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The Quenta

2024-08-22T09:16:42Z

Sebastiano Tassinari: /* Analysis */

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'''The Quenta''' is the third chapter of ''[[The Shaping of Middle-earth]]'', the fourth book in the series ''[[The History of Middle-earth]]''.

The Quenta is an early version of what would become ''[[The Silmarillion]]'', and the only one that Tolkien managed to complete. It marks a change of tone and style between the delicate "Victorian fairy" elements of the earlier ''[[Lost Tales]]'', and the darker Nordic descriptions that characterised his later work.<ref>{{webcite|articleurl=https://www.silmarillionwritersguild.org/node/5977|author=Dawn Walls-Thumma|articlename=Tinfang Warble|dated=1 October 2022|website=Silmarillion Writers' Guild|accessed=23 February 2023}}</ref>

==Quenta Noldorinwa==
===Analysis===
Written in [[1930]], this is the second version of the text that would eventually become the published ''[[Quenta Silmarillion]]'', after the Sketch of the Mythology included in the previous chapter, "[[The Earliest 'Silmarillion']]".

This version of the Silmarillion holds especially importance as it is the only 'complete' version of the [[legendarium]] that Tolkien ever completed to its end. Following on from the ''[[Sketch of the Mythology]]'', this version of the Silmarillion also moves towards the final form of the story in almost all general terms.

However this version does differ significantly from the published ''[[Silmarillion]]''. Most notable is that it is only about a quarter of the length of the published novel. This is largely due to Tolkien's often used method of expanding while composing. The end of the narrative differs in some respects, many names were still to be changed, and a few other narrative elements are slightly different or much more compressed, but by this stage the general history of the first age is largely complete.

Since it is the only version of the legendarium Tolkien ever completed, it also includes the last narratives of all of "[[The Nauglafring]]" and of "[[The Fall of Gondolin (chapter)|The Fall of Gondolin]]" on which the published forms were based, albeit much changed in form in many cases.

The text cites as its in-universe source Eriol's [[Book of Lost Tales]], itself based on the [[Golden Book]] in [[Koromas]] (a city on [[Tol Eressëa]] which is here and elsewhere called [[Kortirion]], after the city in Valinor which in later versions would be simplified to [[Tirion]]). In earlier versions the Golden Book of Tavrobel was written by Eriol or a later author. However, here is no evidence that Tolkien consulted the manuscripts of ''[[The Book of Lost Tales]]'' at any point in the process of writing the Quenta.

===Synopsis===
Although the text is one continuous narrative, Christopher Tolkien included the same division as in the Sketch to facilitate his commentary. These "chapters" do not include any title, so what it is included here is just a description.

*[Prologue]: Of the Valar
*'''§1''': Beginning of days and making of the [[Two Trees]].
*'''§2''': [[Awakening of the Elves]] and [[Captivity of Melkor|captivity of Morgoth]].
*'''§3''': The [[Elves]] in [[Valinor]].
*'''§4''': [[Darkening of Valinor]].
*'''§5''': [[Flight of the Noldor|Flight of the Gnomes]].
*'''§6''': Creation of the [[Sun]] and [[Moon]].
*'''§7''': Relations of Elves and [[Men]].
*'''§8''': [[Dagor-nuin-Giliath|First Battle]] and the rescue of [[Maidros]].
*'''§9''': [[Siege of Angband]], the houses of Men, the [[Ruin of Beleriand|Ruin of Broseliand]], the [[Fall of Fingolfin]].
*'''§10''': [[Beren]] and [[Lúthien]].
*'''§11''': [[Battle of Unnumbered Tears]], Morgoth curses [[Húrin]].
*'''§12''': [[Túrin]]'s story till the death of [[Beleg]].
*'''§13''': Túrin's story till his death and burial.
*'''§14''': Death of [[Thingol]] and [[ruin of Doriath]].
*'''§15''' (& '''§15 QII'''): Founding of [[Gondolin]].
*'''§16''' (& '''§16 QII'''): [[Meglin]], [[Tuor]] and the [[Fall of Gondolin]].
*'''§17''' (& '''§17 QII'''): Voyage of [[Eärendel]] to Valinor.
*'''§18''' (& '''§18 QII'''): [[War of Wrath|Last Battle]] and defeat of Morgoth.
*'''§19''': The expelling of Morgoth and the [[Second Prophecy of Mandos|Prophecy of Mandos]].

==Appendices==
Christopher included two Appendices within the chapter related to ''The Quenta''.
===Appendix 1: Ælfwine's translation of the Quenta into Old English===
Included in this appendix are surviving fragments of Anglo-Saxon translations of the ''[[The Earliest Annals of Valinor|Annals of Valinor]]'', the ''[[The Earliest Annals of Beleriand|Annals of Beleriand]]'', and ''Quenta Noldorinwa'', as well as the [[Old English]] equivalents of various Elvish names. All of this is attributed in-universe to [[Ælfwine]].

The [[Valar]] as a whole are called the ''Fréan'' (singular ''Fréa'', meaning "ruler" or "lord"), ''Ese'' (singular ''Os'', meaning "god"), ''Brega'' (singular ''Bregu'', "ruler" or "lord"), or ''Mægnu'' (singular ''Mægen'', "power" or "might"). ''Mægen'' appears in the Old English translation of the Quenta included in this chapter.

*[[Manwë]] is ''Wolcenfréa'' (from ''wolcen'', meaning "sky").
*[[Melkor]] (here called Melko) is ''Manfréa'' (''man'', meaning "evil" or "wickedness"), ''Bolgen'' (meaning "wrathful"), and Malscor (related to ''malscrung'', "bewildering" or "bewitching").
*[[Ulmo]] becomes ''Garsecges fréa'' (''Garsecg'', a name for the Sea), ''ealwæter-fréa'' (''eal'' "all" + ''wæter'' "water"), and ''agendfréa ealra wætera'' (which adds the term ''agend'', "owner"). This last name for Ulmo comes from the Old English translation of the Quenta that appears in this appendix.
*[[Aulë]] is ''Cræftfréa'' (''cræft'', "power" or "art").
*Tulkas is ''Afodfréa'' (''afod'' or ''eafod'' "might, strength").
*[[Oromë]] is ''Wáðfréa'' (''wáð'' "hunting"), ''Huntena fréa'' (''huntena'' "of hunters"), ''Wealdafréa'' (''wealda'' "of forests"), which is a translation of Oromë's [[Noldorin]] epithet ''Tauros'' (which would be replaced by ''Tauron'' in later versions of the legendarium) that appears in the Old English Quenta, and ''Béaming'' (''béam'' "tree"), which is a translation of his Quenya epithet ''Aldaron''.
*The [[Fëanturi]], [[Námo]] and [[Irmo]], are called Nefréa (''ne(o)'' "corpse") and Swefnfréa (''swefn'' "dream") -- in the ''Old English Quenta'', Námo is also called ''neoaerna hlaford'' ("master of the houses of the dead").
*[[Ossë]] is listed among the VAlar as well, and given the name ''Sǽfréa'' (''sǽ'' "sea").

===Appendix 2: The Horns of Ylmir===
Song of [[Tuor]] mentioned within ''The Quenta''.

{{main|The Horns of Ylmir}}
{{references}}
[[fi:The Quenta]]

Estel (concept)

2024-07-03T22:08:06Z

Sebastiano Tassinari: Added page number

{{disambig-more|Hope|[[Hope (disambiguation)]]}}
{{quote|There, peeping among the cloud-wrack above a dark tor high up in the mountains, Sam saw a white star twinkle for a while. The beauty of it smote his heart, as he looked up out of the forsaken land, and hope returned to him. For like a shaft, clear and cold, the thought pierced him that in the end the Shadow was only a small and passing thing: there was light and high beauty for ever beyond its reach.|''[[The Return of the King]]''<ref>{{RK|Shadow|50}}, p. 922</ref>}}
The Elvish word '''''[[estel]]''''' (the same in both [[Quenya]] and [[Sindarin]]) refers to a complex philosophical concept found in [[Elves|Elvish]] thought. This idea is best understood as ''trust'' or "''faith''", and the hope that comes from it: ''estel'' refers to the belief that [[Ilúvatar|Eru Ilúvatar]], the Creator of the Universe ([[Eä]]), is good and that his designs for his creatures will ultimately be good as well, despite the troubles that seem to plague [[Arda]], this world. Certain knowledge of what is to happen to the Elves after the end of Arda has thus been withheld from them, so that all they can rely on is ''estel''. The Elven-king [[Finrod|Finrod Felagund]] explained ''estel'' as an idea that "is not defeated by the ways of the world, for it does not come from experience, but from our nature and first being. If we are indeed the ''[[Eruhíni|Eruchin]]'', the Children of the One, then He will not suffer Himself to be deprived of His own, not by any Enemy, not even by ourselves."

''Estel'' is also connected to the more immediate hope found in the [[Children of Ilúvatar]] that keeps them from being overcome by the hardships of [[Arda#Arda Marred|Arda Marred]]; the [[Valar]] refer to this gift as the ability to appreciate "the Unmarred that they discern in the Marred".<ref>[[J.R.R. Tolkien]], [[Christopher Tolkien]] (ed.), ''[[Morgoth's Ring]]'', "Part Three. [[The Later Quenta Silmarillion|The Later ''Quenta Silmarillion'']]. II The Second Phase. Laws and Customs Among the Eldar", p. 245.</ref> That is, the Children of Ilúvatar can see what is good about Arda in its present state, despite its corruption by [[Morgoth]]. It is ''estel'' that gives them this ability.

''Estel'' is similar to, but more deeply based in the heart than, ''[[Amdir (Sindarin word)|amdir]]'', another Sindarin word that can be translated as "hope".<ref>{{MR|P4c}}</ref>

==''Estel'' in Arda's History==
{{quote|In the armour of Fate there is ever a rift, and in the walls of Doom a breach, until [[the End]]. So it shall be while I endure, a secret voice that gainsayeth, and a light where darkness was decreed.|[[Ulmo]]<ref>{{UT|Tuor}}</ref>}}
According to Elvish tradition, ''estel'' was one of only two things Eru demanded from his Children; the other was belief that he existed in the first place. Lack of ''estel'' was seen as a fault in the ''[[fëa]]'' of a person, and could have grave consequences: the most drastic example of a being lacking in ''estel'' is none other than that of Morgoth himself; his denial of the greatness of Eru led to his nihilism and despair. The failing of ''estel'' found in [[Finwë]], the first [[High King of the Noldor]], of his wife [[Míriel]] ever returning to him from the Halls of [[Mandos]] is another example. Finwë's decision to take another wife led to the strife between his sons that was instrumental to the tragic [[Fall of the Noldor]]. Ultimately, most poor choices of Elves and [[Men]] come from a failing in ''estel''.

==''Estel'' and Men==
Unlike the Elves, the foundation of ''estel'' in Men was said to have been shaken because of [[Tale of Adanel|their corruption by Morgoth]] in the earliest days of their race. Because they had denied the supremacy of Eru and taken Melkor as their God, they could no longer believe with certainty that Eru would accept them. This lack of ''estel'' in Men had an effect on their view of their mortality, which was originally their [[Gift of Men|Gift]] from Eru.
==Other versions of the legendarium==
In an early version of the ''[[Many Partings]]'' chapter, [[Gandalf]] gives fo [[Frodo]] and [[Sam]] the names ''Bronwe athan Harthad'' ("Endurance beyond Hope") and ''Harthad Uluithiad'' ("Hope unquenchable") with ''harthad'' being the [[Noldorin]] word for hope.<ref>{{SD|VII}}</ref>
{{title}}
{{references}}
[[Category:Concepts]]

Estel (concept)

2024-07-03T22:06:50Z

Sebastiano Tassinari: Reference added

{{disambig-more|Hope|[[Hope (disambiguation)]]}}
{{quote|There, peeping among the cloud-wrack above a dark tor high up in the mountains, Sam saw a white star twinkle for a while. The beauty of it smote his heart, as he looked up out of the forsaken land, and hope returned to him. For like a shaft, clear and cold, the thought pierced him that in the end the Shadow was only a small and passing thing: there was light and high beauty for ever beyond its reach.|''[[The Return of the King]]''<ref>{{RK|Shadow|50}}, p. 922</ref>}}
The Elvish word '''''[[estel]]''''' (the same in both [[Quenya]] and [[Sindarin]]) refers to a complex philosophical concept found in [[Elves|Elvish]] thought. This idea is best understood as ''trust'' or "''faith''", and the hope that comes from it: ''estel'' refers to the belief that [[Ilúvatar|Eru Ilúvatar]], the Creator of the Universe ([[Eä]]), is good and that his designs for his creatures will ultimately be good as well, despite the troubles that seem to plague [[Arda]], this world. Certain knowledge of what is to happen to the Elves after the end of Arda has thus been withheld from them, so that all they can rely on is ''estel''. The Elven-king [[Finrod|Finrod Felagund]] explained ''estel'' as an idea that "is not defeated by the ways of the world, for it does not come from experience, but from our nature and first being. If we are indeed the ''[[Eruhíni|Eruchin]]'', the Children of the One, then He will not suffer Himself to be deprived of His own, not by any Enemy, not even by ourselves."

''Estel'' is also connected to the more immediate hope found in the [[Children of Ilúvatar]] that keeps them from being overcome by the hardships of [[Arda#Arda Marred|Arda Marred]]; the [[Valar]] refer to this gift as the ability to appreciate "the Unmarred that they discern in the Marred".<ref>[[J.R.R. Tolkien]], [[Christopher Tolkien]] (ed.), ''[[Morgoth's Ring]]'', "Part Three. [[The Later Quenta Silmarillion|The Later ''Quenta Silmarillion'']]. II The Second Phase. Laws and Customs Among the Eldar"</ref> That is, the Children of Ilúvatar can see what is good about Arda in its present state, despite its corruption by [[Morgoth]]. It is ''estel'' that gives them this ability.

''Estel'' is similar to, but more deeply based in the heart than, ''[[Amdir (Sindarin word)|amdir]]'', another Sindarin word that can be translated as "hope".<ref>{{MR|P4c}}</ref>

==''Estel'' in Arda's History==
{{quote|In the armour of Fate there is ever a rift, and in the walls of Doom a breach, until [[the End]]. So it shall be while I endure, a secret voice that gainsayeth, and a light where darkness was decreed.|[[Ulmo]]<ref>{{UT|Tuor}}</ref>}}
According to Elvish tradition, ''estel'' was one of only two things Eru demanded from his Children; the other was belief that he existed in the first place. Lack of ''estel'' was seen as a fault in the ''[[fëa]]'' of a person, and could have grave consequences: the most drastic example of a being lacking in ''estel'' is none other than that of Morgoth himself; his denial of the greatness of Eru led to his nihilism and despair. The failing of ''estel'' found in [[Finwë]], the first [[High King of the Noldor]], of his wife [[Míriel]] ever returning to him from the Halls of [[Mandos]] is another example. Finwë's decision to take another wife led to the strife between his sons that was instrumental to the tragic [[Fall of the Noldor]]. Ultimately, most poor choices of Elves and [[Men]] come from a failing in ''estel''.

==''Estel'' and Men==
Unlike the Elves, the foundation of ''estel'' in Men was said to have been shaken because of [[Tale of Adanel|their corruption by Morgoth]] in the earliest days of their race. Because they had denied the supremacy of Eru and taken Melkor as their God, they could no longer believe with certainty that Eru would accept them. This lack of ''estel'' in Men had an effect on their view of their mortality, which was originally their [[Gift of Men|Gift]] from Eru.
==Other versions of the legendarium==
In an early version of the ''[[Many Partings]]'' chapter, [[Gandalf]] gives fo [[Frodo]] and [[Sam]] the names ''Bronwe athan Harthad'' ("Endurance beyond Hope") and ''Harthad Uluithiad'' ("Hope unquenchable") with ''harthad'' being the [[Noldorin]] word for hope.<ref>{{SD|VII}}</ref>
{{title}}
{{references}}
[[Category:Concepts]]

Tolkien's Library: An Annotated Checklist

2024-06-30T09:25:30Z

Sebastiano Tassinari: /* External links */

{{book
| title=Tolkien's Library:<br><small>An Annotated Checklist</small>
| image=[[File:Tolkien's Library 2019.jpeg|275px]]
| author=[[Oronzo Cilli]]
| editor=[[Tom Shippey]] (foreword), [[Verlyn Flieger]] (afterword)
| illustrator=Jay Johnstone (cover)
| publisher=Luna Press Publishing
| date=[[8 August]] [[2019]]
| format=Hardcover; paperback
| pages=466
| isbn=978-1911143901
}}
'''''Tolkien's Library: An Annotated Checklist''''' is an in-depth scholarly study and reference work by [[Oronzo Cilli]], published in [[2019]]. The work aims to establish a complete list of books that once existed on [[J.R.R. Tolkien]]'s shelves, which he either read, owned, borrowed, or consulted.

Though not designed for ordinary reading, the book is welcomed by scholars for providing a guide to Tolkien's mind and pointing out directions for future studies. It was the winner of the Best Book award of the [[Tolkien Society Awards]] [[2020]], and a finalist for the [[Wikipedia:Mythopoeic Awards|Mythopoeic Scholarship Award]] in Inklings Studies [[2021]].

The main checklist contains some 2600 entries, which forms the bulk of the book. Also included here are: a list of Tolkien's published writings in his lifetime; his interviews and reviews; student papers that he examined; publications by the [[wikipedia:Early English Text Society|Early English Text Society]] when he was a member; and his lecture schedules in [[University of Leeds|Leeds]] and [[University of Oxford|Oxford]].

A second edition of the book was published in [[2023]], with addition of more than 400 new entires, an afterword by [[Verlyn Flieger]], and a newly discovered poem by [[Geoffrey Bache Smith|G.B. Smith]] not included in ''[[A Spring Harvest]]''.

==Contents==
*Ackowledgements
*Foreword to the First Edition - [[Tom Shippey]]
*Preface
*Introduction to the Second Edition
*A tribute to G.B. Smith and the TCBS
*Research Methodology

*Section A - Primary Sources
*Section B - Secondary Sources
*Section C - The published writings of J.R.R. Tolkien 1910-1972
*Section D - Interviews and Reviews
*Section E - J.R.R. Tolkien - Supervisor and Examiner 1929-1960
*Section F - Tolkien and Early English Text Society 1938-1972
*Tolkien's Lectures: 1920-1959

*Afterword - [[Verlyn Flieger]]
*Bibliography
*Indexes

==From the publisher==
{{blockquote|"A combination of circumstances means that we know more about J.R.R. Tolkien than about almost any other author, from any period. Nevertheless, in spite of all the efforts, there remains a certain opacity about Tolkien, both professionally and personally.

As this book shows, there is a way to bridge that gap which has not been previously attempted: a fact which makes this work by Oronzo Cilli arguably the work with most potential for giving us a truer understanding of Tolkien; a work which, besides its own immediate effect, points the way for many further studies. What Oronzo has done is, quite simply, to collect what is known about the books Tolkien owned and read.

The best guide to an author's mind is through his books, and in the work of Oronzo Cilli we have now the best and most valuable guide to Tolkien's books. It is a devoted, enduring, and above all inspirational work of scholarship, but not, as Oronzo knows, a final one. It joins that very select group of works, the most useful of all: a book we should keep, update, and write notes in the margin of, for the rest of our lives." — Tom Shippey}}

==Publication history and gallery==
{{Gallery
|width=125
|height=125
|lines=2
|File:Tolkien's Library 2019.jpeg|2019 first edition
|File:Tolkien's Library 2023.jpeg|2023 second edition
}}
*Luna Press Publishing, hardcover ([[2019]]), pp. 466. ISBN 978-1911143901
**paperback ([[2019]]), ISBN 978-1911143673

*Luna Press Publishing, hardcover ([[2023]]), pp. 521. ISBN 978-1913387778
**paperback ([[2023]]), ISBN 978-1913387761

==External links==
*[https://tolkienslibrary.blogspot.com/ Official website]
*[https://scholar.valpo.edu/journaloftolkienresearch/vol7/iss1/10/ Book review] by Wayne G. Hammond & Christina Scull, ''Journal of Tolkien Research'' vol. 7
*[https://muse.jhu.edu/pub/20/article/765778 Book review] by Janet Brennan Croft, ''Tolkien Studies'' vol. 17
*[https://dc.swosu.edu/mythlore/vol38/iss2/17/ Book review] by Andoni Cossio, ''Mythlore'' vol. 38

*[https://youtube.com/watch?v=XBotQatCSH4 An interview with Oronzo Cilli]

{{Publishedmajorbooks}}
{{title|italics}}
[[Category:Publications by title]]
[[Category:Reference books]]
[[Category:Scholarly books]]

Oronzo Cilli

2024-06-30T09:24:19Z

Sebastiano Tassinari: /* External Links */

{{author infobox
| image=
| name=Oronzo Cilli
| born=
| died=
| education=
| occupation=Author
| location= Italy
| website=https://tolkieniano.blogspot.com/ Tolkieniano
|}}

'''Oronzo Cilli''' is an Italian independent Tolkien scholar and researcher.
He translated the second Italian edition of [[The Annotated Hobbit]] (Lo Hobbit annotato) in [[2004]].<ref> [https://tolkieniano.blogspot.com/p/hanno-scritto-di-e-tolkieniano.html Chi sono] on [https://tolkieniano.blogspot.com Tolkieniano](accessed 22 March 2023)</ref> He gained international notoriety after publishing [[J.R.R. Tolkien the Esperantist: Before the Arrival of Bilbo Baggins]] in [[2015]].<ref> [https://tolkieniano.blogspot.com/2016/11/tolkien-e-litalia-una-storia-lungo.html Tolkien e l'Italia una storia a lungo attesa!] on [https://tolkieniano.blogspot.com Tolkieniano](accessed 22 March 2023)</ref> His [[2019]] book [[Tolkien's Library: An Annotated Checklist]] won the [[The Tolkien Society Awards| Best Book Award]] from [[The Tolkien Society]] in [[2020]]<ref>[https://www.tolkiensociety.org/society/awards/ Awards] on [https://www.tolkiensociety.org tolkiensociety.org](accessed 22 March 2023)</ref> and was a finalist for the [[Mythopoeic Society| Mythopoeic Scholarship Award in Inklings Studies]] in [[2021]].<ref>[https://www.mythsoc.org/awards/awards-scholarship.htm Complete list of past finalists for the Myhtopoeic Scholarship Awards] on [https://www.mythsoc.org mythsoc.org](accessed 22 March 2023)</ref>

==Bibliography==
*[[2013]]: [[J.R.R. Tolkien. La bibliografia italiana dal 1967 ad oggi]] (''"J.R.R. Tolkien. The Italian bibliography from 1967 to today"'')
*[[2015]]: [[J.R.R. Tolkien the Esperantist: Before the Arrival of Bilbo Baggins| Tolkien l’esperantista. Prima dell’arrivo di Bilbo Baggins]] (''"J.R.R. Tolkien the Esperantist: Before the Arrival of Bilbo Baggins"'')
*[[2016]]: [[Tolkien e l'Italia]] ("Tolkien and Italy")
*[[2019]]: [[Tolkien's Library: An Annotated Checklist]]
*[[2022]]: [[Guida completa al mondo di Tolkien]] ("Complete guide to Tolkien's world", with a foreword by [[John Howe]] and an afterword by [[Brian Sibley]])
==Awards==
*[[2020]]: '''[[Tolkien Society Awards| Tolkien Society Award]]: Best Book''', [[Tolkien's Library: An Annotated Checklist]]

==External Links==
*[https://tolkieniano.blogspot.com/ Tolkieniano], his personal blog
*[https://tolkienarchive.blogspot.com/ Tolkien Archive], his personal blog
*[https://tolkienslibrary.blogspot.com/ Tolkien's Library]
*[https://www.instagram.com/oronzo_cilli/?hl=es Instagram profile]
*[https://twitter.com/tolkieniano Twitter profile]
*[https://www.sociedadtolkien.org/blog/2022/12/18/regreso-hobbiton-8x10/ Interview at MorgulCon 2022] '''(Spanish and Italian)'''

{{references}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Cilli, Oronzo}}
[[Category:Italian people]]
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[[Category: Tolkien Society members]]
[[de:Oronzo Cilli]]
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J.A.W. Bennett

2023-12-20T13:48:40Z

Sebastiano Tassinari: I have slightly expanded the biography, which previously confused the universities of Cambridge and Oxford

'''Jack Arthur Walter Bennett''' ([[28 February]] [[1911]]– [[29 January]] [[1981]]) was a New Zealand-born literary scholar.

He is best known as a scholar of Middle English literature, and as a fellow [[Inklings|Inkling]] with [[J.R.R. Tolkien]]. He was editor of the journal ''Medium Ævum'' from 1957 to 1981, having earlier assisted his predecessor, Charles Talbut Onions, and was a colleague of [[C.S. Lewis|C. S. Lewis]] at Magdalen College, Oxford. In 1964 he succeeded Lewis as Professor of Medieval and Renaissance English at Cambridge University.

==External links==
* {{WP|J. A. W. Bennett}}
{{inklings}}
[[Category:Inklings|Bennett, J.A.W.]]
[[Category:New Zealand people|Bennett, J.A.W.]]
[[Category:People by name|Bennett, J.A.W.]]

Fisiologus

2023-07-31T14:59:31Z

Sebastiano Tassinari:

{{incomplete}}

'''Fisiologus''' was a pen name used by [[J.R.R. Tolkien]], when he published ''[[Adventures in Unnatural History and Medieval Metres, being the Freaks of Fisiologus]]''.<ref>{{AB|Comm}}, pp. 224</ref>

The name Fisiologus derives from the work entitled ''Physiologus'', composed by an anonymous author between the second and fourth centuries, which set forth the properties of animals, plants and stones, giving an allegorical interpretation of each in order to illustrate Christian ethical or dogmatic teachings. The ''Physiologus'' had wide influence on medieval symbology and the literary genre of bestiaries.

{{references}}

[[CATEGORY:Pseudonyms]]

Fisiologus

2023-07-31T14:48:57Z

Sebastiano Tassinari:

{{incomplete}}

'''Fisiologus''' was a pen name used by [[J.R.R. Tolkien]], when he published ''[[Adventures in Unnatural History and Medieval Metres, being the Freaks of Fisiologus]]''.

The name Fisiologus derives from the work entitled ''Physiologus'', composed by an anonymous author between the second and fourth centuries, which set forth the properties of animals, plants and stones, giving an allegorical interpretation of each in order to illustrate Christian ethical or dogmatic teachings. The ''Physiologus'' had wide influence on medieval symbology and the literary genre of bestiaries.

[[CATEGORY:Pseudonyms]]

The Book of Ishness

2023-07-31T14:00:03Z

Sebastiano Tassinari: /* External links */

{{incomplete}}
'''''The Book of Ishness''''' was a sketchbook, begun by [[J.R.R. Tolkien]] on [[6 January]] [[1914]], where he collected illustrations devoted to "imaginative subjects".<ref>{{CG|C}}, p. 49</ref>

[[John D. Rateliff]] has suggested that Tolkien's creation of the word ''ishness'' might have been inspired by a passage in chapter 7 of [[Lewis Carroll]]'s ''Alice's Adventures in Wonderland'': "did you ever see a thing as a drawing of a muchness!".<ref>{{HM|AI}}, p. 65 (note 13)</ref>

==External links==
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20211204234207/https://www.tolkienestate.com/en/painting/the-book-of-ishness.html The Book of Ishness] presented by the [[Tolkien Estate]]
*[http://sacnoths.blogspot.com/2012/11/the-book-of-phobias-and-book-of-ishness.html The Book of Phobias and The Book of Ishness] by [[John D. Rateliff]]

{{references}}
{{title|italics}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Book of Ishness, The}}
[[Category:Art by J.R.R. Tolkien]]
[[Category:Manuscripts by J.R.R. Tolkien]]