle-earth]] came five. One was clad in white, two in sea-blue, one in earthen brown, and one in grey.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The wizard in white was [[Saruman]], regarded by all as leader of the order. The two in blue were [[Alatar]] and [[Pallando]], who journeyed far into the East and South. The one in brown was [[Radagast]] and the one in grey was [[Gandalf]], seemingly the oldest and the least of the Order.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The Heren Istarion came to an end with the passing of Sauron. Saruman died in Middle-earth and was not allowed to return to the West. Gandalf, who remained true to the mission of the Order, departed from Middle-earth in {{TA|3021|n}}. The fate of the other three wizards who landed in the North is unknown.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Other versions of the legendarium==&lt;br /&gt;
In &#039;&#039;[[The Hobbit]]&#039;&#039;, while no mention is made of an Order of Wizards, Gandalf tells [[Beorn]] that Radagast is his &amp;quot;cousin&amp;quot;.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{H|Queer}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; In the &#039;&#039;[[Unfinished Tales]]&#039;&#039; it is said that the wizards appeared in Middle-earth about {{TA|1000|n}},&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Istari&amp;quot;/&amp;gt; but in &#039;&#039;[[The Peoples of Middle-earth]]&#039;&#039; a rough note by [[J.R.R. Tolkien]] said that the [[Blue Wizards]] (Alatar and Pallando, or [[Morinehtar]] and [[Rómestámo]]) came much earlier in the [[Second Age]].&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{PM|Last}}, The Five Wizards, pp. 384-385&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;  [[Christopher Tolkien]] stated that much of the writings about the Istari are rapid jottings and often illegible.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Istari&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Etymology ==&lt;br /&gt;
Tolkien&#039;s Istari were not wizards in the common sense of the word, but rather more like &#039;wise men&#039; or even &#039;messengers.&#039; [[J.R.R. Tolkien|Tolkien]], a lifelong philologist and devoted Catholic, deliberately used the word wizard, as it connoted &#039;wisdom&#039; and conveniently conveyed to the reader the &#039;other worldly&#039; powers of the characters. These sentiments were best worded by Tolkien himself in the first paragraph of the essay &#039;&#039;The Istari&#039;&#039; in the [[Unfinished Tales]]:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;blockquote&amp;gt;Wizard &#039;&#039;is a translation of Quenya &#039;&#039;istar&#039;&#039; (Sindarin &#039;&#039;ithron&#039;&#039;): one of the members of an &amp;quot;order&amp;quot; (as they call it), claiming to possess, and exhibiting, eminent knowledge of the history and nature of the World. The translation (though suitable in its relation to &amp;quot;wise&amp;quot; and other ancient words of knowing, similar to that of &#039;&#039;istar&#039;&#039; in Quenya) is not perhaps happy, since &#039;&#039;Heren&#039;&#039; Istarion or &amp;quot;Order of Wizards&amp;quot; was quite distinct from &amp;quot;wizards&amp;quot; and &amp;quot;magicians&amp;quot; of later legend; they belonged solely to the Third Age and then departed, and none save maybe Elrond, Círdan and Galadriel discovered of what kind they were or whence they came.&#039;&#039;&amp;lt;/blockquote&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The [[Quenya]] word &#039;&#039;Istari&#039;&#039; means &amp;quot;those who know&amp;quot;.&amp;lt;ref name=L156&amp;gt;{{L|156}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; The word seems to come from the verb &#039;&#039;[[ista-]]&#039;&#039; (&amp;quot;to know&amp;quot;), and possibly the [[Wikipedia:Agentive ending|agentive ending]] &#039;&#039;[[-ro]]&#039;&#039;.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{webcite|author=[[Helge Fauskanger]]|articleurl=http://folk.uib.no/hnohf/affix~1|articlename=Quenya Affixes|website=Arda}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Other versions of the legendarium==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In [[Gnomish]], one of [[J.R.R. Tolkien|Tolkien]]&#039;s early conceptions of an [[Elvish|Elven]] language, the word for &amp;quot;wizard&amp;quot; is &#039;&#039;curug&#039;&#039; (and &amp;quot;witch&amp;quot; is &#039;&#039;curus&#039;&#039;). An alternative word is &#039;&#039;thothweg&#039;&#039;, also translated as &amp;quot;wizard&amp;quot;.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{PE|11}}, pp. 27, 73&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; In &#039;&#039;[[The Hobbit]]&#039;&#039;, while no mention is made of an Order of Wizards, Gandalf tells [[Beorn]] that Radagast is his &amp;quot;cousin&amp;quot;.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{H|Queer}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; In the &#039;&#039;[[Unfinished Tales]]&#039;&#039; it is said that the wizards appeared in Middle-earth about {{TA|1000|n}},&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Istari&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{UT|Istari}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; but in &#039;&#039;[[The Peoples of Middle-earth]]&#039;&#039; a rough note by [[J.R.R. Tolkien]] said that the [[Blue Wizards]] (Alatar and Pallando, or [[Morinehtar]] and [[Rómestámo]]) came much earlier in the [[Second Age]].&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{PM|Last}}, The Five Wizards, pp. 384-385&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;  [[Christopher Tolkien]] stated that much of the writings about the Istari are rapid jottings and often illegible.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Istari&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Other fiction==&lt;br /&gt;
A wizard, who puts a spell on the dog Rover, appears in Tolkien&#039;s story &#039;&#039;[[Roverandom]]&#039;&#039;. The bewitchment turns Rover into a toy.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Portrayal in adaptations==&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;2001-03: [[The Lord of the Rings (film series)|&#039;&#039;The Lord of the Rings&#039;&#039; (film series)]]:&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
:In Peter Jackson&#039;s film version of &#039;&#039;The Lord of the Rings&#039;&#039;, two of the five Wizards (Saruman and Gandalf) were portrayed and featured heavily in the film trilogy (as the characters do in the books.)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;2012-14: [[The Hobbit (film series)|&#039;&#039;The Hobbit&#039;&#039; (film series)]]:&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
:Although Radagast has a small role in &#039;&#039;The Lord of the Rings&#039;&#039;, his role was omitted in Peter Jackson&#039;s film trilogy. However, Radagast had a substantial supporting role in &#039;&#039;The Hobbit&#039;&#039; films, and Saruman had a brief appearance. The Blue Wizards are also referenced in passing by Gandalf, although they make no appearance.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{notes}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{references}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{ainur}}&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Maiar]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Wizards| ]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[fr:encyclo/personnages/ainur/maiar/istari]]&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Sadron</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=Wizards&amp;diff=338610</id>
		<title>Wizards</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=Wizards&amp;diff=338610"/>
		<updated>2021-11-18T21:09:46Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Sadron: /* Heren Istarion */&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;{{rewrite}}{{people infobox&lt;br /&gt;
| name=Wizards&lt;br /&gt;
| image=[[File:Angel Falto - The Istari.jpg|250px]]&lt;br /&gt;
| caption=&amp;quot;[[:File:Angel Falto - The Istari.jpg|The Istari]]&amp;quot; by [[:Category:Images by Angel Falto|Angel Falto]]&lt;br /&gt;
| pronun=&lt;br /&gt;
| othernames=&#039;&#039;Istari&#039;&#039; ([[Quenya|Q]]), &#039;&#039;Ithryn&#039;&#039; ([[Sindarin|S]])&lt;br /&gt;
| origin=[[Maiar]] sent to [[Middle-earth]]&lt;br /&gt;
| location=[[Orthanc]] (Saruman)&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;[[Rhosgobel]] (Radagast)&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;[[Rhûn]] and [[Harad]] (Blue Wizards)&lt;br /&gt;
| affiliation=[[Heren Istarion]], [[Free peoples]]&lt;br /&gt;
| rivalry=[[Sauron]]&lt;br /&gt;
| language=&lt;br /&gt;
| members=[[Saruman]], [[Gandalf]], [[Radagast]], [[Blue Wizards]]&lt;br /&gt;
| lifespan=Immortal&lt;br /&gt;
| distinctions=&lt;br /&gt;
| height=&lt;br /&gt;
| hair=&lt;br /&gt;
| skin=&lt;br /&gt;
| clothing=&lt;br /&gt;
| weapons=&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{quote|Do not meddle in the affairs of wizards, for they are subtle and quick to anger.|[[Gildor|Gildor Inglorion]] in &#039;&#039;[[The Fellowship of the Ring]]&#039;&#039;, &amp;quot;[[Three is Company]]&amp;quot;}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The &#039;&#039;&#039;Wizards&#039;&#039;&#039; of [[Middle-earth]], also known as the &#039;&#039;&#039;Istari&#039;&#039;&#039; in [[Quenya]] and the &#039;&#039;&#039;[[Ithron|Ithryn]]&#039;&#039;&#039; in [[Sindarin]], were a small group of beings outwardly resembling [[Men]] but possessing much greater physical and mental power. Together they formed the &#039;&#039;&#039;[[Heren Istarion]]&#039;&#039;&#039;, the Order of the Wizards, led by [[Saruman]] [[the White]].&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==History==&lt;br /&gt;
[[File:John Howe - Gandalf 01.jpg|thumb|right|&#039;&#039;Gandalf&#039;&#039; by [[John Howe]]]]&lt;br /&gt;
The wizards, also called Istari, were [[Maiar]], vassals of the [[Valar]]. These were sent by the Valar to help and assist the peoples of Middle-earth against Sauron as he gathered his forces during the [[Third Age]]. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The five known Istari were:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Curumo]], a Maia of [[Aulë]] &lt;br /&gt;
*[[Olórin]], a Maia of [[Manwë]] (held by Círdan the Shipwright to be the wisest of the Order).&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{S|IIc}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref group=note&amp;gt;Gandalf does, however, refer to Saruman as “&#039;&#039;the wisest of our Order&#039;&#039;“ during the [[Council of Elrond]]. This could be an inconsistency, but could also be humility on Gandalf’s part.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Aiwendil]], a Maia of [[Yavanna]]&lt;br /&gt;
*Alatar and Pallando, both Maiar of [[Oromë]]. Alatar and Pallando, also known as [[Ithryn Luin]], the &amp;quot;Blue Wizards,&amp;quot; went into the East and South, and do not appear in any of the main tales of Middle-earth. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In the northwest of Middle-earth Curumo became known as [[Saruman]] to Men and [[Curunír]] to [[Elves]]; Olórin was known as [[Gandalf]] to Men and [[Mithrandir]] to Elves; while Aiwendil became known as [[Radagast]].&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The Istari came to Middle-earth around the year {{TA|1000}} (though the Blue Wizards may have arrived much earlier). Each wizard was assigned a colour for his clothes, white being indicative of the chief. The two that travelled to the East and South wore sea-blue robes, hence their name Ithryn Luin, the &amp;quot;Blue Wizards.&amp;quot; Similarly the other wizards also became known by their colours, being referred to as &amp;quot;Saruman the White,&amp;quot; &amp;quot;Gandalf the Grey,&amp;quot; and &amp;quot;Radagast the Brown.&amp;quot; It is not known if the colour had any special meaning concerning their rank, abilities or nature.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
They were clothed in the bodies of old men, restricting their powers so that they would only assist the peoples of Middle-earth and not seek domination like Sauron had, who was also a Maia. They were charged by the Valar to assist the people of Middle-earth through persuasion and encouragement, not force or fear. By inhabiting the bodies of Men they also became susceptible to all of the weaknesses of a physical body: they felt hunger, pain, greed, sorrow, joy, and all other emotions and pains of Men.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
They were immortal, and they aged only very slowly. However, their bodies could be killed: Gandalf was mortally wounded in his duel with the [[Durin&#039;s Bane|Balrog of Moria]], and only through the intervention of [[Ilúvatar]] himself was he restored to his body.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Very few of Middle-earth&#039;s inhabitants knew who the Wizards really were; the Istari did not share this information. Most believed they were Elves or wise Men (&#039;&#039;Gandalf&#039;&#039; represents this interpretation, meaning &#039;&#039;Wand-elf&#039;&#039;, because the Men who gave him the nickname believed he was an Elf). They attracted few questions due to their gentle nature and dislike of direct interference with other people&#039;s affairs. In spite of their specific and unambiguous goal, the Wizards were nevertheless capable of mortal feelings, thus [[Gandalf]] felt great affection for the [[Hobbits]]. On the other hand, they could feel negative mortal emotions like greed, jealousy, and lust for power. Saruman himself fell victim to these emotions, and it is hinted in an essay in &#039;&#039;[[Unfinished Tales]]&#039;&#039; that the Blue Wizards (see below) may have also fallen prey to these temptations during their journeys in the East.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Saruman was originally gifted with the greatest power of the five Istari and was named the head of the White Council, a group of the Wise in opposition to Sauron. In {{TA|2759}}, he was invited by the rulers of Gondor and Rohan to settle in [[Isengard]] and the impenetrable tower of [[Orthanc]]. Saruman was learned in the lore of the [[Rings of Power]], gradually becoming corrupted by the desire for the Rings and by Sauron&#039;s direct influence on him through the &#039;&#039;[[Palantíri|palantír]]&#039;&#039; of [[Orthanc]]. Eventually he became ensnared in Sauron&#039;s power, and assisted him in the War of the Ring until he was defeated by the [[Ents]] and Gandalf, who broke his staff and cast him out of the White Council. Saruman&#039;s death came at the hands of his servant [[Gríma|Wormtongue]] in [[The Shire]], after the destruction of [[the One Ring]]. His spirit was then dispersed by a wind from the West, becoming similar to Sauron in his destruction.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
When Saruman fell to the temptation of the Ring, and after the defeat of the Balrog of Moria, Gandalf was reborn and given the title of Gandalf the White. Gandalf, who had originally been nominated for leadership of the White Council by the Elf-Lady [[Galadriel]], assumed leadership both of the White Council and the Order of the Istari. He then cast Saruman from the order and led the West to victory over Sauron, advising the [[Ring-bearers|Ringbearer]] [[Frodo Baggins|Frodo]] and the new king of [[Gondor]] [[Aragorn|Aragorn Elessar]]. After the defeat of Sauron and Saruman, Gandalf traveled west across the Sea with the Ringbearers, revealing that he himself was the bearer of [[Narya]], one of the Elven Rings of Power.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Radagast stayed true to his mission for a while, even serving as a messenger to Gandalf from Saruman, convincing Gandalf to meet with Saruman. He also instructed the birds in his service to assist Saruman and Gandalf. Radagast dwelt at [[Rhosgobel]] near the borders of [[Mirkwood]]. Eventually, Radagast is said to have become enamoured of the beasts and birds and to have ultimately failed to complete his mission. Later writings are less critical of Radagast, arguing that he did not fail at his mission as much as simply choose a tactic - working with the animal world - that ultimately proved less directly effective than working with Men and Elves.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The [[Blue Wizards]] went into the East and South and do not come into the tales of north-western Middle-earth. It is sometimes thought that the Blue Wizards also failed in their mission and fell to the temptations that had corrupted Saruman; it is said that their fall gave rise to magical cults in the East and South. However, other writings again suggest otherwise, even that the Blue Wizards possibly succeeded in their mission, and that the victories of the West would have been impossible without their influence in the East and South.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Heren Istarion==&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;Heren Istarion&#039;&#039;&#039; ([[Quenya]] &amp;quot;Order of Wizards&amp;quot;) was the title assigned to the [[Wizards|Istari]] of the [[Third Age]]. None except [[Elrond]], [[Círdan]], and [[Galadriel]] knew of what kind and from where they came. Among [[Men]] it was initially assumed that the wizards were also men who by long and secret study had acquired great knowledge of lore and arts. However, as the Third Age passed it was marked that the wizards did not die and so Men began to believe that they were of Elven-kind.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In truth the Heren Istarion had been created in [[Valinor]]. A council of the [[Valar]] was called by [[Manwë]] which resolved to send three emissaries. Initially only Curumo (Saruman), chosen by [[Aulë]], and Alatar, chosen by [[Oromë]], stepped forward. Manwë then asked for Olórin (Gandalf) and commanded him to go. Curumo took Aiwendil (Radagast) with him because [[Yavanna]] begged him to do so and Alatar took along his friend Pallando.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Círdan witnessed the landing of the Order c. {{TA|1000}}. Their &amp;quot;mission&amp;quot; was to advise and persuade Men and Elves to resist [[Sauron]]. The number of members of the Heren Istarion was unknown but to the North of [[Middle-earth]] came five. One was clad in white, two in sea-blue, one in earthen brown, and one in grey.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The wizard in white was [[Saruman]], regarded by all as leader of the order. The two in blue were [[Alatar]] and [[Pallando]], who journeyed far into the East and South. The one in brown was [[Radagast]] and the one in grey was [[Gandalf]], seemingly the oldest and the least of the Order.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The Heren Istarion came to an end with the passing of Sauron. Saruman died in Middle-earth and was not allowed to return to the West. Gandalf, who remained true to the mission of the Order, departed from Middle-earth in {{TA|3021|n}}. The fate of the other three wizards who landed in the North is unknown.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Other versions of the legendarium==&lt;br /&gt;
In &#039;&#039;[[The Hobbit]]&#039;&#039;, while no mention is made of an Order of Wizards, Gandalf tells [[Beorn]] that Radagast is his &amp;quot;cousin&amp;quot;.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{H|Queer}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; In the &#039;&#039;[[Unfinished Tales]]&#039;&#039; it is said that the wizards appeared in Middle-earth about {{TA|1000|n}},&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Istari&amp;quot;/&amp;gt; but in &#039;&#039;[[The Peoples of Middle-earth]]&#039;&#039; a rough note by [[J.R.R. Tolkien]] said that the [[Blue Wizards]] (Alatar and Pallando, or [[Morinehtar]] and [[Rómestámo]]) came much earlier in the [[Second Age]].&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{PM|Last}}, The Five Wizards, pp. 384-385&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;  [[Christopher Tolkien]] stated that much of the writings about the Istari are rapid jottings and often illegible.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Istari&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Etymology ==&lt;br /&gt;
Tolkien&#039;s Istari were not wizards in the common sense of the word, but rather more like &#039;wise men&#039; or even &#039;messengers.&#039; [[J.R.R. Tolkien|Tolkien]], a lifelong philologist and devoted Catholic, deliberately used the word wizard, as it connoted &#039;wisdom&#039; and conveniently conveyed to the reader the &#039;other worldly&#039; powers of the characters. These sentiments were best worded by Tolkien himself in the first paragraph of the essay &#039;&#039;The Istari&#039;&#039; in the [[Unfinished Tales]]:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;blockquote&amp;gt;Wizard &#039;&#039;is a translation of Quenya &#039;&#039;istar&#039;&#039; (Sindarin &#039;&#039;ithron&#039;&#039;): one of the members of an &amp;quot;order&amp;quot; (as they call it), claiming to possess, and exhibiting, eminent knowledge of the history and nature of the World. The translation (though suitable in its relation to &amp;quot;wise&amp;quot; and other ancient words of knowing, similar to that of &#039;&#039;istar&#039;&#039; in Quenya) is not perhaps happy, since &#039;&#039;Heren&#039;&#039; Istarion or &amp;quot;Order of Wizards&amp;quot; was quite distinct from &amp;quot;wizards&amp;quot; and &amp;quot;magicians&amp;quot; of later legend; they belonged solely to the Third Age and then departed, and none save maybe Elrond, Círdan and Galadriel discovered of what kind they were or whence they came.&#039;&#039;&amp;lt;/blockquote&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The [[Quenya]] word &#039;&#039;Istari&#039;&#039; means &amp;quot;those who know&amp;quot;.&amp;lt;ref name=L156&amp;gt;{{L|156}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; The word seems to come from the verb &#039;&#039;[[ista-]]&#039;&#039; (&amp;quot;to know&amp;quot;), and possibly the [[Wikipedia:Agentive ending|agentive ending]] &#039;&#039;[[-ro]]&#039;&#039;.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{webcite|author=[[Helge Fauskanger]]|articleurl=http://folk.uib.no/hnohf/affix~1|articlename=Quenya Affixes|website=Arda}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Other versions of the legendarium==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In [[Gnomish]], one of [[J.R.R. Tolkien|Tolkien]]&#039;s early conceptions of an [[Elvish|Elven]] language, the word for &amp;quot;wizard&amp;quot; is &#039;&#039;curug&#039;&#039; (and &amp;quot;witch&amp;quot; is &#039;&#039;curus&#039;&#039;). An alternative word is &#039;&#039;thothweg&#039;&#039;, also translated as &amp;quot;wizard&amp;quot;.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{PE|11}}, pp. 27, 73&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; In &#039;&#039;[[The Hobbit]]&#039;&#039;, while no mention is made of an Order of Wizards, Gandalf tells [[Beorn]] that Radagast is his &amp;quot;cousin&amp;quot;.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{H|Queer}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; In the &#039;&#039;[[Unfinished Tales]]&#039;&#039; it is said that the wizards appeared in Middle-earth about {{TA|1000|n}},&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Istari&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{UT|Istari}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; but in &#039;&#039;[[The Peoples of Middle-earth]]&#039;&#039; a rough note by [[J.R.R. Tolkien]] said that the [[Blue Wizards]] (Alatar and Pallando, or [[Morinehtar]] and [[Rómestámo]]) came much earlier in the [[Second Age]].&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{PM|Last}}, The Five Wizards, pp. 384-385&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;  [[Christopher Tolkien]] stated that much of the writings about the Istari are rapid jottings and often illegible.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Istari&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Other fiction==&lt;br /&gt;
A wizard, who puts a spell on the dog Rover, appears in Tolkien&#039;s story &#039;&#039;[[Roverandom]]&#039;&#039;. The bewitchment turns Rover into a toy.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Portrayal in adaptations==&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;2001-03: [[The Lord of the Rings (film series)|&#039;&#039;The Lord of the Rings&#039;&#039; (film series)]]:&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
:In Peter Jackson&#039;s film version of &#039;&#039;The Lord of the Rings&#039;&#039;, two of the five Wizards (Saruman and Gandalf) were portrayed and featured heavily in the film trilogy (as the characters do in the books.)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;2012-14: [[The Hobbit (film series)|&#039;&#039;The Hobbit&#039;&#039; (film series)]]:&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
:Although Radagast has a small role in &#039;&#039;The Lord of the Rings&#039;&#039;, his role was omitted in Peter Jackson&#039;s film trilogy. However, Radagast had a substantial supporting role in &#039;&#039;The Hobbit&#039;&#039; films, and Saruman had a brief appearance. The Blue Wizards are also referenced in passing by Gandalf, although they make no appearance.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{notes}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{references}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{ainur}}&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Maiar]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Wizards| ]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[fr:encyclo/personnages/ainur/maiar/istari]]&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Sadron</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=Wizards&amp;diff=338609</id>
		<title>Wizards</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=Wizards&amp;diff=338609"/>
		<updated>2021-11-18T21:09:14Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Sadron: /* Heren Istarion */&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;{{rewrite}}{{people infobox&lt;br /&gt;
| name=Wizards&lt;br /&gt;
| image=[[File:Angel Falto - The Istari.jpg|250px]]&lt;br /&gt;
| caption=&amp;quot;[[:File:Angel Falto - The Istari.jpg|The Istari]]&amp;quot; by [[:Category:Images by Angel Falto|Angel Falto]]&lt;br /&gt;
| pronun=&lt;br /&gt;
| othernames=&#039;&#039;Istari&#039;&#039; ([[Quenya|Q]]), &#039;&#039;Ithryn&#039;&#039; ([[Sindarin|S]])&lt;br /&gt;
| origin=[[Maiar]] sent to [[Middle-earth]]&lt;br /&gt;
| location=[[Orthanc]] (Saruman)&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;[[Rhosgobel]] (Radagast)&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;[[Rhûn]] and [[Harad]] (Blue Wizards)&lt;br /&gt;
| affiliation=[[Heren Istarion]], [[Free peoples]]&lt;br /&gt;
| rivalry=[[Sauron]]&lt;br /&gt;
| language=&lt;br /&gt;
| members=[[Saruman]], [[Gandalf]], [[Radagast]], [[Blue Wizards]]&lt;br /&gt;
| lifespan=Immortal&lt;br /&gt;
| distinctions=&lt;br /&gt;
| height=&lt;br /&gt;
| hair=&lt;br /&gt;
| skin=&lt;br /&gt;
| clothing=&lt;br /&gt;
| weapons=&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{quote|Do not meddle in the affairs of wizards, for they are subtle and quick to anger.|[[Gildor|Gildor Inglorion]] in &#039;&#039;[[The Fellowship of the Ring]]&#039;&#039;, &amp;quot;[[Three is Company]]&amp;quot;}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The &#039;&#039;&#039;Wizards&#039;&#039;&#039; of [[Middle-earth]], also known as the &#039;&#039;&#039;Istari&#039;&#039;&#039; in [[Quenya]] and the &#039;&#039;&#039;[[Ithron|Ithryn]]&#039;&#039;&#039; in [[Sindarin]], were a small group of beings outwardly resembling [[Men]] but possessing much greater physical and mental power. Together they formed the &#039;&#039;&#039;[[Heren Istarion]]&#039;&#039;&#039;, the Order of the Wizards, led by [[Saruman]] [[the White]].&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==History==&lt;br /&gt;
[[File:John Howe - Gandalf 01.jpg|thumb|right|&#039;&#039;Gandalf&#039;&#039; by [[John Howe]]]]&lt;br /&gt;
The wizards, also called Istari, were [[Maiar]], vassals of the [[Valar]]. These were sent by the Valar to help and assist the peoples of Middle-earth against Sauron as he gathered his forces during the [[Third Age]]. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The five known Istari were:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Curumo]], a Maia of [[Aulë]] &lt;br /&gt;
*[[Olórin]], a Maia of [[Manwë]] (held by Círdan the Shipwright to be the wisest of the Order).&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{S|IIc}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref group=note&amp;gt;Gandalf does, however, refer to Saruman as “&#039;&#039;the wisest of our Order&#039;&#039;“ during the [[Council of Elrond]]. This could be an inconsistency, but could also be humility on Gandalf’s part.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Aiwendil]], a Maia of [[Yavanna]]&lt;br /&gt;
*Alatar and Pallando, both Maiar of [[Oromë]]. Alatar and Pallando, also known as [[Ithryn Luin]], the &amp;quot;Blue Wizards,&amp;quot; went into the East and South, and do not appear in any of the main tales of Middle-earth. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In the northwest of Middle-earth Curumo became known as [[Saruman]] to Men and [[Curunír]] to [[Elves]]; Olórin was known as [[Gandalf]] to Men and [[Mithrandir]] to Elves; while Aiwendil became known as [[Radagast]].&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The Istari came to Middle-earth around the year {{TA|1000}} (though the Blue Wizards may have arrived much earlier). Each wizard was assigned a colour for his clothes, white being indicative of the chief. The two that travelled to the East and South wore sea-blue robes, hence their name Ithryn Luin, the &amp;quot;Blue Wizards.&amp;quot; Similarly the other wizards also became known by their colours, being referred to as &amp;quot;Saruman the White,&amp;quot; &amp;quot;Gandalf the Grey,&amp;quot; and &amp;quot;Radagast the Brown.&amp;quot; It is not known if the colour had any special meaning concerning their rank, abilities or nature.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
They were clothed in the bodies of old men, restricting their powers so that they would only assist the peoples of Middle-earth and not seek domination like Sauron had, who was also a Maia. They were charged by the Valar to assist the people of Middle-earth through persuasion and encouragement, not force or fear. By inhabiting the bodies of Men they also became susceptible to all of the weaknesses of a physical body: they felt hunger, pain, greed, sorrow, joy, and all other emotions and pains of Men.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
They were immortal, and they aged only very slowly. However, their bodies could be killed: Gandalf was mortally wounded in his duel with the [[Durin&#039;s Bane|Balrog of Moria]], and only through the intervention of [[Ilúvatar]] himself was he restored to his body.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Very few of Middle-earth&#039;s inhabitants knew who the Wizards really were; the Istari did not share this information. Most believed they were Elves or wise Men (&#039;&#039;Gandalf&#039;&#039; represents this interpretation, meaning &#039;&#039;Wand-elf&#039;&#039;, because the Men who gave him the nickname believed he was an Elf). They attracted few questions due to their gentle nature and dislike of direct interference with other people&#039;s affairs. In spite of their specific and unambiguous goal, the Wizards were nevertheless capable of mortal feelings, thus [[Gandalf]] felt great affection for the [[Hobbits]]. On the other hand, they could feel negative mortal emotions like greed, jealousy, and lust for power. Saruman himself fell victim to these emotions, and it is hinted in an essay in &#039;&#039;[[Unfinished Tales]]&#039;&#039; that the Blue Wizards (see below) may have also fallen prey to these temptations during their journeys in the East.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Saruman was originally gifted with the greatest power of the five Istari and was named the head of the White Council, a group of the Wise in opposition to Sauron. In {{TA|2759}}, he was invited by the rulers of Gondor and Rohan to settle in [[Isengard]] and the impenetrable tower of [[Orthanc]]. Saruman was learned in the lore of the [[Rings of Power]], gradually becoming corrupted by the desire for the Rings and by Sauron&#039;s direct influence on him through the &#039;&#039;[[Palantíri|palantír]]&#039;&#039; of [[Orthanc]]. Eventually he became ensnared in Sauron&#039;s power, and assisted him in the War of the Ring until he was defeated by the [[Ents]] and Gandalf, who broke his staff and cast him out of the White Council. Saruman&#039;s death came at the hands of his servant [[Gríma|Wormtongue]] in [[The Shire]], after the destruction of [[the One Ring]]. His spirit was then dispersed by a wind from the West, becoming similar to Sauron in his destruction.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
When Saruman fell to the temptation of the Ring, and after the defeat of the Balrog of Moria, Gandalf was reborn and given the title of Gandalf the White. Gandalf, who had originally been nominated for leadership of the White Council by the Elf-Lady [[Galadriel]], assumed leadership both of the White Council and the Order of the Istari. He then cast Saruman from the order and led the West to victory over Sauron, advising the [[Ring-bearers|Ringbearer]] [[Frodo Baggins|Frodo]] and the new king of [[Gondor]] [[Aragorn|Aragorn Elessar]]. After the defeat of Sauron and Saruman, Gandalf traveled west across the Sea with the Ringbearers, revealing that he himself was the bearer of [[Narya]], one of the Elven Rings of Power.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Radagast stayed true to his mission for a while, even serving as a messenger to Gandalf from Saruman, convincing Gandalf to meet with Saruman. He also instructed the birds in his service to assist Saruman and Gandalf. Radagast dwelt at [[Rhosgobel]] near the borders of [[Mirkwood]]. Eventually, Radagast is said to have become enamoured of the beasts and birds and to have ultimately failed to complete his mission. Later writings are less critical of Radagast, arguing that he did not fail at his mission as much as simply choose a tactic - working with the animal world - that ultimately proved less directly effective than working with Men and Elves.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The [[Blue Wizards]] went into the East and South and do not come into the tales of north-western Middle-earth. It is sometimes thought that the Blue Wizards also failed in their mission and fell to the temptations that had corrupted Saruman; it is said that their fall gave rise to magical cults in the East and South. However, other writings again suggest otherwise, even that the Blue Wizards possibly succeeded in their mission, and that the victories of the West would have been impossible without their influence in the East and South.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Heren Istarion==&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;Heren Istarion&#039;&#039;&#039; ([[Quenya|Q.]] &amp;quot;Order of Wizards&amp;quot;) was the title assigned to the [[Wizards|Istari]] of the [[Third Age]]. None except [[Elrond]], [[Círdan]], and [[Galadriel]] knew of what kind and from where they came. Among [[Men]] it was initially assumed that the wizards were also men who by long and secret study had acquired great knowledge of lore and arts. However, as the Third Age passed it was marked that the wizards did not die and so Men began to believe that they were of Elven-kind.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In truth the Heren Istarion had been created in [[Valinor]]. A council of the [[Valar]] was called by [[Manwë]] which resolved to send three emissaries. Initially only Curumo (Saruman), chosen by [[Aulë]], and Alatar, chosen by [[Oromë]], stepped forward. Manwë then asked for Olórin (Gandalf) and commanded him to go. Curumo took Aiwendil (Radagast) with him because [[Yavanna]] begged him to do so and Alatar took along his friend Pallando.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Círdan witnessed the landing of the Order c. {{TA|1000}}. Their &amp;quot;mission&amp;quot; was to advise and persuade Men and Elves to resist [[Sauron]]. The number of members of the Heren Istarion was unknown but to the North of [[Middle-earth]] came five. One was clad in white, two in sea-blue, one in earthen brown, and one in grey.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The wizard in white was [[Saruman]], regarded by all as leader of the order. The two in blue were [[Alatar]] and [[Pallando]], who journeyed far into the East and South. The one in brown was [[Radagast]] and the one in grey was [[Gandalf]], seemingly the oldest and the least of the Order.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The Heren Istarion came to an end with the passing of Sauron. Saruman died in Middle-earth and was not allowed to return to the West. Gandalf, who remained true to the mission of the Order, departed from Middle-earth in {{TA|3021|n}}. The fate of the other three wizards who landed in the North is unknown.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Other versions of the legendarium==&lt;br /&gt;
In &#039;&#039;[[The Hobbit]]&#039;&#039;, while no mention is made of an Order of Wizards, Gandalf tells [[Beorn]] that Radagast is his &amp;quot;cousin&amp;quot;.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{H|Queer}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; In the &#039;&#039;[[Unfinished Tales]]&#039;&#039; it is said that the wizards appeared in Middle-earth about {{TA|1000|n}},&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Istari&amp;quot;/&amp;gt; but in &#039;&#039;[[The Peoples of Middle-earth]]&#039;&#039; a rough note by [[J.R.R. Tolkien]] said that the [[Blue Wizards]] (Alatar and Pallando, or [[Morinehtar]] and [[Rómestámo]]) came much earlier in the [[Second Age]].&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{PM|Last}}, The Five Wizards, pp. 384-385&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;  [[Christopher Tolkien]] stated that much of the writings about the Istari are rapid jottings and often illegible.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Istari&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Etymology ==&lt;br /&gt;
Tolkien&#039;s Istari were not wizards in the common sense of the word, but rather more like &#039;wise men&#039; or even &#039;messengers.&#039; [[J.R.R. Tolkien|Tolkien]], a lifelong philologist and devoted Catholic, deliberately used the word wizard, as it connoted &#039;wisdom&#039; and conveniently conveyed to the reader the &#039;other worldly&#039; powers of the characters. These sentiments were best worded by Tolkien himself in the first paragraph of the essay &#039;&#039;The Istari&#039;&#039; in the [[Unfinished Tales]]:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;blockquote&amp;gt;Wizard &#039;&#039;is a translation of Quenya &#039;&#039;istar&#039;&#039; (Sindarin &#039;&#039;ithron&#039;&#039;): one of the members of an &amp;quot;order&amp;quot; (as they call it), claiming to possess, and exhibiting, eminent knowledge of the history and nature of the World. The translation (though suitable in its relation to &amp;quot;wise&amp;quot; and other ancient words of knowing, similar to that of &#039;&#039;istar&#039;&#039; in Quenya) is not perhaps happy, since &#039;&#039;Heren&#039;&#039; Istarion or &amp;quot;Order of Wizards&amp;quot; was quite distinct from &amp;quot;wizards&amp;quot; and &amp;quot;magicians&amp;quot; of later legend; they belonged solely to the Third Age and then departed, and none save maybe Elrond, Círdan and Galadriel discovered of what kind they were or whence they came.&#039;&#039;&amp;lt;/blockquote&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The [[Quenya]] word &#039;&#039;Istari&#039;&#039; means &amp;quot;those who know&amp;quot;.&amp;lt;ref name=L156&amp;gt;{{L|156}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; The word seems to come from the verb &#039;&#039;[[ista-]]&#039;&#039; (&amp;quot;to know&amp;quot;), and possibly the [[Wikipedia:Agentive ending|agentive ending]] &#039;&#039;[[-ro]]&#039;&#039;.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{webcite|author=[[Helge Fauskanger]]|articleurl=http://folk.uib.no/hnohf/affix~1|articlename=Quenya Affixes|website=Arda}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Other versions of the legendarium==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In [[Gnomish]], one of [[J.R.R. Tolkien|Tolkien]]&#039;s early conceptions of an [[Elvish|Elven]] language, the word for &amp;quot;wizard&amp;quot; is &#039;&#039;curug&#039;&#039; (and &amp;quot;witch&amp;quot; is &#039;&#039;curus&#039;&#039;). An alternative word is &#039;&#039;thothweg&#039;&#039;, also translated as &amp;quot;wizard&amp;quot;.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{PE|11}}, pp. 27, 73&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; In &#039;&#039;[[The Hobbit]]&#039;&#039;, while no mention is made of an Order of Wizards, Gandalf tells [[Beorn]] that Radagast is his &amp;quot;cousin&amp;quot;.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{H|Queer}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; In the &#039;&#039;[[Unfinished Tales]]&#039;&#039; it is said that the wizards appeared in Middle-earth about {{TA|1000|n}},&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Istari&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{UT|Istari}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; but in &#039;&#039;[[The Peoples of Middle-earth]]&#039;&#039; a rough note by [[J.R.R. Tolkien]] said that the [[Blue Wizards]] (Alatar and Pallando, or [[Morinehtar]] and [[Rómestámo]]) came much earlier in the [[Second Age]].&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{PM|Last}}, The Five Wizards, pp. 384-385&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;  [[Christopher Tolkien]] stated that much of the writings about the Istari are rapid jottings and often illegible.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Istari&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Other fiction==&lt;br /&gt;
A wizard, who puts a spell on the dog Rover, appears in Tolkien&#039;s story &#039;&#039;[[Roverandom]]&#039;&#039;. The bewitchment turns Rover into a toy.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Portrayal in adaptations==&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;2001-03: [[The Lord of the Rings (film series)|&#039;&#039;The Lord of the Rings&#039;&#039; (film series)]]:&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
:In Peter Jackson&#039;s film version of &#039;&#039;The Lord of the Rings&#039;&#039;, two of the five Wizards (Saruman and Gandalf) were portrayed and featured heavily in the film trilogy (as the characters do in the books.)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;2012-14: [[The Hobbit (film series)|&#039;&#039;The Hobbit&#039;&#039; (film series)]]:&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
:Although Radagast has a small role in &#039;&#039;The Lord of the Rings&#039;&#039;, his role was omitted in Peter Jackson&#039;s film trilogy. However, Radagast had a substantial supporting role in &#039;&#039;The Hobbit&#039;&#039; films, and Saruman had a brief appearance. The Blue Wizards are also referenced in passing by Gandalf, although they make no appearance.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{notes}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{references}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{ainur}}&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Maiar]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Wizards| ]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[fr:encyclo/personnages/ainur/maiar/istari]]&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Sadron</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=Wizards&amp;diff=338608</id>
		<title>Wizards</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=Wizards&amp;diff=338608"/>
		<updated>2021-11-18T21:08:39Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Sadron: Heren Istarion merge&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;{{rewrite}}{{people infobox&lt;br /&gt;
| name=Wizards&lt;br /&gt;
| image=[[File:Angel Falto - The Istari.jpg|250px]]&lt;br /&gt;
| caption=&amp;quot;[[:File:Angel Falto - The Istari.jpg|The Istari]]&amp;quot; by [[:Category:Images by Angel Falto|Angel Falto]]&lt;br /&gt;
| pronun=&lt;br /&gt;
| othernames=&#039;&#039;Istari&#039;&#039; ([[Quenya|Q]]), &#039;&#039;Ithryn&#039;&#039; ([[Sindarin|S]])&lt;br /&gt;
| origin=[[Maiar]] sent to [[Middle-earth]]&lt;br /&gt;
| location=[[Orthanc]] (Saruman)&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;[[Rhosgobel]] (Radagast)&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;[[Rhûn]] and [[Harad]] (Blue Wizards)&lt;br /&gt;
| affiliation=[[Heren Istarion]], [[Free peoples]]&lt;br /&gt;
| rivalry=[[Sauron]]&lt;br /&gt;
| language=&lt;br /&gt;
| members=[[Saruman]], [[Gandalf]], [[Radagast]], [[Blue Wizards]]&lt;br /&gt;
| lifespan=Immortal&lt;br /&gt;
| distinctions=&lt;br /&gt;
| height=&lt;br /&gt;
| hair=&lt;br /&gt;
| skin=&lt;br /&gt;
| clothing=&lt;br /&gt;
| weapons=&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{quote|Do not meddle in the affairs of wizards, for they are subtle and quick to anger.|[[Gildor|Gildor Inglorion]] in &#039;&#039;[[The Fellowship of the Ring]]&#039;&#039;, &amp;quot;[[Three is Company]]&amp;quot;}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The &#039;&#039;&#039;Wizards&#039;&#039;&#039; of [[Middle-earth]], also known as the &#039;&#039;&#039;Istari&#039;&#039;&#039; in [[Quenya]] and the &#039;&#039;&#039;[[Ithron|Ithryn]]&#039;&#039;&#039; in [[Sindarin]], were a small group of beings outwardly resembling [[Men]] but possessing much greater physical and mental power. Together they formed the &#039;&#039;&#039;[[Heren Istarion]]&#039;&#039;&#039;, the Order of the Wizards, led by [[Saruman]] [[the White]].&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==History==&lt;br /&gt;
[[File:John Howe - Gandalf 01.jpg|thumb|right|&#039;&#039;Gandalf&#039;&#039; by [[John Howe]]]]&lt;br /&gt;
The wizards, also called Istari, were [[Maiar]], vassals of the [[Valar]]. These were sent by the Valar to help and assist the peoples of Middle-earth against Sauron as he gathered his forces during the [[Third Age]]. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The five known Istari were:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Curumo]], a Maia of [[Aulë]] &lt;br /&gt;
*[[Olórin]], a Maia of [[Manwë]] (held by Círdan the Shipwright to be the wisest of the Order).&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{S|IIc}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref group=note&amp;gt;Gandalf does, however, refer to Saruman as “&#039;&#039;the wisest of our Order&#039;&#039;“ during the [[Council of Elrond]]. This could be an inconsistency, but could also be humility on Gandalf’s part.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Aiwendil]], a Maia of [[Yavanna]]&lt;br /&gt;
*Alatar and Pallando, both Maiar of [[Oromë]]. Alatar and Pallando, also known as [[Ithryn Luin]], the &amp;quot;Blue Wizards,&amp;quot; went into the East and South, and do not appear in any of the main tales of Middle-earth. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In the northwest of Middle-earth Curumo became known as [[Saruman]] to Men and [[Curunír]] to [[Elves]]; Olórin was known as [[Gandalf]] to Men and [[Mithrandir]] to Elves; while Aiwendil became known as [[Radagast]].&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The Istari came to Middle-earth around the year {{TA|1000}} (though the Blue Wizards may have arrived much earlier). Each wizard was assigned a colour for his clothes, white being indicative of the chief. The two that travelled to the East and South wore sea-blue robes, hence their name Ithryn Luin, the &amp;quot;Blue Wizards.&amp;quot; Similarly the other wizards also became known by their colours, being referred to as &amp;quot;Saruman the White,&amp;quot; &amp;quot;Gandalf the Grey,&amp;quot; and &amp;quot;Radagast the Brown.&amp;quot; It is not known if the colour had any special meaning concerning their rank, abilities or nature.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
They were clothed in the bodies of old men, restricting their powers so that they would only assist the peoples of Middle-earth and not seek domination like Sauron had, who was also a Maia. They were charged by the Valar to assist the people of Middle-earth through persuasion and encouragement, not force or fear. By inhabiting the bodies of Men they also became susceptible to all of the weaknesses of a physical body: they felt hunger, pain, greed, sorrow, joy, and all other emotions and pains of Men.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
They were immortal, and they aged only very slowly. However, their bodies could be killed: Gandalf was mortally wounded in his duel with the [[Durin&#039;s Bane|Balrog of Moria]], and only through the intervention of [[Ilúvatar]] himself was he restored to his body.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Very few of Middle-earth&#039;s inhabitants knew who the Wizards really were; the Istari did not share this information. Most believed they were Elves or wise Men (&#039;&#039;Gandalf&#039;&#039; represents this interpretation, meaning &#039;&#039;Wand-elf&#039;&#039;, because the Men who gave him the nickname believed he was an Elf). They attracted few questions due to their gentle nature and dislike of direct interference with other people&#039;s affairs. In spite of their specific and unambiguous goal, the Wizards were nevertheless capable of mortal feelings, thus [[Gandalf]] felt great affection for the [[Hobbits]]. On the other hand, they could feel negative mortal emotions like greed, jealousy, and lust for power. Saruman himself fell victim to these emotions, and it is hinted in an essay in &#039;&#039;[[Unfinished Tales]]&#039;&#039; that the Blue Wizards (see below) may have also fallen prey to these temptations during their journeys in the East.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Saruman was originally gifted with the greatest power of the five Istari and was named the head of the White Council, a group of the Wise in opposition to Sauron. In {{TA|2759}}, he was invited by the rulers of Gondor and Rohan to settle in [[Isengard]] and the impenetrable tower of [[Orthanc]]. Saruman was learned in the lore of the [[Rings of Power]], gradually becoming corrupted by the desire for the Rings and by Sauron&#039;s direct influence on him through the &#039;&#039;[[Palantíri|palantír]]&#039;&#039; of [[Orthanc]]. Eventually he became ensnared in Sauron&#039;s power, and assisted him in the War of the Ring until he was defeated by the [[Ents]] and Gandalf, who broke his staff and cast him out of the White Council. Saruman&#039;s death came at the hands of his servant [[Gríma|Wormtongue]] in [[The Shire]], after the destruction of [[the One Ring]]. His spirit was then dispersed by a wind from the West, becoming similar to Sauron in his destruction.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
When Saruman fell to the temptation of the Ring, and after the defeat of the Balrog of Moria, Gandalf was reborn and given the title of Gandalf the White. Gandalf, who had originally been nominated for leadership of the White Council by the Elf-Lady [[Galadriel]], assumed leadership both of the White Council and the Order of the Istari. He then cast Saruman from the order and led the West to victory over Sauron, advising the [[Ring-bearers|Ringbearer]] [[Frodo Baggins|Frodo]] and the new king of [[Gondor]] [[Aragorn|Aragorn Elessar]]. After the defeat of Sauron and Saruman, Gandalf traveled west across the Sea with the Ringbearers, revealing that he himself was the bearer of [[Narya]], one of the Elven Rings of Power.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Radagast stayed true to his mission for a while, even serving as a messenger to Gandalf from Saruman, convincing Gandalf to meet with Saruman. He also instructed the birds in his service to assist Saruman and Gandalf. Radagast dwelt at [[Rhosgobel]] near the borders of [[Mirkwood]]. Eventually, Radagast is said to have become enamoured of the beasts and birds and to have ultimately failed to complete his mission. Later writings are less critical of Radagast, arguing that he did not fail at his mission as much as simply choose a tactic - working with the animal world - that ultimately proved less directly effective than working with Men and Elves.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The [[Blue Wizards]] went into the East and South and do not come into the tales of north-western Middle-earth. It is sometimes thought that the Blue Wizards also failed in their mission and fell to the temptations that had corrupted Saruman; it is said that their fall gave rise to magical cults in the East and South. However, other writings again suggest otherwise, even that the Blue Wizards possibly succeeded in their mission, and that the victories of the West would have been impossible without their influence in the East and South.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Heren Istarion==&lt;br /&gt;
{{organization infobox&lt;br /&gt;
| name=Heren Istarion&lt;br /&gt;
| image=[[File:Angel Falto - The Istari.jpg|250px]]&lt;br /&gt;
| caption=&amp;quot;The Istari&amp;quot; by Angel Falto&lt;br /&gt;
| pronun=&lt;br /&gt;
| othernames=Order of Wizards&lt;br /&gt;
| founded=c. {{TA|1000}}&lt;br /&gt;
| founder=[[Manwë]]&lt;br /&gt;
| purpose=The help the [[Free peoples]] to resist [[Sauron]]&lt;br /&gt;
| members=[[Saruman]], [[Gandalf]], [[Radagast]], [[Alatar]], [[Pallando]]&lt;br /&gt;
| location=[[Middle-earth]]&lt;br /&gt;
| disbanded={{TA|3021}}&lt;br /&gt;
| notablefor=Bringing about the final defeat of [[Sauron]] (mostly by Gandalf)&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;Heren Istarion&#039;&#039;&#039; ([[Quenya|Q.]] &amp;quot;Order of Wizards&amp;quot;) was the title assigned to the [[Wizards|Istari]] of the [[Third Age]]. None except [[Elrond]], [[Círdan]], and [[Galadriel]] knew of what kind and from where they came. Among [[Men]] it was initially assumed that the wizards were also men who by long and secret study had acquired great knowledge of lore and arts. However, as the Third Age passed it was marked that the wizards did not die and so Men began to believe that they were of Elven-kind.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In truth the Heren Istarion had been created in [[Valinor]]. A council of the [[Valar]] was called by [[Manwë]] which resolved to send three emissaries. Initially only Curumo (Saruman), chosen by [[Aulë]], and Alatar, chosen by [[Oromë]], stepped forward. Manwë then asked for Olórin (Gandalf) and commanded him to go. Curumo took Aiwendil (Radagast) with him because [[Yavanna]] begged him to do so and Alatar took along his friend Pallando.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Círdan witnessed the landing of the Order c. {{TA|1000}}. Their &amp;quot;mission&amp;quot; was to advise and persuade Men and Elves to resist [[Sauron]]. The number of members of the Heren Istarion was unknown but to the North of [[Middle-earth]] came five. One was clad in white, two in sea-blue, one in earthen brown, and one in grey.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The wizard in white was [[Saruman]], regarded by all as leader of the order. The two in blue were [[Alatar]] and [[Pallando]], who journeyed far into the East and South. The one in brown was [[Radagast]] and the one in grey was [[Gandalf]], seemingly the oldest and the least of the Order.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The Heren Istarion came to an end with the passing of Sauron. Saruman died in Middle-earth and was not allowed to return to the West. Gandalf, who remained true to the mission of the Order, departed from Middle-earth in {{TA|3021|n}}. The fate of the other three wizards who landed in the North is unknown.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Other versions of the legendarium==&lt;br /&gt;
In &#039;&#039;[[The Hobbit]]&#039;&#039;, while no mention is made of an Order of Wizards, Gandalf tells [[Beorn]] that Radagast is his &amp;quot;cousin&amp;quot;.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{H|Queer}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; In the &#039;&#039;[[Unfinished Tales]]&#039;&#039; it is said that the wizards appeared in Middle-earth about {{TA|1000|n}},&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Istari&amp;quot;/&amp;gt; but in &#039;&#039;[[The Peoples of Middle-earth]]&#039;&#039; a rough note by [[J.R.R. Tolkien]] said that the [[Blue Wizards]] (Alatar and Pallando, or [[Morinehtar]] and [[Rómestámo]]) came much earlier in the [[Second Age]].&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{PM|Last}}, The Five Wizards, pp. 384-385&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;  [[Christopher Tolkien]] stated that much of the writings about the Istari are rapid jottings and often illegible.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Istari&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Etymology ==&lt;br /&gt;
Tolkien&#039;s Istari were not wizards in the common sense of the word, but rather more like &#039;wise men&#039; or even &#039;messengers.&#039; [[J.R.R. Tolkien|Tolkien]], a lifelong philologist and devoted Catholic, deliberately used the word wizard, as it connoted &#039;wisdom&#039; and conveniently conveyed to the reader the &#039;other worldly&#039; powers of the characters. These sentiments were best worded by Tolkien himself in the first paragraph of the essay &#039;&#039;The Istari&#039;&#039; in the [[Unfinished Tales]]:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;blockquote&amp;gt;Wizard &#039;&#039;is a translation of Quenya &#039;&#039;istar&#039;&#039; (Sindarin &#039;&#039;ithron&#039;&#039;): one of the members of an &amp;quot;order&amp;quot; (as they call it), claiming to possess, and exhibiting, eminent knowledge of the history and nature of the World. The translation (though suitable in its relation to &amp;quot;wise&amp;quot; and other ancient words of knowing, similar to that of &#039;&#039;istar&#039;&#039; in Quenya) is not perhaps happy, since &#039;&#039;Heren&#039;&#039; Istarion or &amp;quot;Order of Wizards&amp;quot; was quite distinct from &amp;quot;wizards&amp;quot; and &amp;quot;magicians&amp;quot; of later legend; they belonged solely to the Third Age and then departed, and none save maybe Elrond, Círdan and Galadriel discovered of what kind they were or whence they came.&#039;&#039;&amp;lt;/blockquote&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The [[Quenya]] word &#039;&#039;Istari&#039;&#039; means &amp;quot;those who know&amp;quot;.&amp;lt;ref name=L156&amp;gt;{{L|156}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; The word seems to come from the verb &#039;&#039;[[ista-]]&#039;&#039; (&amp;quot;to know&amp;quot;), and possibly the [[Wikipedia:Agentive ending|agentive ending]] &#039;&#039;[[-ro]]&#039;&#039;.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{webcite|author=[[Helge Fauskanger]]|articleurl=http://folk.uib.no/hnohf/affix~1|articlename=Quenya Affixes|website=Arda}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Other versions of the legendarium==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In [[Gnomish]], one of [[J.R.R. Tolkien|Tolkien]]&#039;s early conceptions of an [[Elvish|Elven]] language, the word for &amp;quot;wizard&amp;quot; is &#039;&#039;curug&#039;&#039; (and &amp;quot;witch&amp;quot; is &#039;&#039;curus&#039;&#039;). An alternative word is &#039;&#039;thothweg&#039;&#039;, also translated as &amp;quot;wizard&amp;quot;.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{PE|11}}, pp. 27, 73&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; In &#039;&#039;[[The Hobbit]]&#039;&#039;, while no mention is made of an Order of Wizards, Gandalf tells [[Beorn]] that Radagast is his &amp;quot;cousin&amp;quot;.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{H|Queer}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; In the &#039;&#039;[[Unfinished Tales]]&#039;&#039; it is said that the wizards appeared in Middle-earth about {{TA|1000|n}},&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Istari&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{UT|Istari}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; but in &#039;&#039;[[The Peoples of Middle-earth]]&#039;&#039; a rough note by [[J.R.R. Tolkien]] said that the [[Blue Wizards]] (Alatar and Pallando, or [[Morinehtar]] and [[Rómestámo]]) came much earlier in the [[Second Age]].&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{PM|Last}}, The Five Wizards, pp. 384-385&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;  [[Christopher Tolkien]] stated that much of the writings about the Istari are rapid jottings and often illegible.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Istari&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Other fiction==&lt;br /&gt;
A wizard, who puts a spell on the dog Rover, appears in Tolkien&#039;s story &#039;&#039;[[Roverandom]]&#039;&#039;. The bewitchment turns Rover into a toy.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Portrayal in adaptations==&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;2001-03: [[The Lord of the Rings (film series)|&#039;&#039;The Lord of the Rings&#039;&#039; (film series)]]:&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
:In Peter Jackson&#039;s film version of &#039;&#039;The Lord of the Rings&#039;&#039;, two of the five Wizards (Saruman and Gandalf) were portrayed and featured heavily in the film trilogy (as the characters do in the books.)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;2012-14: [[The Hobbit (film series)|&#039;&#039;The Hobbit&#039;&#039; (film series)]]:&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
:Although Radagast has a small role in &#039;&#039;The Lord of the Rings&#039;&#039;, his role was omitted in Peter Jackson&#039;s film trilogy. However, Radagast had a substantial supporting role in &#039;&#039;The Hobbit&#039;&#039; films, and Saruman had a brief appearance. The Blue Wizards are also referenced in passing by Gandalf, although they make no appearance.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{notes}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{references}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{ainur}}&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Maiar]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Wizards| ]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[fr:encyclo/personnages/ainur/maiar/istari]]&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Sadron</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=Talk:Isildur%27s_Bane&amp;diff=338599</id>
		<title>Talk:Isildur&#039;s Bane</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=Talk:Isildur%27s_Bane&amp;diff=338599"/>
		<updated>2021-11-18T16:49:15Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Sadron: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;This page has been merged with [[The One Ring]]&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Sadron</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=Talk:Isildur%27s_Bane&amp;diff=338598</id>
		<title>Talk:Isildur&#039;s Bane</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=Talk:Isildur%27s_Bane&amp;diff=338598"/>
		<updated>2021-11-18T16:47:52Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Sadron: Created page with &amp;quot;This page has been merged with The one ring&amp;quot;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;This page has been merged with [[The one ring]]&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Sadron</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=Tengwar&amp;diff=338548</id>
		<title>Tengwar</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=Tengwar&amp;diff=338548"/>
		<updated>2021-11-17T17:45:18Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Sadron: /* History */&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;{{cleanup}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{font|[http://at.mansbjorkman.net/parmaite.htm Tengwar Parmaite] by [[Måns Björkman]]}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{disambig-more|Fëanorian|[[Fëanorian (disambiguation)]]}}&lt;br /&gt;
[[Image:Ryszard Derdzinski - Feanor.jpg|thumb|[[Fëanor]] designs the first Tengwar. Art by [[Ryszard Derdzinski]]]]&lt;br /&gt;
The &#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;Tengwar&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039; (Tengwa [teŋ&amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;w&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt;a&amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;w&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt;] when singular)([[Quenya]] &amp;quot;letters&amp;quot;, pron. {{IPA|[ˈteŋʷɡʷar]}}; [[Sindarin]] &#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;Tîw&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{App|E2}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;) was a writing system invented by [[Fëanor]] (and was therefore also called the &#039;&#039;&#039;Fëanorian alphabet&#039;&#039;&#039;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{L|25}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; or &#039;&#039;&#039;script&#039;&#039;&#039;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{L|168}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;). It was used for a variety of languages among the [[Free peoples]] and became perhaps the most prominent writing system of [[Arda]], used by a variety of [[:Portal:Characters|Races]] through the [[Ages]].&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==History==&lt;br /&gt;
[[Fëanor]] invented the Tengwar in the [[Year of the Trees 1250]] (of the first age), strongly influenced by the [[Sarati]] of [[Rúmil (elf of Tirion)|Rúmil the Loremaster]].&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{WJ|P4}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ApD&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{VT|39a}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; Fëanor both constructed the Tengwar as a general phonetic alphabet and devised special arrangements to fit the characteristics of all languages of [[Valinor]].&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{TI|Runes}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; Over the course of the First Age, three different modes of Tengwar emerged: [[Quenya]],  [[Beleriand]], and [[Sindarin]]. Sindarin is written in one of two modes, the mode of Beleriand, or the mode of Gondor (also known as [http://www.tecendil.com/tengwar-handbook/ Omatethar] Mode).&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Classical Quenya mode===&lt;br /&gt;
{{main|Quenya mode}}&lt;br /&gt;
Unlike Rúmil, Fëanor considered vowels as indepedent sounds and not just “colours” of the consonants, so he devised the “full writing” ([[Quanta Sarmë]]).&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ApD&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
However, Fëanor also used a more &#039;conservative&#039; system which seemed to have been proved far more popular; he also held Rúmil&#039;s idea of syllabic analysis of the words by the Sarati and made use of [[tehtar]] instead of the full letters.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ApD&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The classical Quenya mode of the Tengwar may have originated from Fëanor&#039;s own arrangement. There is no direct evidence for this hypothesis, but the use of the Quenya names for the individual letters hints to a primate of the Quenya mode. Another hint to a very old age of the classical Quenya mode is that it uses the [[Calmatéma]] as a k-series, like the mode of Beleriand which we can assume to have originated in the First Age.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Mode of Beleriand===&lt;br /&gt;
{{main|Mode of Beleriand}}&lt;br /&gt;
[[Image:J.R.R. Tolkien - Doors of Durin.jpg|thumb|The [[Doors of Durin]] created during the [[Second Age]]]]&lt;br /&gt;
When the [[Noldor]] rebelled and came to [[Middle-earth]], they adapted their writing for the new languages they learned. Quanta Sarmë was used for languages where the tehtar were not useful&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ApD&amp;quot; /&amp;gt; which could have been the origin for the Mode of Beleriand. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
It is also possible that the Tengwar influenced the evolution of the [[Cirth]] of [[Daeron]] in Beleriand, mainly in their shape and arrangement. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
We know from the inscription on the [[West-gate of Moria]] that a Tengwar mode called the [[Mode of Beleriand]] was used in [[Eregion]]. This name allows for the assumption that the same mode was used already in the [[First Age]].&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
At the end of the [[Third Age]], the Elves of [[Rivendell]] probably still used that mode, since a transcription of the Rivendell [[aerlinn]] &#039;&#039;[[A Elbereth Gilthoniel]]&#039;&#039; features it.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{RGEO|7}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; Frodo, however, even though literate in Sindarin, was apparently unable to read this mode.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===General Use===&lt;br /&gt;
By the end of the Third Age, there was a &#039;&#039;general use&#039;&#039; that could be used for a variety of languages including Quenya, Sindarin and the Common Speech.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;[[J.R.R. Tolkien]], &amp;quot;[[Letter to Anthony D. Howlett]] (letter); see also [http://www.forodrim.org/daeron/mdtci.html#DTS58 DTS58]&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; This use could have evolved during the [[Second Age]] in [[Eregion]] or even in [[Númenor]].&lt;br /&gt;
[[Image:One ring.png|thumb|left|The [[Ring Verse|inscription]] on [[The One Ring]].]]&lt;br /&gt;
The same mode appears on the [[Ring-inscription]]&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{FR|Shadow}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; that the [[Númenorean]] [[Isildur]] observed it to be &amp;quot;fashioned in an elven-script of Eregion&amp;quot;.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{FR|Council}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
It is not certain whether the whole &#039;&#039;mode&#039;&#039; itself was from Eregion or simply just the &#039;&#039;script&#039;&#039; was of an Elvish fashion. Some [[Adûnaic]] words use this mode.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{HM|SD}}, Lowdham&#039;s Inscription&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Another mode that was based on the &amp;quot;general use&amp;quot; but used full letters for the representation of vowels was used in the Northern part of the [[Westron]]-speaking regions, perhaps by influence of the Elves of [[Rivendell]]. This might explain why Frodo was unable to read either the Mode of Beleriand or the Ring Inscription.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Spelling and pronunciation ==&lt;br /&gt;
=== Structure ===&lt;br /&gt;
The most notable characteristic of the Tengwar script is that the shapes of the letters correspond to the features of the sounds they represent.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The shape of the Tengwar uniformly consisted of two elements, the &#039;&#039;[[telco]]&#039;&#039; (stem) to which is attached a &#039;&#039;[[lúva]]&#039;&#039; (bow). &lt;br /&gt;
It is noticeable that some of the letters of the [[Sarati|Sarati]] resembled the telco/lúva shape seen on the Tengwar. Therefore it is possible that those particular letters influenced stylistically the Tengwar.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The telco could be normal, raised, shortened or heightened. The lúva would be single or doubled, and these could be open or closed. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
All the above combinations can create 32 to 40 different shapes of letters. These shapes mirrored phonological significances: the basic form of a tengwa was used for the [[patakar]], the voiceless stops; telcor determined how the sound was articulated, and the lúvar where in the mouth it was made:&lt;br /&gt;
* Doubling the bow turns the voiceless consonant into a voiced one.&lt;br /&gt;
* Raising the stem above the line turns it into the corresponding fricative or a corresponding voiced version of it.&lt;br /&gt;
* Shortening it (so it is only the height of the bow) indicates the corresponding nasal or, mostly, the approximants.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
According to their shape, the 32 different glyphs could be arranged and presented consistently on a table. The principal letters are divided into series (&#039;&#039;témar&#039;&#039;) that correspond to the main places of articulation and into six rows (&#039;&#039;tyeller&#039;&#039;) that correspond to the main manners of articulation. Both vary among modes.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The table below gives the &#039;&#039;&#039;theoretical&#039;&#039;&#039;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Observations made by [[Jim Allan]]&#039;s &#039;&#039;[[An Introduction to Elvish]]&#039;&#039;, The Evolution of the Tengwar&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; values of the Tengwar based consistently on the abovementioned rules. Note that no language possessed all these sounds and the following does not represent an actual table of values of a particular language. In actuality, the languages used modifications or variations of them.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{| border=&amp;quot;1&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
! | &lt;br /&gt;
! colspan=&amp;quot;2&amp;quot; | Labial&lt;br /&gt;
! colspan=&amp;quot;2&amp;quot; | Dental&lt;br /&gt;
! colspan=&amp;quot;2&amp;quot; | Velar&lt;br /&gt;
! colspan=&amp;quot;2&amp;quot; | Labiovelar&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Voiceless&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;plosives&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|q}}&lt;br /&gt;
| p&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|1}}&lt;br /&gt;
| t&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|a}}&lt;br /&gt;
| k&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|z}}&lt;br /&gt;
| kw&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Voiced&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;plosives&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|w}}&lt;br /&gt;
| b&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|2}}&lt;br /&gt;
| d&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|s}}&lt;br /&gt;
| g&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|x}}&lt;br /&gt;
| gw&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Aspirated&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;voiceless plosives&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|Q}}&lt;br /&gt;
| p&amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;h&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|!}}&lt;br /&gt;
| t&amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;h&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|A}}&lt;br /&gt;
| k&amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;h&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|Z}}&lt;br /&gt;
| k&amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;h&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt;w&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Aspirated&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;voiced plosives&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|W}}&lt;br /&gt;
| b&amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;h&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|@}}&lt;br /&gt;
| d&amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;h&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|S}}&lt;br /&gt;
| g&amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;h&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|X}}&lt;br /&gt;
| g&amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;h&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt;w&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Voiceless&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;fricatives&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|e}}&lt;br /&gt;
| f&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|3}}&lt;br /&gt;
| th&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|d}}&lt;br /&gt;
| ch&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|c}}&lt;br /&gt;
| chw&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Voiced&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;fricatives&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|r}}&lt;br /&gt;
| v&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|4}}&lt;br /&gt;
| dh&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|f}}&lt;br /&gt;
| gh&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|v}}&lt;br /&gt;
| ghw&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Voiceless&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;nasals&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|y}}&lt;br /&gt;
| hm&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|6}}&lt;br /&gt;
| hn&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|h}}&lt;br /&gt;
| hñ&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|n}}&lt;br /&gt;
| hñw&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Nasals&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|t}}&lt;br /&gt;
| m&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|5}}&lt;br /&gt;
| n&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|g}}&lt;br /&gt;
| ñ&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|b}}&lt;br /&gt;
| ñw&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Arrangement===&lt;br /&gt;
By the end of the [[Third Age]], the Tengwar were somehow standardized. Their Quenya names became standard for all modes, and less used ones were not included (although still used), such as those of the extended stems and the [[Tyelpetéma]]. The table displayed 36 letters: the 24 standard Tengwar, plus 12 of the additional Tengwar.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Also, the Tengwar were assigned numeric values.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{| border=&amp;quot;1&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
! &lt;br /&gt;
! colspan=&amp;quot;2&amp;quot; | Tincotéma&lt;br /&gt;
! colspan=&amp;quot;2&amp;quot; | Parmatéma&lt;br /&gt;
! colspan=&amp;quot;2&amp;quot; | Calmatéma&lt;br /&gt;
! colspan=&amp;quot;2&amp;quot; | Quessetéma&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Grade I&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|1}}&lt;br /&gt;
| [[Tinco]]&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|q}}&lt;br /&gt;
| [[Parma]]&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|a}}&lt;br /&gt;
| [[Calma]]&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|z}}&lt;br /&gt;
| [[Quesse]]&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Grade II&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|2}}&lt;br /&gt;
| [[Ando]]&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|w}}&lt;br /&gt;
| [[Umbar (word)|Umbar]]&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|s}}&lt;br /&gt;
| [[Anga]]&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|x}}&lt;br /&gt;
| [[Ungwe]]&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Grade III&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|3}}&lt;br /&gt;
| [[Súlë]]&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|e}}&lt;br /&gt;
| [[Formen]]&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|d}}&lt;br /&gt;
| [[Aha]]&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|c}}&lt;br /&gt;
| [[Hwesta]]&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Grade IV&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|4}}&lt;br /&gt;
| [[Anto]]&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|r}}&lt;br /&gt;
| [[Ampa]]&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|f}}&lt;br /&gt;
| [[Anca]]&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|v}}&lt;br /&gt;
| [[Unque]]&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Grade V&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|5}}&lt;br /&gt;
| [[Númen]]&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|t}}&lt;br /&gt;
| [[Malta]]&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|g}}&lt;br /&gt;
| [[Noldo]]&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|b}}&lt;br /&gt;
| [[Nwalme]]&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Grade VI&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|6}}&lt;br /&gt;
| [[Óre]]&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|y}}&lt;br /&gt;
| [[Vala|Vala]]&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|h}}&lt;br /&gt;
| [[Anna]]&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|n}}&lt;br /&gt;
| [[Vilya]]&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
!&lt;br /&gt;
! colspan=&amp;quot;8&amp;quot; | &#039;&#039;&#039;Additional Tengwar:&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|7}}&lt;br /&gt;
| [[Rómen]]&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|u}}&lt;br /&gt;
| [[Arda]]&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|j}}&lt;br /&gt;
| [[Lambe]]&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|m}}&lt;br /&gt;
| [[Alda]]&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|8}}&lt;br /&gt;
| [[Silme]]&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|i}}&lt;br /&gt;
| [[Silme nuquerna]]&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|k}}&lt;br /&gt;
| [[Essë]]&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|,}}&lt;br /&gt;
| [[Esse nuquerna]]&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|9}}&lt;br /&gt;
| [[Hyarmen]]&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|l}}&lt;br /&gt;
| [[Yanta]]&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|o}}&lt;br /&gt;
| [[Hwesta Sindarinwa]]&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|.}}&lt;br /&gt;
| [[Úrë]]&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|&amp;amp;#189;}}&lt;br /&gt;
| [[Halla]]&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|`}}&lt;br /&gt;
| [[Telco]]&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|~}}&lt;br /&gt;
| [[Ára]]&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Values==&lt;br /&gt;
As mentioned, the Tengwar had a generic mode that covered a wide range of phonemes. This mode perhaps originated in [[Eregion]] and exemplified in the verse of [[the One Ring]] and other Westron Tengwar texts. It could be used for both Quenya and Sindarin.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The following table gives both the formal Quenya and Numenian&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;[[Jim Allan]]&#039;s &#039;&#039;[[Report from Marquette]]&#039;&#039;&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; names of the Tengwar. When two values are given (separated with a &#039;&#039;&#039;/&#039;&#039;&#039; slash), the first refers to the Elvish variation and the second to the [[Mannish]] or Westron variation. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Note that the dashes indicate when the letter is used initially or finally and/or as a diphthong element.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{| border=&amp;quot;1&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
! colspan=&amp;quot;2&amp;quot; | Tincotéma&lt;br /&gt;
! colspan=&amp;quot;2&amp;quot; | Parmatéma&lt;br /&gt;
! colspan=&amp;quot;2&amp;quot; | Calmatéma&lt;br /&gt;
! colspan=&amp;quot;2&amp;quot; | Quessetéma&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|1}}&lt;br /&gt;
| t&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Tinco/Tó&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|q}}&lt;br /&gt;
| p&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Parma/Pí&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|a}}&lt;br /&gt;
| ch (as in &#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;ch&#039;&#039;&#039;ur&#039;&#039;&#039;ch&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;)&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Calma/Ché&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|z}}&lt;br /&gt;
| k&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Quesse/Ká&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|2}}&lt;br /&gt;
| d&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Ando/Dó&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|w}}&lt;br /&gt;
| b&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Umbar/Bí&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|s}}&lt;br /&gt;
|j&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Anga/Jé&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|x}}&lt;br /&gt;
| g&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Ungwe/Gá&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|3}}&lt;br /&gt;
| th&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Súle/Thó&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|e}}&lt;br /&gt;
| f&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Formen/Fí&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|d}}&lt;br /&gt;
|sh&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Aha/Shé&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|c}}&lt;br /&gt;
| ch/h (as in &#039;&#039;lo&#039;&#039;&#039;ch&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;)&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Hwesta/Aha (or Oha)&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|4}}&lt;br /&gt;
| dh&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Anto/Adhó&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|r}}&lt;br /&gt;
| v&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Ampa/Ví&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|f}}&lt;br /&gt;
| zh&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Anca/Izhe&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|v}}&lt;br /&gt;
|gh&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Unque/Agha&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|5}}&lt;br /&gt;
| n&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Númen/Nó&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|t}}&lt;br /&gt;
| m&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Malta/Mí&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|g}}&lt;br /&gt;
| ny&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Noldo/Nyé&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|b}}&lt;br /&gt;
| ng&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Nwalme/Ngá&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|6}}&lt;br /&gt;
| -r/r&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Óre/Ar&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|y}}&lt;br /&gt;
| w, -u/w&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Vala/Wí&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|h}}&lt;br /&gt;
| -i/y&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Anna/Yé&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|n}}&lt;br /&gt;
|&amp;amp;rsquo;?&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;&amp;amp;rsquo;á&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! colspan=&amp;quot;8&amp;quot; | Additional Tengwar:&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|7}}&lt;br /&gt;
| r&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Rómen/Aro&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|u}}&lt;br /&gt;
| rh&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Arda/Rho&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|j}}&lt;br /&gt;
| l&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Lambe/Alo&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|m}}&lt;br /&gt;
| lh&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Alda/Lho&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|8}}&lt;br /&gt;
| s&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Silme/Só&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|i}}&lt;br /&gt;
|s&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Silme Nuquerna/Ós&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|k}}&lt;br /&gt;
| ss/z&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Esse/Azo&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|,}}&lt;br /&gt;
| z&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Oza&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|9}}&lt;br /&gt;
| h&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Hyarmen/Há&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|l}}&lt;br /&gt;
| i-, -e&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Yanta/Ai&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|o}}&lt;br /&gt;
| wh&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Hwesta Sindarinwa/Whí&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|.}}&lt;br /&gt;
| -u?&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Úre/Au&lt;br /&gt;
|}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The following is a full mode variety, related mainly to the north, and uses Tengwar (and carriers) as vowels. It was probably created in [[Arnor]], influenced from the Mode of Beleriand used in [[Rivendell]]. Even the [[Dwarves|dwarf]] [[Ori]] wrote in this hand in the [[Book of Mazarbul]]&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;The second page of the Book of Mazarbul ([http://www.forodrim.org/daeron/mdtci.html#DTS13 DTS13]) said to be written by Ori, is categorized to belong to the Northern Variety [http://at.mansbjorkman.net/teng_modes.htm here]&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{| border=&amp;quot;1&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
! colspan=&amp;quot;2&amp;quot; | Tincotéma&lt;br /&gt;
! colspan=&amp;quot;2&amp;quot; | Parmatéma&lt;br /&gt;
! colspan=&amp;quot;2&amp;quot; | Calmatéma&lt;br /&gt;
! colspan=&amp;quot;2&amp;quot; | Quessetéma&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|1}}&lt;br /&gt;
| t&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Tinco/Tó&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|q}}&lt;br /&gt;
| p&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Parma/Pí&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|a}}&lt;br /&gt;
|ch (as in &#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;ch&#039;&#039;&#039;ur&#039;&#039;&#039;ch&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;)&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Calma/Ché&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|z}}&lt;br /&gt;
| k&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Quesse/Ká&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|2}}&lt;br /&gt;
| d&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Ando/Dó&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|w}}&lt;br /&gt;
| b&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Umbar/Bí&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|s}}&lt;br /&gt;
|j&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;AngaJé&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|x}}&lt;br /&gt;
| g&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Ungwe/Gá&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|3}}&lt;br /&gt;
| th&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Súle/Thó&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|e}}&lt;br /&gt;
| f&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Formen/Fí&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|d}}&lt;br /&gt;
|sh&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Aha/Shé&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|c}}&lt;br /&gt;
| ch/h (as in &#039;&#039;lo&#039;&#039;&#039;ch&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Hwesta/Aha&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|4}}&lt;br /&gt;
| dh&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Anto/Adhó&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|r}}&lt;br /&gt;
| v&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Ampa/Ví&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|f}}&lt;br /&gt;
|zh&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Anca/Izhe&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|v}}&lt;br /&gt;
|gh&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Unque/Agha&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|5}}&lt;br /&gt;
| n&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Númen/Nó&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|t}}&lt;br /&gt;
| m&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Malta/Mí&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|g}}&lt;br /&gt;
|ny&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Noldo/Nyé&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|b}}&lt;br /&gt;
| ng&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Nwalme/Ngá&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|6}}&lt;br /&gt;
| -r/r&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Óre/Ar&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|y}}&lt;br /&gt;
| w, -u/u&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Vala/Wí&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|h}}&lt;br /&gt;
| o&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Anna/Yé&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|n}}&lt;br /&gt;
|a&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;&#039;a&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! colspan=&amp;quot;8&amp;quot; | Additional Tengwar:&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|7}}&lt;br /&gt;
| r&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Rómen/Aro&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|u}}&lt;br /&gt;
| rh&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Arda/Rho&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|j}}&lt;br /&gt;
| l&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Lambe/Alo&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|m}}&lt;br /&gt;
| lh&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Alda/Lho&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|8}}&lt;br /&gt;
| s&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Silme/Só&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|i}}&lt;br /&gt;
|s&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Silme Nuquerna/Ós&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|k}}&lt;br /&gt;
| ss/z&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Esse/Azo&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|,}}&lt;br /&gt;
| z&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Esse Nuquerna/Oza&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|9}}&lt;br /&gt;
| h&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Hyarmen/Há&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|l}}&lt;br /&gt;
| i-, -e/e&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Yanta/Ai&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|o}}&lt;br /&gt;
| wh&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Hwesta Sindarinwa/Whí&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|.}}&lt;br /&gt;
| w&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Úre/Au&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|{{tg|`B}}	&lt;br /&gt;
|i	&lt;br /&gt;
|{{tg|~B}}	&lt;br /&gt;
|i-/y-&lt;br /&gt;
|{{tg|]}}&lt;br /&gt;
|a	&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|š}}&lt;br /&gt;
| mh&lt;br /&gt;
|}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Other modes==&lt;br /&gt;
Just as with any alphabetic writing system, every specific language written in Tengwar requires a specific orthography, depending on the phonology of that language. These Tengwar orthographies are usually called &#039;&#039;modes&#039;&#039;. All of them use as a basis the &amp;quot;[[Tengwar#Structure|theoretical values]]&amp;quot; table above, corresponding the letters to the phonemes of each language&#039;s phonology, and even drop out the characters that would be useless.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
All the modes can be divided into two large categories: &lt;br /&gt;
*Some represent vowels with diacritics called &#039;&#039;&#039;[[tehtar]]&#039;&#039;&#039; or &#039;&#039;[[ómatehtar]]&#039;&#039; (&amp;quot;vowel tehtar&amp;quot;), like the [[Quenya mode]].&lt;br /&gt;
*The &amp;quot;full writing&amp;quot; modes represent vowels by normal letters, such as the [[Quanta Sarmë]] or the [[Mode of Beleriand]].&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Furthermore, some modes map the basic consonants to {{IPA|/t/}}, {{IPA|/p/}}, {{IPA|/k/}}, and {{IPA|/kʷ/}}, while others (generally [[Mannish]]) use them to represent {{IPA|/t/}}, {{IPA|/p/}}, {{IPA|/tʃ/}}, and {{IPA|/k/}}.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== External history ==&lt;br /&gt;
The [[Sarati]], a script developed by Tolkien in the late 1910s that is described in &#039;&#039;[[Parma Eldalamberon 13|&#039;&#039;Parma Eldalamberon&#039;&#039; 13]]&#039;&#039;, anticipates many features of the Tengwar, especially the vowel representation by diacritics (which is found in many Tengwar varieties), different Tengwar shapes and a few correspondances between sound features and letter shape features (though inconsistent).&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Even closer to the Tengwar is the [[Valmaric script]], described in [[Parma Eldalamberon 14|&#039;&#039;Parma Eldalamberon&#039;&#039; 14]], which Tolkien used from about 1922 to 1925. It features many Tengwar shapes and the inherent vowel {{IPA|[a]}} found in some Tengwar varieties. The tables in the samples V12 and V13 show an arrangement that is very similar to the one of the primary Tengwar in the classical Quenya &amp;quot;mode&amp;quot;.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The Tengwar were probably developed in the late 1920s or in the early 1930s. &#039;&#039;The Lonely Mountain Jar Inscription&#039;&#039;, the first published Tengwar sample, dates to 1937 (&#039;&#039;[[The Hobbit]]&#039;&#039;, most editions). The full explanation of the Tengwar was published in Appendix E of &#039;&#039;[[The Lord of the Rings]]&#039;&#039; in 1955.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Inspiration==&lt;br /&gt;
Tengwar is a [[Wikipedia:Featural writing system|featural alphabet]], meaning there is correspondence between letter shape features and [[Wikipedia:place of articulation|place]] and [[Wikipedia:manner of articulation|manner of articulation]]. Perhaps the oldest and most famous featural system is the Korean [[Wikipedia:Hangul|Hangul alphabet]]. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Jim Allan]] (&#039;&#039;[[An Introduction to Elvish]]&#039;&#039;, ISBN 0-905220-10-2) compared the Tengwar with the &#039;&#039;Universal Alphabet&#039;&#039; of [[Wikipedia:Francis Lodwick|Francis Lodwick]] of 1686, both on grounds of the feature factor, but also the actual letter shapes, and the use of vowels as diacritics.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
It is not known whether Tolkien was aware of these previous scripts. However, considering the sarati and the valmaric script that he already invented in his youth, it is conceivable that Tolkien developed the idea of featural notation by himself.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
It is likewise not known whether the shapes of several Tengwar were inspired by the [[Wikipedia:Insular script|insular minuscule script]] (used to write [[Anglo-saxon]]) or the [[Wikipedia:blackletter|gothic textura]] and cursive scripts (used to write Middle English), with which Tolkien was familiar through reading medieval manuscripts in these languages in his professional capacity as a linguist.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Tengwar study==&lt;br /&gt;
===Modes===&lt;br /&gt;
As the peoples of Middle-earth used various modes of Tengwar, and as Tolkien wrote English, [[Old English]] and [[Norse]] in Tengwar, [[fandom|fans]] have created Tengwar modes for real languages. There are modes to write French, Swedish, Latin, Italian or Spanish.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== Encoding Schemes ===&lt;br /&gt;
==== Non-Unicode ====&lt;br /&gt;
The contemporary de facto standard in the Tengwar user community maps the Tengwar characters onto the regular English character encoding following the example of the [http://www.gis.net/~dansmith/fonts/font_tengwar/ Tengwar typefaces] by [[Dan Smith]]. A drawback of the font solution is that, if no corresponding Tengwar font is installed, an awful string of [[wikipedia:Mojibake|nonsense characters]] appears.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Since there is not enough place for all the signs, certain signs are included in a &amp;quot;Tengwar A&amp;quot; font which also maps its characters on ISO 8859-1, overlapping with the first font.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
For each Tengwar diacritic there are four different codepoints that are used depending on the width of the character which bears it.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Other Tengwar typefaces with Dan Smith&#039;s encoding include [http://home.student.uu.se/j/jowi4905/fonts/annatar.html Johan Winge&#039;s Tengwar Annatar], [http://at.mansbjorkman.net/parmaite.htm Måns Björkman&#039;s Tengwar Parmaite], [http://www.geocities.com/enrombell/Archivos.htm Enrique Mombello&#039;s Tengwar Élfica] or [http://www.limes.com.pl/~miszka/ Michal Nowakowski&#039;s Tengwar Formal] (note that most of these differ in details).&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The following sample shows the first article of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights written in English according to the traditional English orthography. If no Tengwar font is installed, it will look nonsense since the corresponding ISO 8859-1 characters (Roman letters, numbers and signs) will appear instead.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{tg|j#¸ 9t&amp;amp;5# w`Vb%_ 6EO w6Y5 e7~V 2{( zèVj# 5% 2x%51T`Û 2{( 7v%1+º 4hR 7EO 2{$yYO2 y4% 7]F85^ 2{( z5^8i`B5$i( 2{( dyYj2 zE1 1`N ]Fa 4^(6 5% `C 8q7T1T W w74^(69~N2º}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==== Unicode ====&lt;br /&gt;
A proposal has been made by Michael Everson to include the Tengwar in the [[Unicode]] standard. The codepoints are subject to change; the range U+016080 to U+0160FF in the Supplementary Multilingual Plane is tentatively allocated for Tengwar according to the current [http://www.unicode.org/roadmaps/smp/ Unicode roadmap].&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Tengwar are currently included in the unofficial ConScript Unicode Registry, which assigns codepoints in the Private Use Area. Tengwar are mapped to the range U+E000 to U+E07F. The following Unicode sample (which repeats the one above) is meaningful when viewed under a typeface supporting Tengwar glyphs in the area defined in the ConScript Tengwar proposal. Some typefaces that support this proposal are [http://www.evertype.com/emono/ Everson Mono], [http://freetengwar.sourceforge.net/tengtelc.html Tengwar Telcontar], [http://www.kreativekorp.com/software/fonts/constructium.shtml Constructium], [http://freetengwar.sourceforge.net/formal.html Tengwar Formal Unicode], and [http://freetengwar.sourceforge.net/freemonotengwar.html FreeMonoTengwar] ([http://www.code2000.net/ James Kass]&#039;s Code2000 and Code2001 use an older, incompatible version of the proposal).&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;blockquote style=&amp;quot;font-family: &#039;Tengwar Formal CSUR&#039;, &#039;FreeMonoTengwar&#039;, &#039;Constructium&#039;, &#039;Everson Mono&#039;, &#039;Tengwar Formal Unicode&#039;, &#039;Tengwar Telcontar&#039;, &#039;Everson Mono&#039;, &#039;Unifont CSUR&#039;; font-size: 150%; line-height: 120%&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&amp;amp;#xe022;&amp;amp;#xe051;&amp;amp;#xe040; &amp;amp;#xe028;&amp;amp;#xe011;&amp;amp;#xe04c;&amp;amp;#xe010;&amp;amp;#xe040; &amp;amp;#xe005;&amp;amp;#xe02e;&amp;amp;#xe046;&amp;amp;#xe013;&amp;amp;#xe044;&amp;amp;#xe058; &amp;amp;#xe014;&amp;amp;#xe045;&amp;amp;#xe040; &amp;amp;#xe005;&amp;amp;#xe014;&amp;amp;#xe04a;&amp;amp;#xe010; &amp;amp;#xe009;&amp;amp;#xe020;&amp;amp;#xe02e;&amp;amp;#xe046;&amp;amp;#xe02e;&amp;amp;#xe046; &amp;amp;#xe004;&amp;amp;#xe050;&amp;amp;#xe045; &amp;amp;#xe003;&amp;amp;#xe052;&amp;amp;#xe046;&amp;amp;#xe022;&amp;amp;#xe040; &amp;amp;#xe010;&amp;amp;#xe044; &amp;amp;#xe004;&amp;amp;#xe007;&amp;amp;#xe044;&amp;amp;#xe010;&amp;amp;#xe000;&amp;amp;#xe044;&amp;amp;#xe02e;&amp;amp;#xe053; &amp;amp;#xe004;&amp;amp;#xe050;&amp;amp;#xe045; &amp;amp;#xe020;&amp;amp;#xe00f;&amp;amp;#xe044;&amp;amp;#xe000;&amp;amp;#xe058; ⸬ &amp;amp;#xe00c;&amp;amp;#xe016;&amp;amp;#xe046; &amp;amp;#xe020;&amp;amp;#xe045;&amp;amp;#xe040; &amp;amp;#xe004;&amp;amp;#xe050;&amp;amp;#xe046;&amp;amp;#xe015;&amp;amp;#xe045;&amp;amp;#xe04a;&amp;amp;#xe004; &amp;amp;#xe015;&amp;amp;#xe00c;&amp;amp;#xe044; &amp;amp;#xe020;&amp;amp;#xe032;&amp;amp;#xe046;&amp;amp;#xe024;&amp;amp;#xe010;&amp;amp;#xe04a; &amp;amp;#xe004;&amp;amp;#xe050;&amp;amp;#xe045; &amp;amp;#xe003;&amp;amp;#xe010;&amp;amp;#xe04a;&amp;amp;#xe024;&amp;amp;#xe025;&amp;amp;#xe02e;&amp;amp;#xe044;&amp;amp;#xe025;&amp;amp;#xe050;&amp;amp;#xe045; &amp;amp;#xe004;&amp;amp;#xe050;&amp;amp;#xe045; &amp;amp;#xe00a;&amp;amp;#xe015;&amp;amp;#xe04a;&amp;amp;#xe022;&amp;amp;#xe004; &amp;amp;#xe003;&amp;amp;#xe040;&amp;amp;#xe000; &amp;amp;#xe000;&amp;amp;#xe015;&amp;amp;#xe04a;&amp;amp;#xe014;&amp;amp;#xe040;&amp;amp;#xe004;&amp;amp;#xe058; &amp;amp;#xe010;&amp;amp;#xe045;&amp;amp;#xe04a; &amp;amp;#xe010;&amp;amp;#xe040;&amp;amp;#xe00c;&amp;amp;#xe04a;&amp;amp;#xe020;&amp;amp;#xe046; &amp;amp;#xe010;&amp;amp;#xe044; &amp;amp;#xe02e;&amp;amp;#xe040; &amp;amp;#xe024;&amp;amp;#xe001;&amp;amp;#xe020;&amp;amp;#xe044;&amp;amp;#xe000;&amp;amp;#xe044; &amp;amp;#xe01d; &amp;amp;#xe005;&amp;amp;#xe020;&amp;amp;#xe00c;&amp;amp;#xe04a;&amp;amp;#xe014;&amp;amp;#xe046;&amp;amp;#xe028;&amp;amp;#xe004;&amp;amp;#xe04a;&amp;amp;#xe04a; ⸬&amp;lt;/blockquote&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Uses outside the legendarium===&lt;br /&gt;
Random (meaningless) Tengwar appears stylistically in a prop of an ancient tome in the [[Wikipedia:Within Temptation|Within Temptation]] music video for &amp;quot;Stand My Ground&amp;quot;. Tengwar also appears in the computer game &#039;&#039;[[Wikipedia:Atlantis: The Lost Tales|Atlantis: The Lost Tales]]&#039;&#039; and the &#039;&#039;[[Wikipedia:Alone in the Dar|Alone in the Dark]]&#039;&#039; comic book.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Several linguists, such as [[Wikipedia:Eric S. Raymond|Eric S. Raymond]], promote the usage of Tengwar for the constructed language [[Wikipedia:Lojban|Lojban]] as it is culturally neutral and contains some main Lojban morphology rules, making Lojban easier to learn when it is written with Tengwar.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Kena. [http://vodka-pomme.net/projects/tengwar-for-lojban/lojteng#learn  &#039;&#039;Lojban using tengwar - why?&#039;&#039;] (accessed August 2007)&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; (Another suggested mode can be seen [http://www.catb.org/~esr/tengwar/lojban-tengwar.html there]).&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== See also ==&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Sarati]]&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Cirth]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== External links ==&lt;br /&gt;
*[http://www.forodrim.org/daeron/md_teng_primers.html Tengwar tutorials]&lt;br /&gt;
* [http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/History_of_Elven_writing_systems History of Elven writing systems] Wikibook on the secondary-world history of the Elven writing systems&lt;br /&gt;
* [http://at.mansbjorkman.net/tengwar.htm Amanye Tenceli - The Tengwar] A comprehensive study of the Tengwar script&lt;br /&gt;
* [http://www.forodrim.org/daeron/mdtci.html The Mellonath Daeron Index of Tengwar Specimina] &amp;amp;mdash; a continuously expanding list of all published Tengwar samples&lt;br /&gt;
* [http://www.tengwar.art.pl/tengwar/fonty.php A comprehensive list of Tengwar fonts] (in Polish, but still useful even if you can&#039;t read the language)&lt;br /&gt;
* [http://www.omniglot.com/conscripts/tengwar.htm Omniglot reference]&lt;br /&gt;
* [http://tengwar.art.pl/tengwar/ott/start.php?l=en Online Tengwar transcriber]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== Modes ===&lt;br /&gt;
* [http://at.mansbjorkman.net/teng_general_english.htm Tengwar Mode for English (general use)]&lt;br /&gt;
* [http://www.duvendor.com.br/amanye/Downloads/FTMME_Text.pdf Full Tengwar Modes for Modern English]&lt;br /&gt;
* [http://catb.org/~esr/tengwar/ ESR&#039;s Tengwar modes for Esperanto and Lojban languages]&lt;br /&gt;
* [http://lambenor.free.fr/tengwar/espanol.html Tengwar mode for Spanish]&lt;br /&gt;
* [http://my.opera.com/tengwarblog/blog/deutscher-tengwar-modus Tengwar mode for German (full writing)]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== Software ===&lt;br /&gt;
* [http://tengwar.art.pl/tengwar/ott/start.php?l=en Online Tengwar transcriber]&lt;br /&gt;
* [http://at.mansbjorkman.net/tengscribe.htm  Tengwar Scribe] (Win32)&lt;br /&gt;
* [http://jadro.ludviku.cz/yatt/  YATT (Win32) and YATT lite (Linux, Mac)]&lt;br /&gt;
* [http://tengwar.art.pl/ktt/  KTT] (Linux+KDE)&lt;br /&gt;
* [http://www.acondia.com/font_tengwar/TengwarMacros_v19F.zip Tengwar Macros for Microsoft Word/97 and Word/2000]&lt;br /&gt;
* [http://www.tecendil.com/ Tecendil] online Tengwar transcriber (No software needed)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
More of Tengwar software on [http://tengwar.art.pl/tengwar/programy.php Tengwar Feanora] web-site (in Polish).&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== Technical ===&lt;br /&gt;
* [http://wikisophia.org/wiki/Wikitex#Teng WikiTeX] supports editing Tengwar directly in Wiki articles.&lt;br /&gt;
* [http://std.dkuug.dk/jtc1/sc2/wg2/docs/n1641/n1641.htm Official proposal to encode Tengwar in Unicode]&lt;br /&gt;
* [http://www.evertype.com/standards/csur/tengwar.html Tengwar proposal for ConScript Unicode Registry]&lt;br /&gt;
* [http://www.evertype.com/standards/iso10646/pdf/tengwar.pdf Revised Tengwar proposal]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{references}}&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;small&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
* Christopher Tolkien, &#039;&#039;The Tengwar Numerals&#039;&#039;, in &#039;&#039;[[Quettar]]&#039;&#039; 13, Feb. 1982, pp. 8-9; a further, untitled, explanation of the Tengwar numerals by Christopher Tolkien appeared in &#039;&#039;Quettar&#039;&#039; 14, May 1982, pp. 6-7.&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/small&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
{{languages}}&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Tengwar]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Writing systems]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[de:Tengwar]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[fr:encyclo/langues/tengwar]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[fi:Tengwar]]&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Sadron</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=Tengwar&amp;diff=338547</id>
		<title>Tengwar</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=Tengwar&amp;diff=338547"/>
		<updated>2021-11-17T17:22:58Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Sadron: /* Modes */&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;{{cleanup}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{font|[http://at.mansbjorkman.net/parmaite.htm Tengwar Parmaite] by [[Måns Björkman]]}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{disambig-more|Fëanorian|[[Fëanorian (disambiguation)]]}}&lt;br /&gt;
[[Image:Ryszard Derdzinski - Feanor.jpg|thumb|[[Fëanor]] designs the first Tengwar. Art by [[Ryszard Derdzinski]]]]&lt;br /&gt;
The &#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;Tengwar&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039; (Tengwa [teŋ&amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;w&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt;a&amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;w&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt;] when singular)([[Quenya]] &amp;quot;letters&amp;quot;, pron. {{IPA|[ˈteŋʷɡʷar]}}; [[Sindarin]] &#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;Tîw&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{App|E2}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;) was a writing system invented by [[Fëanor]] (and was therefore also called the &#039;&#039;&#039;Fëanorian alphabet&#039;&#039;&#039;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{L|25}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; or &#039;&#039;&#039;script&#039;&#039;&#039;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{L|168}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;). It was used for a variety of languages among the [[Free peoples]] and became perhaps the most prominent writing system of [[Arda]], used by a variety of [[:Portal:Characters|Races]] through the [[Ages]].&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==History==&lt;br /&gt;
[[Fëanor]] invented the Tengwar in the [[Year of the Trees 1250]] (of the first age), strongly influenced by the [[Sarati]] of [[Rúmil (elf of Tirion)|Rúmil the Loremaster]].&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{WJ|P4}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ApD&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{VT|39a}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; Fëanor both constructed the Tengwar as a general phonetic alphabet and devised special arrangements to fit the characteristics of all languages of [[Valinor]].&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{TI|Runes}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; Over the course of the First Age, three different modes of Tengwar emerged: [[Quenya]],  [[Beleriand]], and [[Sindarin]]. Sindarin is written in one of two modes, the mode of Beleriand, or the mode of Gondor (also known as [https://www.tecendil.com/tengwar-handbook/ Omatethar] Mode).&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Classical Quenya mode===&lt;br /&gt;
{{main|Quenya mode}}&lt;br /&gt;
Unlike Rúmil, Fëanor considered vowels as indepedent sounds and not just “colours” of the consonants, so he devised the “full writing” ([[Quanta Sarmë]]).&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ApD&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
However, Fëanor also used a more &#039;conservative&#039; system which seemed to have been proved far more popular; he also held Rúmil&#039;s idea of syllabic analysis of the words by the Sarati and made use of [[tehtar]] instead of the full letters.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ApD&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The classical Quenya mode of the Tengwar may have originated from Fëanor&#039;s own arrangement. There is no direct evidence for this hypothesis, but the use of the Quenya names for the individual letters hints to a primate of the Quenya mode. Another hint to a very old age of the classical Quenya mode is that it uses the [[Calmatéma]] as a k-series, like the mode of Beleriand which we can assume to have originated in the First Age.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Mode of Beleriand===&lt;br /&gt;
{{main|Mode of Beleriand}}&lt;br /&gt;
[[Image:J.R.R. Tolkien - Doors of Durin.jpg|thumb|The [[Doors of Durin]] created during the [[Second Age]]]]&lt;br /&gt;
When the [[Noldor]] rebelled and came to [[Middle-earth]], they adapted their writing for the new languages they learned. Quanta Sarmë was used for languages where the tehtar were not useful&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ApD&amp;quot; /&amp;gt; which could have been the origin for the Mode of Beleriand. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
It is also possible that the Tengwar influenced the evolution of the [[Cirth]] of [[Daeron]] in Beleriand, mainly in their shape and arrangement. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
We know from the inscription on the [[West-gate of Moria]] that a Tengwar mode called the [[Mode of Beleriand]] was used in [[Eregion]]. This name allows for the assumption that the same mode was used already in the [[First Age]].&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
At the end of the [[Third Age]], the Elves of [[Rivendell]] probably still used that mode, since a transcription of the Rivendell [[aerlinn]] &#039;&#039;[[A Elbereth Gilthoniel]]&#039;&#039; features it.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{RGEO|7}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; Frodo, however, even though literate in Sindarin, was apparently unable to read this mode.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===General Use===&lt;br /&gt;
By the end of the Third Age, there was a &#039;&#039;general use&#039;&#039; that could be used for a variety of languages including Quenya, Sindarin and the Common Speech.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;[[J.R.R. Tolkien]], &amp;quot;[[Letter to Anthony D. Howlett]] (letter); see also [http://www.forodrim.org/daeron/mdtci.html#DTS58 DTS58]&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; This use could have evolved during the [[Second Age]] in [[Eregion]] or even in [[Númenor]].&lt;br /&gt;
[[Image:One ring.png|thumb|left|The [[Ring Verse|inscription]] on [[The One Ring]].]]&lt;br /&gt;
The same mode appears on the [[Ring-inscription]]&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{FR|Shadow}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; that the [[Númenorean]] [[Isildur]] observed it to be &amp;quot;fashioned in an elven-script of Eregion&amp;quot;.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{FR|Council}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
It is not certain whether the whole &#039;&#039;mode&#039;&#039; itself was from Eregion or simply just the &#039;&#039;script&#039;&#039; was of an Elvish fashion. Some [[Adûnaic]] words use this mode.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{HM|SD}}, Lowdham&#039;s Inscription&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Another mode that was based on the &amp;quot;general use&amp;quot; but used full letters for the representation of vowels was used in the Northern part of the [[Westron]]-speaking regions, perhaps by influence of the Elves of [[Rivendell]]. This might explain why Frodo was unable to read either the Mode of Beleriand or the Ring Inscription.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Spelling and pronunciation ==&lt;br /&gt;
=== Structure ===&lt;br /&gt;
The most notable characteristic of the Tengwar script is that the shapes of the letters correspond to the features of the sounds they represent.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The shape of the Tengwar uniformly consisted of two elements, the &#039;&#039;[[telco]]&#039;&#039; (stem) to which is attached a &#039;&#039;[[lúva]]&#039;&#039; (bow). &lt;br /&gt;
It is noticeable that some of the letters of the [[Sarati|Sarati]] resembled the telco/lúva shape seen on the Tengwar. Therefore it is possible that those particular letters influenced stylistically the Tengwar.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The telco could be normal, raised, shortened or heightened. The lúva would be single or doubled, and these could be open or closed. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
All the above combinations can create 32 to 40 different shapes of letters. These shapes mirrored phonological significances: the basic form of a tengwa was used for the [[patakar]], the voiceless stops; telcor determined how the sound was articulated, and the lúvar where in the mouth it was made:&lt;br /&gt;
* Doubling the bow turns the voiceless consonant into a voiced one.&lt;br /&gt;
* Raising the stem above the line turns it into the corresponding fricative or a corresponding voiced version of it.&lt;br /&gt;
* Shortening it (so it is only the height of the bow) indicates the corresponding nasal or, mostly, the approximants.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
According to their shape, the 32 different glyphs could be arranged and presented consistently on a table. The principal letters are divided into series (&#039;&#039;témar&#039;&#039;) that correspond to the main places of articulation and into six rows (&#039;&#039;tyeller&#039;&#039;) that correspond to the main manners of articulation. Both vary among modes.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The table below gives the &#039;&#039;&#039;theoretical&#039;&#039;&#039;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Observations made by [[Jim Allan]]&#039;s &#039;&#039;[[An Introduction to Elvish]]&#039;&#039;, The Evolution of the Tengwar&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; values of the Tengwar based consistently on the abovementioned rules. Note that no language possessed all these sounds and the following does not represent an actual table of values of a particular language. In actuality, the languages used modifications or variations of them.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{| border=&amp;quot;1&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
! | &lt;br /&gt;
! colspan=&amp;quot;2&amp;quot; | Labial&lt;br /&gt;
! colspan=&amp;quot;2&amp;quot; | Dental&lt;br /&gt;
! colspan=&amp;quot;2&amp;quot; | Velar&lt;br /&gt;
! colspan=&amp;quot;2&amp;quot; | Labiovelar&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Voiceless&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;plosives&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|q}}&lt;br /&gt;
| p&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|1}}&lt;br /&gt;
| t&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|a}}&lt;br /&gt;
| k&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|z}}&lt;br /&gt;
| kw&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Voiced&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;plosives&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|w}}&lt;br /&gt;
| b&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|2}}&lt;br /&gt;
| d&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|s}}&lt;br /&gt;
| g&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|x}}&lt;br /&gt;
| gw&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Aspirated&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;voiceless plosives&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|Q}}&lt;br /&gt;
| p&amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;h&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|!}}&lt;br /&gt;
| t&amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;h&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|A}}&lt;br /&gt;
| k&amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;h&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|Z}}&lt;br /&gt;
| k&amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;h&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt;w&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Aspirated&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;voiced plosives&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|W}}&lt;br /&gt;
| b&amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;h&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|@}}&lt;br /&gt;
| d&amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;h&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|S}}&lt;br /&gt;
| g&amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;h&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|X}}&lt;br /&gt;
| g&amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;h&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt;w&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Voiceless&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;fricatives&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|e}}&lt;br /&gt;
| f&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|3}}&lt;br /&gt;
| th&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|d}}&lt;br /&gt;
| ch&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|c}}&lt;br /&gt;
| chw&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Voiced&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;fricatives&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|r}}&lt;br /&gt;
| v&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|4}}&lt;br /&gt;
| dh&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|f}}&lt;br /&gt;
| gh&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|v}}&lt;br /&gt;
| ghw&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Voiceless&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;nasals&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|y}}&lt;br /&gt;
| hm&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|6}}&lt;br /&gt;
| hn&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|h}}&lt;br /&gt;
| hñ&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|n}}&lt;br /&gt;
| hñw&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Nasals&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|t}}&lt;br /&gt;
| m&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|5}}&lt;br /&gt;
| n&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|g}}&lt;br /&gt;
| ñ&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|b}}&lt;br /&gt;
| ñw&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Arrangement===&lt;br /&gt;
By the end of the [[Third Age]], the Tengwar were somehow standardized. Their Quenya names became standard for all modes, and less used ones were not included (although still used), such as those of the extended stems and the [[Tyelpetéma]]. The table displayed 36 letters: the 24 standard Tengwar, plus 12 of the additional Tengwar.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Also, the Tengwar were assigned numeric values.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{| border=&amp;quot;1&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
! &lt;br /&gt;
! colspan=&amp;quot;2&amp;quot; | Tincotéma&lt;br /&gt;
! colspan=&amp;quot;2&amp;quot; | Parmatéma&lt;br /&gt;
! colspan=&amp;quot;2&amp;quot; | Calmatéma&lt;br /&gt;
! colspan=&amp;quot;2&amp;quot; | Quessetéma&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Grade I&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|1}}&lt;br /&gt;
| [[Tinco]]&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|q}}&lt;br /&gt;
| [[Parma]]&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|a}}&lt;br /&gt;
| [[Calma]]&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|z}}&lt;br /&gt;
| [[Quesse]]&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Grade II&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|2}}&lt;br /&gt;
| [[Ando]]&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|w}}&lt;br /&gt;
| [[Umbar (word)|Umbar]]&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|s}}&lt;br /&gt;
| [[Anga]]&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|x}}&lt;br /&gt;
| [[Ungwe]]&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Grade III&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|3}}&lt;br /&gt;
| [[Súlë]]&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|e}}&lt;br /&gt;
| [[Formen]]&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|d}}&lt;br /&gt;
| [[Aha]]&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|c}}&lt;br /&gt;
| [[Hwesta]]&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Grade IV&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|4}}&lt;br /&gt;
| [[Anto]]&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|r}}&lt;br /&gt;
| [[Ampa]]&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|f}}&lt;br /&gt;
| [[Anca]]&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|v}}&lt;br /&gt;
| [[Unque]]&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Grade V&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|5}}&lt;br /&gt;
| [[Númen]]&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|t}}&lt;br /&gt;
| [[Malta]]&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|g}}&lt;br /&gt;
| [[Noldo]]&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|b}}&lt;br /&gt;
| [[Nwalme]]&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Grade VI&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|6}}&lt;br /&gt;
| [[Óre]]&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|y}}&lt;br /&gt;
| [[Vala|Vala]]&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|h}}&lt;br /&gt;
| [[Anna]]&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|n}}&lt;br /&gt;
| [[Vilya]]&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
!&lt;br /&gt;
! colspan=&amp;quot;8&amp;quot; | &#039;&#039;&#039;Additional Tengwar:&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|7}}&lt;br /&gt;
| [[Rómen]]&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|u}}&lt;br /&gt;
| [[Arda]]&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|j}}&lt;br /&gt;
| [[Lambe]]&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|m}}&lt;br /&gt;
| [[Alda]]&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|8}}&lt;br /&gt;
| [[Silme]]&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|i}}&lt;br /&gt;
| [[Silme nuquerna]]&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|k}}&lt;br /&gt;
| [[Essë]]&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|,}}&lt;br /&gt;
| [[Esse nuquerna]]&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|9}}&lt;br /&gt;
| [[Hyarmen]]&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|l}}&lt;br /&gt;
| [[Yanta]]&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|o}}&lt;br /&gt;
| [[Hwesta Sindarinwa]]&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|.}}&lt;br /&gt;
| [[Úrë]]&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|&amp;amp;#189;}}&lt;br /&gt;
| [[Halla]]&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|`}}&lt;br /&gt;
| [[Telco]]&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|~}}&lt;br /&gt;
| [[Ára]]&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Values==&lt;br /&gt;
As mentioned, the Tengwar had a generic mode that covered a wide range of phonemes. This mode perhaps originated in [[Eregion]] and exemplified in the verse of [[the One Ring]] and other Westron Tengwar texts. It could be used for both Quenya and Sindarin.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The following table gives both the formal Quenya and Numenian&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;[[Jim Allan]]&#039;s &#039;&#039;[[Report from Marquette]]&#039;&#039;&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; names of the Tengwar. When two values are given (separated with a &#039;&#039;&#039;/&#039;&#039;&#039; slash), the first refers to the Elvish variation and the second to the [[Mannish]] or Westron variation. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Note that the dashes indicate when the letter is used initially or finally and/or as a diphthong element.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{| border=&amp;quot;1&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
! colspan=&amp;quot;2&amp;quot; | Tincotéma&lt;br /&gt;
! colspan=&amp;quot;2&amp;quot; | Parmatéma&lt;br /&gt;
! colspan=&amp;quot;2&amp;quot; | Calmatéma&lt;br /&gt;
! colspan=&amp;quot;2&amp;quot; | Quessetéma&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|1}}&lt;br /&gt;
| t&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Tinco/Tó&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|q}}&lt;br /&gt;
| p&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Parma/Pí&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|a}}&lt;br /&gt;
| ch (as in &#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;ch&#039;&#039;&#039;ur&#039;&#039;&#039;ch&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;)&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Calma/Ché&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|z}}&lt;br /&gt;
| k&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Quesse/Ká&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|2}}&lt;br /&gt;
| d&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Ando/Dó&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|w}}&lt;br /&gt;
| b&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Umbar/Bí&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|s}}&lt;br /&gt;
|j&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Anga/Jé&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|x}}&lt;br /&gt;
| g&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Ungwe/Gá&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|3}}&lt;br /&gt;
| th&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Súle/Thó&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|e}}&lt;br /&gt;
| f&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Formen/Fí&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|d}}&lt;br /&gt;
|sh&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Aha/Shé&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|c}}&lt;br /&gt;
| ch/h (as in &#039;&#039;lo&#039;&#039;&#039;ch&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;)&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Hwesta/Aha (or Oha)&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|4}}&lt;br /&gt;
| dh&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Anto/Adhó&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|r}}&lt;br /&gt;
| v&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Ampa/Ví&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|f}}&lt;br /&gt;
| zh&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Anca/Izhe&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|v}}&lt;br /&gt;
|gh&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Unque/Agha&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|5}}&lt;br /&gt;
| n&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Númen/Nó&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|t}}&lt;br /&gt;
| m&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Malta/Mí&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|g}}&lt;br /&gt;
| ny&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Noldo/Nyé&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|b}}&lt;br /&gt;
| ng&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Nwalme/Ngá&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|6}}&lt;br /&gt;
| -r/r&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Óre/Ar&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|y}}&lt;br /&gt;
| w, -u/w&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Vala/Wí&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|h}}&lt;br /&gt;
| -i/y&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Anna/Yé&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|n}}&lt;br /&gt;
|&amp;amp;rsquo;?&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;&amp;amp;rsquo;á&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! colspan=&amp;quot;8&amp;quot; | Additional Tengwar:&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|7}}&lt;br /&gt;
| r&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Rómen/Aro&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|u}}&lt;br /&gt;
| rh&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Arda/Rho&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|j}}&lt;br /&gt;
| l&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Lambe/Alo&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|m}}&lt;br /&gt;
| lh&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Alda/Lho&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|8}}&lt;br /&gt;
| s&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Silme/Só&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|i}}&lt;br /&gt;
|s&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Silme Nuquerna/Ós&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|k}}&lt;br /&gt;
| ss/z&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Esse/Azo&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|,}}&lt;br /&gt;
| z&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Oza&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|9}}&lt;br /&gt;
| h&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Hyarmen/Há&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|l}}&lt;br /&gt;
| i-, -e&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Yanta/Ai&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|o}}&lt;br /&gt;
| wh&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Hwesta Sindarinwa/Whí&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|.}}&lt;br /&gt;
| -u?&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Úre/Au&lt;br /&gt;
|}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The following is a full mode variety, related mainly to the north, and uses Tengwar (and carriers) as vowels. It was probably created in [[Arnor]], influenced from the Mode of Beleriand used in [[Rivendell]]. Even the [[Dwarves|dwarf]] [[Ori]] wrote in this hand in the [[Book of Mazarbul]]&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;The second page of the Book of Mazarbul ([http://www.forodrim.org/daeron/mdtci.html#DTS13 DTS13]) said to be written by Ori, is categorized to belong to the Northern Variety [http://at.mansbjorkman.net/teng_modes.htm here]&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{| border=&amp;quot;1&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
! colspan=&amp;quot;2&amp;quot; | Tincotéma&lt;br /&gt;
! colspan=&amp;quot;2&amp;quot; | Parmatéma&lt;br /&gt;
! colspan=&amp;quot;2&amp;quot; | Calmatéma&lt;br /&gt;
! colspan=&amp;quot;2&amp;quot; | Quessetéma&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|1}}&lt;br /&gt;
| t&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Tinco/Tó&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|q}}&lt;br /&gt;
| p&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Parma/Pí&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|a}}&lt;br /&gt;
|ch (as in &#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;ch&#039;&#039;&#039;ur&#039;&#039;&#039;ch&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;)&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Calma/Ché&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|z}}&lt;br /&gt;
| k&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Quesse/Ká&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|2}}&lt;br /&gt;
| d&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Ando/Dó&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|w}}&lt;br /&gt;
| b&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Umbar/Bí&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|s}}&lt;br /&gt;
|j&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;AngaJé&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|x}}&lt;br /&gt;
| g&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Ungwe/Gá&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|3}}&lt;br /&gt;
| th&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Súle/Thó&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|e}}&lt;br /&gt;
| f&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Formen/Fí&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|d}}&lt;br /&gt;
|sh&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Aha/Shé&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|c}}&lt;br /&gt;
| ch/h (as in &#039;&#039;lo&#039;&#039;&#039;ch&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Hwesta/Aha&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|4}}&lt;br /&gt;
| dh&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Anto/Adhó&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|r}}&lt;br /&gt;
| v&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Ampa/Ví&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|f}}&lt;br /&gt;
|zh&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Anca/Izhe&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|v}}&lt;br /&gt;
|gh&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Unque/Agha&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|5}}&lt;br /&gt;
| n&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Númen/Nó&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|t}}&lt;br /&gt;
| m&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Malta/Mí&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|g}}&lt;br /&gt;
|ny&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Noldo/Nyé&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|b}}&lt;br /&gt;
| ng&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Nwalme/Ngá&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|6}}&lt;br /&gt;
| -r/r&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Óre/Ar&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|y}}&lt;br /&gt;
| w, -u/u&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Vala/Wí&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|h}}&lt;br /&gt;
| o&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Anna/Yé&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|n}}&lt;br /&gt;
|a&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;&#039;a&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! colspan=&amp;quot;8&amp;quot; | Additional Tengwar:&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|7}}&lt;br /&gt;
| r&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Rómen/Aro&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|u}}&lt;br /&gt;
| rh&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Arda/Rho&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|j}}&lt;br /&gt;
| l&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Lambe/Alo&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|m}}&lt;br /&gt;
| lh&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Alda/Lho&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|8}}&lt;br /&gt;
| s&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Silme/Só&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|i}}&lt;br /&gt;
|s&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Silme Nuquerna/Ós&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|k}}&lt;br /&gt;
| ss/z&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Esse/Azo&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|,}}&lt;br /&gt;
| z&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Esse Nuquerna/Oza&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|9}}&lt;br /&gt;
| h&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Hyarmen/Há&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|l}}&lt;br /&gt;
| i-, -e/e&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Yanta/Ai&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|o}}&lt;br /&gt;
| wh&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Hwesta Sindarinwa/Whí&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|.}}&lt;br /&gt;
| w&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Úre/Au&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|{{tg|`B}}	&lt;br /&gt;
|i	&lt;br /&gt;
|{{tg|~B}}	&lt;br /&gt;
|i-/y-&lt;br /&gt;
|{{tg|]}}&lt;br /&gt;
|a	&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|š}}&lt;br /&gt;
| mh&lt;br /&gt;
|}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Other modes==&lt;br /&gt;
Just as with any alphabetic writing system, every specific language written in Tengwar requires a specific orthography, depending on the phonology of that language. These Tengwar orthographies are usually called &#039;&#039;modes&#039;&#039;. All of them use as a basis the &amp;quot;[[Tengwar#Structure|theoretical values]]&amp;quot; table above, corresponding the letters to the phonemes of each language&#039;s phonology, and even drop out the characters that would be useless.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
All the modes can be divided into two large categories: &lt;br /&gt;
*Some represent vowels with diacritics called &#039;&#039;&#039;[[tehtar]]&#039;&#039;&#039; or &#039;&#039;[[ómatehtar]]&#039;&#039; (&amp;quot;vowel tehtar&amp;quot;), like the [[Quenya mode]].&lt;br /&gt;
*The &amp;quot;full writing&amp;quot; modes represent vowels by normal letters, such as the [[Quanta Sarmë]] or the [[Mode of Beleriand]].&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Furthermore, some modes map the basic consonants to {{IPA|/t/}}, {{IPA|/p/}}, {{IPA|/k/}}, and {{IPA|/kʷ/}}, while others (generally [[Mannish]]) use them to represent {{IPA|/t/}}, {{IPA|/p/}}, {{IPA|/tʃ/}}, and {{IPA|/k/}}.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== External history ==&lt;br /&gt;
The [[Sarati]], a script developed by Tolkien in the late 1910s that is described in &#039;&#039;[[Parma Eldalamberon 13|&#039;&#039;Parma Eldalamberon&#039;&#039; 13]]&#039;&#039;, anticipates many features of the Tengwar, especially the vowel representation by diacritics (which is found in many Tengwar varieties), different Tengwar shapes and a few correspondances between sound features and letter shape features (though inconsistent).&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Even closer to the Tengwar is the [[Valmaric script]], described in [[Parma Eldalamberon 14|&#039;&#039;Parma Eldalamberon&#039;&#039; 14]], which Tolkien used from about 1922 to 1925. It features many Tengwar shapes and the inherent vowel {{IPA|[a]}} found in some Tengwar varieties. The tables in the samples V12 and V13 show an arrangement that is very similar to the one of the primary Tengwar in the classical Quenya &amp;quot;mode&amp;quot;.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The Tengwar were probably developed in the late 1920s or in the early 1930s. &#039;&#039;The Lonely Mountain Jar Inscription&#039;&#039;, the first published Tengwar sample, dates to 1937 (&#039;&#039;[[The Hobbit]]&#039;&#039;, most editions). The full explanation of the Tengwar was published in Appendix E of &#039;&#039;[[The Lord of the Rings]]&#039;&#039; in 1955.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Inspiration==&lt;br /&gt;
Tengwar is a [[Wikipedia:Featural writing system|featural alphabet]], meaning there is correspondence between letter shape features and [[Wikipedia:place of articulation|place]] and [[Wikipedia:manner of articulation|manner of articulation]]. Perhaps the oldest and most famous featural system is the Korean [[Wikipedia:Hangul|Hangul alphabet]]. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Jim Allan]] (&#039;&#039;[[An Introduction to Elvish]]&#039;&#039;, ISBN 0-905220-10-2) compared the Tengwar with the &#039;&#039;Universal Alphabet&#039;&#039; of [[Wikipedia:Francis Lodwick|Francis Lodwick]] of 1686, both on grounds of the feature factor, but also the actual letter shapes, and the use of vowels as diacritics.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
It is not known whether Tolkien was aware of these previous scripts. However, considering the sarati and the valmaric script that he already invented in his youth, it is conceivable that Tolkien developed the idea of featural notation by himself.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
It is likewise not known whether the shapes of several Tengwar were inspired by the [[Wikipedia:Insular script|insular minuscule script]] (used to write [[Anglo-saxon]]) or the [[Wikipedia:blackletter|gothic textura]] and cursive scripts (used to write Middle English), with which Tolkien was familiar through reading medieval manuscripts in these languages in his professional capacity as a linguist.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Tengwar study==&lt;br /&gt;
===Modes===&lt;br /&gt;
As the peoples of Middle-earth used various modes of Tengwar, and as Tolkien wrote English, [[Old English]] and [[Norse]] in Tengwar, [[fandom|fans]] have created Tengwar modes for real languages. There are modes to write French, Swedish, Latin, Italian or Spanish.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== Encoding Schemes ===&lt;br /&gt;
==== Non-Unicode ====&lt;br /&gt;
The contemporary de facto standard in the Tengwar user community maps the Tengwar characters onto the regular English character encoding following the example of the [http://www.gis.net/~dansmith/fonts/font_tengwar/ Tengwar typefaces] by [[Dan Smith]]. A drawback of the font solution is that, if no corresponding Tengwar font is installed, an awful string of [[wikipedia:Mojibake|nonsense characters]] appears.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Since there is not enough place for all the signs, certain signs are included in a &amp;quot;Tengwar A&amp;quot; font which also maps its characters on ISO 8859-1, overlapping with the first font.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
For each Tengwar diacritic there are four different codepoints that are used depending on the width of the character which bears it.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Other Tengwar typefaces with Dan Smith&#039;s encoding include [http://home.student.uu.se/j/jowi4905/fonts/annatar.html Johan Winge&#039;s Tengwar Annatar], [http://at.mansbjorkman.net/parmaite.htm Måns Björkman&#039;s Tengwar Parmaite], [http://www.geocities.com/enrombell/Archivos.htm Enrique Mombello&#039;s Tengwar Élfica] or [http://www.limes.com.pl/~miszka/ Michal Nowakowski&#039;s Tengwar Formal] (note that most of these differ in details).&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The following sample shows the first article of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights written in English according to the traditional English orthography. If no Tengwar font is installed, it will look nonsense since the corresponding ISO 8859-1 characters (Roman letters, numbers and signs) will appear instead.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{tg|j#¸ 9t&amp;amp;5# w`Vb%_ 6EO w6Y5 e7~V 2{( zèVj# 5% 2x%51T`Û 2{( 7v%1+º 4hR 7EO 2{$yYO2 y4% 7]F85^ 2{( z5^8i`B5$i( 2{( dyYj2 zE1 1`N ]Fa 4^(6 5% `C 8q7T1T W w74^(69~N2º}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==== Unicode ====&lt;br /&gt;
A proposal has been made by Michael Everson to include the Tengwar in the [[Unicode]] standard. The codepoints are subject to change; the range U+016080 to U+0160FF in the Supplementary Multilingual Plane is tentatively allocated for Tengwar according to the current [http://www.unicode.org/roadmaps/smp/ Unicode roadmap].&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Tengwar are currently included in the unofficial ConScript Unicode Registry, which assigns codepoints in the Private Use Area. Tengwar are mapped to the range U+E000 to U+E07F. The following Unicode sample (which repeats the one above) is meaningful when viewed under a typeface supporting Tengwar glyphs in the area defined in the ConScript Tengwar proposal. Some typefaces that support this proposal are [http://www.evertype.com/emono/ Everson Mono], [http://freetengwar.sourceforge.net/tengtelc.html Tengwar Telcontar], [http://www.kreativekorp.com/software/fonts/constructium.shtml Constructium], [http://freetengwar.sourceforge.net/formal.html Tengwar Formal Unicode], and [http://freetengwar.sourceforge.net/freemonotengwar.html FreeMonoTengwar] ([http://www.code2000.net/ James Kass]&#039;s Code2000 and Code2001 use an older, incompatible version of the proposal).&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;blockquote style=&amp;quot;font-family: &#039;Tengwar Formal CSUR&#039;, &#039;FreeMonoTengwar&#039;, &#039;Constructium&#039;, &#039;Everson Mono&#039;, &#039;Tengwar Formal Unicode&#039;, &#039;Tengwar Telcontar&#039;, &#039;Everson Mono&#039;, &#039;Unifont CSUR&#039;; font-size: 150%; line-height: 120%&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&amp;amp;#xe022;&amp;amp;#xe051;&amp;amp;#xe040; &amp;amp;#xe028;&amp;amp;#xe011;&amp;amp;#xe04c;&amp;amp;#xe010;&amp;amp;#xe040; &amp;amp;#xe005;&amp;amp;#xe02e;&amp;amp;#xe046;&amp;amp;#xe013;&amp;amp;#xe044;&amp;amp;#xe058; &amp;amp;#xe014;&amp;amp;#xe045;&amp;amp;#xe040; &amp;amp;#xe005;&amp;amp;#xe014;&amp;amp;#xe04a;&amp;amp;#xe010; &amp;amp;#xe009;&amp;amp;#xe020;&amp;amp;#xe02e;&amp;amp;#xe046;&amp;amp;#xe02e;&amp;amp;#xe046; &amp;amp;#xe004;&amp;amp;#xe050;&amp;amp;#xe045; &amp;amp;#xe003;&amp;amp;#xe052;&amp;amp;#xe046;&amp;amp;#xe022;&amp;amp;#xe040; &amp;amp;#xe010;&amp;amp;#xe044; &amp;amp;#xe004;&amp;amp;#xe007;&amp;amp;#xe044;&amp;amp;#xe010;&amp;amp;#xe000;&amp;amp;#xe044;&amp;amp;#xe02e;&amp;amp;#xe053; &amp;amp;#xe004;&amp;amp;#xe050;&amp;amp;#xe045; &amp;amp;#xe020;&amp;amp;#xe00f;&amp;amp;#xe044;&amp;amp;#xe000;&amp;amp;#xe058; ⸬ &amp;amp;#xe00c;&amp;amp;#xe016;&amp;amp;#xe046; &amp;amp;#xe020;&amp;amp;#xe045;&amp;amp;#xe040; &amp;amp;#xe004;&amp;amp;#xe050;&amp;amp;#xe046;&amp;amp;#xe015;&amp;amp;#xe045;&amp;amp;#xe04a;&amp;amp;#xe004; &amp;amp;#xe015;&amp;amp;#xe00c;&amp;amp;#xe044; &amp;amp;#xe020;&amp;amp;#xe032;&amp;amp;#xe046;&amp;amp;#xe024;&amp;amp;#xe010;&amp;amp;#xe04a; &amp;amp;#xe004;&amp;amp;#xe050;&amp;amp;#xe045; &amp;amp;#xe003;&amp;amp;#xe010;&amp;amp;#xe04a;&amp;amp;#xe024;&amp;amp;#xe025;&amp;amp;#xe02e;&amp;amp;#xe044;&amp;amp;#xe025;&amp;amp;#xe050;&amp;amp;#xe045; &amp;amp;#xe004;&amp;amp;#xe050;&amp;amp;#xe045; &amp;amp;#xe00a;&amp;amp;#xe015;&amp;amp;#xe04a;&amp;amp;#xe022;&amp;amp;#xe004; &amp;amp;#xe003;&amp;amp;#xe040;&amp;amp;#xe000; &amp;amp;#xe000;&amp;amp;#xe015;&amp;amp;#xe04a;&amp;amp;#xe014;&amp;amp;#xe040;&amp;amp;#xe004;&amp;amp;#xe058; &amp;amp;#xe010;&amp;amp;#xe045;&amp;amp;#xe04a; &amp;amp;#xe010;&amp;amp;#xe040;&amp;amp;#xe00c;&amp;amp;#xe04a;&amp;amp;#xe020;&amp;amp;#xe046; &amp;amp;#xe010;&amp;amp;#xe044; &amp;amp;#xe02e;&amp;amp;#xe040; &amp;amp;#xe024;&amp;amp;#xe001;&amp;amp;#xe020;&amp;amp;#xe044;&amp;amp;#xe000;&amp;amp;#xe044; &amp;amp;#xe01d; &amp;amp;#xe005;&amp;amp;#xe020;&amp;amp;#xe00c;&amp;amp;#xe04a;&amp;amp;#xe014;&amp;amp;#xe046;&amp;amp;#xe028;&amp;amp;#xe004;&amp;amp;#xe04a;&amp;amp;#xe04a; ⸬&amp;lt;/blockquote&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Uses outside the legendarium===&lt;br /&gt;
Random (meaningless) Tengwar appears stylistically in a prop of an ancient tome in the [[Wikipedia:Within Temptation|Within Temptation]] music video for &amp;quot;Stand My Ground&amp;quot;. Tengwar also appears in the computer game &#039;&#039;[[Wikipedia:Atlantis: The Lost Tales|Atlantis: The Lost Tales]]&#039;&#039; and the &#039;&#039;[[Wikipedia:Alone in the Dar|Alone in the Dark]]&#039;&#039; comic book.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Several linguists, such as [[Wikipedia:Eric S. Raymond|Eric S. Raymond]], promote the usage of Tengwar for the constructed language [[Wikipedia:Lojban|Lojban]] as it is culturally neutral and contains some main Lojban morphology rules, making Lojban easier to learn when it is written with Tengwar.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Kena. [http://vodka-pomme.net/projects/tengwar-for-lojban/lojteng#learn  &#039;&#039;Lojban using tengwar - why?&#039;&#039;] (accessed August 2007)&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; (Another suggested mode can be seen [http://www.catb.org/~esr/tengwar/lojban-tengwar.html there]).&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== See also ==&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Sarati]]&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Cirth]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== External links ==&lt;br /&gt;
*[http://www.forodrim.org/daeron/md_teng_primers.html Tengwar tutorials]&lt;br /&gt;
* [http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/History_of_Elven_writing_systems History of Elven writing systems] Wikibook on the secondary-world history of the Elven writing systems&lt;br /&gt;
* [http://at.mansbjorkman.net/tengwar.htm Amanye Tenceli - The Tengwar] A comprehensive study of the Tengwar script&lt;br /&gt;
* [http://www.forodrim.org/daeron/mdtci.html The Mellonath Daeron Index of Tengwar Specimina] &amp;amp;mdash; a continuously expanding list of all published Tengwar samples&lt;br /&gt;
* [http://www.tengwar.art.pl/tengwar/fonty.php A comprehensive list of Tengwar fonts] (in Polish, but still useful even if you can&#039;t read the language)&lt;br /&gt;
* [http://www.omniglot.com/conscripts/tengwar.htm Omniglot reference]&lt;br /&gt;
* [http://tengwar.art.pl/tengwar/ott/start.php?l=en Online Tengwar transcriber]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== Modes ===&lt;br /&gt;
* [http://at.mansbjorkman.net/teng_general_english.htm Tengwar Mode for English (general use)]&lt;br /&gt;
* [http://www.duvendor.com.br/amanye/Downloads/FTMME_Text.pdf Full Tengwar Modes for Modern English]&lt;br /&gt;
* [http://catb.org/~esr/tengwar/ ESR&#039;s Tengwar modes for Esperanto and Lojban languages]&lt;br /&gt;
* [http://lambenor.free.fr/tengwar/espanol.html Tengwar mode for Spanish]&lt;br /&gt;
* [http://my.opera.com/tengwarblog/blog/deutscher-tengwar-modus Tengwar mode for German (full writing)]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== Software ===&lt;br /&gt;
* [http://tengwar.art.pl/tengwar/ott/start.php?l=en Online Tengwar transcriber]&lt;br /&gt;
* [http://at.mansbjorkman.net/tengscribe.htm  Tengwar Scribe] (Win32)&lt;br /&gt;
* [http://jadro.ludviku.cz/yatt/  YATT (Win32) and YATT lite (Linux, Mac)]&lt;br /&gt;
* [http://tengwar.art.pl/ktt/  KTT] (Linux+KDE)&lt;br /&gt;
* [http://www.acondia.com/font_tengwar/TengwarMacros_v19F.zip Tengwar Macros for Microsoft Word/97 and Word/2000]&lt;br /&gt;
* [http://www.tecendil.com/ Tecendil] online Tengwar transcriber (No software needed)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
More of Tengwar software on [http://tengwar.art.pl/tengwar/programy.php Tengwar Feanora] web-site (in Polish).&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== Technical ===&lt;br /&gt;
* [http://wikisophia.org/wiki/Wikitex#Teng WikiTeX] supports editing Tengwar directly in Wiki articles.&lt;br /&gt;
* [http://std.dkuug.dk/jtc1/sc2/wg2/docs/n1641/n1641.htm Official proposal to encode Tengwar in Unicode]&lt;br /&gt;
* [http://www.evertype.com/standards/csur/tengwar.html Tengwar proposal for ConScript Unicode Registry]&lt;br /&gt;
* [http://www.evertype.com/standards/iso10646/pdf/tengwar.pdf Revised Tengwar proposal]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{references}}&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;small&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
* Christopher Tolkien, &#039;&#039;The Tengwar Numerals&#039;&#039;, in &#039;&#039;[[Quettar]]&#039;&#039; 13, Feb. 1982, pp. 8-9; a further, untitled, explanation of the Tengwar numerals by Christopher Tolkien appeared in &#039;&#039;Quettar&#039;&#039; 14, May 1982, pp. 6-7.&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/small&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
{{languages}}&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Tengwar]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Writing systems]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[de:Tengwar]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[fr:encyclo/langues/tengwar]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[fi:Tengwar]]&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Sadron</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=Tengwar&amp;diff=338546</id>
		<title>Tengwar</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=Tengwar&amp;diff=338546"/>
		<updated>2021-11-17T17:20:10Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Sadron: /* Software */&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;{{cleanup}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{font|[http://at.mansbjorkman.net/parmaite.htm Tengwar Parmaite] by [[Måns Björkman]]}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{disambig-more|Fëanorian|[[Fëanorian (disambiguation)]]}}&lt;br /&gt;
[[Image:Ryszard Derdzinski - Feanor.jpg|thumb|[[Fëanor]] designs the first Tengwar. Art by [[Ryszard Derdzinski]]]]&lt;br /&gt;
The &#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;Tengwar&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039; (Tengwa [teŋ&amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;w&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt;a&amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;w&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt;] when singular)([[Quenya]] &amp;quot;letters&amp;quot;, pron. {{IPA|[ˈteŋʷɡʷar]}}; [[Sindarin]] &#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;Tîw&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{App|E2}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;) was a writing system invented by [[Fëanor]] (and was therefore also called the &#039;&#039;&#039;Fëanorian alphabet&#039;&#039;&#039;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{L|25}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; or &#039;&#039;&#039;script&#039;&#039;&#039;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{L|168}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;). It was used for a variety of languages among the [[Free peoples]] and became perhaps the most prominent writing system of [[Arda]], used by a variety of [[:Portal:Characters|Races]] through the [[Ages]].&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==History==&lt;br /&gt;
[[Fëanor]] invented the Tengwar in the [[Year of the Trees 1250]] (of the first age), strongly influenced by the [[Sarati]] of [[Rúmil (elf of Tirion)|Rúmil the Loremaster]].&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{WJ|P4}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ApD&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{VT|39a}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; Fëanor both constructed the Tengwar as a general phonetic alphabet and devised special arrangements to fit the characteristics of all languages of [[Valinor]].&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{TI|Runes}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; Over the course of the First Age, three different modes of Tengwar emerged: [[Quenya]],  [[Beleriand]], and [[Sindarin]]. Sindarin is written in one of two modes, the mode of Beleriand, or the mode of Gondor (also known as [https://www.tecendil.com/tengwar-handbook/ Omatethar] Mode).&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Classical Quenya mode===&lt;br /&gt;
{{main|Quenya mode}}&lt;br /&gt;
Unlike Rúmil, Fëanor considered vowels as indepedent sounds and not just “colours” of the consonants, so he devised the “full writing” ([[Quanta Sarmë]]).&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ApD&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
However, Fëanor also used a more &#039;conservative&#039; system which seemed to have been proved far more popular; he also held Rúmil&#039;s idea of syllabic analysis of the words by the Sarati and made use of [[tehtar]] instead of the full letters.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ApD&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The classical Quenya mode of the Tengwar may have originated from Fëanor&#039;s own arrangement. There is no direct evidence for this hypothesis, but the use of the Quenya names for the individual letters hints to a primate of the Quenya mode. Another hint to a very old age of the classical Quenya mode is that it uses the [[Calmatéma]] as a k-series, like the mode of Beleriand which we can assume to have originated in the First Age.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Mode of Beleriand===&lt;br /&gt;
{{main|Mode of Beleriand}}&lt;br /&gt;
[[Image:J.R.R. Tolkien - Doors of Durin.jpg|thumb|The [[Doors of Durin]] created during the [[Second Age]]]]&lt;br /&gt;
When the [[Noldor]] rebelled and came to [[Middle-earth]], they adapted their writing for the new languages they learned. Quanta Sarmë was used for languages where the tehtar were not useful&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ApD&amp;quot; /&amp;gt; which could have been the origin for the Mode of Beleriand. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
It is also possible that the Tengwar influenced the evolution of the [[Cirth]] of [[Daeron]] in Beleriand, mainly in their shape and arrangement. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
We know from the inscription on the [[West-gate of Moria]] that a Tengwar mode called the [[Mode of Beleriand]] was used in [[Eregion]]. This name allows for the assumption that the same mode was used already in the [[First Age]].&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
At the end of the [[Third Age]], the Elves of [[Rivendell]] probably still used that mode, since a transcription of the Rivendell [[aerlinn]] &#039;&#039;[[A Elbereth Gilthoniel]]&#039;&#039; features it.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{RGEO|7}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; Frodo, however, even though literate in Sindarin, was apparently unable to read this mode.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===General Use===&lt;br /&gt;
By the end of the Third Age, there was a &#039;&#039;general use&#039;&#039; that could be used for a variety of languages including Quenya, Sindarin and the Common Speech.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;[[J.R.R. Tolkien]], &amp;quot;[[Letter to Anthony D. Howlett]] (letter); see also [http://www.forodrim.org/daeron/mdtci.html#DTS58 DTS58]&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; This use could have evolved during the [[Second Age]] in [[Eregion]] or even in [[Númenor]].&lt;br /&gt;
[[Image:One ring.png|thumb|left|The [[Ring Verse|inscription]] on [[The One Ring]].]]&lt;br /&gt;
The same mode appears on the [[Ring-inscription]]&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{FR|Shadow}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; that the [[Númenorean]] [[Isildur]] observed it to be &amp;quot;fashioned in an elven-script of Eregion&amp;quot;.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{FR|Council}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
It is not certain whether the whole &#039;&#039;mode&#039;&#039; itself was from Eregion or simply just the &#039;&#039;script&#039;&#039; was of an Elvish fashion. Some [[Adûnaic]] words use this mode.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{HM|SD}}, Lowdham&#039;s Inscription&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Another mode that was based on the &amp;quot;general use&amp;quot; but used full letters for the representation of vowels was used in the Northern part of the [[Westron]]-speaking regions, perhaps by influence of the Elves of [[Rivendell]]. This might explain why Frodo was unable to read either the Mode of Beleriand or the Ring Inscription.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Spelling and pronunciation ==&lt;br /&gt;
=== Structure ===&lt;br /&gt;
The most notable characteristic of the Tengwar script is that the shapes of the letters correspond to the features of the sounds they represent.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The shape of the Tengwar uniformly consisted of two elements, the &#039;&#039;[[telco]]&#039;&#039; (stem) to which is attached a &#039;&#039;[[lúva]]&#039;&#039; (bow). &lt;br /&gt;
It is noticeable that some of the letters of the [[Sarati|Sarati]] resembled the telco/lúva shape seen on the Tengwar. Therefore it is possible that those particular letters influenced stylistically the Tengwar.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The telco could be normal, raised, shortened or heightened. The lúva would be single or doubled, and these could be open or closed. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
All the above combinations can create 32 to 40 different shapes of letters. These shapes mirrored phonological significances: the basic form of a tengwa was used for the [[patakar]], the voiceless stops; telcor determined how the sound was articulated, and the lúvar where in the mouth it was made:&lt;br /&gt;
* Doubling the bow turns the voiceless consonant into a voiced one.&lt;br /&gt;
* Raising the stem above the line turns it into the corresponding fricative or a corresponding voiced version of it.&lt;br /&gt;
* Shortening it (so it is only the height of the bow) indicates the corresponding nasal or, mostly, the approximants.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
According to their shape, the 32 different glyphs could be arranged and presented consistently on a table. The principal letters are divided into series (&#039;&#039;témar&#039;&#039;) that correspond to the main places of articulation and into six rows (&#039;&#039;tyeller&#039;&#039;) that correspond to the main manners of articulation. Both vary among modes.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The table below gives the &#039;&#039;&#039;theoretical&#039;&#039;&#039;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Observations made by [[Jim Allan]]&#039;s &#039;&#039;[[An Introduction to Elvish]]&#039;&#039;, The Evolution of the Tengwar&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; values of the Tengwar based consistently on the abovementioned rules. Note that no language possessed all these sounds and the following does not represent an actual table of values of a particular language. In actuality, the languages used modifications or variations of them.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{| border=&amp;quot;1&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
! | &lt;br /&gt;
! colspan=&amp;quot;2&amp;quot; | Labial&lt;br /&gt;
! colspan=&amp;quot;2&amp;quot; | Dental&lt;br /&gt;
! colspan=&amp;quot;2&amp;quot; | Velar&lt;br /&gt;
! colspan=&amp;quot;2&amp;quot; | Labiovelar&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Voiceless&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;plosives&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|q}}&lt;br /&gt;
| p&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|1}}&lt;br /&gt;
| t&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|a}}&lt;br /&gt;
| k&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|z}}&lt;br /&gt;
| kw&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Voiced&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;plosives&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|w}}&lt;br /&gt;
| b&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|2}}&lt;br /&gt;
| d&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|s}}&lt;br /&gt;
| g&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|x}}&lt;br /&gt;
| gw&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Aspirated&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;voiceless plosives&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|Q}}&lt;br /&gt;
| p&amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;h&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|!}}&lt;br /&gt;
| t&amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;h&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|A}}&lt;br /&gt;
| k&amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;h&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|Z}}&lt;br /&gt;
| k&amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;h&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt;w&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Aspirated&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;voiced plosives&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|W}}&lt;br /&gt;
| b&amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;h&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|@}}&lt;br /&gt;
| d&amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;h&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|S}}&lt;br /&gt;
| g&amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;h&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|X}}&lt;br /&gt;
| g&amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;h&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt;w&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Voiceless&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;fricatives&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|e}}&lt;br /&gt;
| f&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|3}}&lt;br /&gt;
| th&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|d}}&lt;br /&gt;
| ch&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|c}}&lt;br /&gt;
| chw&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Voiced&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;fricatives&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|r}}&lt;br /&gt;
| v&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|4}}&lt;br /&gt;
| dh&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|f}}&lt;br /&gt;
| gh&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|v}}&lt;br /&gt;
| ghw&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Voiceless&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;nasals&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|y}}&lt;br /&gt;
| hm&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|6}}&lt;br /&gt;
| hn&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|h}}&lt;br /&gt;
| hñ&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|n}}&lt;br /&gt;
| hñw&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Nasals&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|t}}&lt;br /&gt;
| m&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|5}}&lt;br /&gt;
| n&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|g}}&lt;br /&gt;
| ñ&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|b}}&lt;br /&gt;
| ñw&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Arrangement===&lt;br /&gt;
By the end of the [[Third Age]], the Tengwar were somehow standardized. Their Quenya names became standard for all modes, and less used ones were not included (although still used), such as those of the extended stems and the [[Tyelpetéma]]. The table displayed 36 letters: the 24 standard Tengwar, plus 12 of the additional Tengwar.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Also, the Tengwar were assigned numeric values.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{| border=&amp;quot;1&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
! &lt;br /&gt;
! colspan=&amp;quot;2&amp;quot; | Tincotéma&lt;br /&gt;
! colspan=&amp;quot;2&amp;quot; | Parmatéma&lt;br /&gt;
! colspan=&amp;quot;2&amp;quot; | Calmatéma&lt;br /&gt;
! colspan=&amp;quot;2&amp;quot; | Quessetéma&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Grade I&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|1}}&lt;br /&gt;
| [[Tinco]]&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|q}}&lt;br /&gt;
| [[Parma]]&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|a}}&lt;br /&gt;
| [[Calma]]&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|z}}&lt;br /&gt;
| [[Quesse]]&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Grade II&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|2}}&lt;br /&gt;
| [[Ando]]&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|w}}&lt;br /&gt;
| [[Umbar (word)|Umbar]]&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|s}}&lt;br /&gt;
| [[Anga]]&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|x}}&lt;br /&gt;
| [[Ungwe]]&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Grade III&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|3}}&lt;br /&gt;
| [[Súlë]]&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|e}}&lt;br /&gt;
| [[Formen]]&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|d}}&lt;br /&gt;
| [[Aha]]&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|c}}&lt;br /&gt;
| [[Hwesta]]&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Grade IV&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|4}}&lt;br /&gt;
| [[Anto]]&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|r}}&lt;br /&gt;
| [[Ampa]]&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|f}}&lt;br /&gt;
| [[Anca]]&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|v}}&lt;br /&gt;
| [[Unque]]&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Grade V&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|5}}&lt;br /&gt;
| [[Númen]]&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|t}}&lt;br /&gt;
| [[Malta]]&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|g}}&lt;br /&gt;
| [[Noldo]]&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|b}}&lt;br /&gt;
| [[Nwalme]]&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Grade VI&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|6}}&lt;br /&gt;
| [[Óre]]&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|y}}&lt;br /&gt;
| [[Vala|Vala]]&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|h}}&lt;br /&gt;
| [[Anna]]&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|n}}&lt;br /&gt;
| [[Vilya]]&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
!&lt;br /&gt;
! colspan=&amp;quot;8&amp;quot; | &#039;&#039;&#039;Additional Tengwar:&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|7}}&lt;br /&gt;
| [[Rómen]]&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|u}}&lt;br /&gt;
| [[Arda]]&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|j}}&lt;br /&gt;
| [[Lambe]]&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|m}}&lt;br /&gt;
| [[Alda]]&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|8}}&lt;br /&gt;
| [[Silme]]&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|i}}&lt;br /&gt;
| [[Silme nuquerna]]&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|k}}&lt;br /&gt;
| [[Essë]]&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|,}}&lt;br /&gt;
| [[Esse nuquerna]]&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|9}}&lt;br /&gt;
| [[Hyarmen]]&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|l}}&lt;br /&gt;
| [[Yanta]]&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|o}}&lt;br /&gt;
| [[Hwesta Sindarinwa]]&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|.}}&lt;br /&gt;
| [[Úrë]]&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|&amp;amp;#189;}}&lt;br /&gt;
| [[Halla]]&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|`}}&lt;br /&gt;
| [[Telco]]&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|~}}&lt;br /&gt;
| [[Ára]]&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Values==&lt;br /&gt;
As mentioned, the Tengwar had a generic mode that covered a wide range of phonemes. This mode perhaps originated in [[Eregion]] and exemplified in the verse of [[the One Ring]] and other Westron Tengwar texts. It could be used for both Quenya and Sindarin.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The following table gives both the formal Quenya and Numenian&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;[[Jim Allan]]&#039;s &#039;&#039;[[Report from Marquette]]&#039;&#039;&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; names of the Tengwar. When two values are given (separated with a &#039;&#039;&#039;/&#039;&#039;&#039; slash), the first refers to the Elvish variation and the second to the [[Mannish]] or Westron variation. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Note that the dashes indicate when the letter is used initially or finally and/or as a diphthong element.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{| border=&amp;quot;1&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
! colspan=&amp;quot;2&amp;quot; | Tincotéma&lt;br /&gt;
! colspan=&amp;quot;2&amp;quot; | Parmatéma&lt;br /&gt;
! colspan=&amp;quot;2&amp;quot; | Calmatéma&lt;br /&gt;
! colspan=&amp;quot;2&amp;quot; | Quessetéma&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|1}}&lt;br /&gt;
| t&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Tinco/Tó&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|q}}&lt;br /&gt;
| p&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Parma/Pí&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|a}}&lt;br /&gt;
| ch (as in &#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;ch&#039;&#039;&#039;ur&#039;&#039;&#039;ch&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;)&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Calma/Ché&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|z}}&lt;br /&gt;
| k&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Quesse/Ká&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|2}}&lt;br /&gt;
| d&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Ando/Dó&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|w}}&lt;br /&gt;
| b&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Umbar/Bí&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|s}}&lt;br /&gt;
|j&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Anga/Jé&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|x}}&lt;br /&gt;
| g&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Ungwe/Gá&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|3}}&lt;br /&gt;
| th&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Súle/Thó&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|e}}&lt;br /&gt;
| f&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Formen/Fí&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|d}}&lt;br /&gt;
|sh&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Aha/Shé&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|c}}&lt;br /&gt;
| ch/h (as in &#039;&#039;lo&#039;&#039;&#039;ch&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;)&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Hwesta/Aha (or Oha)&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|4}}&lt;br /&gt;
| dh&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Anto/Adhó&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|r}}&lt;br /&gt;
| v&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Ampa/Ví&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|f}}&lt;br /&gt;
| zh&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Anca/Izhe&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|v}}&lt;br /&gt;
|gh&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Unque/Agha&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|5}}&lt;br /&gt;
| n&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Númen/Nó&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|t}}&lt;br /&gt;
| m&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Malta/Mí&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|g}}&lt;br /&gt;
| ny&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Noldo/Nyé&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|b}}&lt;br /&gt;
| ng&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Nwalme/Ngá&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|6}}&lt;br /&gt;
| -r/r&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Óre/Ar&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|y}}&lt;br /&gt;
| w, -u/w&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Vala/Wí&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|h}}&lt;br /&gt;
| -i/y&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Anna/Yé&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|n}}&lt;br /&gt;
|&amp;amp;rsquo;?&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;&amp;amp;rsquo;á&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! colspan=&amp;quot;8&amp;quot; | Additional Tengwar:&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|7}}&lt;br /&gt;
| r&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Rómen/Aro&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|u}}&lt;br /&gt;
| rh&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Arda/Rho&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|j}}&lt;br /&gt;
| l&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Lambe/Alo&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|m}}&lt;br /&gt;
| lh&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Alda/Lho&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|8}}&lt;br /&gt;
| s&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Silme/Só&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|i}}&lt;br /&gt;
|s&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Silme Nuquerna/Ós&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|k}}&lt;br /&gt;
| ss/z&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Esse/Azo&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|,}}&lt;br /&gt;
| z&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Oza&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|9}}&lt;br /&gt;
| h&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Hyarmen/Há&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|l}}&lt;br /&gt;
| i-, -e&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Yanta/Ai&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|o}}&lt;br /&gt;
| wh&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Hwesta Sindarinwa/Whí&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|.}}&lt;br /&gt;
| -u?&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Úre/Au&lt;br /&gt;
|}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The following is a full mode variety, related mainly to the north, and uses Tengwar (and carriers) as vowels. It was probably created in [[Arnor]], influenced from the Mode of Beleriand used in [[Rivendell]]. Even the [[Dwarves|dwarf]] [[Ori]] wrote in this hand in the [[Book of Mazarbul]]&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;The second page of the Book of Mazarbul ([http://www.forodrim.org/daeron/mdtci.html#DTS13 DTS13]) said to be written by Ori, is categorized to belong to the Northern Variety [http://at.mansbjorkman.net/teng_modes.htm here]&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{| border=&amp;quot;1&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
! colspan=&amp;quot;2&amp;quot; | Tincotéma&lt;br /&gt;
! colspan=&amp;quot;2&amp;quot; | Parmatéma&lt;br /&gt;
! colspan=&amp;quot;2&amp;quot; | Calmatéma&lt;br /&gt;
! colspan=&amp;quot;2&amp;quot; | Quessetéma&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|1}}&lt;br /&gt;
| t&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Tinco/Tó&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|q}}&lt;br /&gt;
| p&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Parma/Pí&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|a}}&lt;br /&gt;
|ch (as in &#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;ch&#039;&#039;&#039;ur&#039;&#039;&#039;ch&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;)&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Calma/Ché&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|z}}&lt;br /&gt;
| k&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Quesse/Ká&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|2}}&lt;br /&gt;
| d&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Ando/Dó&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|w}}&lt;br /&gt;
| b&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Umbar/Bí&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|s}}&lt;br /&gt;
|j&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;AngaJé&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|x}}&lt;br /&gt;
| g&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Ungwe/Gá&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|3}}&lt;br /&gt;
| th&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Súle/Thó&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|e}}&lt;br /&gt;
| f&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Formen/Fí&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|d}}&lt;br /&gt;
|sh&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Aha/Shé&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|c}}&lt;br /&gt;
| ch/h (as in &#039;&#039;lo&#039;&#039;&#039;ch&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Hwesta/Aha&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|4}}&lt;br /&gt;
| dh&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Anto/Adhó&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|r}}&lt;br /&gt;
| v&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Ampa/Ví&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|f}}&lt;br /&gt;
|zh&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Anca/Izhe&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|v}}&lt;br /&gt;
|gh&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Unque/Agha&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|5}}&lt;br /&gt;
| n&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Númen/Nó&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|t}}&lt;br /&gt;
| m&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Malta/Mí&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|g}}&lt;br /&gt;
|ny&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Noldo/Nyé&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|b}}&lt;br /&gt;
| ng&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Nwalme/Ngá&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|6}}&lt;br /&gt;
| -r/r&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Óre/Ar&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|y}}&lt;br /&gt;
| w, -u/u&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Vala/Wí&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|h}}&lt;br /&gt;
| o&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Anna/Yé&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|n}}&lt;br /&gt;
|a&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;&#039;a&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! colspan=&amp;quot;8&amp;quot; | Additional Tengwar:&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|7}}&lt;br /&gt;
| r&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Rómen/Aro&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|u}}&lt;br /&gt;
| rh&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Arda/Rho&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|j}}&lt;br /&gt;
| l&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Lambe/Alo&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|m}}&lt;br /&gt;
| lh&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Alda/Lho&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|8}}&lt;br /&gt;
| s&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Silme/Só&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|i}}&lt;br /&gt;
|s&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Silme Nuquerna/Ós&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|k}}&lt;br /&gt;
| ss/z&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Esse/Azo&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|,}}&lt;br /&gt;
| z&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Esse Nuquerna/Oza&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|9}}&lt;br /&gt;
| h&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Hyarmen/Há&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|l}}&lt;br /&gt;
| i-, -e/e&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Yanta/Ai&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|o}}&lt;br /&gt;
| wh&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Hwesta Sindarinwa/Whí&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|.}}&lt;br /&gt;
| w&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Úre/Au&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|{{tg|`B}}	&lt;br /&gt;
|i	&lt;br /&gt;
|{{tg|~B}}	&lt;br /&gt;
|i-/y-&lt;br /&gt;
|{{tg|]}}&lt;br /&gt;
|a	&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|š}}&lt;br /&gt;
| mh&lt;br /&gt;
|}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Other modes==&lt;br /&gt;
Just as with any alphabetic writing system, every specific language written in Tengwar requires a specific orthography, depending on the phonology of that language. These Tengwar orthographies are usually called &#039;&#039;modes&#039;&#039;. All of them use as a basis the &amp;quot;[[Tengwar#Structure|theoretical values]]&amp;quot; table above, corresponding the letters to the phonemes of each language&#039;s phonology, and even drop out the characters that would be useless.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
All the modes can be divided into two large categories: &lt;br /&gt;
*Some represent vowels with diacritics called &#039;&#039;&#039;[[tehtar]]&#039;&#039;&#039; or &#039;&#039;[[ómatehtar]]&#039;&#039; (&amp;quot;vowel tehtar&amp;quot;), like the [[Quenya mode]].&lt;br /&gt;
*The &amp;quot;full writing&amp;quot; modes represent vowels by normal letters, such as the [[Quanta Sarmë]] or the [[Mode of Beleriand]].&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Furthermore, some modes map the basic consonants to {{IPA|/t/}}, {{IPA|/p/}}, {{IPA|/k/}}, and {{IPA|/kʷ/}}, while others (generally [[Mannish]]) use them to represent {{IPA|/t/}}, {{IPA|/p/}}, {{IPA|/tʃ/}}, and {{IPA|/k/}}.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== External history ==&lt;br /&gt;
The [[Sarati]], a script developed by Tolkien in the late 1910s that is described in &#039;&#039;[[Parma Eldalamberon 13|&#039;&#039;Parma Eldalamberon&#039;&#039; 13]]&#039;&#039;, anticipates many features of the Tengwar, especially the vowel representation by diacritics (which is found in many Tengwar varieties), different Tengwar shapes and a few correspondances between sound features and letter shape features (though inconsistent).&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Even closer to the Tengwar is the [[Valmaric script]], described in [[Parma Eldalamberon 14|&#039;&#039;Parma Eldalamberon&#039;&#039; 14]], which Tolkien used from about 1922 to 1925. It features many Tengwar shapes and the inherent vowel {{IPA|[a]}} found in some Tengwar varieties. The tables in the samples V12 and V13 show an arrangement that is very similar to the one of the primary Tengwar in the classical Quenya &amp;quot;mode&amp;quot;.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The Tengwar were probably developed in the late 1920s or in the early 1930s. &#039;&#039;The Lonely Mountain Jar Inscription&#039;&#039;, the first published Tengwar sample, dates to 1937 (&#039;&#039;[[The Hobbit]]&#039;&#039;, most editions). The full explanation of the Tengwar was published in Appendix E of &#039;&#039;[[The Lord of the Rings]]&#039;&#039; in 1955.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Inspiration==&lt;br /&gt;
Tengwar is a [[Wikipedia:Featural writing system|featural alphabet]], meaning there is correspondence between letter shape features and [[Wikipedia:place of articulation|place]] and [[Wikipedia:manner of articulation|manner of articulation]]. Perhaps the oldest and most famous featural system is the Korean [[Wikipedia:Hangul|Hangul alphabet]]. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Jim Allan]] (&#039;&#039;[[An Introduction to Elvish]]&#039;&#039;, ISBN 0-905220-10-2) compared the Tengwar with the &#039;&#039;Universal Alphabet&#039;&#039; of [[Wikipedia:Francis Lodwick|Francis Lodwick]] of 1686, both on grounds of the feature factor, but also the actual letter shapes, and the use of vowels as diacritics.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
It is not known whether Tolkien was aware of these previous scripts. However, considering the sarati and the valmaric script that he already invented in his youth, it is conceivable that Tolkien developed the idea of featural notation by himself.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
It is likewise not known whether the shapes of several Tengwar were inspired by the [[Wikipedia:Insular script|insular minuscule script]] (used to write [[Anglo-saxon]]) or the [[Wikipedia:blackletter|gothic textura]] and cursive scripts (used to write Middle English), with which Tolkien was familiar through reading medieval manuscripts in these languages in his professional capacity as a linguist.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Tengwar study==&lt;br /&gt;
===Modes===&lt;br /&gt;
As the peoples of Middle-earth used various modes of Tengwar, and as Tolkien wrote English, [[Old English]] and [[Norse]] in Tengwar, [[fandom|fans]] have created Tengwar modes for real languages. There are modes to write French, Swedish, Latin or Spanish. &lt;br /&gt;
=== Encoding Schemes ===&lt;br /&gt;
==== Non-Unicode ====&lt;br /&gt;
The contemporary de facto standard in the Tengwar user community maps the Tengwar characters onto the regular English character encoding following the example of the [http://www.gis.net/~dansmith/fonts/font_tengwar/ Tengwar typefaces] by [[Dan Smith]]. A drawback of the font solution is that, if no corresponding Tengwar font is installed, an awful string of [[wikipedia:Mojibake|nonsense characters]] appears.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Since there is not enough place for all the signs, certain signs are included in a &amp;quot;Tengwar A&amp;quot; font which also maps its characters on ISO 8859-1, overlapping with the first font.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
For each Tengwar diacritic there are four different codepoints that are used depending on the width of the character which bears it.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Other Tengwar typefaces with Dan Smith&#039;s encoding include [http://home.student.uu.se/j/jowi4905/fonts/annatar.html Johan Winge&#039;s Tengwar Annatar], [http://at.mansbjorkman.net/parmaite.htm Måns Björkman&#039;s Tengwar Parmaite], [http://www.geocities.com/enrombell/Archivos.htm Enrique Mombello&#039;s Tengwar Élfica] or [http://www.limes.com.pl/~miszka/ Michal Nowakowski&#039;s Tengwar Formal] (note that most of these differ in details).&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The following sample shows the first article of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights written in English according to the traditional English orthography. If no Tengwar font is installed, it will look nonsense since the corresponding ISO 8859-1 characters (Roman letters, numbers and signs) will appear instead.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{tg|j#¸ 9t&amp;amp;5# w`Vb%_ 6EO w6Y5 e7~V 2{( zèVj# 5% 2x%51T`Û 2{( 7v%1+º 4hR 7EO 2{$yYO2 y4% 7]F85^ 2{( z5^8i`B5$i( 2{( dyYj2 zE1 1`N ]Fa 4^(6 5% `C 8q7T1T W w74^(69~N2º}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==== Unicode ====&lt;br /&gt;
A proposal has been made by Michael Everson to include the Tengwar in the [[Unicode]] standard. The codepoints are subject to change; the range U+016080 to U+0160FF in the Supplementary Multilingual Plane is tentatively allocated for Tengwar according to the current [http://www.unicode.org/roadmaps/smp/ Unicode roadmap].&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Tengwar are currently included in the unofficial ConScript Unicode Registry, which assigns codepoints in the Private Use Area. Tengwar are mapped to the range U+E000 to U+E07F. The following Unicode sample (which repeats the one above) is meaningful when viewed under a typeface supporting Tengwar glyphs in the area defined in the ConScript Tengwar proposal. Some typefaces that support this proposal are [http://www.evertype.com/emono/ Everson Mono], [http://freetengwar.sourceforge.net/tengtelc.html Tengwar Telcontar], [http://www.kreativekorp.com/software/fonts/constructium.shtml Constructium], [http://freetengwar.sourceforge.net/formal.html Tengwar Formal Unicode], and [http://freetengwar.sourceforge.net/freemonotengwar.html FreeMonoTengwar] ([http://www.code2000.net/ James Kass]&#039;s Code2000 and Code2001 use an older, incompatible version of the proposal).&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;blockquote style=&amp;quot;font-family: &#039;Tengwar Formal CSUR&#039;, &#039;FreeMonoTengwar&#039;, &#039;Constructium&#039;, &#039;Everson Mono&#039;, &#039;Tengwar Formal Unicode&#039;, &#039;Tengwar Telcontar&#039;, &#039;Everson Mono&#039;, &#039;Unifont CSUR&#039;; font-size: 150%; line-height: 120%&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&amp;amp;#xe022;&amp;amp;#xe051;&amp;amp;#xe040; &amp;amp;#xe028;&amp;amp;#xe011;&amp;amp;#xe04c;&amp;amp;#xe010;&amp;amp;#xe040; &amp;amp;#xe005;&amp;amp;#xe02e;&amp;amp;#xe046;&amp;amp;#xe013;&amp;amp;#xe044;&amp;amp;#xe058; &amp;amp;#xe014;&amp;amp;#xe045;&amp;amp;#xe040; &amp;amp;#xe005;&amp;amp;#xe014;&amp;amp;#xe04a;&amp;amp;#xe010; &amp;amp;#xe009;&amp;amp;#xe020;&amp;amp;#xe02e;&amp;amp;#xe046;&amp;amp;#xe02e;&amp;amp;#xe046; &amp;amp;#xe004;&amp;amp;#xe050;&amp;amp;#xe045; &amp;amp;#xe003;&amp;amp;#xe052;&amp;amp;#xe046;&amp;amp;#xe022;&amp;amp;#xe040; &amp;amp;#xe010;&amp;amp;#xe044; &amp;amp;#xe004;&amp;amp;#xe007;&amp;amp;#xe044;&amp;amp;#xe010;&amp;amp;#xe000;&amp;amp;#xe044;&amp;amp;#xe02e;&amp;amp;#xe053; &amp;amp;#xe004;&amp;amp;#xe050;&amp;amp;#xe045; &amp;amp;#xe020;&amp;amp;#xe00f;&amp;amp;#xe044;&amp;amp;#xe000;&amp;amp;#xe058; ⸬ &amp;amp;#xe00c;&amp;amp;#xe016;&amp;amp;#xe046; &amp;amp;#xe020;&amp;amp;#xe045;&amp;amp;#xe040; &amp;amp;#xe004;&amp;amp;#xe050;&amp;amp;#xe046;&amp;amp;#xe015;&amp;amp;#xe045;&amp;amp;#xe04a;&amp;amp;#xe004; &amp;amp;#xe015;&amp;amp;#xe00c;&amp;amp;#xe044; &amp;amp;#xe020;&amp;amp;#xe032;&amp;amp;#xe046;&amp;amp;#xe024;&amp;amp;#xe010;&amp;amp;#xe04a; &amp;amp;#xe004;&amp;amp;#xe050;&amp;amp;#xe045; &amp;amp;#xe003;&amp;amp;#xe010;&amp;amp;#xe04a;&amp;amp;#xe024;&amp;amp;#xe025;&amp;amp;#xe02e;&amp;amp;#xe044;&amp;amp;#xe025;&amp;amp;#xe050;&amp;amp;#xe045; &amp;amp;#xe004;&amp;amp;#xe050;&amp;amp;#xe045; &amp;amp;#xe00a;&amp;amp;#xe015;&amp;amp;#xe04a;&amp;amp;#xe022;&amp;amp;#xe004; &amp;amp;#xe003;&amp;amp;#xe040;&amp;amp;#xe000; &amp;amp;#xe000;&amp;amp;#xe015;&amp;amp;#xe04a;&amp;amp;#xe014;&amp;amp;#xe040;&amp;amp;#xe004;&amp;amp;#xe058; &amp;amp;#xe010;&amp;amp;#xe045;&amp;amp;#xe04a; &amp;amp;#xe010;&amp;amp;#xe040;&amp;amp;#xe00c;&amp;amp;#xe04a;&amp;amp;#xe020;&amp;amp;#xe046; &amp;amp;#xe010;&amp;amp;#xe044; &amp;amp;#xe02e;&amp;amp;#xe040; &amp;amp;#xe024;&amp;amp;#xe001;&amp;amp;#xe020;&amp;amp;#xe044;&amp;amp;#xe000;&amp;amp;#xe044; &amp;amp;#xe01d; &amp;amp;#xe005;&amp;amp;#xe020;&amp;amp;#xe00c;&amp;amp;#xe04a;&amp;amp;#xe014;&amp;amp;#xe046;&amp;amp;#xe028;&amp;amp;#xe004;&amp;amp;#xe04a;&amp;amp;#xe04a; ⸬&amp;lt;/blockquote&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Uses outside the legendarium===&lt;br /&gt;
Random (meaningless) Tengwar appears stylistically in a prop of an ancient tome in the [[Wikipedia:Within Temptation|Within Temptation]] music video for &amp;quot;Stand My Ground&amp;quot;. Tengwar also appears in the computer game &#039;&#039;[[Wikipedia:Atlantis: The Lost Tales|Atlantis: The Lost Tales]]&#039;&#039; and the &#039;&#039;[[Wikipedia:Alone in the Dar|Alone in the Dark]]&#039;&#039; comic book.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Several linguists, such as [[Wikipedia:Eric S. Raymond|Eric S. Raymond]], promote the usage of Tengwar for the constructed language [[Wikipedia:Lojban|Lojban]] as it is culturally neutral and contains some main Lojban morphology rules, making Lojban easier to learn when it is written with Tengwar.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Kena. [http://vodka-pomme.net/projects/tengwar-for-lojban/lojteng#learn  &#039;&#039;Lojban using tengwar - why?&#039;&#039;] (accessed August 2007)&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; (Another suggested mode can be seen [http://www.catb.org/~esr/tengwar/lojban-tengwar.html there]).&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== See also ==&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Sarati]]&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Cirth]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== External links ==&lt;br /&gt;
*[http://www.forodrim.org/daeron/md_teng_primers.html Tengwar tutorials]&lt;br /&gt;
* [http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/History_of_Elven_writing_systems History of Elven writing systems] Wikibook on the secondary-world history of the Elven writing systems&lt;br /&gt;
* [http://at.mansbjorkman.net/tengwar.htm Amanye Tenceli - The Tengwar] A comprehensive study of the Tengwar script&lt;br /&gt;
* [http://www.forodrim.org/daeron/mdtci.html The Mellonath Daeron Index of Tengwar Specimina] &amp;amp;mdash; a continuously expanding list of all published Tengwar samples&lt;br /&gt;
* [http://www.tengwar.art.pl/tengwar/fonty.php A comprehensive list of Tengwar fonts] (in Polish, but still useful even if you can&#039;t read the language)&lt;br /&gt;
* [http://www.omniglot.com/conscripts/tengwar.htm Omniglot reference]&lt;br /&gt;
* [http://tengwar.art.pl/tengwar/ott/start.php?l=en Online Tengwar transcriber]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== Modes ===&lt;br /&gt;
* [http://at.mansbjorkman.net/teng_general_english.htm Tengwar Mode for English (general use)]&lt;br /&gt;
* [http://www.duvendor.com.br/amanye/Downloads/FTMME_Text.pdf Full Tengwar Modes for Modern English]&lt;br /&gt;
* [http://catb.org/~esr/tengwar/ ESR&#039;s Tengwar modes for Esperanto and Lojban languages]&lt;br /&gt;
* [http://lambenor.free.fr/tengwar/espanol.html Tengwar mode for Spanish]&lt;br /&gt;
* [http://my.opera.com/tengwarblog/blog/deutscher-tengwar-modus Tengwar mode for German (full writing)]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== Software ===&lt;br /&gt;
* [http://tengwar.art.pl/tengwar/ott/start.php?l=en Online Tengwar transcriber]&lt;br /&gt;
* [http://at.mansbjorkman.net/tengscribe.htm  Tengwar Scribe] (Win32)&lt;br /&gt;
* [http://jadro.ludviku.cz/yatt/  YATT (Win32) and YATT lite (Linux, Mac)]&lt;br /&gt;
* [http://tengwar.art.pl/ktt/  KTT] (Linux+KDE)&lt;br /&gt;
* [http://www.acondia.com/font_tengwar/TengwarMacros_v19F.zip Tengwar Macros for Microsoft Word/97 and Word/2000]&lt;br /&gt;
* [http://www.tecendil.com/ Tecendil] online Tengwar transcriber (No software needed)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
More of Tengwar software on [http://tengwar.art.pl/tengwar/programy.php Tengwar Feanora] web-site (in Polish).&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== Technical ===&lt;br /&gt;
* [http://wikisophia.org/wiki/Wikitex#Teng WikiTeX] supports editing Tengwar directly in Wiki articles.&lt;br /&gt;
* [http://std.dkuug.dk/jtc1/sc2/wg2/docs/n1641/n1641.htm Official proposal to encode Tengwar in Unicode]&lt;br /&gt;
* [http://www.evertype.com/standards/csur/tengwar.html Tengwar proposal for ConScript Unicode Registry]&lt;br /&gt;
* [http://www.evertype.com/standards/iso10646/pdf/tengwar.pdf Revised Tengwar proposal]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{references}}&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;small&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
* Christopher Tolkien, &#039;&#039;The Tengwar Numerals&#039;&#039;, in &#039;&#039;[[Quettar]]&#039;&#039; 13, Feb. 1982, pp. 8-9; a further, untitled, explanation of the Tengwar numerals by Christopher Tolkien appeared in &#039;&#039;Quettar&#039;&#039; 14, May 1982, pp. 6-7.&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/small&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
{{languages}}&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Tengwar]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Writing systems]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[de:Tengwar]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[fr:encyclo/langues/tengwar]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[fi:Tengwar]]&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Sadron</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=Tengwar&amp;diff=338545</id>
		<title>Tengwar</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=Tengwar&amp;diff=338545"/>
		<updated>2021-11-17T17:19:08Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Sadron: /* Software */&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;{{cleanup}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{font|[http://at.mansbjorkman.net/parmaite.htm Tengwar Parmaite] by [[Måns Björkman]]}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{disambig-more|Fëanorian|[[Fëanorian (disambiguation)]]}}&lt;br /&gt;
[[Image:Ryszard Derdzinski - Feanor.jpg|thumb|[[Fëanor]] designs the first Tengwar. Art by [[Ryszard Derdzinski]]]]&lt;br /&gt;
The &#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;Tengwar&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039; (Tengwa [teŋ&amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;w&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt;a&amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;w&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt;] when singular)([[Quenya]] &amp;quot;letters&amp;quot;, pron. {{IPA|[ˈteŋʷɡʷar]}}; [[Sindarin]] &#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;Tîw&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{App|E2}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;) was a writing system invented by [[Fëanor]] (and was therefore also called the &#039;&#039;&#039;Fëanorian alphabet&#039;&#039;&#039;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{L|25}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; or &#039;&#039;&#039;script&#039;&#039;&#039;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{L|168}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;). It was used for a variety of languages among the [[Free peoples]] and became perhaps the most prominent writing system of [[Arda]], used by a variety of [[:Portal:Characters|Races]] through the [[Ages]].&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==History==&lt;br /&gt;
[[Fëanor]] invented the Tengwar in the [[Year of the Trees 1250]] (of the first age), strongly influenced by the [[Sarati]] of [[Rúmil (elf of Tirion)|Rúmil the Loremaster]].&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{WJ|P4}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ApD&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{VT|39a}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; Fëanor both constructed the Tengwar as a general phonetic alphabet and devised special arrangements to fit the characteristics of all languages of [[Valinor]].&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{TI|Runes}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; Over the course of the First Age, three different modes of Tengwar emerged: [[Quenya]],  [[Beleriand]], and [[Sindarin]]. Sindarin is written in one of two modes, the mode of Beleriand, or the mode of Gondor (also known as [https://www.tecendil.com/tengwar-handbook/ Omatethar] Mode).&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Classical Quenya mode===&lt;br /&gt;
{{main|Quenya mode}}&lt;br /&gt;
Unlike Rúmil, Fëanor considered vowels as indepedent sounds and not just “colours” of the consonants, so he devised the “full writing” ([[Quanta Sarmë]]).&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ApD&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
However, Fëanor also used a more &#039;conservative&#039; system which seemed to have been proved far more popular; he also held Rúmil&#039;s idea of syllabic analysis of the words by the Sarati and made use of [[tehtar]] instead of the full letters.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ApD&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The classical Quenya mode of the Tengwar may have originated from Fëanor&#039;s own arrangement. There is no direct evidence for this hypothesis, but the use of the Quenya names for the individual letters hints to a primate of the Quenya mode. Another hint to a very old age of the classical Quenya mode is that it uses the [[Calmatéma]] as a k-series, like the mode of Beleriand which we can assume to have originated in the First Age.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Mode of Beleriand===&lt;br /&gt;
{{main|Mode of Beleriand}}&lt;br /&gt;
[[Image:J.R.R. Tolkien - Doors of Durin.jpg|thumb|The [[Doors of Durin]] created during the [[Second Age]]]]&lt;br /&gt;
When the [[Noldor]] rebelled and came to [[Middle-earth]], they adapted their writing for the new languages they learned. Quanta Sarmë was used for languages where the tehtar were not useful&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ApD&amp;quot; /&amp;gt; which could have been the origin for the Mode of Beleriand. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
It is also possible that the Tengwar influenced the evolution of the [[Cirth]] of [[Daeron]] in Beleriand, mainly in their shape and arrangement. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
We know from the inscription on the [[West-gate of Moria]] that a Tengwar mode called the [[Mode of Beleriand]] was used in [[Eregion]]. This name allows for the assumption that the same mode was used already in the [[First Age]].&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
At the end of the [[Third Age]], the Elves of [[Rivendell]] probably still used that mode, since a transcription of the Rivendell [[aerlinn]] &#039;&#039;[[A Elbereth Gilthoniel]]&#039;&#039; features it.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{RGEO|7}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; Frodo, however, even though literate in Sindarin, was apparently unable to read this mode.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===General Use===&lt;br /&gt;
By the end of the Third Age, there was a &#039;&#039;general use&#039;&#039; that could be used for a variety of languages including Quenya, Sindarin and the Common Speech.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;[[J.R.R. Tolkien]], &amp;quot;[[Letter to Anthony D. Howlett]] (letter); see also [http://www.forodrim.org/daeron/mdtci.html#DTS58 DTS58]&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; This use could have evolved during the [[Second Age]] in [[Eregion]] or even in [[Númenor]].&lt;br /&gt;
[[Image:One ring.png|thumb|left|The [[Ring Verse|inscription]] on [[The One Ring]].]]&lt;br /&gt;
The same mode appears on the [[Ring-inscription]]&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{FR|Shadow}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; that the [[Númenorean]] [[Isildur]] observed it to be &amp;quot;fashioned in an elven-script of Eregion&amp;quot;.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{FR|Council}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
It is not certain whether the whole &#039;&#039;mode&#039;&#039; itself was from Eregion or simply just the &#039;&#039;script&#039;&#039; was of an Elvish fashion. Some [[Adûnaic]] words use this mode.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{HM|SD}}, Lowdham&#039;s Inscription&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Another mode that was based on the &amp;quot;general use&amp;quot; but used full letters for the representation of vowels was used in the Northern part of the [[Westron]]-speaking regions, perhaps by influence of the Elves of [[Rivendell]]. This might explain why Frodo was unable to read either the Mode of Beleriand or the Ring Inscription.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Spelling and pronunciation ==&lt;br /&gt;
=== Structure ===&lt;br /&gt;
The most notable characteristic of the Tengwar script is that the shapes of the letters correspond to the features of the sounds they represent.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The shape of the Tengwar uniformly consisted of two elements, the &#039;&#039;[[telco]]&#039;&#039; (stem) to which is attached a &#039;&#039;[[lúva]]&#039;&#039; (bow). &lt;br /&gt;
It is noticeable that some of the letters of the [[Sarati|Sarati]] resembled the telco/lúva shape seen on the Tengwar. Therefore it is possible that those particular letters influenced stylistically the Tengwar.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The telco could be normal, raised, shortened or heightened. The lúva would be single or doubled, and these could be open or closed. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
All the above combinations can create 32 to 40 different shapes of letters. These shapes mirrored phonological significances: the basic form of a tengwa was used for the [[patakar]], the voiceless stops; telcor determined how the sound was articulated, and the lúvar where in the mouth it was made:&lt;br /&gt;
* Doubling the bow turns the voiceless consonant into a voiced one.&lt;br /&gt;
* Raising the stem above the line turns it into the corresponding fricative or a corresponding voiced version of it.&lt;br /&gt;
* Shortening it (so it is only the height of the bow) indicates the corresponding nasal or, mostly, the approximants.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
According to their shape, the 32 different glyphs could be arranged and presented consistently on a table. The principal letters are divided into series (&#039;&#039;témar&#039;&#039;) that correspond to the main places of articulation and into six rows (&#039;&#039;tyeller&#039;&#039;) that correspond to the main manners of articulation. Both vary among modes.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The table below gives the &#039;&#039;&#039;theoretical&#039;&#039;&#039;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Observations made by [[Jim Allan]]&#039;s &#039;&#039;[[An Introduction to Elvish]]&#039;&#039;, The Evolution of the Tengwar&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; values of the Tengwar based consistently on the abovementioned rules. Note that no language possessed all these sounds and the following does not represent an actual table of values of a particular language. In actuality, the languages used modifications or variations of them.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{| border=&amp;quot;1&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
! | &lt;br /&gt;
! colspan=&amp;quot;2&amp;quot; | Labial&lt;br /&gt;
! colspan=&amp;quot;2&amp;quot; | Dental&lt;br /&gt;
! colspan=&amp;quot;2&amp;quot; | Velar&lt;br /&gt;
! colspan=&amp;quot;2&amp;quot; | Labiovelar&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Voiceless&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;plosives&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|q}}&lt;br /&gt;
| p&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|1}}&lt;br /&gt;
| t&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|a}}&lt;br /&gt;
| k&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|z}}&lt;br /&gt;
| kw&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Voiced&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;plosives&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|w}}&lt;br /&gt;
| b&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|2}}&lt;br /&gt;
| d&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|s}}&lt;br /&gt;
| g&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|x}}&lt;br /&gt;
| gw&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Aspirated&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;voiceless plosives&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|Q}}&lt;br /&gt;
| p&amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;h&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|!}}&lt;br /&gt;
| t&amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;h&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|A}}&lt;br /&gt;
| k&amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;h&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|Z}}&lt;br /&gt;
| k&amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;h&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt;w&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Aspirated&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;voiced plosives&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|W}}&lt;br /&gt;
| b&amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;h&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|@}}&lt;br /&gt;
| d&amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;h&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|S}}&lt;br /&gt;
| g&amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;h&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|X}}&lt;br /&gt;
| g&amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;h&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt;w&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Voiceless&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;fricatives&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|e}}&lt;br /&gt;
| f&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|3}}&lt;br /&gt;
| th&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|d}}&lt;br /&gt;
| ch&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|c}}&lt;br /&gt;
| chw&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Voiced&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;fricatives&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|r}}&lt;br /&gt;
| v&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|4}}&lt;br /&gt;
| dh&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|f}}&lt;br /&gt;
| gh&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|v}}&lt;br /&gt;
| ghw&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Voiceless&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;nasals&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|y}}&lt;br /&gt;
| hm&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|6}}&lt;br /&gt;
| hn&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|h}}&lt;br /&gt;
| hñ&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|n}}&lt;br /&gt;
| hñw&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Nasals&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|t}}&lt;br /&gt;
| m&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|5}}&lt;br /&gt;
| n&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|g}}&lt;br /&gt;
| ñ&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|b}}&lt;br /&gt;
| ñw&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Arrangement===&lt;br /&gt;
By the end of the [[Third Age]], the Tengwar were somehow standardized. Their Quenya names became standard for all modes, and less used ones were not included (although still used), such as those of the extended stems and the [[Tyelpetéma]]. The table displayed 36 letters: the 24 standard Tengwar, plus 12 of the additional Tengwar.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Also, the Tengwar were assigned numeric values.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{| border=&amp;quot;1&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
! &lt;br /&gt;
! colspan=&amp;quot;2&amp;quot; | Tincotéma&lt;br /&gt;
! colspan=&amp;quot;2&amp;quot; | Parmatéma&lt;br /&gt;
! colspan=&amp;quot;2&amp;quot; | Calmatéma&lt;br /&gt;
! colspan=&amp;quot;2&amp;quot; | Quessetéma&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Grade I&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|1}}&lt;br /&gt;
| [[Tinco]]&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|q}}&lt;br /&gt;
| [[Parma]]&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|a}}&lt;br /&gt;
| [[Calma]]&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|z}}&lt;br /&gt;
| [[Quesse]]&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Grade II&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|2}}&lt;br /&gt;
| [[Ando]]&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|w}}&lt;br /&gt;
| [[Umbar (word)|Umbar]]&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|s}}&lt;br /&gt;
| [[Anga]]&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|x}}&lt;br /&gt;
| [[Ungwe]]&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Grade III&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|3}}&lt;br /&gt;
| [[Súlë]]&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|e}}&lt;br /&gt;
| [[Formen]]&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|d}}&lt;br /&gt;
| [[Aha]]&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|c}}&lt;br /&gt;
| [[Hwesta]]&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Grade IV&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|4}}&lt;br /&gt;
| [[Anto]]&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|r}}&lt;br /&gt;
| [[Ampa]]&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|f}}&lt;br /&gt;
| [[Anca]]&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|v}}&lt;br /&gt;
| [[Unque]]&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Grade V&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|5}}&lt;br /&gt;
| [[Númen]]&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|t}}&lt;br /&gt;
| [[Malta]]&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|g}}&lt;br /&gt;
| [[Noldo]]&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|b}}&lt;br /&gt;
| [[Nwalme]]&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Grade VI&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|6}}&lt;br /&gt;
| [[Óre]]&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|y}}&lt;br /&gt;
| [[Vala|Vala]]&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|h}}&lt;br /&gt;
| [[Anna]]&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|n}}&lt;br /&gt;
| [[Vilya]]&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
!&lt;br /&gt;
! colspan=&amp;quot;8&amp;quot; | &#039;&#039;&#039;Additional Tengwar:&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|7}}&lt;br /&gt;
| [[Rómen]]&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|u}}&lt;br /&gt;
| [[Arda]]&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|j}}&lt;br /&gt;
| [[Lambe]]&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|m}}&lt;br /&gt;
| [[Alda]]&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|8}}&lt;br /&gt;
| [[Silme]]&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|i}}&lt;br /&gt;
| [[Silme nuquerna]]&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|k}}&lt;br /&gt;
| [[Essë]]&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|,}}&lt;br /&gt;
| [[Esse nuquerna]]&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|9}}&lt;br /&gt;
| [[Hyarmen]]&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|l}}&lt;br /&gt;
| [[Yanta]]&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|o}}&lt;br /&gt;
| [[Hwesta Sindarinwa]]&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|.}}&lt;br /&gt;
| [[Úrë]]&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|&amp;amp;#189;}}&lt;br /&gt;
| [[Halla]]&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|`}}&lt;br /&gt;
| [[Telco]]&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|~}}&lt;br /&gt;
| [[Ára]]&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Values==&lt;br /&gt;
As mentioned, the Tengwar had a generic mode that covered a wide range of phonemes. This mode perhaps originated in [[Eregion]] and exemplified in the verse of [[the One Ring]] and other Westron Tengwar texts. It could be used for both Quenya and Sindarin.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The following table gives both the formal Quenya and Numenian&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;[[Jim Allan]]&#039;s &#039;&#039;[[Report from Marquette]]&#039;&#039;&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; names of the Tengwar. When two values are given (separated with a &#039;&#039;&#039;/&#039;&#039;&#039; slash), the first refers to the Elvish variation and the second to the [[Mannish]] or Westron variation. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Note that the dashes indicate when the letter is used initially or finally and/or as a diphthong element.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{| border=&amp;quot;1&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
! colspan=&amp;quot;2&amp;quot; | Tincotéma&lt;br /&gt;
! colspan=&amp;quot;2&amp;quot; | Parmatéma&lt;br /&gt;
! colspan=&amp;quot;2&amp;quot; | Calmatéma&lt;br /&gt;
! colspan=&amp;quot;2&amp;quot; | Quessetéma&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|1}}&lt;br /&gt;
| t&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Tinco/Tó&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|q}}&lt;br /&gt;
| p&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Parma/Pí&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|a}}&lt;br /&gt;
| ch (as in &#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;ch&#039;&#039;&#039;ur&#039;&#039;&#039;ch&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;)&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Calma/Ché&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|z}}&lt;br /&gt;
| k&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Quesse/Ká&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|2}}&lt;br /&gt;
| d&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Ando/Dó&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|w}}&lt;br /&gt;
| b&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Umbar/Bí&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|s}}&lt;br /&gt;
|j&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Anga/Jé&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|x}}&lt;br /&gt;
| g&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Ungwe/Gá&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|3}}&lt;br /&gt;
| th&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Súle/Thó&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|e}}&lt;br /&gt;
| f&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Formen/Fí&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|d}}&lt;br /&gt;
|sh&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Aha/Shé&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|c}}&lt;br /&gt;
| ch/h (as in &#039;&#039;lo&#039;&#039;&#039;ch&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;)&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Hwesta/Aha (or Oha)&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|4}}&lt;br /&gt;
| dh&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Anto/Adhó&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|r}}&lt;br /&gt;
| v&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Ampa/Ví&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|f}}&lt;br /&gt;
| zh&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Anca/Izhe&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|v}}&lt;br /&gt;
|gh&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Unque/Agha&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|5}}&lt;br /&gt;
| n&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Númen/Nó&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|t}}&lt;br /&gt;
| m&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Malta/Mí&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|g}}&lt;br /&gt;
| ny&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Noldo/Nyé&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|b}}&lt;br /&gt;
| ng&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Nwalme/Ngá&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|6}}&lt;br /&gt;
| -r/r&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Óre/Ar&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|y}}&lt;br /&gt;
| w, -u/w&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Vala/Wí&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|h}}&lt;br /&gt;
| -i/y&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Anna/Yé&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|n}}&lt;br /&gt;
|&amp;amp;rsquo;?&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;&amp;amp;rsquo;á&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! colspan=&amp;quot;8&amp;quot; | Additional Tengwar:&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|7}}&lt;br /&gt;
| r&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Rómen/Aro&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|u}}&lt;br /&gt;
| rh&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Arda/Rho&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|j}}&lt;br /&gt;
| l&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Lambe/Alo&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|m}}&lt;br /&gt;
| lh&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Alda/Lho&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|8}}&lt;br /&gt;
| s&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Silme/Só&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|i}}&lt;br /&gt;
|s&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Silme Nuquerna/Ós&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|k}}&lt;br /&gt;
| ss/z&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Esse/Azo&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|,}}&lt;br /&gt;
| z&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Oza&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|9}}&lt;br /&gt;
| h&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Hyarmen/Há&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|l}}&lt;br /&gt;
| i-, -e&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Yanta/Ai&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|o}}&lt;br /&gt;
| wh&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Hwesta Sindarinwa/Whí&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|.}}&lt;br /&gt;
| -u?&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Úre/Au&lt;br /&gt;
|}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The following is a full mode variety, related mainly to the north, and uses Tengwar (and carriers) as vowels. It was probably created in [[Arnor]], influenced from the Mode of Beleriand used in [[Rivendell]]. Even the [[Dwarves|dwarf]] [[Ori]] wrote in this hand in the [[Book of Mazarbul]]&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;The second page of the Book of Mazarbul ([http://www.forodrim.org/daeron/mdtci.html#DTS13 DTS13]) said to be written by Ori, is categorized to belong to the Northern Variety [http://at.mansbjorkman.net/teng_modes.htm here]&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{| border=&amp;quot;1&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
! colspan=&amp;quot;2&amp;quot; | Tincotéma&lt;br /&gt;
! colspan=&amp;quot;2&amp;quot; | Parmatéma&lt;br /&gt;
! colspan=&amp;quot;2&amp;quot; | Calmatéma&lt;br /&gt;
! colspan=&amp;quot;2&amp;quot; | Quessetéma&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|1}}&lt;br /&gt;
| t&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Tinco/Tó&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|q}}&lt;br /&gt;
| p&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Parma/Pí&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|a}}&lt;br /&gt;
|ch (as in &#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;ch&#039;&#039;&#039;ur&#039;&#039;&#039;ch&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;)&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Calma/Ché&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|z}}&lt;br /&gt;
| k&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Quesse/Ká&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|2}}&lt;br /&gt;
| d&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Ando/Dó&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|w}}&lt;br /&gt;
| b&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Umbar/Bí&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|s}}&lt;br /&gt;
|j&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;AngaJé&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|x}}&lt;br /&gt;
| g&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Ungwe/Gá&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|3}}&lt;br /&gt;
| th&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Súle/Thó&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|e}}&lt;br /&gt;
| f&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Formen/Fí&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|d}}&lt;br /&gt;
|sh&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Aha/Shé&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|c}}&lt;br /&gt;
| ch/h (as in &#039;&#039;lo&#039;&#039;&#039;ch&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Hwesta/Aha&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|4}}&lt;br /&gt;
| dh&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Anto/Adhó&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|r}}&lt;br /&gt;
| v&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Ampa/Ví&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|f}}&lt;br /&gt;
|zh&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Anca/Izhe&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|v}}&lt;br /&gt;
|gh&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Unque/Agha&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|5}}&lt;br /&gt;
| n&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Númen/Nó&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|t}}&lt;br /&gt;
| m&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Malta/Mí&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|g}}&lt;br /&gt;
|ny&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Noldo/Nyé&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|b}}&lt;br /&gt;
| ng&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Nwalme/Ngá&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|6}}&lt;br /&gt;
| -r/r&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Óre/Ar&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|y}}&lt;br /&gt;
| w, -u/u&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Vala/Wí&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|h}}&lt;br /&gt;
| o&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Anna/Yé&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|n}}&lt;br /&gt;
|a&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;&#039;a&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! colspan=&amp;quot;8&amp;quot; | Additional Tengwar:&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|7}}&lt;br /&gt;
| r&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Rómen/Aro&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|u}}&lt;br /&gt;
| rh&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Arda/Rho&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|j}}&lt;br /&gt;
| l&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Lambe/Alo&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|m}}&lt;br /&gt;
| lh&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Alda/Lho&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|8}}&lt;br /&gt;
| s&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Silme/Só&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|i}}&lt;br /&gt;
|s&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Silme Nuquerna/Ós&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|k}}&lt;br /&gt;
| ss/z&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Esse/Azo&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|,}}&lt;br /&gt;
| z&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Esse Nuquerna/Oza&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|9}}&lt;br /&gt;
| h&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Hyarmen/Há&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|l}}&lt;br /&gt;
| i-, -e/e&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Yanta/Ai&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|o}}&lt;br /&gt;
| wh&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Hwesta Sindarinwa/Whí&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|.}}&lt;br /&gt;
| w&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Úre/Au&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|{{tg|`B}}	&lt;br /&gt;
|i	&lt;br /&gt;
|{{tg|~B}}	&lt;br /&gt;
|i-/y-&lt;br /&gt;
|{{tg|]}}&lt;br /&gt;
|a	&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|š}}&lt;br /&gt;
| mh&lt;br /&gt;
|}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Other modes==&lt;br /&gt;
Just as with any alphabetic writing system, every specific language written in Tengwar requires a specific orthography, depending on the phonology of that language. These Tengwar orthographies are usually called &#039;&#039;modes&#039;&#039;. All of them use as a basis the &amp;quot;[[Tengwar#Structure|theoretical values]]&amp;quot; table above, corresponding the letters to the phonemes of each language&#039;s phonology, and even drop out the characters that would be useless.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
All the modes can be divided into two large categories: &lt;br /&gt;
*Some represent vowels with diacritics called &#039;&#039;&#039;[[tehtar]]&#039;&#039;&#039; or &#039;&#039;[[ómatehtar]]&#039;&#039; (&amp;quot;vowel tehtar&amp;quot;), like the [[Quenya mode]].&lt;br /&gt;
*The &amp;quot;full writing&amp;quot; modes represent vowels by normal letters, such as the [[Quanta Sarmë]] or the [[Mode of Beleriand]].&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Furthermore, some modes map the basic consonants to {{IPA|/t/}}, {{IPA|/p/}}, {{IPA|/k/}}, and {{IPA|/kʷ/}}, while others (generally [[Mannish]]) use them to represent {{IPA|/t/}}, {{IPA|/p/}}, {{IPA|/tʃ/}}, and {{IPA|/k/}}.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== External history ==&lt;br /&gt;
The [[Sarati]], a script developed by Tolkien in the late 1910s that is described in &#039;&#039;[[Parma Eldalamberon 13|&#039;&#039;Parma Eldalamberon&#039;&#039; 13]]&#039;&#039;, anticipates many features of the Tengwar, especially the vowel representation by diacritics (which is found in many Tengwar varieties), different Tengwar shapes and a few correspondances between sound features and letter shape features (though inconsistent).&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Even closer to the Tengwar is the [[Valmaric script]], described in [[Parma Eldalamberon 14|&#039;&#039;Parma Eldalamberon&#039;&#039; 14]], which Tolkien used from about 1922 to 1925. It features many Tengwar shapes and the inherent vowel {{IPA|[a]}} found in some Tengwar varieties. The tables in the samples V12 and V13 show an arrangement that is very similar to the one of the primary Tengwar in the classical Quenya &amp;quot;mode&amp;quot;.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The Tengwar were probably developed in the late 1920s or in the early 1930s. &#039;&#039;The Lonely Mountain Jar Inscription&#039;&#039;, the first published Tengwar sample, dates to 1937 (&#039;&#039;[[The Hobbit]]&#039;&#039;, most editions). The full explanation of the Tengwar was published in Appendix E of &#039;&#039;[[The Lord of the Rings]]&#039;&#039; in 1955.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Inspiration==&lt;br /&gt;
Tengwar is a [[Wikipedia:Featural writing system|featural alphabet]], meaning there is correspondence between letter shape features and [[Wikipedia:place of articulation|place]] and [[Wikipedia:manner of articulation|manner of articulation]]. Perhaps the oldest and most famous featural system is the Korean [[Wikipedia:Hangul|Hangul alphabet]]. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Jim Allan]] (&#039;&#039;[[An Introduction to Elvish]]&#039;&#039;, ISBN 0-905220-10-2) compared the Tengwar with the &#039;&#039;Universal Alphabet&#039;&#039; of [[Wikipedia:Francis Lodwick|Francis Lodwick]] of 1686, both on grounds of the feature factor, but also the actual letter shapes, and the use of vowels as diacritics.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
It is not known whether Tolkien was aware of these previous scripts. However, considering the sarati and the valmaric script that he already invented in his youth, it is conceivable that Tolkien developed the idea of featural notation by himself.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
It is likewise not known whether the shapes of several Tengwar were inspired by the [[Wikipedia:Insular script|insular minuscule script]] (used to write [[Anglo-saxon]]) or the [[Wikipedia:blackletter|gothic textura]] and cursive scripts (used to write Middle English), with which Tolkien was familiar through reading medieval manuscripts in these languages in his professional capacity as a linguist.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Tengwar study==&lt;br /&gt;
===Modes===&lt;br /&gt;
As the peoples of Middle-earth used various modes of Tengwar, and as Tolkien wrote English, [[Old English]] and [[Norse]] in Tengwar, [[fandom|fans]] have created Tengwar modes for real languages. There are modes to write French, Swedish, Latin or Spanish. &lt;br /&gt;
=== Encoding Schemes ===&lt;br /&gt;
==== Non-Unicode ====&lt;br /&gt;
The contemporary de facto standard in the Tengwar user community maps the Tengwar characters onto the regular English character encoding following the example of the [http://www.gis.net/~dansmith/fonts/font_tengwar/ Tengwar typefaces] by [[Dan Smith]]. A drawback of the font solution is that, if no corresponding Tengwar font is installed, an awful string of [[wikipedia:Mojibake|nonsense characters]] appears.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Since there is not enough place for all the signs, certain signs are included in a &amp;quot;Tengwar A&amp;quot; font which also maps its characters on ISO 8859-1, overlapping with the first font.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
For each Tengwar diacritic there are four different codepoints that are used depending on the width of the character which bears it.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Other Tengwar typefaces with Dan Smith&#039;s encoding include [http://home.student.uu.se/j/jowi4905/fonts/annatar.html Johan Winge&#039;s Tengwar Annatar], [http://at.mansbjorkman.net/parmaite.htm Måns Björkman&#039;s Tengwar Parmaite], [http://www.geocities.com/enrombell/Archivos.htm Enrique Mombello&#039;s Tengwar Élfica] or [http://www.limes.com.pl/~miszka/ Michal Nowakowski&#039;s Tengwar Formal] (note that most of these differ in details).&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The following sample shows the first article of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights written in English according to the traditional English orthography. If no Tengwar font is installed, it will look nonsense since the corresponding ISO 8859-1 characters (Roman letters, numbers and signs) will appear instead.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{tg|j#¸ 9t&amp;amp;5# w`Vb%_ 6EO w6Y5 e7~V 2{( zèVj# 5% 2x%51T`Û 2{( 7v%1+º 4hR 7EO 2{$yYO2 y4% 7]F85^ 2{( z5^8i`B5$i( 2{( dyYj2 zE1 1`N ]Fa 4^(6 5% `C 8q7T1T W w74^(69~N2º}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==== Unicode ====&lt;br /&gt;
A proposal has been made by Michael Everson to include the Tengwar in the [[Unicode]] standard. The codepoints are subject to change; the range U+016080 to U+0160FF in the Supplementary Multilingual Plane is tentatively allocated for Tengwar according to the current [http://www.unicode.org/roadmaps/smp/ Unicode roadmap].&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Tengwar are currently included in the unofficial ConScript Unicode Registry, which assigns codepoints in the Private Use Area. Tengwar are mapped to the range U+E000 to U+E07F. The following Unicode sample (which repeats the one above) is meaningful when viewed under a typeface supporting Tengwar glyphs in the area defined in the ConScript Tengwar proposal. Some typefaces that support this proposal are [http://www.evertype.com/emono/ Everson Mono], [http://freetengwar.sourceforge.net/tengtelc.html Tengwar Telcontar], [http://www.kreativekorp.com/software/fonts/constructium.shtml Constructium], [http://freetengwar.sourceforge.net/formal.html Tengwar Formal Unicode], and [http://freetengwar.sourceforge.net/freemonotengwar.html FreeMonoTengwar] ([http://www.code2000.net/ James Kass]&#039;s Code2000 and Code2001 use an older, incompatible version of the proposal).&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;blockquote style=&amp;quot;font-family: &#039;Tengwar Formal CSUR&#039;, &#039;FreeMonoTengwar&#039;, &#039;Constructium&#039;, &#039;Everson Mono&#039;, &#039;Tengwar Formal Unicode&#039;, &#039;Tengwar Telcontar&#039;, &#039;Everson Mono&#039;, &#039;Unifont CSUR&#039;; font-size: 150%; line-height: 120%&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&amp;amp;#xe022;&amp;amp;#xe051;&amp;amp;#xe040; &amp;amp;#xe028;&amp;amp;#xe011;&amp;amp;#xe04c;&amp;amp;#xe010;&amp;amp;#xe040; &amp;amp;#xe005;&amp;amp;#xe02e;&amp;amp;#xe046;&amp;amp;#xe013;&amp;amp;#xe044;&amp;amp;#xe058; &amp;amp;#xe014;&amp;amp;#xe045;&amp;amp;#xe040; &amp;amp;#xe005;&amp;amp;#xe014;&amp;amp;#xe04a;&amp;amp;#xe010; &amp;amp;#xe009;&amp;amp;#xe020;&amp;amp;#xe02e;&amp;amp;#xe046;&amp;amp;#xe02e;&amp;amp;#xe046; &amp;amp;#xe004;&amp;amp;#xe050;&amp;amp;#xe045; &amp;amp;#xe003;&amp;amp;#xe052;&amp;amp;#xe046;&amp;amp;#xe022;&amp;amp;#xe040; &amp;amp;#xe010;&amp;amp;#xe044; &amp;amp;#xe004;&amp;amp;#xe007;&amp;amp;#xe044;&amp;amp;#xe010;&amp;amp;#xe000;&amp;amp;#xe044;&amp;amp;#xe02e;&amp;amp;#xe053; &amp;amp;#xe004;&amp;amp;#xe050;&amp;amp;#xe045; &amp;amp;#xe020;&amp;amp;#xe00f;&amp;amp;#xe044;&amp;amp;#xe000;&amp;amp;#xe058; ⸬ &amp;amp;#xe00c;&amp;amp;#xe016;&amp;amp;#xe046; &amp;amp;#xe020;&amp;amp;#xe045;&amp;amp;#xe040; &amp;amp;#xe004;&amp;amp;#xe050;&amp;amp;#xe046;&amp;amp;#xe015;&amp;amp;#xe045;&amp;amp;#xe04a;&amp;amp;#xe004; &amp;amp;#xe015;&amp;amp;#xe00c;&amp;amp;#xe044; &amp;amp;#xe020;&amp;amp;#xe032;&amp;amp;#xe046;&amp;amp;#xe024;&amp;amp;#xe010;&amp;amp;#xe04a; &amp;amp;#xe004;&amp;amp;#xe050;&amp;amp;#xe045; &amp;amp;#xe003;&amp;amp;#xe010;&amp;amp;#xe04a;&amp;amp;#xe024;&amp;amp;#xe025;&amp;amp;#xe02e;&amp;amp;#xe044;&amp;amp;#xe025;&amp;amp;#xe050;&amp;amp;#xe045; &amp;amp;#xe004;&amp;amp;#xe050;&amp;amp;#xe045; &amp;amp;#xe00a;&amp;amp;#xe015;&amp;amp;#xe04a;&amp;amp;#xe022;&amp;amp;#xe004; &amp;amp;#xe003;&amp;amp;#xe040;&amp;amp;#xe000; &amp;amp;#xe000;&amp;amp;#xe015;&amp;amp;#xe04a;&amp;amp;#xe014;&amp;amp;#xe040;&amp;amp;#xe004;&amp;amp;#xe058; &amp;amp;#xe010;&amp;amp;#xe045;&amp;amp;#xe04a; &amp;amp;#xe010;&amp;amp;#xe040;&amp;amp;#xe00c;&amp;amp;#xe04a;&amp;amp;#xe020;&amp;amp;#xe046; &amp;amp;#xe010;&amp;amp;#xe044; &amp;amp;#xe02e;&amp;amp;#xe040; &amp;amp;#xe024;&amp;amp;#xe001;&amp;amp;#xe020;&amp;amp;#xe044;&amp;amp;#xe000;&amp;amp;#xe044; &amp;amp;#xe01d; &amp;amp;#xe005;&amp;amp;#xe020;&amp;amp;#xe00c;&amp;amp;#xe04a;&amp;amp;#xe014;&amp;amp;#xe046;&amp;amp;#xe028;&amp;amp;#xe004;&amp;amp;#xe04a;&amp;amp;#xe04a; ⸬&amp;lt;/blockquote&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Uses outside the legendarium===&lt;br /&gt;
Random (meaningless) Tengwar appears stylistically in a prop of an ancient tome in the [[Wikipedia:Within Temptation|Within Temptation]] music video for &amp;quot;Stand My Ground&amp;quot;. Tengwar also appears in the computer game &#039;&#039;[[Wikipedia:Atlantis: The Lost Tales|Atlantis: The Lost Tales]]&#039;&#039; and the &#039;&#039;[[Wikipedia:Alone in the Dar|Alone in the Dark]]&#039;&#039; comic book.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Several linguists, such as [[Wikipedia:Eric S. Raymond|Eric S. Raymond]], promote the usage of Tengwar for the constructed language [[Wikipedia:Lojban|Lojban]] as it is culturally neutral and contains some main Lojban morphology rules, making Lojban easier to learn when it is written with Tengwar.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Kena. [http://vodka-pomme.net/projects/tengwar-for-lojban/lojteng#learn  &#039;&#039;Lojban using tengwar - why?&#039;&#039;] (accessed August 2007)&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; (Another suggested mode can be seen [http://www.catb.org/~esr/tengwar/lojban-tengwar.html there]).&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== See also ==&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Sarati]]&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Cirth]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== External links ==&lt;br /&gt;
*[http://www.forodrim.org/daeron/md_teng_primers.html Tengwar tutorials]&lt;br /&gt;
* [http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/History_of_Elven_writing_systems History of Elven writing systems] Wikibook on the secondary-world history of the Elven writing systems&lt;br /&gt;
* [http://at.mansbjorkman.net/tengwar.htm Amanye Tenceli - The Tengwar] A comprehensive study of the Tengwar script&lt;br /&gt;
* [http://www.forodrim.org/daeron/mdtci.html The Mellonath Daeron Index of Tengwar Specimina] &amp;amp;mdash; a continuously expanding list of all published Tengwar samples&lt;br /&gt;
* [http://www.tengwar.art.pl/tengwar/fonty.php A comprehensive list of Tengwar fonts] (in Polish, but still useful even if you can&#039;t read the language)&lt;br /&gt;
* [http://www.omniglot.com/conscripts/tengwar.htm Omniglot reference]&lt;br /&gt;
* [http://tengwar.art.pl/tengwar/ott/start.php?l=en Online Tengwar transcriber]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== Modes ===&lt;br /&gt;
* [http://at.mansbjorkman.net/teng_general_english.htm Tengwar Mode for English (general use)]&lt;br /&gt;
* [http://www.duvendor.com.br/amanye/Downloads/FTMME_Text.pdf Full Tengwar Modes for Modern English]&lt;br /&gt;
* [http://catb.org/~esr/tengwar/ ESR&#039;s Tengwar modes for Esperanto and Lojban languages]&lt;br /&gt;
* [http://lambenor.free.fr/tengwar/espanol.html Tengwar mode for Spanish]&lt;br /&gt;
* [http://my.opera.com/tengwarblog/blog/deutscher-tengwar-modus Tengwar mode for German (full writing)]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== Software ===&lt;br /&gt;
* [http://tengwar.art.pl/tengwar/ott/start.php?l=en Online Tengwar transcriber]&lt;br /&gt;
* Other [https://www.tecendil.com/ online tengwar transcriber] (No software needed)&lt;br /&gt;
* [http://at.mansbjorkman.net/tengscribe.htm  Tengwar Scribe] (Win32)&lt;br /&gt;
* [http://jadro.ludviku.cz/yatt/  YATT (Win32) and YATT lite (Linux, Mac)]&lt;br /&gt;
* [http://tengwar.art.pl/ktt/  KTT] (Linux+KDE)&lt;br /&gt;
* [http://www.acondia.com/font_tengwar/TengwarMacros_v19F.zip Tengwar Macros for Microsoft Word/97 and Word/2000]&lt;br /&gt;
* [http://www.tecendil.com/ Tecendil] online Tengwar transcriber&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
More of Tengwar software on [http://tengwar.art.pl/tengwar/programy.php Tengwar Feanora] web-site (in Polish).&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== Technical ===&lt;br /&gt;
* [http://wikisophia.org/wiki/Wikitex#Teng WikiTeX] supports editing Tengwar directly in Wiki articles.&lt;br /&gt;
* [http://std.dkuug.dk/jtc1/sc2/wg2/docs/n1641/n1641.htm Official proposal to encode Tengwar in Unicode]&lt;br /&gt;
* [http://www.evertype.com/standards/csur/tengwar.html Tengwar proposal for ConScript Unicode Registry]&lt;br /&gt;
* [http://www.evertype.com/standards/iso10646/pdf/tengwar.pdf Revised Tengwar proposal]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{references}}&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;small&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
* Christopher Tolkien, &#039;&#039;The Tengwar Numerals&#039;&#039;, in &#039;&#039;[[Quettar]]&#039;&#039; 13, Feb. 1982, pp. 8-9; a further, untitled, explanation of the Tengwar numerals by Christopher Tolkien appeared in &#039;&#039;Quettar&#039;&#039; 14, May 1982, pp. 6-7.&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/small&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
{{languages}}&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Tengwar]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Writing systems]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[de:Tengwar]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[fr:encyclo/langues/tengwar]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[fi:Tengwar]]&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Sadron</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=Tengwar&amp;diff=338544</id>
		<title>Tengwar</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=Tengwar&amp;diff=338544"/>
		<updated>2021-11-17T17:18:14Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Sadron: /* Software */&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;{{cleanup}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{font|[http://at.mansbjorkman.net/parmaite.htm Tengwar Parmaite] by [[Måns Björkman]]}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{disambig-more|Fëanorian|[[Fëanorian (disambiguation)]]}}&lt;br /&gt;
[[Image:Ryszard Derdzinski - Feanor.jpg|thumb|[[Fëanor]] designs the first Tengwar. Art by [[Ryszard Derdzinski]]]]&lt;br /&gt;
The &#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;Tengwar&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039; (Tengwa [teŋ&amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;w&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt;a&amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;w&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt;] when singular)([[Quenya]] &amp;quot;letters&amp;quot;, pron. {{IPA|[ˈteŋʷɡʷar]}}; [[Sindarin]] &#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;Tîw&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{App|E2}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;) was a writing system invented by [[Fëanor]] (and was therefore also called the &#039;&#039;&#039;Fëanorian alphabet&#039;&#039;&#039;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{L|25}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; or &#039;&#039;&#039;script&#039;&#039;&#039;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{L|168}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;). It was used for a variety of languages among the [[Free peoples]] and became perhaps the most prominent writing system of [[Arda]], used by a variety of [[:Portal:Characters|Races]] through the [[Ages]].&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==History==&lt;br /&gt;
[[Fëanor]] invented the Tengwar in the [[Year of the Trees 1250]] (of the first age), strongly influenced by the [[Sarati]] of [[Rúmil (elf of Tirion)|Rúmil the Loremaster]].&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{WJ|P4}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ApD&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{VT|39a}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; Fëanor both constructed the Tengwar as a general phonetic alphabet and devised special arrangements to fit the characteristics of all languages of [[Valinor]].&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{TI|Runes}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; Over the course of the First Age, three different modes of Tengwar emerged: [[Quenya]],  [[Beleriand]], and [[Sindarin]]. Sindarin is written in one of two modes, the mode of Beleriand, or the mode of Gondor (also known as [https://www.tecendil.com/tengwar-handbook/ Omatethar] Mode).&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Classical Quenya mode===&lt;br /&gt;
{{main|Quenya mode}}&lt;br /&gt;
Unlike Rúmil, Fëanor considered vowels as indepedent sounds and not just “colours” of the consonants, so he devised the “full writing” ([[Quanta Sarmë]]).&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ApD&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
However, Fëanor also used a more &#039;conservative&#039; system which seemed to have been proved far more popular; he also held Rúmil&#039;s idea of syllabic analysis of the words by the Sarati and made use of [[tehtar]] instead of the full letters.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ApD&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The classical Quenya mode of the Tengwar may have originated from Fëanor&#039;s own arrangement. There is no direct evidence for this hypothesis, but the use of the Quenya names for the individual letters hints to a primate of the Quenya mode. Another hint to a very old age of the classical Quenya mode is that it uses the [[Calmatéma]] as a k-series, like the mode of Beleriand which we can assume to have originated in the First Age.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Mode of Beleriand===&lt;br /&gt;
{{main|Mode of Beleriand}}&lt;br /&gt;
[[Image:J.R.R. Tolkien - Doors of Durin.jpg|thumb|The [[Doors of Durin]] created during the [[Second Age]]]]&lt;br /&gt;
When the [[Noldor]] rebelled and came to [[Middle-earth]], they adapted their writing for the new languages they learned. Quanta Sarmë was used for languages where the tehtar were not useful&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ApD&amp;quot; /&amp;gt; which could have been the origin for the Mode of Beleriand. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
It is also possible that the Tengwar influenced the evolution of the [[Cirth]] of [[Daeron]] in Beleriand, mainly in their shape and arrangement. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
We know from the inscription on the [[West-gate of Moria]] that a Tengwar mode called the [[Mode of Beleriand]] was used in [[Eregion]]. This name allows for the assumption that the same mode was used already in the [[First Age]].&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
At the end of the [[Third Age]], the Elves of [[Rivendell]] probably still used that mode, since a transcription of the Rivendell [[aerlinn]] &#039;&#039;[[A Elbereth Gilthoniel]]&#039;&#039; features it.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{RGEO|7}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; Frodo, however, even though literate in Sindarin, was apparently unable to read this mode.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===General Use===&lt;br /&gt;
By the end of the Third Age, there was a &#039;&#039;general use&#039;&#039; that could be used for a variety of languages including Quenya, Sindarin and the Common Speech.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;[[J.R.R. Tolkien]], &amp;quot;[[Letter to Anthony D. Howlett]] (letter); see also [http://www.forodrim.org/daeron/mdtci.html#DTS58 DTS58]&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; This use could have evolved during the [[Second Age]] in [[Eregion]] or even in [[Númenor]].&lt;br /&gt;
[[Image:One ring.png|thumb|left|The [[Ring Verse|inscription]] on [[The One Ring]].]]&lt;br /&gt;
The same mode appears on the [[Ring-inscription]]&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{FR|Shadow}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; that the [[Númenorean]] [[Isildur]] observed it to be &amp;quot;fashioned in an elven-script of Eregion&amp;quot;.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{FR|Council}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
It is not certain whether the whole &#039;&#039;mode&#039;&#039; itself was from Eregion or simply just the &#039;&#039;script&#039;&#039; was of an Elvish fashion. Some [[Adûnaic]] words use this mode.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{HM|SD}}, Lowdham&#039;s Inscription&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Another mode that was based on the &amp;quot;general use&amp;quot; but used full letters for the representation of vowels was used in the Northern part of the [[Westron]]-speaking regions, perhaps by influence of the Elves of [[Rivendell]]. This might explain why Frodo was unable to read either the Mode of Beleriand or the Ring Inscription.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Spelling and pronunciation ==&lt;br /&gt;
=== Structure ===&lt;br /&gt;
The most notable characteristic of the Tengwar script is that the shapes of the letters correspond to the features of the sounds they represent.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The shape of the Tengwar uniformly consisted of two elements, the &#039;&#039;[[telco]]&#039;&#039; (stem) to which is attached a &#039;&#039;[[lúva]]&#039;&#039; (bow). &lt;br /&gt;
It is noticeable that some of the letters of the [[Sarati|Sarati]] resembled the telco/lúva shape seen on the Tengwar. Therefore it is possible that those particular letters influenced stylistically the Tengwar.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The telco could be normal, raised, shortened or heightened. The lúva would be single or doubled, and these could be open or closed. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
All the above combinations can create 32 to 40 different shapes of letters. These shapes mirrored phonological significances: the basic form of a tengwa was used for the [[patakar]], the voiceless stops; telcor determined how the sound was articulated, and the lúvar where in the mouth it was made:&lt;br /&gt;
* Doubling the bow turns the voiceless consonant into a voiced one.&lt;br /&gt;
* Raising the stem above the line turns it into the corresponding fricative or a corresponding voiced version of it.&lt;br /&gt;
* Shortening it (so it is only the height of the bow) indicates the corresponding nasal or, mostly, the approximants.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
According to their shape, the 32 different glyphs could be arranged and presented consistently on a table. The principal letters are divided into series (&#039;&#039;témar&#039;&#039;) that correspond to the main places of articulation and into six rows (&#039;&#039;tyeller&#039;&#039;) that correspond to the main manners of articulation. Both vary among modes.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The table below gives the &#039;&#039;&#039;theoretical&#039;&#039;&#039;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Observations made by [[Jim Allan]]&#039;s &#039;&#039;[[An Introduction to Elvish]]&#039;&#039;, The Evolution of the Tengwar&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; values of the Tengwar based consistently on the abovementioned rules. Note that no language possessed all these sounds and the following does not represent an actual table of values of a particular language. In actuality, the languages used modifications or variations of them.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{| border=&amp;quot;1&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
! | &lt;br /&gt;
! colspan=&amp;quot;2&amp;quot; | Labial&lt;br /&gt;
! colspan=&amp;quot;2&amp;quot; | Dental&lt;br /&gt;
! colspan=&amp;quot;2&amp;quot; | Velar&lt;br /&gt;
! colspan=&amp;quot;2&amp;quot; | Labiovelar&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Voiceless&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;plosives&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|q}}&lt;br /&gt;
| p&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|1}}&lt;br /&gt;
| t&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|a}}&lt;br /&gt;
| k&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|z}}&lt;br /&gt;
| kw&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Voiced&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;plosives&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|w}}&lt;br /&gt;
| b&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|2}}&lt;br /&gt;
| d&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|s}}&lt;br /&gt;
| g&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|x}}&lt;br /&gt;
| gw&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Aspirated&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;voiceless plosives&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|Q}}&lt;br /&gt;
| p&amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;h&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|!}}&lt;br /&gt;
| t&amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;h&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|A}}&lt;br /&gt;
| k&amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;h&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|Z}}&lt;br /&gt;
| k&amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;h&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt;w&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Aspirated&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;voiced plosives&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|W}}&lt;br /&gt;
| b&amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;h&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|@}}&lt;br /&gt;
| d&amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;h&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|S}}&lt;br /&gt;
| g&amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;h&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|X}}&lt;br /&gt;
| g&amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;h&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt;w&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Voiceless&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;fricatives&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|e}}&lt;br /&gt;
| f&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|3}}&lt;br /&gt;
| th&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|d}}&lt;br /&gt;
| ch&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|c}}&lt;br /&gt;
| chw&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Voiced&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;fricatives&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|r}}&lt;br /&gt;
| v&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|4}}&lt;br /&gt;
| dh&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|f}}&lt;br /&gt;
| gh&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|v}}&lt;br /&gt;
| ghw&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Voiceless&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;nasals&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|y}}&lt;br /&gt;
| hm&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|6}}&lt;br /&gt;
| hn&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|h}}&lt;br /&gt;
| hñ&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|n}}&lt;br /&gt;
| hñw&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Nasals&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|t}}&lt;br /&gt;
| m&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|5}}&lt;br /&gt;
| n&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|g}}&lt;br /&gt;
| ñ&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|b}}&lt;br /&gt;
| ñw&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Arrangement===&lt;br /&gt;
By the end of the [[Third Age]], the Tengwar were somehow standardized. Their Quenya names became standard for all modes, and less used ones were not included (although still used), such as those of the extended stems and the [[Tyelpetéma]]. The table displayed 36 letters: the 24 standard Tengwar, plus 12 of the additional Tengwar.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Also, the Tengwar were assigned numeric values.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{| border=&amp;quot;1&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
! &lt;br /&gt;
! colspan=&amp;quot;2&amp;quot; | Tincotéma&lt;br /&gt;
! colspan=&amp;quot;2&amp;quot; | Parmatéma&lt;br /&gt;
! colspan=&amp;quot;2&amp;quot; | Calmatéma&lt;br /&gt;
! colspan=&amp;quot;2&amp;quot; | Quessetéma&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Grade I&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|1}}&lt;br /&gt;
| [[Tinco]]&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|q}}&lt;br /&gt;
| [[Parma]]&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|a}}&lt;br /&gt;
| [[Calma]]&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|z}}&lt;br /&gt;
| [[Quesse]]&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Grade II&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|2}}&lt;br /&gt;
| [[Ando]]&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|w}}&lt;br /&gt;
| [[Umbar (word)|Umbar]]&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|s}}&lt;br /&gt;
| [[Anga]]&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|x}}&lt;br /&gt;
| [[Ungwe]]&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Grade III&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|3}}&lt;br /&gt;
| [[Súlë]]&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|e}}&lt;br /&gt;
| [[Formen]]&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|d}}&lt;br /&gt;
| [[Aha]]&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|c}}&lt;br /&gt;
| [[Hwesta]]&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Grade IV&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|4}}&lt;br /&gt;
| [[Anto]]&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|r}}&lt;br /&gt;
| [[Ampa]]&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|f}}&lt;br /&gt;
| [[Anca]]&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|v}}&lt;br /&gt;
| [[Unque]]&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Grade V&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|5}}&lt;br /&gt;
| [[Númen]]&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|t}}&lt;br /&gt;
| [[Malta]]&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|g}}&lt;br /&gt;
| [[Noldo]]&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|b}}&lt;br /&gt;
| [[Nwalme]]&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Grade VI&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|6}}&lt;br /&gt;
| [[Óre]]&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|y}}&lt;br /&gt;
| [[Vala|Vala]]&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|h}}&lt;br /&gt;
| [[Anna]]&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|n}}&lt;br /&gt;
| [[Vilya]]&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
!&lt;br /&gt;
! colspan=&amp;quot;8&amp;quot; | &#039;&#039;&#039;Additional Tengwar:&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|7}}&lt;br /&gt;
| [[Rómen]]&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|u}}&lt;br /&gt;
| [[Arda]]&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|j}}&lt;br /&gt;
| [[Lambe]]&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|m}}&lt;br /&gt;
| [[Alda]]&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|8}}&lt;br /&gt;
| [[Silme]]&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|i}}&lt;br /&gt;
| [[Silme nuquerna]]&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|k}}&lt;br /&gt;
| [[Essë]]&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|,}}&lt;br /&gt;
| [[Esse nuquerna]]&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|9}}&lt;br /&gt;
| [[Hyarmen]]&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|l}}&lt;br /&gt;
| [[Yanta]]&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|o}}&lt;br /&gt;
| [[Hwesta Sindarinwa]]&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|.}}&lt;br /&gt;
| [[Úrë]]&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|&amp;amp;#189;}}&lt;br /&gt;
| [[Halla]]&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|`}}&lt;br /&gt;
| [[Telco]]&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|~}}&lt;br /&gt;
| [[Ára]]&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Values==&lt;br /&gt;
As mentioned, the Tengwar had a generic mode that covered a wide range of phonemes. This mode perhaps originated in [[Eregion]] and exemplified in the verse of [[the One Ring]] and other Westron Tengwar texts. It could be used for both Quenya and Sindarin.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The following table gives both the formal Quenya and Numenian&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;[[Jim Allan]]&#039;s &#039;&#039;[[Report from Marquette]]&#039;&#039;&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; names of the Tengwar. When two values are given (separated with a &#039;&#039;&#039;/&#039;&#039;&#039; slash), the first refers to the Elvish variation and the second to the [[Mannish]] or Westron variation. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Note that the dashes indicate when the letter is used initially or finally and/or as a diphthong element.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{| border=&amp;quot;1&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
! colspan=&amp;quot;2&amp;quot; | Tincotéma&lt;br /&gt;
! colspan=&amp;quot;2&amp;quot; | Parmatéma&lt;br /&gt;
! colspan=&amp;quot;2&amp;quot; | Calmatéma&lt;br /&gt;
! colspan=&amp;quot;2&amp;quot; | Quessetéma&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|1}}&lt;br /&gt;
| t&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Tinco/Tó&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|q}}&lt;br /&gt;
| p&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Parma/Pí&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|a}}&lt;br /&gt;
| ch (as in &#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;ch&#039;&#039;&#039;ur&#039;&#039;&#039;ch&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;)&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Calma/Ché&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|z}}&lt;br /&gt;
| k&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Quesse/Ká&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|2}}&lt;br /&gt;
| d&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Ando/Dó&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|w}}&lt;br /&gt;
| b&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Umbar/Bí&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|s}}&lt;br /&gt;
|j&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Anga/Jé&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|x}}&lt;br /&gt;
| g&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Ungwe/Gá&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|3}}&lt;br /&gt;
| th&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Súle/Thó&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|e}}&lt;br /&gt;
| f&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Formen/Fí&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|d}}&lt;br /&gt;
|sh&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Aha/Shé&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|c}}&lt;br /&gt;
| ch/h (as in &#039;&#039;lo&#039;&#039;&#039;ch&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;)&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Hwesta/Aha (or Oha)&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|4}}&lt;br /&gt;
| dh&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Anto/Adhó&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|r}}&lt;br /&gt;
| v&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Ampa/Ví&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|f}}&lt;br /&gt;
| zh&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Anca/Izhe&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|v}}&lt;br /&gt;
|gh&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Unque/Agha&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|5}}&lt;br /&gt;
| n&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Númen/Nó&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|t}}&lt;br /&gt;
| m&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Malta/Mí&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|g}}&lt;br /&gt;
| ny&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Noldo/Nyé&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|b}}&lt;br /&gt;
| ng&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Nwalme/Ngá&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|6}}&lt;br /&gt;
| -r/r&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Óre/Ar&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|y}}&lt;br /&gt;
| w, -u/w&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Vala/Wí&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|h}}&lt;br /&gt;
| -i/y&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Anna/Yé&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|n}}&lt;br /&gt;
|&amp;amp;rsquo;?&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;&amp;amp;rsquo;á&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! colspan=&amp;quot;8&amp;quot; | Additional Tengwar:&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|7}}&lt;br /&gt;
| r&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Rómen/Aro&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|u}}&lt;br /&gt;
| rh&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Arda/Rho&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|j}}&lt;br /&gt;
| l&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Lambe/Alo&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|m}}&lt;br /&gt;
| lh&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Alda/Lho&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|8}}&lt;br /&gt;
| s&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Silme/Só&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|i}}&lt;br /&gt;
|s&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Silme Nuquerna/Ós&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|k}}&lt;br /&gt;
| ss/z&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Esse/Azo&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|,}}&lt;br /&gt;
| z&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Oza&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|9}}&lt;br /&gt;
| h&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Hyarmen/Há&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|l}}&lt;br /&gt;
| i-, -e&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Yanta/Ai&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|o}}&lt;br /&gt;
| wh&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Hwesta Sindarinwa/Whí&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|.}}&lt;br /&gt;
| -u?&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Úre/Au&lt;br /&gt;
|}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The following is a full mode variety, related mainly to the north, and uses Tengwar (and carriers) as vowels. It was probably created in [[Arnor]], influenced from the Mode of Beleriand used in [[Rivendell]]. Even the [[Dwarves|dwarf]] [[Ori]] wrote in this hand in the [[Book of Mazarbul]]&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;The second page of the Book of Mazarbul ([http://www.forodrim.org/daeron/mdtci.html#DTS13 DTS13]) said to be written by Ori, is categorized to belong to the Northern Variety [http://at.mansbjorkman.net/teng_modes.htm here]&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{| border=&amp;quot;1&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
! colspan=&amp;quot;2&amp;quot; | Tincotéma&lt;br /&gt;
! colspan=&amp;quot;2&amp;quot; | Parmatéma&lt;br /&gt;
! colspan=&amp;quot;2&amp;quot; | Calmatéma&lt;br /&gt;
! colspan=&amp;quot;2&amp;quot; | Quessetéma&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|1}}&lt;br /&gt;
| t&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Tinco/Tó&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|q}}&lt;br /&gt;
| p&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Parma/Pí&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|a}}&lt;br /&gt;
|ch (as in &#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;ch&#039;&#039;&#039;ur&#039;&#039;&#039;ch&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;)&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Calma/Ché&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|z}}&lt;br /&gt;
| k&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Quesse/Ká&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|2}}&lt;br /&gt;
| d&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Ando/Dó&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|w}}&lt;br /&gt;
| b&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Umbar/Bí&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|s}}&lt;br /&gt;
|j&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;AngaJé&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|x}}&lt;br /&gt;
| g&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Ungwe/Gá&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|3}}&lt;br /&gt;
| th&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Súle/Thó&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|e}}&lt;br /&gt;
| f&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Formen/Fí&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|d}}&lt;br /&gt;
|sh&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Aha/Shé&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|c}}&lt;br /&gt;
| ch/h (as in &#039;&#039;lo&#039;&#039;&#039;ch&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Hwesta/Aha&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|4}}&lt;br /&gt;
| dh&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Anto/Adhó&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|r}}&lt;br /&gt;
| v&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Ampa/Ví&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|f}}&lt;br /&gt;
|zh&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Anca/Izhe&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|v}}&lt;br /&gt;
|gh&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Unque/Agha&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|5}}&lt;br /&gt;
| n&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Númen/Nó&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|t}}&lt;br /&gt;
| m&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Malta/Mí&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|g}}&lt;br /&gt;
|ny&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Noldo/Nyé&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|b}}&lt;br /&gt;
| ng&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Nwalme/Ngá&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|6}}&lt;br /&gt;
| -r/r&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Óre/Ar&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|y}}&lt;br /&gt;
| w, -u/u&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Vala/Wí&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|h}}&lt;br /&gt;
| o&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Anna/Yé&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|n}}&lt;br /&gt;
|a&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;&#039;a&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! colspan=&amp;quot;8&amp;quot; | Additional Tengwar:&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|7}}&lt;br /&gt;
| r&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Rómen/Aro&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|u}}&lt;br /&gt;
| rh&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Arda/Rho&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|j}}&lt;br /&gt;
| l&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Lambe/Alo&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|m}}&lt;br /&gt;
| lh&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Alda/Lho&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|8}}&lt;br /&gt;
| s&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Silme/Só&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|i}}&lt;br /&gt;
|s&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Silme Nuquerna/Ós&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|k}}&lt;br /&gt;
| ss/z&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Esse/Azo&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|,}}&lt;br /&gt;
| z&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Esse Nuquerna/Oza&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|9}}&lt;br /&gt;
| h&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Hyarmen/Há&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|l}}&lt;br /&gt;
| i-, -e/e&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Yanta/Ai&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|o}}&lt;br /&gt;
| wh&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Hwesta Sindarinwa/Whí&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|.}}&lt;br /&gt;
| w&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Úre/Au&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|{{tg|`B}}	&lt;br /&gt;
|i	&lt;br /&gt;
|{{tg|~B}}	&lt;br /&gt;
|i-/y-&lt;br /&gt;
|{{tg|]}}&lt;br /&gt;
|a	&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|š}}&lt;br /&gt;
| mh&lt;br /&gt;
|}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Other modes==&lt;br /&gt;
Just as with any alphabetic writing system, every specific language written in Tengwar requires a specific orthography, depending on the phonology of that language. These Tengwar orthographies are usually called &#039;&#039;modes&#039;&#039;. All of them use as a basis the &amp;quot;[[Tengwar#Structure|theoretical values]]&amp;quot; table above, corresponding the letters to the phonemes of each language&#039;s phonology, and even drop out the characters that would be useless.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
All the modes can be divided into two large categories: &lt;br /&gt;
*Some represent vowels with diacritics called &#039;&#039;&#039;[[tehtar]]&#039;&#039;&#039; or &#039;&#039;[[ómatehtar]]&#039;&#039; (&amp;quot;vowel tehtar&amp;quot;), like the [[Quenya mode]].&lt;br /&gt;
*The &amp;quot;full writing&amp;quot; modes represent vowels by normal letters, such as the [[Quanta Sarmë]] or the [[Mode of Beleriand]].&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Furthermore, some modes map the basic consonants to {{IPA|/t/}}, {{IPA|/p/}}, {{IPA|/k/}}, and {{IPA|/kʷ/}}, while others (generally [[Mannish]]) use them to represent {{IPA|/t/}}, {{IPA|/p/}}, {{IPA|/tʃ/}}, and {{IPA|/k/}}.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== External history ==&lt;br /&gt;
The [[Sarati]], a script developed by Tolkien in the late 1910s that is described in &#039;&#039;[[Parma Eldalamberon 13|&#039;&#039;Parma Eldalamberon&#039;&#039; 13]]&#039;&#039;, anticipates many features of the Tengwar, especially the vowel representation by diacritics (which is found in many Tengwar varieties), different Tengwar shapes and a few correspondances between sound features and letter shape features (though inconsistent).&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Even closer to the Tengwar is the [[Valmaric script]], described in [[Parma Eldalamberon 14|&#039;&#039;Parma Eldalamberon&#039;&#039; 14]], which Tolkien used from about 1922 to 1925. It features many Tengwar shapes and the inherent vowel {{IPA|[a]}} found in some Tengwar varieties. The tables in the samples V12 and V13 show an arrangement that is very similar to the one of the primary Tengwar in the classical Quenya &amp;quot;mode&amp;quot;.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The Tengwar were probably developed in the late 1920s or in the early 1930s. &#039;&#039;The Lonely Mountain Jar Inscription&#039;&#039;, the first published Tengwar sample, dates to 1937 (&#039;&#039;[[The Hobbit]]&#039;&#039;, most editions). The full explanation of the Tengwar was published in Appendix E of &#039;&#039;[[The Lord of the Rings]]&#039;&#039; in 1955.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Inspiration==&lt;br /&gt;
Tengwar is a [[Wikipedia:Featural writing system|featural alphabet]], meaning there is correspondence between letter shape features and [[Wikipedia:place of articulation|place]] and [[Wikipedia:manner of articulation|manner of articulation]]. Perhaps the oldest and most famous featural system is the Korean [[Wikipedia:Hangul|Hangul alphabet]]. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Jim Allan]] (&#039;&#039;[[An Introduction to Elvish]]&#039;&#039;, ISBN 0-905220-10-2) compared the Tengwar with the &#039;&#039;Universal Alphabet&#039;&#039; of [[Wikipedia:Francis Lodwick|Francis Lodwick]] of 1686, both on grounds of the feature factor, but also the actual letter shapes, and the use of vowels as diacritics.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
It is not known whether Tolkien was aware of these previous scripts. However, considering the sarati and the valmaric script that he already invented in his youth, it is conceivable that Tolkien developed the idea of featural notation by himself.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
It is likewise not known whether the shapes of several Tengwar were inspired by the [[Wikipedia:Insular script|insular minuscule script]] (used to write [[Anglo-saxon]]) or the [[Wikipedia:blackletter|gothic textura]] and cursive scripts (used to write Middle English), with which Tolkien was familiar through reading medieval manuscripts in these languages in his professional capacity as a linguist.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Tengwar study==&lt;br /&gt;
===Modes===&lt;br /&gt;
As the peoples of Middle-earth used various modes of Tengwar, and as Tolkien wrote English, [[Old English]] and [[Norse]] in Tengwar, [[fandom|fans]] have created Tengwar modes for real languages. There are modes to write French, Swedish, Latin or Spanish. &lt;br /&gt;
=== Encoding Schemes ===&lt;br /&gt;
==== Non-Unicode ====&lt;br /&gt;
The contemporary de facto standard in the Tengwar user community maps the Tengwar characters onto the regular English character encoding following the example of the [http://www.gis.net/~dansmith/fonts/font_tengwar/ Tengwar typefaces] by [[Dan Smith]]. A drawback of the font solution is that, if no corresponding Tengwar font is installed, an awful string of [[wikipedia:Mojibake|nonsense characters]] appears.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Since there is not enough place for all the signs, certain signs are included in a &amp;quot;Tengwar A&amp;quot; font which also maps its characters on ISO 8859-1, overlapping with the first font.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
For each Tengwar diacritic there are four different codepoints that are used depending on the width of the character which bears it.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Other Tengwar typefaces with Dan Smith&#039;s encoding include [http://home.student.uu.se/j/jowi4905/fonts/annatar.html Johan Winge&#039;s Tengwar Annatar], [http://at.mansbjorkman.net/parmaite.htm Måns Björkman&#039;s Tengwar Parmaite], [http://www.geocities.com/enrombell/Archivos.htm Enrique Mombello&#039;s Tengwar Élfica] or [http://www.limes.com.pl/~miszka/ Michal Nowakowski&#039;s Tengwar Formal] (note that most of these differ in details).&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The following sample shows the first article of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights written in English according to the traditional English orthography. If no Tengwar font is installed, it will look nonsense since the corresponding ISO 8859-1 characters (Roman letters, numbers and signs) will appear instead.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{tg|j#¸ 9t&amp;amp;5# w`Vb%_ 6EO w6Y5 e7~V 2{( zèVj# 5% 2x%51T`Û 2{( 7v%1+º 4hR 7EO 2{$yYO2 y4% 7]F85^ 2{( z5^8i`B5$i( 2{( dyYj2 zE1 1`N ]Fa 4^(6 5% `C 8q7T1T W w74^(69~N2º}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==== Unicode ====&lt;br /&gt;
A proposal has been made by Michael Everson to include the Tengwar in the [[Unicode]] standard. The codepoints are subject to change; the range U+016080 to U+0160FF in the Supplementary Multilingual Plane is tentatively allocated for Tengwar according to the current [http://www.unicode.org/roadmaps/smp/ Unicode roadmap].&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Tengwar are currently included in the unofficial ConScript Unicode Registry, which assigns codepoints in the Private Use Area. Tengwar are mapped to the range U+E000 to U+E07F. The following Unicode sample (which repeats the one above) is meaningful when viewed under a typeface supporting Tengwar glyphs in the area defined in the ConScript Tengwar proposal. Some typefaces that support this proposal are [http://www.evertype.com/emono/ Everson Mono], [http://freetengwar.sourceforge.net/tengtelc.html Tengwar Telcontar], [http://www.kreativekorp.com/software/fonts/constructium.shtml Constructium], [http://freetengwar.sourceforge.net/formal.html Tengwar Formal Unicode], and [http://freetengwar.sourceforge.net/freemonotengwar.html FreeMonoTengwar] ([http://www.code2000.net/ James Kass]&#039;s Code2000 and Code2001 use an older, incompatible version of the proposal).&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;blockquote style=&amp;quot;font-family: &#039;Tengwar Formal CSUR&#039;, &#039;FreeMonoTengwar&#039;, &#039;Constructium&#039;, &#039;Everson Mono&#039;, &#039;Tengwar Formal Unicode&#039;, &#039;Tengwar Telcontar&#039;, &#039;Everson Mono&#039;, &#039;Unifont CSUR&#039;; font-size: 150%; line-height: 120%&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&amp;amp;#xe022;&amp;amp;#xe051;&amp;amp;#xe040; &amp;amp;#xe028;&amp;amp;#xe011;&amp;amp;#xe04c;&amp;amp;#xe010;&amp;amp;#xe040; &amp;amp;#xe005;&amp;amp;#xe02e;&amp;amp;#xe046;&amp;amp;#xe013;&amp;amp;#xe044;&amp;amp;#xe058; &amp;amp;#xe014;&amp;amp;#xe045;&amp;amp;#xe040; &amp;amp;#xe005;&amp;amp;#xe014;&amp;amp;#xe04a;&amp;amp;#xe010; &amp;amp;#xe009;&amp;amp;#xe020;&amp;amp;#xe02e;&amp;amp;#xe046;&amp;amp;#xe02e;&amp;amp;#xe046; &amp;amp;#xe004;&amp;amp;#xe050;&amp;amp;#xe045; &amp;amp;#xe003;&amp;amp;#xe052;&amp;amp;#xe046;&amp;amp;#xe022;&amp;amp;#xe040; &amp;amp;#xe010;&amp;amp;#xe044; &amp;amp;#xe004;&amp;amp;#xe007;&amp;amp;#xe044;&amp;amp;#xe010;&amp;amp;#xe000;&amp;amp;#xe044;&amp;amp;#xe02e;&amp;amp;#xe053; &amp;amp;#xe004;&amp;amp;#xe050;&amp;amp;#xe045; &amp;amp;#xe020;&amp;amp;#xe00f;&amp;amp;#xe044;&amp;amp;#xe000;&amp;amp;#xe058; ⸬ &amp;amp;#xe00c;&amp;amp;#xe016;&amp;amp;#xe046; &amp;amp;#xe020;&amp;amp;#xe045;&amp;amp;#xe040; &amp;amp;#xe004;&amp;amp;#xe050;&amp;amp;#xe046;&amp;amp;#xe015;&amp;amp;#xe045;&amp;amp;#xe04a;&amp;amp;#xe004; &amp;amp;#xe015;&amp;amp;#xe00c;&amp;amp;#xe044; &amp;amp;#xe020;&amp;amp;#xe032;&amp;amp;#xe046;&amp;amp;#xe024;&amp;amp;#xe010;&amp;amp;#xe04a; &amp;amp;#xe004;&amp;amp;#xe050;&amp;amp;#xe045; &amp;amp;#xe003;&amp;amp;#xe010;&amp;amp;#xe04a;&amp;amp;#xe024;&amp;amp;#xe025;&amp;amp;#xe02e;&amp;amp;#xe044;&amp;amp;#xe025;&amp;amp;#xe050;&amp;amp;#xe045; &amp;amp;#xe004;&amp;amp;#xe050;&amp;amp;#xe045; &amp;amp;#xe00a;&amp;amp;#xe015;&amp;amp;#xe04a;&amp;amp;#xe022;&amp;amp;#xe004; &amp;amp;#xe003;&amp;amp;#xe040;&amp;amp;#xe000; &amp;amp;#xe000;&amp;amp;#xe015;&amp;amp;#xe04a;&amp;amp;#xe014;&amp;amp;#xe040;&amp;amp;#xe004;&amp;amp;#xe058; &amp;amp;#xe010;&amp;amp;#xe045;&amp;amp;#xe04a; &amp;amp;#xe010;&amp;amp;#xe040;&amp;amp;#xe00c;&amp;amp;#xe04a;&amp;amp;#xe020;&amp;amp;#xe046; &amp;amp;#xe010;&amp;amp;#xe044; &amp;amp;#xe02e;&amp;amp;#xe040; &amp;amp;#xe024;&amp;amp;#xe001;&amp;amp;#xe020;&amp;amp;#xe044;&amp;amp;#xe000;&amp;amp;#xe044; &amp;amp;#xe01d; &amp;amp;#xe005;&amp;amp;#xe020;&amp;amp;#xe00c;&amp;amp;#xe04a;&amp;amp;#xe014;&amp;amp;#xe046;&amp;amp;#xe028;&amp;amp;#xe004;&amp;amp;#xe04a;&amp;amp;#xe04a; ⸬&amp;lt;/blockquote&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Uses outside the legendarium===&lt;br /&gt;
Random (meaningless) Tengwar appears stylistically in a prop of an ancient tome in the [[Wikipedia:Within Temptation|Within Temptation]] music video for &amp;quot;Stand My Ground&amp;quot;. Tengwar also appears in the computer game &#039;&#039;[[Wikipedia:Atlantis: The Lost Tales|Atlantis: The Lost Tales]]&#039;&#039; and the &#039;&#039;[[Wikipedia:Alone in the Dar|Alone in the Dark]]&#039;&#039; comic book.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Several linguists, such as [[Wikipedia:Eric S. Raymond|Eric S. Raymond]], promote the usage of Tengwar for the constructed language [[Wikipedia:Lojban|Lojban]] as it is culturally neutral and contains some main Lojban morphology rules, making Lojban easier to learn when it is written with Tengwar.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Kena. [http://vodka-pomme.net/projects/tengwar-for-lojban/lojteng#learn  &#039;&#039;Lojban using tengwar - why?&#039;&#039;] (accessed August 2007)&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; (Another suggested mode can be seen [http://www.catb.org/~esr/tengwar/lojban-tengwar.html there]).&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== See also ==&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Sarati]]&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Cirth]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== External links ==&lt;br /&gt;
*[http://www.forodrim.org/daeron/md_teng_primers.html Tengwar tutorials]&lt;br /&gt;
* [http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/History_of_Elven_writing_systems History of Elven writing systems] Wikibook on the secondary-world history of the Elven writing systems&lt;br /&gt;
* [http://at.mansbjorkman.net/tengwar.htm Amanye Tenceli - The Tengwar] A comprehensive study of the Tengwar script&lt;br /&gt;
* [http://www.forodrim.org/daeron/mdtci.html The Mellonath Daeron Index of Tengwar Specimina] &amp;amp;mdash; a continuously expanding list of all published Tengwar samples&lt;br /&gt;
* [http://www.tengwar.art.pl/tengwar/fonty.php A comprehensive list of Tengwar fonts] (in Polish, but still useful even if you can&#039;t read the language)&lt;br /&gt;
* [http://www.omniglot.com/conscripts/tengwar.htm Omniglot reference]&lt;br /&gt;
* [http://tengwar.art.pl/tengwar/ott/start.php?l=en Online Tengwar transcriber]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== Modes ===&lt;br /&gt;
* [http://at.mansbjorkman.net/teng_general_english.htm Tengwar Mode for English (general use)]&lt;br /&gt;
* [http://www.duvendor.com.br/amanye/Downloads/FTMME_Text.pdf Full Tengwar Modes for Modern English]&lt;br /&gt;
* [http://catb.org/~esr/tengwar/ ESR&#039;s Tengwar modes for Esperanto and Lojban languages]&lt;br /&gt;
* [http://lambenor.free.fr/tengwar/espanol.html Tengwar mode for Spanish]&lt;br /&gt;
* [http://my.opera.com/tengwarblog/blog/deutscher-tengwar-modus Tengwar mode for German (full writing)]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== Software ===&lt;br /&gt;
* [http://tengwar.art.pl/tengwar/ott/start.php?l=en Online Tengwar transcriber]&lt;br /&gt;
* [https://www.tecendil.com/ Other online tengwar transcriber] (No software needed)&lt;br /&gt;
* [http://at.mansbjorkman.net/tengscribe.htm  Tengwar Scribe] (Win32)&lt;br /&gt;
* [http://jadro.ludviku.cz/yatt/  YATT (Win32) and YATT lite (Linux, Mac)]&lt;br /&gt;
* [http://tengwar.art.pl/ktt/  KTT] (Linux+KDE)&lt;br /&gt;
* [http://www.acondia.com/font_tengwar/TengwarMacros_v19F.zip Tengwar Macros for Microsoft Word/97 and Word/2000]&lt;br /&gt;
* [http://www.tecendil.com/ Tecendil] online Tengwar transcriber&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
More of Tengwar software on [http://tengwar.art.pl/tengwar/programy.php Tengwar Feanora] web-site (in Polish).&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== Technical ===&lt;br /&gt;
* [http://wikisophia.org/wiki/Wikitex#Teng WikiTeX] supports editing Tengwar directly in Wiki articles.&lt;br /&gt;
* [http://std.dkuug.dk/jtc1/sc2/wg2/docs/n1641/n1641.htm Official proposal to encode Tengwar in Unicode]&lt;br /&gt;
* [http://www.evertype.com/standards/csur/tengwar.html Tengwar proposal for ConScript Unicode Registry]&lt;br /&gt;
* [http://www.evertype.com/standards/iso10646/pdf/tengwar.pdf Revised Tengwar proposal]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{references}}&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;small&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
* Christopher Tolkien, &#039;&#039;The Tengwar Numerals&#039;&#039;, in &#039;&#039;[[Quettar]]&#039;&#039; 13, Feb. 1982, pp. 8-9; a further, untitled, explanation of the Tengwar numerals by Christopher Tolkien appeared in &#039;&#039;Quettar&#039;&#039; 14, May 1982, pp. 6-7.&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/small&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
{{languages}}&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Tengwar]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Writing systems]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[de:Tengwar]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[fr:encyclo/langues/tengwar]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[fi:Tengwar]]&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Sadron</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=Tengwar&amp;diff=338543</id>
		<title>Tengwar</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=Tengwar&amp;diff=338543"/>
		<updated>2021-11-17T17:10:03Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Sadron: /* History */&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;{{cleanup}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{font|[http://at.mansbjorkman.net/parmaite.htm Tengwar Parmaite] by [[Måns Björkman]]}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{disambig-more|Fëanorian|[[Fëanorian (disambiguation)]]}}&lt;br /&gt;
[[Image:Ryszard Derdzinski - Feanor.jpg|thumb|[[Fëanor]] designs the first Tengwar. Art by [[Ryszard Derdzinski]]]]&lt;br /&gt;
The &#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;Tengwar&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039; (Tengwa [teŋ&amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;w&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt;a&amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;w&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt;] when singular)([[Quenya]] &amp;quot;letters&amp;quot;, pron. {{IPA|[ˈteŋʷɡʷar]}}; [[Sindarin]] &#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;Tîw&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{App|E2}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;) was a writing system invented by [[Fëanor]] (and was therefore also called the &#039;&#039;&#039;Fëanorian alphabet&#039;&#039;&#039;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{L|25}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; or &#039;&#039;&#039;script&#039;&#039;&#039;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{L|168}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;). It was used for a variety of languages among the [[Free peoples]] and became perhaps the most prominent writing system of [[Arda]], used by a variety of [[:Portal:Characters|Races]] through the [[Ages]].&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==History==&lt;br /&gt;
[[Fëanor]] invented the Tengwar in the [[Year of the Trees 1250]] (of the first age), strongly influenced by the [[Sarati]] of [[Rúmil (elf of Tirion)|Rúmil the Loremaster]].&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{WJ|P4}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ApD&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{VT|39a}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; Fëanor both constructed the Tengwar as a general phonetic alphabet and devised special arrangements to fit the characteristics of all languages of [[Valinor]].&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{TI|Runes}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; Over the course of the First Age, three different modes of Tengwar emerged: [[Quenya]],  [[Beleriand]], and [[Sindarin]]. Sindarin is written in one of two modes, the mode of Beleriand, or the mode of Gondor (also known as [https://www.tecendil.com/tengwar-handbook/ Omatethar] Mode).&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Classical Quenya mode===&lt;br /&gt;
{{main|Quenya mode}}&lt;br /&gt;
Unlike Rúmil, Fëanor considered vowels as indepedent sounds and not just “colours” of the consonants, so he devised the “full writing” ([[Quanta Sarmë]]).&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ApD&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
However, Fëanor also used a more &#039;conservative&#039; system which seemed to have been proved far more popular; he also held Rúmil&#039;s idea of syllabic analysis of the words by the Sarati and made use of [[tehtar]] instead of the full letters.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ApD&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The classical Quenya mode of the Tengwar may have originated from Fëanor&#039;s own arrangement. There is no direct evidence for this hypothesis, but the use of the Quenya names for the individual letters hints to a primate of the Quenya mode. Another hint to a very old age of the classical Quenya mode is that it uses the [[Calmatéma]] as a k-series, like the mode of Beleriand which we can assume to have originated in the First Age.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Mode of Beleriand===&lt;br /&gt;
{{main|Mode of Beleriand}}&lt;br /&gt;
[[Image:J.R.R. Tolkien - Doors of Durin.jpg|thumb|The [[Doors of Durin]] created during the [[Second Age]]]]&lt;br /&gt;
When the [[Noldor]] rebelled and came to [[Middle-earth]], they adapted their writing for the new languages they learned. Quanta Sarmë was used for languages where the tehtar were not useful&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ApD&amp;quot; /&amp;gt; which could have been the origin for the Mode of Beleriand. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
It is also possible that the Tengwar influenced the evolution of the [[Cirth]] of [[Daeron]] in Beleriand, mainly in their shape and arrangement. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
We know from the inscription on the [[West-gate of Moria]] that a Tengwar mode called the [[Mode of Beleriand]] was used in [[Eregion]]. This name allows for the assumption that the same mode was used already in the [[First Age]].&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
At the end of the [[Third Age]], the Elves of [[Rivendell]] probably still used that mode, since a transcription of the Rivendell [[aerlinn]] &#039;&#039;[[A Elbereth Gilthoniel]]&#039;&#039; features it.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{RGEO|7}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; Frodo, however, even though literate in Sindarin, was apparently unable to read this mode.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===General Use===&lt;br /&gt;
By the end of the Third Age, there was a &#039;&#039;general use&#039;&#039; that could be used for a variety of languages including Quenya, Sindarin and the Common Speech.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;[[J.R.R. Tolkien]], &amp;quot;[[Letter to Anthony D. Howlett]] (letter); see also [http://www.forodrim.org/daeron/mdtci.html#DTS58 DTS58]&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; This use could have evolved during the [[Second Age]] in [[Eregion]] or even in [[Númenor]].&lt;br /&gt;
[[Image:One ring.png|thumb|left|The [[Ring Verse|inscription]] on [[The One Ring]].]]&lt;br /&gt;
The same mode appears on the [[Ring-inscription]]&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{FR|Shadow}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; that the [[Númenorean]] [[Isildur]] observed it to be &amp;quot;fashioned in an elven-script of Eregion&amp;quot;.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{FR|Council}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
It is not certain whether the whole &#039;&#039;mode&#039;&#039; itself was from Eregion or simply just the &#039;&#039;script&#039;&#039; was of an Elvish fashion. Some [[Adûnaic]] words use this mode.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{HM|SD}}, Lowdham&#039;s Inscription&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Another mode that was based on the &amp;quot;general use&amp;quot; but used full letters for the representation of vowels was used in the Northern part of the [[Westron]]-speaking regions, perhaps by influence of the Elves of [[Rivendell]]. This might explain why Frodo was unable to read either the Mode of Beleriand or the Ring Inscription.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Spelling and pronunciation ==&lt;br /&gt;
=== Structure ===&lt;br /&gt;
The most notable characteristic of the Tengwar script is that the shapes of the letters correspond to the features of the sounds they represent.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The shape of the Tengwar uniformly consisted of two elements, the &#039;&#039;[[telco]]&#039;&#039; (stem) to which is attached a &#039;&#039;[[lúva]]&#039;&#039; (bow). &lt;br /&gt;
It is noticeable that some of the letters of the [[Sarati|Sarati]] resembled the telco/lúva shape seen on the Tengwar. Therefore it is possible that those particular letters influenced stylistically the Tengwar.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The telco could be normal, raised, shortened or heightened. The lúva would be single or doubled, and these could be open or closed. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
All the above combinations can create 32 to 40 different shapes of letters. These shapes mirrored phonological significances: the basic form of a tengwa was used for the [[patakar]], the voiceless stops; telcor determined how the sound was articulated, and the lúvar where in the mouth it was made:&lt;br /&gt;
* Doubling the bow turns the voiceless consonant into a voiced one.&lt;br /&gt;
* Raising the stem above the line turns it into the corresponding fricative or a corresponding voiced version of it.&lt;br /&gt;
* Shortening it (so it is only the height of the bow) indicates the corresponding nasal or, mostly, the approximants.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
According to their shape, the 32 different glyphs could be arranged and presented consistently on a table. The principal letters are divided into series (&#039;&#039;témar&#039;&#039;) that correspond to the main places of articulation and into six rows (&#039;&#039;tyeller&#039;&#039;) that correspond to the main manners of articulation. Both vary among modes.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The table below gives the &#039;&#039;&#039;theoretical&#039;&#039;&#039;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Observations made by [[Jim Allan]]&#039;s &#039;&#039;[[An Introduction to Elvish]]&#039;&#039;, The Evolution of the Tengwar&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; values of the Tengwar based consistently on the abovementioned rules. Note that no language possessed all these sounds and the following does not represent an actual table of values of a particular language. In actuality, the languages used modifications or variations of them.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{| border=&amp;quot;1&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
! | &lt;br /&gt;
! colspan=&amp;quot;2&amp;quot; | Labial&lt;br /&gt;
! colspan=&amp;quot;2&amp;quot; | Dental&lt;br /&gt;
! colspan=&amp;quot;2&amp;quot; | Velar&lt;br /&gt;
! colspan=&amp;quot;2&amp;quot; | Labiovelar&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Voiceless&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;plosives&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|q}}&lt;br /&gt;
| p&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|1}}&lt;br /&gt;
| t&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|a}}&lt;br /&gt;
| k&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|z}}&lt;br /&gt;
| kw&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Voiced&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;plosives&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|w}}&lt;br /&gt;
| b&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|2}}&lt;br /&gt;
| d&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|s}}&lt;br /&gt;
| g&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|x}}&lt;br /&gt;
| gw&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Aspirated&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;voiceless plosives&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|Q}}&lt;br /&gt;
| p&amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;h&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|!}}&lt;br /&gt;
| t&amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;h&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|A}}&lt;br /&gt;
| k&amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;h&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|Z}}&lt;br /&gt;
| k&amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;h&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt;w&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Aspirated&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;voiced plosives&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|W}}&lt;br /&gt;
| b&amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;h&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|@}}&lt;br /&gt;
| d&amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;h&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|S}}&lt;br /&gt;
| g&amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;h&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|X}}&lt;br /&gt;
| g&amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;h&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt;w&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Voiceless&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;fricatives&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|e}}&lt;br /&gt;
| f&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|3}}&lt;br /&gt;
| th&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|d}}&lt;br /&gt;
| ch&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|c}}&lt;br /&gt;
| chw&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Voiced&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;fricatives&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|r}}&lt;br /&gt;
| v&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|4}}&lt;br /&gt;
| dh&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|f}}&lt;br /&gt;
| gh&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|v}}&lt;br /&gt;
| ghw&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Voiceless&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;nasals&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|y}}&lt;br /&gt;
| hm&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|6}}&lt;br /&gt;
| hn&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|h}}&lt;br /&gt;
| hñ&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|n}}&lt;br /&gt;
| hñw&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Nasals&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|t}}&lt;br /&gt;
| m&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|5}}&lt;br /&gt;
| n&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|g}}&lt;br /&gt;
| ñ&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|b}}&lt;br /&gt;
| ñw&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Arrangement===&lt;br /&gt;
By the end of the [[Third Age]], the Tengwar were somehow standardized. Their Quenya names became standard for all modes, and less used ones were not included (although still used), such as those of the extended stems and the [[Tyelpetéma]]. The table displayed 36 letters: the 24 standard Tengwar, plus 12 of the additional Tengwar.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Also, the Tengwar were assigned numeric values.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{| border=&amp;quot;1&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
! &lt;br /&gt;
! colspan=&amp;quot;2&amp;quot; | Tincotéma&lt;br /&gt;
! colspan=&amp;quot;2&amp;quot; | Parmatéma&lt;br /&gt;
! colspan=&amp;quot;2&amp;quot; | Calmatéma&lt;br /&gt;
! colspan=&amp;quot;2&amp;quot; | Quessetéma&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Grade I&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|1}}&lt;br /&gt;
| [[Tinco]]&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|q}}&lt;br /&gt;
| [[Parma]]&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|a}}&lt;br /&gt;
| [[Calma]]&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|z}}&lt;br /&gt;
| [[Quesse]]&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Grade II&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|2}}&lt;br /&gt;
| [[Ando]]&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|w}}&lt;br /&gt;
| [[Umbar (word)|Umbar]]&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|s}}&lt;br /&gt;
| [[Anga]]&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|x}}&lt;br /&gt;
| [[Ungwe]]&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Grade III&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|3}}&lt;br /&gt;
| [[Súlë]]&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|e}}&lt;br /&gt;
| [[Formen]]&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|d}}&lt;br /&gt;
| [[Aha]]&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|c}}&lt;br /&gt;
| [[Hwesta]]&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Grade IV&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|4}}&lt;br /&gt;
| [[Anto]]&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|r}}&lt;br /&gt;
| [[Ampa]]&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|f}}&lt;br /&gt;
| [[Anca]]&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|v}}&lt;br /&gt;
| [[Unque]]&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Grade V&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|5}}&lt;br /&gt;
| [[Númen]]&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|t}}&lt;br /&gt;
| [[Malta]]&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|g}}&lt;br /&gt;
| [[Noldo]]&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|b}}&lt;br /&gt;
| [[Nwalme]]&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Grade VI&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|6}}&lt;br /&gt;
| [[Óre]]&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|y}}&lt;br /&gt;
| [[Vala|Vala]]&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|h}}&lt;br /&gt;
| [[Anna]]&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|n}}&lt;br /&gt;
| [[Vilya]]&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
!&lt;br /&gt;
! colspan=&amp;quot;8&amp;quot; | &#039;&#039;&#039;Additional Tengwar:&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|7}}&lt;br /&gt;
| [[Rómen]]&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|u}}&lt;br /&gt;
| [[Arda]]&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|j}}&lt;br /&gt;
| [[Lambe]]&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|m}}&lt;br /&gt;
| [[Alda]]&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|8}}&lt;br /&gt;
| [[Silme]]&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|i}}&lt;br /&gt;
| [[Silme nuquerna]]&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|k}}&lt;br /&gt;
| [[Essë]]&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|,}}&lt;br /&gt;
| [[Esse nuquerna]]&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|9}}&lt;br /&gt;
| [[Hyarmen]]&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|l}}&lt;br /&gt;
| [[Yanta]]&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|o}}&lt;br /&gt;
| [[Hwesta Sindarinwa]]&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|.}}&lt;br /&gt;
| [[Úrë]]&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|&amp;amp;#189;}}&lt;br /&gt;
| [[Halla]]&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|`}}&lt;br /&gt;
| [[Telco]]&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|~}}&lt;br /&gt;
| [[Ára]]&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Values==&lt;br /&gt;
As mentioned, the Tengwar had a generic mode that covered a wide range of phonemes. This mode perhaps originated in [[Eregion]] and exemplified in the verse of [[the One Ring]] and other Westron Tengwar texts. It could be used for both Quenya and Sindarin.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The following table gives both the formal Quenya and Numenian&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;[[Jim Allan]]&#039;s &#039;&#039;[[Report from Marquette]]&#039;&#039;&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; names of the Tengwar. When two values are given (separated with a &#039;&#039;&#039;/&#039;&#039;&#039; slash), the first refers to the Elvish variation and the second to the [[Mannish]] or Westron variation. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Note that the dashes indicate when the letter is used initially or finally and/or as a diphthong element.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{| border=&amp;quot;1&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
! colspan=&amp;quot;2&amp;quot; | Tincotéma&lt;br /&gt;
! colspan=&amp;quot;2&amp;quot; | Parmatéma&lt;br /&gt;
! colspan=&amp;quot;2&amp;quot; | Calmatéma&lt;br /&gt;
! colspan=&amp;quot;2&amp;quot; | Quessetéma&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|1}}&lt;br /&gt;
| t&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Tinco/Tó&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|q}}&lt;br /&gt;
| p&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Parma/Pí&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|a}}&lt;br /&gt;
| ch (as in &#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;ch&#039;&#039;&#039;ur&#039;&#039;&#039;ch&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;)&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Calma/Ché&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|z}}&lt;br /&gt;
| k&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Quesse/Ká&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|2}}&lt;br /&gt;
| d&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Ando/Dó&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|w}}&lt;br /&gt;
| b&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Umbar/Bí&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|s}}&lt;br /&gt;
|j&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Anga/Jé&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|x}}&lt;br /&gt;
| g&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Ungwe/Gá&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|3}}&lt;br /&gt;
| th&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Súle/Thó&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|e}}&lt;br /&gt;
| f&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Formen/Fí&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|d}}&lt;br /&gt;
|sh&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Aha/Shé&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|c}}&lt;br /&gt;
| ch/h (as in &#039;&#039;lo&#039;&#039;&#039;ch&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;)&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Hwesta/Aha (or Oha)&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|4}}&lt;br /&gt;
| dh&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Anto/Adhó&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|r}}&lt;br /&gt;
| v&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Ampa/Ví&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|f}}&lt;br /&gt;
| zh&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Anca/Izhe&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|v}}&lt;br /&gt;
|gh&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Unque/Agha&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|5}}&lt;br /&gt;
| n&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Númen/Nó&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|t}}&lt;br /&gt;
| m&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Malta/Mí&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|g}}&lt;br /&gt;
| ny&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Noldo/Nyé&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|b}}&lt;br /&gt;
| ng&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Nwalme/Ngá&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|6}}&lt;br /&gt;
| -r/r&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Óre/Ar&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|y}}&lt;br /&gt;
| w, -u/w&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Vala/Wí&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|h}}&lt;br /&gt;
| -i/y&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Anna/Yé&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|n}}&lt;br /&gt;
|&amp;amp;rsquo;?&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;&amp;amp;rsquo;á&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! colspan=&amp;quot;8&amp;quot; | Additional Tengwar:&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|7}}&lt;br /&gt;
| r&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Rómen/Aro&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|u}}&lt;br /&gt;
| rh&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Arda/Rho&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|j}}&lt;br /&gt;
| l&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Lambe/Alo&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|m}}&lt;br /&gt;
| lh&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Alda/Lho&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|8}}&lt;br /&gt;
| s&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Silme/Só&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|i}}&lt;br /&gt;
|s&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Silme Nuquerna/Ós&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|k}}&lt;br /&gt;
| ss/z&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Esse/Azo&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|,}}&lt;br /&gt;
| z&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Oza&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|9}}&lt;br /&gt;
| h&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Hyarmen/Há&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|l}}&lt;br /&gt;
| i-, -e&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Yanta/Ai&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|o}}&lt;br /&gt;
| wh&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Hwesta Sindarinwa/Whí&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|.}}&lt;br /&gt;
| -u?&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Úre/Au&lt;br /&gt;
|}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The following is a full mode variety, related mainly to the north, and uses Tengwar (and carriers) as vowels. It was probably created in [[Arnor]], influenced from the Mode of Beleriand used in [[Rivendell]]. Even the [[Dwarves|dwarf]] [[Ori]] wrote in this hand in the [[Book of Mazarbul]]&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;The second page of the Book of Mazarbul ([http://www.forodrim.org/daeron/mdtci.html#DTS13 DTS13]) said to be written by Ori, is categorized to belong to the Northern Variety [http://at.mansbjorkman.net/teng_modes.htm here]&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{| border=&amp;quot;1&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
! colspan=&amp;quot;2&amp;quot; | Tincotéma&lt;br /&gt;
! colspan=&amp;quot;2&amp;quot; | Parmatéma&lt;br /&gt;
! colspan=&amp;quot;2&amp;quot; | Calmatéma&lt;br /&gt;
! colspan=&amp;quot;2&amp;quot; | Quessetéma&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|1}}&lt;br /&gt;
| t&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Tinco/Tó&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|q}}&lt;br /&gt;
| p&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Parma/Pí&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|a}}&lt;br /&gt;
|ch (as in &#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;ch&#039;&#039;&#039;ur&#039;&#039;&#039;ch&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;)&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Calma/Ché&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|z}}&lt;br /&gt;
| k&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Quesse/Ká&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|2}}&lt;br /&gt;
| d&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Ando/Dó&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|w}}&lt;br /&gt;
| b&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Umbar/Bí&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|s}}&lt;br /&gt;
|j&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;AngaJé&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|x}}&lt;br /&gt;
| g&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Ungwe/Gá&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|3}}&lt;br /&gt;
| th&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Súle/Thó&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|e}}&lt;br /&gt;
| f&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Formen/Fí&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|d}}&lt;br /&gt;
|sh&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Aha/Shé&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|c}}&lt;br /&gt;
| ch/h (as in &#039;&#039;lo&#039;&#039;&#039;ch&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Hwesta/Aha&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|4}}&lt;br /&gt;
| dh&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Anto/Adhó&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|r}}&lt;br /&gt;
| v&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Ampa/Ví&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|f}}&lt;br /&gt;
|zh&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Anca/Izhe&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|v}}&lt;br /&gt;
|gh&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Unque/Agha&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|5}}&lt;br /&gt;
| n&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Númen/Nó&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|t}}&lt;br /&gt;
| m&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Malta/Mí&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|g}}&lt;br /&gt;
|ny&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Noldo/Nyé&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|b}}&lt;br /&gt;
| ng&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Nwalme/Ngá&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|6}}&lt;br /&gt;
| -r/r&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Óre/Ar&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|y}}&lt;br /&gt;
| w, -u/u&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Vala/Wí&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|h}}&lt;br /&gt;
| o&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Anna/Yé&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|n}}&lt;br /&gt;
|a&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;&#039;a&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! colspan=&amp;quot;8&amp;quot; | Additional Tengwar:&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|7}}&lt;br /&gt;
| r&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Rómen/Aro&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|u}}&lt;br /&gt;
| rh&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Arda/Rho&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|j}}&lt;br /&gt;
| l&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Lambe/Alo&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|m}}&lt;br /&gt;
| lh&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Alda/Lho&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|8}}&lt;br /&gt;
| s&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Silme/Só&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|i}}&lt;br /&gt;
|s&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Silme Nuquerna/Ós&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|k}}&lt;br /&gt;
| ss/z&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Esse/Azo&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|,}}&lt;br /&gt;
| z&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Esse Nuquerna/Oza&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|9}}&lt;br /&gt;
| h&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Hyarmen/Há&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|l}}&lt;br /&gt;
| i-, -e/e&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Yanta/Ai&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|o}}&lt;br /&gt;
| wh&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Hwesta Sindarinwa/Whí&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|.}}&lt;br /&gt;
| w&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Úre/Au&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|{{tg|`B}}	&lt;br /&gt;
|i	&lt;br /&gt;
|{{tg|~B}}	&lt;br /&gt;
|i-/y-&lt;br /&gt;
|{{tg|]}}&lt;br /&gt;
|a	&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|š}}&lt;br /&gt;
| mh&lt;br /&gt;
|}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Other modes==&lt;br /&gt;
Just as with any alphabetic writing system, every specific language written in Tengwar requires a specific orthography, depending on the phonology of that language. These Tengwar orthographies are usually called &#039;&#039;modes&#039;&#039;. All of them use as a basis the &amp;quot;[[Tengwar#Structure|theoretical values]]&amp;quot; table above, corresponding the letters to the phonemes of each language&#039;s phonology, and even drop out the characters that would be useless.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
All the modes can be divided into two large categories: &lt;br /&gt;
*Some represent vowels with diacritics called &#039;&#039;&#039;[[tehtar]]&#039;&#039;&#039; or &#039;&#039;[[ómatehtar]]&#039;&#039; (&amp;quot;vowel tehtar&amp;quot;), like the [[Quenya mode]].&lt;br /&gt;
*The &amp;quot;full writing&amp;quot; modes represent vowels by normal letters, such as the [[Quanta Sarmë]] or the [[Mode of Beleriand]].&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Furthermore, some modes map the basic consonants to {{IPA|/t/}}, {{IPA|/p/}}, {{IPA|/k/}}, and {{IPA|/kʷ/}}, while others (generally [[Mannish]]) use them to represent {{IPA|/t/}}, {{IPA|/p/}}, {{IPA|/tʃ/}}, and {{IPA|/k/}}.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== External history ==&lt;br /&gt;
The [[Sarati]], a script developed by Tolkien in the late 1910s that is described in &#039;&#039;[[Parma Eldalamberon 13|&#039;&#039;Parma Eldalamberon&#039;&#039; 13]]&#039;&#039;, anticipates many features of the Tengwar, especially the vowel representation by diacritics (which is found in many Tengwar varieties), different Tengwar shapes and a few correspondances between sound features and letter shape features (though inconsistent).&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Even closer to the Tengwar is the [[Valmaric script]], described in [[Parma Eldalamberon 14|&#039;&#039;Parma Eldalamberon&#039;&#039; 14]], which Tolkien used from about 1922 to 1925. It features many Tengwar shapes and the inherent vowel {{IPA|[a]}} found in some Tengwar varieties. The tables in the samples V12 and V13 show an arrangement that is very similar to the one of the primary Tengwar in the classical Quenya &amp;quot;mode&amp;quot;.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The Tengwar were probably developed in the late 1920s or in the early 1930s. &#039;&#039;The Lonely Mountain Jar Inscription&#039;&#039;, the first published Tengwar sample, dates to 1937 (&#039;&#039;[[The Hobbit]]&#039;&#039;, most editions). The full explanation of the Tengwar was published in Appendix E of &#039;&#039;[[The Lord of the Rings]]&#039;&#039; in 1955.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Inspiration==&lt;br /&gt;
Tengwar is a [[Wikipedia:Featural writing system|featural alphabet]], meaning there is correspondence between letter shape features and [[Wikipedia:place of articulation|place]] and [[Wikipedia:manner of articulation|manner of articulation]]. Perhaps the oldest and most famous featural system is the Korean [[Wikipedia:Hangul|Hangul alphabet]]. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Jim Allan]] (&#039;&#039;[[An Introduction to Elvish]]&#039;&#039;, ISBN 0-905220-10-2) compared the Tengwar with the &#039;&#039;Universal Alphabet&#039;&#039; of [[Wikipedia:Francis Lodwick|Francis Lodwick]] of 1686, both on grounds of the feature factor, but also the actual letter shapes, and the use of vowels as diacritics.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
It is not known whether Tolkien was aware of these previous scripts. However, considering the sarati and the valmaric script that he already invented in his youth, it is conceivable that Tolkien developed the idea of featural notation by himself.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
It is likewise not known whether the shapes of several Tengwar were inspired by the [[Wikipedia:Insular script|insular minuscule script]] (used to write [[Anglo-saxon]]) or the [[Wikipedia:blackletter|gothic textura]] and cursive scripts (used to write Middle English), with which Tolkien was familiar through reading medieval manuscripts in these languages in his professional capacity as a linguist.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Tengwar study==&lt;br /&gt;
===Modes===&lt;br /&gt;
As the peoples of Middle-earth used various modes of Tengwar, and as Tolkien wrote English, [[Old English]] and [[Norse]] in Tengwar, [[fandom|fans]] have created Tengwar modes for real languages. There are modes to write French, Swedish, Latin or Spanish. &lt;br /&gt;
=== Encoding Schemes ===&lt;br /&gt;
==== Non-Unicode ====&lt;br /&gt;
The contemporary de facto standard in the Tengwar user community maps the Tengwar characters onto the regular English character encoding following the example of the [http://www.gis.net/~dansmith/fonts/font_tengwar/ Tengwar typefaces] by [[Dan Smith]]. A drawback of the font solution is that, if no corresponding Tengwar font is installed, an awful string of [[wikipedia:Mojibake|nonsense characters]] appears.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Since there is not enough place for all the signs, certain signs are included in a &amp;quot;Tengwar A&amp;quot; font which also maps its characters on ISO 8859-1, overlapping with the first font.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
For each Tengwar diacritic there are four different codepoints that are used depending on the width of the character which bears it.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Other Tengwar typefaces with Dan Smith&#039;s encoding include [http://home.student.uu.se/j/jowi4905/fonts/annatar.html Johan Winge&#039;s Tengwar Annatar], [http://at.mansbjorkman.net/parmaite.htm Måns Björkman&#039;s Tengwar Parmaite], [http://www.geocities.com/enrombell/Archivos.htm Enrique Mombello&#039;s Tengwar Élfica] or [http://www.limes.com.pl/~miszka/ Michal Nowakowski&#039;s Tengwar Formal] (note that most of these differ in details).&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The following sample shows the first article of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights written in English according to the traditional English orthography. If no Tengwar font is installed, it will look nonsense since the corresponding ISO 8859-1 characters (Roman letters, numbers and signs) will appear instead.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{tg|j#¸ 9t&amp;amp;5# w`Vb%_ 6EO w6Y5 e7~V 2{( zèVj# 5% 2x%51T`Û 2{( 7v%1+º 4hR 7EO 2{$yYO2 y4% 7]F85^ 2{( z5^8i`B5$i( 2{( dyYj2 zE1 1`N ]Fa 4^(6 5% `C 8q7T1T W w74^(69~N2º}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==== Unicode ====&lt;br /&gt;
A proposal has been made by Michael Everson to include the Tengwar in the [[Unicode]] standard. The codepoints are subject to change; the range U+016080 to U+0160FF in the Supplementary Multilingual Plane is tentatively allocated for Tengwar according to the current [http://www.unicode.org/roadmaps/smp/ Unicode roadmap].&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Tengwar are currently included in the unofficial ConScript Unicode Registry, which assigns codepoints in the Private Use Area. Tengwar are mapped to the range U+E000 to U+E07F. The following Unicode sample (which repeats the one above) is meaningful when viewed under a typeface supporting Tengwar glyphs in the area defined in the ConScript Tengwar proposal. Some typefaces that support this proposal are [http://www.evertype.com/emono/ Everson Mono], [http://freetengwar.sourceforge.net/tengtelc.html Tengwar Telcontar], [http://www.kreativekorp.com/software/fonts/constructium.shtml Constructium], [http://freetengwar.sourceforge.net/formal.html Tengwar Formal Unicode], and [http://freetengwar.sourceforge.net/freemonotengwar.html FreeMonoTengwar] ([http://www.code2000.net/ James Kass]&#039;s Code2000 and Code2001 use an older, incompatible version of the proposal).&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;blockquote style=&amp;quot;font-family: &#039;Tengwar Formal CSUR&#039;, &#039;FreeMonoTengwar&#039;, &#039;Constructium&#039;, &#039;Everson Mono&#039;, &#039;Tengwar Formal Unicode&#039;, &#039;Tengwar Telcontar&#039;, &#039;Everson Mono&#039;, &#039;Unifont CSUR&#039;; font-size: 150%; line-height: 120%&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&amp;amp;#xe022;&amp;amp;#xe051;&amp;amp;#xe040; &amp;amp;#xe028;&amp;amp;#xe011;&amp;amp;#xe04c;&amp;amp;#xe010;&amp;amp;#xe040; &amp;amp;#xe005;&amp;amp;#xe02e;&amp;amp;#xe046;&amp;amp;#xe013;&amp;amp;#xe044;&amp;amp;#xe058; &amp;amp;#xe014;&amp;amp;#xe045;&amp;amp;#xe040; &amp;amp;#xe005;&amp;amp;#xe014;&amp;amp;#xe04a;&amp;amp;#xe010; &amp;amp;#xe009;&amp;amp;#xe020;&amp;amp;#xe02e;&amp;amp;#xe046;&amp;amp;#xe02e;&amp;amp;#xe046; &amp;amp;#xe004;&amp;amp;#xe050;&amp;amp;#xe045; &amp;amp;#xe003;&amp;amp;#xe052;&amp;amp;#xe046;&amp;amp;#xe022;&amp;amp;#xe040; &amp;amp;#xe010;&amp;amp;#xe044; &amp;amp;#xe004;&amp;amp;#xe007;&amp;amp;#xe044;&amp;amp;#xe010;&amp;amp;#xe000;&amp;amp;#xe044;&amp;amp;#xe02e;&amp;amp;#xe053; &amp;amp;#xe004;&amp;amp;#xe050;&amp;amp;#xe045; &amp;amp;#xe020;&amp;amp;#xe00f;&amp;amp;#xe044;&amp;amp;#xe000;&amp;amp;#xe058; ⸬ &amp;amp;#xe00c;&amp;amp;#xe016;&amp;amp;#xe046; &amp;amp;#xe020;&amp;amp;#xe045;&amp;amp;#xe040; &amp;amp;#xe004;&amp;amp;#xe050;&amp;amp;#xe046;&amp;amp;#xe015;&amp;amp;#xe045;&amp;amp;#xe04a;&amp;amp;#xe004; &amp;amp;#xe015;&amp;amp;#xe00c;&amp;amp;#xe044; &amp;amp;#xe020;&amp;amp;#xe032;&amp;amp;#xe046;&amp;amp;#xe024;&amp;amp;#xe010;&amp;amp;#xe04a; &amp;amp;#xe004;&amp;amp;#xe050;&amp;amp;#xe045; &amp;amp;#xe003;&amp;amp;#xe010;&amp;amp;#xe04a;&amp;amp;#xe024;&amp;amp;#xe025;&amp;amp;#xe02e;&amp;amp;#xe044;&amp;amp;#xe025;&amp;amp;#xe050;&amp;amp;#xe045; &amp;amp;#xe004;&amp;amp;#xe050;&amp;amp;#xe045; &amp;amp;#xe00a;&amp;amp;#xe015;&amp;amp;#xe04a;&amp;amp;#xe022;&amp;amp;#xe004; &amp;amp;#xe003;&amp;amp;#xe040;&amp;amp;#xe000; &amp;amp;#xe000;&amp;amp;#xe015;&amp;amp;#xe04a;&amp;amp;#xe014;&amp;amp;#xe040;&amp;amp;#xe004;&amp;amp;#xe058; &amp;amp;#xe010;&amp;amp;#xe045;&amp;amp;#xe04a; &amp;amp;#xe010;&amp;amp;#xe040;&amp;amp;#xe00c;&amp;amp;#xe04a;&amp;amp;#xe020;&amp;amp;#xe046; &amp;amp;#xe010;&amp;amp;#xe044; &amp;amp;#xe02e;&amp;amp;#xe040; &amp;amp;#xe024;&amp;amp;#xe001;&amp;amp;#xe020;&amp;amp;#xe044;&amp;amp;#xe000;&amp;amp;#xe044; &amp;amp;#xe01d; &amp;amp;#xe005;&amp;amp;#xe020;&amp;amp;#xe00c;&amp;amp;#xe04a;&amp;amp;#xe014;&amp;amp;#xe046;&amp;amp;#xe028;&amp;amp;#xe004;&amp;amp;#xe04a;&amp;amp;#xe04a; ⸬&amp;lt;/blockquote&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Uses outside the legendarium===&lt;br /&gt;
Random (meaningless) Tengwar appears stylistically in a prop of an ancient tome in the [[Wikipedia:Within Temptation|Within Temptation]] music video for &amp;quot;Stand My Ground&amp;quot;. Tengwar also appears in the computer game &#039;&#039;[[Wikipedia:Atlantis: The Lost Tales|Atlantis: The Lost Tales]]&#039;&#039; and the &#039;&#039;[[Wikipedia:Alone in the Dar|Alone in the Dark]]&#039;&#039; comic book.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Several linguists, such as [[Wikipedia:Eric S. Raymond|Eric S. Raymond]], promote the usage of Tengwar for the constructed language [[Wikipedia:Lojban|Lojban]] as it is culturally neutral and contains some main Lojban morphology rules, making Lojban easier to learn when it is written with Tengwar.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Kena. [http://vodka-pomme.net/projects/tengwar-for-lojban/lojteng#learn  &#039;&#039;Lojban using tengwar - why?&#039;&#039;] (accessed August 2007)&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; (Another suggested mode can be seen [http://www.catb.org/~esr/tengwar/lojban-tengwar.html there]).&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== See also ==&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Sarati]]&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Cirth]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== External links ==&lt;br /&gt;
*[http://www.forodrim.org/daeron/md_teng_primers.html Tengwar tutorials]&lt;br /&gt;
* [http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/History_of_Elven_writing_systems History of Elven writing systems] Wikibook on the secondary-world history of the Elven writing systems&lt;br /&gt;
* [http://at.mansbjorkman.net/tengwar.htm Amanye Tenceli - The Tengwar] A comprehensive study of the Tengwar script&lt;br /&gt;
* [http://www.forodrim.org/daeron/mdtci.html The Mellonath Daeron Index of Tengwar Specimina] &amp;amp;mdash; a continuously expanding list of all published Tengwar samples&lt;br /&gt;
* [http://www.tengwar.art.pl/tengwar/fonty.php A comprehensive list of Tengwar fonts] (in Polish, but still useful even if you can&#039;t read the language)&lt;br /&gt;
* [http://www.omniglot.com/conscripts/tengwar.htm Omniglot reference]&lt;br /&gt;
* [http://tengwar.art.pl/tengwar/ott/start.php?l=en Online Tengwar transcriber]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== Modes ===&lt;br /&gt;
* [http://at.mansbjorkman.net/teng_general_english.htm Tengwar Mode for English (general use)]&lt;br /&gt;
* [http://www.duvendor.com.br/amanye/Downloads/FTMME_Text.pdf Full Tengwar Modes for Modern English]&lt;br /&gt;
* [http://catb.org/~esr/tengwar/ ESR&#039;s Tengwar modes for Esperanto and Lojban languages]&lt;br /&gt;
* [http://lambenor.free.fr/tengwar/espanol.html Tengwar mode for Spanish]&lt;br /&gt;
* [http://my.opera.com/tengwarblog/blog/deutscher-tengwar-modus Tengwar mode for German (full writing)]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== Software ===&lt;br /&gt;
* [http://tengwar.art.pl/tengwar/ott/start.php?l=en Online Tengwar transcriber]&lt;br /&gt;
* [http://at.mansbjorkman.net/tengscribe.htm  Tengwar Scribe] (Win32)&lt;br /&gt;
* [http://jadro.ludviku.cz/yatt/  YATT (Win32) and YATT lite (Linux, Mac)]&lt;br /&gt;
* [http://tengwar.art.pl/ktt/  KTT] (Linux+KDE)&lt;br /&gt;
* [http://www.acondia.com/font_tengwar/TengwarMacros_v19F.zip Tengwar Macros for Microsoft Word/97 and Word/2000]&lt;br /&gt;
* [http://www.tecendil.com/ Tecendil] online Tengwar transcriber&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
More of Tengwar software on [http://tengwar.art.pl/tengwar/programy.php Tengwar Feanora] web-site (in Polish).&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== Technical ===&lt;br /&gt;
* [http://wikisophia.org/wiki/Wikitex#Teng WikiTeX] supports editing Tengwar directly in Wiki articles.&lt;br /&gt;
* [http://std.dkuug.dk/jtc1/sc2/wg2/docs/n1641/n1641.htm Official proposal to encode Tengwar in Unicode]&lt;br /&gt;
* [http://www.evertype.com/standards/csur/tengwar.html Tengwar proposal for ConScript Unicode Registry]&lt;br /&gt;
* [http://www.evertype.com/standards/iso10646/pdf/tengwar.pdf Revised Tengwar proposal]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{references}}&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;small&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
* Christopher Tolkien, &#039;&#039;The Tengwar Numerals&#039;&#039;, in &#039;&#039;[[Quettar]]&#039;&#039; 13, Feb. 1982, pp. 8-9; a further, untitled, explanation of the Tengwar numerals by Christopher Tolkien appeared in &#039;&#039;Quettar&#039;&#039; 14, May 1982, pp. 6-7.&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/small&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
{{languages}}&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Tengwar]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Writing systems]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[de:Tengwar]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[fr:encyclo/langues/tengwar]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[fi:Tengwar]]&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Sadron</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=Tengwar&amp;diff=338542</id>
		<title>Tengwar</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=Tengwar&amp;diff=338542"/>
		<updated>2021-11-17T17:05:53Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Sadron: /* History */&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;{{cleanup}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{font|[http://at.mansbjorkman.net/parmaite.htm Tengwar Parmaite] by [[Måns Björkman]]}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{disambig-more|Fëanorian|[[Fëanorian (disambiguation)]]}}&lt;br /&gt;
[[Image:Ryszard Derdzinski - Feanor.jpg|thumb|[[Fëanor]] designs the first Tengwar. Art by [[Ryszard Derdzinski]]]]&lt;br /&gt;
The &#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;Tengwar&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039; (Tengwa [teŋ&amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;w&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt;a&amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;w&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt;] when singular)([[Quenya]] &amp;quot;letters&amp;quot;, pron. {{IPA|[ˈteŋʷɡʷar]}}; [[Sindarin]] &#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;Tîw&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{App|E2}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;) was a writing system invented by [[Fëanor]] (and was therefore also called the &#039;&#039;&#039;Fëanorian alphabet&#039;&#039;&#039;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{L|25}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; or &#039;&#039;&#039;script&#039;&#039;&#039;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{L|168}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;). It was used for a variety of languages among the [[Free peoples]] and became perhaps the most prominent writing system of [[Arda]], used by a variety of [[:Portal:Characters|Races]] through the [[Ages]].&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==History==&lt;br /&gt;
[[Fëanor]] invented the Tengwar in the [[Year of the Trees 1250]] (of the first age), strongly influenced by the [[Sarati]] of [[Rúmil (elf of Tirion)|Rúmil the Loremaster]].&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{WJ|P4}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ApD&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{VT|39a}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; Fëanor both constructed the Tengwar as a general phonetic alphabet and devised special arrangements to fit the characteristics of all languages of [[Valinor]].&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{TI|Runes}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; Over the course of the First Age, three different modes of Tengwar emerged: [[Quenya]],  [[Beleriand]], and [[Sindarin]]. Sindarin is written in one of two modes, the mode of Beleriand, or the mode of Gondor (also known as Omatethar Mode).&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Classical Quenya mode===&lt;br /&gt;
{{main|Quenya mode}}&lt;br /&gt;
Unlike Rúmil, Fëanor considered vowels as indepedent sounds and not just “colours” of the consonants, so he devised the “full writing” ([[Quanta Sarmë]]).&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ApD&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
However, Fëanor also used a more &#039;conservative&#039; system which seemed to have been proved far more popular; he also held Rúmil&#039;s idea of syllabic analysis of the words by the Sarati and made use of [[tehtar]] instead of the full letters.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ApD&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The classical Quenya mode of the Tengwar may have originated from Fëanor&#039;s own arrangement. There is no direct evidence for this hypothesis, but the use of the Quenya names for the individual letters hints to a primate of the Quenya mode. Another hint to a very old age of the classical Quenya mode is that it uses the [[Calmatéma]] as a k-series, like the mode of Beleriand which we can assume to have originated in the First Age.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Mode of Beleriand===&lt;br /&gt;
{{main|Mode of Beleriand}}&lt;br /&gt;
[[Image:J.R.R. Tolkien - Doors of Durin.jpg|thumb|The [[Doors of Durin]] created during the [[Second Age]]]]&lt;br /&gt;
When the [[Noldor]] rebelled and came to [[Middle-earth]], they adapted their writing for the new languages they learned. Quanta Sarmë was used for languages where the tehtar were not useful&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ApD&amp;quot; /&amp;gt; which could have been the origin for the Mode of Beleriand. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
It is also possible that the Tengwar influenced the evolution of the [[Cirth]] of [[Daeron]] in Beleriand, mainly in their shape and arrangement. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
We know from the inscription on the [[West-gate of Moria]] that a Tengwar mode called the [[Mode of Beleriand]] was used in [[Eregion]]. This name allows for the assumption that the same mode was used already in the [[First Age]].&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
At the end of the [[Third Age]], the Elves of [[Rivendell]] probably still used that mode, since a transcription of the Rivendell [[aerlinn]] &#039;&#039;[[A Elbereth Gilthoniel]]&#039;&#039; features it.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{RGEO|7}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; Frodo, however, even though literate in Sindarin, was apparently unable to read this mode.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===General Use===&lt;br /&gt;
By the end of the Third Age, there was a &#039;&#039;general use&#039;&#039; that could be used for a variety of languages including Quenya, Sindarin and the Common Speech.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;[[J.R.R. Tolkien]], &amp;quot;[[Letter to Anthony D. Howlett]] (letter); see also [http://www.forodrim.org/daeron/mdtci.html#DTS58 DTS58]&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; This use could have evolved during the [[Second Age]] in [[Eregion]] or even in [[Númenor]].&lt;br /&gt;
[[Image:One ring.png|thumb|left|The [[Ring Verse|inscription]] on [[The One Ring]].]]&lt;br /&gt;
The same mode appears on the [[Ring-inscription]]&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{FR|Shadow}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; that the [[Númenorean]] [[Isildur]] observed it to be &amp;quot;fashioned in an elven-script of Eregion&amp;quot;.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{FR|Council}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
It is not certain whether the whole &#039;&#039;mode&#039;&#039; itself was from Eregion or simply just the &#039;&#039;script&#039;&#039; was of an Elvish fashion. Some [[Adûnaic]] words use this mode.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{HM|SD}}, Lowdham&#039;s Inscription&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Another mode that was based on the &amp;quot;general use&amp;quot; but used full letters for the representation of vowels was used in the Northern part of the [[Westron]]-speaking regions, perhaps by influence of the Elves of [[Rivendell]]. This might explain why Frodo was unable to read either the Mode of Beleriand or the Ring Inscription.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Spelling and pronunciation ==&lt;br /&gt;
=== Structure ===&lt;br /&gt;
The most notable characteristic of the Tengwar script is that the shapes of the letters correspond to the features of the sounds they represent.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The shape of the Tengwar uniformly consisted of two elements, the &#039;&#039;[[telco]]&#039;&#039; (stem) to which is attached a &#039;&#039;[[lúva]]&#039;&#039; (bow). &lt;br /&gt;
It is noticeable that some of the letters of the [[Sarati|Sarati]] resembled the telco/lúva shape seen on the Tengwar. Therefore it is possible that those particular letters influenced stylistically the Tengwar.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The telco could be normal, raised, shortened or heightened. The lúva would be single or doubled, and these could be open or closed. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
All the above combinations can create 32 to 40 different shapes of letters. These shapes mirrored phonological significances: the basic form of a tengwa was used for the [[patakar]], the voiceless stops; telcor determined how the sound was articulated, and the lúvar where in the mouth it was made:&lt;br /&gt;
* Doubling the bow turns the voiceless consonant into a voiced one.&lt;br /&gt;
* Raising the stem above the line turns it into the corresponding fricative or a corresponding voiced version of it.&lt;br /&gt;
* Shortening it (so it is only the height of the bow) indicates the corresponding nasal or, mostly, the approximants.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
According to their shape, the 32 different glyphs could be arranged and presented consistently on a table. The principal letters are divided into series (&#039;&#039;témar&#039;&#039;) that correspond to the main places of articulation and into six rows (&#039;&#039;tyeller&#039;&#039;) that correspond to the main manners of articulation. Both vary among modes.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The table below gives the &#039;&#039;&#039;theoretical&#039;&#039;&#039;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Observations made by [[Jim Allan]]&#039;s &#039;&#039;[[An Introduction to Elvish]]&#039;&#039;, The Evolution of the Tengwar&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; values of the Tengwar based consistently on the abovementioned rules. Note that no language possessed all these sounds and the following does not represent an actual table of values of a particular language. In actuality, the languages used modifications or variations of them.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{| border=&amp;quot;1&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
! | &lt;br /&gt;
! colspan=&amp;quot;2&amp;quot; | Labial&lt;br /&gt;
! colspan=&amp;quot;2&amp;quot; | Dental&lt;br /&gt;
! colspan=&amp;quot;2&amp;quot; | Velar&lt;br /&gt;
! colspan=&amp;quot;2&amp;quot; | Labiovelar&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Voiceless&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;plosives&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|q}}&lt;br /&gt;
| p&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|1}}&lt;br /&gt;
| t&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|a}}&lt;br /&gt;
| k&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|z}}&lt;br /&gt;
| kw&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Voiced&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;plosives&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|w}}&lt;br /&gt;
| b&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|2}}&lt;br /&gt;
| d&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|s}}&lt;br /&gt;
| g&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|x}}&lt;br /&gt;
| gw&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Aspirated&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;voiceless plosives&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|Q}}&lt;br /&gt;
| p&amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;h&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|!}}&lt;br /&gt;
| t&amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;h&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|A}}&lt;br /&gt;
| k&amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;h&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|Z}}&lt;br /&gt;
| k&amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;h&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt;w&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Aspirated&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;voiced plosives&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|W}}&lt;br /&gt;
| b&amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;h&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|@}}&lt;br /&gt;
| d&amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;h&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|S}}&lt;br /&gt;
| g&amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;h&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|X}}&lt;br /&gt;
| g&amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;h&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt;w&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Voiceless&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;fricatives&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|e}}&lt;br /&gt;
| f&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|3}}&lt;br /&gt;
| th&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|d}}&lt;br /&gt;
| ch&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|c}}&lt;br /&gt;
| chw&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Voiced&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;fricatives&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|r}}&lt;br /&gt;
| v&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|4}}&lt;br /&gt;
| dh&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|f}}&lt;br /&gt;
| gh&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|v}}&lt;br /&gt;
| ghw&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Voiceless&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;nasals&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|y}}&lt;br /&gt;
| hm&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|6}}&lt;br /&gt;
| hn&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|h}}&lt;br /&gt;
| hñ&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|n}}&lt;br /&gt;
| hñw&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Nasals&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|t}}&lt;br /&gt;
| m&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|5}}&lt;br /&gt;
| n&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|g}}&lt;br /&gt;
| ñ&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|b}}&lt;br /&gt;
| ñw&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Arrangement===&lt;br /&gt;
By the end of the [[Third Age]], the Tengwar were somehow standardized. Their Quenya names became standard for all modes, and less used ones were not included (although still used), such as those of the extended stems and the [[Tyelpetéma]]. The table displayed 36 letters: the 24 standard Tengwar, plus 12 of the additional Tengwar.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Also, the Tengwar were assigned numeric values.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{| border=&amp;quot;1&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
! &lt;br /&gt;
! colspan=&amp;quot;2&amp;quot; | Tincotéma&lt;br /&gt;
! colspan=&amp;quot;2&amp;quot; | Parmatéma&lt;br /&gt;
! colspan=&amp;quot;2&amp;quot; | Calmatéma&lt;br /&gt;
! colspan=&amp;quot;2&amp;quot; | Quessetéma&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Grade I&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|1}}&lt;br /&gt;
| [[Tinco]]&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|q}}&lt;br /&gt;
| [[Parma]]&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|a}}&lt;br /&gt;
| [[Calma]]&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|z}}&lt;br /&gt;
| [[Quesse]]&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Grade II&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|2}}&lt;br /&gt;
| [[Ando]]&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|w}}&lt;br /&gt;
| [[Umbar (word)|Umbar]]&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|s}}&lt;br /&gt;
| [[Anga]]&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|x}}&lt;br /&gt;
| [[Ungwe]]&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Grade III&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|3}}&lt;br /&gt;
| [[Súlë]]&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|e}}&lt;br /&gt;
| [[Formen]]&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|d}}&lt;br /&gt;
| [[Aha]]&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|c}}&lt;br /&gt;
| [[Hwesta]]&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Grade IV&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|4}}&lt;br /&gt;
| [[Anto]]&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|r}}&lt;br /&gt;
| [[Ampa]]&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|f}}&lt;br /&gt;
| [[Anca]]&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|v}}&lt;br /&gt;
| [[Unque]]&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Grade V&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|5}}&lt;br /&gt;
| [[Númen]]&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|t}}&lt;br /&gt;
| [[Malta]]&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|g}}&lt;br /&gt;
| [[Noldo]]&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|b}}&lt;br /&gt;
| [[Nwalme]]&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Grade VI&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|6}}&lt;br /&gt;
| [[Óre]]&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|y}}&lt;br /&gt;
| [[Vala|Vala]]&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|h}}&lt;br /&gt;
| [[Anna]]&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|n}}&lt;br /&gt;
| [[Vilya]]&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
!&lt;br /&gt;
! colspan=&amp;quot;8&amp;quot; | &#039;&#039;&#039;Additional Tengwar:&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|7}}&lt;br /&gt;
| [[Rómen]]&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|u}}&lt;br /&gt;
| [[Arda]]&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|j}}&lt;br /&gt;
| [[Lambe]]&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|m}}&lt;br /&gt;
| [[Alda]]&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|8}}&lt;br /&gt;
| [[Silme]]&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|i}}&lt;br /&gt;
| [[Silme nuquerna]]&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|k}}&lt;br /&gt;
| [[Essë]]&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|,}}&lt;br /&gt;
| [[Esse nuquerna]]&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|9}}&lt;br /&gt;
| [[Hyarmen]]&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|l}}&lt;br /&gt;
| [[Yanta]]&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|o}}&lt;br /&gt;
| [[Hwesta Sindarinwa]]&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|.}}&lt;br /&gt;
| [[Úrë]]&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|&amp;amp;#189;}}&lt;br /&gt;
| [[Halla]]&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|`}}&lt;br /&gt;
| [[Telco]]&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|~}}&lt;br /&gt;
| [[Ára]]&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Values==&lt;br /&gt;
As mentioned, the Tengwar had a generic mode that covered a wide range of phonemes. This mode perhaps originated in [[Eregion]] and exemplified in the verse of [[the One Ring]] and other Westron Tengwar texts. It could be used for both Quenya and Sindarin.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The following table gives both the formal Quenya and Numenian&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;[[Jim Allan]]&#039;s &#039;&#039;[[Report from Marquette]]&#039;&#039;&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; names of the Tengwar. When two values are given (separated with a &#039;&#039;&#039;/&#039;&#039;&#039; slash), the first refers to the Elvish variation and the second to the [[Mannish]] or Westron variation. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Note that the dashes indicate when the letter is used initially or finally and/or as a diphthong element.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{| border=&amp;quot;1&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
! colspan=&amp;quot;2&amp;quot; | Tincotéma&lt;br /&gt;
! colspan=&amp;quot;2&amp;quot; | Parmatéma&lt;br /&gt;
! colspan=&amp;quot;2&amp;quot; | Calmatéma&lt;br /&gt;
! colspan=&amp;quot;2&amp;quot; | Quessetéma&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|1}}&lt;br /&gt;
| t&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Tinco/Tó&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|q}}&lt;br /&gt;
| p&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Parma/Pí&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|a}}&lt;br /&gt;
| ch (as in &#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;ch&#039;&#039;&#039;ur&#039;&#039;&#039;ch&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;)&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Calma/Ché&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|z}}&lt;br /&gt;
| k&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Quesse/Ká&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|2}}&lt;br /&gt;
| d&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Ando/Dó&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|w}}&lt;br /&gt;
| b&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Umbar/Bí&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|s}}&lt;br /&gt;
|j&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Anga/Jé&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|x}}&lt;br /&gt;
| g&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Ungwe/Gá&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|3}}&lt;br /&gt;
| th&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Súle/Thó&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|e}}&lt;br /&gt;
| f&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Formen/Fí&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|d}}&lt;br /&gt;
|sh&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Aha/Shé&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|c}}&lt;br /&gt;
| ch/h (as in &#039;&#039;lo&#039;&#039;&#039;ch&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;)&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Hwesta/Aha (or Oha)&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|4}}&lt;br /&gt;
| dh&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Anto/Adhó&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|r}}&lt;br /&gt;
| v&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Ampa/Ví&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|f}}&lt;br /&gt;
| zh&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Anca/Izhe&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|v}}&lt;br /&gt;
|gh&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Unque/Agha&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|5}}&lt;br /&gt;
| n&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Númen/Nó&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|t}}&lt;br /&gt;
| m&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Malta/Mí&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|g}}&lt;br /&gt;
| ny&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Noldo/Nyé&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|b}}&lt;br /&gt;
| ng&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Nwalme/Ngá&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|6}}&lt;br /&gt;
| -r/r&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Óre/Ar&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|y}}&lt;br /&gt;
| w, -u/w&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Vala/Wí&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|h}}&lt;br /&gt;
| -i/y&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Anna/Yé&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|n}}&lt;br /&gt;
|&amp;amp;rsquo;?&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;&amp;amp;rsquo;á&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! colspan=&amp;quot;8&amp;quot; | Additional Tengwar:&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|7}}&lt;br /&gt;
| r&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Rómen/Aro&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|u}}&lt;br /&gt;
| rh&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Arda/Rho&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|j}}&lt;br /&gt;
| l&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Lambe/Alo&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|m}}&lt;br /&gt;
| lh&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Alda/Lho&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|8}}&lt;br /&gt;
| s&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Silme/Só&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|i}}&lt;br /&gt;
|s&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Silme Nuquerna/Ós&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|k}}&lt;br /&gt;
| ss/z&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Esse/Azo&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|,}}&lt;br /&gt;
| z&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Oza&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|9}}&lt;br /&gt;
| h&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Hyarmen/Há&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|l}}&lt;br /&gt;
| i-, -e&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Yanta/Ai&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|o}}&lt;br /&gt;
| wh&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Hwesta Sindarinwa/Whí&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|.}}&lt;br /&gt;
| -u?&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Úre/Au&lt;br /&gt;
|}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The following is a full mode variety, related mainly to the north, and uses Tengwar (and carriers) as vowels. It was probably created in [[Arnor]], influenced from the Mode of Beleriand used in [[Rivendell]]. Even the [[Dwarves|dwarf]] [[Ori]] wrote in this hand in the [[Book of Mazarbul]]&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;The second page of the Book of Mazarbul ([http://www.forodrim.org/daeron/mdtci.html#DTS13 DTS13]) said to be written by Ori, is categorized to belong to the Northern Variety [http://at.mansbjorkman.net/teng_modes.htm here]&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{| border=&amp;quot;1&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
! colspan=&amp;quot;2&amp;quot; | Tincotéma&lt;br /&gt;
! colspan=&amp;quot;2&amp;quot; | Parmatéma&lt;br /&gt;
! colspan=&amp;quot;2&amp;quot; | Calmatéma&lt;br /&gt;
! colspan=&amp;quot;2&amp;quot; | Quessetéma&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|1}}&lt;br /&gt;
| t&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Tinco/Tó&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|q}}&lt;br /&gt;
| p&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Parma/Pí&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|a}}&lt;br /&gt;
|ch (as in &#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;ch&#039;&#039;&#039;ur&#039;&#039;&#039;ch&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;)&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Calma/Ché&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|z}}&lt;br /&gt;
| k&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Quesse/Ká&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|2}}&lt;br /&gt;
| d&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Ando/Dó&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|w}}&lt;br /&gt;
| b&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Umbar/Bí&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|s}}&lt;br /&gt;
|j&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;AngaJé&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|x}}&lt;br /&gt;
| g&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Ungwe/Gá&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|3}}&lt;br /&gt;
| th&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Súle/Thó&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|e}}&lt;br /&gt;
| f&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Formen/Fí&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|d}}&lt;br /&gt;
|sh&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Aha/Shé&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|c}}&lt;br /&gt;
| ch/h (as in &#039;&#039;lo&#039;&#039;&#039;ch&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Hwesta/Aha&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|4}}&lt;br /&gt;
| dh&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Anto/Adhó&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|r}}&lt;br /&gt;
| v&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Ampa/Ví&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|f}}&lt;br /&gt;
|zh&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Anca/Izhe&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|v}}&lt;br /&gt;
|gh&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Unque/Agha&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|5}}&lt;br /&gt;
| n&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Númen/Nó&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|t}}&lt;br /&gt;
| m&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Malta/Mí&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|g}}&lt;br /&gt;
|ny&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Noldo/Nyé&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|b}}&lt;br /&gt;
| ng&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Nwalme/Ngá&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|6}}&lt;br /&gt;
| -r/r&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Óre/Ar&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|y}}&lt;br /&gt;
| w, -u/u&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Vala/Wí&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|h}}&lt;br /&gt;
| o&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Anna/Yé&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|n}}&lt;br /&gt;
|a&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;&#039;a&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! colspan=&amp;quot;8&amp;quot; | Additional Tengwar:&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|7}}&lt;br /&gt;
| r&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Rómen/Aro&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|u}}&lt;br /&gt;
| rh&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Arda/Rho&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|j}}&lt;br /&gt;
| l&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Lambe/Alo&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|m}}&lt;br /&gt;
| lh&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Alda/Lho&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|8}}&lt;br /&gt;
| s&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Silme/Só&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|i}}&lt;br /&gt;
|s&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Silme Nuquerna/Ós&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|k}}&lt;br /&gt;
| ss/z&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Esse/Azo&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|,}}&lt;br /&gt;
| z&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Esse Nuquerna/Oza&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|9}}&lt;br /&gt;
| h&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Hyarmen/Há&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|l}}&lt;br /&gt;
| i-, -e/e&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Yanta/Ai&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|o}}&lt;br /&gt;
| wh&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Hwesta Sindarinwa/Whí&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|.}}&lt;br /&gt;
| w&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Úre/Au&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|{{tg|`B}}	&lt;br /&gt;
|i	&lt;br /&gt;
|{{tg|~B}}	&lt;br /&gt;
|i-/y-&lt;br /&gt;
|{{tg|]}}&lt;br /&gt;
|a	&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|š}}&lt;br /&gt;
| mh&lt;br /&gt;
|}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Other modes==&lt;br /&gt;
Just as with any alphabetic writing system, every specific language written in Tengwar requires a specific orthography, depending on the phonology of that language. These Tengwar orthographies are usually called &#039;&#039;modes&#039;&#039;. All of them use as a basis the &amp;quot;[[Tengwar#Structure|theoretical values]]&amp;quot; table above, corresponding the letters to the phonemes of each language&#039;s phonology, and even drop out the characters that would be useless.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
All the modes can be divided into two large categories: &lt;br /&gt;
*Some represent vowels with diacritics called &#039;&#039;&#039;[[tehtar]]&#039;&#039;&#039; or &#039;&#039;[[ómatehtar]]&#039;&#039; (&amp;quot;vowel tehtar&amp;quot;), like the [[Quenya mode]].&lt;br /&gt;
*The &amp;quot;full writing&amp;quot; modes represent vowels by normal letters, such as the [[Quanta Sarmë]] or the [[Mode of Beleriand]].&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Furthermore, some modes map the basic consonants to {{IPA|/t/}}, {{IPA|/p/}}, {{IPA|/k/}}, and {{IPA|/kʷ/}}, while others (generally [[Mannish]]) use them to represent {{IPA|/t/}}, {{IPA|/p/}}, {{IPA|/tʃ/}}, and {{IPA|/k/}}.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== External history ==&lt;br /&gt;
The [[Sarati]], a script developed by Tolkien in the late 1910s that is described in &#039;&#039;[[Parma Eldalamberon 13|&#039;&#039;Parma Eldalamberon&#039;&#039; 13]]&#039;&#039;, anticipates many features of the Tengwar, especially the vowel representation by diacritics (which is found in many Tengwar varieties), different Tengwar shapes and a few correspondances between sound features and letter shape features (though inconsistent).&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Even closer to the Tengwar is the [[Valmaric script]], described in [[Parma Eldalamberon 14|&#039;&#039;Parma Eldalamberon&#039;&#039; 14]], which Tolkien used from about 1922 to 1925. It features many Tengwar shapes and the inherent vowel {{IPA|[a]}} found in some Tengwar varieties. The tables in the samples V12 and V13 show an arrangement that is very similar to the one of the primary Tengwar in the classical Quenya &amp;quot;mode&amp;quot;.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The Tengwar were probably developed in the late 1920s or in the early 1930s. &#039;&#039;The Lonely Mountain Jar Inscription&#039;&#039;, the first published Tengwar sample, dates to 1937 (&#039;&#039;[[The Hobbit]]&#039;&#039;, most editions). The full explanation of the Tengwar was published in Appendix E of &#039;&#039;[[The Lord of the Rings]]&#039;&#039; in 1955.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Inspiration==&lt;br /&gt;
Tengwar is a [[Wikipedia:Featural writing system|featural alphabet]], meaning there is correspondence between letter shape features and [[Wikipedia:place of articulation|place]] and [[Wikipedia:manner of articulation|manner of articulation]]. Perhaps the oldest and most famous featural system is the Korean [[Wikipedia:Hangul|Hangul alphabet]]. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Jim Allan]] (&#039;&#039;[[An Introduction to Elvish]]&#039;&#039;, ISBN 0-905220-10-2) compared the Tengwar with the &#039;&#039;Universal Alphabet&#039;&#039; of [[Wikipedia:Francis Lodwick|Francis Lodwick]] of 1686, both on grounds of the feature factor, but also the actual letter shapes, and the use of vowels as diacritics.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
It is not known whether Tolkien was aware of these previous scripts. However, considering the sarati and the valmaric script that he already invented in his youth, it is conceivable that Tolkien developed the idea of featural notation by himself.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
It is likewise not known whether the shapes of several Tengwar were inspired by the [[Wikipedia:Insular script|insular minuscule script]] (used to write [[Anglo-saxon]]) or the [[Wikipedia:blackletter|gothic textura]] and cursive scripts (used to write Middle English), with which Tolkien was familiar through reading medieval manuscripts in these languages in his professional capacity as a linguist.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Tengwar study==&lt;br /&gt;
===Modes===&lt;br /&gt;
As the peoples of Middle-earth used various modes of Tengwar, and as Tolkien wrote English, [[Old English]] and [[Norse]] in Tengwar, [[fandom|fans]] have created Tengwar modes for real languages. There are modes to write French, Swedish, Latin or Spanish. &lt;br /&gt;
=== Encoding Schemes ===&lt;br /&gt;
==== Non-Unicode ====&lt;br /&gt;
The contemporary de facto standard in the Tengwar user community maps the Tengwar characters onto the regular English character encoding following the example of the [http://www.gis.net/~dansmith/fonts/font_tengwar/ Tengwar typefaces] by [[Dan Smith]]. A drawback of the font solution is that, if no corresponding Tengwar font is installed, an awful string of [[wikipedia:Mojibake|nonsense characters]] appears.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Since there is not enough place for all the signs, certain signs are included in a &amp;quot;Tengwar A&amp;quot; font which also maps its characters on ISO 8859-1, overlapping with the first font.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
For each Tengwar diacritic there are four different codepoints that are used depending on the width of the character which bears it.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Other Tengwar typefaces with Dan Smith&#039;s encoding include [http://home.student.uu.se/j/jowi4905/fonts/annatar.html Johan Winge&#039;s Tengwar Annatar], [http://at.mansbjorkman.net/parmaite.htm Måns Björkman&#039;s Tengwar Parmaite], [http://www.geocities.com/enrombell/Archivos.htm Enrique Mombello&#039;s Tengwar Élfica] or [http://www.limes.com.pl/~miszka/ Michal Nowakowski&#039;s Tengwar Formal] (note that most of these differ in details).&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The following sample shows the first article of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights written in English according to the traditional English orthography. If no Tengwar font is installed, it will look nonsense since the corresponding ISO 8859-1 characters (Roman letters, numbers and signs) will appear instead.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{tg|j#¸ 9t&amp;amp;5# w`Vb%_ 6EO w6Y5 e7~V 2{( zèVj# 5% 2x%51T`Û 2{( 7v%1+º 4hR 7EO 2{$yYO2 y4% 7]F85^ 2{( z5^8i`B5$i( 2{( dyYj2 zE1 1`N ]Fa 4^(6 5% `C 8q7T1T W w74^(69~N2º}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==== Unicode ====&lt;br /&gt;
A proposal has been made by Michael Everson to include the Tengwar in the [[Unicode]] standard. The codepoints are subject to change; the range U+016080 to U+0160FF in the Supplementary Multilingual Plane is tentatively allocated for Tengwar according to the current [http://www.unicode.org/roadmaps/smp/ Unicode roadmap].&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Tengwar are currently included in the unofficial ConScript Unicode Registry, which assigns codepoints in the Private Use Area. Tengwar are mapped to the range U+E000 to U+E07F. The following Unicode sample (which repeats the one above) is meaningful when viewed under a typeface supporting Tengwar glyphs in the area defined in the ConScript Tengwar proposal. Some typefaces that support this proposal are [http://www.evertype.com/emono/ Everson Mono], [http://freetengwar.sourceforge.net/tengtelc.html Tengwar Telcontar], [http://www.kreativekorp.com/software/fonts/constructium.shtml Constructium], [http://freetengwar.sourceforge.net/formal.html Tengwar Formal Unicode], and [http://freetengwar.sourceforge.net/freemonotengwar.html FreeMonoTengwar] ([http://www.code2000.net/ James Kass]&#039;s Code2000 and Code2001 use an older, incompatible version of the proposal).&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;blockquote style=&amp;quot;font-family: &#039;Tengwar Formal CSUR&#039;, &#039;FreeMonoTengwar&#039;, &#039;Constructium&#039;, &#039;Everson Mono&#039;, &#039;Tengwar Formal Unicode&#039;, &#039;Tengwar Telcontar&#039;, &#039;Everson Mono&#039;, &#039;Unifont CSUR&#039;; font-size: 150%; line-height: 120%&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&amp;amp;#xe022;&amp;amp;#xe051;&amp;amp;#xe040; &amp;amp;#xe028;&amp;amp;#xe011;&amp;amp;#xe04c;&amp;amp;#xe010;&amp;amp;#xe040; &amp;amp;#xe005;&amp;amp;#xe02e;&amp;amp;#xe046;&amp;amp;#xe013;&amp;amp;#xe044;&amp;amp;#xe058; &amp;amp;#xe014;&amp;amp;#xe045;&amp;amp;#xe040; &amp;amp;#xe005;&amp;amp;#xe014;&amp;amp;#xe04a;&amp;amp;#xe010; &amp;amp;#xe009;&amp;amp;#xe020;&amp;amp;#xe02e;&amp;amp;#xe046;&amp;amp;#xe02e;&amp;amp;#xe046; &amp;amp;#xe004;&amp;amp;#xe050;&amp;amp;#xe045; &amp;amp;#xe003;&amp;amp;#xe052;&amp;amp;#xe046;&amp;amp;#xe022;&amp;amp;#xe040; &amp;amp;#xe010;&amp;amp;#xe044; &amp;amp;#xe004;&amp;amp;#xe007;&amp;amp;#xe044;&amp;amp;#xe010;&amp;amp;#xe000;&amp;amp;#xe044;&amp;amp;#xe02e;&amp;amp;#xe053; &amp;amp;#xe004;&amp;amp;#xe050;&amp;amp;#xe045; &amp;amp;#xe020;&amp;amp;#xe00f;&amp;amp;#xe044;&amp;amp;#xe000;&amp;amp;#xe058; ⸬ &amp;amp;#xe00c;&amp;amp;#xe016;&amp;amp;#xe046; &amp;amp;#xe020;&amp;amp;#xe045;&amp;amp;#xe040; &amp;amp;#xe004;&amp;amp;#xe050;&amp;amp;#xe046;&amp;amp;#xe015;&amp;amp;#xe045;&amp;amp;#xe04a;&amp;amp;#xe004; &amp;amp;#xe015;&amp;amp;#xe00c;&amp;amp;#xe044; &amp;amp;#xe020;&amp;amp;#xe032;&amp;amp;#xe046;&amp;amp;#xe024;&amp;amp;#xe010;&amp;amp;#xe04a; &amp;amp;#xe004;&amp;amp;#xe050;&amp;amp;#xe045; &amp;amp;#xe003;&amp;amp;#xe010;&amp;amp;#xe04a;&amp;amp;#xe024;&amp;amp;#xe025;&amp;amp;#xe02e;&amp;amp;#xe044;&amp;amp;#xe025;&amp;amp;#xe050;&amp;amp;#xe045; &amp;amp;#xe004;&amp;amp;#xe050;&amp;amp;#xe045; &amp;amp;#xe00a;&amp;amp;#xe015;&amp;amp;#xe04a;&amp;amp;#xe022;&amp;amp;#xe004; &amp;amp;#xe003;&amp;amp;#xe040;&amp;amp;#xe000; &amp;amp;#xe000;&amp;amp;#xe015;&amp;amp;#xe04a;&amp;amp;#xe014;&amp;amp;#xe040;&amp;amp;#xe004;&amp;amp;#xe058; &amp;amp;#xe010;&amp;amp;#xe045;&amp;amp;#xe04a; &amp;amp;#xe010;&amp;amp;#xe040;&amp;amp;#xe00c;&amp;amp;#xe04a;&amp;amp;#xe020;&amp;amp;#xe046; &amp;amp;#xe010;&amp;amp;#xe044; &amp;amp;#xe02e;&amp;amp;#xe040; &amp;amp;#xe024;&amp;amp;#xe001;&amp;amp;#xe020;&amp;amp;#xe044;&amp;amp;#xe000;&amp;amp;#xe044; &amp;amp;#xe01d; &amp;amp;#xe005;&amp;amp;#xe020;&amp;amp;#xe00c;&amp;amp;#xe04a;&amp;amp;#xe014;&amp;amp;#xe046;&amp;amp;#xe028;&amp;amp;#xe004;&amp;amp;#xe04a;&amp;amp;#xe04a; ⸬&amp;lt;/blockquote&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Uses outside the legendarium===&lt;br /&gt;
Random (meaningless) Tengwar appears stylistically in a prop of an ancient tome in the [[Wikipedia:Within Temptation|Within Temptation]] music video for &amp;quot;Stand My Ground&amp;quot;. Tengwar also appears in the computer game &#039;&#039;[[Wikipedia:Atlantis: The Lost Tales|Atlantis: The Lost Tales]]&#039;&#039; and the &#039;&#039;[[Wikipedia:Alone in the Dar|Alone in the Dark]]&#039;&#039; comic book.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Several linguists, such as [[Wikipedia:Eric S. Raymond|Eric S. Raymond]], promote the usage of Tengwar for the constructed language [[Wikipedia:Lojban|Lojban]] as it is culturally neutral and contains some main Lojban morphology rules, making Lojban easier to learn when it is written with Tengwar.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Kena. [http://vodka-pomme.net/projects/tengwar-for-lojban/lojteng#learn  &#039;&#039;Lojban using tengwar - why?&#039;&#039;] (accessed August 2007)&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; (Another suggested mode can be seen [http://www.catb.org/~esr/tengwar/lojban-tengwar.html there]).&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== See also ==&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Sarati]]&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Cirth]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== External links ==&lt;br /&gt;
*[http://www.forodrim.org/daeron/md_teng_primers.html Tengwar tutorials]&lt;br /&gt;
* [http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/History_of_Elven_writing_systems History of Elven writing systems] Wikibook on the secondary-world history of the Elven writing systems&lt;br /&gt;
* [http://at.mansbjorkman.net/tengwar.htm Amanye Tenceli - The Tengwar] A comprehensive study of the Tengwar script&lt;br /&gt;
* [http://www.forodrim.org/daeron/mdtci.html The Mellonath Daeron Index of Tengwar Specimina] &amp;amp;mdash; a continuously expanding list of all published Tengwar samples&lt;br /&gt;
* [http://www.tengwar.art.pl/tengwar/fonty.php A comprehensive list of Tengwar fonts] (in Polish, but still useful even if you can&#039;t read the language)&lt;br /&gt;
* [http://www.omniglot.com/conscripts/tengwar.htm Omniglot reference]&lt;br /&gt;
* [http://tengwar.art.pl/tengwar/ott/start.php?l=en Online Tengwar transcriber]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== Modes ===&lt;br /&gt;
* [http://at.mansbjorkman.net/teng_general_english.htm Tengwar Mode for English (general use)]&lt;br /&gt;
* [http://www.duvendor.com.br/amanye/Downloads/FTMME_Text.pdf Full Tengwar Modes for Modern English]&lt;br /&gt;
* [http://catb.org/~esr/tengwar/ ESR&#039;s Tengwar modes for Esperanto and Lojban languages]&lt;br /&gt;
* [http://lambenor.free.fr/tengwar/espanol.html Tengwar mode for Spanish]&lt;br /&gt;
* [http://my.opera.com/tengwarblog/blog/deutscher-tengwar-modus Tengwar mode for German (full writing)]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== Software ===&lt;br /&gt;
* [http://tengwar.art.pl/tengwar/ott/start.php?l=en Online Tengwar transcriber]&lt;br /&gt;
* [http://at.mansbjorkman.net/tengscribe.htm  Tengwar Scribe] (Win32)&lt;br /&gt;
* [http://jadro.ludviku.cz/yatt/  YATT (Win32) and YATT lite (Linux, Mac)]&lt;br /&gt;
* [http://tengwar.art.pl/ktt/  KTT] (Linux+KDE)&lt;br /&gt;
* [http://www.acondia.com/font_tengwar/TengwarMacros_v19F.zip Tengwar Macros for Microsoft Word/97 and Word/2000]&lt;br /&gt;
* [http://www.tecendil.com/ Tecendil] online Tengwar transcriber&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
More of Tengwar software on [http://tengwar.art.pl/tengwar/programy.php Tengwar Feanora] web-site (in Polish).&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== Technical ===&lt;br /&gt;
* [http://wikisophia.org/wiki/Wikitex#Teng WikiTeX] supports editing Tengwar directly in Wiki articles.&lt;br /&gt;
* [http://std.dkuug.dk/jtc1/sc2/wg2/docs/n1641/n1641.htm Official proposal to encode Tengwar in Unicode]&lt;br /&gt;
* [http://www.evertype.com/standards/csur/tengwar.html Tengwar proposal for ConScript Unicode Registry]&lt;br /&gt;
* [http://www.evertype.com/standards/iso10646/pdf/tengwar.pdf Revised Tengwar proposal]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{references}}&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;small&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
* Christopher Tolkien, &#039;&#039;The Tengwar Numerals&#039;&#039;, in &#039;&#039;[[Quettar]]&#039;&#039; 13, Feb. 1982, pp. 8-9; a further, untitled, explanation of the Tengwar numerals by Christopher Tolkien appeared in &#039;&#039;Quettar&#039;&#039; 14, May 1982, pp. 6-7.&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/small&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
{{languages}}&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Tengwar]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Writing systems]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[de:Tengwar]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[fr:encyclo/langues/tengwar]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[fi:Tengwar]]&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Sadron</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=Tengwar&amp;diff=338541</id>
		<title>Tengwar</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=Tengwar&amp;diff=338541"/>
		<updated>2021-11-17T17:05:15Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Sadron: /* History */&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;{{cleanup}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{font|[http://at.mansbjorkman.net/parmaite.htm Tengwar Parmaite] by [[Måns Björkman]]}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{disambig-more|Fëanorian|[[Fëanorian (disambiguation)]]}}&lt;br /&gt;
[[Image:Ryszard Derdzinski - Feanor.jpg|thumb|[[Fëanor]] designs the first Tengwar. Art by [[Ryszard Derdzinski]]]]&lt;br /&gt;
The &#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;Tengwar&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039; (Tengwa [teŋ&amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;w&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt;a&amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;w&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt;] when singular)([[Quenya]] &amp;quot;letters&amp;quot;, pron. {{IPA|[ˈteŋʷɡʷar]}}; [[Sindarin]] &#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;Tîw&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{App|E2}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;) was a writing system invented by [[Fëanor]] (and was therefore also called the &#039;&#039;&#039;Fëanorian alphabet&#039;&#039;&#039;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{L|25}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; or &#039;&#039;&#039;script&#039;&#039;&#039;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{L|168}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;). It was used for a variety of languages among the [[Free peoples]] and became perhaps the most prominent writing system of [[Arda]], used by a variety of [[:Portal:Characters|Races]] through the [[Ages]].&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==History==&lt;br /&gt;
[[Fëanor]] invented the Tengwar in the [[Year of the Trees 1250]] (of the first age), strongly influenced by the [[Sarati]] of [[Rúmil (elf of Tirion)|Rúmil the Loremaster]].&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{WJ|P4}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ApD&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{VT|39a}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; Fëanor both constructed the Tengwar as a general phonetic alphabet and devised special arrangements to fit the characteristics of all languages of [[Valinor]].&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{TI|Runes}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; Over the course of the First Age, three different modes of Tengwar emerged: [[Quenya]],  [[Beleriand]], and [[Sindarin]]. Sindarin is written in one of two modes, The mode of Beleriand, or the mode of Gondor (also known as Omatethar Mode).&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Classical Quenya mode===&lt;br /&gt;
{{main|Quenya mode}}&lt;br /&gt;
Unlike Rúmil, Fëanor considered vowels as indepedent sounds and not just “colours” of the consonants, so he devised the “full writing” ([[Quanta Sarmë]]).&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ApD&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
However, Fëanor also used a more &#039;conservative&#039; system which seemed to have been proved far more popular; he also held Rúmil&#039;s idea of syllabic analysis of the words by the Sarati and made use of [[tehtar]] instead of the full letters.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ApD&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The classical Quenya mode of the Tengwar may have originated from Fëanor&#039;s own arrangement. There is no direct evidence for this hypothesis, but the use of the Quenya names for the individual letters hints to a primate of the Quenya mode. Another hint to a very old age of the classical Quenya mode is that it uses the [[Calmatéma]] as a k-series, like the mode of Beleriand which we can assume to have originated in the First Age.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Mode of Beleriand===&lt;br /&gt;
{{main|Mode of Beleriand}}&lt;br /&gt;
[[Image:J.R.R. Tolkien - Doors of Durin.jpg|thumb|The [[Doors of Durin]] created during the [[Second Age]]]]&lt;br /&gt;
When the [[Noldor]] rebelled and came to [[Middle-earth]], they adapted their writing for the new languages they learned. Quanta Sarmë was used for languages where the tehtar were not useful&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ApD&amp;quot; /&amp;gt; which could have been the origin for the Mode of Beleriand. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
It is also possible that the Tengwar influenced the evolution of the [[Cirth]] of [[Daeron]] in Beleriand, mainly in their shape and arrangement. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
We know from the inscription on the [[West-gate of Moria]] that a Tengwar mode called the [[Mode of Beleriand]] was used in [[Eregion]]. This name allows for the assumption that the same mode was used already in the [[First Age]].&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
At the end of the [[Third Age]], the Elves of [[Rivendell]] probably still used that mode, since a transcription of the Rivendell [[aerlinn]] &#039;&#039;[[A Elbereth Gilthoniel]]&#039;&#039; features it.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{RGEO|7}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; Frodo, however, even though literate in Sindarin, was apparently unable to read this mode.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===General Use===&lt;br /&gt;
By the end of the Third Age, there was a &#039;&#039;general use&#039;&#039; that could be used for a variety of languages including Quenya, Sindarin and the Common Speech.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;[[J.R.R. Tolkien]], &amp;quot;[[Letter to Anthony D. Howlett]] (letter); see also [http://www.forodrim.org/daeron/mdtci.html#DTS58 DTS58]&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; This use could have evolved during the [[Second Age]] in [[Eregion]] or even in [[Númenor]].&lt;br /&gt;
[[Image:One ring.png|thumb|left|The [[Ring Verse|inscription]] on [[The One Ring]].]]&lt;br /&gt;
The same mode appears on the [[Ring-inscription]]&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{FR|Shadow}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; that the [[Númenorean]] [[Isildur]] observed it to be &amp;quot;fashioned in an elven-script of Eregion&amp;quot;.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{FR|Council}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
It is not certain whether the whole &#039;&#039;mode&#039;&#039; itself was from Eregion or simply just the &#039;&#039;script&#039;&#039; was of an Elvish fashion. Some [[Adûnaic]] words use this mode.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{HM|SD}}, Lowdham&#039;s Inscription&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Another mode that was based on the &amp;quot;general use&amp;quot; but used full letters for the representation of vowels was used in the Northern part of the [[Westron]]-speaking regions, perhaps by influence of the Elves of [[Rivendell]]. This might explain why Frodo was unable to read either the Mode of Beleriand or the Ring Inscription.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Spelling and pronunciation ==&lt;br /&gt;
=== Structure ===&lt;br /&gt;
The most notable characteristic of the Tengwar script is that the shapes of the letters correspond to the features of the sounds they represent.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The shape of the Tengwar uniformly consisted of two elements, the &#039;&#039;[[telco]]&#039;&#039; (stem) to which is attached a &#039;&#039;[[lúva]]&#039;&#039; (bow). &lt;br /&gt;
It is noticeable that some of the letters of the [[Sarati|Sarati]] resembled the telco/lúva shape seen on the Tengwar. Therefore it is possible that those particular letters influenced stylistically the Tengwar.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The telco could be normal, raised, shortened or heightened. The lúva would be single or doubled, and these could be open or closed. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
All the above combinations can create 32 to 40 different shapes of letters. These shapes mirrored phonological significances: the basic form of a tengwa was used for the [[patakar]], the voiceless stops; telcor determined how the sound was articulated, and the lúvar where in the mouth it was made:&lt;br /&gt;
* Doubling the bow turns the voiceless consonant into a voiced one.&lt;br /&gt;
* Raising the stem above the line turns it into the corresponding fricative or a corresponding voiced version of it.&lt;br /&gt;
* Shortening it (so it is only the height of the bow) indicates the corresponding nasal or, mostly, the approximants.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
According to their shape, the 32 different glyphs could be arranged and presented consistently on a table. The principal letters are divided into series (&#039;&#039;témar&#039;&#039;) that correspond to the main places of articulation and into six rows (&#039;&#039;tyeller&#039;&#039;) that correspond to the main manners of articulation. Both vary among modes.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The table below gives the &#039;&#039;&#039;theoretical&#039;&#039;&#039;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Observations made by [[Jim Allan]]&#039;s &#039;&#039;[[An Introduction to Elvish]]&#039;&#039;, The Evolution of the Tengwar&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; values of the Tengwar based consistently on the abovementioned rules. Note that no language possessed all these sounds and the following does not represent an actual table of values of a particular language. In actuality, the languages used modifications or variations of them.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{| border=&amp;quot;1&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
! | &lt;br /&gt;
! colspan=&amp;quot;2&amp;quot; | Labial&lt;br /&gt;
! colspan=&amp;quot;2&amp;quot; | Dental&lt;br /&gt;
! colspan=&amp;quot;2&amp;quot; | Velar&lt;br /&gt;
! colspan=&amp;quot;2&amp;quot; | Labiovelar&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Voiceless&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;plosives&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|q}}&lt;br /&gt;
| p&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|1}}&lt;br /&gt;
| t&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|a}}&lt;br /&gt;
| k&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|z}}&lt;br /&gt;
| kw&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Voiced&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;plosives&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|w}}&lt;br /&gt;
| b&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|2}}&lt;br /&gt;
| d&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|s}}&lt;br /&gt;
| g&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|x}}&lt;br /&gt;
| gw&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Aspirated&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;voiceless plosives&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|Q}}&lt;br /&gt;
| p&amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;h&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|!}}&lt;br /&gt;
| t&amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;h&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|A}}&lt;br /&gt;
| k&amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;h&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|Z}}&lt;br /&gt;
| k&amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;h&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt;w&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Aspirated&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;voiced plosives&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|W}}&lt;br /&gt;
| b&amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;h&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|@}}&lt;br /&gt;
| d&amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;h&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|S}}&lt;br /&gt;
| g&amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;h&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|X}}&lt;br /&gt;
| g&amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;h&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt;w&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Voiceless&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;fricatives&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|e}}&lt;br /&gt;
| f&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|3}}&lt;br /&gt;
| th&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|d}}&lt;br /&gt;
| ch&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|c}}&lt;br /&gt;
| chw&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Voiced&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;fricatives&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|r}}&lt;br /&gt;
| v&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|4}}&lt;br /&gt;
| dh&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|f}}&lt;br /&gt;
| gh&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|v}}&lt;br /&gt;
| ghw&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Voiceless&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;nasals&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|y}}&lt;br /&gt;
| hm&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|6}}&lt;br /&gt;
| hn&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|h}}&lt;br /&gt;
| hñ&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|n}}&lt;br /&gt;
| hñw&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Nasals&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|t}}&lt;br /&gt;
| m&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|5}}&lt;br /&gt;
| n&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|g}}&lt;br /&gt;
| ñ&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|b}}&lt;br /&gt;
| ñw&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Arrangement===&lt;br /&gt;
By the end of the [[Third Age]], the Tengwar were somehow standardized. Their Quenya names became standard for all modes, and less used ones were not included (although still used), such as those of the extended stems and the [[Tyelpetéma]]. The table displayed 36 letters: the 24 standard Tengwar, plus 12 of the additional Tengwar.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Also, the Tengwar were assigned numeric values.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{| border=&amp;quot;1&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
! &lt;br /&gt;
! colspan=&amp;quot;2&amp;quot; | Tincotéma&lt;br /&gt;
! colspan=&amp;quot;2&amp;quot; | Parmatéma&lt;br /&gt;
! colspan=&amp;quot;2&amp;quot; | Calmatéma&lt;br /&gt;
! colspan=&amp;quot;2&amp;quot; | Quessetéma&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Grade I&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|1}}&lt;br /&gt;
| [[Tinco]]&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|q}}&lt;br /&gt;
| [[Parma]]&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|a}}&lt;br /&gt;
| [[Calma]]&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|z}}&lt;br /&gt;
| [[Quesse]]&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Grade II&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|2}}&lt;br /&gt;
| [[Ando]]&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|w}}&lt;br /&gt;
| [[Umbar (word)|Umbar]]&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|s}}&lt;br /&gt;
| [[Anga]]&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|x}}&lt;br /&gt;
| [[Ungwe]]&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Grade III&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|3}}&lt;br /&gt;
| [[Súlë]]&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|e}}&lt;br /&gt;
| [[Formen]]&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|d}}&lt;br /&gt;
| [[Aha]]&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|c}}&lt;br /&gt;
| [[Hwesta]]&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Grade IV&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|4}}&lt;br /&gt;
| [[Anto]]&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|r}}&lt;br /&gt;
| [[Ampa]]&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|f}}&lt;br /&gt;
| [[Anca]]&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|v}}&lt;br /&gt;
| [[Unque]]&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Grade V&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|5}}&lt;br /&gt;
| [[Númen]]&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|t}}&lt;br /&gt;
| [[Malta]]&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|g}}&lt;br /&gt;
| [[Noldo]]&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|b}}&lt;br /&gt;
| [[Nwalme]]&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Grade VI&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|6}}&lt;br /&gt;
| [[Óre]]&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|y}}&lt;br /&gt;
| [[Vala|Vala]]&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|h}}&lt;br /&gt;
| [[Anna]]&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|n}}&lt;br /&gt;
| [[Vilya]]&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
!&lt;br /&gt;
! colspan=&amp;quot;8&amp;quot; | &#039;&#039;&#039;Additional Tengwar:&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|7}}&lt;br /&gt;
| [[Rómen]]&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|u}}&lt;br /&gt;
| [[Arda]]&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|j}}&lt;br /&gt;
| [[Lambe]]&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|m}}&lt;br /&gt;
| [[Alda]]&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|8}}&lt;br /&gt;
| [[Silme]]&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|i}}&lt;br /&gt;
| [[Silme nuquerna]]&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|k}}&lt;br /&gt;
| [[Essë]]&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|,}}&lt;br /&gt;
| [[Esse nuquerna]]&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|9}}&lt;br /&gt;
| [[Hyarmen]]&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|l}}&lt;br /&gt;
| [[Yanta]]&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|o}}&lt;br /&gt;
| [[Hwesta Sindarinwa]]&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|.}}&lt;br /&gt;
| [[Úrë]]&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|&amp;amp;#189;}}&lt;br /&gt;
| [[Halla]]&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|`}}&lt;br /&gt;
| [[Telco]]&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|~}}&lt;br /&gt;
| [[Ára]]&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Values==&lt;br /&gt;
As mentioned, the Tengwar had a generic mode that covered a wide range of phonemes. This mode perhaps originated in [[Eregion]] and exemplified in the verse of [[the One Ring]] and other Westron Tengwar texts. It could be used for both Quenya and Sindarin.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The following table gives both the formal Quenya and Numenian&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;[[Jim Allan]]&#039;s &#039;&#039;[[Report from Marquette]]&#039;&#039;&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; names of the Tengwar. When two values are given (separated with a &#039;&#039;&#039;/&#039;&#039;&#039; slash), the first refers to the Elvish variation and the second to the [[Mannish]] or Westron variation. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Note that the dashes indicate when the letter is used initially or finally and/or as a diphthong element.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{| border=&amp;quot;1&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
! colspan=&amp;quot;2&amp;quot; | Tincotéma&lt;br /&gt;
! colspan=&amp;quot;2&amp;quot; | Parmatéma&lt;br /&gt;
! colspan=&amp;quot;2&amp;quot; | Calmatéma&lt;br /&gt;
! colspan=&amp;quot;2&amp;quot; | Quessetéma&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|1}}&lt;br /&gt;
| t&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Tinco/Tó&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|q}}&lt;br /&gt;
| p&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Parma/Pí&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|a}}&lt;br /&gt;
| ch (as in &#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;ch&#039;&#039;&#039;ur&#039;&#039;&#039;ch&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;)&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Calma/Ché&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|z}}&lt;br /&gt;
| k&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Quesse/Ká&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|2}}&lt;br /&gt;
| d&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Ando/Dó&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|w}}&lt;br /&gt;
| b&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Umbar/Bí&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|s}}&lt;br /&gt;
|j&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Anga/Jé&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|x}}&lt;br /&gt;
| g&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Ungwe/Gá&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|3}}&lt;br /&gt;
| th&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Súle/Thó&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|e}}&lt;br /&gt;
| f&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Formen/Fí&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|d}}&lt;br /&gt;
|sh&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Aha/Shé&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|c}}&lt;br /&gt;
| ch/h (as in &#039;&#039;lo&#039;&#039;&#039;ch&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;)&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Hwesta/Aha (or Oha)&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|4}}&lt;br /&gt;
| dh&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Anto/Adhó&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|r}}&lt;br /&gt;
| v&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Ampa/Ví&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|f}}&lt;br /&gt;
| zh&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Anca/Izhe&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|v}}&lt;br /&gt;
|gh&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Unque/Agha&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|5}}&lt;br /&gt;
| n&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Númen/Nó&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|t}}&lt;br /&gt;
| m&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Malta/Mí&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|g}}&lt;br /&gt;
| ny&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Noldo/Nyé&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|b}}&lt;br /&gt;
| ng&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Nwalme/Ngá&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|6}}&lt;br /&gt;
| -r/r&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Óre/Ar&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|y}}&lt;br /&gt;
| w, -u/w&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Vala/Wí&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|h}}&lt;br /&gt;
| -i/y&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Anna/Yé&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|n}}&lt;br /&gt;
|&amp;amp;rsquo;?&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;&amp;amp;rsquo;á&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! colspan=&amp;quot;8&amp;quot; | Additional Tengwar:&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|7}}&lt;br /&gt;
| r&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Rómen/Aro&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|u}}&lt;br /&gt;
| rh&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Arda/Rho&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|j}}&lt;br /&gt;
| l&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Lambe/Alo&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|m}}&lt;br /&gt;
| lh&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Alda/Lho&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|8}}&lt;br /&gt;
| s&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Silme/Só&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|i}}&lt;br /&gt;
|s&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Silme Nuquerna/Ós&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|k}}&lt;br /&gt;
| ss/z&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Esse/Azo&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|,}}&lt;br /&gt;
| z&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Oza&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|9}}&lt;br /&gt;
| h&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Hyarmen/Há&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|l}}&lt;br /&gt;
| i-, -e&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Yanta/Ai&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|o}}&lt;br /&gt;
| wh&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Hwesta Sindarinwa/Whí&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|.}}&lt;br /&gt;
| -u?&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Úre/Au&lt;br /&gt;
|}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The following is a full mode variety, related mainly to the north, and uses Tengwar (and carriers) as vowels. It was probably created in [[Arnor]], influenced from the Mode of Beleriand used in [[Rivendell]]. Even the [[Dwarves|dwarf]] [[Ori]] wrote in this hand in the [[Book of Mazarbul]]&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;The second page of the Book of Mazarbul ([http://www.forodrim.org/daeron/mdtci.html#DTS13 DTS13]) said to be written by Ori, is categorized to belong to the Northern Variety [http://at.mansbjorkman.net/teng_modes.htm here]&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{| border=&amp;quot;1&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
! colspan=&amp;quot;2&amp;quot; | Tincotéma&lt;br /&gt;
! colspan=&amp;quot;2&amp;quot; | Parmatéma&lt;br /&gt;
! colspan=&amp;quot;2&amp;quot; | Calmatéma&lt;br /&gt;
! colspan=&amp;quot;2&amp;quot; | Quessetéma&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|1}}&lt;br /&gt;
| t&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Tinco/Tó&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|q}}&lt;br /&gt;
| p&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Parma/Pí&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|a}}&lt;br /&gt;
|ch (as in &#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;ch&#039;&#039;&#039;ur&#039;&#039;&#039;ch&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;)&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Calma/Ché&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|z}}&lt;br /&gt;
| k&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Quesse/Ká&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|2}}&lt;br /&gt;
| d&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Ando/Dó&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|w}}&lt;br /&gt;
| b&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Umbar/Bí&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|s}}&lt;br /&gt;
|j&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;AngaJé&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|x}}&lt;br /&gt;
| g&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Ungwe/Gá&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|3}}&lt;br /&gt;
| th&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Súle/Thó&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|e}}&lt;br /&gt;
| f&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Formen/Fí&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|d}}&lt;br /&gt;
|sh&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Aha/Shé&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|c}}&lt;br /&gt;
| ch/h (as in &#039;&#039;lo&#039;&#039;&#039;ch&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Hwesta/Aha&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|4}}&lt;br /&gt;
| dh&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Anto/Adhó&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|r}}&lt;br /&gt;
| v&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Ampa/Ví&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|f}}&lt;br /&gt;
|zh&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Anca/Izhe&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|v}}&lt;br /&gt;
|gh&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Unque/Agha&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|5}}&lt;br /&gt;
| n&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Númen/Nó&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|t}}&lt;br /&gt;
| m&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Malta/Mí&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|g}}&lt;br /&gt;
|ny&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Noldo/Nyé&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|b}}&lt;br /&gt;
| ng&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Nwalme/Ngá&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|6}}&lt;br /&gt;
| -r/r&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Óre/Ar&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|y}}&lt;br /&gt;
| w, -u/u&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Vala/Wí&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|h}}&lt;br /&gt;
| o&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Anna/Yé&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|n}}&lt;br /&gt;
|a&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;&#039;a&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! colspan=&amp;quot;8&amp;quot; | Additional Tengwar:&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|7}}&lt;br /&gt;
| r&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Rómen/Aro&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|u}}&lt;br /&gt;
| rh&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Arda/Rho&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|j}}&lt;br /&gt;
| l&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Lambe/Alo&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|m}}&lt;br /&gt;
| lh&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Alda/Lho&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|8}}&lt;br /&gt;
| s&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Silme/Só&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|i}}&lt;br /&gt;
|s&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Silme Nuquerna/Ós&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|k}}&lt;br /&gt;
| ss/z&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Esse/Azo&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|,}}&lt;br /&gt;
| z&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Esse Nuquerna/Oza&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|9}}&lt;br /&gt;
| h&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Hyarmen/Há&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|l}}&lt;br /&gt;
| i-, -e/e&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Yanta/Ai&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|o}}&lt;br /&gt;
| wh&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Hwesta Sindarinwa/Whí&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|.}}&lt;br /&gt;
| w&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Úre/Au&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|{{tg|`B}}	&lt;br /&gt;
|i	&lt;br /&gt;
|{{tg|~B}}	&lt;br /&gt;
|i-/y-&lt;br /&gt;
|{{tg|]}}&lt;br /&gt;
|a	&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|š}}&lt;br /&gt;
| mh&lt;br /&gt;
|}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Other modes==&lt;br /&gt;
Just as with any alphabetic writing system, every specific language written in Tengwar requires a specific orthography, depending on the phonology of that language. These Tengwar orthographies are usually called &#039;&#039;modes&#039;&#039;. All of them use as a basis the &amp;quot;[[Tengwar#Structure|theoretical values]]&amp;quot; table above, corresponding the letters to the phonemes of each language&#039;s phonology, and even drop out the characters that would be useless.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
All the modes can be divided into two large categories: &lt;br /&gt;
*Some represent vowels with diacritics called &#039;&#039;&#039;[[tehtar]]&#039;&#039;&#039; or &#039;&#039;[[ómatehtar]]&#039;&#039; (&amp;quot;vowel tehtar&amp;quot;), like the [[Quenya mode]].&lt;br /&gt;
*The &amp;quot;full writing&amp;quot; modes represent vowels by normal letters, such as the [[Quanta Sarmë]] or the [[Mode of Beleriand]].&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Furthermore, some modes map the basic consonants to {{IPA|/t/}}, {{IPA|/p/}}, {{IPA|/k/}}, and {{IPA|/kʷ/}}, while others (generally [[Mannish]]) use them to represent {{IPA|/t/}}, {{IPA|/p/}}, {{IPA|/tʃ/}}, and {{IPA|/k/}}.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== External history ==&lt;br /&gt;
The [[Sarati]], a script developed by Tolkien in the late 1910s that is described in &#039;&#039;[[Parma Eldalamberon 13|&#039;&#039;Parma Eldalamberon&#039;&#039; 13]]&#039;&#039;, anticipates many features of the Tengwar, especially the vowel representation by diacritics (which is found in many Tengwar varieties), different Tengwar shapes and a few correspondances between sound features and letter shape features (though inconsistent).&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Even closer to the Tengwar is the [[Valmaric script]], described in [[Parma Eldalamberon 14|&#039;&#039;Parma Eldalamberon&#039;&#039; 14]], which Tolkien used from about 1922 to 1925. It features many Tengwar shapes and the inherent vowel {{IPA|[a]}} found in some Tengwar varieties. The tables in the samples V12 and V13 show an arrangement that is very similar to the one of the primary Tengwar in the classical Quenya &amp;quot;mode&amp;quot;.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The Tengwar were probably developed in the late 1920s or in the early 1930s. &#039;&#039;The Lonely Mountain Jar Inscription&#039;&#039;, the first published Tengwar sample, dates to 1937 (&#039;&#039;[[The Hobbit]]&#039;&#039;, most editions). The full explanation of the Tengwar was published in Appendix E of &#039;&#039;[[The Lord of the Rings]]&#039;&#039; in 1955.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Inspiration==&lt;br /&gt;
Tengwar is a [[Wikipedia:Featural writing system|featural alphabet]], meaning there is correspondence between letter shape features and [[Wikipedia:place of articulation|place]] and [[Wikipedia:manner of articulation|manner of articulation]]. Perhaps the oldest and most famous featural system is the Korean [[Wikipedia:Hangul|Hangul alphabet]]. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Jim Allan]] (&#039;&#039;[[An Introduction to Elvish]]&#039;&#039;, ISBN 0-905220-10-2) compared the Tengwar with the &#039;&#039;Universal Alphabet&#039;&#039; of [[Wikipedia:Francis Lodwick|Francis Lodwick]] of 1686, both on grounds of the feature factor, but also the actual letter shapes, and the use of vowels as diacritics.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
It is not known whether Tolkien was aware of these previous scripts. However, considering the sarati and the valmaric script that he already invented in his youth, it is conceivable that Tolkien developed the idea of featural notation by himself.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
It is likewise not known whether the shapes of several Tengwar were inspired by the [[Wikipedia:Insular script|insular minuscule script]] (used to write [[Anglo-saxon]]) or the [[Wikipedia:blackletter|gothic textura]] and cursive scripts (used to write Middle English), with which Tolkien was familiar through reading medieval manuscripts in these languages in his professional capacity as a linguist.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Tengwar study==&lt;br /&gt;
===Modes===&lt;br /&gt;
As the peoples of Middle-earth used various modes of Tengwar, and as Tolkien wrote English, [[Old English]] and [[Norse]] in Tengwar, [[fandom|fans]] have created Tengwar modes for real languages. There are modes to write French, Swedish, Latin or Spanish. &lt;br /&gt;
=== Encoding Schemes ===&lt;br /&gt;
==== Non-Unicode ====&lt;br /&gt;
The contemporary de facto standard in the Tengwar user community maps the Tengwar characters onto the regular English character encoding following the example of the [http://www.gis.net/~dansmith/fonts/font_tengwar/ Tengwar typefaces] by [[Dan Smith]]. A drawback of the font solution is that, if no corresponding Tengwar font is installed, an awful string of [[wikipedia:Mojibake|nonsense characters]] appears.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Since there is not enough place for all the signs, certain signs are included in a &amp;quot;Tengwar A&amp;quot; font which also maps its characters on ISO 8859-1, overlapping with the first font.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
For each Tengwar diacritic there are four different codepoints that are used depending on the width of the character which bears it.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Other Tengwar typefaces with Dan Smith&#039;s encoding include [http://home.student.uu.se/j/jowi4905/fonts/annatar.html Johan Winge&#039;s Tengwar Annatar], [http://at.mansbjorkman.net/parmaite.htm Måns Björkman&#039;s Tengwar Parmaite], [http://www.geocities.com/enrombell/Archivos.htm Enrique Mombello&#039;s Tengwar Élfica] or [http://www.limes.com.pl/~miszka/ Michal Nowakowski&#039;s Tengwar Formal] (note that most of these differ in details).&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The following sample shows the first article of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights written in English according to the traditional English orthography. If no Tengwar font is installed, it will look nonsense since the corresponding ISO 8859-1 characters (Roman letters, numbers and signs) will appear instead.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{tg|j#¸ 9t&amp;amp;5# w`Vb%_ 6EO w6Y5 e7~V 2{( zèVj# 5% 2x%51T`Û 2{( 7v%1+º 4hR 7EO 2{$yYO2 y4% 7]F85^ 2{( z5^8i`B5$i( 2{( dyYj2 zE1 1`N ]Fa 4^(6 5% `C 8q7T1T W w74^(69~N2º}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==== Unicode ====&lt;br /&gt;
A proposal has been made by Michael Everson to include the Tengwar in the [[Unicode]] standard. The codepoints are subject to change; the range U+016080 to U+0160FF in the Supplementary Multilingual Plane is tentatively allocated for Tengwar according to the current [http://www.unicode.org/roadmaps/smp/ Unicode roadmap].&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Tengwar are currently included in the unofficial ConScript Unicode Registry, which assigns codepoints in the Private Use Area. Tengwar are mapped to the range U+E000 to U+E07F. The following Unicode sample (which repeats the one above) is meaningful when viewed under a typeface supporting Tengwar glyphs in the area defined in the ConScript Tengwar proposal. Some typefaces that support this proposal are [http://www.evertype.com/emono/ Everson Mono], [http://freetengwar.sourceforge.net/tengtelc.html Tengwar Telcontar], [http://www.kreativekorp.com/software/fonts/constructium.shtml Constructium], [http://freetengwar.sourceforge.net/formal.html Tengwar Formal Unicode], and [http://freetengwar.sourceforge.net/freemonotengwar.html FreeMonoTengwar] ([http://www.code2000.net/ James Kass]&#039;s Code2000 and Code2001 use an older, incompatible version of the proposal).&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;blockquote style=&amp;quot;font-family: &#039;Tengwar Formal CSUR&#039;, &#039;FreeMonoTengwar&#039;, &#039;Constructium&#039;, &#039;Everson Mono&#039;, &#039;Tengwar Formal Unicode&#039;, &#039;Tengwar Telcontar&#039;, &#039;Everson Mono&#039;, &#039;Unifont CSUR&#039;; font-size: 150%; line-height: 120%&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&amp;amp;#xe022;&amp;amp;#xe051;&amp;amp;#xe040; &amp;amp;#xe028;&amp;amp;#xe011;&amp;amp;#xe04c;&amp;amp;#xe010;&amp;amp;#xe040; &amp;amp;#xe005;&amp;amp;#xe02e;&amp;amp;#xe046;&amp;amp;#xe013;&amp;amp;#xe044;&amp;amp;#xe058; &amp;amp;#xe014;&amp;amp;#xe045;&amp;amp;#xe040; &amp;amp;#xe005;&amp;amp;#xe014;&amp;amp;#xe04a;&amp;amp;#xe010; &amp;amp;#xe009;&amp;amp;#xe020;&amp;amp;#xe02e;&amp;amp;#xe046;&amp;amp;#xe02e;&amp;amp;#xe046; &amp;amp;#xe004;&amp;amp;#xe050;&amp;amp;#xe045; &amp;amp;#xe003;&amp;amp;#xe052;&amp;amp;#xe046;&amp;amp;#xe022;&amp;amp;#xe040; &amp;amp;#xe010;&amp;amp;#xe044; &amp;amp;#xe004;&amp;amp;#xe007;&amp;amp;#xe044;&amp;amp;#xe010;&amp;amp;#xe000;&amp;amp;#xe044;&amp;amp;#xe02e;&amp;amp;#xe053; &amp;amp;#xe004;&amp;amp;#xe050;&amp;amp;#xe045; &amp;amp;#xe020;&amp;amp;#xe00f;&amp;amp;#xe044;&amp;amp;#xe000;&amp;amp;#xe058; ⸬ &amp;amp;#xe00c;&amp;amp;#xe016;&amp;amp;#xe046; &amp;amp;#xe020;&amp;amp;#xe045;&amp;amp;#xe040; &amp;amp;#xe004;&amp;amp;#xe050;&amp;amp;#xe046;&amp;amp;#xe015;&amp;amp;#xe045;&amp;amp;#xe04a;&amp;amp;#xe004; &amp;amp;#xe015;&amp;amp;#xe00c;&amp;amp;#xe044; &amp;amp;#xe020;&amp;amp;#xe032;&amp;amp;#xe046;&amp;amp;#xe024;&amp;amp;#xe010;&amp;amp;#xe04a; &amp;amp;#xe004;&amp;amp;#xe050;&amp;amp;#xe045; &amp;amp;#xe003;&amp;amp;#xe010;&amp;amp;#xe04a;&amp;amp;#xe024;&amp;amp;#xe025;&amp;amp;#xe02e;&amp;amp;#xe044;&amp;amp;#xe025;&amp;amp;#xe050;&amp;amp;#xe045; &amp;amp;#xe004;&amp;amp;#xe050;&amp;amp;#xe045; &amp;amp;#xe00a;&amp;amp;#xe015;&amp;amp;#xe04a;&amp;amp;#xe022;&amp;amp;#xe004; &amp;amp;#xe003;&amp;amp;#xe040;&amp;amp;#xe000; &amp;amp;#xe000;&amp;amp;#xe015;&amp;amp;#xe04a;&amp;amp;#xe014;&amp;amp;#xe040;&amp;amp;#xe004;&amp;amp;#xe058; &amp;amp;#xe010;&amp;amp;#xe045;&amp;amp;#xe04a; &amp;amp;#xe010;&amp;amp;#xe040;&amp;amp;#xe00c;&amp;amp;#xe04a;&amp;amp;#xe020;&amp;amp;#xe046; &amp;amp;#xe010;&amp;amp;#xe044; &amp;amp;#xe02e;&amp;amp;#xe040; &amp;amp;#xe024;&amp;amp;#xe001;&amp;amp;#xe020;&amp;amp;#xe044;&amp;amp;#xe000;&amp;amp;#xe044; &amp;amp;#xe01d; &amp;amp;#xe005;&amp;amp;#xe020;&amp;amp;#xe00c;&amp;amp;#xe04a;&amp;amp;#xe014;&amp;amp;#xe046;&amp;amp;#xe028;&amp;amp;#xe004;&amp;amp;#xe04a;&amp;amp;#xe04a; ⸬&amp;lt;/blockquote&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Uses outside the legendarium===&lt;br /&gt;
Random (meaningless) Tengwar appears stylistically in a prop of an ancient tome in the [[Wikipedia:Within Temptation|Within Temptation]] music video for &amp;quot;Stand My Ground&amp;quot;. Tengwar also appears in the computer game &#039;&#039;[[Wikipedia:Atlantis: The Lost Tales|Atlantis: The Lost Tales]]&#039;&#039; and the &#039;&#039;[[Wikipedia:Alone in the Dar|Alone in the Dark]]&#039;&#039; comic book.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Several linguists, such as [[Wikipedia:Eric S. Raymond|Eric S. Raymond]], promote the usage of Tengwar for the constructed language [[Wikipedia:Lojban|Lojban]] as it is culturally neutral and contains some main Lojban morphology rules, making Lojban easier to learn when it is written with Tengwar.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Kena. [http://vodka-pomme.net/projects/tengwar-for-lojban/lojteng#learn  &#039;&#039;Lojban using tengwar - why?&#039;&#039;] (accessed August 2007)&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; (Another suggested mode can be seen [http://www.catb.org/~esr/tengwar/lojban-tengwar.html there]).&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== See also ==&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Sarati]]&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Cirth]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== External links ==&lt;br /&gt;
*[http://www.forodrim.org/daeron/md_teng_primers.html Tengwar tutorials]&lt;br /&gt;
* [http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/History_of_Elven_writing_systems History of Elven writing systems] Wikibook on the secondary-world history of the Elven writing systems&lt;br /&gt;
* [http://at.mansbjorkman.net/tengwar.htm Amanye Tenceli - The Tengwar] A comprehensive study of the Tengwar script&lt;br /&gt;
* [http://www.forodrim.org/daeron/mdtci.html The Mellonath Daeron Index of Tengwar Specimina] &amp;amp;mdash; a continuously expanding list of all published Tengwar samples&lt;br /&gt;
* [http://www.tengwar.art.pl/tengwar/fonty.php A comprehensive list of Tengwar fonts] (in Polish, but still useful even if you can&#039;t read the language)&lt;br /&gt;
* [http://www.omniglot.com/conscripts/tengwar.htm Omniglot reference]&lt;br /&gt;
* [http://tengwar.art.pl/tengwar/ott/start.php?l=en Online Tengwar transcriber]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== Modes ===&lt;br /&gt;
* [http://at.mansbjorkman.net/teng_general_english.htm Tengwar Mode for English (general use)]&lt;br /&gt;
* [http://www.duvendor.com.br/amanye/Downloads/FTMME_Text.pdf Full Tengwar Modes for Modern English]&lt;br /&gt;
* [http://catb.org/~esr/tengwar/ ESR&#039;s Tengwar modes for Esperanto and Lojban languages]&lt;br /&gt;
* [http://lambenor.free.fr/tengwar/espanol.html Tengwar mode for Spanish]&lt;br /&gt;
* [http://my.opera.com/tengwarblog/blog/deutscher-tengwar-modus Tengwar mode for German (full writing)]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== Software ===&lt;br /&gt;
* [http://tengwar.art.pl/tengwar/ott/start.php?l=en Online Tengwar transcriber]&lt;br /&gt;
* [http://at.mansbjorkman.net/tengscribe.htm  Tengwar Scribe] (Win32)&lt;br /&gt;
* [http://jadro.ludviku.cz/yatt/  YATT (Win32) and YATT lite (Linux, Mac)]&lt;br /&gt;
* [http://tengwar.art.pl/ktt/  KTT] (Linux+KDE)&lt;br /&gt;
* [http://www.acondia.com/font_tengwar/TengwarMacros_v19F.zip Tengwar Macros for Microsoft Word/97 and Word/2000]&lt;br /&gt;
* [http://www.tecendil.com/ Tecendil] online Tengwar transcriber&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
More of Tengwar software on [http://tengwar.art.pl/tengwar/programy.php Tengwar Feanora] web-site (in Polish).&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== Technical ===&lt;br /&gt;
* [http://wikisophia.org/wiki/Wikitex#Teng WikiTeX] supports editing Tengwar directly in Wiki articles.&lt;br /&gt;
* [http://std.dkuug.dk/jtc1/sc2/wg2/docs/n1641/n1641.htm Official proposal to encode Tengwar in Unicode]&lt;br /&gt;
* [http://www.evertype.com/standards/csur/tengwar.html Tengwar proposal for ConScript Unicode Registry]&lt;br /&gt;
* [http://www.evertype.com/standards/iso10646/pdf/tengwar.pdf Revised Tengwar proposal]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{references}}&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;small&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
* Christopher Tolkien, &#039;&#039;The Tengwar Numerals&#039;&#039;, in &#039;&#039;[[Quettar]]&#039;&#039; 13, Feb. 1982, pp. 8-9; a further, untitled, explanation of the Tengwar numerals by Christopher Tolkien appeared in &#039;&#039;Quettar&#039;&#039; 14, May 1982, pp. 6-7.&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/small&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
{{languages}}&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Tengwar]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Writing systems]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[de:Tengwar]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[fr:encyclo/langues/tengwar]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[fi:Tengwar]]&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Sadron</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=Tengwar&amp;diff=338540</id>
		<title>Tengwar</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=Tengwar&amp;diff=338540"/>
		<updated>2021-11-17T16:57:40Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Sadron: /* History */&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;{{cleanup}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{font|[http://at.mansbjorkman.net/parmaite.htm Tengwar Parmaite] by [[Måns Björkman]]}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{disambig-more|Fëanorian|[[Fëanorian (disambiguation)]]}}&lt;br /&gt;
[[Image:Ryszard Derdzinski - Feanor.jpg|thumb|[[Fëanor]] designs the first Tengwar. Art by [[Ryszard Derdzinski]]]]&lt;br /&gt;
The &#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;Tengwar&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039; (Tengwa [teŋ&amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;w&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt;a&amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;w&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt;] when singular)([[Quenya]] &amp;quot;letters&amp;quot;, pron. {{IPA|[ˈteŋʷɡʷar]}}; [[Sindarin]] &#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;Tîw&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{App|E2}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;) was a writing system invented by [[Fëanor]] (and was therefore also called the &#039;&#039;&#039;Fëanorian alphabet&#039;&#039;&#039;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{L|25}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; or &#039;&#039;&#039;script&#039;&#039;&#039;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{L|168}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;). It was used for a variety of languages among the [[Free peoples]] and became perhaps the most prominent writing system of [[Arda]], used by a variety of [[:Portal:Characters|Races]] through the [[Ages]].&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==History==&lt;br /&gt;
[[Fëanor]] invented the Tengwar in the [[Year of the Trees 1250]] (of the first age), strongly influenced by the [[Sarati]] of [[Rúmil (elf of Tirion)|Rúmil the Loremaster]].&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{WJ|P4}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ApD&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{VT|39a}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; Fëanor both constructed the Tengwar as a general phonetic alphabet and devised special arrangements to fit the characteristics of all languages of [[Valinor]].&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{TI|Runes}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; Over the course of the First Age, three different modes of Tengwar emerged: [[Sindarin]], [[Quenya]], and [[Beleriand]].&lt;br /&gt;
===Classical Quenya mode===&lt;br /&gt;
{{main|Quenya mode}}&lt;br /&gt;
Unlike Rúmil, Fëanor considered vowels as indepedent sounds and not just “colours” of the consonants, so he devised the “full writing” ([[Quanta Sarmë]]).&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ApD&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
However, Fëanor also used a more &#039;conservative&#039; system which seemed to have been proved far more popular; he also held Rúmil&#039;s idea of syllabic analysis of the words by the Sarati and made use of [[tehtar]] instead of the full letters.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ApD&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The classical Quenya mode of the Tengwar may have originated from Fëanor&#039;s own arrangement. There is no direct evidence for this hypothesis, but the use of the Quenya names for the individual letters hints to a primate of the Quenya mode. Another hint to a very old age of the classical Quenya mode is that it uses the [[Calmatéma]] as a k-series, like the mode of Beleriand which we can assume to have originated in the First Age.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Mode of Beleriand===&lt;br /&gt;
{{main|Mode of Beleriand}}&lt;br /&gt;
[[Image:J.R.R. Tolkien - Doors of Durin.jpg|thumb|The [[Doors of Durin]] created during the [[Second Age]]]]&lt;br /&gt;
When the [[Noldor]] rebelled and came to [[Middle-earth]], they adapted their writing for the new languages they learned. Quanta Sarmë was used for languages where the tehtar were not useful&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ApD&amp;quot; /&amp;gt; which could have been the origin for the Mode of Beleriand. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
It is also possible that the Tengwar influenced the evolution of the [[Cirth]] of [[Daeron]] in Beleriand, mainly in their shape and arrangement. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
We know from the inscription on the [[West-gate of Moria]] that a Tengwar mode called the [[Mode of Beleriand]] was used in [[Eregion]]. This name allows for the assumption that the same mode was used already in the [[First Age]].&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
At the end of the [[Third Age]], the Elves of [[Rivendell]] probably still used that mode, since a transcription of the Rivendell [[aerlinn]] &#039;&#039;[[A Elbereth Gilthoniel]]&#039;&#039; features it.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{RGEO|7}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; Frodo, however, even though literate in Sindarin, was apparently unable to read this mode.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===General Use===&lt;br /&gt;
By the end of the Third Age, there was a &#039;&#039;general use&#039;&#039; that could be used for a variety of languages including Quenya, Sindarin and the Common Speech.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;[[J.R.R. Tolkien]], &amp;quot;[[Letter to Anthony D. Howlett]] (letter); see also [http://www.forodrim.org/daeron/mdtci.html#DTS58 DTS58]&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; This use could have evolved during the [[Second Age]] in [[Eregion]] or even in [[Númenor]].&lt;br /&gt;
[[Image:One ring.png|thumb|left|The [[Ring Verse|inscription]] on [[The One Ring]].]]&lt;br /&gt;
The same mode appears on the [[Ring-inscription]]&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{FR|Shadow}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; that the [[Númenorean]] [[Isildur]] observed it to be &amp;quot;fashioned in an elven-script of Eregion&amp;quot;.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{FR|Council}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
It is not certain whether the whole &#039;&#039;mode&#039;&#039; itself was from Eregion or simply just the &#039;&#039;script&#039;&#039; was of an Elvish fashion. Some [[Adûnaic]] words use this mode.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{HM|SD}}, Lowdham&#039;s Inscription&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Another mode that was based on the &amp;quot;general use&amp;quot; but used full letters for the representation of vowels was used in the Northern part of the [[Westron]]-speaking regions, perhaps by influence of the Elves of [[Rivendell]]. This might explain why Frodo was unable to read either the Mode of Beleriand or the Ring Inscription.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Spelling and pronunciation ==&lt;br /&gt;
=== Structure ===&lt;br /&gt;
The most notable characteristic of the Tengwar script is that the shapes of the letters correspond to the features of the sounds they represent.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The shape of the Tengwar uniformly consisted of two elements, the &#039;&#039;[[telco]]&#039;&#039; (stem) to which is attached a &#039;&#039;[[lúva]]&#039;&#039; (bow). &lt;br /&gt;
It is noticeable that some of the letters of the [[Sarati|Sarati]] resembled the telco/lúva shape seen on the Tengwar. Therefore it is possible that those particular letters influenced stylistically the Tengwar.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The telco could be normal, raised, shortened or heightened. The lúva would be single or doubled, and these could be open or closed. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
All the above combinations can create 32 to 40 different shapes of letters. These shapes mirrored phonological significances: the basic form of a tengwa was used for the [[patakar]], the voiceless stops; telcor determined how the sound was articulated, and the lúvar where in the mouth it was made:&lt;br /&gt;
* Doubling the bow turns the voiceless consonant into a voiced one.&lt;br /&gt;
* Raising the stem above the line turns it into the corresponding fricative or a corresponding voiced version of it.&lt;br /&gt;
* Shortening it (so it is only the height of the bow) indicates the corresponding nasal or, mostly, the approximants.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
According to their shape, the 32 different glyphs could be arranged and presented consistently on a table. The principal letters are divided into series (&#039;&#039;témar&#039;&#039;) that correspond to the main places of articulation and into six rows (&#039;&#039;tyeller&#039;&#039;) that correspond to the main manners of articulation. Both vary among modes.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The table below gives the &#039;&#039;&#039;theoretical&#039;&#039;&#039;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Observations made by [[Jim Allan]]&#039;s &#039;&#039;[[An Introduction to Elvish]]&#039;&#039;, The Evolution of the Tengwar&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; values of the Tengwar based consistently on the abovementioned rules. Note that no language possessed all these sounds and the following does not represent an actual table of values of a particular language. In actuality, the languages used modifications or variations of them.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{| border=&amp;quot;1&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
! | &lt;br /&gt;
! colspan=&amp;quot;2&amp;quot; | Labial&lt;br /&gt;
! colspan=&amp;quot;2&amp;quot; | Dental&lt;br /&gt;
! colspan=&amp;quot;2&amp;quot; | Velar&lt;br /&gt;
! colspan=&amp;quot;2&amp;quot; | Labiovelar&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Voiceless&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;plosives&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|q}}&lt;br /&gt;
| p&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|1}}&lt;br /&gt;
| t&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|a}}&lt;br /&gt;
| k&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|z}}&lt;br /&gt;
| kw&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Voiced&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;plosives&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|w}}&lt;br /&gt;
| b&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|2}}&lt;br /&gt;
| d&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|s}}&lt;br /&gt;
| g&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|x}}&lt;br /&gt;
| gw&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Aspirated&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;voiceless plosives&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|Q}}&lt;br /&gt;
| p&amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;h&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|!}}&lt;br /&gt;
| t&amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;h&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|A}}&lt;br /&gt;
| k&amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;h&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|Z}}&lt;br /&gt;
| k&amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;h&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt;w&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Aspirated&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;voiced plosives&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|W}}&lt;br /&gt;
| b&amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;h&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|@}}&lt;br /&gt;
| d&amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;h&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|S}}&lt;br /&gt;
| g&amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;h&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|X}}&lt;br /&gt;
| g&amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;h&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt;w&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Voiceless&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;fricatives&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|e}}&lt;br /&gt;
| f&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|3}}&lt;br /&gt;
| th&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|d}}&lt;br /&gt;
| ch&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|c}}&lt;br /&gt;
| chw&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Voiced&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;fricatives&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|r}}&lt;br /&gt;
| v&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|4}}&lt;br /&gt;
| dh&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|f}}&lt;br /&gt;
| gh&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|v}}&lt;br /&gt;
| ghw&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Voiceless&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;nasals&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|y}}&lt;br /&gt;
| hm&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|6}}&lt;br /&gt;
| hn&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|h}}&lt;br /&gt;
| hñ&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|n}}&lt;br /&gt;
| hñw&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Nasals&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|t}}&lt;br /&gt;
| m&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|5}}&lt;br /&gt;
| n&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|g}}&lt;br /&gt;
| ñ&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|b}}&lt;br /&gt;
| ñw&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Arrangement===&lt;br /&gt;
By the end of the [[Third Age]], the Tengwar were somehow standardized. Their Quenya names became standard for all modes, and less used ones were not included (although still used), such as those of the extended stems and the [[Tyelpetéma]]. The table displayed 36 letters: the 24 standard Tengwar, plus 12 of the additional Tengwar.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Also, the Tengwar were assigned numeric values.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{| border=&amp;quot;1&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
! &lt;br /&gt;
! colspan=&amp;quot;2&amp;quot; | Tincotéma&lt;br /&gt;
! colspan=&amp;quot;2&amp;quot; | Parmatéma&lt;br /&gt;
! colspan=&amp;quot;2&amp;quot; | Calmatéma&lt;br /&gt;
! colspan=&amp;quot;2&amp;quot; | Quessetéma&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Grade I&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|1}}&lt;br /&gt;
| [[Tinco]]&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|q}}&lt;br /&gt;
| [[Parma]]&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|a}}&lt;br /&gt;
| [[Calma]]&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|z}}&lt;br /&gt;
| [[Quesse]]&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Grade II&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|2}}&lt;br /&gt;
| [[Ando]]&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|w}}&lt;br /&gt;
| [[Umbar (word)|Umbar]]&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|s}}&lt;br /&gt;
| [[Anga]]&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|x}}&lt;br /&gt;
| [[Ungwe]]&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Grade III&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|3}}&lt;br /&gt;
| [[Súlë]]&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|e}}&lt;br /&gt;
| [[Formen]]&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|d}}&lt;br /&gt;
| [[Aha]]&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|c}}&lt;br /&gt;
| [[Hwesta]]&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Grade IV&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|4}}&lt;br /&gt;
| [[Anto]]&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|r}}&lt;br /&gt;
| [[Ampa]]&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|f}}&lt;br /&gt;
| [[Anca]]&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|v}}&lt;br /&gt;
| [[Unque]]&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Grade V&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|5}}&lt;br /&gt;
| [[Númen]]&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|t}}&lt;br /&gt;
| [[Malta]]&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|g}}&lt;br /&gt;
| [[Noldo]]&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|b}}&lt;br /&gt;
| [[Nwalme]]&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Grade VI&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|6}}&lt;br /&gt;
| [[Óre]]&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|y}}&lt;br /&gt;
| [[Vala|Vala]]&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|h}}&lt;br /&gt;
| [[Anna]]&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|n}}&lt;br /&gt;
| [[Vilya]]&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
!&lt;br /&gt;
! colspan=&amp;quot;8&amp;quot; | &#039;&#039;&#039;Additional Tengwar:&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|7}}&lt;br /&gt;
| [[Rómen]]&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|u}}&lt;br /&gt;
| [[Arda]]&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|j}}&lt;br /&gt;
| [[Lambe]]&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|m}}&lt;br /&gt;
| [[Alda]]&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|8}}&lt;br /&gt;
| [[Silme]]&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|i}}&lt;br /&gt;
| [[Silme nuquerna]]&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|k}}&lt;br /&gt;
| [[Essë]]&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|,}}&lt;br /&gt;
| [[Esse nuquerna]]&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|9}}&lt;br /&gt;
| [[Hyarmen]]&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|l}}&lt;br /&gt;
| [[Yanta]]&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|o}}&lt;br /&gt;
| [[Hwesta Sindarinwa]]&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|.}}&lt;br /&gt;
| [[Úrë]]&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|&amp;amp;#189;}}&lt;br /&gt;
| [[Halla]]&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|`}}&lt;br /&gt;
| [[Telco]]&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|~}}&lt;br /&gt;
| [[Ára]]&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Values==&lt;br /&gt;
As mentioned, the Tengwar had a generic mode that covered a wide range of phonemes. This mode perhaps originated in [[Eregion]] and exemplified in the verse of [[the One Ring]] and other Westron Tengwar texts. It could be used for both Quenya and Sindarin.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The following table gives both the formal Quenya and Numenian&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;[[Jim Allan]]&#039;s &#039;&#039;[[Report from Marquette]]&#039;&#039;&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; names of the Tengwar. When two values are given (separated with a &#039;&#039;&#039;/&#039;&#039;&#039; slash), the first refers to the Elvish variation and the second to the [[Mannish]] or Westron variation. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Note that the dashes indicate when the letter is used initially or finally and/or as a diphthong element.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{| border=&amp;quot;1&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
! colspan=&amp;quot;2&amp;quot; | Tincotéma&lt;br /&gt;
! colspan=&amp;quot;2&amp;quot; | Parmatéma&lt;br /&gt;
! colspan=&amp;quot;2&amp;quot; | Calmatéma&lt;br /&gt;
! colspan=&amp;quot;2&amp;quot; | Quessetéma&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|1}}&lt;br /&gt;
| t&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Tinco/Tó&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|q}}&lt;br /&gt;
| p&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Parma/Pí&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|a}}&lt;br /&gt;
| ch (as in &#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;ch&#039;&#039;&#039;ur&#039;&#039;&#039;ch&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;)&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Calma/Ché&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|z}}&lt;br /&gt;
| k&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Quesse/Ká&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|2}}&lt;br /&gt;
| d&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Ando/Dó&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|w}}&lt;br /&gt;
| b&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Umbar/Bí&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|s}}&lt;br /&gt;
|j&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Anga/Jé&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|x}}&lt;br /&gt;
| g&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Ungwe/Gá&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|3}}&lt;br /&gt;
| th&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Súle/Thó&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|e}}&lt;br /&gt;
| f&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Formen/Fí&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|d}}&lt;br /&gt;
|sh&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Aha/Shé&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|c}}&lt;br /&gt;
| ch/h (as in &#039;&#039;lo&#039;&#039;&#039;ch&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;)&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Hwesta/Aha (or Oha)&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|4}}&lt;br /&gt;
| dh&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Anto/Adhó&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|r}}&lt;br /&gt;
| v&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Ampa/Ví&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|f}}&lt;br /&gt;
| zh&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Anca/Izhe&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|v}}&lt;br /&gt;
|gh&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Unque/Agha&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|5}}&lt;br /&gt;
| n&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Númen/Nó&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|t}}&lt;br /&gt;
| m&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Malta/Mí&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|g}}&lt;br /&gt;
| ny&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Noldo/Nyé&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|b}}&lt;br /&gt;
| ng&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Nwalme/Ngá&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|6}}&lt;br /&gt;
| -r/r&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Óre/Ar&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|y}}&lt;br /&gt;
| w, -u/w&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Vala/Wí&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|h}}&lt;br /&gt;
| -i/y&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Anna/Yé&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|n}}&lt;br /&gt;
|&amp;amp;rsquo;?&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;&amp;amp;rsquo;á&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! colspan=&amp;quot;8&amp;quot; | Additional Tengwar:&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|7}}&lt;br /&gt;
| r&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Rómen/Aro&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|u}}&lt;br /&gt;
| rh&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Arda/Rho&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|j}}&lt;br /&gt;
| l&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Lambe/Alo&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|m}}&lt;br /&gt;
| lh&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Alda/Lho&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|8}}&lt;br /&gt;
| s&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Silme/Só&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|i}}&lt;br /&gt;
|s&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Silme Nuquerna/Ós&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|k}}&lt;br /&gt;
| ss/z&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Esse/Azo&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|,}}&lt;br /&gt;
| z&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Oza&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|9}}&lt;br /&gt;
| h&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Hyarmen/Há&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|l}}&lt;br /&gt;
| i-, -e&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Yanta/Ai&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|o}}&lt;br /&gt;
| wh&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Hwesta Sindarinwa/Whí&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|.}}&lt;br /&gt;
| -u?&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Úre/Au&lt;br /&gt;
|}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The following is a full mode variety, related mainly to the north, and uses Tengwar (and carriers) as vowels. It was probably created in [[Arnor]], influenced from the Mode of Beleriand used in [[Rivendell]]. Even the [[Dwarves|dwarf]] [[Ori]] wrote in this hand in the [[Book of Mazarbul]]&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;The second page of the Book of Mazarbul ([http://www.forodrim.org/daeron/mdtci.html#DTS13 DTS13]) said to be written by Ori, is categorized to belong to the Northern Variety [http://at.mansbjorkman.net/teng_modes.htm here]&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{| border=&amp;quot;1&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
! colspan=&amp;quot;2&amp;quot; | Tincotéma&lt;br /&gt;
! colspan=&amp;quot;2&amp;quot; | Parmatéma&lt;br /&gt;
! colspan=&amp;quot;2&amp;quot; | Calmatéma&lt;br /&gt;
! colspan=&amp;quot;2&amp;quot; | Quessetéma&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|1}}&lt;br /&gt;
| t&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Tinco/Tó&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|q}}&lt;br /&gt;
| p&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Parma/Pí&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|a}}&lt;br /&gt;
|ch (as in &#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;ch&#039;&#039;&#039;ur&#039;&#039;&#039;ch&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;)&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Calma/Ché&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|z}}&lt;br /&gt;
| k&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Quesse/Ká&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|2}}&lt;br /&gt;
| d&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Ando/Dó&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|w}}&lt;br /&gt;
| b&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Umbar/Bí&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|s}}&lt;br /&gt;
|j&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;AngaJé&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|x}}&lt;br /&gt;
| g&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Ungwe/Gá&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|3}}&lt;br /&gt;
| th&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Súle/Thó&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|e}}&lt;br /&gt;
| f&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Formen/Fí&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|d}}&lt;br /&gt;
|sh&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Aha/Shé&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|c}}&lt;br /&gt;
| ch/h (as in &#039;&#039;lo&#039;&#039;&#039;ch&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Hwesta/Aha&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|4}}&lt;br /&gt;
| dh&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Anto/Adhó&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|r}}&lt;br /&gt;
| v&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Ampa/Ví&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|f}}&lt;br /&gt;
|zh&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Anca/Izhe&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|v}}&lt;br /&gt;
|gh&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Unque/Agha&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|5}}&lt;br /&gt;
| n&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Númen/Nó&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|t}}&lt;br /&gt;
| m&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Malta/Mí&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|g}}&lt;br /&gt;
|ny&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Noldo/Nyé&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|b}}&lt;br /&gt;
| ng&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Nwalme/Ngá&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|6}}&lt;br /&gt;
| -r/r&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Óre/Ar&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|y}}&lt;br /&gt;
| w, -u/u&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Vala/Wí&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|h}}&lt;br /&gt;
| o&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Anna/Yé&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|n}}&lt;br /&gt;
|a&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;&#039;a&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! colspan=&amp;quot;8&amp;quot; | Additional Tengwar:&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|7}}&lt;br /&gt;
| r&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Rómen/Aro&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|u}}&lt;br /&gt;
| rh&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Arda/Rho&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|j}}&lt;br /&gt;
| l&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Lambe/Alo&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|m}}&lt;br /&gt;
| lh&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Alda/Lho&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|8}}&lt;br /&gt;
| s&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Silme/Só&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|i}}&lt;br /&gt;
|s&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Silme Nuquerna/Ós&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|k}}&lt;br /&gt;
| ss/z&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Esse/Azo&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|,}}&lt;br /&gt;
| z&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Esse Nuquerna/Oza&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|9}}&lt;br /&gt;
| h&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Hyarmen/Há&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|l}}&lt;br /&gt;
| i-, -e/e&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Yanta/Ai&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|o}}&lt;br /&gt;
| wh&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Hwesta Sindarinwa/Whí&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|.}}&lt;br /&gt;
| w&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Úre/Au&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|{{tg|`B}}	&lt;br /&gt;
|i	&lt;br /&gt;
|{{tg|~B}}	&lt;br /&gt;
|i-/y-&lt;br /&gt;
|{{tg|]}}&lt;br /&gt;
|a	&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|š}}&lt;br /&gt;
| mh&lt;br /&gt;
|}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Other modes==&lt;br /&gt;
Just as with any alphabetic writing system, every specific language written in Tengwar requires a specific orthography, depending on the phonology of that language. These Tengwar orthographies are usually called &#039;&#039;modes&#039;&#039;. All of them use as a basis the &amp;quot;[[Tengwar#Structure|theoretical values]]&amp;quot; table above, corresponding the letters to the phonemes of each language&#039;s phonology, and even drop out the characters that would be useless.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
All the modes can be divided into two large categories: &lt;br /&gt;
*Some represent vowels with diacritics called &#039;&#039;&#039;[[tehtar]]&#039;&#039;&#039; or &#039;&#039;[[ómatehtar]]&#039;&#039; (&amp;quot;vowel tehtar&amp;quot;), like the [[Quenya mode]].&lt;br /&gt;
*The &amp;quot;full writing&amp;quot; modes represent vowels by normal letters, such as the [[Quanta Sarmë]] or the [[Mode of Beleriand]].&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Furthermore, some modes map the basic consonants to {{IPA|/t/}}, {{IPA|/p/}}, {{IPA|/k/}}, and {{IPA|/kʷ/}}, while others (generally [[Mannish]]) use them to represent {{IPA|/t/}}, {{IPA|/p/}}, {{IPA|/tʃ/}}, and {{IPA|/k/}}.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== External history ==&lt;br /&gt;
The [[Sarati]], a script developed by Tolkien in the late 1910s that is described in &#039;&#039;[[Parma Eldalamberon 13|&#039;&#039;Parma Eldalamberon&#039;&#039; 13]]&#039;&#039;, anticipates many features of the Tengwar, especially the vowel representation by diacritics (which is found in many Tengwar varieties), different Tengwar shapes and a few correspondances between sound features and letter shape features (though inconsistent).&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Even closer to the Tengwar is the [[Valmaric script]], described in [[Parma Eldalamberon 14|&#039;&#039;Parma Eldalamberon&#039;&#039; 14]], which Tolkien used from about 1922 to 1925. It features many Tengwar shapes and the inherent vowel {{IPA|[a]}} found in some Tengwar varieties. The tables in the samples V12 and V13 show an arrangement that is very similar to the one of the primary Tengwar in the classical Quenya &amp;quot;mode&amp;quot;.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The Tengwar were probably developed in the late 1920s or in the early 1930s. &#039;&#039;The Lonely Mountain Jar Inscription&#039;&#039;, the first published Tengwar sample, dates to 1937 (&#039;&#039;[[The Hobbit]]&#039;&#039;, most editions). The full explanation of the Tengwar was published in Appendix E of &#039;&#039;[[The Lord of the Rings]]&#039;&#039; in 1955.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Inspiration==&lt;br /&gt;
Tengwar is a [[Wikipedia:Featural writing system|featural alphabet]], meaning there is correspondence between letter shape features and [[Wikipedia:place of articulation|place]] and [[Wikipedia:manner of articulation|manner of articulation]]. Perhaps the oldest and most famous featural system is the Korean [[Wikipedia:Hangul|Hangul alphabet]]. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Jim Allan]] (&#039;&#039;[[An Introduction to Elvish]]&#039;&#039;, ISBN 0-905220-10-2) compared the Tengwar with the &#039;&#039;Universal Alphabet&#039;&#039; of [[Wikipedia:Francis Lodwick|Francis Lodwick]] of 1686, both on grounds of the feature factor, but also the actual letter shapes, and the use of vowels as diacritics.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
It is not known whether Tolkien was aware of these previous scripts. However, considering the sarati and the valmaric script that he already invented in his youth, it is conceivable that Tolkien developed the idea of featural notation by himself.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
It is likewise not known whether the shapes of several Tengwar were inspired by the [[Wikipedia:Insular script|insular minuscule script]] (used to write [[Anglo-saxon]]) or the [[Wikipedia:blackletter|gothic textura]] and cursive scripts (used to write Middle English), with which Tolkien was familiar through reading medieval manuscripts in these languages in his professional capacity as a linguist.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Tengwar study==&lt;br /&gt;
===Modes===&lt;br /&gt;
As the peoples of Middle-earth used various modes of Tengwar, and as Tolkien wrote English, [[Old English]] and [[Norse]] in Tengwar, [[fandom|fans]] have created Tengwar modes for real languages. There are modes to write French, Swedish, Latin or Spanish. &lt;br /&gt;
=== Encoding Schemes ===&lt;br /&gt;
==== Non-Unicode ====&lt;br /&gt;
The contemporary de facto standard in the Tengwar user community maps the Tengwar characters onto the regular English character encoding following the example of the [http://www.gis.net/~dansmith/fonts/font_tengwar/ Tengwar typefaces] by [[Dan Smith]]. A drawback of the font solution is that, if no corresponding Tengwar font is installed, an awful string of [[wikipedia:Mojibake|nonsense characters]] appears.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Since there is not enough place for all the signs, certain signs are included in a &amp;quot;Tengwar A&amp;quot; font which also maps its characters on ISO 8859-1, overlapping with the first font.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
For each Tengwar diacritic there are four different codepoints that are used depending on the width of the character which bears it.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Other Tengwar typefaces with Dan Smith&#039;s encoding include [http://home.student.uu.se/j/jowi4905/fonts/annatar.html Johan Winge&#039;s Tengwar Annatar], [http://at.mansbjorkman.net/parmaite.htm Måns Björkman&#039;s Tengwar Parmaite], [http://www.geocities.com/enrombell/Archivos.htm Enrique Mombello&#039;s Tengwar Élfica] or [http://www.limes.com.pl/~miszka/ Michal Nowakowski&#039;s Tengwar Formal] (note that most of these differ in details).&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The following sample shows the first article of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights written in English according to the traditional English orthography. If no Tengwar font is installed, it will look nonsense since the corresponding ISO 8859-1 characters (Roman letters, numbers and signs) will appear instead.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{tg|j#¸ 9t&amp;amp;5# w`Vb%_ 6EO w6Y5 e7~V 2{( zèVj# 5% 2x%51T`Û 2{( 7v%1+º 4hR 7EO 2{$yYO2 y4% 7]F85^ 2{( z5^8i`B5$i( 2{( dyYj2 zE1 1`N ]Fa 4^(6 5% `C 8q7T1T W w74^(69~N2º}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==== Unicode ====&lt;br /&gt;
A proposal has been made by Michael Everson to include the Tengwar in the [[Unicode]] standard. The codepoints are subject to change; the range U+016080 to U+0160FF in the Supplementary Multilingual Plane is tentatively allocated for Tengwar according to the current [http://www.unicode.org/roadmaps/smp/ Unicode roadmap].&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Tengwar are currently included in the unofficial ConScript Unicode Registry, which assigns codepoints in the Private Use Area. Tengwar are mapped to the range U+E000 to U+E07F. The following Unicode sample (which repeats the one above) is meaningful when viewed under a typeface supporting Tengwar glyphs in the area defined in the ConScript Tengwar proposal. Some typefaces that support this proposal are [http://www.evertype.com/emono/ Everson Mono], [http://freetengwar.sourceforge.net/tengtelc.html Tengwar Telcontar], [http://www.kreativekorp.com/software/fonts/constructium.shtml Constructium], [http://freetengwar.sourceforge.net/formal.html Tengwar Formal Unicode], and [http://freetengwar.sourceforge.net/freemonotengwar.html FreeMonoTengwar] ([http://www.code2000.net/ James Kass]&#039;s Code2000 and Code2001 use an older, incompatible version of the proposal).&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;blockquote style=&amp;quot;font-family: &#039;Tengwar Formal CSUR&#039;, &#039;FreeMonoTengwar&#039;, &#039;Constructium&#039;, &#039;Everson Mono&#039;, &#039;Tengwar Formal Unicode&#039;, &#039;Tengwar Telcontar&#039;, &#039;Everson Mono&#039;, &#039;Unifont CSUR&#039;; font-size: 150%; line-height: 120%&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&amp;amp;#xe022;&amp;amp;#xe051;&amp;amp;#xe040; &amp;amp;#xe028;&amp;amp;#xe011;&amp;amp;#xe04c;&amp;amp;#xe010;&amp;amp;#xe040; &amp;amp;#xe005;&amp;amp;#xe02e;&amp;amp;#xe046;&amp;amp;#xe013;&amp;amp;#xe044;&amp;amp;#xe058; &amp;amp;#xe014;&amp;amp;#xe045;&amp;amp;#xe040; &amp;amp;#xe005;&amp;amp;#xe014;&amp;amp;#xe04a;&amp;amp;#xe010; &amp;amp;#xe009;&amp;amp;#xe020;&amp;amp;#xe02e;&amp;amp;#xe046;&amp;amp;#xe02e;&amp;amp;#xe046; &amp;amp;#xe004;&amp;amp;#xe050;&amp;amp;#xe045; &amp;amp;#xe003;&amp;amp;#xe052;&amp;amp;#xe046;&amp;amp;#xe022;&amp;amp;#xe040; &amp;amp;#xe010;&amp;amp;#xe044; &amp;amp;#xe004;&amp;amp;#xe007;&amp;amp;#xe044;&amp;amp;#xe010;&amp;amp;#xe000;&amp;amp;#xe044;&amp;amp;#xe02e;&amp;amp;#xe053; &amp;amp;#xe004;&amp;amp;#xe050;&amp;amp;#xe045; &amp;amp;#xe020;&amp;amp;#xe00f;&amp;amp;#xe044;&amp;amp;#xe000;&amp;amp;#xe058; ⸬ &amp;amp;#xe00c;&amp;amp;#xe016;&amp;amp;#xe046; &amp;amp;#xe020;&amp;amp;#xe045;&amp;amp;#xe040; &amp;amp;#xe004;&amp;amp;#xe050;&amp;amp;#xe046;&amp;amp;#xe015;&amp;amp;#xe045;&amp;amp;#xe04a;&amp;amp;#xe004; &amp;amp;#xe015;&amp;amp;#xe00c;&amp;amp;#xe044; &amp;amp;#xe020;&amp;amp;#xe032;&amp;amp;#xe046;&amp;amp;#xe024;&amp;amp;#xe010;&amp;amp;#xe04a; &amp;amp;#xe004;&amp;amp;#xe050;&amp;amp;#xe045; &amp;amp;#xe003;&amp;amp;#xe010;&amp;amp;#xe04a;&amp;amp;#xe024;&amp;amp;#xe025;&amp;amp;#xe02e;&amp;amp;#xe044;&amp;amp;#xe025;&amp;amp;#xe050;&amp;amp;#xe045; &amp;amp;#xe004;&amp;amp;#xe050;&amp;amp;#xe045; &amp;amp;#xe00a;&amp;amp;#xe015;&amp;amp;#xe04a;&amp;amp;#xe022;&amp;amp;#xe004; &amp;amp;#xe003;&amp;amp;#xe040;&amp;amp;#xe000; &amp;amp;#xe000;&amp;amp;#xe015;&amp;amp;#xe04a;&amp;amp;#xe014;&amp;amp;#xe040;&amp;amp;#xe004;&amp;amp;#xe058; &amp;amp;#xe010;&amp;amp;#xe045;&amp;amp;#xe04a; &amp;amp;#xe010;&amp;amp;#xe040;&amp;amp;#xe00c;&amp;amp;#xe04a;&amp;amp;#xe020;&amp;amp;#xe046; &amp;amp;#xe010;&amp;amp;#xe044; &amp;amp;#xe02e;&amp;amp;#xe040; &amp;amp;#xe024;&amp;amp;#xe001;&amp;amp;#xe020;&amp;amp;#xe044;&amp;amp;#xe000;&amp;amp;#xe044; &amp;amp;#xe01d; &amp;amp;#xe005;&amp;amp;#xe020;&amp;amp;#xe00c;&amp;amp;#xe04a;&amp;amp;#xe014;&amp;amp;#xe046;&amp;amp;#xe028;&amp;amp;#xe004;&amp;amp;#xe04a;&amp;amp;#xe04a; ⸬&amp;lt;/blockquote&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Uses outside the legendarium===&lt;br /&gt;
Random (meaningless) Tengwar appears stylistically in a prop of an ancient tome in the [[Wikipedia:Within Temptation|Within Temptation]] music video for &amp;quot;Stand My Ground&amp;quot;. Tengwar also appears in the computer game &#039;&#039;[[Wikipedia:Atlantis: The Lost Tales|Atlantis: The Lost Tales]]&#039;&#039; and the &#039;&#039;[[Wikipedia:Alone in the Dar|Alone in the Dark]]&#039;&#039; comic book.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Several linguists, such as [[Wikipedia:Eric S. Raymond|Eric S. Raymond]], promote the usage of Tengwar for the constructed language [[Wikipedia:Lojban|Lojban]] as it is culturally neutral and contains some main Lojban morphology rules, making Lojban easier to learn when it is written with Tengwar.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Kena. [http://vodka-pomme.net/projects/tengwar-for-lojban/lojteng#learn  &#039;&#039;Lojban using tengwar - why?&#039;&#039;] (accessed August 2007)&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; (Another suggested mode can be seen [http://www.catb.org/~esr/tengwar/lojban-tengwar.html there]).&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== See also ==&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Sarati]]&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Cirth]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== External links ==&lt;br /&gt;
*[http://www.forodrim.org/daeron/md_teng_primers.html Tengwar tutorials]&lt;br /&gt;
* [http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/History_of_Elven_writing_systems History of Elven writing systems] Wikibook on the secondary-world history of the Elven writing systems&lt;br /&gt;
* [http://at.mansbjorkman.net/tengwar.htm Amanye Tenceli - The Tengwar] A comprehensive study of the Tengwar script&lt;br /&gt;
* [http://www.forodrim.org/daeron/mdtci.html The Mellonath Daeron Index of Tengwar Specimina] &amp;amp;mdash; a continuously expanding list of all published Tengwar samples&lt;br /&gt;
* [http://www.tengwar.art.pl/tengwar/fonty.php A comprehensive list of Tengwar fonts] (in Polish, but still useful even if you can&#039;t read the language)&lt;br /&gt;
* [http://www.omniglot.com/conscripts/tengwar.htm Omniglot reference]&lt;br /&gt;
* [http://tengwar.art.pl/tengwar/ott/start.php?l=en Online Tengwar transcriber]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== Modes ===&lt;br /&gt;
* [http://at.mansbjorkman.net/teng_general_english.htm Tengwar Mode for English (general use)]&lt;br /&gt;
* [http://www.duvendor.com.br/amanye/Downloads/FTMME_Text.pdf Full Tengwar Modes for Modern English]&lt;br /&gt;
* [http://catb.org/~esr/tengwar/ ESR&#039;s Tengwar modes for Esperanto and Lojban languages]&lt;br /&gt;
* [http://lambenor.free.fr/tengwar/espanol.html Tengwar mode for Spanish]&lt;br /&gt;
* [http://my.opera.com/tengwarblog/blog/deutscher-tengwar-modus Tengwar mode for German (full writing)]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== Software ===&lt;br /&gt;
* [http://tengwar.art.pl/tengwar/ott/start.php?l=en Online Tengwar transcriber]&lt;br /&gt;
* [http://at.mansbjorkman.net/tengscribe.htm  Tengwar Scribe] (Win32)&lt;br /&gt;
* [http://jadro.ludviku.cz/yatt/  YATT (Win32) and YATT lite (Linux, Mac)]&lt;br /&gt;
* [http://tengwar.art.pl/ktt/  KTT] (Linux+KDE)&lt;br /&gt;
* [http://www.acondia.com/font_tengwar/TengwarMacros_v19F.zip Tengwar Macros for Microsoft Word/97 and Word/2000]&lt;br /&gt;
* [http://www.tecendil.com/ Tecendil] online Tengwar transcriber&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
More of Tengwar software on [http://tengwar.art.pl/tengwar/programy.php Tengwar Feanora] web-site (in Polish).&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== Technical ===&lt;br /&gt;
* [http://wikisophia.org/wiki/Wikitex#Teng WikiTeX] supports editing Tengwar directly in Wiki articles.&lt;br /&gt;
* [http://std.dkuug.dk/jtc1/sc2/wg2/docs/n1641/n1641.htm Official proposal to encode Tengwar in Unicode]&lt;br /&gt;
* [http://www.evertype.com/standards/csur/tengwar.html Tengwar proposal for ConScript Unicode Registry]&lt;br /&gt;
* [http://www.evertype.com/standards/iso10646/pdf/tengwar.pdf Revised Tengwar proposal]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{references}}&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;small&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
* Christopher Tolkien, &#039;&#039;The Tengwar Numerals&#039;&#039;, in &#039;&#039;[[Quettar]]&#039;&#039; 13, Feb. 1982, pp. 8-9; a further, untitled, explanation of the Tengwar numerals by Christopher Tolkien appeared in &#039;&#039;Quettar&#039;&#039; 14, May 1982, pp. 6-7.&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/small&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
{{languages}}&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Tengwar]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Writing systems]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[de:Tengwar]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[fr:encyclo/langues/tengwar]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[fi:Tengwar]]&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Sadron</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=Tengwar&amp;diff=338539</id>
		<title>Tengwar</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=Tengwar&amp;diff=338539"/>
		<updated>2021-11-17T16:48:43Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Sadron: /* History */&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;{{cleanup}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{font|[http://at.mansbjorkman.net/parmaite.htm Tengwar Parmaite] by [[Måns Björkman]]}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{disambig-more|Fëanorian|[[Fëanorian (disambiguation)]]}}&lt;br /&gt;
[[Image:Ryszard Derdzinski - Feanor.jpg|thumb|[[Fëanor]] designs the first Tengwar. Art by [[Ryszard Derdzinski]]]]&lt;br /&gt;
The &#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;Tengwar&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039; (Tengwa [teŋ&amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;w&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt;a&amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;w&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt;] when singular)([[Quenya]] &amp;quot;letters&amp;quot;, pron. {{IPA|[ˈteŋʷɡʷar]}}; [[Sindarin]] &#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;Tîw&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{App|E2}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;) was a writing system invented by [[Fëanor]] (and was therefore also called the &#039;&#039;&#039;Fëanorian alphabet&#039;&#039;&#039;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{L|25}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; or &#039;&#039;&#039;script&#039;&#039;&#039;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{L|168}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;). It was used for a variety of languages among the [[Free peoples]] and became perhaps the most prominent writing system of [[Arda]], used by a variety of [[:Portal:Characters|Races]] through the [[Ages]].&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==History==&lt;br /&gt;
[[Fëanor]] invented the Tengwar in the [[Year of the Trees 1250]] (of the first age), strongly influenced by the [[Sarati]] of [[Rúmil (elf of Tirion)|Rúmil the Loremaster]].&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{WJ|P4}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ApD&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{VT|39a}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; Fëanor both constructed the Tengwar as a general phonetic alphabet and devised special arrangements to fit the characteristics of all languages of [[Valinor]].&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{TI|Runes}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
===Classical Quenya mode===&lt;br /&gt;
{{main|Quenya mode}}&lt;br /&gt;
Unlike Rúmil, Fëanor considered vowels as indepedent sounds and not just “colours” of the consonants, so he devised the “full writing” ([[Quanta Sarmë]]).&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ApD&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
However, Fëanor also used a more &#039;conservative&#039; system which seemed to have been proved far more popular; he also held Rúmil&#039;s idea of syllabic analysis of the words by the Sarati and made use of [[tehtar]] instead of the full letters.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ApD&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The classical Quenya mode of the Tengwar may have originated from Fëanor&#039;s own arrangement. There is no direct evidence for this hypothesis, but the use of the Quenya names for the individual letters hints to a primate of the Quenya mode. Another hint to a very old age of the classical Quenya mode is that it uses the [[Calmatéma]] as a k-series, like the mode of Beleriand which we can assume to have originated in the First Age.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Mode of Beleriand===&lt;br /&gt;
{{main|Mode of Beleriand}}&lt;br /&gt;
[[Image:J.R.R. Tolkien - Doors of Durin.jpg|thumb|The [[Doors of Durin]] created during the [[Second Age]]]]&lt;br /&gt;
When the [[Noldor]] rebelled and came to [[Middle-earth]], they adapted their writing for the new languages they learned. Quanta Sarmë was used for languages where the tehtar were not useful&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ApD&amp;quot; /&amp;gt; which could have been the origin for the Mode of Beleriand. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
It is also possible that the Tengwar influenced the evolution of the [[Cirth]] of [[Daeron]] in Beleriand, mainly in their shape and arrangement. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
We know from the inscription on the [[West-gate of Moria]] that a Tengwar mode called the [[Mode of Beleriand]] was used in [[Eregion]]. This name allows for the assumption that the same mode was used already in the [[First Age]].&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
At the end of the [[Third Age]], the Elves of [[Rivendell]] probably still used that mode, since a transcription of the Rivendell [[aerlinn]] &#039;&#039;[[A Elbereth Gilthoniel]]&#039;&#039; features it.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{RGEO|7}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; Frodo, however, even though literate in Sindarin, was apparently unable to read this mode.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===General Use===&lt;br /&gt;
By the end of the Third Age, there was a &#039;&#039;general use&#039;&#039; that could be used for a variety of languages including Quenya, Sindarin and the Common Speech.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;[[J.R.R. Tolkien]], &amp;quot;[[Letter to Anthony D. Howlett]] (letter); see also [http://www.forodrim.org/daeron/mdtci.html#DTS58 DTS58]&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; This use could have evolved during the [[Second Age]] in [[Eregion]] or even in [[Númenor]].&lt;br /&gt;
[[Image:One ring.png|thumb|left|The [[Ring Verse|inscription]] on [[The One Ring]].]]&lt;br /&gt;
The same mode appears on the [[Ring-inscription]]&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{FR|Shadow}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; that the [[Númenorean]] [[Isildur]] observed it to be &amp;quot;fashioned in an elven-script of Eregion&amp;quot;.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{FR|Council}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
It is not certain whether the whole &#039;&#039;mode&#039;&#039; itself was from Eregion or simply just the &#039;&#039;script&#039;&#039; was of an Elvish fashion. Some [[Adûnaic]] words use this mode.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{HM|SD}}, Lowdham&#039;s Inscription&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Another mode that was based on the &amp;quot;general use&amp;quot; but used full letters for the representation of vowels was used in the Northern part of the [[Westron]]-speaking regions, perhaps by influence of the Elves of [[Rivendell]]. This might explain why Frodo was unable to read either the Mode of Beleriand or the Ring Inscription.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Spelling and pronunciation ==&lt;br /&gt;
=== Structure ===&lt;br /&gt;
The most notable characteristic of the Tengwar script is that the shapes of the letters correspond to the features of the sounds they represent.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The shape of the Tengwar uniformly consisted of two elements, the &#039;&#039;[[telco]]&#039;&#039; (stem) to which is attached a &#039;&#039;[[lúva]]&#039;&#039; (bow). &lt;br /&gt;
It is noticeable that some of the letters of the [[Sarati|Sarati]] resembled the telco/lúva shape seen on the Tengwar. Therefore it is possible that those particular letters influenced stylistically the Tengwar.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The telco could be normal, raised, shortened or heightened. The lúva would be single or doubled, and these could be open or closed. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
All the above combinations can create 32 to 40 different shapes of letters. These shapes mirrored phonological significances: the basic form of a tengwa was used for the [[patakar]], the voiceless stops; telcor determined how the sound was articulated, and the lúvar where in the mouth it was made:&lt;br /&gt;
* Doubling the bow turns the voiceless consonant into a voiced one.&lt;br /&gt;
* Raising the stem above the line turns it into the corresponding fricative or a corresponding voiced version of it.&lt;br /&gt;
* Shortening it (so it is only the height of the bow) indicates the corresponding nasal or, mostly, the approximants.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
According to their shape, the 32 different glyphs could be arranged and presented consistently on a table. The principal letters are divided into series (&#039;&#039;témar&#039;&#039;) that correspond to the main places of articulation and into six rows (&#039;&#039;tyeller&#039;&#039;) that correspond to the main manners of articulation. Both vary among modes.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The table below gives the &#039;&#039;&#039;theoretical&#039;&#039;&#039;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Observations made by [[Jim Allan]]&#039;s &#039;&#039;[[An Introduction to Elvish]]&#039;&#039;, The Evolution of the Tengwar&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; values of the Tengwar based consistently on the abovementioned rules. Note that no language possessed all these sounds and the following does not represent an actual table of values of a particular language. In actuality, the languages used modifications or variations of them.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{| border=&amp;quot;1&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
! | &lt;br /&gt;
! colspan=&amp;quot;2&amp;quot; | Labial&lt;br /&gt;
! colspan=&amp;quot;2&amp;quot; | Dental&lt;br /&gt;
! colspan=&amp;quot;2&amp;quot; | Velar&lt;br /&gt;
! colspan=&amp;quot;2&amp;quot; | Labiovelar&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Voiceless&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;plosives&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|q}}&lt;br /&gt;
| p&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|1}}&lt;br /&gt;
| t&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|a}}&lt;br /&gt;
| k&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|z}}&lt;br /&gt;
| kw&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Voiced&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;plosives&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|w}}&lt;br /&gt;
| b&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|2}}&lt;br /&gt;
| d&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|s}}&lt;br /&gt;
| g&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|x}}&lt;br /&gt;
| gw&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Aspirated&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;voiceless plosives&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|Q}}&lt;br /&gt;
| p&amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;h&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|!}}&lt;br /&gt;
| t&amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;h&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|A}}&lt;br /&gt;
| k&amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;h&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|Z}}&lt;br /&gt;
| k&amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;h&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt;w&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Aspirated&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;voiced plosives&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|W}}&lt;br /&gt;
| b&amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;h&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|@}}&lt;br /&gt;
| d&amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;h&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|S}}&lt;br /&gt;
| g&amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;h&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|X}}&lt;br /&gt;
| g&amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;h&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt;w&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Voiceless&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;fricatives&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|e}}&lt;br /&gt;
| f&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|3}}&lt;br /&gt;
| th&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|d}}&lt;br /&gt;
| ch&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|c}}&lt;br /&gt;
| chw&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Voiced&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;fricatives&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|r}}&lt;br /&gt;
| v&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|4}}&lt;br /&gt;
| dh&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|f}}&lt;br /&gt;
| gh&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|v}}&lt;br /&gt;
| ghw&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Voiceless&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;nasals&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|y}}&lt;br /&gt;
| hm&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|6}}&lt;br /&gt;
| hn&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|h}}&lt;br /&gt;
| hñ&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|n}}&lt;br /&gt;
| hñw&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Nasals&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|t}}&lt;br /&gt;
| m&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|5}}&lt;br /&gt;
| n&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|g}}&lt;br /&gt;
| ñ&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|b}}&lt;br /&gt;
| ñw&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Arrangement===&lt;br /&gt;
By the end of the [[Third Age]], the Tengwar were somehow standardized. Their Quenya names became standard for all modes, and less used ones were not included (although still used), such as those of the extended stems and the [[Tyelpetéma]]. The table displayed 36 letters: the 24 standard Tengwar, plus 12 of the additional Tengwar.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Also, the Tengwar were assigned numeric values.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{| border=&amp;quot;1&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
! &lt;br /&gt;
! colspan=&amp;quot;2&amp;quot; | Tincotéma&lt;br /&gt;
! colspan=&amp;quot;2&amp;quot; | Parmatéma&lt;br /&gt;
! colspan=&amp;quot;2&amp;quot; | Calmatéma&lt;br /&gt;
! colspan=&amp;quot;2&amp;quot; | Quessetéma&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Grade I&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|1}}&lt;br /&gt;
| [[Tinco]]&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|q}}&lt;br /&gt;
| [[Parma]]&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|a}}&lt;br /&gt;
| [[Calma]]&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|z}}&lt;br /&gt;
| [[Quesse]]&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Grade II&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|2}}&lt;br /&gt;
| [[Ando]]&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|w}}&lt;br /&gt;
| [[Umbar (word)|Umbar]]&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|s}}&lt;br /&gt;
| [[Anga]]&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|x}}&lt;br /&gt;
| [[Ungwe]]&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Grade III&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|3}}&lt;br /&gt;
| [[Súlë]]&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|e}}&lt;br /&gt;
| [[Formen]]&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|d}}&lt;br /&gt;
| [[Aha]]&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|c}}&lt;br /&gt;
| [[Hwesta]]&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Grade IV&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|4}}&lt;br /&gt;
| [[Anto]]&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|r}}&lt;br /&gt;
| [[Ampa]]&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|f}}&lt;br /&gt;
| [[Anca]]&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|v}}&lt;br /&gt;
| [[Unque]]&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Grade V&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|5}}&lt;br /&gt;
| [[Númen]]&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|t}}&lt;br /&gt;
| [[Malta]]&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|g}}&lt;br /&gt;
| [[Noldo]]&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|b}}&lt;br /&gt;
| [[Nwalme]]&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Grade VI&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|6}}&lt;br /&gt;
| [[Óre]]&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|y}}&lt;br /&gt;
| [[Vala|Vala]]&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|h}}&lt;br /&gt;
| [[Anna]]&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|n}}&lt;br /&gt;
| [[Vilya]]&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
!&lt;br /&gt;
! colspan=&amp;quot;8&amp;quot; | &#039;&#039;&#039;Additional Tengwar:&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|7}}&lt;br /&gt;
| [[Rómen]]&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|u}}&lt;br /&gt;
| [[Arda]]&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|j}}&lt;br /&gt;
| [[Lambe]]&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|m}}&lt;br /&gt;
| [[Alda]]&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|8}}&lt;br /&gt;
| [[Silme]]&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|i}}&lt;br /&gt;
| [[Silme nuquerna]]&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|k}}&lt;br /&gt;
| [[Essë]]&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|,}}&lt;br /&gt;
| [[Esse nuquerna]]&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|9}}&lt;br /&gt;
| [[Hyarmen]]&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|l}}&lt;br /&gt;
| [[Yanta]]&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|o}}&lt;br /&gt;
| [[Hwesta Sindarinwa]]&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|.}}&lt;br /&gt;
| [[Úrë]]&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|&amp;amp;#189;}}&lt;br /&gt;
| [[Halla]]&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|`}}&lt;br /&gt;
| [[Telco]]&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|~}}&lt;br /&gt;
| [[Ára]]&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Values==&lt;br /&gt;
As mentioned, the Tengwar had a generic mode that covered a wide range of phonemes. This mode perhaps originated in [[Eregion]] and exemplified in the verse of [[the One Ring]] and other Westron Tengwar texts. It could be used for both Quenya and Sindarin.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The following table gives both the formal Quenya and Numenian&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;[[Jim Allan]]&#039;s &#039;&#039;[[Report from Marquette]]&#039;&#039;&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; names of the Tengwar. When two values are given (separated with a &#039;&#039;&#039;/&#039;&#039;&#039; slash), the first refers to the Elvish variation and the second to the [[Mannish]] or Westron variation. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Note that the dashes indicate when the letter is used initially or finally and/or as a diphthong element.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{| border=&amp;quot;1&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
! colspan=&amp;quot;2&amp;quot; | Tincotéma&lt;br /&gt;
! colspan=&amp;quot;2&amp;quot; | Parmatéma&lt;br /&gt;
! colspan=&amp;quot;2&amp;quot; | Calmatéma&lt;br /&gt;
! colspan=&amp;quot;2&amp;quot; | Quessetéma&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|1}}&lt;br /&gt;
| t&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Tinco/Tó&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|q}}&lt;br /&gt;
| p&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Parma/Pí&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|a}}&lt;br /&gt;
| ch (as in &#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;ch&#039;&#039;&#039;ur&#039;&#039;&#039;ch&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;)&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Calma/Ché&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|z}}&lt;br /&gt;
| k&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Quesse/Ká&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|2}}&lt;br /&gt;
| d&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Ando/Dó&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|w}}&lt;br /&gt;
| b&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Umbar/Bí&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|s}}&lt;br /&gt;
|j&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Anga/Jé&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|x}}&lt;br /&gt;
| g&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Ungwe/Gá&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|3}}&lt;br /&gt;
| th&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Súle/Thó&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|e}}&lt;br /&gt;
| f&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Formen/Fí&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|d}}&lt;br /&gt;
|sh&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Aha/Shé&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|c}}&lt;br /&gt;
| ch/h (as in &#039;&#039;lo&#039;&#039;&#039;ch&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;)&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Hwesta/Aha (or Oha)&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|4}}&lt;br /&gt;
| dh&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Anto/Adhó&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|r}}&lt;br /&gt;
| v&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Ampa/Ví&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|f}}&lt;br /&gt;
| zh&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Anca/Izhe&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|v}}&lt;br /&gt;
|gh&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Unque/Agha&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|5}}&lt;br /&gt;
| n&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Númen/Nó&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|t}}&lt;br /&gt;
| m&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Malta/Mí&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|g}}&lt;br /&gt;
| ny&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Noldo/Nyé&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|b}}&lt;br /&gt;
| ng&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Nwalme/Ngá&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|6}}&lt;br /&gt;
| -r/r&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Óre/Ar&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|y}}&lt;br /&gt;
| w, -u/w&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Vala/Wí&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|h}}&lt;br /&gt;
| -i/y&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Anna/Yé&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|n}}&lt;br /&gt;
|&amp;amp;rsquo;?&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;&amp;amp;rsquo;á&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! colspan=&amp;quot;8&amp;quot; | Additional Tengwar:&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|7}}&lt;br /&gt;
| r&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Rómen/Aro&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|u}}&lt;br /&gt;
| rh&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Arda/Rho&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|j}}&lt;br /&gt;
| l&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Lambe/Alo&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|m}}&lt;br /&gt;
| lh&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Alda/Lho&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|8}}&lt;br /&gt;
| s&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Silme/Só&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|i}}&lt;br /&gt;
|s&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Silme Nuquerna/Ós&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|k}}&lt;br /&gt;
| ss/z&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Esse/Azo&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|,}}&lt;br /&gt;
| z&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Oza&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|9}}&lt;br /&gt;
| h&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Hyarmen/Há&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|l}}&lt;br /&gt;
| i-, -e&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Yanta/Ai&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|o}}&lt;br /&gt;
| wh&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Hwesta Sindarinwa/Whí&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|.}}&lt;br /&gt;
| -u?&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Úre/Au&lt;br /&gt;
|}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The following is a full mode variety, related mainly to the north, and uses Tengwar (and carriers) as vowels. It was probably created in [[Arnor]], influenced from the Mode of Beleriand used in [[Rivendell]]. Even the [[Dwarves|dwarf]] [[Ori]] wrote in this hand in the [[Book of Mazarbul]]&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;The second page of the Book of Mazarbul ([http://www.forodrim.org/daeron/mdtci.html#DTS13 DTS13]) said to be written by Ori, is categorized to belong to the Northern Variety [http://at.mansbjorkman.net/teng_modes.htm here]&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{| border=&amp;quot;1&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
! colspan=&amp;quot;2&amp;quot; | Tincotéma&lt;br /&gt;
! colspan=&amp;quot;2&amp;quot; | Parmatéma&lt;br /&gt;
! colspan=&amp;quot;2&amp;quot; | Calmatéma&lt;br /&gt;
! colspan=&amp;quot;2&amp;quot; | Quessetéma&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|1}}&lt;br /&gt;
| t&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Tinco/Tó&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|q}}&lt;br /&gt;
| p&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Parma/Pí&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|a}}&lt;br /&gt;
|ch (as in &#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;ch&#039;&#039;&#039;ur&#039;&#039;&#039;ch&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;)&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Calma/Ché&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|z}}&lt;br /&gt;
| k&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Quesse/Ká&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|2}}&lt;br /&gt;
| d&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Ando/Dó&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|w}}&lt;br /&gt;
| b&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Umbar/Bí&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|s}}&lt;br /&gt;
|j&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;AngaJé&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|x}}&lt;br /&gt;
| g&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Ungwe/Gá&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|3}}&lt;br /&gt;
| th&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Súle/Thó&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|e}}&lt;br /&gt;
| f&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Formen/Fí&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|d}}&lt;br /&gt;
|sh&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Aha/Shé&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|c}}&lt;br /&gt;
| ch/h (as in &#039;&#039;lo&#039;&#039;&#039;ch&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Hwesta/Aha&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|4}}&lt;br /&gt;
| dh&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Anto/Adhó&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|r}}&lt;br /&gt;
| v&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Ampa/Ví&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|f}}&lt;br /&gt;
|zh&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Anca/Izhe&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|v}}&lt;br /&gt;
|gh&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Unque/Agha&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|5}}&lt;br /&gt;
| n&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Númen/Nó&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|t}}&lt;br /&gt;
| m&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Malta/Mí&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|g}}&lt;br /&gt;
|ny&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Noldo/Nyé&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|b}}&lt;br /&gt;
| ng&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Nwalme/Ngá&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|6}}&lt;br /&gt;
| -r/r&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Óre/Ar&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|y}}&lt;br /&gt;
| w, -u/u&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Vala/Wí&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|h}}&lt;br /&gt;
| o&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Anna/Yé&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|n}}&lt;br /&gt;
|a&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;&#039;a&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! colspan=&amp;quot;8&amp;quot; | Additional Tengwar:&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|7}}&lt;br /&gt;
| r&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Rómen/Aro&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|u}}&lt;br /&gt;
| rh&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Arda/Rho&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|j}}&lt;br /&gt;
| l&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Lambe/Alo&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|m}}&lt;br /&gt;
| lh&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Alda/Lho&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|8}}&lt;br /&gt;
| s&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Silme/Só&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|i}}&lt;br /&gt;
|s&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Silme Nuquerna/Ós&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|k}}&lt;br /&gt;
| ss/z&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Esse/Azo&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|,}}&lt;br /&gt;
| z&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Esse Nuquerna/Oza&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|9}}&lt;br /&gt;
| h&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Hyarmen/Há&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|l}}&lt;br /&gt;
| i-, -e/e&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Yanta/Ai&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|o}}&lt;br /&gt;
| wh&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Hwesta Sindarinwa/Whí&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|.}}&lt;br /&gt;
| w&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Úre/Au&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|{{tg|`B}}	&lt;br /&gt;
|i	&lt;br /&gt;
|{{tg|~B}}	&lt;br /&gt;
|i-/y-&lt;br /&gt;
|{{tg|]}}&lt;br /&gt;
|a	&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|š}}&lt;br /&gt;
| mh&lt;br /&gt;
|}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Other modes==&lt;br /&gt;
Just as with any alphabetic writing system, every specific language written in Tengwar requires a specific orthography, depending on the phonology of that language. These Tengwar orthographies are usually called &#039;&#039;modes&#039;&#039;. All of them use as a basis the &amp;quot;[[Tengwar#Structure|theoretical values]]&amp;quot; table above, corresponding the letters to the phonemes of each language&#039;s phonology, and even drop out the characters that would be useless.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
All the modes can be divided into two large categories: &lt;br /&gt;
*Some represent vowels with diacritics called &#039;&#039;&#039;[[tehtar]]&#039;&#039;&#039; or &#039;&#039;[[ómatehtar]]&#039;&#039; (&amp;quot;vowel tehtar&amp;quot;), like the [[Quenya mode]].&lt;br /&gt;
*The &amp;quot;full writing&amp;quot; modes represent vowels by normal letters, such as the [[Quanta Sarmë]] or the [[Mode of Beleriand]].&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Furthermore, some modes map the basic consonants to {{IPA|/t/}}, {{IPA|/p/}}, {{IPA|/k/}}, and {{IPA|/kʷ/}}, while others (generally [[Mannish]]) use them to represent {{IPA|/t/}}, {{IPA|/p/}}, {{IPA|/tʃ/}}, and {{IPA|/k/}}.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== External history ==&lt;br /&gt;
The [[Sarati]], a script developed by Tolkien in the late 1910s that is described in &#039;&#039;[[Parma Eldalamberon 13|&#039;&#039;Parma Eldalamberon&#039;&#039; 13]]&#039;&#039;, anticipates many features of the Tengwar, especially the vowel representation by diacritics (which is found in many Tengwar varieties), different Tengwar shapes and a few correspondances between sound features and letter shape features (though inconsistent).&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Even closer to the Tengwar is the [[Valmaric script]], described in [[Parma Eldalamberon 14|&#039;&#039;Parma Eldalamberon&#039;&#039; 14]], which Tolkien used from about 1922 to 1925. It features many Tengwar shapes and the inherent vowel {{IPA|[a]}} found in some Tengwar varieties. The tables in the samples V12 and V13 show an arrangement that is very similar to the one of the primary Tengwar in the classical Quenya &amp;quot;mode&amp;quot;.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The Tengwar were probably developed in the late 1920s or in the early 1930s. &#039;&#039;The Lonely Mountain Jar Inscription&#039;&#039;, the first published Tengwar sample, dates to 1937 (&#039;&#039;[[The Hobbit]]&#039;&#039;, most editions). The full explanation of the Tengwar was published in Appendix E of &#039;&#039;[[The Lord of the Rings]]&#039;&#039; in 1955.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Inspiration==&lt;br /&gt;
Tengwar is a [[Wikipedia:Featural writing system|featural alphabet]], meaning there is correspondence between letter shape features and [[Wikipedia:place of articulation|place]] and [[Wikipedia:manner of articulation|manner of articulation]]. Perhaps the oldest and most famous featural system is the Korean [[Wikipedia:Hangul|Hangul alphabet]]. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Jim Allan]] (&#039;&#039;[[An Introduction to Elvish]]&#039;&#039;, ISBN 0-905220-10-2) compared the Tengwar with the &#039;&#039;Universal Alphabet&#039;&#039; of [[Wikipedia:Francis Lodwick|Francis Lodwick]] of 1686, both on grounds of the feature factor, but also the actual letter shapes, and the use of vowels as diacritics.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
It is not known whether Tolkien was aware of these previous scripts. However, considering the sarati and the valmaric script that he already invented in his youth, it is conceivable that Tolkien developed the idea of featural notation by himself.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
It is likewise not known whether the shapes of several Tengwar were inspired by the [[Wikipedia:Insular script|insular minuscule script]] (used to write [[Anglo-saxon]]) or the [[Wikipedia:blackletter|gothic textura]] and cursive scripts (used to write Middle English), with which Tolkien was familiar through reading medieval manuscripts in these languages in his professional capacity as a linguist.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Tengwar study==&lt;br /&gt;
===Modes===&lt;br /&gt;
As the peoples of Middle-earth used various modes of Tengwar, and as Tolkien wrote English, [[Old English]] and [[Norse]] in Tengwar, [[fandom|fans]] have created Tengwar modes for real languages. There are modes to write French, Swedish, Latin or Spanish. &lt;br /&gt;
=== Encoding Schemes ===&lt;br /&gt;
==== Non-Unicode ====&lt;br /&gt;
The contemporary de facto standard in the Tengwar user community maps the Tengwar characters onto the regular English character encoding following the example of the [http://www.gis.net/~dansmith/fonts/font_tengwar/ Tengwar typefaces] by [[Dan Smith]]. A drawback of the font solution is that, if no corresponding Tengwar font is installed, an awful string of [[wikipedia:Mojibake|nonsense characters]] appears.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Since there is not enough place for all the signs, certain signs are included in a &amp;quot;Tengwar A&amp;quot; font which also maps its characters on ISO 8859-1, overlapping with the first font.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
For each Tengwar diacritic there are four different codepoints that are used depending on the width of the character which bears it.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Other Tengwar typefaces with Dan Smith&#039;s encoding include [http://home.student.uu.se/j/jowi4905/fonts/annatar.html Johan Winge&#039;s Tengwar Annatar], [http://at.mansbjorkman.net/parmaite.htm Måns Björkman&#039;s Tengwar Parmaite], [http://www.geocities.com/enrombell/Archivos.htm Enrique Mombello&#039;s Tengwar Élfica] or [http://www.limes.com.pl/~miszka/ Michal Nowakowski&#039;s Tengwar Formal] (note that most of these differ in details).&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The following sample shows the first article of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights written in English according to the traditional English orthography. If no Tengwar font is installed, it will look nonsense since the corresponding ISO 8859-1 characters (Roman letters, numbers and signs) will appear instead.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{tg|j#¸ 9t&amp;amp;5# w`Vb%_ 6EO w6Y5 e7~V 2{( zèVj# 5% 2x%51T`Û 2{( 7v%1+º 4hR 7EO 2{$yYO2 y4% 7]F85^ 2{( z5^8i`B5$i( 2{( dyYj2 zE1 1`N ]Fa 4^(6 5% `C 8q7T1T W w74^(69~N2º}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==== Unicode ====&lt;br /&gt;
A proposal has been made by Michael Everson to include the Tengwar in the [[Unicode]] standard. The codepoints are subject to change; the range U+016080 to U+0160FF in the Supplementary Multilingual Plane is tentatively allocated for Tengwar according to the current [http://www.unicode.org/roadmaps/smp/ Unicode roadmap].&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Tengwar are currently included in the unofficial ConScript Unicode Registry, which assigns codepoints in the Private Use Area. Tengwar are mapped to the range U+E000 to U+E07F. The following Unicode sample (which repeats the one above) is meaningful when viewed under a typeface supporting Tengwar glyphs in the area defined in the ConScript Tengwar proposal. Some typefaces that support this proposal are [http://www.evertype.com/emono/ Everson Mono], [http://freetengwar.sourceforge.net/tengtelc.html Tengwar Telcontar], [http://www.kreativekorp.com/software/fonts/constructium.shtml Constructium], [http://freetengwar.sourceforge.net/formal.html Tengwar Formal Unicode], and [http://freetengwar.sourceforge.net/freemonotengwar.html FreeMonoTengwar] ([http://www.code2000.net/ James Kass]&#039;s Code2000 and Code2001 use an older, incompatible version of the proposal).&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;blockquote style=&amp;quot;font-family: &#039;Tengwar Formal CSUR&#039;, &#039;FreeMonoTengwar&#039;, &#039;Constructium&#039;, &#039;Everson Mono&#039;, &#039;Tengwar Formal Unicode&#039;, &#039;Tengwar Telcontar&#039;, &#039;Everson Mono&#039;, &#039;Unifont CSUR&#039;; font-size: 150%; line-height: 120%&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&amp;amp;#xe022;&amp;amp;#xe051;&amp;amp;#xe040; &amp;amp;#xe028;&amp;amp;#xe011;&amp;amp;#xe04c;&amp;amp;#xe010;&amp;amp;#xe040; &amp;amp;#xe005;&amp;amp;#xe02e;&amp;amp;#xe046;&amp;amp;#xe013;&amp;amp;#xe044;&amp;amp;#xe058; &amp;amp;#xe014;&amp;amp;#xe045;&amp;amp;#xe040; &amp;amp;#xe005;&amp;amp;#xe014;&amp;amp;#xe04a;&amp;amp;#xe010; &amp;amp;#xe009;&amp;amp;#xe020;&amp;amp;#xe02e;&amp;amp;#xe046;&amp;amp;#xe02e;&amp;amp;#xe046; &amp;amp;#xe004;&amp;amp;#xe050;&amp;amp;#xe045; &amp;amp;#xe003;&amp;amp;#xe052;&amp;amp;#xe046;&amp;amp;#xe022;&amp;amp;#xe040; &amp;amp;#xe010;&amp;amp;#xe044; &amp;amp;#xe004;&amp;amp;#xe007;&amp;amp;#xe044;&amp;amp;#xe010;&amp;amp;#xe000;&amp;amp;#xe044;&amp;amp;#xe02e;&amp;amp;#xe053; &amp;amp;#xe004;&amp;amp;#xe050;&amp;amp;#xe045; &amp;amp;#xe020;&amp;amp;#xe00f;&amp;amp;#xe044;&amp;amp;#xe000;&amp;amp;#xe058; ⸬ &amp;amp;#xe00c;&amp;amp;#xe016;&amp;amp;#xe046; &amp;amp;#xe020;&amp;amp;#xe045;&amp;amp;#xe040; &amp;amp;#xe004;&amp;amp;#xe050;&amp;amp;#xe046;&amp;amp;#xe015;&amp;amp;#xe045;&amp;amp;#xe04a;&amp;amp;#xe004; &amp;amp;#xe015;&amp;amp;#xe00c;&amp;amp;#xe044; &amp;amp;#xe020;&amp;amp;#xe032;&amp;amp;#xe046;&amp;amp;#xe024;&amp;amp;#xe010;&amp;amp;#xe04a; &amp;amp;#xe004;&amp;amp;#xe050;&amp;amp;#xe045; &amp;amp;#xe003;&amp;amp;#xe010;&amp;amp;#xe04a;&amp;amp;#xe024;&amp;amp;#xe025;&amp;amp;#xe02e;&amp;amp;#xe044;&amp;amp;#xe025;&amp;amp;#xe050;&amp;amp;#xe045; &amp;amp;#xe004;&amp;amp;#xe050;&amp;amp;#xe045; &amp;amp;#xe00a;&amp;amp;#xe015;&amp;amp;#xe04a;&amp;amp;#xe022;&amp;amp;#xe004; &amp;amp;#xe003;&amp;amp;#xe040;&amp;amp;#xe000; &amp;amp;#xe000;&amp;amp;#xe015;&amp;amp;#xe04a;&amp;amp;#xe014;&amp;amp;#xe040;&amp;amp;#xe004;&amp;amp;#xe058; &amp;amp;#xe010;&amp;amp;#xe045;&amp;amp;#xe04a; &amp;amp;#xe010;&amp;amp;#xe040;&amp;amp;#xe00c;&amp;amp;#xe04a;&amp;amp;#xe020;&amp;amp;#xe046; &amp;amp;#xe010;&amp;amp;#xe044; &amp;amp;#xe02e;&amp;amp;#xe040; &amp;amp;#xe024;&amp;amp;#xe001;&amp;amp;#xe020;&amp;amp;#xe044;&amp;amp;#xe000;&amp;amp;#xe044; &amp;amp;#xe01d; &amp;amp;#xe005;&amp;amp;#xe020;&amp;amp;#xe00c;&amp;amp;#xe04a;&amp;amp;#xe014;&amp;amp;#xe046;&amp;amp;#xe028;&amp;amp;#xe004;&amp;amp;#xe04a;&amp;amp;#xe04a; ⸬&amp;lt;/blockquote&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Uses outside the legendarium===&lt;br /&gt;
Random (meaningless) Tengwar appears stylistically in a prop of an ancient tome in the [[Wikipedia:Within Temptation|Within Temptation]] music video for &amp;quot;Stand My Ground&amp;quot;. Tengwar also appears in the computer game &#039;&#039;[[Wikipedia:Atlantis: The Lost Tales|Atlantis: The Lost Tales]]&#039;&#039; and the &#039;&#039;[[Wikipedia:Alone in the Dar|Alone in the Dark]]&#039;&#039; comic book.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Several linguists, such as [[Wikipedia:Eric S. Raymond|Eric S. Raymond]], promote the usage of Tengwar for the constructed language [[Wikipedia:Lojban|Lojban]] as it is culturally neutral and contains some main Lojban morphology rules, making Lojban easier to learn when it is written with Tengwar.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Kena. [http://vodka-pomme.net/projects/tengwar-for-lojban/lojteng#learn  &#039;&#039;Lojban using tengwar - why?&#039;&#039;] (accessed August 2007)&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; (Another suggested mode can be seen [http://www.catb.org/~esr/tengwar/lojban-tengwar.html there]).&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== See also ==&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Sarati]]&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Cirth]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== External links ==&lt;br /&gt;
*[http://www.forodrim.org/daeron/md_teng_primers.html Tengwar tutorials]&lt;br /&gt;
* [http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/History_of_Elven_writing_systems History of Elven writing systems] Wikibook on the secondary-world history of the Elven writing systems&lt;br /&gt;
* [http://at.mansbjorkman.net/tengwar.htm Amanye Tenceli - The Tengwar] A comprehensive study of the Tengwar script&lt;br /&gt;
* [http://www.forodrim.org/daeron/mdtci.html The Mellonath Daeron Index of Tengwar Specimina] &amp;amp;mdash; a continuously expanding list of all published Tengwar samples&lt;br /&gt;
* [http://www.tengwar.art.pl/tengwar/fonty.php A comprehensive list of Tengwar fonts] (in Polish, but still useful even if you can&#039;t read the language)&lt;br /&gt;
* [http://www.omniglot.com/conscripts/tengwar.htm Omniglot reference]&lt;br /&gt;
* [http://tengwar.art.pl/tengwar/ott/start.php?l=en Online Tengwar transcriber]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== Modes ===&lt;br /&gt;
* [http://at.mansbjorkman.net/teng_general_english.htm Tengwar Mode for English (general use)]&lt;br /&gt;
* [http://www.duvendor.com.br/amanye/Downloads/FTMME_Text.pdf Full Tengwar Modes for Modern English]&lt;br /&gt;
* [http://catb.org/~esr/tengwar/ ESR&#039;s Tengwar modes for Esperanto and Lojban languages]&lt;br /&gt;
* [http://lambenor.free.fr/tengwar/espanol.html Tengwar mode for Spanish]&lt;br /&gt;
* [http://my.opera.com/tengwarblog/blog/deutscher-tengwar-modus Tengwar mode for German (full writing)]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== Software ===&lt;br /&gt;
* [http://tengwar.art.pl/tengwar/ott/start.php?l=en Online Tengwar transcriber]&lt;br /&gt;
* [http://at.mansbjorkman.net/tengscribe.htm  Tengwar Scribe] (Win32)&lt;br /&gt;
* [http://jadro.ludviku.cz/yatt/  YATT (Win32) and YATT lite (Linux, Mac)]&lt;br /&gt;
* [http://tengwar.art.pl/ktt/  KTT] (Linux+KDE)&lt;br /&gt;
* [http://www.acondia.com/font_tengwar/TengwarMacros_v19F.zip Tengwar Macros for Microsoft Word/97 and Word/2000]&lt;br /&gt;
* [http://www.tecendil.com/ Tecendil] online Tengwar transcriber&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
More of Tengwar software on [http://tengwar.art.pl/tengwar/programy.php Tengwar Feanora] web-site (in Polish).&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== Technical ===&lt;br /&gt;
* [http://wikisophia.org/wiki/Wikitex#Teng WikiTeX] supports editing Tengwar directly in Wiki articles.&lt;br /&gt;
* [http://std.dkuug.dk/jtc1/sc2/wg2/docs/n1641/n1641.htm Official proposal to encode Tengwar in Unicode]&lt;br /&gt;
* [http://www.evertype.com/standards/csur/tengwar.html Tengwar proposal for ConScript Unicode Registry]&lt;br /&gt;
* [http://www.evertype.com/standards/iso10646/pdf/tengwar.pdf Revised Tengwar proposal]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{references}}&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;small&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
* Christopher Tolkien, &#039;&#039;The Tengwar Numerals&#039;&#039;, in &#039;&#039;[[Quettar]]&#039;&#039; 13, Feb. 1982, pp. 8-9; a further, untitled, explanation of the Tengwar numerals by Christopher Tolkien appeared in &#039;&#039;Quettar&#039;&#039; 14, May 1982, pp. 6-7.&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/small&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
{{languages}}&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Tengwar]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Writing systems]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[de:Tengwar]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[fr:encyclo/langues/tengwar]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[fi:Tengwar]]&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Sadron</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=Durin%27s_Day&amp;diff=312643</id>
		<title>Durin&#039;s Day</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=Durin%27s_Day&amp;diff=312643"/>
		<updated>2020-05-05T14:20:43Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Sadron: /* Upcoming */&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;[[File:Eric Fraser - Durin&#039;s Day.jpg|[[Eric Fraser]] - &#039;&#039;Durin&#039;s Day&#039;&#039;|thumb]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;Durin&#039;s Day&#039;&#039;&#039; is a rare event noted by [[Dwarves]].&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The new year of their calendar was the last cycle of the [[Moon]] to begin in autumn, or in [[Thorin]]&#039;s words &amp;quot;the first day of the last moon of Autumn on the threshold of Winter&amp;quot;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{H|Rest}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;. When on this day both the [[Sun]] and Moon may be seen in the sky together, it is called &#039;&#039;&#039;Durin&#039;s Day&#039;&#039;&#039;.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The [[Moon-letters]] written on [[Thrór&#039;s Map]] predicted that on Durin&#039;s Day the last light of the Sun as night fell would reveal the [[Back Door|secret door]] into the [[Lonely Mountain]].&lt;br /&gt;
==Calculation==&lt;br /&gt;
Unlike &#039;&#039;[[The Lord of the Rings]]&#039;&#039; [[J.R.R. Tolkien|Tolkien]] left no precise timetable for the events of &#039;&#039;[[The Hobbit]]&#039;&#039;. However, in &#039;&#039;[[The History of The Hobbit]]&#039;&#039;, Tolkien set [[19 October]] as the date of that year&#039;s [[Durin&#039;s Day]].&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;The History of The Hobbit&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{HH|T3}}, pp. 826,828&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Before the &#039;&#039;History&#039;&#039; some calculations were made. According to [[Andreas Möhn]], the Durin&#039;s Day of {{TA|2941}} occurred on [[22 October]] of the [[Shire Calendar]]. This is based in the assumption that the orbital period of the moon, as described in &#039;&#039;The Lord of the Rings&#039;&#039;, was about 20 minutes shorter/faster than today.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{webcite|author=Andreas Möhn|articleurl=http://pages.citebite.com/b3g6a9v1lflq|articlename=The Moon and Durin&#039;s Day|dated=|website=lalaithmesp.blogspot.com|accessed=15-02-2018}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Karen Wynn Fonstad]] made a rough estimation based purely on the traveling times and distances, without any astronomical calculations. She puts the Durin&#039;s Day on [[30 October]].&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{HM|AME}}, &amp;quot;The Hobbit&amp;quot;, p. 100&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Upcoming==&lt;br /&gt;
Upcoming dates of Dwarven new year are:{{fact}}&lt;br /&gt;
*Oct 17, 2020&amp;lt;/p&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
*Oct 6, 2021&amp;lt;/p&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
*Oct 25, 2022&amp;lt;/p&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
*Oct 15, 2023&amp;lt;/p&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
*Oct 3, 2024&amp;lt;/p&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
*Oct 21, 2025&amp;lt;/p&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
{{references}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category: Events]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[de:Durins Tag]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[fi:Durinin päivä]]&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Sadron</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=Durin%27s_Day&amp;diff=312642</id>
		<title>Durin&#039;s Day</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=Durin%27s_Day&amp;diff=312642"/>
		<updated>2020-05-05T14:20:20Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Sadron: /* Upcoming */&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;[[File:Eric Fraser - Durin&#039;s Day.jpg|[[Eric Fraser]] - &#039;&#039;Durin&#039;s Day&#039;&#039;|thumb]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;Durin&#039;s Day&#039;&#039;&#039; is a rare event noted by [[Dwarves]].&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The new year of their calendar was the last cycle of the [[Moon]] to begin in autumn, or in [[Thorin]]&#039;s words &amp;quot;the first day of the last moon of Autumn on the threshold of Winter&amp;quot;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{H|Rest}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;. When on this day both the [[Sun]] and Moon may be seen in the sky together, it is called &#039;&#039;&#039;Durin&#039;s Day&#039;&#039;&#039;.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The [[Moon-letters]] written on [[Thrór&#039;s Map]] predicted that on Durin&#039;s Day the last light of the Sun as night fell would reveal the [[Back Door|secret door]] into the [[Lonely Mountain]].&lt;br /&gt;
==Calculation==&lt;br /&gt;
Unlike &#039;&#039;[[The Lord of the Rings]]&#039;&#039; [[J.R.R. Tolkien|Tolkien]] left no precise timetable for the events of &#039;&#039;[[The Hobbit]]&#039;&#039;. However, in &#039;&#039;[[The History of The Hobbit]]&#039;&#039;, Tolkien set [[19 October]] as the date of that year&#039;s [[Durin&#039;s Day]].&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;The History of The Hobbit&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{HH|T3}}, pp. 826,828&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Before the &#039;&#039;History&#039;&#039; some calculations were made. According to [[Andreas Möhn]], the Durin&#039;s Day of {{TA|2941}} occurred on [[22 October]] of the [[Shire Calendar]]. This is based in the assumption that the orbital period of the moon, as described in &#039;&#039;The Lord of the Rings&#039;&#039;, was about 20 minutes shorter/faster than today.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{webcite|author=Andreas Möhn|articleurl=http://pages.citebite.com/b3g6a9v1lflq|articlename=The Moon and Durin&#039;s Day|dated=|website=lalaithmesp.blogspot.com|accessed=15-02-2018}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Karen Wynn Fonstad]] made a rough estimation based purely on the traveling times and distances, without any astronomical calculations. She puts the Durin&#039;s Day on [[30 October]].&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{HM|AME}}, &amp;quot;The Hobbit&amp;quot;, p. 100&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Upcoming==&lt;br /&gt;
Upcoming dates of Dwarven new year are:{{fact}}&lt;br /&gt;
*Oct 17, 2020&amp;lt;/p&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
*Oct 6, 2021&amp;lt;/p&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
*Oct 25, 2022&amp;lt;/p&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
Oct 15, 2023&amp;lt;/p&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
Oct 3, 2024&amp;lt;/p&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
Oct 21, 2025&amp;lt;/p&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
{{references}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category: Events]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[de:Durins Tag]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[fi:Durinin päivä]]&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Sadron</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=Durin%27s_Day&amp;diff=312272</id>
		<title>Durin&#039;s Day</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=Durin%27s_Day&amp;diff=312272"/>
		<updated>2020-04-27T14:38:30Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Sadron: /* Upcoming */&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;[[File:Eric Fraser - Durin&#039;s Day.jpg|[[Eric Fraser]] - &#039;&#039;Durin&#039;s Day&#039;&#039;|thumb]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;Durin&#039;s Day&#039;&#039;&#039; is a rare event noted by [[Dwarves]].&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The new year of their calendar was the last cycle of the [[Moon]] to begin in autumn, or in [[Thorin]]&#039;s words &amp;quot;the first day of the last moon of Autumn on the threshold of Winter&amp;quot;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{H|Rest}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;. When on this day both the [[Sun]] and Moon may be seen in the sky together, it is called &#039;&#039;&#039;Durin&#039;s Day&#039;&#039;&#039;.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The [[Moon-letters]] written on [[Thrór&#039;s Map]] predicted that on Durin&#039;s Day the last light of the Sun as night fell would reveal the [[Back Door|secret door]] into the [[Lonely Mountain]].&lt;br /&gt;
==Calculation==&lt;br /&gt;
Unlike &#039;&#039;[[The Lord of the Rings]]&#039;&#039; [[J.R.R. Tolkien|Tolkien]] left no precise timetable for the events of &#039;&#039;[[The Hobbit]]&#039;&#039;. However, in &#039;&#039;[[The History of The Hobbit]]&#039;&#039;, Tolkien set [[19 October]] as the date of that year&#039;s [[Durin&#039;s Day]].&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;The History of The Hobbit&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{HH|T3}}, pp. 826,828&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Before the &#039;&#039;History&#039;&#039; some calculations were made. According to [[Andreas Möhn]], the Durin&#039;s Day of {{TA|2941}} occurred on [[22 October]] of the [[Shire Calendar]]. This is based in the assumption that the orbital period of the moon, as described in &#039;&#039;The Lord of the Rings&#039;&#039;, was about 20 minutes shorter/faster than today.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{webcite|author=Andreas Möhn|articleurl=http://pages.citebite.com/b3g6a9v1lflq|articlename=The Moon and Durin&#039;s Day|dated=|website=lalaithmesp.blogspot.com|accessed=15-02-2018}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Karen Wynn Fonstad]] made a rough estimation based purely on the traveling times and distances, without any astronomical calculations. She puts the Durin&#039;s Day on [[30 October]].&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{HM|AME}}, &amp;quot;The Hobbit&amp;quot;, p. 100&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Upcoming==&lt;br /&gt;
Upcoming dates of Dwarven new year are:{{fact}}&lt;br /&gt;
*Dec 15, 2020 (Foreyule 25)&amp;lt;/p&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
*Dec 10, 2026 (Foreyule 20)&amp;lt;/p&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
*Dec 17, 2028 (Foreyule 27)&amp;lt;/p&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
*Dec 6, 2029 (Foreyule 16)&amp;lt;/p&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
*Nov 25, 2030 (Foreyule 5)&amp;lt;/p&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{references}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category: Events]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[de:Durins Tag]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[fi:Durinin päivä]]&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Sadron</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=User:Sadron&amp;diff=312068</id>
		<title>User:Sadron</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=User:Sadron&amp;diff=312068"/>
		<updated>2020-04-25T01:58:52Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Sadron: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;Mae govannen, I eneth nîn Sadron.&amp;lt;/p&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
Contact me at sadron.soe@gmail.com&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Hello, my name is Sadron.&lt;br /&gt;
Like many of you, I am really into the Lord of The Rings and Hobbit books/movies. I have learned 3 modes of Tengwar: Sindarin, Quenya, and English. I am currently learning the mode of Bereliand, and have just recently begun to learn the language of Sindarin. I hope to be able to make some contributions to this web site and to gain a lot of new info of the Tolkien universe.&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;hr /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Hola, me llamo Sadron.&lt;br /&gt;
Como muchos de ustedes, estoy realmente interesado en los libros/películas de El señor de los anillos y Hobbit. He aprendido 3 modos de Tengwar: sindarin, quenya e inglés. Actualmente estoy aprendiendo el modo de Bereliand, y recientemente comencé a aprender el idioma sindarin. Espero poder hacer algunas contribuciones a este sitio web y obtener mucha información nueva del universo Tolkien.&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;hr /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Bonjour, je m&#039;appelle Sadron.&lt;br /&gt;
Comme beaucoup d&#039;entre vous, je suis vraiment dans les livres/films du Seigneur des Anneaux et du Hobbit. J&#039;ai appris 3 modes de Tengwar: le sindarin, le quenya et l&#039;anglais. J&#039;apprends actuellement le mode de Bereliand, et ai récemment commencé à apprendre la langue de Sindarin. J&#039;espère pouvoir apporter quelques contributions à ce site web et gagner beaucoup de nouvelles infos sur l&#039;univers Tolkien.&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;hr /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Hej, jag heter Sadron.&lt;br /&gt;
Liksom många av er är jag verkligen i Lord of The Rings och Hobbit-böcker/filmer. Jag har lärt mig tre lägen av Tengwar: Sindarin, Quenya och engelska. Jag lär mig för närvarande läget för Bereliand och har nyligen börjat lära mig Sindarinas språk. Jag hoppas kunna ge några bidrag till den här webbplatsen och få mycket ny information om Tolkien universum.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
--[[User:Sadron|Sadron]] 15:16, 22 April 2020 (UTC)&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Sadron</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=Durin%27s_Day&amp;diff=312067</id>
		<title>Durin&#039;s Day</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=Durin%27s_Day&amp;diff=312067"/>
		<updated>2020-04-25T01:52:39Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Sadron: /* Upcoming */&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;[[File:Eric Fraser - Durin&#039;s Day.jpg|[[Eric Fraser]] - &#039;&#039;Durin&#039;s Day&#039;&#039;|thumb]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;Durin&#039;s Day&#039;&#039;&#039; is a rare event noted by [[Dwarves]].&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The new year of their calendar was the last cycle of the [[Moon]] to begin in autumn, or in [[Thorin]]&#039;s words &amp;quot;the first day of the last moon of Autumn on the threshold of Winter&amp;quot;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{H|Rest}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;. When on this day both the [[Sun]] and Moon may be seen in the sky together, it is called &#039;&#039;&#039;Durin&#039;s Day&#039;&#039;&#039;.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The [[Moon-letters]] written on [[Thrór&#039;s Map]] predicted that on Durin&#039;s Day the last light of the Sun as night fell would reveal the [[Back Door|secret door]] into the [[Lonely Mountain]].&lt;br /&gt;
==Calculation==&lt;br /&gt;
Unlike &#039;&#039;[[The Lord of the Rings]]&#039;&#039; [[J.R.R. Tolkien|Tolkien]] left no precise timetable for the events of &#039;&#039;[[The Hobbit]]&#039;&#039;. However, in &#039;&#039;[[The History of The Hobbit]]&#039;&#039;, Tolkien set [[19 October]] as the date of that year&#039;s [[Durin&#039;s Day]].&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;The History of The Hobbit&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{HH|T3}}, pp. 826,828&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Before the &#039;&#039;History&#039;&#039; some calculations were made. According to [[Andreas Möhn]], the Durin&#039;s Day of {{TA|2941}} occurred on [[22 October]] of the [[Shire Calendar]]. This is based in the assumption that the orbital period of the moon, as described in &#039;&#039;The Lord of the Rings&#039;&#039;, was about 20 minutes shorter/faster than today.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{webcite|author=Andreas Möhn|articleurl=http://pages.citebite.com/b3g6a9v1lflq|articlename=The Moon and Durin&#039;s Day|dated=|website=lalaithmesp.blogspot.com|accessed=15-02-2018}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Karen Wynn Fonstad]] made a rough estimation based purely on the traveling times and distances, without any astronomical calculations. She puts the Durin&#039;s Day on [[30 October]].&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{HM|AME}}, &amp;quot;The Hobbit&amp;quot;, p. 100&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Upcoming==&lt;br /&gt;
Upcoming dates of Durin&#039;s day are:&lt;br /&gt;
Dec 15, 2020 (Foreyule 25)&amp;lt;/p&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
Dec 4, 2021 (Foreyule 14)&amp;lt;/p&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
Nov 23, 2022 (Foreyule 3)&amp;lt;/p&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
Dec 12, 2023 (Foreyule 22)&amp;lt;/p&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
Dec 1, 2024 (Foreyule 11)&amp;lt;/p&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
Nov 21, 2025 (Foreyule 1)&amp;lt;/p&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
Dec 10, 2026 (Foreyule 20)&amp;lt;/p&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
Nov 29, 2027 (Foreyule 9)&amp;lt;/p&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
Dec 17, 2028 (Foreyule 27)&amp;lt;/p&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
Dec 6, 2029 (Foreyule 16)&amp;lt;/p&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
Nov 25, 2030 (Foreyule 5)&amp;lt;/p&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{references}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category: Events]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[de:Durins Tag]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[fi:Durinin päivä]]&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Sadron</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=Durin%27s_Day&amp;diff=312066</id>
		<title>Durin&#039;s Day</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=Durin%27s_Day&amp;diff=312066"/>
		<updated>2020-04-25T01:34:24Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Sadron: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;[[File:Eric Fraser - Durin&#039;s Day.jpg|[[Eric Fraser]] - &#039;&#039;Durin&#039;s Day&#039;&#039;|thumb]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;Durin&#039;s Day&#039;&#039;&#039; is a rare event noted by [[Dwarves]].&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The new year of their calendar was the last cycle of the [[Moon]] to begin in autumn, or in [[Thorin]]&#039;s words &amp;quot;the first day of the last moon of Autumn on the threshold of Winter&amp;quot;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{H|Rest}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;. When on this day both the [[Sun]] and Moon may be seen in the sky together, it is called &#039;&#039;&#039;Durin&#039;s Day&#039;&#039;&#039;.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The [[Moon-letters]] written on [[Thrór&#039;s Map]] predicted that on Durin&#039;s Day the last light of the Sun as night fell would reveal the [[Back Door|secret door]] into the [[Lonely Mountain]].&lt;br /&gt;
==Calculation==&lt;br /&gt;
Unlike &#039;&#039;[[The Lord of the Rings]]&#039;&#039; [[J.R.R. Tolkien|Tolkien]] left no precise timetable for the events of &#039;&#039;[[The Hobbit]]&#039;&#039;. However, in &#039;&#039;[[The History of The Hobbit]]&#039;&#039;, Tolkien set [[19 October]] as the date of that year&#039;s [[Durin&#039;s Day]].&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;The History of The Hobbit&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{HH|T3}}, pp. 826,828&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Before the &#039;&#039;History&#039;&#039; some calculations were made. According to [[Andreas Möhn]], the Durin&#039;s Day of {{TA|2941}} occurred on [[22 October]] of the [[Shire Calendar]]. This is based in the assumption that the orbital period of the moon, as described in &#039;&#039;The Lord of the Rings&#039;&#039;, was about 20 minutes shorter/faster than today.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{webcite|author=Andreas Möhn|articleurl=http://pages.citebite.com/b3g6a9v1lflq|articlename=The Moon and Durin&#039;s Day|dated=|website=lalaithmesp.blogspot.com|accessed=15-02-2018}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Karen Wynn Fonstad]] made a rough estimation based purely on the traveling times and distances, without any astronomical calculations. She puts the Durin&#039;s Day on [[30 October]].&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{HM|AME}}, &amp;quot;The Hobbit&amp;quot;, p. 100&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Upcoming==&lt;br /&gt;
Upcoming dates of Durin&#039;s day (according to our calendar) are:&lt;br /&gt;
Dec 15, 2020&amp;lt;/p&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
Dec 4, 2021&amp;lt;/p&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
Nov 23, 2022&amp;lt;/p&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
Dec 12, 2023&amp;lt;/p&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
Dec 1, 2024&amp;lt;/p&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
Nov 21, 2025&amp;lt;/p&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
Dec 10, 2026&amp;lt;/p&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
Nov 29, 2027&amp;lt;/p&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
Dec 17, 2028&amp;lt;/p&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
Dec 6, 2029&amp;lt;/p&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
Nov 25, 2030&amp;lt;/p&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{references}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category: Events]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[de:Durins Tag]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[fi:Durinin päivä]]&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Sadron</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=Durin%27s_Day&amp;diff=312063</id>
		<title>Durin&#039;s Day</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=Durin%27s_Day&amp;diff=312063"/>
		<updated>2020-04-25T00:44:15Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Sadron: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;[[File:Eric Fraser - Durin&#039;s Day.jpg|[[Eric Fraser]] - &#039;&#039;Durin&#039;s Day&#039;&#039;|thumb]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;Durin&#039;s Day&#039;&#039;&#039; is a rare event noted by [[Dwarves]].&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The new year of their calendar was the last cycle of the [[Moon]] to begin in autumn, or in [[Thorin]]&#039;s words &amp;quot;the first day of the last moon of Autumn on the threshold of Winter&amp;quot;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{H|Rest}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;. When on this day both the [[Sun]] and Moon may be seen in the sky together, it is called &#039;&#039;&#039;Durin&#039;s Day&#039;&#039;&#039;.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The [[Moon-letters]] written on [[Thrór&#039;s Map]] predicted that on Durin&#039;s Day the last light of the Sun as night fell would reveal the [[Back Door|secret door]] into the [[Lonely Mountain]].&lt;br /&gt;
==Calculation==&lt;br /&gt;
Unlike &#039;&#039;[[The Lord of the Rings]]&#039;&#039; [[J.R.R. Tolkien|Tolkien]] left no precise timetable for the events of &#039;&#039;[[The Hobbit]]&#039;&#039;. However, in &#039;&#039;[[The History of The Hobbit]]&#039;&#039;, Tolkien set [[19 October]] as the date of that year&#039;s [[Durin&#039;s Day]].&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;The History of The Hobbit&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{HH|T3}}, pp. 826,828&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Before the &#039;&#039;History&#039;&#039; some calculations were made. According to [[Andreas Möhn]], the Durin&#039;s Day of {{TA|2941}} occurred on [[22 October]] of the [[Shire Calendar]]. This is based in the assumption that the orbital period of the moon, as described in &#039;&#039;The Lord of the Rings&#039;&#039;, was about 20 minutes shorter/faster than today.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{webcite|author=Andreas Möhn|articleurl=http://pages.citebite.com/b3g6a9v1lflq|articlename=The Moon and Durin&#039;s Day|dated=|website=lalaithmesp.blogspot.com|accessed=15-02-2018}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Karen Wynn Fonstad]] made a rough estimation based purely on the traveling times and distances, without any astronomical calculations. She puts the Durin&#039;s Day on [[30 October]].&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{HM|AME}}, &amp;quot;The Hobbit&amp;quot;, p. 100&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{references}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category: Events]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[de:Durins Tag]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[fi:Durinin päivä]]&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Sadron</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=Tengwar&amp;diff=312042</id>
		<title>Tengwar</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=Tengwar&amp;diff=312042"/>
		<updated>2020-04-22T18:34:34Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Sadron: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;{{cleanup}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{font|[http://at.mansbjorkman.net/parmaite.htm Tengwar Parmaite] by [[Måns Björkman]]}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{disambig-more|Fëanorian|[[Fëanorian (disambiguation)]]}}&lt;br /&gt;
[[Image:Ryszard Derdzinski - Feanor.jpg|thumb|[[Fëanor]] designs the first Tengwar]]&lt;br /&gt;
The &#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;Tengwar&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039; (Tengwa [teŋ&amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;w&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt;a&amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;w&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt;] when singular)([[Quenya]] &amp;quot;letters&amp;quot;, pron. {{IPA|[ˈteŋʷɡʷar]}}; [[Sindarin]] &#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;Tîw&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{App|E2}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;) was a writing system invented by [[Fëanor]] (and was therefore also called the &#039;&#039;&#039;Fëanorian alphabet&#039;&#039;&#039;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{L|25}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; or &#039;&#039;&#039;script&#039;&#039;&#039;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{L|168}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;). It was used for a variety of languages among the [[Free peoples]] and became perhaps the most prominent writing system of [[Arda]], used by a variety of [[:Portal:Characters|Races]] through the [[Ages]].&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==History==&lt;br /&gt;
===The Classical Quenya mode===&lt;br /&gt;
{{main|Quenya mode}}&lt;br /&gt;
[[Fëanor]] invented the Tengwar on the [[Year of the Trees 1250]], strongly influenced by the [[Sarati]] of [[Rúmil (elf of Tirion)|Rúmil the Loremaster]].&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{WJ|P4}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ApD&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{VT|39a}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; Fëanor both constructed the Tengwar as a general phonetic alphabet and devised special arrangements to fit the characteristics of all languages of [[Valinor]].&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{TI|Runes}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Unlike Rúmil, Fëanor considered vowels as indepedent sounds and not just “colours” of the consonants, so he devised the “full writing” ([[Quanta Sarmë]]).&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ApD&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
However, Fëanor also used a more &#039;conservative&#039; system which seem to have been proved far more popular; he held Rúmil&#039;s idea of syllabic analysis of the words by the Sarati and made also use of [[tehtar]] instead of the full letters.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ApD&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The classical Quenya mode of the Tengwar may have originated from Fëanor&#039;s own arrangement. There is no direct evidence for this hypothesis, but the use of the Quenya names for the individual letters hints to a primate of the Quenya mode. Another hint to a very old age of the classical Quenya mode is that it uses the [[Calmatéma]] as a k-series, like the mode of Beleriand which we can assume to have originated in the First Age.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===The Mode of Beleriand===&lt;br /&gt;
{{main|Mode of Beleriand}}&lt;br /&gt;
[[Image:J.R.R. Tolkien - Doors of Durin.jpg|thumb|The [[Doors of Durin]] created during the [[Second Age]]]]&lt;br /&gt;
When the [[Noldor]] rebelled and came to [[Middle-earth]], they adapted their writing for the new languages they learned. Quanta Sarmë was used for languages where the tehtar were not useful&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ApD&amp;quot; /&amp;gt; which could have been the origin for the Mode of Beleriand. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
It is also possible that the Tengwar influenced the evolution of the [[Cirth]] of [[Daeron]] in Beleriand, mainly in their shape and arrangement. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
We know from the inscription on the Western [[Moria Gate]] that a Tengwar mode called the [[Mode of Beleriand]] was used in [[Eregion]]. This name allows for the assumption that the same mode was used already in the [[First Age]].&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
At the end of the [[Third Age]], the Elves of [[Rivendell]] probably still used that mode, since a transcription of the Rivendell [[aerlinn]] &#039;&#039;[[A Elbereth Gilthoniel]]&#039;&#039; features it.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{RGEO|7}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; Frodo, however, even though literate in Sindarin, was apparently unable to read this mode.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===The General Use===&lt;br /&gt;
By the end of the Third Age, there was a &#039;&#039;general use&#039;&#039; that could be used for a variety of languages including Quenya, Sindarin and the Common Speech.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;[[J.R.R. Tolkien]], &amp;quot;[[Letter to Anthony D. Howlett]] (letter); see also [http://www.forodrim.org/daeron/mdtci.html#DTS58 DTS58]&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; This use could have evolved during the [[Second Age]] in [[Eregion]] or even in [[Númenor]].&lt;br /&gt;
[[Image:One ring.png|thumb|left|The [[Ring Verse|inscription]] on [[The One Ring]].]]&lt;br /&gt;
The same mode appears on the [[Ring-inscription]]&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{FR|Shadow}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; that the [[Númenorean]] [[Isildur]] observed it to be &amp;quot;fashioned in an elven-script of Eregion&amp;quot;.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{FR|Council}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
It is not certain whether the whole &#039;&#039;mode&#039;&#039; itself was from Eregion or simply just the &#039;&#039;script&#039;&#039; was of an Elvish fashion. Some [[Adûnaic]] words use this mode.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{HM|SD}}, Lowdham&#039;s Inscription&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Another mode that was based on the &amp;quot;general use&amp;quot; but used full letters for the representation of vowels was used in the Northern part of the [[Westron]]-speaking regions, perhaps by influence of the Elves of [[Rivendell]]. This might explain why Frodo was unable to read either the Mode of Beleriand or the Ring Inscription.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Spelling and Pronunciation ==&lt;br /&gt;
=== Structure ===&lt;br /&gt;
The most notable characteristic of the Tengwar script is that the shapes of the letters correspond to the features of the sounds they represent.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The shape of the Tengwar uniformly consisted of two elements, the &#039;&#039;[[telco]]&#039;&#039; (stem) to which is attached a &#039;&#039;[[lúva]]&#039;&#039; (bow). &lt;br /&gt;
It is noticeable that some of the letters of the [[Sarati|Sarati]] resembled the telco/lúva shape seen on the Tengwar. Therefore it is possible that those particular letters influenced stylistically the Tengwar.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The telco could be normal, raised, shortened or heightened. The lúva would be single or doubled, and these could be open or closed. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
All the above combinations can create 32 to 40 different shapes of letters. These shapes mirrored phonological significances: the basic form of a tengwa was used for the [[patakar]], the voiceless stops; telcor determined how the sound was articulated, and the lúvar where in the mouth it was made:&lt;br /&gt;
* Doubling the bow turns the voiceless consonant into a voiced one.&lt;br /&gt;
* Raising the stem above the line turns it into the corresponding fricative or a corresponding voiced version of it.&lt;br /&gt;
* Shortening it (so it is only the height of the bow) indicates the corresponding nasal or, mostly, the approximants.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
According to their shape, the 32 different glyphs could be arranged and presented consistently on a table. The principal letters are divided into series (&#039;&#039;témar&#039;&#039;) that correspond to the main places of articulation and into six rows (&#039;&#039;tyeller&#039;&#039;) that correspond to the main manners of articulation. Both vary among modes.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The table below gives the &#039;&#039;&#039;theoretical&#039;&#039;&#039;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Observations made by [[Jim Allan]]&#039;s &#039;&#039;[[An Introduction to Elvish]]&#039;&#039;, The Evolution of the Tengwar&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; values of the Tengwar based consistently on the abovementioned rules. Note that no language possessed all these sounds and the following does not represent an actual table of values of a particular language. In actuality, the languages used modifications or variations of them.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{| border=&amp;quot;1&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
! | &lt;br /&gt;
! colspan=&amp;quot;2&amp;quot; | Labial&lt;br /&gt;
! colspan=&amp;quot;2&amp;quot; | Dental&lt;br /&gt;
! colspan=&amp;quot;2&amp;quot; | Velar&lt;br /&gt;
! colspan=&amp;quot;2&amp;quot; | Labiovelar&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Voiceless&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;plosives&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|q}}&lt;br /&gt;
| p&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|1}}&lt;br /&gt;
| t&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|a}}&lt;br /&gt;
| k&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|z}}&lt;br /&gt;
| kw&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Voiced&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;plosives&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|w}}&lt;br /&gt;
| b&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|2}}&lt;br /&gt;
| d&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|s}}&lt;br /&gt;
| g&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|x}}&lt;br /&gt;
| gw&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Aspirated&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;voiceless plosives&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|Q}}&lt;br /&gt;
| p&amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;h&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|!}}&lt;br /&gt;
| t&amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;h&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|A}}&lt;br /&gt;
| k&amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;h&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|Z}}&lt;br /&gt;
| k&amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;h&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt;w&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Aspirated&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;voiced plosives&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|W}}&lt;br /&gt;
| b&amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;h&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|@}}&lt;br /&gt;
| d&amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;h&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|S}}&lt;br /&gt;
| g&amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;h&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|X}}&lt;br /&gt;
| g&amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;h&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt;w&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Voiceless&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;fricatives&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|e}}&lt;br /&gt;
| f&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|3}}&lt;br /&gt;
| th&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|d}}&lt;br /&gt;
| ch&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|c}}&lt;br /&gt;
| chw&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Voiced&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;fricatives&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|r}}&lt;br /&gt;
| v&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|4}}&lt;br /&gt;
| dh&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|f}}&lt;br /&gt;
| gh&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|v}}&lt;br /&gt;
| ghw&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Voiceless&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;nasals&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|y}}&lt;br /&gt;
| hm&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|6}}&lt;br /&gt;
| hn&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|h}}&lt;br /&gt;
| hñ&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|n}}&lt;br /&gt;
| hñw&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Nasals&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|t}}&lt;br /&gt;
| m&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|5}}&lt;br /&gt;
| n&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|g}}&lt;br /&gt;
| ñ&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|b}}&lt;br /&gt;
| ñw&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Arrangement===&lt;br /&gt;
By the end of the [[Third Age]], the Tengwar were somehow standardized. Their Quenya names became standard for all modes, and less used ones were not included (although still used), such as those of the extended stems and the [[Tyelpetéma]]. The table displayed 36 letters: the 24 standard Tengwar, plus 12 of the additional Tengwar.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Also, the Tengwar were assigned numeric values.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{| border=&amp;quot;1&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
! &lt;br /&gt;
! colspan=&amp;quot;2&amp;quot; | Tincotéma&lt;br /&gt;
! colspan=&amp;quot;2&amp;quot; | Parmatéma&lt;br /&gt;
! colspan=&amp;quot;2&amp;quot; | Calmatéma&lt;br /&gt;
! colspan=&amp;quot;2&amp;quot; | Quessetéma&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Grade I&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|1}}&lt;br /&gt;
| [[Tinco]]&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|q}}&lt;br /&gt;
| [[Parma]]&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|a}}&lt;br /&gt;
| [[Calma]]&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|z}}&lt;br /&gt;
| [[Quesse]]&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Grade II&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|2}}&lt;br /&gt;
| [[Ando]]&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|w}}&lt;br /&gt;
| [[Umbar (word)|Umbar]]&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|s}}&lt;br /&gt;
| [[Anga]]&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|x}}&lt;br /&gt;
| [[Ungwe]]&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Grade III&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|3}}&lt;br /&gt;
| [[Súlë]]&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|e}}&lt;br /&gt;
| [[Formen]]&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|d}}&lt;br /&gt;
| [[Aha]]&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|c}}&lt;br /&gt;
| [[Hwesta]]&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Grade IV&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|4}}&lt;br /&gt;
| [[Anto]]&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|r}}&lt;br /&gt;
| [[Ampa]]&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|f}}&lt;br /&gt;
| [[Anca]]&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|v}}&lt;br /&gt;
| [[Unque]]&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Grade V&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|5}}&lt;br /&gt;
| [[Númen]]&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|t}}&lt;br /&gt;
| [[Malta]]&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|g}}&lt;br /&gt;
| [[Noldo]]&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|b}}&lt;br /&gt;
| [[Nwalme]]&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Grade VI&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|6}}&lt;br /&gt;
| [[Óre]]&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|y}}&lt;br /&gt;
| [[Vala|Vala]]&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|h}}&lt;br /&gt;
| [[Anna]]&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|n}}&lt;br /&gt;
| [[Vilya]]&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
!&lt;br /&gt;
! colspan=&amp;quot;8&amp;quot; | &#039;&#039;&#039;Additional Tengwar:&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|7}}&lt;br /&gt;
| [[Rómen]]&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|u}}&lt;br /&gt;
| [[Arda]]&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|j}}&lt;br /&gt;
| [[Lambe]]&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|m}}&lt;br /&gt;
| [[Alda]]&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|8}}&lt;br /&gt;
| [[Silme]]&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|i}}&lt;br /&gt;
| [[Silme nuquerna]]&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|k}}&lt;br /&gt;
| [[Essë]]&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|,}}&lt;br /&gt;
| [[Esse nuquerna]]&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|9}}&lt;br /&gt;
| [[Hyarmen]]&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|l}}&lt;br /&gt;
| [[Yanta]]&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|o}}&lt;br /&gt;
| [[Hwesta Sindarinwa]]&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|.}}&lt;br /&gt;
| [[Úrë]]&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|&amp;amp;#189;}}&lt;br /&gt;
| [[Halla]]&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|`}}&lt;br /&gt;
| [[Telco]]&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|~}}&lt;br /&gt;
| [[Ára]]&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Values==&lt;br /&gt;
As mentioned, the Tengwar had a generic mode that covered a wide range of phonemes. This mode perhaps originated in [[Eregion]] and exemplified in the verse of [[the One Ring]] and other Westron Tengwar texts. It could be used for both Quenya and Sindarin.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The following table gives both the formal Quenya and Numenian&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;[[Jim Allan]]&#039;s &#039;&#039;[[Report from Marquette]]&#039;&#039;&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; names of the Tengwar. When two values are given (separated with a &#039;&#039;&#039;/&#039;&#039;&#039; slash), the first refers to the Elvish variation and the second to the [[Mannish]] or Westron variation. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Note that the dashes indicate when the letter is used initially or finally and/or as a diphthong element.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{| border=&amp;quot;1&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
! colspan=&amp;quot;2&amp;quot; | Tincotéma&lt;br /&gt;
! colspan=&amp;quot;2&amp;quot; | Parmatéma&lt;br /&gt;
! colspan=&amp;quot;2&amp;quot; | Calmatéma&lt;br /&gt;
! colspan=&amp;quot;2&amp;quot; | Quessetéma&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|1}}&lt;br /&gt;
| t&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Tinco/Tó&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|q}}&lt;br /&gt;
| p&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Parma/Pí&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|a}}&lt;br /&gt;
| ch (as in &#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;ch&#039;&#039;&#039;ur&#039;&#039;&#039;ch&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;)&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Calma/Ché&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|z}}&lt;br /&gt;
| k&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Quesse/Ká&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|2}}&lt;br /&gt;
| d&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Ando/Dó&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|w}}&lt;br /&gt;
| b&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Umbar/Bí&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|s}}&lt;br /&gt;
|j&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Anga/Jé&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|x}}&lt;br /&gt;
| g&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Ungwe/Gá&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|3}}&lt;br /&gt;
| th&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Súle/Thó&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|e}}&lt;br /&gt;
| f&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Formen/Fí&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|d}}&lt;br /&gt;
|sh&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Aha/Shé&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|c}}&lt;br /&gt;
| ch/h (as in &#039;&#039;lo&#039;&#039;&#039;ch&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;)&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Hwesta/Aha (or Oha)&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|4}}&lt;br /&gt;
| dh&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Anto/Adhó&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|r}}&lt;br /&gt;
| v&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Ampa/Ví&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|f}}&lt;br /&gt;
| zh&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Anca/Izhe&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|v}}&lt;br /&gt;
|gh&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Unque/Agha&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|5}}&lt;br /&gt;
| n&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Númen/Nó&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|t}}&lt;br /&gt;
| m&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Malta/Mí&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|g}}&lt;br /&gt;
| ny&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Noldo/Nyé&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|b}}&lt;br /&gt;
| ng&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Nwalme/Ngá&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|6}}&lt;br /&gt;
| -r/r&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Óre/Ar&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|y}}&lt;br /&gt;
| w, -u/w&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Vala/Wí&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|h}}&lt;br /&gt;
| -i/y&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Anna/Yé&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|n}}&lt;br /&gt;
|&amp;amp;rsquo;?&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;&amp;amp;rsquo;á&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! colspan=&amp;quot;8&amp;quot; | Additional Tengwar:&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|7}}&lt;br /&gt;
| r&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Rómen/Aro&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|u}}&lt;br /&gt;
| rh&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Arda/Rho&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|j}}&lt;br /&gt;
| l&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Lambe/Alo&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|m}}&lt;br /&gt;
| lh&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Alda/Lho&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|8}}&lt;br /&gt;
| s&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Silme/Só&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|i}}&lt;br /&gt;
|s&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Silme Nuquerna/Ós&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|k}}&lt;br /&gt;
| ss/z&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Esse/Azo&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|,}}&lt;br /&gt;
| z&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Oza&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|9}}&lt;br /&gt;
| h&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Hyarmen/Há&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|l}}&lt;br /&gt;
| i-, -e&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Yanta/Ai&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|o}}&lt;br /&gt;
| wh&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Hwesta Sindarinwa/Whí&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|.}}&lt;br /&gt;
| -u?&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Úre/Au&lt;br /&gt;
|}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The following is a full mode variety, related mainly to the north, and uses Tengwar (and carriers) as vowels. It was probably created in [[Arnor]], influenced from the Mode of Beleriand used in [[Rivendell]]. Even the [[Dwarves|dwarf]] [[Ori]] wrote in this hand in the [[Book of Mazarbul]]&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;The second page of the Book of Mazarbul ([http://www.forodrim.org/daeron/mdtci.html#DTS13 DTS13]) said to be written by Ori, is categorized to belong to the Northern Variety [http://at.mansbjorkman.net/teng_modes.htm here]&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{| border=&amp;quot;1&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
! colspan=&amp;quot;2&amp;quot; | Tincotéma&lt;br /&gt;
! colspan=&amp;quot;2&amp;quot; | Parmatéma&lt;br /&gt;
! colspan=&amp;quot;2&amp;quot; | Calmatéma&lt;br /&gt;
! colspan=&amp;quot;2&amp;quot; | Quessetéma&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|1}}&lt;br /&gt;
| t&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Tinco/Tó&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|q}}&lt;br /&gt;
| p&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Parma/Pí&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|a}}&lt;br /&gt;
|ch (as in &#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;ch&#039;&#039;&#039;ur&#039;&#039;&#039;ch&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;)&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Calma/Ché&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|z}}&lt;br /&gt;
| k&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Quesse/Ká&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|2}}&lt;br /&gt;
| d&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Ando/Dó&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|w}}&lt;br /&gt;
| b&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Umbar/Bí&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|s}}&lt;br /&gt;
|j&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;AngaJé&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|x}}&lt;br /&gt;
| g&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Ungwe/Gá&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|3}}&lt;br /&gt;
| th&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Súle/Thó&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|e}}&lt;br /&gt;
| f&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Formen/Fí&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|d}}&lt;br /&gt;
|sh&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Aha/Shé&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|c}}&lt;br /&gt;
| ch/h (as in &#039;&#039;lo&#039;&#039;&#039;ch&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Hwesta/Aha&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|4}}&lt;br /&gt;
| dh&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Anto/Adhó&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|r}}&lt;br /&gt;
| v&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Ampa/Ví&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|f}}&lt;br /&gt;
|zh&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Anca/Izhe&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|v}}&lt;br /&gt;
|gh&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Unque/Agha&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|5}}&lt;br /&gt;
| n&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Númen/Nó&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|t}}&lt;br /&gt;
| m&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Malta/Mí&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|g}}&lt;br /&gt;
|ny&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Noldo/Nyé&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|b}}&lt;br /&gt;
| ng&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Nwalme/Ngá&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|6}}&lt;br /&gt;
| -r/r&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Óre/Ar&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|y}}&lt;br /&gt;
| w, -u/u&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Vala/Wí&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|h}}&lt;br /&gt;
| o&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Anna/Yé&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|n}}&lt;br /&gt;
|a&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;&#039;a&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! colspan=&amp;quot;8&amp;quot; | Additional Tengwar:&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|7}}&lt;br /&gt;
| r&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Rómen/Aro&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|u}}&lt;br /&gt;
| rh&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Arda/Rho&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|j}}&lt;br /&gt;
| l&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Lambe/Alo&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|m}}&lt;br /&gt;
| lh&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Alda/Lho&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|8}}&lt;br /&gt;
| s&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Silme/Só&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|i}}&lt;br /&gt;
|s&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Silme Nuquerna/Ós&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|k}}&lt;br /&gt;
| ss/z&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Esse/Azo&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|,}}&lt;br /&gt;
| z&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Esse Nuquerna/Oza&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|9}}&lt;br /&gt;
| h&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Hyarmen/Há&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|l}}&lt;br /&gt;
| i-, -e/e&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Yanta/Ai&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|o}}&lt;br /&gt;
| wh&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Hwesta Sindarinwa/Whí&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|.}}&lt;br /&gt;
| w&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Úre/Au&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|{{tg|`B}}	&lt;br /&gt;
|i	&lt;br /&gt;
|{{tg|~B}}	&lt;br /&gt;
|i-/y-&lt;br /&gt;
|{{tg|]}}&lt;br /&gt;
|a	&lt;br /&gt;
| {{tg|š}}&lt;br /&gt;
| mh&lt;br /&gt;
|}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Other modes==&lt;br /&gt;
Just as with any alphabetic writing system, every specific language written in Tengwar requires a specific orthography, depending on the phonology of that language. These Tengwar orthographies are usually called &#039;&#039;modes&#039;&#039;. All of them use as a basis the &amp;quot;[[Tengwar#Structure|theoretical values]]&amp;quot; table above, corresponding the letters to the phonemes of each language&#039;s phonology, and even drop out the characters that would be useless.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
All the modes can be divided into two large categories: &lt;br /&gt;
*Some represent vowels with diacritics called &#039;&#039;&#039;[[tehtar]]&#039;&#039;&#039; or &#039;&#039;[[ómatehtar]]&#039;&#039; (&amp;quot;vowel tehtar&amp;quot;), like the [[Quenya mode]].&lt;br /&gt;
*The &amp;quot;full writing&amp;quot; modes represent vowels by normal letters, such as the [[Quanta Sarmë]] or the [[Mode of Beleriand]].&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Furthermore, some modes map the basic consonants to {{IPA|/t/}}, {{IPA|/p/}}, {{IPA|/k/}}, and {{IPA|/kʷ/}}, while others (generally [[Mannish]]) use them to represent {{IPA|/t/}}, {{IPA|/p/}}, {{IPA|/tʃ/}}, and {{IPA|/k/}}.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== External History ==&lt;br /&gt;
The [[sarati]], a script developed by Tolkien in the late 1910s that is described in &#039;&#039;[[Parma Eldalamberon]] 13&#039;&#039;, anticipates many features of the Tengwar, especially the vowel representation by diacritics (which is found in many Tengwar varieties), different Tengwar shapes and a few correspondances between sound features and letter shape features (though inconsistent).&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Even closer to the Tengwar is the [[Valmaric script]], described in &#039;&#039;Parma Eldalamberon 14&#039;&#039;, which Tolkien used from about 1922 to 1925. It features many Tengwar shapes and the inherent vowel {{IPA|[a]}} found in some Tengwar varieties. The tables in the samples V12 and V13 show an arrangement that is very similar to the one of the primary Tengwar in the classical Quenya &amp;quot;mode&amp;quot;.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The Tengwar were probably developed in the late 1920s or in the early 1930s. &#039;&#039;The Lonely Mountain Jar Inscription&#039;&#039;, the first published Tengwar sample, dates to 1937 (&#039;&#039;[[The Hobbit]]&#039;&#039;, most editions). The full explanation of the Tengwar was published in Appendix E of &#039;&#039;[[The Lord of the Rings]]&#039;&#039; in 1955.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Inspiration==&lt;br /&gt;
[[Jim Allan]] (&#039;&#039;[[An Introduction to Elvish]]&#039;&#039;, ISBN 0-905220-10-2) compared the Tengwar with the &#039;&#039;Universal Alphabet&#039;&#039; of Francis Lodwick of 1686, both on grounds of the correspondence between shape features, sound features and of the actual letter shapes. A correspondence between shape features and sound features is also found in the Korean Hangul alphabet. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
It is not known whether Tolkien was aware of these previous scripts. However, considering the sarati and the valmaric script that he already invented in his youth, it is conceivable that Tolkien developed the idea of a general correspondence between shape features and sound features by himself.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
It is likewise not known whether the shapes of several Tengwar were inspired by the insular minuscule script (used to write Anglo-saxon) or the gothic textura and cursive scripts (used to write Middle English), with which Tolkien was familiar through reading medieval manuscripts in these languages in his professional capacity as a linguist.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Tengwar study==&lt;br /&gt;
===Modes===&lt;br /&gt;
As the peoples of Middle-earth used various modes of Tengwar, and as Tolkien wrote English, [[Old English]] and [[Norse]] in Tengwar, [[fandom|fans]] have created Tengwar modes for real languages. There are modes to write French, Swedish, Latin or Spanish. &lt;br /&gt;
=== Encoding Schemes ===&lt;br /&gt;
==== Non-Unicode ====&lt;br /&gt;
The contemporary de facto standard in the Tengwar user community maps the Tengwar characters onto the regular English character encoding following the example of the [http://www.gis.net/~dansmith/fonts/font_tengwar/ Tengwar typefaces] by [[Dan Smith]]. A drawback of the font solution is that, if no corresponding Tengwar font is installed, an awful string of [[wikipedia:Mojibake|nonsense characters]] appears.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Since there is not enough place for all the signs, certain signs are included in a &amp;quot;Tengwar A&amp;quot; font which also maps its characters on ISO 8859-1, overlapping with the first font.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
For each Tengwar diacritic there are four different codepoints that are used depending on the width of the character which bears it.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Other Tengwar typefaces with Dan Smith&#039;s encoding include [http://home.student.uu.se/j/jowi4905/fonts/annatar.html Johan Winge&#039;s Tengwar Annatar], [http://at.mansbjorkman.net/parmaite.htm Måns Björkman&#039;s Tengwar Parmaite], [http://www.geocities.com/enrombell/Archivos.htm Enrique Mombello&#039;s Tengwar Élfica] or [http://www.limes.com.pl/~miszka/ Michal Nowakowski&#039;s Tengwar Formal] (note that most of these differ in details).&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The following sample shows the first article of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights written in English according to the traditional English orthography. If no Tengwar font is installed, it will look nonsense since the corresponding ISO 8859-1 characters (Roman letters, numbers and signs) will appear instead.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{tg|j#¸ 9t&amp;amp;5# w`Vb%_ 6EO w6Y5 e7~V 2{( zèVj# 5% 2x%51T`Û 2{( 7v%1+º 4hR 7EO 2{$yYO2 y4% 7]F85^ 2{( z5^8i`B5$i( 2{( dyYj2 zE1 1`N ]Fa 4^(6 5% `C 8q7T1T W w74^(69~N2º}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==== Unicode ====&lt;br /&gt;
A proposal has been made by Michael Everson to include the Tengwar in the [[Unicode]] standard. The codepoints are subject to change; the range U+016080 to U+0160FF in the Supplementary Multilingual Plane is tentatively allocated for Tengwar according to the current [http://www.unicode.org/roadmaps/smp/ Unicode roadmap].&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Tengwar are currently included in the unofficial ConScript Unicode Registry, which assigns codepoints in the Private Use Area. Tengwar are mapped to the range U+E000 to U+E07F. The following Unicode sample (which repeats the one above) is meaningful when viewed under a typeface supporting Tengwar glyphs in the area defined in the ConScript Tengwar proposal. Some typefaces that support this proposal are [http://www.evertype.com/emono/ Everson Mono], [http://freetengwar.sourceforge.net/tengtelc.html Tengwar Telcontar], [http://www.kreativekorp.com/software/fonts/constructium.shtml Constructium], [http://freetengwar.sourceforge.net/formal.html Tengwar Formal Unicode], and [http://freetengwar.sourceforge.net/freemonotengwar.html FreeMonoTengwar] ([http://www.code2000.net/ James Kass]&#039;s Code2000 and Code2001 use an older, incompatible version of the proposal).&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;blockquote style=&amp;quot;font-family: &#039;Tengwar Formal CSUR&#039;, &#039;FreeMonoTengwar&#039;, &#039;Constructium&#039;, &#039;Everson Mono&#039;, &#039;Tengwar Formal Unicode&#039;, &#039;Tengwar Telcontar&#039;, &#039;Everson Mono&#039;; font-size: 150%; line-height: 120%&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&amp;amp;#xe022;&amp;amp;#xe051;&amp;amp;#xe040; &amp;amp;#xe028;&amp;amp;#xe011;&amp;amp;#xe04c;&amp;amp;#xe010;&amp;amp;#xe040; &amp;amp;#xe005;&amp;amp;#xe02e;&amp;amp;#xe046;&amp;amp;#xe013;&amp;amp;#xe044;&amp;amp;#xe058; &amp;amp;#xe014;&amp;amp;#xe045;&amp;amp;#xe040; &amp;amp;#xe005;&amp;amp;#xe014;&amp;amp;#xe04a;&amp;amp;#xe010; &amp;amp;#xe009;&amp;amp;#xe020;&amp;amp;#xe02e;&amp;amp;#xe046;&amp;amp;#xe02e;&amp;amp;#xe046; &amp;amp;#xe004;&amp;amp;#xe050;&amp;amp;#xe045; &amp;amp;#xe003;&amp;amp;#xe052;&amp;amp;#xe046;&amp;amp;#xe022;&amp;amp;#xe040; &amp;amp;#xe010;&amp;amp;#xe044; &amp;amp;#xe004;&amp;amp;#xe007;&amp;amp;#xe044;&amp;amp;#xe010;&amp;amp;#xe000;&amp;amp;#xe044;&amp;amp;#xe02e;&amp;amp;#xe053; &amp;amp;#xe004;&amp;amp;#xe050;&amp;amp;#xe045; &amp;amp;#xe020;&amp;amp;#xe00f;&amp;amp;#xe044;&amp;amp;#xe000;&amp;amp;#xe058; ⸬ &amp;amp;#xe00c;&amp;amp;#xe016;&amp;amp;#xe046; &amp;amp;#xe020;&amp;amp;#xe045;&amp;amp;#xe040; &amp;amp;#xe004;&amp;amp;#xe050;&amp;amp;#xe046;&amp;amp;#xe015;&amp;amp;#xe045;&amp;amp;#xe04a;&amp;amp;#xe004; &amp;amp;#xe015;&amp;amp;#xe00c;&amp;amp;#xe044; &amp;amp;#xe020;&amp;amp;#xe032;&amp;amp;#xe046;&amp;amp;#xe024;&amp;amp;#xe010;&amp;amp;#xe04a; &amp;amp;#xe004;&amp;amp;#xe050;&amp;amp;#xe045; &amp;amp;#xe003;&amp;amp;#xe010;&amp;amp;#xe04a;&amp;amp;#xe024;&amp;amp;#xe025;&amp;amp;#xe02e;&amp;amp;#xe044;&amp;amp;#xe025;&amp;amp;#xe050;&amp;amp;#xe045; &amp;amp;#xe004;&amp;amp;#xe050;&amp;amp;#xe045; &amp;amp;#xe00a;&amp;amp;#xe015;&amp;amp;#xe04a;&amp;amp;#xe022;&amp;amp;#xe004; &amp;amp;#xe003;&amp;amp;#xe040;&amp;amp;#xe000; &amp;amp;#xe000;&amp;amp;#xe015;&amp;amp;#xe04a;&amp;amp;#xe014;&amp;amp;#xe040;&amp;amp;#xe004;&amp;amp;#xe058; &amp;amp;#xe010;&amp;amp;#xe045;&amp;amp;#xe04a; &amp;amp;#xe010;&amp;amp;#xe040;&amp;amp;#xe00c;&amp;amp;#xe04a;&amp;amp;#xe020;&amp;amp;#xe046; &amp;amp;#xe010;&amp;amp;#xe044; &amp;amp;#xe02e;&amp;amp;#xe040; &amp;amp;#xe024;&amp;amp;#xe001;&amp;amp;#xe020;&amp;amp;#xe044;&amp;amp;#xe000;&amp;amp;#xe044; &amp;amp;#xe01d; &amp;amp;#xe005;&amp;amp;#xe020;&amp;amp;#xe00c;&amp;amp;#xe04a;&amp;amp;#xe014;&amp;amp;#xe046;&amp;amp;#xe028;&amp;amp;#xe004;&amp;amp;#xe04a;&amp;amp;#xe04a; ⸬&amp;lt;/blockquote&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Uses outside the legendarium===&lt;br /&gt;
Random (meaningless) Tengwar appears stylistically in a prop of an ancient tome in the [[Wikipedia:Within Temptation|Within Temptation]] music video for &amp;quot;Stand My Ground&amp;quot;. Tengwar also appears in the computer game &#039;&#039;[[Wikipedia:Atlantis: The Lost Tales|Atlantis: The Lost Tales]]&#039;&#039; and the &#039;&#039;[[Wikipedia:Alone in the Dar|Alone in the Dark]]&#039;&#039; comic book.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Several linguists, such as [[Wikipedia:Eric S. Raymond|Eric S. Raymond]], promote the usage of Tengwar for the constructed language [[Wikipedia:Lojban|Lojban]] as it is culturally neutral and contains some main Lojban morphology rules, making Lojban easier to learn when it is written with Tengwar.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Kena. [http://vodka-pomme.net/projects/tengwar-for-lojban/lojteng#learn  &#039;&#039;Lojban using tengwar - why?&#039;&#039;] (accessed August 2007)&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; (Another suggested mode can be seen [http://www.catb.org/~esr/tengwar/lojban-tengwar.html there]).&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== See also ==&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Sarati]]&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Cirth]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== External Links ==&lt;br /&gt;
*[http://www.forodrim.org/daeron/md_teng_primers.html Tengwar tutorials]&lt;br /&gt;
* [http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/History_of_Elven_writing_systems History of Elven writing systems] Wikibook on the secondary-world history of the Elven writing systems&lt;br /&gt;
* [http://at.mansbjorkman.net/tengwar.htm Amanye Tenceli - The Tengwar] A comprehensive study of the Tengwar script&lt;br /&gt;
* [http://www.forodrim.org/daeron/mdtci.html The Mellonath Daeron Index of Tengwar Specimina] &amp;amp;mdash; a continuously expanding list of all published Tengwar samples&lt;br /&gt;
* [http://www.tengwar.art.pl/tengwar/fonty.php A comprehensive list of Tengwar fonts] (in Polish, but still useful even if you can&#039;t read the language)&lt;br /&gt;
* [http://www.omniglot.com/conscripts/tengwar.htm Omniglot reference]&lt;br /&gt;
* [http://www.geocities.com/TimesSquare/4948/tengwar Tengwar] by Dan Smith&lt;br /&gt;
* [http://www.geocities.com/tengwar2001/ Tolkien Script Publishing]&lt;br /&gt;
* [http://tengwar.art.pl/tengwar/ott/start.php?l=en Online Tengwar transcriber]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== Modes ===&lt;br /&gt;
* [http://at.mansbjorkman.net/teng_general_english.htm Tengwar Mode for English (general use)]&lt;br /&gt;
* [http://www.duvendor.com.br/amanye/Downloads/FTMME_Text.pdf Full Tengwar Modes for Modern English]&lt;br /&gt;
* [http://catb.org/~esr/tengwar/ ESR&#039;s Tengwar modes for Esperanto and Lojban languages]&lt;br /&gt;
* [http://lambenor.free.fr/tengwar/espanol.html Tengwar mode for Spanish]&lt;br /&gt;
* [http://my.opera.com/tengwarblog/blog/deutscher-tengwar-modus Tengwar mode for German (full writing)]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== Software ===&lt;br /&gt;
* [http://tengwar.art.pl/tengwar/ott/start.php?l=en Online Tengwar transcriber]&lt;br /&gt;
* [http://at.mansbjorkman.net/tengscribe.htm  Tengwar Scribe] (Win32)&lt;br /&gt;
* [http://jadro.ludviku.cz/yatt/  YATT (Win32) and YATT lite (Linux, Mac)]&lt;br /&gt;
* [http://tengwar.art.pl/ktt/  KTT] (Linux+KDE)&lt;br /&gt;
* [http://www.acondia.com/font_tengwar/TengwarMacros_v19F.zip Tengwar Macros for Microsoft Word/97 and Word/2000]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
More of Tengwar software on [http://tengwar.art.pl/tengwar/programy.php Tengwar Feanora] web-site (in Polish).&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== Technical ===&lt;br /&gt;
* [http://wikisophia.org/wiki/Wikitex#Teng WikiTeX] supports editing Tengwar directly in Wiki articles.&lt;br /&gt;
* [http://std.dkuug.dk/jtc1/sc2/wg2/docs/n1641/n1641.htm Official proposal to encode Tengwar in Unicode]&lt;br /&gt;
* [http://www.evertype.com/standards/csur/tengwar.html Tengwar proposal for ConScript Unicode Registry]&lt;br /&gt;
* [http://movies.groups.yahoo.com/group/elfscript/message/30 Critique on the official proposal to encode Tengwar in Unicode]&lt;br /&gt;
* [http://www.evertype.com/standards/iso10646/pdf/tengwar.pdf Revised Tengwar proposal]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{references}}&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;small&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
* Christopher Tolkien, &#039;&#039;The Tengwar Numerals&#039;&#039;, in &#039;&#039;[[Quettar]]&#039;&#039; 13, Feb. 1982, pp. 8-9; a further, untitled, explanation of the Tengwar numerals by Christopher Tolkien appeared in &#039;&#039;Quettar&#039;&#039; 14, May 1982, pp. 6-7.&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/small&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
{{languages}}&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Quenya nouns]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Tengwar]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Writing systems]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[de:Tengwar]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[fr:encyclo/langues/tengwar]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[fi:Tengwar]]&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Sadron</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=User:Sadron&amp;diff=312039</id>
		<title>User:Sadron</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=User:Sadron&amp;diff=312039"/>
		<updated>2020-04-22T15:16:55Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Sadron: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;Mae govannen, I eneth nîn Sadron.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Hello, my name is Sadron.&lt;br /&gt;
Like many of you, I am really into the Lord of The Rings and Hobbit books/movies. I have learned 3 modes of Tengwar: Sindarin, Quenya, and English. I am currently learning the mode of Bereliand, and have just recently begun to learn the language of Sindarin. I hope to be able to make some contributions to this web site and to gain a lot of new info of the Tolkien universe.&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;hr /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Hola, me llamo Sadron.&lt;br /&gt;
Como muchos de ustedes, estoy realmente interesado en los libros/películas de El señor de los anillos y Hobbit. He aprendido 3 modos de Tengwar: sindarin, quenya e inglés. Actualmente estoy aprendiendo el modo de Bereliand, y recientemente comencé a aprender el idioma sindarin. Espero poder hacer algunas contribuciones a este sitio web y obtener mucha información nueva del universo Tolkien.&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;hr /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Bonjour, je m&#039;appelle Sadron.&lt;br /&gt;
Comme beaucoup d&#039;entre vous, je suis vraiment dans les livres/films du Seigneur des Anneaux et du Hobbit. J&#039;ai appris 3 modes de Tengwar: le sindarin, le quenya et l&#039;anglais. J&#039;apprends actuellement le mode de Bereliand, et ai récemment commencé à apprendre la langue de Sindarin. J&#039;espère pouvoir apporter quelques contributions à ce site web et gagner beaucoup de nouvelles infos sur l&#039;univers Tolkien.&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;hr /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Hej, jag heter Sadron.&lt;br /&gt;
Liksom många av er är jag verkligen i Lord of The Rings och Hobbit-böcker/filmer. Jag har lärt mig tre lägen av Tengwar: Sindarin, Quenya och engelska. Jag lär mig för närvarande läget för Bereliand och har nyligen börjat lära mig Sindarinas språk. Jag hoppas kunna ge några bidrag till den här webbplatsen och få mycket ny information om Tolkien universum.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
--[[User:Sadron|Sadron]] 15:16, 22 April 2020 (UTC)&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Sadron</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=User:Sadron&amp;diff=312038</id>
		<title>User:Sadron</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=User:Sadron&amp;diff=312038"/>
		<updated>2020-04-22T15:11:11Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Sadron: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;Mae govannen, I eneth nîn Sadron.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Hello, my name is Sadron.&lt;br /&gt;
Like many of you, I am really into the Lord of The Rings and Hobbit books/movies. I have learned 3 modes of Tengwar: Sindarin, Quenya, and English. I am currently learning the mode of Bereliand, and have just recently begun to learn the language of Sindarin. I hope to be able to make some contributions to this web site and to gain a lot of new info of the Tolkien universe.&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;hr /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Hola, me llamo Sadron.&lt;br /&gt;
Como muchos de ustedes, estoy realmente interesado en los libros/películas de El señor de los anillos y Hobbit. He aprendido 3 modos de Tengwar: sindarin, quenya e inglés. Actualmente estoy aprendiendo el modo de Bereliand, y recientemente comencé a aprender el idioma sindarin. Espero poder hacer algunas contribuciones a este sitio web y obtener mucha información nueva del universo Tolkien.&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;hr /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Bonjour, je m&#039;appelle Sadron.&lt;br /&gt;
Comme beaucoup d&#039;entre vous, je suis vraiment dans les livres/films du Seigneur des Anneaux et du Hobbit. J&#039;ai appris 3 modes de Tengwar: le sindarin, le quenya et l&#039;anglais. J&#039;apprends actuellement le mode de Bereliand, et ai récemment commencé à apprendre la langue de Sindarin. J&#039;espère pouvoir apporter quelques contributions à ce site web et gagner beaucoup de nouvelles infos sur l&#039;univers Tolkien.&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;hr /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Hej, jag heter Sadron.&lt;br /&gt;
Liksom många av er är jag verkligen i Lord of The Rings och Hobbit-böcker/filmer. Jag har lärt mig tre lägen av Tengwar: Sindarin, Quenya och engelska. Jag lär mig för närvarande läget för Bereliand och har nyligen börjat lära mig Sindarinas språk. Jag hoppas kunna ge några bidrag till den här webbplatsen och få mycket ny information om Tolkien universum.&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Sadron</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=User:Sadron&amp;diff=312037</id>
		<title>User:Sadron</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=User:Sadron&amp;diff=312037"/>
		<updated>2020-04-22T15:10:21Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Sadron: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;Mae govannen, I eneth nîn Sadron.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Hello, my name is Sadron.&lt;br /&gt;
Like many of you, I am really into the Lord of The Rings and Hobbit books/movies. I have learned 3 modes of Tengwar: Sindarin, Quenya, and English. I am currently learning the mode of Bereliand, and have just recently begun to learn the language of Sindarin. I hope to be able to make some contributions to this web site and to gain a lot of new info of the Tolkien universe.&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;hr /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Hola, me llamo Sadron.Como muchos de ustedes, estoy realmente interesado en los libros/películas de El señor de los anillos y Hobbit. He aprendido 3 modos de Tengwar: sindarin, quenya e inglés. Actualmente estoy aprendiendo el modo de Bereliand, y recientemente comencé a aprender el idioma sindarin. Espero poder hacer algunas contribuciones a este sitio web y obtener mucha información nueva del universo Tolkien.&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;hr /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Bonjour, je m&#039;appelle Sadron.Comme beaucoup d&#039;entre vous, je suis vraiment dans les livres/films du Seigneur des Anneaux et du Hobbit. J&#039;ai appris 3 modes de Tengwar: le sindarin, le quenya et l&#039;anglais. J&#039;apprends actuellement le mode de Bereliand, et ai récemment commencé à apprendre la langue de Sindarin. J&#039;espère pouvoir apporter quelques contributions à ce site web et gagner beaucoup de nouvelles infos sur l&#039;univers Tolkien.&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;hr /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Hej, jag heter Sadron.Liksom många av er är jag verkligen i Lord of The Rings och Hobbit-böcker/filmer. Jag har lärt mig tre lägen av Tengwar: Sindarin, Quenya och engelska. Jag lär mig för närvarande läget för Bereliand och har nyligen börjat lära mig Sindarinas språk. Jag hoppas kunna ge några bidrag till den här webbplatsen och få mycket ny information om Tolkien universum.&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Sadron</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=User:Sadron&amp;diff=312036</id>
		<title>User:Sadron</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=User:Sadron&amp;diff=312036"/>
		<updated>2020-04-22T15:09:55Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Sadron: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;Mae govannen, I eneth nîn Sadron.&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;hr /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Hello, my name is Sadron.&lt;br /&gt;
Like many of you, I am really into the Lord of The Rings and Hobbit books/movies. I have learned 3 modes of Tengwar: Sindarin, Quenya, and English. I am currently learning the mode of Bereliand, and have just recently begun to learn the language of Sindarin. I hope to be able to make some contributions to this web site and to gain a lot of new info of the Tolkien universe.&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;hr /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Hola, me llamo Sadron.Como muchos de ustedes, estoy realmente interesado en los libros/películas de El señor de los anillos y Hobbit. He aprendido 3 modos de Tengwar: sindarin, quenya e inglés. Actualmente estoy aprendiendo el modo de Bereliand, y recientemente comencé a aprender el idioma sindarin. Espero poder hacer algunas contribuciones a este sitio web y obtener mucha información nueva del universo Tolkien.&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;hr /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Bonjour, je m&#039;appelle Sadron.Comme beaucoup d&#039;entre vous, je suis vraiment dans les livres/films du Seigneur des Anneaux et du Hobbit. J&#039;ai appris 3 modes de Tengwar: le sindarin, le quenya et l&#039;anglais. J&#039;apprends actuellement le mode de Bereliand, et ai récemment commencé à apprendre la langue de Sindarin. J&#039;espère pouvoir apporter quelques contributions à ce site web et gagner beaucoup de nouvelles infos sur l&#039;univers Tolkien.&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;hr /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Hej, jag heter Sadron.Liksom många av er är jag verkligen i Lord of The Rings och Hobbit-böcker/filmer. Jag har lärt mig tre lägen av Tengwar: Sindarin, Quenya och engelska. Jag lär mig för närvarande läget för Bereliand och har nyligen börjat lära mig Sindarinas språk. Jag hoppas kunna ge några bidrag till den här webbplatsen och få mycket ny information om Tolkien universum.&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Sadron</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=User:Sadron&amp;diff=312035</id>
		<title>User:Sadron</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=User:Sadron&amp;diff=312035"/>
		<updated>2020-04-22T15:09:03Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Sadron: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;Mae govannen, I eneth nîn Sadron.&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;hr /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Hello, my name is Sadron.&lt;br /&gt;
Like many of you, I am really into the Lord of The Rings and Hobbit books/movies. I have learned 3 modes of Tengwar: Sindarin, Quenya, and English. I am currently learning the mode of Bereliand, and have just recently begun to learn the language of Sindarin. I hope to be able to make some contributions to this web site and to gain a lot of new info of the Tolkien universe.&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;hr /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Hola, me llamo Sadron.Como muchos de ustedes, estoy realmente interesado en los libros/películas de El señor de los anillos y Hobbit. He aprendido 3 modos de Tengwar: sindarin, quenya e inglés. Actualmente estoy aprendiendo el modo de Bereliand, y recientemente comencé a aprender el idioma sindarin. Espero poder hacer algunas contribuciones a este sitio web y obtener mucha información nueva del universo Tolkien.&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;hr /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Bonjour, je m&#039;appelle Sadron.Comme beaucoup d&#039;entre vous, je suis vraiment dans les livres/films du Seigneur des Anneaux et du Hobbit. J&#039;ai appris 3 modes de Tengwar: le sindarin, le quenya et l&#039;anglais. J&#039;apprends actuellement le mode de Bereliand, et ai récemment commencé à apprendre la langue de Sindarin. J&#039;espère pouvoir apporter quelques contributions à ce site web et gagner beaucoup de nouvelles infos sur l&#039;univers Tolkien.&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;hr /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Hej, jag heter Sadron.Liksom många av er är jag verkligen i Lord of The Rings och Hobbit-böcker/filmer. Jag har lärt mig tre lägen av Tengwar: Sindarin, Quenya och engelska. Jag lär mig för närvarande läget för Bereliand och har nyligen börjat lära mig Sindarinas språk. Jag hoppas kunna ge några bidrag till den här webbplatsen och få mycket ny information om Tolkien universum.&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Sadron</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=Barad-d%C3%BBr&amp;diff=312034</id>
		<title>Barad-dûr</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=Barad-d%C3%BBr&amp;diff=312034"/>
		<updated>2020-04-22T15:01:22Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Sadron: /* Reconstruction */&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;{{location infobox&lt;br /&gt;
| name=Barad-dûr&lt;br /&gt;
| image=[[File:John Howe - The Dark Tower 01.jpg|250px]]&lt;br /&gt;
| caption=&amp;quot;The Dark Tower&amp;quot; by [[John Howe]]&lt;br /&gt;
| pronun=&lt;br /&gt;
| othernames=Lugburz, The Dark Tower&lt;br /&gt;
| location=North-western [[Mordor]], on the [[Plateau of Gorgoroth]]&lt;br /&gt;
| type=Tower&lt;br /&gt;
| description=Gargantuan tower&lt;br /&gt;
| regions=&lt;br /&gt;
| towns=&lt;br /&gt;
| inhabitants=[[Sauron]], [[Nazgûl]], [[Orcs]]&lt;br /&gt;
| created=c. {{SA|1000}}&lt;br /&gt;
| rebuilt={{TA|2942}}-{{TA|2953|n}}&lt;br /&gt;
| destroyed={{TA|3019}}&lt;br /&gt;
| events=[[Siege of Barad-dur]], [[Downfall of Barad-dûr]]&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{Pronounce|Barad-dur.mp3|Ardamir}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;center&amp;gt;{{quote|...wall upon wall, battlement upon battlement, black, immeasurably strong, mountain of iron, gate of steel, tower of adamant... Barad-dûr, fortress of Sauron.|Vision of [[Frodo Baggins]]&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Breaking&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{FR|Breaking}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;}}&amp;lt;/center&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;Barad-dûr&#039;&#039;&#039;, also known as the &#039;&#039;&#039;Dark Tower&#039;&#039;&#039;, was the chief fortress of [[Sauron]], on the [[Plateau of Gorgoroth]] in [[Mordor]]. Known in [[Black Speech]] as &#039;&#039;&#039;[[Barad-dûr#Etymology|Lugbúrz]]&#039;&#039;&#039;, the Eye of Sauron kept watch over [[Middle-earth]] from its highest tower.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Description==&lt;br /&gt;
Barad-Dûr was built upon the end of a long southern spur of the [[Ered Lithui]] in the northern part of the Plateau of Gorgoroth. It stood about 30 miles east of [[Mount Doom]] and about 100 miles southeast of the [[Black Gate]]. There was both a road leading north to the Black Gate and Sauron&#039;s road to the [[Cracks of Doom|Sammath Naur]] leading west to Mount Doom.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Mount Doom&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{RK|Doom}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; The latter ran from the Dark Tower&#039;s western gate over a deep abyss, the plain and around the mountain to the dark entrance of the Chambers of Fire.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Barad-Dûr was the greatest fortress ever built since the Fall of [[Angband]]. It was founded upon a mighty iron mountain throne above immeasurable pits and appeared even blacker and darker than the mantling clouds and shades in which it stood. It was immeasurably strong with its countless gargantuan towers, walls and battlements and was made of very hard and unbreakable substances.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Breaking&amp;quot;/&amp;gt; Usually it was described as made of steel, iron or adamant. It had gaping gates, great courts and dungeons with deep and terrible prisons.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Mount Doom&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==History==&lt;br /&gt;
===First Building===&lt;br /&gt;
Sauron began to build Barad-dûr in around {{SA|1000}}, choosing Mordor as a land to make into a stronghold.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Tale&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{App|SA}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; Around {{SA|1600}} he secretly forged the [[The One Ring|One Ring]] in the fires of [[Mount Doom]] and completed his fortress after 600 years of the construction with the power of the Ring. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
During the following years Sauron was able to consolidate his power and extend it into the east.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Rings&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{S|Rings}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; However, in {{SA|3262}}, [[Ar-Pharazôn]], king of [[Númenor]], landed at the [[Umbar|Haven of Umbar]] with a great host and marched north to Mordor. Their splendor and might was so great that Sauron humbled himself before the king and came to Númenor as a hostage.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The year after the Downfall of Númenor in {{SA|3319}} Sauron&#039;s spirit secretly returned to Barad-dûr.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Tale&amp;quot;/&amp;gt; There he worked a terrible shape for himself, took up again the One Ring and prepared for war against the Eldar and the Exiles of Númenor, who had established their realms in [[Arnor]] and [[Gondor]].&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Rings&amp;quot;/&amp;gt; He succeeded in taking [[Minas Ithil]] but in {{SA|3430}}&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Tale&amp;quot;/&amp;gt; [[Elendil]] and [[Gil-galad]] forged the [[Last Alliance of Elves and Men]] and defeated Sauron four years later in the [[Battle of Dagorlad]].&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Rings&amp;quot;/&amp;gt; Then they passed into Mordor and besieged Barad-dûr. The siege lasted for seven years, Gil-galad and Elendil were slain and in {{SA|3441}}&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Tale&amp;quot;/&amp;gt; Sauron was finally defeated.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Rings&amp;quot;/&amp;gt; Isildur son of Elendil cut the One Ring from Sauron&#039;s hand and took it for his own instead of destroying it. The Dark Tower was finally leveled but its foundations remained&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Tale&amp;quot;/&amp;gt; since Barad-dûr was created using the power of the One Ring and couldn&#039;t be destroyed as long as that existed.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Reconstruction===&lt;br /&gt;
Around {{TA|1050}} Sauron returned and secretly made a stronghold at [[Dol Guldur]]. [[Gandalf]] did not discover that Sauron was the master of Dol Guldur until {{TA|2850}}, and in {{TA|2941}} the [[White Council]] attacked the fortress. Forcing Sauron to retreat to Barad-dûr, which the [[Nazgûl]] had prepared for him, and began to rebuild it in {{TA|2951}}.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Tale&amp;quot;/&amp;gt; It was completed in {{TA|2953}},&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Tale&amp;quot;/&amp;gt; and from then on Sauron stayed in Barad-dûr and conducted his war on the free people of Middle-Earth from there.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
On [[25 March|March 25]], {{TA|3019}} the ring-bearer [[Frodo Baggins]] succeeded in destroying the One Ring, although it was the creature [[Gollum]] who actually held the ring as it fell into the [[Cracks of Doom]]. With the Ring destroyed Barad-dûr ultimately collapsed to ruin and Sauron was finally defeated.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{quote|A brief vision he had of swirling cloud, and in the midst of it towers and battlements, tall as hills, founded upon a mighty mountain-throne above immeasurable pits; great courts and dungeons, eyeless prisons sheer as cliffs, and gaping gates of steel and adamant: and then all passed. Towers fell and mountains slid; walls crumbled and melted, crashing down; vast spires of smoke and spouting steams went billowing up, up, until they toppled like an overwhelming wave, and its wild crest curled and came foaming down upon the land. And then at last over the miles between there came a rumble, rising to a deafening crash and roar; the earth shook, the plain heaved and cracked, and Orodruin reeled.|Vision of [[Samwise Gamgee]] from the downfall of Barad-Dûr&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Mount Doom&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Etymology==&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;Barad-dûr&#039;&#039; translates from [[Sindarin]] as &amp;quot;Dark Tower&amp;quot;. The word &#039;&#039;[[Barad]]&#039;&#039; [in this instance] means &amp;quot;tower&amp;quot; (according to many Tolkien recources, &amp;quot;barad&amp;quot; also means fortress or stronghold.) The sindarin suffix,&#039;&#039;[[dûr]]&#039;&#039;, means &amp;quot;dark&amp;quot;.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;App&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{S|Appendix}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;Lugbúrz&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039; was the name of Barad-dûr in the [[Black Speech]], composed of the Black Speech words &#039;&#039;lûg&#039;&#039; (&amp;quot;fortress, lock-up, prison&amp;quot;) and &#039;&#039;[[búrz]]&#039;&#039; (&amp;quot;dark&amp;quot;).&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{TT|III3}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref name=Eldarin&amp;gt;{{PE|17}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;{{rp|79}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The [[Quenya]] versions of &#039;&#039;Barad-dûr&#039;&#039; are &#039;&#039;Taras Lúna&#039;&#039; (&amp;quot;Dark Tower&amp;quot;) and &#039;&#039;Lúnaturco&#039;&#039; (&amp;quot;Dark Stronghold&amp;quot;), never used within the narration.&amp;lt;ref name=Eldarin&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;{{rp|22}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Portrayal in adaptations==&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;center&amp;gt;&amp;lt;gallery&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
File:The Return of the King (1980 film) - Barad-dûr.jpg|&amp;lt;center&amp;gt;[[The Return of the King (1980 film)|&#039;&#039;The Return of the King&#039;&#039; (1980 film)]]&amp;lt;/center&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
File:The Lord of the Rings - The Return of the King - Barad-dûr collapsing.jpg|&amp;lt;center&amp;gt;&#039;&#039;[[The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King]]&#039;&#039;&amp;lt;/center&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
File:The Lord of the Rings - The Fellowship of the Ring (video game) - Barad-dur.png|&amp;lt;center&amp;gt;[[The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring (video game)|&#039;&#039;The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring&#039;&#039; (video game)]]&amp;lt;/center&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
Image:Barad-dur_BFMEI.jpg|&amp;lt;center&amp;gt;&#039;&#039;[[The Lord of the Rings: The Battle for Middle-earth]]&#039;&#039;&amp;lt;/center&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
Image:Barad-dur_BFMEII.jpg|&amp;lt;center&amp;gt;&#039;&#039;[[The Lord of the Rings: The Battle for Middle-earth II]]&#039;&#039;&amp;lt;/center&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/gallery&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/center&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;1980: [[The Return of the King (1980 film)|&#039;&#039;The Return of the King&#039;&#039; (1980 film)]]:&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
:Barad-dûr is portrayed as a simple fortress. During a [[The One Ring|ring]]-induced dream, [[Samwise Gamgee|Sam]] dreams of taking the Ring and storming the Tower, but his common sense gains the upper hand in time.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;[[The Return of the King (1980 film)|&#039;&#039;The Return of the King&#039;&#039; (1980 film)]], &amp;quot;[[Samwise the Strong]]&amp;quot;&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;1981: [[The Lord of the Rings (1981 radio series)|&#039;&#039;The Lord of the Rings&#039;&#039; (1981 radio series)]]:&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
:Barad-dûr is one of the first sites visited. After the [[Witch-king]] captures [[Gollum]] snooping on the edge of Mordor, the [[Mouth of Sauron]] questions the creature in the Dark Tower.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;[[The Lord of the Rings (1981 radio series)|&#039;&#039;The Lord of the Rings&#039;&#039; (1981 radio series)]], &amp;quot;[[The Shadow of the Past (1982 episode)|The Shadow of the Past]]&amp;quot;&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;2001-03: [[The Lord of the Rings (film series)|&#039;&#039;The Lord of the Rings&#039;&#039; (film series)]]:&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
:In the [[The Lord of the Rings (film series)|&#039;&#039;Lord of the Rings&#039;&#039; movies]] by [[Peter Jackson]], [[Richard Taylor]] and his design team built a 9 foot high miniature (&amp;quot;[[Bigatures|big-ature]]&amp;quot;) of Barad-dûr for use in the film.  Using the size scale for the model implemented for the films, the Dark Tower is  depicted as being over 1500 meters (5,000 feet) tall.&lt;br /&gt;
:&#039;&#039;[[The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King|The Return of the King]]&#039;&#039; also shows Barad-dûr as clearly visible from the [[Black Gate]] of Mordor. Even granting its enormous size, it was located one hundred miles away and to the east of the Gate, and behind the inner mountain ridges of [[Udûn (valley)|Udûn]] so [[Aragorn]]&#039;s army would probably not have been able to see it. In the film version, the geography of Mordor seems generally to have been compressed somewhat, perhaps for artistic reasons related to rendering such complex stories in a visual medium. In the case of the Black Gate scene, having Barad-dûr visible from the Gate means that the army can see the Eye of Sauron staring at them.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;2002: [[The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring (video game)|&#039;&#039;The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring&#039;&#039; (video game)]]:&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
:The Tower is briefly visible in the opening scene. [[Galadriel]] narrates a vision from her [[Mirror of Galadriel|Mirror]]. It is only referred to a &amp;quot;The Dark Tower of Mordor&amp;quot;, and it is the base of the [[Nazgûl|Ringwraiths]] (as opposed to [[Minas Morgul]]). The Eye of Sauron is portrayed as a fiery eye at the top, but only visible for a split second.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;2004: &#039;&#039;[[The Lord of the Rings: The Battle for Middle-earth]]&#039;&#039;:&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
:Barad-dûr is shown in the introduction scene, looking similar to its movie design. It does not play a role in any of the campaigns, and does not appear on any of the maps.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;2006: &#039;&#039;[[The Lord of the Rings: The Battle for Middle-earth II]]&#039;&#039;:&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
:Like in its predecessor, the tower of Barad-dûr plays no active role in this game. In the &amp;quot;War of the Ring&amp;quot; mode, it can be seen in the territory of Mordor, but it is absent on the map itself.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==See also==&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Siege of Barad-dûr]] &lt;br /&gt;
* [[Mordor]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{references}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{DEFAULTSORT:Barad-dur}}&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Fortresses]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Mordor]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Towers]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Sindarin locations]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[de:Barad-dûr]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[fi:Barad-dûr]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[fi:Musta Torni]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[fr:encyclo:geographie:villes_tours_et_forteresses:mordor:barad-dur]]&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Sadron</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=Barad-d%C3%BBr&amp;diff=312033</id>
		<title>Barad-dûr</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=Barad-d%C3%BBr&amp;diff=312033"/>
		<updated>2020-04-22T14:54:01Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Sadron: /* Etymology */&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;{{location infobox&lt;br /&gt;
| name=Barad-dûr&lt;br /&gt;
| image=[[File:John Howe - The Dark Tower 01.jpg|250px]]&lt;br /&gt;
| caption=&amp;quot;The Dark Tower&amp;quot; by [[John Howe]]&lt;br /&gt;
| pronun=&lt;br /&gt;
| othernames=Lugburz, The Dark Tower&lt;br /&gt;
| location=North-western [[Mordor]], on the [[Plateau of Gorgoroth]]&lt;br /&gt;
| type=Tower&lt;br /&gt;
| description=Gargantuan tower&lt;br /&gt;
| regions=&lt;br /&gt;
| towns=&lt;br /&gt;
| inhabitants=[[Sauron]], [[Nazgûl]], [[Orcs]]&lt;br /&gt;
| created=c. {{SA|1000}}&lt;br /&gt;
| rebuilt={{TA|2942}}-{{TA|2953|n}}&lt;br /&gt;
| destroyed={{TA|3019}}&lt;br /&gt;
| events=[[Siege of Barad-dur]], [[Downfall of Barad-dûr]]&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{Pronounce|Barad-dur.mp3|Ardamir}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;center&amp;gt;{{quote|...wall upon wall, battlement upon battlement, black, immeasurably strong, mountain of iron, gate of steel, tower of adamant... Barad-dûr, fortress of Sauron.|Vision of [[Frodo Baggins]]&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Breaking&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{FR|Breaking}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;}}&amp;lt;/center&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;Barad-dûr&#039;&#039;&#039;, also known as the &#039;&#039;&#039;Dark Tower&#039;&#039;&#039;, was the chief fortress of [[Sauron]], on the [[Plateau of Gorgoroth]] in [[Mordor]]. Known in [[Black Speech]] as &#039;&#039;&#039;[[Barad-dûr#Etymology|Lugbúrz]]&#039;&#039;&#039;, the Eye of Sauron kept watch over [[Middle-earth]] from its highest tower.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Description==&lt;br /&gt;
Barad-Dûr was built upon the end of a long southern spur of the [[Ered Lithui]] in the northern part of the Plateau of Gorgoroth. It stood about 30 miles east of [[Mount Doom]] and about 100 miles southeast of the [[Black Gate]]. There was both a road leading north to the Black Gate and Sauron&#039;s road to the [[Cracks of Doom|Sammath Naur]] leading west to Mount Doom.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Mount Doom&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{RK|Doom}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; The latter ran from the Dark Tower&#039;s western gate over a deep abyss, the plain and around the mountain to the dark entrance of the Chambers of Fire.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Barad-Dûr was the greatest fortress ever built since the Fall of [[Angband]]. It was founded upon a mighty iron mountain throne above immeasurable pits and appeared even blacker and darker than the mantling clouds and shades in which it stood. It was immeasurably strong with its countless gargantuan towers, walls and battlements and was made of very hard and unbreakable substances.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Breaking&amp;quot;/&amp;gt; Usually it was described as made of steel, iron or adamant. It had gaping gates, great courts and dungeons with deep and terrible prisons.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Mount Doom&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==History==&lt;br /&gt;
===First Building===&lt;br /&gt;
Sauron began to build Barad-dûr in around {{SA|1000}}, choosing Mordor as a land to make into a stronghold.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Tale&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{App|SA}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; Around {{SA|1600}} he secretly forged the [[The One Ring|One Ring]] in the fires of [[Mount Doom]] and completed his fortress after 600 years of the construction with the power of the Ring. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
During the following years Sauron was able to consolidate his power and extend it into the east.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Rings&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{S|Rings}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; However, in {{SA|3262}}, [[Ar-Pharazôn]], king of [[Númenor]], landed at the [[Umbar|Haven of Umbar]] with a great host and marched north to Mordor. Their splendor and might was so great that Sauron humbled himself before the king and came to Númenor as a hostage.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The year after the Downfall of Númenor in {{SA|3319}} Sauron&#039;s spirit secretly returned to Barad-dûr.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Tale&amp;quot;/&amp;gt; There he worked a terrible shape for himself, took up again the One Ring and prepared for war against the Eldar and the Exiles of Númenor, who had established their realms in [[Arnor]] and [[Gondor]].&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Rings&amp;quot;/&amp;gt; He succeeded in taking [[Minas Ithil]] but in {{SA|3430}}&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Tale&amp;quot;/&amp;gt; [[Elendil]] and [[Gil-galad]] forged the [[Last Alliance of Elves and Men]] and defeated Sauron four years later in the [[Battle of Dagorlad]].&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Rings&amp;quot;/&amp;gt; Then they passed into Mordor and besieged Barad-dûr. The siege lasted for seven years, Gil-galad and Elendil were slain and in {{SA|3441}}&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Tale&amp;quot;/&amp;gt; Sauron was finally defeated.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Rings&amp;quot;/&amp;gt; Isildur son of Elendil cut the One Ring from Sauron&#039;s hand and took it for his own instead of destroying it. The Dark Tower was finally leveled but its foundations remained&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Tale&amp;quot;/&amp;gt; since Barad-dûr was created using the power of the One Ring and couldn&#039;t be destroyed as long as that existed.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Reconstruction===&lt;br /&gt;
Around {{TA|1050}} Sauron returned and secretly made a stronghold at [[Dol Guldur]]. [[Gandalf]] did not discover that Sauron was the master of Dol Guldur until {{TA|2850}}, and in {{TA|2941}} the [[White Council]] attacked the fortress. Sauron retreated to Barad-dûr, which the [[Nazgûl]] had prepared for him, and began to rebuild it in {{TA|2951}}.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Tale&amp;quot;/&amp;gt; It was completed in {{TA|2953}},&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Tale&amp;quot;/&amp;gt; and from then on Sauron stayed in Barad-dûr and conducted his war on the free people of Middle-Earth from there.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
On [[25 March|March 25]], {{TA|3019}} the ring-bearer [[Frodo Baggins]] succeeded in destroying the One Ring, although it was the creature [[Gollum]] who actually held the ring as it fell into the [[Cracks of Doom]]. With the Ring destroyed Barad-dûr ultimately collapsed to ruin and Sauron was finally defeated.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{quote|A brief vision he had of swirling cloud, and in the midst of it towers and battlements, tall as hills, founded upon a mighty mountain-throne above immeasurable pits; great courts and dungeons, eyeless prisons sheer as cliffs, and gaping gates of steel and adamant: and then all passed. Towers fell and mountains slid; walls crumbled and melted, crashing down; vast spires of smoke and spouting steams went billowing up, up, until they toppled like an overwhelming wave, and its wild crest curled and came foaming down upon the land. And then at last over the miles between there came a rumble, rising to a deafening crash and roar; the earth shook, the plain heaved and cracked, and Orodruin reeled.|Vision of [[Samwise Gamgee]] from the downfall of Barad-Dûr&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Mount Doom&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Etymology==&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;Barad-dûr&#039;&#039; translates from [[Sindarin]] as &amp;quot;Dark Tower&amp;quot;. The word &#039;&#039;[[Barad]]&#039;&#039; [in this instance] means &amp;quot;tower&amp;quot; (according to many Tolkien recources, &amp;quot;barad&amp;quot; also means fortress or stronghold.) The sindarin suffix,&#039;&#039;[[dûr]]&#039;&#039;, means &amp;quot;dark&amp;quot;.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;App&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{S|Appendix}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;Lugbúrz&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039; was the name of Barad-dûr in the [[Black Speech]], composed of the Black Speech words &#039;&#039;lûg&#039;&#039; (&amp;quot;fortress, lock-up, prison&amp;quot;) and &#039;&#039;[[búrz]]&#039;&#039; (&amp;quot;dark&amp;quot;).&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{TT|III3}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref name=Eldarin&amp;gt;{{PE|17}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;{{rp|79}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The [[Quenya]] versions of &#039;&#039;Barad-dûr&#039;&#039; are &#039;&#039;Taras Lúna&#039;&#039; (&amp;quot;Dark Tower&amp;quot;) and &#039;&#039;Lúnaturco&#039;&#039; (&amp;quot;Dark Stronghold&amp;quot;), never used within the narration.&amp;lt;ref name=Eldarin&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;{{rp|22}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Portrayal in adaptations==&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;center&amp;gt;&amp;lt;gallery&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
File:The Return of the King (1980 film) - Barad-dûr.jpg|&amp;lt;center&amp;gt;[[The Return of the King (1980 film)|&#039;&#039;The Return of the King&#039;&#039; (1980 film)]]&amp;lt;/center&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
File:The Lord of the Rings - The Return of the King - Barad-dûr collapsing.jpg|&amp;lt;center&amp;gt;&#039;&#039;[[The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King]]&#039;&#039;&amp;lt;/center&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
File:The Lord of the Rings - The Fellowship of the Ring (video game) - Barad-dur.png|&amp;lt;center&amp;gt;[[The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring (video game)|&#039;&#039;The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring&#039;&#039; (video game)]]&amp;lt;/center&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
Image:Barad-dur_BFMEI.jpg|&amp;lt;center&amp;gt;&#039;&#039;[[The Lord of the Rings: The Battle for Middle-earth]]&#039;&#039;&amp;lt;/center&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
Image:Barad-dur_BFMEII.jpg|&amp;lt;center&amp;gt;&#039;&#039;[[The Lord of the Rings: The Battle for Middle-earth II]]&#039;&#039;&amp;lt;/center&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/gallery&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/center&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;1980: [[The Return of the King (1980 film)|&#039;&#039;The Return of the King&#039;&#039; (1980 film)]]:&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
:Barad-dûr is portrayed as a simple fortress. During a [[The One Ring|ring]]-induced dream, [[Samwise Gamgee|Sam]] dreams of taking the Ring and storming the Tower, but his common sense gains the upper hand in time.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;[[The Return of the King (1980 film)|&#039;&#039;The Return of the King&#039;&#039; (1980 film)]], &amp;quot;[[Samwise the Strong]]&amp;quot;&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;1981: [[The Lord of the Rings (1981 radio series)|&#039;&#039;The Lord of the Rings&#039;&#039; (1981 radio series)]]:&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
:Barad-dûr is one of the first sites visited. After the [[Witch-king]] captures [[Gollum]] snooping on the edge of Mordor, the [[Mouth of Sauron]] questions the creature in the Dark Tower.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;[[The Lord of the Rings (1981 radio series)|&#039;&#039;The Lord of the Rings&#039;&#039; (1981 radio series)]], &amp;quot;[[The Shadow of the Past (1982 episode)|The Shadow of the Past]]&amp;quot;&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;2001-03: [[The Lord of the Rings (film series)|&#039;&#039;The Lord of the Rings&#039;&#039; (film series)]]:&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
:In the [[The Lord of the Rings (film series)|&#039;&#039;Lord of the Rings&#039;&#039; movies]] by [[Peter Jackson]], [[Richard Taylor]] and his design team built a 9 foot high miniature (&amp;quot;[[Bigatures|big-ature]]&amp;quot;) of Barad-dûr for use in the film.  Using the size scale for the model implemented for the films, the Dark Tower is  depicted as being over 1500 meters (5,000 feet) tall.&lt;br /&gt;
:&#039;&#039;[[The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King|The Return of the King]]&#039;&#039; also shows Barad-dûr as clearly visible from the [[Black Gate]] of Mordor. Even granting its enormous size, it was located one hundred miles away and to the east of the Gate, and behind the inner mountain ridges of [[Udûn (valley)|Udûn]] so [[Aragorn]]&#039;s army would probably not have been able to see it. In the film version, the geography of Mordor seems generally to have been compressed somewhat, perhaps for artistic reasons related to rendering such complex stories in a visual medium. In the case of the Black Gate scene, having Barad-dûr visible from the Gate means that the army can see the Eye of Sauron staring at them.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;2002: [[The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring (video game)|&#039;&#039;The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring&#039;&#039; (video game)]]:&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
:The Tower is briefly visible in the opening scene. [[Galadriel]] narrates a vision from her [[Mirror of Galadriel|Mirror]]. It is only referred to a &amp;quot;The Dark Tower of Mordor&amp;quot;, and it is the base of the [[Nazgûl|Ringwraiths]] (as opposed to [[Minas Morgul]]). The Eye of Sauron is portrayed as a fiery eye at the top, but only visible for a split second.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;2004: &#039;&#039;[[The Lord of the Rings: The Battle for Middle-earth]]&#039;&#039;:&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
:Barad-dûr is shown in the introduction scene, looking similar to its movie design. It does not play a role in any of the campaigns, and does not appear on any of the maps.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;2006: &#039;&#039;[[The Lord of the Rings: The Battle for Middle-earth II]]&#039;&#039;:&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
:Like in its predecessor, the tower of Barad-dûr plays no active role in this game. In the &amp;quot;War of the Ring&amp;quot; mode, it can be seen in the territory of Mordor, but it is absent on the map itself.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==See also==&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Siege of Barad-dûr]] &lt;br /&gt;
* [[Mordor]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{references}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{DEFAULTSORT:Barad-dur}}&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Fortresses]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Mordor]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Towers]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Sindarin locations]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[de:Barad-dûr]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[fi:Barad-dûr]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[fi:Musta Torni]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[fr:encyclo:geographie:villes_tours_et_forteresses:mordor:barad-dur]]&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Sadron</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=User:Sadron&amp;diff=312032</id>
		<title>User:Sadron</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=User:Sadron&amp;diff=312032"/>
		<updated>2020-04-22T14:38:38Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Sadron: Created page with &amp;quot;Mae govannen, I eneth nîn Sadron.  Hello, my name is Sadron. Like many of you, I am really into the Lord of The Rings and Hobbit books/movies. I have learned 3 modes of Tengwar:...&amp;quot;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;Mae govannen, I eneth nîn Sadron.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Hello, my name is Sadron.&lt;br /&gt;
Like many of you, I am really into the Lord of The Rings and Hobbit books/movies. I have learned 3 modes of Tengwar: Sindarin, Quenya, and English. I am currently learning the mode of Bereliand, and have just recently begun to learn the language of Sindarin. I hope to be able to make some contributions to this web site and to gain a lot of new info of the Tolkien universe.&lt;br /&gt;
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Hola, me llamo Sadron.Como muchos de ustedes, estoy realmente interesado en los libros/películas de El señor de los anillos y Hobbit. He aprendido 3 modos de Tengwar: sindarin, quenya e inglés. Actualmente estoy aprendiendo el modo de Bereliand, y recientemente comencé a aprender el idioma sindarin. Espero poder hacer algunas contribuciones a este sitio web y obtener mucha información nueva del universo Tolkien.&lt;br /&gt;
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Bonjour, je m&#039;appelle Sadron.Comme beaucoup d&#039;entre vous, je suis vraiment dans les livres/films du Seigneur des Anneaux et du Hobbit. J&#039;ai appris 3 modes de Tengwar: le sindarin, le quenya et l&#039;anglais. J&#039;apprends actuellement le mode de Bereliand, et ai récemment commencé à apprendre la langue de Sindarin. J&#039;espère pouvoir apporter quelques contributions à ce site web et gagner beaucoup de nouvelles infos sur l&#039;univers Tolkien.&lt;br /&gt;
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Hej, jag heter Sadron.Liksom många av er är jag verkligen i Lord of The Rings och Hobbit-böcker/filmer. Jag har lärt mig tre lägen av Tengwar: Sindarin, Quenya och engelska. Jag lär mig för närvarande läget för Bereliand och har nyligen börjat lära mig Sindarinas språk. Jag hoppas kunna ge några bidrag till den här webbplatsen och få mycket ny information om Tolkien universum.&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Sadron</name></author>
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