Tolkien Gateway - User contributions [en]

Wayne G. Hammond

2008-08-06T17:11:42Z

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'''Wayne Gordon Hammond''' (February, [[1953]]) is a scholar known for his research and writings on the works of [[J.R.R. Tolkien]]. He earned a Bachelor of Arts degree with Honors as an English major at Baldwin-Wallace College in 1975 and Master of Arts in Library Science from the University of Michigan in 1976. Since then he has been the Assistant Librarian of the Chapin Library of Rare Books at Williams College.

In 1994 Hammond married fellow Tolkien scholar [[Christina Scull]] and the two have since collaborated on several projects. He is a regular contributor to publications of the [[Mythopoeic Society]].

==Tolkien Related Publications==
*1993 [[J.R.R. Tolkien: A Descriptive Bibliography]] - with [[Douglas Anderson|Douglas A. Anderson]]
*1995 [[J.R.R. Tolkien: Artist and Illustrator]] - with Christina Scull
*1998 [[Roverandom]] - edited with Christina Scull
*2005 [[The Lord of the Rings: A Reader's Companion]] - with Christina Scull
*2006 [[The J.R.R. Tolkien Companion and Guide]] - with Christina Scull

==External links==
*[http://bcn.net/~whammond/ Official site of Wayne Hammond and Christina Scull]

[[Category:Authors|Hammond, Wayne G.]]

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Puddifoot Family

2008-04-21T14:07:03Z

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The '''Puddifoots''' were a family of [[Hobbits]], mostly centered in [[Stock]]. No individual members of the family are known. Their name presumably has some connection to the soft soil of the [[Marish]].

==Reference==
* ''[[The Fellowship of the Ring]]'', [[A Short Cut to Mushrooms]].

[[Category:Hobbit Families]]

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[[fi:Murajalka]]

Gúthwinë

2008-04-20T21:24:23Z

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[[Image:Guthwine.jpg|thumb|Gúthwinë as conceived by [[The Noble Collection]]]]
'''Gúthwinë''' was the sword of [[Éomer]], borne by him at the [[Battle of the Hornburg]], and presumably also at the [[Battle of the Pelennor Fields]]. Its name means "Battle-friend".

{{weapons}}

[[Category:Swords]]

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Mithrellas

2008-03-18T12:39:16Z

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'''Mithrellas''' as a [[Silvan Elves|Silvan Elf]] who, at least according to legend, accompanied [[Nimrodel the Elf-maid|Nimrodel]] on her journey to the southern havens. Mithrellas, it is said, became lost in the woods of [[Belfalas]], where she was found by [[Imrazôr]] the [[Númenórean]]. So [[Elvish]] blood entered the line of the [[Prince of Dol Amroth|Princes of Dol Amroth]], it was claimed, since her son [[Galador]] was the first of the long line of Princes.

[[Category:Nandor]]

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Gilmith

2008-03-17T21:25:40Z

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{{half-elf infobox
| image=
| name=Gilmith
| quenya=
| titles=
| birth=Mid-[[Third Age]]
| realm=
| death=
| age=
| gender=Female
| parentage=[[Imrazôr]] and [[Mithrellas]]
| heritage=[[Men|Human]] father, [[Elf]] mother
| spouse=
| children=
| hair=
|}}
'''Gilmith''' was the daughter of [[Imrazôr]], a man of [[Númenórean]] descent, and [[Mithrellas]], a [[Silvan]] [[Elf]]-maiden who accompanied [[Nimrodel]] before getting lost. Imrazor took her in and they married and had two children, Gilmith and [[Galador]]. Mithrellas later ran away and was never seen again. Galador would later become the first [[Prince of Dol Amroth]].

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[[Category:Half-elven]]

Cair Andros

2008-01-20T19:38:52Z

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'''Cair Andros''' was a large river-island in the [[Anduin|Anduin River]], to the east of the land of [[Anórien]]. It was held in defence against [[Mordor]] by [[Gondor]] to prevent crossings of the [[Great River]], though these defences were breached during the [[War of the Ring]].

The island itself was long and narrow, a little over ten miles in length. At its northern end, sharp rocks split the waters of the Anduin in a bubbling foam that gave the island its name. Cair Andros was covered with trees for much of its length.

Strategically, the island was of immense importance: apart from the bridge at [[Osgiliath]], it was the only practical means for an army from the east to cross the Anduin into Gondor's heartlands. The [[Gondorians]] took this risk seriously. [[Amon Dîn]], the first of the [[Beacon-hills]], was set up originally to warn the citizens of [[Minas Tirith in Gondor|Minas Tirith]] if Cair Andros was ever breached.

Gondor took steps to fortify the island, too, but the history of these fortifications is difficult to establish. We know that it was manned at the time of King [[Ondoher]]'s fall in [[Third Age]] 1944, but whatever defences were in place at that time were apparently abandoned, since [[Denethor II|Denethor's]] great-grandfather [[Túrin II]] found it necessary to fortify the island again in about the year 2900.

The Gondorian defences fell on March 10, 3019. On the same day that the [[Witch-king of Angmar]] rode from [[Minas Morgul]] with the armies that would besiege Minas Tirith, Sauron released a smaller force (though still numbering more than 6,000 Orcs and Men) from the [[Morannon]]. They overwhelmed the defenders of Cair Andros, and used the island to cross into Anórien. It was this northern force that blocked the eastward progress of the Rohirrim as they rode to Gondor's aid, though after the [[Battle of the Pelennor Fields]], the [[Rohirrim]] chased them down and pushed them back out of Anórien.

They retreated to Cair Andros, and apparently held the island for some days. In his march on Mordor, [[Aragorn II|Aragorn]] let one thousand scared young men from Rohan and Lossarnach go from his main army to retake the island if necessary, and hold it. They must have succeeded, since the last we hear of the island of Cair Andros, its moorings were used by the ships of Gondor, as glimpsed by [[Frodo Baggins|Frodo]] after completing his Quest.

==Etymology==
Cair Andros translates to "Ship of Long Foam". [[cair]] from [[cir]] meaning ship, [[and]] meaning long, and [[ros]] meaning foam.

[[Category:Gondor]]
[[Category:Islands]]

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Sun

2008-01-08T18:31:49Z

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[[Image:Ted Nasmith - The First Dawn of the Sun.jpg|thumb|left|250px|''The First Dawn of the Sun'' by [[Ted Nasmith]]]]The '''Sun''' of [[Middle-earth]] was created by the [[Valar|Vala]] [[Aulë]]; he and his people made a vessel to hold the radiance of the last fruit of [[Laurelin]]. The vessel of the sun was guided by [[Arien]], a Maia.

:"...and Anar the Fire-golden, fruit of Laurelin, they named the Sun. But the Noldor named [it] Vasa, the Heart of Fire, that awakens and consumes; for the Sun was set as a sign for the awakening of Men and the waning of the Elves..."

Names of the Sun amongst the [[Elves]] included ''Anar'' or ''The Fire-golden'', a name given to it by the [[Vanyar]]; ''Anor'', the common name for the Sun in [[Sindarin]], as seen in ''Minas Anor'' (later [[Minas Tirith]]) and the [[Gondor]]ian province of [[Anórien]]; and ''Vása'', or ''Heart of Fire'', a name given to the Sun by the [[Noldor]].

A poetic name for the Sun was ''The Daystar'', and [[Gollum]] referred to it as ''The Yellow Face''.

The Sun was seen by the Elves as made in memory of [[Men]], and they valued the [[Moon]] higher. [[Morgoth]]'s creatures, the [[Orcs]], feared the Sun, and with the exception of the [[Uruk-hai]], they did not travel while it was in the sky.

The [[Trolls]] of [[Middle-earth]] feared the Sun even more, and with great reason: they turned to stone under its light. Only the later [[Olog-hai]] were able to move under the Sun.

==Other versions of the legendarium==
In the early versions of ''[[The Silmarillion]]'' as described in [[The Book of Lost Tales Part 1]], a part of [[the History of Middle-earth]] series, the Sun was described in great detail as an immense island of fire. It was also said there that the youth [[Tilion]], who guided the Moon, was said to secretly be in love with Arien, and that because he steered the Moon too close to the Sun the Moon was burned.

In writings not included in the Silmarillion tradition, Morgoth at one point was infatuated with Arien, and wanted to claim her as his wife: he is at one point even described as ravishing her, so she abandoned her body and 'died': the Sun after this for a while left its course, burning a large part of [[Arda]] the world (apparently creating the deserts of Far [[Harad]]). It is not clear if this would have been included in the Silmarillion had Tolkien lived to publish it himself.

In the [[Round World version of the Silmarillion|Round World]] version of the legendarium, the Sun and the Moon were not the fruit of the Two Trees, but actually preceded the creation of the Trees. Instead, the Trees preserved the light of the Sun before it was tainted by Melkor when he ravished Arien.

[[Category:Creations of the Valar]]
[[Category: Cosmology]]
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[[fi:Aurinko]]

Warden of Westmarch

2007-12-09T19:02:03Z

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The [[Westmarch]], the land between the [[Tower Hills]] and the [[Far Downs]], was added to the [[Shire]] some years after the [[War of the Ring]]. Its first Warden, appointed by [[Thain]] [[Peregrin Took|Peregrin]], was [[Fastred of Greenholm]]. The title was hereditary, passed by Fastred to his son [[Elfstan Fairbairn]], and associated from then on with the [[Fairbairn Family|Fairbairns of the Towers]].

[[Category: Titles]]

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Westmarch

2007-12-09T18:59:33Z

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'''Westmarch of the Shire''' was the land between the [[Far Downs]] and the [[Tower Hills]], granted to the [[Shire-hobbits]] by King [[Aragorn II Elessar]] in the early [[Fourth Age]].

[[Category:Shire]]

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[[fi:Länsikaira]]

Humphrey Carpenter

2007-11-22T21:43:27Z

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[[Image:Humphrey Carpenter.jpg|thumb|''Humphrey Carpenter'']]
'''Humphrey Carpenter''' (1946 - 2005) wrote the Authorised Biography of J.R.R. Tolkien published by [[Allen & Unwin]] in 1977, and helped edit [[The Letters of J.R.R. Tolkien]], published in 1981. He died at the young age of 58 from heart failure.

[[Category:Authors]]

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Pauline Baynes

2007-11-22T12:23:42Z

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'''Pauline Baynes''' (born 1922, in Hove, Sussex) is an English book illustrator, whose work encompasses more than 100 books. Though her early years were spent in India, where her father was commissioner in Agra, she and her elder sister came to England for their schooling. Baynes attended the Slade School of Fine Art, but after a year she volunteered to work for the Ministry of Defence, painting camouflage, though she was soon transferred to a map-making department (knowledge of which she later employed to good effect when she later drew maps of Narnia for [[C.S. Lewis]] and of [[Middle-earth]] for [[J.R.R. Tolkien]]).

She was also [[J.R.R. Tolkien]]'s chosen illustrator: ''[[Farmer Giles of Ham]]'', ''[[The Adventures of Tom Bombadil]]'', ''[[Smith of Wootton Major]]'', ''[[Tree and Leaf]]'', and after Tolkien's death the poem ''[[Bilbo's Last Song]]'' (as a poster in 1974, as a book in 1990). She also painted the covers for the British [[1973]] one-volume and 1981 three-volume paperback editions of ''[[The Lord of the Rings]]'', and produced illustrated versions of the maps from ''[[The Lord of the Rings]]'' and ''[[The Hobbit]]''.

[[Category:Artists]]

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Vinyar Tengwar

2007-11-22T11:57:05Z

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'''Vinyar Tengwar''' is a linguistic journal published by the [[Elvish Linguistic Fellowship]], dedicated to the scholarly [[Tolkien research|study]] of the invented languages of [[J.R.R. Tolkien]].

''"Vinyar Tengwar"'' is [[Quenya]] for "New Letters".

==Issues==

Vinyar Tengwar first appeared in 1988, at first edited by Jorge Quinonez and later taken over by [[Carl F. Hostetter]]. It appeared in bimonthly intervals at first, but after July 1994, issues appeared more irregularly, roughly once a year. This coincided with the greater frequency of publication of texts written by Tolkien himself; the journal is now dedicated primarily to such texts. Several of these texts were mentioned in volumes of [[The History of Middle-earth]], edited by [[Christopher_Tolkien|Christopher Tolkien]], but not published in that series owing to their specialist or recondite nature.

Back issues of the journal are now available from issue 11 onwards, and published in collections of ten issues on a per-order basis; issues 1-10 will eventually be made available in the same format.

Libraries that have received the journal and should have back-issues in stock include:

* The Library of Congress
* Marquette University Archives
* The Wade Center
* The Bodleian Library

==External links==
*[http://www.elvish.org/VT Vinyar Tengwar]
*[http://www.elvish.org/VT/shop.html The Vinyar Tengwar Web Shop, which lists the contents of each issue of VT and provides ordering information]
*[http://www.eldalamberon.com/parma15.html Parma Eldalamberon, a sibling publication of Vinyar Tengwar]
*[http://www.elvish.org/ Elvish Linguistic Fellowship, the publishing organization of VT and PE]
*[http://www.mythsoc.org/ Mythopoeic Society, the parent organization of ELF]

[[Category:Publications]]

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The Tolkien Family Album

2007-11-22T11:45:57Z

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{{book|
title=The Tolkien Family Album|
image=[[Image:The Tolkien Family Album.jpg|225px]]|
author=[[John Tolkien]], [[Priscilla Tolkien]]|
isbn=0395599385|
publisher=[[Houghton Mifflin]]|
date=January 1992|
format=Hardcover|
pages= 90|
amazon=http://www.amazon.com/Tolkien-Family-Album-J-R/dp/0395599385|
amazonprice=
}}

[[Category:Books|Tolkien Family Album]]

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The Tolkien Family Album

2007-11-22T11:44:49Z

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{{book|
title=The Tolkien Family Album|
image=[[Image:The Tolkien Family Album.jpg|225px]]|
author=[[David Salo]]|
isbn=0395599385|
publisher=[[Houghton Mifflin]]|
date=January 1992|
format=Hardcover|
pages= 90|
amazon=http://www.amazon.com/Tolkien-Family-Album-J-R/dp/0395599385|
amazonprice=
}}

[[Category:Books|Tolkien Family Album]]

[[de:The Tolkien Family Album]]

The Road Goes Ever On (disambiguation)

2007-11-21T12:32:57Z

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"'''The Road Goes Ever On'''" is a walking song by [[J.R.R. Tolkien]], fictionally written by [[Bilbo Baggins]]; verses of it are sung at various places in ''[[The Hobbit]]'' and ''[[The Lord of the Rings]]''.

Sections of the poem are sung in the 1977 [[Rankin/Bass' The Hobbit|animated movie version]] of ''The Hobbit''.

The song can be heard in the [[The Lord of the Rings (1981 radio series)|1981 BBC radio version]], sung by Bilbo ([[John Le Mesurier]]) to a tune by [[Stephen Oliver]].

Parts of it are also sung in [[Peter Jackson's The Fellowship of the Ring]] by [[Gandalf]] in the opening scene, and also by Bilbo as he leaves [[Bag End]].

----

'''''The Road Goes Ever On''''', taking its name from the above, is a collection of sheet music by [[Donald Swann]] for poetry presented by Tolkien in his [[Middle-earth]] literature. It was first published in 1967.

Although the book can at first sight seem mostly useful by musicians (particularly piano and guitar players), it has been found to have a wider use than this, allowing readers to understand the cultures of the various mythological beings presented in Middle-earth better, and helping linguists analyse Tolkien's poetry. For example, it contains one of the longest samples of the language [[Quenya]].

The second edition of ''The Road Goes Ever On'', published in 1978, included the poem [[Bilbo's Last Song]].

The third edition, published in 1993 and likely the last, comes with additional poetry and also a CD with recordings for the entire song cycle.

[[category:Songs]]

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Wilwarin

2007-11-19T19:59:01Z

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'''Wilwarin''' was one of the many bright stars and constellations placed in the heavens by [[Varda]] to welcome the [[Elves]] into [[Arda]] (from which she took her name [[Tintallë]], the [[Kindler]]). The name Wilwarin means 'butterfly', though it isn't clear which of today's constellations corresponded to this ancient star-pattern. [[Christopher Tolkien]] suggests that Cassiopeia might be a candidate for the star-butterfly, and indeed its 'W' shape seems a reasonable match for the name.

[[Category:Constellations]]
[[Category:Butterflies]]

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Valacirca

2007-11-19T19:55:34Z

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'''Valacirca''' "''[[Sickle of the Valar]]''", was one of the [[constellations]] set in the heavens by [[Varda]] to enlighten the awakening of the elves and gathered by Varda from among the ancient stars ([[The Silmarillion]], Chap. 3; cf. MR 71, 160). Other constellations were [[Wilwarin]], [[Telumendil]], [[Soronúmë]], [[Anarríma]] and [[Menelmacar]] (or [[Telumehtar]]).

Valacirca is by far the most important constellation in the heavens of Arda. It is also the first to appear in the mythology that [[J.R.R. Tolkien]] begun to develop in the [[1910]]'s.

Valacirca can be identified with ''Ursus Major'', the Great Bear, or, more precisely, the Big Dipper (Plough in Great Britain) with its seven stars, often referred to in the writings of Tolkien.

Another name-form: [[Valakirka]]

Other names: the [[Seven Stars]], the [[Silver Sickle]], [[Sickle of the Gods]], [[Burning Briar]], also: [[Silver Bear]], [[Silver Wain]]

Other names in [[Elvish]] languages: [[Edegil]], [[Otselen]]

[[Category:Constellations]]

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Telumendil

2007-11-19T19:54:00Z

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'''Telumendil''' was a constellation in the skies of [[Arda]].

[[category:Constellations]]

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{{stub}}

Soronúmë

2007-11-19T19:48:48Z

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'''Soronúmë''' was one of the constellations that [[Varda]] traced in the sky with the dews of [[Telperion]], before the [[Awakening of the Elves]]. The name means "Eagle of the West" in [[Quenya]] (from ''[[soron]]'' = "[[eagle]]" and ''[[númë]]'' = "[[West]]"). The translation suggests a connection with the constellation we know today as [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aquila_%28constellation%29 Aquila], but this was never confirmed by [[J.R.R. Tolkien|Tolkien]].

[[Category:Constellations]]

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Remmirath

2007-11-19T19:47:14Z

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The [[Netted Stars]]: an [[Elvish]] name for a group of stars, identified with the cluster today called the Pleiades.

[[category:Stars]]

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Nénar

2007-11-19T19:43:43Z

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'''Nénar''' was a star placed in the skies by [[Varda|Varda Elentári]]. Its identity is uncertain - there are some indications that [[Tolkien]] considered it to be the [[Elvish]] name of the planet Uranus, but such a faint object seems out of place among the bright stars named with Nénar in [[The Silmarillion]].

[[Category:Stars]]

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Menelmacar

2007-11-19T19:39:31Z

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'[[Swordsman of the Sky]]' (or Orion), one of the [[constellations]] set in the heavens by [[Varda]] to enlighten the awakening of the elves and gathered by Varda from among the ancient stars ([[The Silmarillion]], Chap. 3; cf. MR 71, 160). Other constellations were [[Wilwarin]], [[Telumendil]], [[Soronúmë]], [[Anarríma]] and [[Valacirca]].

According to the [[Annals of Aman]] (MR 71) the making of the constellations (and of some new bright [[stars]]) happened 1000-1050 [[Valian Years]] after the first flowering of the Trees.

The elements of the [[Quenya]] name are: ''menel'' 'firmament' and ''macar'' 'swordsman'.

Other name-forms and names: [[Menelmakar]], [[Menelmakil]], [[Menelvagor]], [[Telumehtar]]; see especially the article [[Telimektar]].

'''Abbreviations:'''

MR = [[Morgoth's Ring]] (The History of Middle-earth, vol. 10).

[[Category:Constellations]]

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Luinil

2007-11-19T19:34:11Z

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'''Luinil''' was one of the bright stars placed in the sky by [[Varda]] at the time of the awakening of the [[Elves]] in [[Middle-earth]]. Its identity is uncertain, though the fact that its name contains the [[Elvish]] word ''[[luin]]'', meaning 'blue', does offer a clue.

The only remote explanation offered by [[J.R.R. Tolkien|Tolkien]] was a rough and uncertain note that seems to link Luinil to the planet we call [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neptune Neptune]. As [[Christopher Tolkien]] notes, though, this dark and distant object, too faint to be seen by the naked eye, would hardly qualify as a 'bright star'. Another alternative would be blue [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rigel Rigel] in [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orion Orion], making Luinil the mate of red [[Borgil]]. Two other possibilities - based purely on the fact that they are both bright blue stars - would be [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spica Spica] in [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virgo Virgo] or [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regulus Regulus] in [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leo Leo].

[[category:Stars]]

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Helluin

2007-11-19T19:31:53Z

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'''Helluin''' was the name in [[Middle-earth]] for the star known today as [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sirius Sirius], the "Dog Star". It was part of [[Telumehtar]], the name the [[Elves]] gave to the constellation ''[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orion_%28constellation%29 Orion]''.

Helluin means "Ice-blue" in [[Quenya]] (an assimilation from ''[[helca]]'' = "ice" and ''[[luin]]'' = "blue").

[[Category:Stars]]

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Elemmírë

2007-11-19T19:26:39Z

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'''Elemmírë''' was one of the lights kindled by [[Varda]] far in the past, to welcome the [[Elves]] to [[Arda]] on their awakening. It is described in [[Quenta Silmarillion]] as a star, and indeed its name seems to mean 'star-jewel', but in fact it was most likely identified with one of the planets. [[Tolkien]]'s notes on the subject are open to interpretation, but they appear to identify Elemmírë as the planet we know today as Mercury.

[[Category: Cosmology]]

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[[fi:Elemmírë (tähti)]]

Carnil

2007-11-06T12:26:41Z

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'''Carnil''' was a red star created by [[Varda]] in preparation for the coming of the [[Elves]].

[[Category:Stars]]

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[[fi:Carnil]]

Borgil

2007-11-06T12:21:59Z

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'''Borgil''' was a bright red star in the constellation of [[Menelvagor]] (Orion), corresponding to the star we call Betelgeuse.

[[Category:Stars]]

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[[fi:Borgil]]

Anarríma

2007-11-06T12:18:30Z

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'''Anarríma''' ([[anar]] = sun) was one of the constellations set in the heavens by [[Varda]] to enlighten the awakening of the elves and gathered by Varda from among the ancient stars ([[The Silmarillion]], Chap. 3; cf. MR 71, 160). Other constellations were [[Wilwarin]], [[Telumendil]], [[Soronúmë]], and as the most important ones, [[Menelmacar]] (or [[Telumehtar]]) and [[Valacirca]].

According to the [[Annals of Aman]] (MR 71) the making of the constellations (and of some new bright stars) happened 1000-1050 [[Valian Years]] after the first flowering of the Trees.

The elements of the name seem to be ''anar'' 'sun', and ''ríma'' 'edge, hem, border' (cf. e.g. [[Etymologies]] s.v. ANÁR, RÎ; LR 348, 383), thus: 'Sun-border'?

It is not clear (to me, at least) what is the name of the constellation in "modern" terms, but it should be one observable in the northern hemisphere. The word ''ríma'' might refer to the Corona Borealis (the Northern Crown) but one might also consider the Great Square of Pegasus, easily recognized from its four bright stars.

Anarríma entered the mythology only in [[The Later Quenta Silmarillion]], composed after the completion of [[The Lord of the Rings]], in early 1950's (cf. MR 141). In the previous versions of the story, only the Great Bear (or [[Valacirca]]) and Orion (or [[Telumehtar]] / [[Menelmacar]] with a curious history of its own) are mentioned.

The printed text in [[The Silmarillion]] follows quite closely this late version (MR 160). The only notable difference concerning the constellations (and among others, Anarríma) is that in The Silmarillion it is only told that Varda set the constellations "as signs in the heavens of Arda" (Silmarillion, Chap. 3), but in [[The Later Quenta Silmarillion]] text J.R.R. Tolkien writes: 'as signs in Heaven ''that the gods may read''' (MR 160).

Abbreviations:

LR = [[The Lost Road and other Writings]] (The History of Middle-earth, vol. 5)

MR = [[Morgoth's Ring]] (The History of Middle-earth, vol. 10)

[[Category:Constellations]]
[[Category:Quenya words]]

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Anar

2007-11-06T12:15:07Z

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(''See also [[Anar the Dwarf]]'')

[[Image:Tengwar Anar.gif|right|150px]]'''Anar''' is [[Quenya]] for ''sun'' or ''The Fire-Golden'' (root [[nar]]) and during the [[Years of the Trees]], [[Valinor]] was lit for many thousands of years by the light of the [[Two Trees]], [[Telperion]] the Silver and [[Laurelin]] the Gold. When these were destroyed by [[Melkor]] and [[Ungoliant]], [[Arda]] was plunged into darkness. Through the power of [[Nienna]] and [[Yavanna]], though, [[Laurelin]] produced a single fiery fruit before it died. This golden fire was set in a vessel, and steered into the sky by the [[Arien|Maia Arien]]. The [[Vanyar]] gave it the name Anar the fire-golden: this was the origin of the Sun. The [[Sindarin]] name for the Sun is '''Anor'''.

[[Valinor]] was in the West of the World, and so the first sunrise was in the west, not the east. Originally, [[Arien]] was to have steered Anar ceaselessly from west to east and back again, always remaining in the sky, but the [[Valar]] changed this counsel, so that each evening Anar would descend into the distant western seas, and re-emerge each morning in the east.

[[Category:Creations of the Valar]]
[[Category:Quenya words]]

[[de:Anar]]
[[fi:Aurinko]]

Alcarinquë

2007-11-06T12:06:53Z

Swyft: interwiki de + fi

'''Alcarinquë''' ([[Quenya|Q]]: ''The Glorious''); In the distant past, at the time of the awakening of the [[Elves]], [[Varda]] added many brilliant stars to to the heavens using the shimmering dews of [[Telperion]] the Silver Tree. Among these were the familiar star-patterns we still know today, and other lights that were not truly stars. Among these was Alcarinquë - the planet we know as Jupiter. Its [[Elvish]] name translates as 'The Glorious', because it would have been the brightest object in the skies at that time (the Sun, the Moon, and Venus - the [[Silmarils|Silmaril]] of [[Eärendil]] - were all far in the future at this ancient time).

[[Category:Stars]]
[[Category:Quenya words]]

[[de:Alcarinque]]
[[fi:Alcarinquë]]

User talk:Swyft

2007-11-06T11:40:52Z

Swyft:

'''{{PAGENAME}}, welcome!'''

Hello and [[Tolkien Gateway:Welcome|welcome]] to '''[[Tolkien Gateway:About|Tolkien Gateway]]'''. I hope you like the place and choose to join our work. Here are a few good links for newcomers:
*Internal pages:
**[[Tolkien Gateway:To-do|To-do list]]
**[[Forum:Council|Council forums]]
**[[Special:Recentchanges|Recent changes]]
*External Wikipedia pages:
**[[Wikipedia:Wikipedia:How to edit a page|How to edit a page]]
**[[Wikipedia:Wikipedia:Tutorial|Editing, policy, conduct, and structure tutorial]]
**[[Wikipedia:Wikipedia:Picture tutorial|Picture tutorial]]
**[[Wikipedia:Wikipedia:How to write a great article|How to write a great article]]

I hope you enjoy editing here and we look forward to your future edits. By the way, you can sign your name on Talk and vote pages using three tildes, like this: ~<nowiki>~~</nowiki>. Four tildes (~~<nowiki>~~</nowiki>) produces your name and the current date. If you have any questions, see the [[Tolkien Gateway:Help|help pages]], add a question to the [[Forum:Council|Council forums]] or ask me on [[User talk:Hyarion|my talk page]]. Keep up the great work! — [[User:Hyarion|Hyarion]]

:Hello Hyarion, thank you. I think I will use this account mainly for Interwiki links to the Ardapedia. --[[User:Swyft|swyft]] 15:15, 28 October 2007 (EDT)

::Sounds good, I've been trying to think of the most efficient means of adding the links, so far I think our best bet is to use Special:Allpages and just compare the pages. It might be feasible to create a script to automatically crawl the Allpages looking for identical articles, but that might be more work than it's worth. As long as when we add a link, we make sure to add it across all the wikis I think we should be fine. --[[User:Hyarion|Hyarion]] 17:02, 28 October 2007 (EDT)

:::I think you're right. I dont't have any experience with scripts, so I know if that would be possible or useful and how much work it would be to write one. In the Ardapedia we have lists of names that were translated for the german versions of ''The Hobbit/Der Hobbit'', ''The Lord of the Rings/Der Herr der Ringe'' and ''The Silmarillion/Das Silmarillion'' that might be useful; for LotR and Sil there are lists for persons/Personen, places/Orte and things/Sachen or other/Sonstiges. They can be found in the [[:de:Kategorie:Übersetzungen]], are sorted by the english name and contain links to our german articles. Do you have contact to the finnish Kontu? As far as I can see, they don't have activated interwiki-links to the Tolkien Gateway and the Ardapedia yet. Greetings, --[[User:Swyft|swyft]] 09:04, 29 October 2007 (EDT)

::::Ah those lists will definitely be helpful. I've been talking to Merri on irc.tolkiengateway.net, he said he's been busy but will get them added soon. We might as well just start on the English/German links as when Kontu gets around to adding the interwiki links all they'll have to do is translate it into English, and they can see the German translation by the link already present in the article. --[[User:Hyarion|Hyarion]] 11:55, 29 October 2007 (EDT)

:::::OK, thanks. --[[User:Swyft|swyft]] 12:07, 29 October 2007 (EDT)

::::::Merri has added the interwiki ability to [http://kontu.info/wiki/Etusivu Kontu]. I'll try and get the editors over there to help with the linking. --[[User:Hyarion|Hyarion]] 12:38, 4 November 2007 (EST)

:::::::Great, thank you. --[[User:Swyft|swyft]] 06:40, 6 November 2007 (EST)

J.R.R. Tolkien: Author of the Century

2007-11-02T15:15:22Z

Swyft: interwiki de

{{book|
title=J.R.R. Tolkien: Author of the Century|
image=[[Image:J.R.R. Tolkien - Author of the Century.jpg|225px]]|
author=[[Tom Shippey]]|
isbn=061812764X|
publisher=Houghton Mifflin|
date=March 2001|
format=Hardcover|
pages= 384|
amazon=http://www.amazon.com/J-R-R-Tolkien-Century-Tom-Shippey/dp/061812764X|
amazonprice=$26.00
}}

==From the publisher==
Recent polls have consistently declared that J.R.R. Tolkien is "the most influential author of the century" and THE LORD OF THE RINGS is "the book of the century." In support of these claims, Tom Shippey, the prominent medievalist and scholar of fantasy, now presents us with a fascinating companion to the works of J.R.R. Tolkien, focusing in particular on THE HOBBIT, THE LORD OF THE RINGS, and THE SILMARILLION.

The core of the book consists of three chapters that examine THE LORD OF THE RINGS as a linguistic and cultural map, as a twisted web of story, and as a response to the meaning of myth. Shippey presents a unique argument to explain the nature of evil and gives readers a compelling insight into the complicated interweaving of many strands as the narrative moves between characters and into the remarkable skill behind the construction of such a rich and complex story. Other chapters examine THE HOBBIT, explaining the hobbits' anachronistic relationship to the heroic world of Middle-earth; the fundamental importance of THE SILMARILLION to Tolkien's canon; and an illuminating look at FARMER GILES OF HAM, LEAF BY NIGGLE, and other lesser-known works in connection to Tolkien's life.

With a clear and accessible style, Shippey offers a new approach to Tolkien, to fantasy, and to the importance of language in literature. He demonstrates how THE HOBBIT, THE LORD OF THE RINGS, and THE SILMARILLION form part of a live and continuing tradition of storytelling that can trace its roots back through Grimms' FAIRIY TALES to BEOWULF. J.R.R. TOLKIEN: AUTHOR OF THE CENTURY not only gives readers a deeper understanding of Tolkien and his work, but also serves as a learned andentertaining introduction to some of the finest and most influential works of fantasy ever written.

[[Category:Books]]
[[Category:Books by Tom Shippey]]

[[de:J.R.R. Tolkien: Autor des Jahrhunderts]]

The Lord of the Rings: A Reader's Companion

2007-11-02T13:42:31Z

Swyft: interwiki de + fi

{{book|
title=The Lord of the Rings: A Reader's Companion|
image=[[Image:The Lord of the Rings - A Reader's Companion.jpg|250px]]|
author=[[Wayne G. Hammond]] and [[Christina Scull]]|
isbn=0618642676|
publisher=[[HarperCollins]] (UK) & [[Houghton Mifflin]] (US)|
date=December 2005|
pages=894|
format=Hardcover with dustjacket|
amazon=http://www.amazon.com/Lord-Rings-Readers-Companion/dp/0618642676/|
amazonprice=$19.80
}}

'''The Lord of the Rings: A Reader's Companion''' by [[Wayne G. Hammond]] and [[Christina Scull]] is considered one of the greatest recent secondary works about [[J.R.R. Tolkien|Tolkien]]'s world. The book contains rare Tolkien-related extracts, poems, letters, manuscripts, interviews, as well as brand new material.

===Contents===
* Notes on significant changes made by the author and by [[Christopher Tolkien]] after his father's death
* A newly transcribed version of [[The Nomenclature of The Lord of the Rings]]. Another version of this was published as [[Guide to Names in The Lord of the Rings]] in [[A Tolkien Compass]] (1975).
* Part of Tolkien’s 1951 letter to [[Milton Waldman]], previously unpublished in the UK.
* A reproduction of a manuscript page showing a a synoptic time scheme used while writing The Lord of the Rings. It summarizes the movements of characters between the 8th and the 12th of March.
* Brief references to illustrations, maps, and earlier versions of the text
* References to people, places, and events that appear in other books by Tolkien
* Explanations of archaic and unusual words
* Translations and primers on how to use Tolkien's invented languages

[[Category:Books|Lord of the Rings: A Reader's Companion]]

[[de:The Lord of the Rings: A Reader's Companion]]
[[fi:The Lord of the Rings: A Reader's Companion]]

J.R.R. Tolkien: A Descriptive Bibliography

2007-11-01T17:51:12Z

Swyft: interwiki de

{{book|
title=J.R.R. Tolkien: A Descriptive Bibliography|
image=[[Image:J.R.R. Tolkien: A Descriptive Bibliography.jpg|225px]]|
author=[[Wayne G. Hammond]], [[Douglas A. Anderson]]|
isbn=|
publisher=Oak Knoll Press|
date=1993|
format=Hardcover|
pages= 550|
amazon=|
amazonprice=
}}

==Editions==
* First printing published in 1993 by St. Paul's Bibliographies
* Second printing in 2002 by Oak Knoll Press

==External links==
* [http://www.tolkienlibrary.com/booksabouttolkien/descriptivebiblio/description.htm Review at TolkienLibrary.com]

[[Category:Books]]

[[de:J.R.R. Tolkien: A Descriptive Bibliography]]

Pictures by J.R.R. Tolkien

2007-10-31T18:41:19Z

Swyft: interwiki de

{{book|
title=Pictures by J.R.R. Tolkien|
image=[[Image:Picturesjrrt.jpg|225px]]|
author=[[J.R.R. Tolkien]], [[Christopher Tolkien]]|
isbn=0395606489|
publisher=[[Houghton Mifflin]]|
date=1992|
format=Hardcover|
pages= 112|
amazon=http://www.amazon.com/Pictures-J-R-Tolkien/dp/0395606489|
amazonprice=$??
}}

'''Pictures by J.R.R. Tolkien''' brings together a wide array of paintings, sketches and pictures by [[Tolkien]], confirming his considerable talent as an artist. This book provides a unique and fascinating insight into the visual conception of many of the places and characters familiar to readers of [[The Hobbit]], [[The Lord of the Rings]], [[The Silmarillion]] and [[The Children of Húrin]]. The text is by [[Christopher Tolkien]].

== Contents ==
# [[Hobbiton]]-across-the-Water
# The [[Trolls]]
# Three Trolls turned to Stone
# [[Rivendell]] Looking West
# Rivendell Looking East
# Rivendell
# The Mountain-path
# [[Misty Mountains]] Looking West
# [[Bilbo]] woke with the early sun in his eyes
# [[Beorn|Beorn's]] Hall
# The Elvenking's Gate
# The Elvenking's Gate
# Bilbo comes to the Huts of the [[Raft-elves]]
# Bilbo comes to the Huts of the Raft-elves
# [[Lake-town|Lake Town]]
# The [[Front Gate]]
# Conversation with [[Smaug]]
# Smaug flies round the Mountain
# Death of Smaug
# The Hall at Bag End
# [[Old Man Willow]]
# [[Doors of Durin]]
# [[Book of Mazarbul]]
# [[Moria Gate]]
# Forest of [[Lothlorien]] in Spring
# [[Helm's Deep]] and [[Hornburg]]
# [[Orthanc]] and [[Minas Tirith]]
# [[Shelob|Shelob's]] Lair
# [[Dunharrow]]
# [[Orodruin]] and [[Barad-dûr]]
# [[Taniquetil]]
# [[Lake Mithrim]]
# [[Nargothrond]]
# Nargothrond
# [[Gondolin]]
# [[Tol Sirion]]
# [[Mirkwood]] and [[Taur-nu-Fuin]]
# [[Glaurung]] sets forth to seek [[Túrin]]
# Polar bear
40-48. Various designs, sketches, floral and heraldic designs

[[Category:Books]]
[[Category:Books by J.R.R. Tolkien]]
[[Category:Books by Christopher Tolkien]]

[[de:Pictures by J.R.R. Tolkien]]

Guide to the Names in The Lord of the Rings

2007-10-31T16:51:37Z

Swyft: interwiki de + fi

These Notes on Nomenclature were made by [[J.R.R. Tolkien]] to assist translators of [[The Lord of the Rings]] into other languages. They were composed when only the Swedish and Dutch translations had appeared. They have been revised for publication by [[Christopher Tolkien]]. All references to The Lord of the Rings in the '''Guide''' are by volume and page of the Second (Revised) Edition.

Previously published in [[A Tolkien Compass]] ([[Jared Lobdell]] ed.), the Guide is now republished in [[The Lord of the Rings: A Reader's Companion]] by [[Wayne G. Hammond]] and [[Christina Scull]]. It is often referred to as '''Nomenclature of The Lord of the Rings''' or, for short, '''Nomenclature'''.

[[Category:Books]]

[[de:Nomenclature of The Lord of the Rings]]
[[fi:Nomenclature of The Lord of the Rings]]

The Lays of Beleriand

2007-10-30T18:39:37Z

Swyft: interwiki de + fi

{{book|
title=The Lays of Beleriand|
image=[[Image:The Lays of Beleriand.jpg|225px]]|
author=[[J.R.R. Tolkien]], [[Christopher Tolkien]]|
isbn=0395394295|
publisher=[[Houghton Mifflin]]|
date=November 20, 1985|
format=Hardcover|
pages= 400|
amazon=http://www.amazon.com/Lays-Beleriand-History-Middle-Earth-Vol/dp/0395394295|
amazonprice=$19.80
}}

'''The Lays of Beleriand''' was the third volume to [[The History of Middle-earth]] and gives us a privileged insight into the creation of the mythology of [[Middle-earth]], through the alliterative verse tales of two of the most crucial stories in Tolkien's world - those of [[Túrin Turambar]] and of [[Beren Erchamion|Beren]] and [[Lúthien]]. The first of the poems is the unpublished ''[[Lay of the Children of Húrin]]'', narrating on a grand scale the tragedy of Túrin Turambar. The second is the moving ''[[Lay of Leithian]]'', the chief source of the tale of Beren and Lúthien in ''[[The Silmarillion]]'', telling of the Quest of the Silmaril and the encounter with [[Morgoth]] in his subterranean fortress.

{{home}}

[[Category:Books|Lays of Beleriand]]
[[Category:Books by J.R.R. Tolkien|Lays of Beleriand]]
[[Category:Books by Christopher Tolkien|Lays of Beleriand]]

[[de:The Lays of Beleriand]]
[[fi:The Lays of Beleriand]]

Rayner Unwin

2007-10-30T11:58:49Z

Swyft: interwiki de

[[Image:Rayner Unwin.gif|thumb|Picture of ''Rayner Unwin'']]
'''Rayner Unwin''' reviewed [[J.R.R. Tolkien]]'s [[The Hobbit]] at age 10 and without his praise of the book it might have never been published. Unwin retired in 1985 and passed away on November 23rd, 2000.

==External links==
* [http://www.nytimes.com/packages/html/movies/tolkien/unwin-video.html Video of Rayner Unwin]

[[Category:People]]

[[de:Rayner Unwin]]

Baillie Tolkien

2007-10-30T11:42:02Z

Swyft: interwiki de

'''Baillie Tolkien''' is the second wife of [[Christopher Tolkien]], [[J.R.R. Tolkien]]'s third son, with whom she had two children, [[Adam Tolkien|Adam]] and [[Rachel Tolkien|Rachel]]. She edited J.R.R. Tolkien's ''[[The Father Christmas Letters]]'' for posthumous publication.

Christopher dedicated to her the twelfth volume of ''[[The History of Middle-earth]]'', entitled ''[[The Peoples of Middle-earth]]''.

[[Category:Tolkien Family]]

[[de:Baillie Tolkien]]

English and Welsh

2007-10-29T17:33:52Z

Swyft: interwiki de

'''''English and Welsh''''' is the title of [[J.R.R. Tolkien]]'s
valedictory address to the [[University of Oxford]] of 1955, explaining the origin of the word "Welsh".
In a lengthy sidenote, Tolkien discusses his notions of "native tongue" as opposed to "cradle tongue", and of an inherited taste of language. The lecture sheds light on Tolkien's conceptions of the connections of race, ethnicity and language.
==See also==
* [[cellar door]]
==References==
* Tolkien, J.R.R. "English and Welsh" in ''[[The Monsters and the Critics]]'', 1983 (ISBN 0-04-809019-0)

[[de:English and Welsh]]

The Devil's Coach-Horses

2007-10-29T16:46:29Z

Swyft: interwiki de

'''''The Devil's Coach Horses''''' is a 1925 essay by [[J.R.R. Tolkien]]

"devil's coach-horse" is a British expression for a particular kind of rove beetle.

* J.R.R. Tolkien, ''The devil's coach-horses'' in: The review of English studies : a quarterly journal of English literature and the English language vol. 1 no. 3 (July 1925), p. 331-6 (London, Sidgwick&Jackson)[http://www.tolkienbooks.net/html/1925-1937_4.htm], reprinted 1950 [http://res.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/reprint/I/3/331].

[[Category:Essays by J.R.R. Tolkien]]

[[de:The Devil's Coach-Horses]]

User talk:Swyft

2007-10-29T16:07:48Z

Swyft:

The Letters of J.R.R. Tolkien

2007-10-29T16:05:13Z

Swyft: interwiki de + fi

{{book
|title=The Letters of J.R.R. Tolkien
|image=[[Image:Tolkien_Letters_Cover.jpg|200px]]
|author=[[Humphrey Carpenter]] and [[Christopher Tolkien]]
|publisher=[[George Allen & Unwin]], [[Houghton Mifflin]]
|date=1981
|format=Paperback
|pages=480
|isbn=0-618-05699-8
|amazon=http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ISBN=0618056998
|amazonprice=$15.00
}}

'''''The Letters of J. R. R. Tolkien''''' (ISBN 0-618-05699-8) is a selection of [[J.R.R. Tolkien]]'s letters published in 1981, edited by his son [[Christopher Tolkien]] and the biographer [[Humphrey Carpenter]]. The selection contains 354 letters, dating between October 1914, when Tolkien was an undergraduate at [[Oxford]], and August 29, 1973, four days before his death.

The letters can be roughly divided in four categories:
#Personal letters to [[Edith Tolkien]], Christopher Tolkien and his other children,
#Letters about Tolkien's career as a professor of Anglo-Saxon
#Letters to his publishers at [[Allen & Unwin]] explaining his failing to meet the deadline and related topics
#Letters about [[Middle-earth]]

The last category is especially of interest to Tolkien fans, as it provides a lot of information about Middle-earth which cannot be found anywhere in the works published by Tolkien himself.

==German translation==
In letters 29 & 30, it appears that a German translation of ''[[The Hobbit]]'' was being negotiated in 1938. The German firm inquired whether Tolkien was of 'arisch' (aryan) origin. Tolkien was infuriated by this, and wrote two letters as a response. In the first one Tolkien apparently refused to give any declaration whatsoever of his origin. In the second one he proudly protested on the inquiry and, among other things, replied that "... I regret that I appear to have ''no'' ancestors of that gifted Jewish people". He gave his editor the choice on which reply to use. This second letter is the only one preserved and it is probable that the first one was sent.

==See also==
* [[Letters]]

[[Category:Books]]
[[Category:Books by J.R.R. Tolkien|Letters of J.R.R. Tolkien]]
[[Category:Books by Christopher Tolkien|Letters of J.R.R. Tolkien]]

[[de:Briefe]]
[[fi:The Letters of J.R.R. Tolkien]]

The Annotated Hobbit

2007-10-29T15:43:40Z

Swyft: interwiki de

{{book|
title=The Annotated Hobbit|
image=[[Image:The Annotated Hobbit.jpg|225px]]|
author=[[Douglas A. Anderson]]|
isbn=0618134700|
publisher=[[Houghton Mifflin]]|
date=October 2004|
format=Hardcover|
pages= 416|
amazon=http://www.amazon.com/gp/product/0874808006/ref=sr_11_1/102-6025778-4717761?%5Fencoding=UTF8|
amazonprice=$28.00
}}
==From the publisher==
For readers throughout the world, The Hobbit serves as an introduction to the enchanting world of Middle-earth, home of elves, wizards, dwarves, goblins, dragons, orcs and a host of other creatures depicted in The Lord of the Rings and The Silmarillion -- tales that sprang from the mind of the most beloved author of all time, J.R.R. Tolkien.

Newly expanded and completely redesigned, Douglas A. Anderson's The Annotated Hobbit is the definitive explication of the sources, characters, places, and things of J.R.R. Tolkien's timeless classic. Integrated with Anderson's notes and placed alongside the fully restored and corrected text of the original story are more than 150 illustrations showing visual interpretations of The Hobbit specific to many of the cultures that have come to know and love Tolkien's Middle-earth. Tolkien's original line drawings, maps and color paintings are also included, making this the most lavishly informative edition of The Hobbit available.
The Annotated Hobbit shows how Tolkien worked as a writer, what his influences and interests were, and how these relate to the invented world of Middle-earth. It gives a valuable overview of Tolkien's life and the publishing history of The Hobbit, and explains how every feature of The Hobbit fits within the rest of Tolkien's invented world. Here we learn how Gollum's character was revised to accommodate the true nature of the One Ring, and we can read the full text of The Quest of Erebor, Gandalf's explanation of how he came to send Bilbo Baggins on his journey with the dwarves. Anderson also makes meaningful and often surprising connections to our own world and literary history -- from Beowulf to The Marvellous Landof Snergs, from the Brothers Grimm to C. S. Lewis.
[[Category:Books]]

[[de:The annotated Hobbit]]

User talk:Swyft

2007-10-29T13:04:10Z

Swyft:

User:Swyft

2007-10-29T12:50:54Z

Swyft:

I'm one of the admins of the german [http://ardapedia.herr-der-ringe-film.de Ardapedia].

[[de:Benutzer:Swyft]]
[[fi:Käyttäjä:Swyft]]

Meneltarma

2007-10-28T19:29:44Z

Swyft: interwiki de + fi

[[Image:Jef Murray - At the foot of the Meneltarma.jpg|thumb|''At the foot of the Meneltarma'' by [[Jef Murray]]]]
'''Meneltarma''', meaning ''Pillar of the Heavens'', was a sacred mountain in the centre of [[Númenor]].

It had a flattened and broad summit, able to contain a great multitude during religious ceremonies. However no permament structure was erected there, and the ceremonies took place in open air.

A requirement of absolute silence was imposed on any who climbed the mountain. The tradition was so strong and universal that even foreigners felt bound by it.
Only the King was allowed to utter prayers and thanksgivings to [[Eru|Eru Ilúvatar]], during the feasts of [[Erukyermë]], [[Erulaitalë]] and [[Eruhantalë]].

Birds and animals did not approach the site, and only the [[Eagles|Eagles of Manwë]] were seen circling over the summit. They were also regarded as sacred guardians of the mountain and all the land.

The base of Meneltarma sloped gently and divided itself into five roots reaching out towards the five divisions of the land. These roots were called [[Tarmasundar]], the ''Roots of the Pillar''. On the southern slopes were located the tombs of [[Rulers of Númenor|Kings and Queens of Númenor]], in a valley called [[Noirinan]].

After the destruction of Númenor, the only trace of the island was a very small island, and on it was what was left of the great mountain.

==See also==
* [[:Category:Images of Meneltarma|Images of Meneltarma]]

[[Category:Mountains]]
[[Category:Númenor]]

[[de:Meneltarma]]
[[fi:Meneltarma]]

Shire Calendar

2007-10-28T19:24:53Z

Swyft: interwiki de + fi

The '''Shire Calendar''' was used by the [[Hobbits]] of the [[Shire]]. It was different from that used by the [[Men]], [[Dwarves]] and [[Elves]]. Use of this calendar in Middle-earth is referred to as '''Shire-reckoning'''.

It is highly based on the Germanic calendar.

Year 1 of the Shire Calendar corresponded when the Shire was founded by the [[Bree]] Hobbits Marcho and Blanco in the year 1601 of the [[Third Age]]. Therefore, years of the Third Age can be converted to Shire-years by subtracting 1600.

The last year of the Third Age was year 1421 on the Shire calendar.

==Months of the year and special days==

The Shire calendar's year was divided into 12 months of 30 days. Five additional days were added to create a 365-day year. The months followed the lunar cycle.

<table border="1" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0">
<tr style="background:#EFEFEF;"><th>Month number</th><th>Name</th><th>Approximate relationship to Gregorian calendar</th></tr>
<tr><td align=center> </td><td>''2 Yule''</td><td>22nd of December</td></tr>
<tr><td align=center>1</td><td>''[[Afteryule]]''</td><td>23rd of December to the 21st of January</td></tr>
<tr><td align=center>2</td><td>''[[Solmath]]''</td><td>22nd of January to the 20th of February</td></tr>
<tr><td align=center>3</td><td>''[[Rethe]]''</td><td>21st of February to the 22nd of March</td></tr>
<tr><td align=center>4</td><td>''[[Astron]]''</td><td>23rd of March to 21st of April</td></tr>
<tr><td align=center>5</td><td>''[[Thrimidge]]''</td><td>22nd of April to the 21st of May</td></tr>
<tr><td align=center>6</td><td>''[[Forelithe]]''</td><td>22nd of May to the 20th of June</td></tr>
<tr><td align=center> </td><td>''1 Lithe''</td><td>21st of June</td></tr>
<tr><td align=center> </td><td>''[[Midyear's Day]]''</td><td>22nd of June</td></tr>
<tr><td align=center> </td><td>''[[Overlithe]]''</td><td>Leap day</td></tr>
<tr><td align=center> </td><td>''2 Lithe''</td><td>23rd of June</td></tr>
<tr><td align=center>7</td><td>''[[Afterlithe]]''</td><td>24th of June to the 23rd of July</td></tr>
<tr><td align=center>8</td><td>''[[Wedmath]]''</td><td>24th of July to the 22nd of August</td></tr>
<tr><td align=center>9</td><td>''[[Halimath]]''</td><td>23rd of August to the 21st of September</td></tr>
<tr><td align=center>10</td><td>''[[Winterfilth]]''</td><td>22nd of September to 21st of October</td></tr>
<tr><td align=center>11</td><td>''[[Blotmath]]''</td><td>22nd of October to the 20th of November</td></tr>
<tr><td align=center>12</td><td>''[[Foreyule]]''</td><td>21st of November to the 20th of December</td></tr>
<tr><td align=center> </td><td>''1 Yule''</td><td>21st of December</td></tr>
</table>

The ''Yuledays'' were the days that mark the end of an old year and the beginning of a new one, so 2 Yule was the first day of the year. The ''Lithedays'' are the three days in the middle of the year, 1 Lithe, Mid-year's Day, and 2 Lithe. In leap years (every fourth year except centennial years) a day was added after Mid-year's Day called ''Overlithe''. All these days were placed outside of any month. These days were primarily holidays and feast days. ''Mid-year's Day'' is meant to correspond to the summer solstice, which Tolkien describes as being 10 days earlier than the middle day of our year. However, since then the summer solstice has shifted slightly so it falls on a different date now, rendering the difference between ''Mid-year's Day'' and the middle day of our year eleven days, instead of ten.

== Days of the week ==

There were seven days in the Shire week. The first day of the week was called ''Sterday'' and the last day of the week was called ''Highday''. The Mid-year's Day and, when present, Overlithe had no weekday assignments. This arrangement was used because it caused every day to have the same weekday designation from year to year (instead of changing as in the Gregorian calendar).

<table border="1" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0">
<tr style="background:#EFEFEF;"><th>Day Name</th><th>Meaning</th><th>Relationship to Gregorian calendar</th></tr>
<tr><td >''[[Sterday]]''</td><td>Stars of [[Varda]]</td><td>Monday</td></tr>
<tr><td >''[[Sunday]]''</td><td>[[Sun]]</td><td>Tuesday</td></tr>
<tr><td >''[[Monday]]''</td><td>[[Moon]]</td><td>Wednesday</td></tr>
<tr><td >''[[Trewsday]]''</td><td>[[Two Trees]] of Valinor</td><td>Thursday</td></tr>
<tr><td >''[[Hevensday]]''</td><td>[[Ilmen|Heavens]]</td><td>Friday</td></tr>
<tr><td >''[[Mersday]]''</td><td>[[Belegaer|Sea]]</td><td>Saturday</td></tr>
<tr><td >''[[Highday]]''</td><td>[[Valar]]</td><td>Sunday</td></tr>
</table>

Highday was a holiday with evening feasts.

In ''[[The Hobbit]]'' and ''[[The Lord of the Rings]]'', the names of months and days are given in modern equivalents. For instance, Afteryule is called ''January'' and Sterday is called ''Monday''.
Basis: A footnote in the ''[[Appendices]]'' says "I have...used Saturday and Sunday instead of Thursday and Friday."

[[Category:Hobbit Calendar]]

[[de:Auenland-Kalender]]
[[fi:Konnun kalenteri]]

Glorfindel

2007-10-28T19:20:16Z

Swyft: interwiki de + fi

{{noldor infobox
| image= [[Image:BFME2 - Glorfindel.jpg|300px]]
| name= Glorfindel of the Golden Flower
| canon=[[Image:Canon Scale - 4.jpg]]
| quenya=
| titles= Chief of the [[House of the Golden Flower]]
| birth= Sometime during the [[Years of the Trees]], [[Aman]]. Returned to [[Middle-earth]] c. [[Second Age 1600|S.A. 1600]]
| realm= [[Aman]] ([[Tirion]]?), [[Vinyamar]], [[Gondolin]]
| death= [[First Age 510|F.A. 510]]; may have sailed West during the [[Fourth Age]]
| age= 6000+
| parentage= Probably [[Noldor]]in/[[Vanyar]]in mix
| spouse= Unknown, if any
| children=
| gender= Male
| hair= Long Golden
| ref=''[[The Fall of Gondolin]]'', ''[[Last Writings]]'', ''[[The Lord of the Rings]]''
|}}
'''Glorfindel''' was one of the mightiest [[elves]] of [[Middle-earth]], and one of the most famous of the minor characters in the legendarium. He was distinctive because of his return to [[Middle-earth]] after death, acting as an emissary of the [[Valar]], on a similar mission to the [[Istari]] who were to come several thousand years later.

==History==
===Early History===

Glorfindel was born in [[Valinor]] sometime during the [[Years of the Trees]]. His parentage is unknown; due to his apparent nobility and a note that he was kin of [[Turgon the Wise|Turgon]] it is possible that he was the son of one of [[Finwë]]’s daughters, [[Findis]] or [[Irimë]]. This would account for his distinctive golden hair as well, as [[Indis]] their mother was a [[Vanya]]. It would also make Glorfindel the possible uncle of [[Voronwë]] (who may have been the grandson of Irimë), the only surviving mariner who sought Valinor. Nevertheless, his parentage is and always will be a matter of speculation, unless new manuscripts turn up, as [[J.R.R. Tolkien|Tolkien]] never explored that matter very deeply.

He was of the host of [[Turgon the Wise|Turgon]], who was one of the most determined and unrepentant followers of [[Fëanor]]. Nevertheless Glorfindel himself was reluctant; only for his allegiance and kinship with Turgon did he go, and had no part in the [[Kinslaying of Alqualondë]].

===Gondolin===

After the [[Exile of the Noldor]] Glorfindel’s history is obscure. As a great follower of Turgon he was appointed chief of the [[House of the Golden Flower]], one of the [[Twelve Houses of the Gondolindrim|Twelve Houses]] of [[Gondolin]]. He was dearly loved by all the [[Gondolindrim]], and went about in a mantle embroidered in threads of gold, diapered with [[celandine]] “as a field in spring”. His vambraces were [[Uncommon words#damask|damascened]] with "cunning gold".

[[Image:Jenny Dolfen - Glorfindel and Ecthelion.jpg|thumb|left|250px|''Glorfindel and Ecthelion'' by [[Jenny Dolfen]]]]He witnessed the coming of [[Tuor]] and later the [[Fall of Gondolin]]. During the ensuing battle in the streets, Glorfindel chose (or was ordered to) hold the [[Great Market]] from the advancing [[orcs]]. He attempted to flank them, taking their enemies by surprise, but was himself ambushed and surrounded. Cut off, the House of the Golden Flower fought on fiercely for hours, until a fire-breathing [[dragon]] came and leveled their ranks. Glorfindel with some of the strongest of his followers cut his way out, but the survivors of that battle were very few. Even then they were pursued and might have been killed, but the [[House of the Harp]] arrived in time, ambushing their pursuers, after rebelling from their treacherous leader [[Salgant]]. The Golden Flower arrived at the [[Square of the King]], one of the last of the Houses to be driven in.

As many of the lords had fallen, [[Ecthelion of the Fountain|Ecthelion]] was wounded, [[Galdor]] was engaged, and [[Egalmoth]] had not yet arrived, Glorfindel joined Tuor in leading the defense of the King’s Square. When Egalmoth arrived, bringing with him many women and children, he took over Glorfindel’s job in going from place to place, strengthening the defenses. Glorfindel presumably threw himself once more into the thick of the fight. But even he could not prevent a dragon from coming down from the [[Alley of Roses]], breaking through their lines. The dragon was accompanied by orcs and balrogs, among them [[Gothmog (Lord of Balrogs)|Gothmog]]. Even Tuor was thrown down, but Ecthelion sacrificed himself to kill Gothmog and buy the Gondolindrim a little more time. When the Gondolindrim fled southward, and Turgon King was slain, Glorfindel held the rear manfully, losing many more of his House in the process. After they had escaped Gondolin via [[Idril's Secret Way]], and passed through the [[Cristhorn|Cirith Thoronath]], Glorfindel again held the rear with the largest number of the unwounded.

[[Image:Ted Nasmith - Glorfindel and the Balrog Above Gondolin.jpg|thumb|right|150px|''Glorfindel and the Balrog Above Gondolin'' by [[Ted Nasmith]]]]It was at that time that a balrog and a contingent of orcs ambushed their company. Glorfindel there accomplished his greatest deed, for he saved the lives of Tuor, [[Idril]], and all the company when he defied the balrog. They fought long. According to ''[[The Fall of Gondolin]]'' Glorfindel stabbed it in the belly, but as the balrog fell it reached out and grabbed his long golden hair, pulling him back down over the edge of the cliff. He perished in the fall, but his body was borne up by [[Thorondor]], and buried him with a mound of stones in the pass. On that mound grew yellow flowers (possibly celandine), despite its remote location.

===Re-embodiment and Return===

Glorfindel’s spirit passed to the [[Halls of Mandos]], where he waited with the spirits of the other Noldor who had defied the [[Valar]] and so could not be re-embodied until the [[War of Wrath]]. But because of Glorfindel’s noble actions in life, his reluctance at the Exile, and his furthering of the purposes of the Valar by saving Tuor and Idril, he was re-embodied after only a short time. He had redeemed himself, and was purged of any guilt. Not only did his sacrifice get him an early pardon, it earned him great powers, so that he was almost an equal to the faithful [[Eldar]].

Glorfindel spent several hundred years in Valinor, during which time he became a friend and follower of the [[Maia]] [[Olórin]]. Eventually, [[Manwë]] sent him across the [[Belegaer|sea]] to [[Middle-earth]], possibly as early as [[Second Age 1200]], but more likely in [[Second Age 1600|1600]] with the [[Blue Wizards]]. If the latter date, he arrived just after the [[One Ring]] had been forged, [[Barad-dûr]] built, and [[Celebrimbor]] dead or soon to be so. While the Blue Wizards were sent to the east, Glorfindel’s mission was to aid [[Gil-galad]] and [[Elrond]] in the struggle against [[Sauron]]. He played a prominent behind-the-scenes role in the war in [[Eriador]] and the other struggles of the [[Second Age]] and [[Third Age]]. His part, though great, was mostly overlooked by the histories, because his immense, angelic power was not usually displayed openly.

===Third Age===

[[Image:John Howe - Glorfindel.jpg|thumb|left|100px|''Glorfindel'' by [[John Howe]]]]Glorfindel greeted his friend [[Olórin]] (to be known as [[Gandalf]]) in [[Mithlond]] in [[Third Age 1000|1000]] of the Third Age, who was on a similar mission to his own. As the great Elves of Middle-earth fell one by one, only [[Galadriel]], [[Celeborn (Lord of Lórien)|Celeborn]], [[Elrond]], and [[Círdan]] were left of the Wise. Glorfindel took a more active role, leading the Elven forces in the [[Battle of Fornost]]. Upon the humiliation of [[Eärnur]] before the [[Witch-king]], Glorfindel bade him not pursue, and prophesied that the wraith would not fall by the hand of man.

His next appearance in the histories was during the pre-[[War of the Ring]] struggles, after the [[One Ring]] had been brought into the light once more. He was one of the elves dispatched from [[Rivendell]] by Elrond to search for the [[Ring-bearer]]. Elrond had chosen him partially because Glorfindel did not fear the [[Ringwraiths]], as he had great presence in both the [[Seen]] and [[Unseen]] worlds. While on his perilous mission the Ringwraiths avoided him; he met five of them, and they fled at his presence. It was Glorfindel indeed who accomplished his mission and found the Ringbearer, [[Frodo Baggins]], and his friend [[Aragorn II|Aragorn]] with him. Glorfindel put Frodo on his horse, [[Asfaloth]], and upon the approach of the Ringwraiths ordered him to go on. The white horse bore Frodo to safety across the [[Ford of Bruinen]], but Frodo, in a rash act of attempted heroism, turned around at the other side and defied the Nine. Glorfindel, expecting the flood that protected Rivendell to come down and smite the riders, revealed his power to the Riders, and drove them (willingly or not) into the River, where they were swept away by the ensuing waters.

[[Image:Hope Hoover - Glorfindel in Battle.jpg|thumb|right|200px|''Glorfindel in Battle'' by [[Hope Hoover]]]]After this adventure, he helped bear Frodo to Rivendell, where the wounded Ringbearer was tended to. Glorfindel attended the [[Council of Elrond]], playing an active role in the conversation, speaking prophetically of [[Tom Bombadil]] and other matters with authority. Glorfindel stood beside Elrond and Gandalf as the backbone of the Council, laying out clearly their options. At first Glorfindel suggested that the Ring would be safe in the depths of the Sea, but the far-sighted Gandalf noted the change of landscapes, and the unforeseen possibilities that could bring the Ring forth once more in a hundred or even a thousand years in the future. In a hasty note Tolkien suggested that Glorfindel could tell of his ancestry in Gondolin, but this idea was disbanded. Glorfindel was briefly considered as a member of the [[Fellowship of the Ring]], but as his friend Gandalf said, his power would be of little use against the might of [[Mordor]], on a mission of secrecy.

During the [[War of the Ring]] nothing is said of Glorfindel. Doubtless he played as strong a role as he had in previous campaigns. It is possible that he went to [[Lothlórien]] and fought actively in the [[Rhovanion Campaign (WotR)|war of Rhovanion]], perhaps even aiding Celeborn in the [[Fall of Dol Guldur]]. Whatever his role, his next mention in the texts is the [[Wedding of Elessar]], to which he came from the north with Galadriel and Elrond. After that no more is said of him. Like Olórin, his task in Middle-earth was done, and the age of the [[Elves]] was over. He probably passed West, perhaps with the bearers of the [[Three Rings]] and the [[One Ring]]. Or he may have remained for a time in Middle-earth to oversee the cleanup after the war. It may even be speculated that he waited for the Blue Wizards, who were active in the east against Sauron, and departed with them even as he came.

==Earlier Versions of the Legendarium==

Glorfindel was originally planned to be part of the [[Fellowship of the Ring]], in a way taking the place of [[Legolas of Mirkwood|Legolas]]. Tolkien proposed three dates as to his return to Middle-earth: [[Third Age 1000|T.A. 1000]], with [[Gandalf]], [[Second Age 1200|S.A. 1200]] and the years following, or [[Second Age 1600|S.A. 1600]]. He dropped the first one after some thought, and though he declared the second possible, he favored the last as the most probable.

==Attributes==

Glorfindel was an elf of great beauty, power, wisdom, and moral courage. He was clearly loved by the people of [[Gondolin]], who mourned his passing greatly. He acted most courageously during the Fall, his House being among those that suffered the greatest losses, and eventually giving his own life for the safety of [[Tuor]] and [[Idril]], accomplishing the designs of the Valar, though it was said that he "''would have defended them even had they been fugitives of any rank''". He was repentant of the rebellion of the Noldor, and took no part in the Kinslaying. His acts in the Third Age also show great presence and authority, as does the very fact that he was sent as an emissary of the Valar.

==Controversy==

Some have questioned whether Glorfindel of Gondolin and Glorfindel of Rivendell were the same. Tolkien may simply have borrowed a name from his earlier legendarium, something he was known to do. ''[[The Peoples of Middle-earth]]'', published posthumously, cast some light on this issue. Among the ''[[Last Writings]]'' published in that volume, there are two long essays, ''Glorfindel I'' and ''Glorfindel II''. These were written later in life by Tolkien, and directly addressed whether the two Glorfindels were the same person. Both essays clearly indicated that they were the same person, and included a detailed discussion of 're-embodiment' in Tolkien's mythology.

{{quote|. . . At any rate what at first sight may seem the simplest solution must be abandoned: sc. that we have merely a reduplication of names, and that Glorfindel of Gondolin and Glorfindel of Rivendell were different persons. This repetition of so striking a name, though possible, would not be credible… Also it may be found that acceptance of the identity of Glorfindel of old and of the Third Age will actually explain what is said of him and improve the story. . .|''[[Last Writings]]'', Glorfindel II}}

{{quote|. . . After his purging of any guilt that he had incurred in the rebellion, he was released from Mandos, and Manwë restored him… We may then best suppose that Glorfindel returned during the Second Age, before the ‘shadow’ fell on [[Númenor]]. . .|Ibid.}}

As Tolkien's legendarium was an evolving work that he constantly updated and revised, there will always be some question of 'final intent.' Some may note that the above-quoted essays were private and not ever published, and thus should not be taken as decisive. Nevertheless the editors of the Tolkien Gateway believe that these essays, combined with Tolkien's published novels, clearly establish that Glorfindel of Gondolin and Glorfindel of Rivendell were the same person.

==Portrayal in Adaptations==

[[Image:SBG - Glorfindel in armor.jpeg|thumb|right|Glorfindel as portrayed by the [[Lord of the Rings Strategy Battle Game]]]]Glorfindel’s role in ''[[The Lord of the Rings]]'' is consistently replaced by another character in adaptations, presumably to limit the already large number of characters. In [[Ralph Bakshi's The Lord of the Rings]], he was replaced by [[Legolas]], while in [[Peter Jackson]]’s [[Peter Jackson's The Lord of the Rings|adaptation]] he was replaced even more controversially by [[Arwen]], although an elf extra at Elessar’s coronation, played by [[Jarl Benzon]], was later identified as Glorfindel in film promotional materials. In the franchise following the film, namely the video game ''[[The Battle for Middle-earth II]]'', Glorfindel is portrayed as a silver-haired hero fighting in the north.

Glorfindel is one of the most popular elven characters for [[fanfiction]]. He is often portrayed as a fiery, light-hearted elf of great power, a friend of [[Ecthelion of the Fountain|Ecthelion]] and [[Tuor]]. He is also a favored character in the slash area of fanfiction, something roundly criticized by purists.

[[Category:Noldor]]
[[Category:Characters in The Lord of the Rings]]

[[de:Glorfindel]]
[[fi:Glorfindel]]

User talk:Swyft

2007-10-28T19:15:18Z

Swyft: