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Alalminórë

2026-06-01T16:03:03Z

Tarkil:

{{location infobox
| name=Alalminórë
| image=
| caption=
| pronun=
| othernames=''Dor Lalmin'', ''Gar Lossion'' ([[Gnomish|G]]) ''Warwickshire'' ([[wikipedia:English language|E]])
| location=[[Tol Eressëa]]
| type=Region
| description=
| regions=
| settlements=[[Kortirion]]
| inhabitants=[[Elves]] After the [[Faring Forth]], [[Men]]
| created=
| destroyed=
| events=Wanderings of [[Eriol]]
}}

'''Alalminórë''' was the central region of the island of [[Tol Eressëa]], according to the early version of the [[legendarium]] in ''[[The Book of Lost Tales]]''.<ref name="Ala">{{LT1|I}}, p. 16</ref>

The region was regarded as the fairest part of the island, where many towns and villages of the [[Elves]] were located. It was also where [[Kortirion]], the chief city of Tol Eressëa was situated in,<ref name="Ala"/> on the banks of the [[Gliding Water]].<ref>{{LT1|Kortirion1}}, p. 33</ref>

== History ==
After the [[March of Liberation]] and the defeat of [[Melko]], many of the exiled Elves and [[Gnomes]] moved to Alalminórë, led by [[Ingil]] son of [[Inwë]]. There, they built the city of Koromas, later known as ''Kortirion'' due to the [[Tirin na Gilweth|great tower]] that Ingil built there at the topmost part of the city.<ref name="Ala"/>

It was also where the [[Cottage of Lost Play]] could be found, which [[Eriol]], the [[Men|Mannish]] mariner, visited on his sojourn in Tol Eressëa.<ref name="Ala"/> Another place in the city that he visited was the home of [[Meril-i-Turinqi]],<ref group="note">According to one rejected text, the [[Valar|Vala]] [[Erinti]] also dwelt in Alalminórë after the arrival of Elves to Tol Eressëa. She served as a literary precursor to Meril-i-Turinqi.</ref><ref>{{PE|12}}, p. 36</ref> the Lady of Tol Eressëa, at the foot of Ingil's tower in a ''[[korin]]'' of [[elms]].<ref>{{LT1|IV}}, p. 95</ref> A famous half-[[Fays|fay]] [[Minstrels|minstrel]], [[Tinfang]], loved to visit Alalminórë above all the other parts of the island.<ref>{{LT1|IV}}, p. 94</ref>

Sometime during the [[wikipedia:5th century|5th century AD]], following the disastrous [[Faring Forth]] and the dragging of Tol Eressëa across the Ocean to be anchored off the coast of the [[Great Lands]], [[Men]] invaded the island, along with other evil creatures, such as [[Orcs]] and [[Trolls]], which resulted in the displacement and eventual fading of the Elves on the island.<ref>{{LT1|In}}, p. 26</ref>

However, not all Men were hostile to the Elves, and these became the ancestors of the [[wikipedia:English people|English]]. One of them was [[Hengest and Horsa|Hengest]] son of [[Eriol]], who invaded Kortirion, and made it his capital, afterwards known as ''Warwíc'' and eventually as ''Warwick'' - with Alalminórë, the region surrounding Warwick, becoming known as ''Warwickshire''.<ref>{{LT2|VI}}, p. 293</ref><ref>{{LT1|In}}, p. 25</ref>

== Etymology and names ==
The name ''Alalminórë'' is in [[Qenya]], meaning the "Land of [[Elms]]". It consists of the elements ''[[alalmë]]'' ("elm") + ''[[nórë]]'' ("land").<ref>{{webcite|author=[[Paul Strack]]|articleurl=http://eldamo.org/content/words/word-3369572157.html|articlename=ᴱQ. ''Alalminóre'' loc.|website=Eldamo|accessed=29 April 2022}}</ref> Its [[Gnomish]] cognate is '''''Dor Lalmin''''',<ref>{{PE|15}}, "[[Names and Required Alterations]]", p. 7</ref> with earlier forms of the name being ''Lalmindor'' and ''Dor na Lalmion''.<ref name="Los"/>

It was also called '''''Gar Lossion''''' in Gnomish, meaning the "Place of Flowers", from ''[[gar]]'' ("place, district") + ''lossion'', a plural of ''[[lôs]]'' ("flower").<ref>{{LT1|Appendix}}, entry "Dor Faidwen"</ref><ref>{{webcite|author=[[Paul Strack]]|articleurl=http://eldamo.org/content/words/word-1832325783.html|articlename=G. ''Gar Lossion'' loc.|website=Eldamo|accessed=29 April 2022}}</ref> The earlier forms of the name were ''Losgar'',<ref>{{PE|15}}, "[[Names and Required Alterations]]", p. 5</ref> ''Lothrod''<ref name="Los">{{PE|11}}, p. 52</ref> and ''Losior''.<ref>{{PE|11}}, p. 54</ref>

== Other versions of the legendarium ==
=== Early legendarium ===
In some of the outlines for the continuation of ''The Book of Lost Tales'', [[Tolkien]] decided to completely change the nature of the framework of the tales. In that reimagining of the [[legendarium]], Tol Eressëa ceased to be identified with [[wikipedia:England|England]]/[[wikipedia:British Isles|British Isles]] - instead, it became a completely different island, and [[wikipedia:Great Britain|Great Britain]] became the island of [[Luthany]], while the mariner that came there was called [[Ælfwine]], an [[wikipedia:English people|Englishman]] sailing ''from'' England.<ref>{{LT2|VI}}, pp. 300-1</ref>

So, as opposed to the previous conception, where the Elves of the Great Lands sailed directly to Tol Eressëa following the defeat of Melko in the March of Liberation, the Elves now sailed to Luthany instead.

There, they built many cities and settlements - and, after their ''eventual'' return to Tol Eressëa, named many places there ''after'' the ones in Luthany. For example, the city of Kortirion (the New) in Tol Eressëa was named after Kortirion the Old (i.e. Warwick) in Luthany.<ref>{{LT2|VI}}, outline '''27''', pp. 307-8</ref>

In one text from c. [[1920]], called ''[[Ælfwine of England]]'', '''Alalminórë''' (Warwickshire) is mentioned as the region surrounding the town of Kortirion (the Old) ruled by [[Óswine (Prince of Gwar)|Óswine]], the Prince of Gwar, who was friendly to the Elves that still lived on the island, many of whom congregated in Alalminórë.<ref>{{LT2|VIb}}, pp. 313, 324</ref>

=== Later legendarium ===
In the later [[legendarium]], there appears the [[Quenya]] name '''Alalvinórë''', glossed as the "Land of Many Elms".<ref>{{PE|17}}, p. 153</ref> It consists of the elements ''[[alalvëa]]'' ("having many elms") + ''[[nórë]]'' ("land, country").

Since this name was never used in any narrative, however, it is unclear how it would have been applied in the post-''[[The Lord of the Rings]]'' mythology.

The name itself was changed from the earlier forms ''Alalminórë'' and ''Alalbinórë''.<ref>{{webcite|author=[[Paul Strack]]|articleurl=http://eldamo.org/content/words/word-3669988095.html|articlename=Q. ''Alalvinóre'' loc.|website=Eldamo|accessed=29 April 2022}}</ref>

The place (identified there with Warwickshire) was also called '''''Alalminor''''' in the poem ''[[The Trees of Kortirion]]'' from c. [[1962]].<ref>{{LT1|Kortirion3}}, p. 40</ref>

== Inspiration ==
Alalminórë was inspired by [[wikipedia:Warwickshire|Warwickshire]], a region of [[wikipedia:England|England]] in which the town of [[wikipedia:Warwick|Warwick]] (which served as the inspiration for the city of Kortirion) is situated in.<ref>{{LT1|In}}, pp. 24-5</ref>

{{references|notes}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Alalminore}}
[[Category:Locations in The Book of Lost Tales]]
[[Category:Luthany]]
[[Category:Qenya locations]]
[[Category:Quenya locations]]
[[Category:Regions]]
[[Category:Tol Eressëa]]
[[de:Alalminóre]]
[[fi:Alalminórë]]
[[fr:encyclo/geographie/regions/alalminore]]

Gar Ainion

2026-06-01T15:57:26Z

Tarkil:

{{short description|Temple in Gondolin}}
[[File:Sara M. Morello - Gar Ainion - Place of the Gods.jpg|thumb|200px|right|''Gar Ainion - Place of the Gods'' by [[:Category:Images by Sara M. Morello|Sara M. Morello]]]]
'''Gar Ainion''', the '''Place of the Gods''', was a sort of temple in [[Gondolin]], according to the early version of the [[legendarium]] in ''[[The Book of Lost Tales]]''.

It was located nigh the king's halls, going southwards by the [[Road of Pomps]]. It was very open and at its middle was the highest ground of all the city, from which the [[Square of the Palace]] could be seen. It was here that [[Idril]] and [[Tuor]] were wed, in the Place of Wedding. During the [[Fall of Gondolin]], [[Voronwë]] took a confused Idril to Gar Ainion, where they were found by [[Tuor]] and his group of survivors. From there, they gazed with despair the Square of the King being overran by enemies, the fall of the [[Tower of the King|king's tower]] and the death of King [[Turgon]].<ref>{{LT2|III}}, pp. 164, 186-8</ref>

== Etymology ==
''Gar Ainion'' is [[Gnomish]], from ''[[gar]]'' ("place, district")<ref>{{LT1|Appendix}}, entry "Dor Faidwen"</ref> + genitive plural ''[[Ainur|Ainu]]''. A previous form was ''Gar Ainon''.<ref>{{LT2|IIIn}}, p. 202</ref>

[[Qenya]] cognates were '''''Ainurarda''''' and '''''Arda Valarwa'''''.<ref>{{PE|13}}, p. 103</ref>

{{references}}
[[Category:Buildings]]
[[Category:Gnomish locations]]
[[Category:Gondolin]]
[[Category:Great Lands]]

Gar Ainion

2026-06-01T15:56:38Z

Tarkil:

{{short description|Temple in Gondolin}}
[[File:Sara M. Morello - Gar Ainion - Place of the Gods.jpg|thumb|200px|right|''Gar Ainion - Place of the Gods'' by [[:Category:Images by Sara M. Morello|Sara M. Morello]]]]
'''Gar Ainion''', the '''Place of the Gods''', was a sort of temple in [[Gondolin]], according to the early version of the [[legendarium]] in ''[[The Book of Lost Tales]]''.

It was located nigh the king's halls, going southwards by the [[Road of Pomps]]. It was very open and at its middle was the highest ground of all the city, from which the [[Square of the Palace]] could be seen. It was here that [[Idril]] and [[Tuor]] were wed, in the Place of Wedding. During the [[Fall of Gondolin]], [[Voronwë]] took a confused Idril to Gar Ainion, where they were found by [[Tuor]] and his group of survivors. From there, they gazed with despair the Square of the King being overran by enemies, the fall of the [[Tower of the King|king's tower]] and the death of King [[Turgon]].<ref>{{LT2|III}}, pp. 164, 186-8</ref>

== Etymology ==
''Gar Ainion'' is [[Gnomish]], from ''gar'' ("place, district")<ref>{{LT1|Appendix}}, entry "Dor Faidwen"</ref> + genitive plural ''[[Ainur|Ainu]]''. A previous form was ''Gar Ainon''.<ref>{{LT2|IIIn}}, p. 202</ref>

[[Qenya]] cognates were '''''Ainurarda''''' and '''''Arda Valarwa'''''.<ref>{{PE|13}}, p. 103</ref>

{{references}}
[[Category:Buildings]]
[[Category:Gnomish locations]]
[[Category:Gondolin]]
[[Category:Great Lands]]

White Dwarf

2026-04-15T13:52:27Z

Tarkil: /* External links */

[[File:White Dwarf 365.png|thumb|Cover of ''White Dwarf'' #365, 2010]]
'''''White Dwarf''''' (founded [[1977]]) is a game magazine published by [[Games Workshop]].

==History==
Various issues of ''White Dwarf'' have material related to game adaptations of [[J.R.R. Tolkien]]'s [[Middle-earth]]: during the 1980s many issues included articles about both role-playing game settings and miniature war games.<ref name=Citadel>[http://realmofzhu.blogspot.com/2010/05/1980s-citadel-lord-of-rings-white-dwarf.html 1980s Citadel Lord of the Rings/White Dwarf Index] at [http://realmofzhu.blogspot.com/ Realm of Zhu] (accessed 18 September 2011)</ref> After releasing ''The Lord of the Rings Strategy Battle Game'' in [[2001]], each issue of ''White Dwarf'' featured a special section about this line of miniature war game (apparently dropping this regular section during the latter half of [[2010]]).<ref name=GW>[http://www.games-workshop.com/gws/catalog/armySubUnitCats.jsp?catId=cat1290179&rootCatGameStyle= White Dwarf] at [http://www.games-workshop.com/gws/home.jsp Games-Workshop.com] (accessed 17 September 2011)</ref> Similarly, ''White Dwarf'' has introduced a new regular feature with the introduction of ''[[The Hobbit Strategy Battle Game]]'' in [[2012]].

==Issues, selected==
[[File:Where and back.png|thumb|right|Article from ''White Dwarf'' #79, 1986]]
*[[1983]]: ''White Dwarf'' #38
**"Khazad Dûm" by Lewis Pulsipher (adventure in Moria for [[Dungeons and Dragons|AD&D]])<ref name=Other/><ref>[http://index.rpg.net/display-entry.phtml?articleid=4577 Khazad Dûm] at [http://index.rpg.net/ Index.Rpg.net] (accessed 29 November 2011)</ref>
**[Moria illustrations by John Blanche]<ref>[http://realmofzhu.blogspot.com/2010/07/giant-shadows-john-blanche-in-moria.html Giant Shadows: John Blanche in Moria] at [http://realmofzhu.blogspot.com/ Realm of Zhu] (accessed 18 September 2011)</ref>
*[[1984]]: ''White Dwarf'' #50
**Review of [[Middle-earth Role Playing|Middle Earth Supplements]]
*[[1985]]: ''White Dwarf'' #64 (April)
**Outline Drawing (Advert)<ref name=Citadel/>
**"The Dawn of Unlight" by Graham Staplehurst (scenario for [[Middle-earth Role Playing|MERP]])<ref name=Other/><ref>[http://index.rpg.net/display-entry.phtml?articleid=8053 The Dawn of Unlight] at [http://index.rpg.net/ Index.Rpg.net] (accessed 29 November 2011)</ref>
*[[1985]]: ''White Dwarf'' #65 (May)
**"The Noegyth Nibin" by Steven Prizeman<ref name=Other/><ref>[http://index.rpg.net/display-entry.phtml?articleid=3646 The Noegyth Nibin] at [http://index.rpg.net/ Index.Rpg.net] (accessed 29 November 2011)</ref>
*[[1985]]: ''White Dwarf'' #66 (June)
**"The Road Goes Ever On: Inside Middle-earth Role Playing"<ref name=Other/><ref>[http://index.rpg.net/display-entry.phtml?articleid=9007 Review: The Road Goes Ever On] at [http://index.rpg.net/ Index.Rpg.net] (accessed 29 November 2011)</ref>
**Gandalf on Shadowfax (P. Benson)<ref name=Citadel/>
**Rohirrim on Mount (Peter Prowl)<ref name=Citadel/>
**Barrow Wights (Bill Sprint)<ref name=Citadel/>
*[[1985]]: ''White Dwarf'' #67 (July)
**Black and white photo of miniatures in [[Citadel Miniatures|Citadel]]'s Lord of the Rings range<ref name=Citadel/>
**Sauron on throne, painted miniature (ME61)<ref name=Citadel/>
*[[1985]]: ''White Dwarf'' #68 (August)
**Frodo on pony (Lindsey le Doux Paton)<ref name=Citadel/>
*[[1985]]: ''White Dwarf'' #69 (September)
**Gandalf (Stuart Parkinson)<ref name=Citadel/>
*[[1985]]: ''White Dwarf'' #70 (October)
**Orc (John Blanche)<ref name=Citadel/>
*[[1985]]: ''White Dwarf'' #72 (December)
**Fellowship of the Ring Box Set Advert<ref name=Citadel/><ref name=FR>[http://realmofzhu.blogspot.com/2010/07/fellowship-of-ring-box-set-advert-white.html Fellowship of the Ring Box Set Advert] at [http://realmofzhu.blogspot.com/ Realm of Zhu] (accessed 18 September 2011)</ref>
*[[1986]]: ''White Dwarf'' #73 (January)
**Noldor Deep Elf (Pete Prow)<ref name=Citadel/><ref>[http://realmofzhu.blogspot.com/2010/07/lord-of-rings-minis-from-white-dwarf-73.html Lord of the Rings Miniatures from White Dwarf] at [http://realmofzhu.blogspot.com/ Realm of Zhu] (accessed 18 September 2011)</ref>
**"Star Spray" by Graham Staplehurst (adventure for [[Middle-earth Role Playing|MERP]])<ref name=Other/><ref>[http://index.rpg.net/display-entry.phtml?articleid=9720 Star Spray] at [http://index.rpg.net/ Index.Rpg.net] (accessed 29 November 2011)</ref>
*[[1986]]: ''White Dwarf'' #77 (May)
**"A Secret Wish" by Graham Staplehurst (adventure for [[Middle-earth Role Playing|MERP]])<ref name=Other/><ref>[http://index.rpg.net/display-entry.phtml?articleid=5304 A Secret Wish] at [http://index.rpg.net/ Index.Rpg.net] (accessed 29 November 2011)</ref>
*[[1986]]: ''White Dwarf'' #79 (July)
**"Where and Back Again?" [by Graham Staplehurst; article on Middle-earth role-playing]<ref name=FR/>
**Uruk-Hai (converted by Kevin Adams)<ref name=Citadel/>
*[[1986]]: ''White Dwarf'' #80 (August)
**"Up & Coming: A Look at Levels in MERP" by Martin Veart (about the system of levels in MERP)<ref name=Other/><ref>[http://index.rpg.net/display-entry.phtml?articleid=3776 Up & Coming] at [http://index.rpg.net/ Index.Rpg.net] (accessed 29 November 2011)</ref>
*[[1986]]: ''White Dwarf'' #81 (September)
**Gandalf and Sauron (Colin Dixon)<ref name=Citadel/>
*[[1987]]: ''White Dwarf'' #87 (March)
**"Taurëfantô" by Graham Staplehurst (adventure for [[Middle-earth Role Playing|MERP]])<ref name=Other/><ref>[http://index.rpg.net/display-entry.phtml?articleid=8073 Taurëfantô] at [http://index.rpg.net/ Index.Rpg.net] (accessed 29 November 2011)</ref>
*[[1987]]: ''White Dwarf'' #88 (April)
**Balrog Box Set Advert<ref name=Citadel/>
*[[1987]]: ''White Dwarf'' #93 (September)
**"Letters From a Foreign Land" by Graham Staplehurst (setting: Calenardhon; rules for [[Middle-earth Role Playing|MERP]])<ref name=Other>[http://web.archive.org/web/20080820125407/http://www.invasivedesigns.com/otherhands/frames_archive.html Other Hands Archive: Other hard-copy publications], dated 11 September 2007, at [http://wayback.archive.org/web/20070715000000*/http://otherhands.com Wayback: OtherHands.com] (accessed 29 November 2011)</ref><ref>[http://index.rpg.net/display-entry.phtml?articleid=8300 Letters From a Foreign Land] at [http://index.rpg.net/ Index.Rpg.net] (accessed 29 November 2011)</ref>
*[[1988]]: ''White Dwarf'' #100 (April)
**Uruk Hai (Advert)<ref name=Citadel/>
*ca. [[2001]]-[[2010]]: ''White Dwarf'', various issues
**''[[The Lord of the Rings Strategy Battle Game]]'' regular feature
* [[2013]]-, various issues
**''[[The Hobbit Strategy Battle Game]]'' regular feature

==External links==
*{{WP|White Dwarf (magazine)}}
*'''White Dwarf Articles''' at [https://lexicanum.com/ Lexicanum]:
**([https://wh40k.lexicanum.com/wiki/White_Dwarf Warhammer 40,000]);
**([https://whfb.lexicanum.com/wiki/White_Dwarf Warhammer Fantasy Battles])
{{References}}
{{Navbox tabletop magazines}}
{{title|italics}}
[[Category:Magazines]]
[[Category:Publications by title]]

White Dwarf

2026-04-15T13:48:11Z

Tarkil: Linking to other related wikis.

[[File:White Dwarf 365.png|thumb|Cover of ''White Dwarf'' #365, 2010]]
'''''White Dwarf''''' (founded [[1977]]) is a game magazine published by [[Games Workshop]].

==History==
Various issues of ''White Dwarf'' have material related to game adaptations of [[J.R.R. Tolkien]]'s [[Middle-earth]]: during the 1980s many issues included articles about both role-playing game settings and miniature war games.<ref name=Citadel>[http://realmofzhu.blogspot.com/2010/05/1980s-citadel-lord-of-rings-white-dwarf.html 1980s Citadel Lord of the Rings/White Dwarf Index] at [http://realmofzhu.blogspot.com/ Realm of Zhu] (accessed 18 September 2011)</ref> After releasing ''The Lord of the Rings Strategy Battle Game'' in [[2001]], each issue of ''White Dwarf'' featured a special section about this line of miniature war game (apparently dropping this regular section during the latter half of [[2010]]).<ref name=GW>[http://www.games-workshop.com/gws/catalog/armySubUnitCats.jsp?catId=cat1290179&rootCatGameStyle= White Dwarf] at [http://www.games-workshop.com/gws/home.jsp Games-Workshop.com] (accessed 17 September 2011)</ref> Similarly, ''White Dwarf'' has introduced a new regular feature with the introduction of ''[[The Hobbit Strategy Battle Game]]'' in [[2012]].

==Issues, selected==
[[File:Where and back.png|thumb|right|Article from ''White Dwarf'' #79, 1986]]
*[[1983]]: ''White Dwarf'' #38
**"Khazad Dûm" by Lewis Pulsipher (adventure in Moria for [[Dungeons and Dragons|AD&D]])<ref name=Other/><ref>[http://index.rpg.net/display-entry.phtml?articleid=4577 Khazad Dûm] at [http://index.rpg.net/ Index.Rpg.net] (accessed 29 November 2011)</ref>
**[Moria illustrations by John Blanche]<ref>[http://realmofzhu.blogspot.com/2010/07/giant-shadows-john-blanche-in-moria.html Giant Shadows: John Blanche in Moria] at [http://realmofzhu.blogspot.com/ Realm of Zhu] (accessed 18 September 2011)</ref>
*[[1984]]: ''White Dwarf'' #50
**Review of [[Middle-earth Role Playing|Middle Earth Supplements]]
*[[1985]]: ''White Dwarf'' #64 (April)
**Outline Drawing (Advert)<ref name=Citadel/>
**"The Dawn of Unlight" by Graham Staplehurst (scenario for [[Middle-earth Role Playing|MERP]])<ref name=Other/><ref>[http://index.rpg.net/display-entry.phtml?articleid=8053 The Dawn of Unlight] at [http://index.rpg.net/ Index.Rpg.net] (accessed 29 November 2011)</ref>
*[[1985]]: ''White Dwarf'' #65 (May)
**"The Noegyth Nibin" by Steven Prizeman<ref name=Other/><ref>[http://index.rpg.net/display-entry.phtml?articleid=3646 The Noegyth Nibin] at [http://index.rpg.net/ Index.Rpg.net] (accessed 29 November 2011)</ref>
*[[1985]]: ''White Dwarf'' #66 (June)
**"The Road Goes Ever On: Inside Middle-earth Role Playing"<ref name=Other/><ref>[http://index.rpg.net/display-entry.phtml?articleid=9007 Review: The Road Goes Ever On] at [http://index.rpg.net/ Index.Rpg.net] (accessed 29 November 2011)</ref>
**Gandalf on Shadowfax (P. Benson)<ref name=Citadel/>
**Rohirrim on Mount (Peter Prowl)<ref name=Citadel/>
**Barrow Wights (Bill Sprint)<ref name=Citadel/>
*[[1985]]: ''White Dwarf'' #67 (July)
**Black and white photo of miniatures in [[Citadel Miniatures|Citadel]]'s Lord of the Rings range<ref name=Citadel/>
**Sauron on throne, painted miniature (ME61)<ref name=Citadel/>
*[[1985]]: ''White Dwarf'' #68 (August)
**Frodo on pony (Lindsey le Doux Paton)<ref name=Citadel/>
*[[1985]]: ''White Dwarf'' #69 (September)
**Gandalf (Stuart Parkinson)<ref name=Citadel/>
*[[1985]]: ''White Dwarf'' #70 (October)
**Orc (John Blanche)<ref name=Citadel/>
*[[1985]]: ''White Dwarf'' #72 (December)
**Fellowship of the Ring Box Set Advert<ref name=Citadel/><ref name=FR>[http://realmofzhu.blogspot.com/2010/07/fellowship-of-ring-box-set-advert-white.html Fellowship of the Ring Box Set Advert] at [http://realmofzhu.blogspot.com/ Realm of Zhu] (accessed 18 September 2011)</ref>
*[[1986]]: ''White Dwarf'' #73 (January)
**Noldor Deep Elf (Pete Prow)<ref name=Citadel/><ref>[http://realmofzhu.blogspot.com/2010/07/lord-of-rings-minis-from-white-dwarf-73.html Lord of the Rings Miniatures from White Dwarf] at [http://realmofzhu.blogspot.com/ Realm of Zhu] (accessed 18 September 2011)</ref>
**"Star Spray" by Graham Staplehurst (adventure for [[Middle-earth Role Playing|MERP]])<ref name=Other/><ref>[http://index.rpg.net/display-entry.phtml?articleid=9720 Star Spray] at [http://index.rpg.net/ Index.Rpg.net] (accessed 29 November 2011)</ref>
*[[1986]]: ''White Dwarf'' #77 (May)
**"A Secret Wish" by Graham Staplehurst (adventure for [[Middle-earth Role Playing|MERP]])<ref name=Other/><ref>[http://index.rpg.net/display-entry.phtml?articleid=5304 A Secret Wish] at [http://index.rpg.net/ Index.Rpg.net] (accessed 29 November 2011)</ref>
*[[1986]]: ''White Dwarf'' #79 (July)
**"Where and Back Again?" [by Graham Staplehurst; article on Middle-earth role-playing]<ref name=FR/>
**Uruk-Hai (converted by Kevin Adams)<ref name=Citadel/>
*[[1986]]: ''White Dwarf'' #80 (August)
**"Up & Coming: A Look at Levels in MERP" by Martin Veart (about the system of levels in MERP)<ref name=Other/><ref>[http://index.rpg.net/display-entry.phtml?articleid=3776 Up & Coming] at [http://index.rpg.net/ Index.Rpg.net] (accessed 29 November 2011)</ref>
*[[1986]]: ''White Dwarf'' #81 (September)
**Gandalf and Sauron (Colin Dixon)<ref name=Citadel/>
*[[1987]]: ''White Dwarf'' #87 (March)
**"Taurëfantô" by Graham Staplehurst (adventure for [[Middle-earth Role Playing|MERP]])<ref name=Other/><ref>[http://index.rpg.net/display-entry.phtml?articleid=8073 Taurëfantô] at [http://index.rpg.net/ Index.Rpg.net] (accessed 29 November 2011)</ref>
*[[1987]]: ''White Dwarf'' #88 (April)
**Balrog Box Set Advert<ref name=Citadel/>
*[[1987]]: ''White Dwarf'' #93 (September)
**"Letters From a Foreign Land" by Graham Staplehurst (setting: Calenardhon; rules for [[Middle-earth Role Playing|MERP]])<ref name=Other>[http://web.archive.org/web/20080820125407/http://www.invasivedesigns.com/otherhands/frames_archive.html Other Hands Archive: Other hard-copy publications], dated 11 September 2007, at [http://wayback.archive.org/web/20070715000000*/http://otherhands.com Wayback: OtherHands.com] (accessed 29 November 2011)</ref><ref>[http://index.rpg.net/display-entry.phtml?articleid=8300 Letters From a Foreign Land] at [http://index.rpg.net/ Index.Rpg.net] (accessed 29 November 2011)</ref>
*[[1988]]: ''White Dwarf'' #100 (April)
**Uruk Hai (Advert)<ref name=Citadel/>
*ca. [[2001]]-[[2010]]: ''White Dwarf'', various issues
**''[[The Lord of the Rings Strategy Battle Game]]'' regular feature
* [[2013]]-, various issues
**''[[The Hobbit Strategy Battle Game]]'' regular feature

==External links==
*{{WP|White Dwarf (magazine)}}
*'''White Dwarf Articles''' at [https://lexicanum.com/ Lexicanum]: ([https://wh40k.lexicanum.com/wiki/White_Dwarf Warhammer 40,000]); ([https://whfb.lexicanum.com/wiki/White_Dwarf Warhammer Fantasy Battles])
{{References}}
{{Navbox tabletop magazines}}
{{title|italics}}
[[Category:Magazines]]
[[Category:Publications by title]]

The One Ring (role-playing game)

2025-11-21T01:41:36Z

Tarkil: Couple of new books for TOR.

{{font|[http://www.acondia.com/fonts/cirth/ Cirth Erebor] and [https://at.boktypografen.se/parmaite.htm Tengwar Parmaite]}}
{{disambig-more|The One Ring|[[The One Ring (disambiguation)]]}}
{{Board game infobox
| name=The One Ring
| image=The One Ring (role-playing game).jpg
| caption=
| type=rpg
| designer=Francesco Nepitello, Marco Maggi
| publisher=[[Cubicle 7 Entertainment|Cubicle 7]] (First Edition) [[Free League Publishing|Free League]] (Second Edition)
| releasedate=[[2011]]
| players=
| ages=
}}
'''''The One Ring''''' is a role-playing game published by [[Cubicle 7 Entertainment]] (under license from [[Sophisticated Games]]), released in August [[2011]]. The game is written by Francesco Nepitello, and features artwork by [[John Howe]] and other artists.<ref>[http://www.icv2.com/articles/news/19873.html 'The One Ring' RPG] at [http://www.icv2.com/index.php ICv2.com] (accessed 20 April 2011)</ref><ref name=TOR>[http://www.cubicle7.co.uk/ Cubicle7.co.uk] (accessed 11 August 2011)</ref> In November [[2019]], the publisher decided to end the licensing agreement with Sophisticated Games, due to contractual differences.<ref name=TORE>[https://www.cubicle7games.com/unexpected-tor2-update Unexpected The One Ring 2 Update]</ref>
In [[2021]], a new edition has been announced on Kickstarter, for crowdfunding, under the publisher [[Free League Publishing|Free League]] and began to be shipped to supporters in October of the same year.<ref name=TOR2>[https://www.kickstarter.com/projects/1192053011/the-one-ring-roleplaying-game-second-edition/ Kickstarter Page of 'The One Ring']</ref> Having fulfilled all deliveries to the backers, Free League has officially released the RPG for wider retail purchase, on the 22nd of March [[2022]].<ref name=TOR2R1>[https://www.kickstarter.com/projects/1192053011/the-one-ring-roleplaying-game-second-edition/posts/3460049 Kickstarter Update: Retail Release]</ref><ref name=TOR2R2>[https://us3.campaign-archive.com/?u=2dcfb24fb7c8d0fb9c2f52040&id=2354eca464 "The One Ring™ RPG Out Now!"]</ref>
==Setting==

The initial release (originally planned to be first of a trilogy), ''The One Ring: Adventures over the Edge of the Wild'', is based in the area of northern [[Mirkwood]], after the events of ''[[The Hobbit]]'' and before the [[War of the Ring]].<ref name=TOR/><ref name=TORC>[http://www.cubicle7.co.uk/our-games/the-one-ring/the-one-ring-characters/ The One Ring: Characters] at [http://www.cubicle7.co.uk/ Cubicle7.co.uk] (accessed 20 June 2011)</ref>
The Second Edition of The One Ring is now set in the lone-lands of [[Eriador]], in the year 2965 of the Third Age, moving the focus of the game to the lands of Old [[Arnor]], with a full description of the town of [[Bree]], including also famous locales like [[Weathertop]], [[Fornost]] and [[Annuminas]], providing the players with a new starting point for their adventures.<ref name=TOR2/>
==Game system==

''The One Ring'' uses custom dice, specifically a twelve sided die numbered 1-10, the "Eye of Sauron", and the "Gandalf" Rune (a [[Cirth]] G rune, r), and 6 sided dice numbered normally, but with the 1-3 being in outline, 4-5 solid, and 6 solid having also the [[Tengwar]] [[Lambe]] rune, {{tg|mode=smith|j}}. Standard 12-sided dice can be used, counting 11 as Sauron, and 12 as Gandalf, and standard 6 sided dice as well.<ref>The One Ring RPG, Adventurer Book, pages 24-25</ref>

==Publications==
First edition published by [[Cubicle 7 Entertainment]]
*[[2011]]: ''[[The One Ring: Adventures over the Edge of the Wild|'''The One Ring: Adventures over the Edge of the Wild''']]''
**''Loremaster's Book'' (for GMs)
**''Adventurer's Book'' (for players)
*[[2012]]: ''[[Words of the Wise]]''
*[[2012]]: ''[[Tales from Wilderland]]''
*[[2012]]: ''The One Ring Dice Set''
*[[2012]]: ''[[Loremaster's Screen and Lake-town Sourcebook]]''
*[[2013]]: ''[[The Heart of the Wild]]''
*[[2013]]: ''[[Hobbit Tales from the Green Dragon Inn]]''
*2014: '''''The One Ring Roleplaying Game''''', a revised edition of the core rules in a single 320-page hardback volume
*[[2014]]: ''[[The Darkening of Mirkwood]]''
*[[2014]]: ''[[Rivendell (The One Ring role-playing game)|Rivendell]]''
*[[2015]]: ''[[Ruins of the North]]''
*[[2016]]: ''[[Journeys and Maps]]''
*[[2016]]: ''[[Erebor (The One Ring role-playing game)|Erebor - The Lonely Mountain]]''
*[[2017]]: ''[[Bree]]''
*[[2017]]: ''[[Adventurer's Companion]]''
Second Edition published by [[Free League Publishing]]
*[[2021]]: '''''The One Ring, Second Edition'''''
**''Core Rules''
**''Starter Set''
**''Loremaster's Screen & Rivendell Compendium'' (for GMs)
**''The One Ring Black Dice Set''
**''The One Ring White Dice Set''
*[[2022]]: ''Ruins of the Lost Realm''
*[[2022]]: ''Strider Mode''
*[[2022]]: ''Peoples of Wilderland''
*[[2022]]: ''Character Lifepaths''
*[[2023]]: ''Tales From the Lone-lands''
*[[2024]]: ''Moria Through The Doors of Durin''
*[[2025]]: ''Realms of the Three Rings''
*[[2025]]: ''Hands of the White Wizard''
*[[2025]]: ''Hobbit Tales''

==External links==
*[http://www.cubicle7.co.uk/our-games/the-one-ring/ The One Ring 1st Edition] <s>(official page)</s>
*[https://freeleaguepublishing.com/en/games/the-one-ring/ The One Ring 2nd Edition] (official page)

{{references}}
{{rpg}}
{{title}}
[[Category:Role playing games]]

The Lord of the Rings Roleplaying

2025-06-15T19:17:52Z

Tarkil:

The Lord of the Rings Roleplaying is a tabletop role-playing game published by Free League Publishing in collaboration with Sophisticated Games, released in May 2023. The game represents a Dungeons & Dragons 5th Edition adaptation of J.R.R. Tolkien's Middle-earth, specifically designed to capture the atmosphere and themes of ''The Hobbit'' and ''The Lord of the Rings'' trilogy. Based on the award-winning second edition of ''The One Ring'' roleplaying game by Francesco Nepitello, this system transforms the mechanics of D&D 5E to provide memorable adventures in a low-magic fantasy setting where exploration, fellowship, and the journey itself are as important as combat encounters.

== Development and Background ==

Free League Publishing developed ''The Lord of the Rings Roleplaying'' as a spiritual successor to the earlier ''Adventures in Middle-earth'', which was published by Cubicle 7 from 2016 to 2019. The new adaptation builds upon the foundation established by ''The One Ring'' roleplaying game, which Free League acquired and revised from its original publisher. The game is officially licensed through Middle-earth Enterprises, LLC, ensuring authentic representation of Tolkien's literary works while introducing original material that maintains the characteristic atmosphere of Middle-earth.

The development team recognized the unique challenge of adapting Tolkien's world for tabletop gaming, particularly the need to balance the epic scope of the source material with the intimate, character-driven narratives that define the best Middle-earth stories. The game emphasizes the importance of the journey over the destination, reflecting Tolkien's own narrative philosophy where the path taken and the fellowship formed along the way often prove more significant than the ultimate goal achieved.

== Game Setting and Timeline ==

''The Lord of the Rings Roleplaying'' is set in the year 2965 of the Third Age, during the twilight period between the events of ''The Hobbit'' and the beginning of ''The Fellowship of the Ring''. This temporal positioning allows players to explore a Middle-earth that bears the scars of ancient conflicts while still maintaining hope for the future. The setting focuses primarily on Eriador, the lonely lands in the northwest corner of Middle-earth, encompassing regions inhabited by Hobbits, Men, Elves, and Dwarves for over a thousand years.

The game's chronological placement provides Game Masters with substantial creative freedom while respecting established canon. Players can encounter locations and cultures referenced in Tolkien's works without directly interfering with the predetermined events of the War of the Ring. This approach allows for both intimate local adventures and broader regional campaigns that can span the diverse landscapes of Eriador, from the pastoral Shire to the ruins of ancient kingdoms.

== Gameplay Mechanics and Features ==

The core mechanics retain the familiar framework of D&D 5E while incorporating significant modifications to reflect Middle-earth's unique characteristics. Players create characters by selecting both a '''Culture''' (equivalent to race) and a '''Calling''' (equivalent to class), with six heroic cultures available from the land of Eriador and six distinct classes designed specifically for Tolkien's world. The game features comprehensive rules for journeys, councils, wondrous artifacts, and the subtle magic of Middle-earth, emphasizing collaborative storytelling and meaningful character development over tactical combat optimization.

The system includes specialized mechanics for corruption and heroic deeds, reflecting the moral dimensions central to Tolkien's narratives. Characters can gain corruption points through villainous acts while earning rewards for following heroic virtues such as compassion, generosity, honor, and self-sacrifice. This moral framework encourages players to embody the themes of hope, fellowship, and resistance against darkness that permeate Tolkien's works.

== Published Materials ==

=== Core Game ===

The '''Core Rules''' constitute an illustrated 240-page hardcover volume containing everything necessary to begin adventures in Middle-earth. The book includes detailed descriptions of the six original heroic cultures from Eriador, comprehensive class information, adversaries, and the essential rules for running campaigns in Tolkien's world. The core rulebook focuses geographically on Eriador, providing detailed maps and descriptions of this region while leaving room for future expansions to cover other areas of Middle-earth.

=== Supplements and Expansions ===

'''Shire Adventures 5E''' serves as an introductory supplement, offering a thorough exploration of the Shire's four farthings alongside five ready-to-play adventures. This illustrated hardback allows players to experience the adventures that Hobbits encounter when they cannot avoid them, including opportunities to play as ancestors of famous characters such as Primula and Rory Brandybuck, Paladin Took, and even Bilbo Baggins himself<ref>https://freeleaguepublishing.com/shop/the-lord-of-the-rings/
</ref>.

'''Ruins of Eriador 5E''' expands the available setting material with a 127-page exploration of southern Eriador, a region that received limited attention in Tolkien's original works. Free League Publishing filled this gap with substantial original material that maintains the authentic atmosphere of Middle-earth while providing new territories for exploration and adventure. The supplement includes detailed maps, new locations, and adventure hooks suitable for extended campaigns<ref>https://freeleaguepublishing.com/shop/the-lord-of-the-rings/
</ref>.

'''Tales from Eriador 5E''' presents a collection of six independent adventures that can be played as standalone sessions or connected into a broader campaign. Each adventure explores different aspects of life in Eriador while providing Game Masters with flexible scenarios adaptable to various party compositions and experience levels. The supplement includes illustrations by Antonio De Luca and detailed maps by Francesco Mattioli and Niklas Brandt<ref>https://freeleaguepublishing.com/shop/the-lord-of-the-rings/
</ref>.

'''Moria: Shadow of Khazad-dûm''' represents the most ambitious expansion prior to 2025, published in December 2024. This epic campaign supplement delves into the depths of the ancient Dwarvish kingdom of Khazad-dûm, set in the years before Balin's doomed expedition. The book contains extensive materials for constructing adventures ranging from single desperate journeys through the darkness to grand campaigns aimed at retaking Durin's Halls<ref>https://freeleaguepublishing.com/shop/the-lord-of-the-rings/
</ref>.

'''Keepers of the Elven-rings''', released in April 2025, expands the game's focus to the realms of the West-elves during the twilight of the Third Age. This 127-page supplement details the Elven strongholds of Lórien, Rivendell, and Lindon, exploring their cultures, guardians, and the lingering influence of the Three Rings. The book is divided into three chapters:

# '''Where the West-elves Still Linger''' describes the political and social structures of the Elven realms, including profiles of key figures like Galadriel, Elrond, and Círdan<ref>https://freeleaguepublishing.com/shop/the-lord-of-the-rings/keepers-of-the-elven-rings/</ref><ref>https://www.dragonstrove.com/products/keepers-of-the-elven-rings-5e</ref><ref>https://crithitthegiant.com/2025/04/29/free-league-publishing-releases-elven-expansion-for-the-one-ringrpg-and-5e-available-now/</ref><ref>https://portalsshop.com/products/the-lord-of-the-rings-rpg-keepers-of-the-elven-rings-5e</ref>.
# '''The Days Darken''' outlines Sauron's schemes against the Elves, providing Loremasters with adversarial factions, narrative events, and new mechanics for corruption tied to the Rings' influence<ref>https://freeleaguepublishing.com/shop/the-lord-of-the-rings/keepers-of-the-elven-rings/</ref><ref>https://bleedingcool.com/games/two-new-lord-of-the-rings-ttrpg-products-hit-pre-order/</ref><ref>https://www.scribd.com/document/843866404/Keepers-of-the-Elven-rings</ref>.
# '''Landmarks''' catalogs twelve significant locations across Middle-earth, blending canonical sites like the Gardens of Lórien with original creations such as the Tower of the Sea in Lindon<ref>https://www.dragonstrove.com/products/keepers-of-the-elven-rings-5e</ref><ref>https://portalsshop.com/products/the-lord-of-the-rings-rpg-keepers-of-the-elven-rings-5e</ref><ref>https://www.gamespress.com/Free-League-Publishing-Releases-Elven-Expansion-for-The-One-Ring-RPG-a</ref>.

The appendix introduces rules for creating '''High Elves''' and '''Wood-elves''', expanding player options with racial traits reflecting their immortal nature and connection to the Three Rings. Notably, it includes guidelines for '''Elf-lords''', allowing characters to progress to 20th level and wield epic abilities suited to confront Sauron's highest-ranking servants<ref>https://freeleaguepublishing.com/shop/the-lord-of-the-rings/keepers-of-the-elven-rings/
</ref><ref>https://crithitthegiant.com/2025/04/29/free-league-publishing-releases-elven-expansion-for-the-one-ringrpg-and-5e-available-now/
</ref><ref>https://www.scribd.com/document/843866404/Keepers-of-the-Elven-rings
</ref><ref>https://lotroplayers.com/2025/04/24/free-league-publishing-releases-elven-expansion-for-the-one-ring-rpg-and-5e/
</ref>.

=== Accessories ===

'''The Lord of the Rings 5E Loremaster's Screen & Rivendell Compendium''' provides essential Game Master tools alongside detailed information about Rivendell, the Last Homely House. The deluxe landscape-format screen features exterior artwork while concealing useful tables and reference information from players. The accompanying Rivendell Compendium includes maps of the valley and house, descriptions of notable inhabitants including Elrond as a potential patron, and new rules for creating High Elf player characters<ref>https://freeleaguepublishing.com/shop/the-lord-of-the-rings/
</ref>.

== References ==

<references />

{{rpg}}
{{title}}

[[Category:Role playing games]]

The Lord of the Rings Roleplaying

2025-06-15T19:16:29Z

Tarkil:

Free League Publishing

2025-06-15T19:14:59Z

Tarkil:

'''Free League Publishing''' is a Swedish-based publisher and game creator company, founded in [[2011]].
Since 2015, the company has published role-playing games from a list of licensed and home-grown properties. On February 11, 2021, the company launched a Kickstarter campaign for the publishing of a second edition of [[The One Ring (role-playing game)|''The One Ring'']], of which was later delivered to supporters at the beginning of October of the same year.<ref name=TOR2posts>[https://www.kickstarter.com/projects/1192053011/the-one-ring-roleplaying-game-second-edition/posts Kickstarter Updates]</ref> The game was subsequently released for retail purchase, on the [[22 March|22nd of March]] [[2022]].<ref name=TOR2R1>[https://www.kickstarter.com/projects/1192053011/the-one-ring-roleplaying-game-second-edition/posts/3460049 Kickstarter Update: Retail Release]</ref><ref name=TOR2R2>[https://us3.campaign-archive.com/?u=2dcfb24fb7c8d0fb9c2f52040&id=2354eca464 "The One Ring™ RPG Out Now!"]</ref>
On the [[29 May|29th of May]] [[2023]], Free League released [[The Lord of the Rings Roleplaying]] game.<ref name=LOTR5E>[https://us3.campaign-archive.com/?u=2dcfb24fb7c8d0fb9c2f52040&id=bec69bcc9e The Lord of the Rings™ Roleplaying Out]</ref>

==External links==
* [http://freeleaguepublishing.com/en/ '''Official Website''']

{{references}}

[[Category:Businesses]]
[[Category:Swedish businesses]]

Template:Rpg

2025-02-10T00:17:19Z

Tarkil:

{|style="margin: 0 auto;" class="toccolours" align="center"
|align="center" colspan="2" style="background:var(--tg-color-surface-5);"|'''Licensed [[Wikipedia:Role-playing game|Pen-and-paper RPGs]] set in [[Middle-earth]]'''
|-
!style="font-size: 90%;" align="center" style="background:var(--tg-color-surface-3);"| [[Iron Crown Enterprises]]:
|style="font-size: 90%;"| ([[1982]]-[[1997]]) '''''[[Middle-earth Role Playing]]''''' · ([[1991]]-[[1993]]) ''[[Lord of the Rings Adventure Game]]''
|-
!style="font-size: 90%;" align="center" style="background:var(--tg-color-surface-3);"| [[Decipher]]:
|style="font-size: 90%;"| ([[2002]]-[[2005]]) '''''[[The Lord of the Rings Roleplaying Game]]''''' · ([[2001]]) ''[[The Lord of the Rings Roleplaying Adventure Game]]''
|-
!style="font-size: 90%;" align="center" style="background:var(--tg-color-surface-3);"| [[Cubicle 7 Entertainment|Cubicle 7]]:
|style="font-size: 90%;"| ([[2011]]-[[2019]]) '''''[[The One Ring (role-playing game)|The One Ring]]''''' · ([[2016]]-[[2019]]) ''[[Adventures in Middle-earth]]''
|-
!style="font-size: 90%;" align="center" style="background:var(--tg-color-surface-3);"| [[Free League Publishing|Free League]]:
|style="font-size: 90%;"| ([[2021]]-) '''''[[The One Ring (role-playing game)|The One Ring]]''''' · ([[2022]]-) ''[[The Lord of the Rings Roleplaying]]''
|-
|}<noinclude>
==Usage==
<pre>
{{rpg}}
</pre>
[[Category:Tabletop game templates|{{PAGENAME}}]]
</noinclude>

The One Ring (role-playing game)

2025-02-05T18:32:02Z

Tarkil: /* Publications */

{{font|[http://www.acondia.com/fonts/cirth/ Cirth Erebor] and [http://at.mansbjorkman.net/parmaite.htm Tengwar Parmaite]}}
{{disambig-more|The One Ring|[[The One Ring (disambiguation)]]}}
[[File:The One Ring (role-playing game).jpg|300px|right]]
'''''The One Ring''''' is a role-playing game published by [[Cubicle 7 Entertainment]] (under license from [[Sophisticated Games]]), released in August [[2011]]. The game is written by Francesco Nepitello, and features artwork by [[John Howe]] and other artists.<ref>[http://www.icv2.com/articles/news/19873.html 'The One Ring' RPG] at [http://www.icv2.com/index.php ICv2.com] (accessed 20 April 2011)</ref><ref name=TOR>[http://www.cubicle7.co.uk/ Cubicle7.co.uk] (accessed 11 August 2011)</ref> In November [[2019]], the publisher decided to end the licensing agreement with Sophisticated Games, due to contractual differences.<ref name=TORE>[https://www.cubicle7games.com/unexpected-tor2-update Unexpected The One Ring 2 Update]</ref>
In [[2021]], a new edition has been announced on Kickstarter, for crowdfunding, under the publisher [[Free League Publishing|Free League]] and began to be shipped to supporters in October of the same year.<ref name=TOR2>[https://www.kickstarter.com/projects/1192053011/the-one-ring-roleplaying-game-second-edition/ Kickstarter Page of 'The One Ring']</ref> Having fulfilled all deliveries to the backers, Free League has officially released the RPG for wider retail purchase, on the 22nd of March [[2022]].<ref name=TOR2R1>[https://www.kickstarter.com/projects/1192053011/the-one-ring-roleplaying-game-second-edition/posts/3460049 Kickstarter Update: Retail Release]</ref><ref name=TOR2R2>[https://us3.campaign-archive.com/?u=2dcfb24fb7c8d0fb9c2f52040&id=2354eca464 "The One Ring™ RPG Out Now!"]</ref>
==Setting==

The initial release (originally planned to be first of a trilogy), ''The One Ring: Adventures over the Edge of the Wild'', is based in the area of northern [[Mirkwood]], after the events of ''[[The Hobbit]]'' and before the [[War of the Ring]].<ref name=TOR/><ref name=TORC>[http://www.cubicle7.co.uk/our-games/the-one-ring/the-one-ring-characters/ The One Ring: Characters] at [http://www.cubicle7.co.uk/ Cubicle7.co.uk] (accessed 20 June 2011)</ref>
The Second Edition of The One Ring is now set in the lone-lands of [[Eriador]], in the year 2965 of the Third Age, moving the focus of the game to the lands of Old [[Arnor]], with a full description of the town of [[Bree]], including also famous locales like [[Weathertop]], [[Fornost]] and [[Annuminas]], providing the players with a new starting point for their adventures.<ref name=TOR2/>
==Game system==

''The One Ring'' uses custom dice, specifically a twelve sided die numbered 1-10, the "Eye of Sauron", and the "Gandalf" Rune (a [[Cirth]] G rune, r), and 6 sided dice numbered normally, but with the 1-3 being in outline, 4-5 solid, and 6 solid having also the [[Tengwar]] [[Lambe]] rune, {{tg|mode=smith|j}}. Standard 12-sided dice can be used, counting 11 as Sauron, and 12 as Gandalf, and standard 6 sided dice as well.<ref>The One Ring RPG, Adventurer Book, pages 24-25</ref>

==Publications==
First edition published by [[Cubicle 7 Entertainment]]
*[[2011]]: ''[[The One Ring: Adventures over the Edge of the Wild|'''The One Ring: Adventures over the Edge of the Wild''']]''
**''Loremaster's Book'' (for GMs)
**''Adventurer's Book'' (for players)
*[[2012]]: ''[[Words of the Wise]]''
*[[2012]]: ''[[Tales from Wilderland]]''
*[[2012]]: ''The One Ring Dice Set''
*[[2012]]: ''[[Loremaster's Screen and Lake-town Sourcebook]]''
*[[2013]]: ''[[The Heart of the Wild]]''
*[[2013]]: ''[[Hobbit Tales from the Green Dragon Inn]]''
*2014: '''''The One Ring Roleplaying Game''''', a revised edition of the core rules in a single 320-page hardback volume
*[[2014]]: ''[[The Darkening of Mirkwood]]''
*[[2014]]: ''[[Rivendell (The One Ring role-playing game)|Rivendell]]''
*[[2015]]: ''[[Ruins of the North]]''
*[[2016]]: ''[[Journeys and Maps]]''
*[[2016]]: ''[[Erebor (The One Ring role-playing game)|Erebor - The Lonely Mountain]]''
*[[2017]]: ''[[Bree]]''
*[[2017]]: ''[[Adventurer's Companion]]''
Second Edition published by [[Free League Publishing]]
*[[2021]]: '''''The One Ring, Second Edition'''''
**''Core Rules''
**''Starter Set''
**''Loremaster's Screen & Rivendell Compendium'' (for GMs)
**''The One Ring Black Dice Set''
**''The One Ring White Dice Set''
*[[2022]]: ''Ruins of the Lost Realm''
*[[2022]]: ''Strider Mode''
*[[2022]]: ''Peoples of Wilderland''
*[[2022]]: ''Character Lifepaths''
*[[2023]]: ''Tales From the Lone-lands''
*[[2024]]: ''Moria Through The Doors of Durin''
*[[2025]]: ''Realms of the Three Rings''

==External links==
*[http://www.cubicle7.co.uk/our-games/the-one-ring/ The One Ring 1st Edition] <s>(official page)</s>
*[https://freeleaguepublishing.com/en/games/the-one-ring/ The One Ring 2nd Edition] (official page)

{{references}}
{{rpg}}
{{title}}
[[Category:Role playing games]]

File:SBG - Cave Drake.png

2025-02-05T18:17:20Z

Tarkil:

== Summary ==
[[Category:Images of Dragons]]
[[Category:Images of SBG miniatures]]
== Licensing ==
{{Fairuse-Gamesworkshop}}

File:SBG - Dragon.png

2025-02-05T18:16:35Z

Tarkil:

== Summary ==
[[Category:Images of Dragons]]
[[Category:Images of SBG miniatures]]

== Licensing ==
{{Fairuse-Gamesworkshop}}

Middle-earth Strategy Battle Game

2025-02-04T17:54:24Z

Tarkil: /* Books and magazines */

{{expansion}}
[[Image:Lord of the Rings Strategy Battle Game logo.png|right]]
[[File:The Hobbit Strategy Battle Game logo.png|frame]]
The ''' Middle-earth Strategy Battle Game''' is a tabletop miniature wargame produced by [[Games Workshop]]. It is based on [[The Lord of the Rings (film series)|''The Lord of the Rings'' film series]] and [[The Hobbit (film series)|''The Hobbit'' film series]] directed by [[Peter Jackson]] and [[J.R.R. Tolkien]]'s ''[[The Lord of the Rings]]'' and ''[[The Hobbit]]''.

It was formerly known as '''The Lord of the Rings Strategy Battle Game''' when it released in [[2001]] to coincide the release of the film adaptations. Another set of miniatures was produced for The Hobbit films in [[2012]] known as '''The Hobbit Strategy Battle Game'''.<ref>{{webcite|author=|articleurl=http://www.amazon.co.uk/Games-Workshop-Hobbit-Strategy-Battle/dp/1908872535/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&qid=1359568007&sr=8-1|articlename=Games Workshop: Hobbit Strategy Battle Game Rule Book|dated=|website=AMUK|accessed=30 January 2013}}</ref> Both games were merged together under a new name along with a new rules manual.

==Development==
===Background===
In the 1980s, Games Workshop produced a range of miniatures for ''[[The Lord of the Rings]]'', using original character designs based on fantasy art popular of the time.<ref name=Citadel>[http://realmofzhu.blogspot.com/2010/05/1980s-citadel-lord-of-rings-white-dwarf.html 1980s Citadel Lord of the Rings/White Dwarf Index] at [http://realmofzhu.blogspot.com/ Realm of Zhu] (accessed 18 September 2011)</ref> This was the first range of Lord of the Rings miniatures that Citadel created, taking over from [[Grenadier Models Inc.|Grenadier Miniatures]] in 1985, before the license passed to [[Mithril Miniatures]] around 1987. The earliest releases were semi-solid base, having a small solid base; later releases were slot based.
===Release===
The game was initially released in [[2001]] to coincide in with the film ''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring|The Fellowship of the Ring]]''. New box sets with updated rules were also released for ''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Two Towers|The Two Towers]]'' and ''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King|The Return of the King]]'' films. Later, beginning with the ''[[Shadow and Flame|Shadow & Flame]]'' supplement, Games Workshop began to add content that was featured in the original book but not in the film adaptations: eg. [[Tom Bombadil]], [[Radagast]] and [[Glorfindel]]. Games Workshop has also expanded its license with original material on areas such as [[Harad]] and [[Khand]], with mixed reactions. The most recent complete edition of the rules, ''[[The Lord of the Rings Strategy Battle Game: Rulebook]]'', was released by Games Workshop in September 2005, while a compact edition of the rules came with the ''[[Mines of Moria (2005 boxed set)|Mines of Moria Boxed Set]]''.

In early [[2009]] Games Workshop also released an expansion to the original game called ''[[War of the Ring (2009 book)|War of the Ring]]'' which, according to the company, allows players to emulate the large battles included in [[J.R.R. Tolkien]]'s ''[[The Lord of the Rings]]'' by streamlining the game system.

In addition to gaming, The Lord of the Rings Strategy Battle Game includes other common elements of the miniature wargaming hobby. These include the collecting, painting and conversion of miniature figures used in play, as well as the modelling of gaming terrain from scratch. These aspects of the hobby are covered in Games Workshop's monthly ''[[White Dwarf]]'', as well as formerly in the fortnightly ''[[Battle Games in Middle-earth]]''.

===Current licensing===
The current Lord of the Rings range stems from Games Workshop's rights from [[Middle-earth Enterprises]] to produce a skirmish war game based on the films, and also on ''[[The Lord of the Rings]]'' and ''[[The Hobbit]]'' books, in the 25mm miniature scale.<ref group=note>Note that these figures are 25 mm and not the 28 mm figures that are more popular today ([https://web.archive.org/web/20100410115901/http://www.io.com/~beckerdo/minis/mini28/LotRMoria/ ''Painting the Lord of the Rings Mines of Moria Game''], accessed 17 January 2023).</ref> (The rights to produce a role playing game version of the films were sold to another firm, [[Decipher, Inc.]]) They also have the rights to produce a board game based on The Hobbit, called ''[[The Battle of Five Armies (2005 board game)|The Battle of Five Armies]]'', using smaller miniatures to enact larger battles.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20060103192453/http://uk.games-workshop.com/storefront/store.uk?do=Individual&code=60011699001&orignav=9 Games Workshop Online Store (16 December 2005)] (accessed 17 January 2023)</ref>

Games Workshop has not acquired the rights to ''[[The Silmarillion]]'', which is still the exclusive property of the [[Tolkien Estate]], but has the right to develop its own derivative intellectual property to fill in the gaps in Tolkien's [[legendarium]]. This is particularly true of [[Harad]], which has a range of invented places (such as "Kârna", "Badharkân", "Hidâr", "Nâfarat", "Abrakân", and "Dhâran-sar"<ref name="BOPF">{{GW|BP}}</ref>) and characters (such as the Hasharin<ref name="BOPF"/> and "Dalamyr, Fleetmaster of Umbar"<ref name="LOME">{{GW|Legions}}</ref>).

==Products==
===Books and magazines===
''See also [[White Dwarf]]''
*[[2001]]: ''[[The Lord of the Rings Strategy Battle Game: The Fellowship of the Ring|The Fellowship of the Ring]]'' (rulebook)
*[[2002]]: ''[[The Fellowship of the Ring: The Best of White Dwarf Magazine]]''
*[[2003]]: ''[[The Lord of the Rings Strategy Battle Game: The Two Towers|The Two Towers]]'' (rulebook)
*[[2003]]: ''[[The Lord of the Rings Strategy Battle Game: The Return of the King|The Return of the King]]'' (rulebook)
*[[2003]]: ''[[Shadow and Flame|Shadow & Flame]]''
*[[2003]]: ''[[The Two Towers: The Best of White Dwarf Magazine]]''
*[[2004]]: ''[[The Return of the King: The Best of White Dwarf Magazine]]''
*[[2004]]: ''[[Siege of Gondor (book)|Siege of Gondor]]''
*[[2004]]: ''[[The Battle of Pelennor Fields]]''
*[[2004]]: ''[[The Scouring of the Shire (book)|The Scouring of the Shire]]''
*[[2005]]: ''[[Mines of Moria (2005 boxed set)|Mines of Moria]]''
*[[2005]]: ''[[The Lord of the Rings Strategy Battle Game: Rulebook]]''
*[[2006]]: ''[[Legions of Middle-earth]]''
*[[2006]]: ''[[A Shadow in the East]]''
*[[2006]]: ''[[Fall of the Necromancer]]''
*[[2006]]: ''[[The Ruin of Arnor]]''
*[[2007]]: ''[[Mordor (book)|Mordor]]''
*[[2007]]: ''[[Khazad-Dûm (book)|Khazad-Dûm]]''
*[[2007]]: ''[[Gondor in Flames]]''
*[[2008]]: ''[[Harad (book)|Harad]]''
*[[2009]]: ''[[War of the Ring (2009 book)|War of the Ring]]''
*[[2010]]: ''[[War of the Ring: Battlehosts]]''
*[[2012]]: ''The Hobbit: An Unexpected Journey Strategy Battle Game''
*[[2013]]: ''The Hobbit: The Desolation of Smaug Strategy Battle Game''
*[[2014]]: ''The Hobbit: The Battle of the Five Armies Strategy Battle Game''
*[[2018]]: ''Middle-earth Strategy Battle Game: Rules Manual''
*[[2018]]: ''Armies of The Hobbit''
*[[2018]]: ''Battle Companies (1st Edition)''
*[[2019]]: ''Gondor at War''
*[[2019]]: ''Battle Companies (2nd Edition)''
*[[2019]]: ''Scouring of the Shire''
*[[2019]]: ''War in Rohan''
*[[2019]]: ''Armies of The Lord of the Rings''
*[[2020]]: ''Middle-earth Strategy Battle Game: Matched Play Guide''
*[[2020]]: ''Quest of the Ringbearer''
*[[2020]]: ''The Best of White Dwarf Magazine''
*[[2021]]: ''Fall of the Necromancer''
*[[2022]]: ''Defence of the North''
*[[2024]]: ''Rise of Angmar''

==See also==
* [[:Category:Images of SBG miniatures|Images from The Lord of the Rings Strategy Battle Game]]
* [[:Category:Images from The Hobbit Strategy Battle Game|Images from The Hobbit Strategy Battle Game]]

==External links==
* [https://middle-earthstrategybattlegame.com/ Middle-earth Strategy Battle Game]

{{References|note}}
{{Miniatures}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Lord of the Rings Strategy Battle Game}}
[[Category:Miniatures games]]
[[Category:Miniature collectibles]]

Games Workshop

2025-02-04T17:40:59Z

Tarkil: updating link

[[Image:Games Workshop - logo.png|Company logo|thumb]]

'''Games Workshop''' is a British game production and retailing company, founded in [[1975]]. One of its key products is the ''[[Middle-earth Strategy Battle Game]]'', along with its more popular titles, [[wikipedia:Warhammer Fantasy Battle|Warhammer]] and [[wikipedia:Warhammer 40,000|Warhammer 40,000]]

==History of Tolkienia==

Games Workshop's magazine ''[[White Dwarf]]'' (founded in 1977) has featured much material related to game adaptations of [[J.R.R. Tolkien]]'s [[Middle-earth]].

In [[1985]], Games Workshop introduced the ''[[Middle-earth Role Playing|MERP]]''-system in the UK by publishing ''[[Middle-earth: The Role-playing Game set in J.R.R. Tolkien's World|Middle-earth, The Role-playing Game set in J.R.R. Tolkien's World]]''.

In [[2001]], Games Workshop introduced ''[[The Lord of the Rings Strategy Battle Game]]'', a miniature game based on [[The Lord of the Rings (film series)|''The Lord of the Rings'' (film series)]].

In [[2005]] was released the board game ''[[The Battle of Five Armies (2005 board game)|The Battle of Five Armies]]'', based on the events of the [[Battle of Five Armies]] from ''[[The Hobbit]]''.

In [[2012]], Games Workshop introduced ''[[The Hobbit Strategy Battle Game]]'', a miniature game based on [[The Hobbit (film series)|''The Hobbit'' (film series)]].

In [[2018]], Games Workshop merged the two strategy battle games together under the new game ''[[Middle-earth Strategy Battle Game]].

==External links==
* '''[https://www.warhammer.com Official website]'''
* {{WP|Games Workshop}}

[[Category:Businesses]]
[[Category:British businesses]]

Gar

2024-10-02T12:57:29Z

Tarkil:

'''''gar''''' is a [[Noldorin]] word of uncertain meaning.

The word appears in two places:

#in a phrase on a draft of [[Thrór's Map]]: "''[[Lheben]] [[tâl|teil]] [[brand (word)#Noldorin|brann]] [[i]] [[annon]] [[ar]] [[nêl|neledh]] [[neledhi]] '''gar''' [[godrebh]]''"<ref name=AI>{{HM|AI}}, pp. 92, 150 (note 6)</ref>
#in an Elvish poem published in ''[[The Monsters and the Critics]]'': "[...] ''Damrod dir hanach dalath benn '''gar''' meilien'' [...]"<ref>{{MC|Secret}}, p. 217</ref>

David Kiltz has suggested that ''gar'' likely means "to go", or something similar.<ref>David Kiltz, [https://tolkienlistsearch.herokuapp.com/message/5e9c3603acad32fd587a382b Noldorin _gar_ (message 512)] (dated 30 October 2003) at [[Elfling]]</ref> [[Wayne G. Hammond|Hammond]] and [[Christina Scull|Scull]] also appear to translate ''gar'' as "go" in their translation of the phrase on the draft of Thrór's Map.<ref name=AI/>

==Other versions of the legendarium==
In the earlier [[Gnomish]], ''gar'' means "place, district".<ref>{{LT1|Appendix}}, entry "Dor Faidwen"</ref>

{{references}}
{{title|lowercase}}
[[Category:Gnomish words]]
[[Category:Noldorin words]]

Gar

2024-10-02T12:56:06Z

Tarkil:

Aer

2024-09-24T22:29:19Z

Tarkil:

'''aer''' is a [[Sindarin]] word meaning "sea" or "holy".<ref>{{VT|44}}, p.21, 24</ref> [[J.R.R. Tolkien|Tolkien]] changed the word several times, see also [[aear]] and [[gaear]].
{{title|lowercase}}

{{references}}
[[Category:Sindarin nouns]]

Letter 7

2024-07-13T13:01:53Z

Tarkil:

{{letter infobox
|#=7
|to=The Electors of the [[Rawlinson and Bosworth Professorship of Anglo-Saxon]], [[University of Oxford]]
|date=[[27 June]] [[1925]]
|subject=
}}{{letter|7}}
==Summary==
This is Tolkien's formal letter of application to the post of [[Rawlinson and Bosworth Professorship of Anglo-Saxon]], recently resigned by [[William Craigie|W. A. Craigie]]. He expresses his desire to return to the [[University of Oxford|Oxford]] English School and gives an account of his time there as an undergraduate, tutor and assistant working on the [[Oxford English Dictionary]]. He then describes his five years as Reader in English Language at the [[University of Leeds]], paying particular attention to the role he played in developing the linguistic side of the School of English Studies which had previously been entirely devoted to literary studies. He lists the linguistic courses he has taught on: "[[Old English]] heroic verse, the history of English, various Old English and [[Middle English]] texts, Old and Middle English philology, introductory Germanic philology, [[Gothic]], [[Norse|Old Icelandic]] [...], and Medieval [[Welsh]]". He describes his success in encouraging the study of philology and especially Old Icelandic amongst his students, some of whom have set up a [[Viking Club]]. Finally he explains how this focus on teaching has adversely affected his research output, but nonetheless attaches a note of what he has published.

Though at thirty-three Tolkien was fairly young for an Oxford Professorship the application was successful. He held the Chair until [[1945]] when he took up the post of [[Merton Professor of English Language and Literature]].

;In the expanded edition
One omitted paragraph near the end has been restored, in which Tolkien says that despite the seemingly small achievement of his department, there have been a few who have obtained distinct honours and gone on working on some esteemed projects. He also notes some interesting dissertations that have been presented recently.

{{Letters}}
[[de:Brief 7]]
{{DEFAULTSORT:Letter 007}}

Argon

2024-04-17T13:08:31Z

Tarkil:

__NOTOC__
{{noldor infobox
| name=Argon
| image=[[File:Marya Filatova - Arakano.jpeg|250px]]
| caption="Arakáno" by [[Marya Filatova]]
| pronun=
| othernames=''Arakáno'' ([[Quenya|Q]])
| titles=
| position=
| location=[[Eldamar]]
| affiliation=
| language=[[Quenya]]
| birth=Between {{YT|1362}} and {{YT|1495|n}}
| birthlocation=[[Eldamar]]
| rule=
| death={{FA|1}}
| deathlocation=[[Battle of the Lammoth|Lammoth]]
| age=
| notablefor=
| house=[[House of Fingolfin]]
| parentage=[[Fingolfin]] and [[Anairë]]
| siblings=[[Fingon]] [[Turgon]] [[Aredhel]]
| spouse=Never married<ref name="Family">{{PM|XI4}}, p. 345: "''Findekáno had no wife or child; neither had Arakáno.''"</ref>
| children=None<ref name="Family"/>
| gender=Male
| height=Tallest of the brothers<ref name="Shibboleth">{{PM|XI4}}, p. 345</ref><Ref group=note name=Height>Cf. with the later [[Of Tuor and his Coming to Gondolin|Tale of Tuor]], where Turgon is said to be the "tallest of all the Children of the World, save [[Thingol]]".</ref>
| hair=
| eyes=
| clothing=
| weapons=
| steed=
}}
'''Argon''' was the fourth and last child and the youngest son of [[Fingolfin]], who was the second son of [[Finwë]], [[King of the Noldor]].

== History ==
The mother of Argon was [[Anairë]] who was of the Noldor as well, and his elder brothers were [[Fingon]] and [[Turgon]]. Argon and his elder brothers also had only one sister, ''[[Aredhel]]'' (only daughter of Fingolfin and Anairë) who was elder to Argon.

His [[Quenya]] name was '''''Arakáno''''' ("High Commander"), named so partially for his impetuous character. Argon set foot on [[Middle-earth]] with his father and siblings, but he was killed during the [[Battle of the Lammoth]]. Argon distinguished himself during the fighting by hewing a path through his foes and slaying the captain of the [[Orcs]].<ref name="Shibboleth"/><ref name="Note">{{PM|XINotes}}, p. 362 (Note 38)</ref>

== Etymology ==
''Argon'' is the [[Sindarin]] form of '''''Arakáno''''', although he never used it. It was devised posthumously for him in the records. It is recorded that this later became a popular name of Argon which was used by the [[Eldar]].<ref name="Shibboleth"/>

== Genealogy ==
<div style="overflow-x: scroll; overflow-y: hidden; border: 1px solid #AAAAAA; padding: 3px; background: #EEEEEE;">
{{familytree/start}}
{{familytree| MIR |y| FIN |y| IND | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |FIN=[[Finwë]]''d. {{YT|1495}}''|IND=[[Indis]]''b. {{YT}}''|MIR=[[Míriel]]''d. {{YT|1170}}''}}
{{familytree| | | |!| | | |)|-|-|-|v|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|v|-|-|-|.| | | |}}
{{familytree| | | FEA | | FDS | | FNG |y| ANA | | IRM | | FIR | | |FEA=[[Fëanor]]''{{YT|1169}} - {{YT|1497|n}}''|FDS=[[Findis]]''b. {{YT}}''|FNG=[[Fingolfin]]''{{YT|1190}} - {{FA|456}}''|ANA=[[Anairë]]''b. {{YT}}''|IRM=[[Írimë]]''b. {{YT}}''|FIR=[[Finarfin]]''b. {{YT|1230}}''}}
{{familytree| |,|-|-|-|v|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|+|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|.| |}}
{{familytree| FIN | | TUR |y| ELE | | ARE |y| EOL | | ARG|FIN=[[Fingon]]''{{YT|1260}} - {{FA|472}}''|ARE=[[Aredhel]]''{{YT|1362}} - {{FA|400}}''|TUR=[[Turgon]]''{{YT|1300}} - {{FA|510}}''|ELE=[[Elenwë]]''d. {{YT|1500}}''|EOL=[[Eöl]]''d. {{FA|400}}''|ARG='''ARGON'''''d. {{FA|1}}''}}
{{familytree| | | | | | | |!| | | | | | | |!| | | | | | | |}}
{{familytree| | | TUO |y| IDR | | | | | | MAE | | | | | ||MAE=[[Maeglin]]''{{FA|320}} - {{FA|510|n}}''|IDR=[[Idril]]''b. {{YT}}''|TUO=[[Tuor]]''b. {{FA|472}}''}}
{{familytree| | | | | |!| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |}}
{{familytree| | | | | EAR | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | ||EAR=[[Eärendil]]''b. {{FA|503}}''}}
{{familytree/end}}
</div>

== Other versions of the legendarium ==
Argon does not appear in the published ''[[The Silmarillion|Silmarillion]]'' at all, as he only came to light in very late writings by [[J.R.R. Tolkien|Tolkien]]. His character was developed as Tolkien devised the genealogies. At first he fell in the fighting at [[Alqualondë]] and then he perished while crossing the [[Helkaraxë]] before his death was set in the [[Battle of the Lammoth]].<ref name="Note"/>

{{references|note}}
{{references}}

[[Category:Calaquendi]]
[[Category:First Age characters]]
[[Category:House of Fingolfin]]
[[Category:Noldor]]
[[Category:Sindarin names]]

[[de:Argon]]
[[fi:Argon]]

The Fall of Gondolin

2024-04-09T23:05:41Z

Tarkil: minor fix

{{disambig-more|The Fall of Gondolin|[[The Fall of Gondolin (disambiguation)]]}}
{{book
| title=The Fall of Gondolin
| image=[[File:Fall of Gondolin 2018.jpeg|275px]]
| author=[[J.R.R. Tolkien]]
| editor=[[Christopher Tolkien]]
| illustrator=[[Alan Lee]]
| publisherUK=[[HarperCollins]]
| publisherUS=[[Houghton Mifflin]]
| date=[[30 August]] [[2018]]
| format=Hardcover; paperback; deluxe edition
| pages=304
| isbn=0008302758
| precededby=[[Beren and Lúthien]] (2017)
| followedby=[[The Nature of Middle-earth]] (2021)
}}
'''''The Fall of Gondolin''''' is a collection of writings by [[J.R.R. Tolkien]] and edited by his son, [[Christopher Tolkien]]. Published on [[30 August]] [[2018]], it brings together several existing passages of work into one volume, along with commentary from Christopher.

The story tells of the ancient hidden city of [[Gondolin]], a [[Noldor]]in stronghold in defiance of [[Morgoth]]; the coming of the man [[Tuor]] at the bidding of the god [[Ulmo]]. The city is betrayed, and is attacked and conquered by Morgoth's army. And from [[Eärendil]], Tuor's son, comes the hope for the future.

The story is one of three "great tales" set in the [[First Age]] of Tolkien's [[Middle-earth]], the other two being ''[[The Children of Húrin]]'' and ''[[Beren and Lúthien]]''. It is the last book edited by Christopher Tolkien before his death, in [[2020]].

==Synopsis==
In the ''Tale of The Fall of Gondolin'' are two of the greatest powers: [[Morgoth]] of the uttermost evil; and opposed to him is [[Ulmo]], who is called the Lord of Waters. Central to this enmity of the gods is the city of Gondolin, beautiful but undiscoverable. It was built and peopled by exiled Noldorin Elves. Morgoth seeks in vain to discover the marvelously hidden city, while the Valar largely refuse to intervene in support of Ulmo, who desires to protect it.

Into this world comes [[Tuor]], cousin of [[Túrin]], the instrument of Ulmo's designs. Guided unseen by him Tuor sets out from the land of his birth on the fearful journey to Gondolin, and in one of the most arresting moments in the history of Middle-earth the Vala himself appears to him, rising out of the ocean in the midst of a storm. In Gondolin he becomes great; he is wedded to [[Idril]], [[Turgon]]'s daughter, and their son is [[Eärendel]], whose birth and profound importance in days to come is foreseen by Ulmo.

At last comes the terrible ending. Morgoth learns through an act of supreme treachery all that he needs to mount a devastating attack on the city, with Balrogs and dragons and numberless Orcs. After a minutely observed account of the fall of Gondolin, the tale ends with the escape of Tuor and Idril, with the child Eärendel, looking back from a cleft in the mountains as they flee southward, at the blazing wreckage of their city. They were journeying into a new story, the Tale of Eärendel, which Tolkien never wrote, but which is sketched out in this book from other sources.

==Contents==
* Preface
* Prologue

* '''The Fall of Gondolin'''
:{|
|◦ ''[[The Fall of Gondolin (chapter)|The Original Tale]] || [''[[The Book of Lost Tales: Part Two|LT2]]'', [[The Fall of Gondolin (chapter)|ch. 3]]]
|-
|◦ The Earliest Text || [''[[The Book of Lost Tales: Part Two|LT2]]'', [[The Fall of Gondolin (chapter)|ch. 3]], [[The Fall of Gondolin (chapter)#Commentary|comm.]], §3, (vi)]
|-
|◦ [[Prose Fragments Following the Lost Tales#First fragment|Turlin and the Exiles of Gondolin]] || [''[[The Shaping of Middle-earth|Shaping]]'', [[Prose Fragments Following the Lost Tales|ch. 1]], (i)]
|-
|◦ The Story Told in the ''[[The Earliest 'Silmarillion'|Sketch of the Mythology]]'' || [''[[The Shaping of Middle-earth|Shaping]]'', [[The Earliest 'Silmarillion'|ch. 2]], §§15-16]
|-
|◦ The Story Told in the ''[[The Quenta#Quenta Noldorinwa|Quenta Noldorinwa]]'' || [''[[The Shaping of Middle-earth|Shaping]]'', [[The Quenta#Quenta Noldorinwa|ch. 3]], §§15-17]
|-
|◦ [[Of Tuor and his Coming to Gondolin|The Last Version]] || [''[[Unfinished Tales|UT]]'', pt. 1, [[Of Tuor and his Coming to Gondolin|ch. 1]]]
|-
|◦ The Evolution of the Story
|-
|◦ Conclusion || [''[[The Shaping of Middle-earth|Shaping]]'', [[The Earliest 'Silmarillion'|ch. 2]], §§17-19] || [''[[The Shaping of Middle-earth|Shaping]]'', [[The Quenta#Quenta Noldorinwa|ch. 3]], §§17-19]
|}
* List of Names
* Additional Notes
* Glossary

==Conception and development==
Tolkien said that the story was written "out of [his] head" during sick-leave from the army in [[1917]]<ref>{{L|257}}</ref> and it was the very first tale of his later [[legendarium]] that he ever composed. The earliest saved manuscript was written in an exercise book (that was subsequently clean-copied by his wife [[Edith Bratt|Edith]]) and was one of the stories of the [[Lost Tales]]; this manuscript was the last time Tolkien wrote the complete tale of Tuor with a detailed description of the city. He also read part of the story to the Essay Club of Exeter College in the spring of [[1920]].<ref name=utintro>{{UT|Introduction}}</ref><ref>{{LT2|III}}</ref>

Later Tolkien attempted to make a verse version of it, as [[The Lay of the Fall of Gondolin]], in the early 1920s whilst at the [[University of Leeds]].<ref>{{LB|Fall}}, p. 145</ref> In the late 1920s he wrote a compressed version to be a part of his intended ''Silmarillion''<ref name=utintro/> such as in ''[[The Quenta]]'', which was the last complete chronicle of the [[War of the Jewels]] that Tolkien ever wrote;<ref>{{SM|Quenta}}</ref> both the later works ''[[The Later Quenta Silmarillion]]'' and the ''[[Grey Annals]]'' stop before the time of Tuor.

Tolkien regarded the story as one of the [[Atanatarion|three "Great Tales"]] of the Elder Days and wished to expand it as an independent full-scale story.<ref>{{BL|Preface}}</ref> In this form, he started writing ''Of Tuor and the Fall of Gondolin'', probably in [[1951]], but it was abandoned.<ref name=utintro/>

The whole story was first published in [[1977]] in ''[[The Silmarillion]]'' which used as a main source the Lost Tale of 1917. The expanded, partially-reworked, 1951 version appeared in ''[[Unfinished Tales]]'' in [[1980]] retitled as "[[Of Tuor and his Coming to Gondolin]]" (as the text doesn't continue beyond that). The earliest version of the story was published in [[1984]] as [[The Fall of Gondolin (chapter)|one]] of the chapters in ''[[The Book of Lost Tales Part Two]]''.

==Reception==
On hearing the news, [[The Tolkien Society]] claimed the book has been anticipated by fans for decades,<ref>{{webcite|articleurl=http://twitter.com/TolkienSociety/status/983616157876932608|website=[http://www.twitter.com Twitter]|dated=10 April 2018|accessed=10 April 2018}}</ref> whilst its chair [[Shaun Gunner]] said "''The Fall of Gondolin is, to many in the Tolkien community, the Holy Grail of Tolkien texts as one of Tolkien’s three Great Tales alongside ''The Children of Húrin'' and ''Beren and Lúthien''.''"<ref>{{webcite|website=TS|articleurl=http://www.tolkiensociety.org/2018/04/the-fall-of-gondolin-to-be-published/|articlename=The Fall of Gondolin to be published|dated=10 April 2018|accessed=10 April 2018}}</ref> [[John Garth]], author of ''[[Tolkien and the Great War]]'', described the book as "''a template for everything Tolkien wrote afterwards''" which is the "''biggest battle narrative outside of ''The Lord of the Rings''."<ref>{{webcite|articleurl=http://www.theguardian.com/books/2018/apr/10/the-fall-of-gondolin-new-jrr-tolkien-book-to-be-published-in-2018|articlename=The Fall of Gondolin, 'new' JRR Tolkien book, to be published in 2018|dated=10 April 2018|accessed=10 April 2018|author=Alison Flood|website=[http://www.theguardian.com The Guardian]}}</ref>

==Publication history and gallery==
;UK editions
{{Gallery
|width=125
|height=125
|lines=2
|File:Fall of Gondolin 2018.jpeg ‎|2018 hardcover
|File:Fall of Gondolin 2018 deluxe.png |2018 hardcover deluxe edition
|File:Fall of Gondolin 2018 large.png |2018 paperback large print
|File:Fall of Gondolin 2020.jpeg |2020 paperback
|File:Fall of Gondolin 2022.jpeg |2022 paperback
|File:Fall of Gondolin 2023.jpg |2023 paperback
}}
*[[HarperCollins]] hardcover ([[2018]]), pp. 304. ISBN 0008302758
*[[HarperCollins]] hardcover with slipcase ([[2018]]), ISBN 0008302766
*[[HarperCollins]] paperback ([[2018]]), ISBN 0008302774 - (large print edition)
*[[HarperCollins]] paperback ([[2020]]), ISBN 0008302804
*[[HarperCollins]] paperback ([[2022]]), ISBN 0008503974
*[[HarperCollins]] paperback ([[2023]]), ISBN 0008655669

==See also==
*"[[Of Tuor and the Fall of Gondolin]]" (chapter of ''[[The Silmarillion]]'')
*''[[The Children of Húrin]]''
*''[[Beren and Lúthien]]''
*[[:Category:Images from The Fall of Gondolin|Images from ''The Fall of Gondolin'']]

==External links==
*Jennifer Rogers, [https://muse.jhu.edu/article/738153 Review of the book], [[Tolkien Studies: Volume 16|Tolkien Studies. 16]]
*[http://www.tolkiensociety.org/2018/04/the-fall-of-gondolin-to-be-published/ ''The Fall of Gondolin'' to be published] (announcement by [[The Tolkien Society]])

{{references}}
{{Publishedmajorbooks}}
{{title|italics}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Fall of Gondolin}}
[[Category:Books by Christopher Tolkien]]
[[Category:Books by J.R.R. Tolkien]]
[[Category:Posthumous publications]]
[[Category:Publications by title]]
[[Category:Scholarly books]]
[[fr:tolkien/biblio/la_chute_de_gondolin]]
[[fi:The Fall of Gondolin (teos)]]

The Fall of Gondolin

2024-04-09T23:04:45Z

Tarkil: The 'Conclusion'' is composed of two parts; the 'Sketch' and the 'Quenta'

{{disambig-more|The Fall of Gondolin|[[The Fall of Gondolin (disambiguation)]]}}
{{book
| title=The Fall of Gondolin
| image=[[File:Fall of Gondolin 2018.jpeg|275px]]
| author=[[J.R.R. Tolkien]]
| editor=[[Christopher Tolkien]]
| illustrator=[[Alan Lee]]
| publisherUK=[[HarperCollins]]
| publisherUS=[[Houghton Mifflin]]
| date=[[30 August]] [[2018]]
| format=Hardcover; paperback; deluxe edition
| pages=304
| isbn=0008302758
| precededby=[[Beren and Lúthien]] (2017)
| followedby=[[The Nature of Middle-earth]] (2021)
}}
'''''The Fall of Gondolin''''' is a collection of writings by [[J.R.R. Tolkien]] and edited by his son, [[Christopher Tolkien]]. Published on [[30 August]] [[2018]], it brings together several existing passages of work into one volume, along with commentary from Christopher.

The story tells of the ancient hidden city of [[Gondolin]], a [[Noldor]]in stronghold in defiance of [[Morgoth]]; the coming of the man [[Tuor]] at the bidding of the god [[Ulmo]]. The city is betrayed, and is attacked and conquered by Morgoth's army. And from [[Eärendil]], Tuor's son, comes the hope for the future.

The story is one of three "great tales" set in the [[First Age]] of Tolkien's [[Middle-earth]], the other two being ''[[The Children of Húrin]]'' and ''[[Beren and Lúthien]]''. It is the last book edited by Christopher Tolkien before his death, in [[2020]].

==Synopsis==
In the ''Tale of The Fall of Gondolin'' are two of the greatest powers: [[Morgoth]] of the uttermost evil; and opposed to him is [[Ulmo]], who is called the Lord of Waters. Central to this enmity of the gods is the city of Gondolin, beautiful but undiscoverable. It was built and peopled by exiled Noldorin Elves. Morgoth seeks in vain to discover the marvelously hidden city, while the Valar largely refuse to intervene in support of Ulmo, who desires to protect it.

Into this world comes [[Tuor]], cousin of [[Túrin]], the instrument of Ulmo's designs. Guided unseen by him Tuor sets out from the land of his birth on the fearful journey to Gondolin, and in one of the most arresting moments in the history of Middle-earth the Vala himself appears to him, rising out of the ocean in the midst of a storm. In Gondolin he becomes great; he is wedded to [[Idril]], [[Turgon]]'s daughter, and their son is [[Eärendel]], whose birth and profound importance in days to come is foreseen by Ulmo.

At last comes the terrible ending. Morgoth learns through an act of supreme treachery all that he needs to mount a devastating attack on the city, with Balrogs and dragons and numberless Orcs. After a minutely observed account of the fall of Gondolin, the tale ends with the escape of Tuor and Idril, with the child Eärendel, looking back from a cleft in the mountains as they flee southward, at the blazing wreckage of their city. They were journeying into a new story, the Tale of Eärendel, which Tolkien never wrote, but which is sketched out in this book from other sources.

==Contents==
* Preface
* Prologue

* '''The Fall of Gondolin'''
:{|
|◦ ''[[The Fall of Gondolin (chapter)|The Original Tale]] || [''[[The Book of Lost Tales: Part Two|LT2]]'', [[The Fall of Gondolin (chapter)|ch. 3]]]
|-
|◦ The Earliest Text || [''[[The Book of Lost Tales: Part Two|LT2]]'', [[The Fall of Gondolin (chapter)|ch. 3]], [[The Fall of Gondolin (chapter)#Commentary|comm.]], §3, (vi)]
|-
|◦ [[Prose Fragments Following the Lost Tales#First fragment|Turlin and the Exiles of Gondolin]] || [''[[The Shaping of Middle-earth|Shaping]]'', [[Prose Fragments Following the Lost Tales|ch. 1]], (i)]
|-
|◦ The Story Told in the ''[[The Earliest 'Silmarillion'|Sketch of the Mythology]]'' || [''[[The Shaping of Middle-earth|Shaping]]'', [[The Earliest 'Silmarillion'|ch. 2]], §§15-16]
|-
|◦ The Story Told in the ''[[The Quenta#Quenta Noldorinwa|Quenta Noldorinwa]]'' || [''[[The Shaping of Middle-earth|Shaping]]'', [[The Quenta#Quenta Noldorinwa|ch. 3]], §§15-17]
|-
|◦ [[Of Tuor and his Coming to Gondolin|The Last Version]] || [''[[Unfinished Tales|UT]]'', pt. 1, [[Of Tuor and his Coming to Gondolin|ch. 1]]]
|-
|◦ The Evolution of the Story
|-
|◦ Conclusion || [''[[The Shaping of Middle-earth|Shaping]]'', [[The Earliest 'Silmarillion'|ch. 2]], §§17-19], §§17-19] || [''[[The Shaping of Middle-earth|Shaping]]'', [[The Quenta#Quenta Noldorinwa|ch. 3]], §§17-19]
|}
* List of Names
* Additional Notes
* Glossary

==Conception and development==
Tolkien said that the story was written "out of [his] head" during sick-leave from the army in [[1917]]<ref>{{L|257}}</ref> and it was the very first tale of his later [[legendarium]] that he ever composed. The earliest saved manuscript was written in an exercise book (that was subsequently clean-copied by his wife [[Edith Bratt|Edith]]) and was one of the stories of the [[Lost Tales]]; this manuscript was the last time Tolkien wrote the complete tale of Tuor with a detailed description of the city. He also read part of the story to the Essay Club of Exeter College in the spring of [[1920]].<ref name=utintro>{{UT|Introduction}}</ref><ref>{{LT2|III}}</ref>

Later Tolkien attempted to make a verse version of it, as [[The Lay of the Fall of Gondolin]], in the early 1920s whilst at the [[University of Leeds]].<ref>{{LB|Fall}}, p. 145</ref> In the late 1920s he wrote a compressed version to be a part of his intended ''Silmarillion''<ref name=utintro/> such as in ''[[The Quenta]]'', which was the last complete chronicle of the [[War of the Jewels]] that Tolkien ever wrote;<ref>{{SM|Quenta}}</ref> both the later works ''[[The Later Quenta Silmarillion]]'' and the ''[[Grey Annals]]'' stop before the time of Tuor.

Tolkien regarded the story as one of the [[Atanatarion|three "Great Tales"]] of the Elder Days and wished to expand it as an independent full-scale story.<ref>{{BL|Preface}}</ref> In this form, he started writing ''Of Tuor and the Fall of Gondolin'', probably in [[1951]], but it was abandoned.<ref name=utintro/>

The whole story was first published in [[1977]] in ''[[The Silmarillion]]'' which used as a main source the Lost Tale of 1917. The expanded, partially-reworked, 1951 version appeared in ''[[Unfinished Tales]]'' in [[1980]] retitled as "[[Of Tuor and his Coming to Gondolin]]" (as the text doesn't continue beyond that). The earliest version of the story was published in [[1984]] as [[The Fall of Gondolin (chapter)|one]] of the chapters in ''[[The Book of Lost Tales Part Two]]''.

==Reception==
On hearing the news, [[The Tolkien Society]] claimed the book has been anticipated by fans for decades,<ref>{{webcite|articleurl=http://twitter.com/TolkienSociety/status/983616157876932608|website=[http://www.twitter.com Twitter]|dated=10 April 2018|accessed=10 April 2018}}</ref> whilst its chair [[Shaun Gunner]] said "''The Fall of Gondolin is, to many in the Tolkien community, the Holy Grail of Tolkien texts as one of Tolkien’s three Great Tales alongside ''The Children of Húrin'' and ''Beren and Lúthien''.''"<ref>{{webcite|website=TS|articleurl=http://www.tolkiensociety.org/2018/04/the-fall-of-gondolin-to-be-published/|articlename=The Fall of Gondolin to be published|dated=10 April 2018|accessed=10 April 2018}}</ref> [[John Garth]], author of ''[[Tolkien and the Great War]]'', described the book as "''a template for everything Tolkien wrote afterwards''" which is the "''biggest battle narrative outside of ''The Lord of the Rings''."<ref>{{webcite|articleurl=http://www.theguardian.com/books/2018/apr/10/the-fall-of-gondolin-new-jrr-tolkien-book-to-be-published-in-2018|articlename=The Fall of Gondolin, 'new' JRR Tolkien book, to be published in 2018|dated=10 April 2018|accessed=10 April 2018|author=Alison Flood|website=[http://www.theguardian.com The Guardian]}}</ref>

==Publication history and gallery==
;UK editions
{{Gallery
|width=125
|height=125
|lines=2
|File:Fall of Gondolin 2018.jpeg ‎|2018 hardcover
|File:Fall of Gondolin 2018 deluxe.png |2018 hardcover deluxe edition
|File:Fall of Gondolin 2018 large.png |2018 paperback large print
|File:Fall of Gondolin 2020.jpeg |2020 paperback
|File:Fall of Gondolin 2022.jpeg |2022 paperback
|File:Fall of Gondolin 2023.jpg |2023 paperback
}}
*[[HarperCollins]] hardcover ([[2018]]), pp. 304. ISBN 0008302758
*[[HarperCollins]] hardcover with slipcase ([[2018]]), ISBN 0008302766
*[[HarperCollins]] paperback ([[2018]]), ISBN 0008302774 - (large print edition)
*[[HarperCollins]] paperback ([[2020]]), ISBN 0008302804
*[[HarperCollins]] paperback ([[2022]]), ISBN 0008503974
*[[HarperCollins]] paperback ([[2023]]), ISBN 0008655669

==See also==
*"[[Of Tuor and the Fall of Gondolin]]" (chapter of ''[[The Silmarillion]]'')
*''[[The Children of Húrin]]''
*''[[Beren and Lúthien]]''
*[[:Category:Images from The Fall of Gondolin|Images from ''The Fall of Gondolin'']]

==External links==
*Jennifer Rogers, [https://muse.jhu.edu/article/738153 Review of the book], [[Tolkien Studies: Volume 16|Tolkien Studies. 16]]
*[http://www.tolkiensociety.org/2018/04/the-fall-of-gondolin-to-be-published/ ''The Fall of Gondolin'' to be published] (announcement by [[The Tolkien Society]])

{{references}}
{{Publishedmajorbooks}}
{{title|italics}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Fall of Gondolin}}
[[Category:Books by Christopher Tolkien]]
[[Category:Books by J.R.R. Tolkien]]
[[Category:Posthumous publications]]
[[Category:Publications by title]]
[[Category:Scholarly books]]
[[fr:tolkien/biblio/la_chute_de_gondolin]]
[[fi:The Fall of Gondolin (teos)]]

The Fall of Gondolin

2024-04-09T15:28:04Z

Tarkil: /* Contents */ Abbreviating.

{{disambig-more|The Fall of Gondolin|[[The Fall of Gondolin (disambiguation)]]}}
{{book
| title=The Fall of Gondolin
| image=[[File:Fall of Gondolin 2018.jpeg|275px]]
| author=[[J.R.R. Tolkien]]
| editor=[[Christopher Tolkien]]
| illustrator=[[Alan Lee]]
| publisherUK=[[HarperCollins]]
| publisherUS=[[Houghton Mifflin]]
| date=[[30 August]] [[2018]]
| format=Hardcover; paperback; deluxe edition
| pages=304
| isbn=0008302758
| precededby=[[Beren and Lúthien]] (2017)
| followedby=[[The Nature of Middle-earth]] (2021)
}}
'''''The Fall of Gondolin''''' is a book compiling texts written by [[J.R.R. Tolkien]] and edited by his son, [[Christopher Tolkien]]. Published on [[30 August]] [[2018]], it brings together several existing passages of work into one volume, along with commentary from Christopher.

The story tells of the ancient hidden city of [[Gondolin]], a [[Noldor]]in stronghold in defiance of [[Morgoth]]; the man [[Tuor]] is sent to Gondolin by the god [[Ulmo]] where he falls in love with the king [[Turgon]]'s daughter, the elf [[Idril]]. However, the city is betrayed by [[Maeglin]], who reveals the location of the city to Morgoth, who sends [[Orcs]], [[Dragons]], and [[Balrogs]] to attack the city. Despite the heroic efforts of the Elven forces, Gondolin is destroyed; however, Tuor and Idril manage to escape, with some survivors, and through their son [[Eärendil]] (father to [[Elrond]] and [[Elros]]) they are able to help bring about the final defeat of Morgoth.

The story is one of three "great tales" set in the [[First Age]] of Tolkien's [[Middle-earth]], the other two being ''[[The Children of Húrin]]'' and ''[[Beren and Lúthien]]''. It is the last book edited by Christopher Tolkien before his death, in [[2020]].

==Contents==
* Preface
* Prologue

* '''The Fall of Gondolin'''
:{|
|◦ ''[[The Fall of Gondolin (chapter)|The Original Tale]] || [''[[The Book of Lost Tales: Part Two|LT2]]'', [[The Fall of Gondolin (chapter)|ch. 3]]]
|-
|◦ The Earliest Text || [''[[The Book of Lost Tales: Part Two|LT2]]'', [[The Fall of Gondolin (chapter)|ch. 3]], [[The Fall of Gondolin (chapter)#Commentary|comm.]], §3, (vi)]
|-
|◦ [[Prose Fragments Following the Lost Tales#First fragment|Turlin and the Exiles of Gondolin]] || [''[[The Shaping of Middle-earth|Shaping]]'', [[Prose Fragments Following the Lost Tales|ch. 1]], (i)]
|-
|◦ The Story Told in the ''[[The Earliest 'Silmarillion'|Sketch of the Mythology]]'' || [''[[The Shaping of Middle-earth|Shaping]]'', [[The Earliest 'Silmarillion'|ch. 2]], §§15-16]
|-
|◦ The Story Told in the ''[[The Quenta#Quenta Noldorinwa|Quenta Noldorinwa]]'' || [''[[The Shaping of Middle-earth|Shaping]]'', [[The Quenta#Quenta Noldorinwa|ch. 3]], §§15-17]
|-
|◦ [[Of Tuor and his Coming to Gondolin|The Last Version]] || [''[[Unfinished Tales|UT]]'', pt. 1, [[Of Tuor and his Coming to Gondolin|ch. 1]]]
|-
|◦ The Evolution of the Story
|-
|◦ Conclusion || [''[[The Shaping of Middle-earth|Shaping]]'', [[The Earliest 'Silmarillion'|ch. 2]], §§17-19] || [''[[The Shaping of Middle-earth|Shaping]]'', [[The Quenta#Quenta Noldorinwa|ch. 3]], §§17-19]
|}
* List of Names
* Additional Notes
* Glossary

==Conception and development==
Tolkien said that the story was written "out of [his] head" during sick-leave from the army in [[1917]]<ref>{{L|257}}</ref> and it was the very first tale of his later [[legendarium]] that he ever composed. The earliest saved manuscript was written in an exercise book (that was subsequently clean-copied by his wife [[Edith Bratt|Edith]]) and was one of the stories of the [[Lost Tales]]; this manuscript was the last time Tolkien wrote the complete tale of Tuor with a detailed description of the city. He also read part of the story to the Essay Club of Exeter College in the spring of [[1920]].<ref name=utintro>{{UT|Introduction}}</ref><ref>{{LT2|III}}</ref>

Later Tolkien attempted to make a verse version of it, as [[The Lay of the Fall of Gondolin]], in the early 1920s whilst at the [[University of Leeds]].<ref>{{LB|Fall}}, p. 145</ref> In the late 1920s he wrote a compressed version to be a part of his intended ''Silmarillion''<ref name=utintro/> such as in ''[[The Quenta]]'', which was the last complete chronicle of the [[War of the Jewels]] that Tolkien ever wrote;<ref>{{SM|Quenta}}</ref> both the later works ''[[The Later Quenta Silmarillion]]'' and the ''[[Grey Annals]]'' stop before the time of Tuor.

Tolkien regarded the story as one of the [[Atanatarion|three "Great Tales"]] of the Elder Days and wished to expand it as an independent full-scale story.<ref>{{BL|Preface}}</ref> In this form, he started writing ''Of Tuor and the Fall of Gondolin'', probably in [[1951]], but it was abandoned.<ref name=utintro/>

The whole story was first published in [[1977]] in ''[[The Silmarillion]]'' which used as a main source the Lost Tale of 1917. The expanded, partially-reworked, 1951 version appeared in ''[[Unfinished Tales]]'' in [[1980]] retitled as "[[Of Tuor and his Coming to Gondolin]]" (as the text doesn't continue beyond that). The earliest version of the story was published in [[1984]] as [[The Fall of Gondolin (chapter)|one]] of the chapters in ''[[The Book of Lost Tales Part Two]]''.

==Reception==
On hearing the news, [[The Tolkien Society]] claimed the book has been anticipated by fans for decades,<ref>{{webcite|articleurl=http://twitter.com/TolkienSociety/status/983616157876932608|website=[http://www.twitter.com Twitter]|dated=10 April 2018|accessed=10 April 2018}}</ref> whilst its chair [[Shaun Gunner]] said "''The Fall of Gondolin is, to many in the Tolkien community, the Holy Grail of Tolkien texts as one of Tolkien’s three Great Tales alongside ''The Children of Húrin'' and ''Beren and Lúthien''.''"<ref>{{webcite|website=TS|articleurl=http://www.tolkiensociety.org/2018/04/the-fall-of-gondolin-to-be-published/|articlename=The Fall of Gondolin to be published|dated=10 April 2018|accessed=10 April 2018}}</ref> [[John Garth]], author of ''[[Tolkien and the Great War]]'', described the book as "''a template for everything Tolkien wrote afterwards''" which is the "''biggest battle narrative outside of ''The Lord of the Rings''."<ref>{{webcite|articleurl=http://www.theguardian.com/books/2018/apr/10/the-fall-of-gondolin-new-jrr-tolkien-book-to-be-published-in-2018|articlename=The Fall of Gondolin, 'new' JRR Tolkien book, to be published in 2018|dated=10 April 2018|accessed=10 April 2018|author=Alison Flood|website=[http://www.theguardian.com The Guardian]}}</ref>

==From the publisher==
{{blockquote|In the Tale of The Fall of Gondolin are two of the greatest powers in the world. There is Morgoth of the uttermost evil, unseen in this story but ruling over a vast military power from his fortress of [[Angband]]. Deeply opposed to Morgoth is Ulmo, second in might only to [[Manwë]], chief of the [[Valar]]: he is called the Lord of Waters, of all seas, lakes, and rivers under the sky. But he works in secret in [[Middle-earth]] to support the Noldor, the kindred of the Elves among whom were numbered [[Húrin]] and [[Túrin]] Turambar.

Central to this enmity of the gods is the city of Gondolin, beautiful but undiscoverable. It was built and peopled by Noldorin Elves who, when they dwelt in [[Valinor]], the land of the gods, rebelled against their rule and fled to Middle-earth. Turgon King of Gondolin is hated and feared above all his enemies by Morgoth, who seeks in vain to discover the marvellously hidden city, while the gods in Valinor in heated debate largely refuse to intervene in support of Ulmo's desires and designs.

Into this world comes Tuor, cousin of Túrin, the instrument of Ulmo's designs. Guided unseen by him Tuor sets out from the land of his birth on the fearful journey to Gondolin, and in one of the most arresting moments in the history of Middle-earth the sea-god himself appears to him, rising out of the ocean in the midst of a storm. In Gondolin he becomes great; he is wedded to Idril, Turgon's daughter, and their son is Eärendel, whose birth and profound importance in days to come is foreseen by Ulmo.

At last comes the terrible ending. Morgoth learns through an act of supreme treachery all that he needs to mount a devastating attack on the city, with Balrogs and dragons and numberless Orcs. After a minutely observed account of the fall of Gondolin, the tale ends with the escape of Tuor and Idril, with the child Eärendel, looking back from a cleft in the mountains as they flee southward, at the blazing wreckage of their city. They were journeying into a new story, the Tale of Eärendel, which Tolkien never wrote, but which is sketched out in this book from other sources.}}

==Publication history and gallery==
;UK editions
{{Gallery
|width=125
|height=125
|lines=2
|File:Fall of Gondolin 2018.jpeg ‎|2018 hardcover
|File:Fall of Gondolin 2018 deluxe.png |2018 hardcover deluxe edition
|File:Fall of Gondolin 2018 large.png |2018 paperback large print
|File:Fall of Gondolin 2020.jpeg |2020 paperback
|File:Fall of Gondolin 2022.jpeg |2022 paperback
|File:Fall of Gondolin 2023.jpg |2023 paperback
}}
*[[HarperCollins]] hardcover ([[2018]]), pp. 304. ISBN 0008302758
*[[HarperCollins]] hardcover with slipcase ([[2018]]), ISBN 0008302766
*[[HarperCollins]] paperback ([[2018]]), ISBN 0008302774 - (large print edition)
*[[HarperCollins]] paperback ([[2020]]), ISBN 0008302804
*[[HarperCollins]] paperback ([[2022]]), ISBN 0008503974
*[[HarperCollins]] paperback ([[2023]]), ISBN 0008655669

==See also==
*"[[Of Tuor and the Fall of Gondolin]]" (chapter of ''[[The Silmarillion]]'')
*''[[The Children of Húrin]]''
*''[[Beren and Lúthien]]''
*[[:Category:Images from The Fall of Gondolin|Images from ''The Fall of Gondolin'']]

==External links==
*Jennifer Rogers, [https://muse.jhu.edu/article/738153 Review of the book], [[Tolkien Studies: Volume 16|Tolkien Studies. 16]]
*[http://www.tolkiensociety.org/2018/04/the-fall-of-gondolin-to-be-published/ ''The Fall of Gondolin'' to be published] (announcement by [[The Tolkien Society]])

{{references}}
{{Publishedmajorbooks}}
{{title|italics}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Fall of Gondolin}}
[[Category:Books by Christopher Tolkien]]
[[Category:Books by J.R.R. Tolkien]]
[[Category:Posthumous publications]]
[[Category:Publications by title]]
[[Category:Scholarly books]]
[[fr:tolkien/biblio/la_chute_de_gondolin]]
[[fi:The Fall of Gondolin (teos)]]

The Fall of Gondolin

2024-04-09T15:17:26Z

Tarkil: /* Contents */ Detailed sources; same treatment as with 'Beren and Lúthien' page.

{{disambig-more|The Fall of Gondolin|[[The Fall of Gondolin (disambiguation)]]}}
{{book
| title=The Fall of Gondolin
| image=[[File:Fall of Gondolin 2018.jpeg|275px]]
| author=[[J.R.R. Tolkien]]
| editor=[[Christopher Tolkien]]
| illustrator=[[Alan Lee]]
| publisherUK=[[HarperCollins]]
| publisherUS=[[Houghton Mifflin]]
| date=[[30 August]] [[2018]]
| format=Hardcover; paperback; deluxe edition
| pages=304
| isbn=0008302758
| precededby=[[Beren and Lúthien]] (2017)
| followedby=[[The Nature of Middle-earth]] (2021)
}}
'''''The Fall of Gondolin''''' is a book compiling texts written by [[J.R.R. Tolkien]] and edited by his son, [[Christopher Tolkien]]. Published on [[30 August]] [[2018]], it brings together several existing passages of work into one volume, along with commentary from Christopher.

The story tells of the ancient hidden city of [[Gondolin]], a [[Noldor]]in stronghold in defiance of [[Morgoth]]; the man [[Tuor]] is sent to Gondolin by the god [[Ulmo]] where he falls in love with the king [[Turgon]]'s daughter, the elf [[Idril]]. However, the city is betrayed by [[Maeglin]], who reveals the location of the city to Morgoth, who sends [[Orcs]], [[Dragons]], and [[Balrogs]] to attack the city. Despite the heroic efforts of the Elven forces, Gondolin is destroyed; however, Tuor and Idril manage to escape, with some survivors, and through their son [[Eärendil]] (father to [[Elrond]] and [[Elros]]) they are able to help bring about the final defeat of Morgoth.

The story is one of three "great tales" set in the [[First Age]] of Tolkien's [[Middle-earth]], the other two being ''[[The Children of Húrin]]'' and ''[[Beren and Lúthien]]''. It is the last book edited by Christopher Tolkien before his death, in [[2020]].

==Contents==
* Preface
* Prologue

* '''The Fall of Gondolin'''
:{|
|◦ ''[[The Fall of Gondolin (chapter)|The Original Tale]] || [''[[The Book of Lost Tales: Part Two|LT2]]'', [[The Fall of Gondolin (chapter)|ch. 3]]]
|-
|◦ The Earliest Text || [''[[The Book of Lost Tales: Part Two|LT2]]'', [[The Fall of Gondolin (chapter)|ch. 3]], [[The Fall of Gondolin (chapter)#Commentary|Commentary]], §3, (vi)]
|-
|◦ [[Prose Fragments Following the Lost Tales#First fragment|Turlin and the Exiles of Gondolin]] || [''[[The Shaping of Middle-earth|Shaping]]'', [[Prose Fragments Following the Lost Tales|ch. 1]], (i)]
|-
|◦ The Story Told in the ''[[The Earliest 'Silmarillion'|Sketch of the Mythology]]'' || [''[[The Shaping of Middle-earth|Shaping]]'', [[The Earliest 'Silmarillion'|ch. 2]], §§15-16]
|-
|◦ The Story Told in the ''[[The Quenta#Quenta Noldorinwa|Quenta Noldorinwa]]'' || [''[[The Shaping of Middle-earth|Shaping]]'', [[The Quenta#Quenta Noldorinwa|ch. 3]], §§15-17]
|-
|◦ [[Of Tuor and his Coming to Gondolin|The Last Version]] || [''[[Unfinished Tales|UT]]'', pt. 1, [[Of Tuor and his Coming to Gondolin|ch. 1]]]
|-
|◦ The Evolution of the Story
|-
|◦ Conclusion || [''[[The Shaping of Middle-earth|Shaping]]'', [[The Earliest 'Silmarillion'|ch. 2]], §§17-19] || [''[[The Shaping of Middle-earth|Shaping]]'', [[The Quenta#Quenta Noldorinwa|ch. 3]], §§17-19]
|}
* List of Names
* Additional Notes
* Glossary

==Conception and development==
Tolkien said that the story was written "out of [his] head" during sick-leave from the army in [[1917]]<ref>{{L|257}}</ref> and it was the very first tale of his later [[legendarium]] that he ever composed. The earliest saved manuscript was written in an exercise book (that was subsequently clean-copied by his wife [[Edith Bratt|Edith]]) and was one of the stories of the [[Lost Tales]]; this manuscript was the last time Tolkien wrote the complete tale of Tuor with a detailed description of the city. He also read part of the story to the Essay Club of Exeter College in the spring of [[1920]].<ref name=utintro>{{UT|Introduction}}</ref><ref>{{LT2|III}}</ref>

Later Tolkien attempted to make a verse version of it, as [[The Lay of the Fall of Gondolin]], in the early 1920s whilst at the [[University of Leeds]].<ref>{{LB|Fall}}, p. 145</ref> In the late 1920s he wrote a compressed version to be a part of his intended ''Silmarillion''<ref name=utintro/> such as in ''[[The Quenta]]'', which was the last complete chronicle of the [[War of the Jewels]] that Tolkien ever wrote;<ref>{{SM|Quenta}}</ref> both the later works ''[[The Later Quenta Silmarillion]]'' and the ''[[Grey Annals]]'' stop before the time of Tuor.

Tolkien regarded the story as one of the [[Atanatarion|three "Great Tales"]] of the Elder Days and wished to expand it as an independent full-scale story.<ref>{{BL|Preface}}</ref> In this form, he started writing ''Of Tuor and the Fall of Gondolin'', probably in [[1951]], but it was abandoned.<ref name=utintro/>

The whole story was first published in [[1977]] in ''[[The Silmarillion]]'' which used as a main source the Lost Tale of 1917. The expanded, partially-reworked, 1951 version appeared in ''[[Unfinished Tales]]'' in [[1980]] retitled as "[[Of Tuor and his Coming to Gondolin]]" (as the text doesn't continue beyond that). The earliest version of the story was published in [[1984]] as [[The Fall of Gondolin (chapter)|one]] of the chapters in ''[[The Book of Lost Tales Part Two]]''.

==Reception==
On hearing the news, [[The Tolkien Society]] claimed the book has been anticipated by fans for decades,<ref>{{webcite|articleurl=http://twitter.com/TolkienSociety/status/983616157876932608|website=[http://www.twitter.com Twitter]|dated=10 April 2018|accessed=10 April 2018}}</ref> whilst its chair [[Shaun Gunner]] said "''The Fall of Gondolin is, to many in the Tolkien community, the Holy Grail of Tolkien texts as one of Tolkien’s three Great Tales alongside ''The Children of Húrin'' and ''Beren and Lúthien''.''"<ref>{{webcite|website=TS|articleurl=http://www.tolkiensociety.org/2018/04/the-fall-of-gondolin-to-be-published/|articlename=The Fall of Gondolin to be published|dated=10 April 2018|accessed=10 April 2018}}</ref> [[John Garth]], author of ''[[Tolkien and the Great War]]'', described the book as "''a template for everything Tolkien wrote afterwards''" which is the "''biggest battle narrative outside of ''The Lord of the Rings''."<ref>{{webcite|articleurl=http://www.theguardian.com/books/2018/apr/10/the-fall-of-gondolin-new-jrr-tolkien-book-to-be-published-in-2018|articlename=The Fall of Gondolin, 'new' JRR Tolkien book, to be published in 2018|dated=10 April 2018|accessed=10 April 2018|author=Alison Flood|website=[http://www.theguardian.com The Guardian]}}</ref>

==From the publisher==
{{blockquote|In the Tale of The Fall of Gondolin are two of the greatest powers in the world. There is Morgoth of the uttermost evil, unseen in this story but ruling over a vast military power from his fortress of [[Angband]]. Deeply opposed to Morgoth is Ulmo, second in might only to [[Manwë]], chief of the [[Valar]]: he is called the Lord of Waters, of all seas, lakes, and rivers under the sky. But he works in secret in [[Middle-earth]] to support the Noldor, the kindred of the Elves among whom were numbered [[Húrin]] and [[Túrin]] Turambar.

Central to this enmity of the gods is the city of Gondolin, beautiful but undiscoverable. It was built and peopled by Noldorin Elves who, when they dwelt in [[Valinor]], the land of the gods, rebelled against their rule and fled to Middle-earth. Turgon King of Gondolin is hated and feared above all his enemies by Morgoth, who seeks in vain to discover the marvellously hidden city, while the gods in Valinor in heated debate largely refuse to intervene in support of Ulmo's desires and designs.

Into this world comes Tuor, cousin of Túrin, the instrument of Ulmo's designs. Guided unseen by him Tuor sets out from the land of his birth on the fearful journey to Gondolin, and in one of the most arresting moments in the history of Middle-earth the sea-god himself appears to him, rising out of the ocean in the midst of a storm. In Gondolin he becomes great; he is wedded to Idril, Turgon's daughter, and their son is Eärendel, whose birth and profound importance in days to come is foreseen by Ulmo.

At last comes the terrible ending. Morgoth learns through an act of supreme treachery all that he needs to mount a devastating attack on the city, with Balrogs and dragons and numberless Orcs. After a minutely observed account of the fall of Gondolin, the tale ends with the escape of Tuor and Idril, with the child Eärendel, looking back from a cleft in the mountains as they flee southward, at the blazing wreckage of their city. They were journeying into a new story, the Tale of Eärendel, which Tolkien never wrote, but which is sketched out in this book from other sources.}}

==Publication history and gallery==
;UK editions
{{Gallery
|width=125
|height=125
|lines=2
|File:Fall of Gondolin 2018.jpeg ‎|2018 hardcover
|File:Fall of Gondolin 2018 deluxe.png |2018 hardcover deluxe edition
|File:Fall of Gondolin 2018 large.png |2018 paperback large print
|File:Fall of Gondolin 2020.jpeg |2020 paperback
|File:Fall of Gondolin 2022.jpeg |2022 paperback
|File:Fall of Gondolin 2023.jpg |2023 paperback
}}
*[[HarperCollins]] hardcover ([[2018]]), pp. 304. ISBN 0008302758
*[[HarperCollins]] hardcover with slipcase ([[2018]]), ISBN 0008302766
*[[HarperCollins]] paperback ([[2018]]), ISBN 0008302774 - (large print edition)
*[[HarperCollins]] paperback ([[2020]]), ISBN 0008302804
*[[HarperCollins]] paperback ([[2022]]), ISBN 0008503974
*[[HarperCollins]] paperback ([[2023]]), ISBN 0008655669

==See also==
*"[[Of Tuor and the Fall of Gondolin]]" (chapter of ''[[The Silmarillion]]'')
*''[[The Children of Húrin]]''
*''[[Beren and Lúthien]]''
*[[:Category:Images from The Fall of Gondolin|Images from ''The Fall of Gondolin'']]

==External links==
*Jennifer Rogers, [https://muse.jhu.edu/article/738153 Review of the book], [[Tolkien Studies: Volume 16|Tolkien Studies. 16]]
*[http://www.tolkiensociety.org/2018/04/the-fall-of-gondolin-to-be-published/ ''The Fall of Gondolin'' to be published] (announcement by [[The Tolkien Society]])

{{references}}
{{Publishedmajorbooks}}
{{title|italics}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Fall of Gondolin}}
[[Category:Books by Christopher Tolkien]]
[[Category:Books by J.R.R. Tolkien]]
[[Category:Posthumous publications]]
[[Category:Publications by title]]
[[Category:Scholarly books]]
[[fr:tolkien/biblio/la_chute_de_gondolin]]
[[fi:The Fall of Gondolin (teos)]]

Egalmoth

2024-04-04T19:37:02Z

Tarkil: /* History */

__NOTOC__
{{disambig-two|a lord of Gondolin|[[Ruling Steward]] of [[Gondor]]|[[Egalmoth (Steward of Gondor)]]}}
{{noldor infobox
| name=Egalmoth
| image=[[File:NimwenHabareth - Egalmoth.png|260px]]
| caption="Egalmoth" by [[:Category:Images by NimwenHabareth|NimwenHabareth]]
| people=[[Gnomes|Gnome]]
| pronun=
| othernames=
| titles=
| position=Lord of the [[house of the Heavenly Arch]]
| location=[[Gondolin]]
| affiliation=
| language=
| birth=
| birthlocation=
| rule=
| death=
| deathlocation=[[Mouths of Sirion]]
| age=
| notablefor=
| house=[[House of the Heavenly Arch]]
| parentage=
| siblings=
| spouse=
| children=
| gender=Male
| height=
| hair=
| eyes=
| clothing=Blue mantle with crystal stars
| weapons=Curved sword, bow
| steed=
}}
'''Egalmoth''' was a [[Gnome]]-lord of [[Gondolin]] according to the early version of the [[legendarium]] in ''[[The Book of Lost Tales]]''.

==History==
He was the leader of the [[folk of the Heavenly Arch]]. He wore a blue mantle upon which stars were embroidered in crystal, and his sword was bent (none of the other Noldoli carried curved swords). However, he trusted more to his [[Bows|bow]], for he could shoot further than anyone of his folk.<ref name=Gondolin>{{LT2|III}}</ref>{{rp|173}}

When the [[Fall of Gondolin]] began, a great part of his folk was in the walls of the northern gate, where the main attack happened.<ref name=Gondolin/>{{rp|176}} However, he was in the south part of the city, in charge of the engines on the wall. When the enemy entered into the streets, he saw that they could not keep fighting in the battlements. Therefore, Egalmoth gathered some men of his house and [[House of the Swallow|of the Swallow]] and casted away his bow. While marching among the streets, they defeated every band of enemies they encountered, rescuing and leading the captives. Finally they reached the [[Square of the King]], where they met with the survivors of all the other [[twelve houses of the Gondothlim|houses]]. In the Square, Egalmoth helped Tuor with the defence of the barricades, but they were sundered and he could not help Tuor when [[Gothmog (balrog)|Gothmog lord of Balrogs]] came forth.<ref name=Gondolin/>{{rp|183}}

During that sally in the Square, Egalmoth was hurt, but he could survive with the rest of the [[exiles of Gondolin]].<ref name=Gondolin/>{{rp|195}} He dwelt in the [[Mouths of Sirion|mouth of Sirion]], but he later died there in the [[Third Kinslaying]] when the [[sons of Fëanor]] came for the [[Silmaril]].<ref>{{LT2|IIIn}}, p. 215</ref>

==Etymology==
''Egalmoth'' is [[Gnomish]] for "Broadshoulder", and its [[Qenya]] form is '''''Aikaldamor'''''.<ref>{{LT2|Appendix}}, entry "Egalmoth"</ref>

When [[Tolkien]] developed [[Sindarin]], ''Egalmoth'' became an obsolete name, but he had already used it for a [[Egalmoth (Steward of Gondor)|steward of Gondor]] in a published work and the name sounded good, so he retained it in later versions as an archaic form. The proper Sindarin name would be '''''Ægamloth''''', which means "Pointed helm-crest", from ''[[aeg]]'' ("point") + ''[[amloth]]'' ("uprising flower, implying a crest on a helmet").<ref name=Maeglin>{{WJ|Maeglin}}</ref>{{rp|318}}

==Other versions of the legendarium==
In an outline of the last Lost Tale, Tolkien considered that Egalmoth and [[Galdor (elf of Gondolin)|Galdor]] led the Noldoli back to Valinor.<ref>{{LT2|VI}}, pp. 278-9</ref>

Egalmoth does not appear again in any later texts of the [[legendarium]], except in one concerning [[Aredhel]]'s escort. While writing the story of [[Maeglin]] in [[1951]], [[Tolkien]] named him as one of the escorts King [[Turgon]] sent to accompany Aredhel on her way out of the [[Hidden City]] to her brother [[Fingon]], along with [[Glorfindel]] and [[Ecthelion]].<ref name=Maeglin/>{{rp|318}} However, he realized that these three lords were too mighty to come back to Gondolin after losing Aredhel, so he decided that they should not be the escort.<ref name=Maeglin/>{{rp|328}} Therefore, [[Christopher Tolkien]] kept this decision for his edition of ''[[The Silmarillion]]''.

{{references}}
{{HousesofGondolin}}
[[Category:Characters in The Book of Lost Tales]]
[[Category:First Age characters]]
[[Category:Gnomes]]
[[Category:Gnomish names]]
[[Category:Gondolindrim]]
[[Category:Noldor]]
[[de:Egalmoth (Hauptmann von Gondolin)]]
[[fr:encyclo:personnages:elfes:noldor:egalmoth]]
[[fi:Egalmoth (Gondolin)]]

Chronology of Tolkien's writings

2024-03-11T15:19:02Z

Tarkil: /* Later years - exploratory writings */

{{incomplete}}
== A reference tool ==
The goal of this page is to present the chronology of Tolkien's writings ordered by thematics so that readers can understand the relation between the texts, their "freshness", their shared chronology. In a way, it is an expansion on [[The Texts and Their Relations]].

It is a useful tool when debating about Canon - whether your preference is Height Intent or Final Intent or any others.
The source of information is mainly the textual indications given by Christopher Tolkien in the History of Middle-Earth Series.

[[Tolkien]] writings timeline being very long, this chronology is broken in 3 production phases.

== Early Years - the Mythology period ==

{| class="wikitable"
! Date !! Hobbit !! Lord of the Rings !! Ainulindalë !! Valaquenta !! Quenta Silmarillion !! Húrin & Turin !! Beren & Lúthien !! Tuor & Gondolin !! Annals of Valinor !! Annals of Beleriand !! Númenor
|-
! 1917
| || || || || || [[Turambar and the Foalókë]] || [[Tale of Tinúviel]] || [[The_Fall_of_Gondolin_(chapter)|The Fall of Gondolin]] || || ||
|-
! 1918
| || || [[The Music of the Ainur]] || || || || || || || ||
|-
! 1919
| || || || ‘[[The Chaining of Melko]]’ || ‘[[The Coming of the Elves and the Making of Kôr]]’ and ‘[[The Theft of Melko and the Darkening of Valinor]]’ || [[The Lay of the Children of Húrin]] || || || || ||
|-
! 1920
| || || || || || || || [[The Lay of the Fall of Gondolin]] || || ||
|-
! 1921
| || || || || || || || || || ||
|-
! 1922
| || || || || || || || || || ||
|-
! 1923
| || || || || || || || || || ||
|-
! 1924
| || || || || || || || || || ||
|-
! 1925
| || || || || ‘[[The Flight of the Noldoli from Valinor]]’ || || [[The Lay of Leithian]] || [[The Lay of Eärendel]] || || ||
|-
! 1926
| || || [[Sketch of the Mythology]] || || || || || || || ||
|-
! 1927
| || || || || || || || || || ||
|-
! 1928
| || || || || || || || || || || [[The_Fall_of_Númenor_(chapter)|The Fall of Númenor]]
|-
! 1929
| || || || || || || || || || ||
|}

== Middle years - The publication phase ==
This period is the most productive in Tolkien's life. Following the success of the Hobbit, he hoped to publish the Silmarillion as a consistent account of the Elder Day. The texts produced in the later phase have a great amount of consistency with the published Lord of The Rings.

{| class="wikitable"
! Date !! Hobbit !! Lord of the Rings !! Ainulindalë !! Valaquenta !! Quenta Silmarillion !! Húrin & Turin !! Beren & Lúthien !! Tuor & Gondolin !! Annals of Valinor !! Annals of Beleriand !! Númenor
|-
! 1930
| || || || || [[Quenta Noldorinwa]] || || || || [[The_Earliest Annals of Valinor|The Earliest Annals of Valinor - AV1]] || [[The Earliest Annals of Beleriand |The Earliest Annals of Beleriand - AB1]] ||
|-
! 1931
| [[The Hobbit|Beg. of 1st Edition writing of The Hobbit]] || || || || || || || || || ||
|-
! 1932
| || || || || || || || || || ||
|-
! 1933
| || || || || || || || || || ||
|-
! 1934
| || || || || || || || || || ||
|-
! 1935
| T[[The Hobbit|he Hobbit - end of writing]] || || || || || || || || || ||
|-
! 1936
| || || [[Ainulindalë|Ainulindalë B]] || || [[Kortirion among the Trees]] || || || || [[Annals of Valinor|Later Annals of Valinor - AV2]] || [[Annals of Beleriand|Later Annals of Beleriand - AB2]] || [[Fall of Númenor]] 1
|-
! 1937
| The Hobbit 1st ed. publication || || [[Ambarkanta]] || || [[Quenta Silmarillion]] || || || || || || [[Fall of Númenor]] 2
|-
! 1938
| || [[The Lord of the Rings|LoTR - 1st Edition beg. of writing]]|| || || || || || || || ||
|-
! 1939
| || || || || || || || || || ||
|-
! 1940
| || || || || || || || || || ||
|-
! 1941
| || || || || || || || || || ||
|-
! 1942
| || || || || || || || || || ||
|-
! 1943
| || || || || || || || || || ||
|-
! 1944
| || || || || || || || || || ||
|-
! 1945
| || || || || || || || || || ||
|-
! 1946
| || || || || || || || || || || [[The_Drowning_of_Anadûnê|The Drowning of Anadûnê 1]]
|-
! 1947
| || || [[Ainulindalë (Morgoth's Ring)|Ainulindalë C*]]|| || || || || || || || [[The_Drowning_of_Anadûnê|The Drowning of Anadûnê 2]]
|-
! 1948
| || || [[Ainulindalë (Morgoth's Ring)|Ainulindalë C]]|| || || [[Narn_i_Hîn_Húrin|Narn i Chîn Húrin]] || || || || || [[The_Drowning_of_Anadûnê|The Drowning of Anadûnê 3]]
|-
! 1949
| || || [[Ainulindalë (Morgoth's Ring)|Ainulindalë D]] || || || || [[The_Lay_of_Leithian|Lay of Leithian Revised]] || || || ||
|-
! 1950
| || [[The Lord of the Rings|LoTR - 1st Edition end of writing]] || || || || || || || [[Annals of Aman]] || [[Grey Annals]] ||
|-
! 1951
| || || || || [[The_Later_Quenta_Silmarillion|Later Quenta Silmarillion - LQ1]] || || || [[Of Tuor and his Coming to Gondolin|Of Tuor and the Fall of Gondolin]] || || ||
|-
! 1952
| || || || || || || || || || ||
|-
! 1953
| || || || || || || || || || ||
|-
! 1954
| || || || || || || || || || ||
|-
! 1955
| || || || || || || || || || ||
|-
! 1956
| || || || || || || || || || || [[Akallabêth|Akallabêth A]]
|-
! 1957
| || || || || || Húrin & Morwen || || || || || [[Akallabêth|Akkalabeth B]]
|-
! 1958
| || || || || [[The_Later_Quenta_Silmarillion|Later Quenta Silmarillion - LQ2]] || || || || Annals of Aman Typescript || || [[Akallabêth|Akkalabeth C]]
|-
! 1959
| || || || || || || || || || ||
|-
! 1960
| || || || || || || || || || || [[Aldarion and Erendis]]
|-
! 1961
| || || || [[Valaquenta]] || || || || || || || ‘[[A_Description_of_the_Island_of_Númenor|A Description of the Isle of Númenor]]’ and ‘[[The Line of Elros: Kings of Númenor]]’
|}

== Later years - exploratory writings ==

In this period of this life, Tolkien had abandoned any hope of finishing the Silmarillion and getting it published.
Most of his works fall in either of 4 categories:
# Philological and philosophical writings
# Languages work
# Exploring inconsistencies and way to resolve them
# Expansion stories for main characters / key historical events

{| class="wikitable"
! Date !! Language !! Maps !! Tale of the years !! Names !! Genealogies !! People !! Heroes !! Places !! Other
|-
! 1955
| || || || || || || || || [[Athrabeth]]
|-
! 1956
| || || || || || || || ||
|-
! 1957
| || || || || || || Finwë & Miriel || ||
|-
! 1958
| || || || || || Concerning Dwarves, Of the Ents || || ||
|-
! 1959
| || || || || || || || || ‘The Converse of Manwë and Eru’, ‘[[Athrabeth Finrod ah Andreth]]’ and the ‘Reincarnation of Elves’.
|-
! 1960
| || || || || || ‘[[Quendi and Eldar]]’, ‘[[Cuivienyarna]]’, ‘Orcs’, ‘[[The Elessar]]’ || ‘[[Concerning Galadriel and Celeborn]]’ || ||
|-
! 1961
| || || || || || || || ||
|-
! 1962
| || || || || || || || ||
|-
! 1963
| || || || || || || || || [[Tale of Adanel|The Tale of Adanel]]
|-
! 1964
| || || || || || || || ||
|-
! 1965
| || || || || || || || ||
|-
! 1966
| || || || || || || || ||
|-
! 1967
| || || || || || || || || [[The Shibboleth of Fëanor]]
|-
! 1968
| || || || || || || || || ‘[[The New Shadow]]’ and [[Tal-Elmar (chapter)|Tar-Elmar]]
|-
! 1969
| || || ‘[[The Disaster of the Gladden Fields]]’, ‘[[Cirion and Eorl]]’ and ‘[[Amroth and Nimrodel|Part of the Legend of Amroth and Nimrodel]]’ || || || || || ‘[[The Rivers and Beacon-hills of Gondor]]’ ||
|-
! 1970
| || [[A Map of Middle-earth]] by Pauline Baynes || || || || || ‘[[Maeglin (chapter)|Maeglin]]’ || ||
|-
! 1971
| || || || || || || || ||
|-
! 1972
| || || || || || || ‘Glorfindel’ and ‘Círdan’ || ||
|-
! 1973
| || || || || || || Galadriel & Celeborn ||
|}

The Children of Húrin

2024-03-05T14:26:47Z

Tarkil: updating link

{{disambig-more|Narn i Chîn Húrin|[[Narn i Chîn Húrin (disambiguation)]]}}{{book
| title=The Children of Húrin
| image=[[Image:Children of Húrin 2007.png|275px]]
| author=[[J.R.R. Tolkien]]
| editor=[[Christopher Tolkien]]
| illustrator=[[Alan Lee]]
| publisherUK=[[HarperCollins]]
| publisherUS=[[Houghton Mifflin]]
| date=[[16 April]] [[2007]]
| format=Hardcover; paperback; deluxe edition
| pages=320
| isbn=0007246226
| precededby=[[The Peoples of Middle-earth]] (1996)
| followedby=[[Beren and Lúthien]] (2017)
}}
'''''The Children of Húrin''''', also known as '''''Narn i Chîn Húrin: The Tale of the Children of Húrin''''', is a novel based on [[J.R.R. Tolkien]]'s writings, edited by his son [[Christopher Tolkien]] and published in [[2007]]. The main text had been previously published as "[[Narn i Hîn Húrin]]" in ''[[Unfinished Tales]]'', here edited by Christopher to form a consistent narrative as an independent work. First and most subsequent editions were illustrated by [[Alan Lee]].

The plot consists in the expanded account of the story of the wanderings and deeds of [[Túrin Turambar]], son of [[Húrin]], and his sister [[Niënor]], in their struggle against fate (and the curse cast upon Húrin's kin). It is considered to be among the darkest examples of any of Tolkien's works.

The story is one of three "[[Atanatarion|great tales]]" set in the [[First Age]] of Tolkien's [[Middle-earth]], the other two being ''[[Beren and Lúthien]]'' and ''[[The Fall of Gondolin]]''.

==Synopsis==
'''Christopher Tolkien:'''

"There are tales of Middle-earth from times long before ''The Lord of the Rings'', and the story told in this book is set in the great country that lay beyond the [[Grey Havens]] in the North: lands where [[Treebeard]] once walked, but which were drowned in the great cataclysm that ended the [[First Age]] of the World.

"In that remote time [[Morgoth]], the first Dark Lord, dwelt in the vast fortress of [[Angband]] in the North; and the tragedy of [[Turin]] and his sister [[Niënor]] unfolded within the shadow of the fear of Angband and the war waged by Morgoth against the lands and secret cities of the Elves.

"Their brief and passionate lives were dominated by the elemental hatred that Morgoth bore them as the children of Húrin, the man who had dared to defy and to scorn him to his face. Against them he sent his formidable servant, [[Glaurung]], a powerful spirit in the form of a huge wingless [[dragon]] of fire. Into his story of brutal conquest and flight, of forest hiding-places and pursuit, of resistance with lessening hope, the mythological persons of the God and the Dragon enter in fearfully articulate form. Sardonic and mocking, Glaurung manipulated the fates of Túrin and Niënor by lies of diabolic cunning and guile, and the curse of Morgoth was fulfilled.

"The earliest versions of this story by J.R.R. Tolkien go back to the end of the First World War and the years that followed; but long afterwards, when ''The Lord of the Rings'' was finished, he wrote it anew and greatly enlarged it in complexities of motive and character: it became the dominant story in his later work on Middle-earth. But he could not bring it to final and finished form. In this book I have endeavoured to construct, after long study of the manuscripts, a coherent narrative without any editorial invention."

==Contents==
[[File:Alan Lee - Beleg Departs from Menegroth.jpg|thumb|''Beleg Departs from Menegroth'' by [[Alan Lee]]]]
* Preface
* Introduction
* Note on Pronunciation

: '''Narn I Chîn Húrin: The Tale of the Children of Húrin'''
* I. "[[The Childhood of Túrin]]"
* II. "[[The Battle of Unnumbered Tears]]"
* III. "[[The Words of Húrin and Morgoth]]"
* IV. "[[The Departure of Túrin]]"
* V. "[[Túrin in Doriath]]"
* VI. "[[Túrin among the Outlaws]]"
* VII. "[[Of Mîm the Dwarf]]"
* VIII. "[[The Land of Bow and Helm]]"
* IX. "[[The Death of Beleg]]"
* X. "[[Túrin in Nargothrond]]"
* XI. "[[The Fall of Nargothrond]]"
* XII. "[[The Return of Túrin to Dor-lómin]]"
* XIII. "[[The Coming of Túrin into Brethil]]"
* XIV. "[[The Journey of Morwen and Niënor to Nargothrond]]"
* XV. "[[Niënor in Brethil]]"
* XVI. "[[The Coming of Glaurung]]"
* XVII. "[[The Death of Glaurung]]"
* XVIII. "[[The Death of Túrin]]"

* Tables - Genealogies:
** The House of Hador & the People of Haleth
** The House of Bëor
** The Princes of the Noldor
* Appendix
** The Evolution of the Great Tales
** The Composition of the Text
* List of Names
* Note on the Map

==Writings and publication==
A brief version of the story formed the base of [[Of Túrin Turambar|Chapter 21]] of ''[[The Silmarillion]]'', setting the tale in the context of the wars of [[Beleriand]]. Although based on the same texts used to complete the new book, Christopher Tolkien abridged the tale to avoid overcharging his edition.

Other incomplete versions have been published in previous publications:
*The "[[Narn i Hîn Húrin]]" in ''[[Unfinished Tales]]''.
*Items in ''[[The History of Middle-earth]]'' series, including:
**"[[Turambar and the Foalókë]]", from ''[[The Book of Lost Tales: Part Two]]''
**"[[The Lay of the Children of Húrin]]" (a narrative poem), from ''[[The Lays of Beleriand]]''
None of these writings forms a complete and mature narrative. The published ''Children of Húrin'' is essentially a synthesis of the ''Narn'' and of the account found in ''The Silmarillion''.

{{blockquote|It has seemed to me for a long time that there was a good case for presenting my father's long version of the legend of the Children of Húrin as an independent work, between its own covers, with a minimum of editorial presence, and above all in continuous narrative without gaps or interruptions, if this could be done without distortion or invention, despite the unfinished state in which he left some parts of it.|Christopher Tolkien}}

==Publication history and gallery==
{{Gallery
|width=125
|height=125
|lines=2
|File:Children of Húrin 2007.png |2007 hardcover
|File:Children of Húrin 2007 large.png |2007 hardcover large print
|File:Children-of-hurin-deluxe-edition-w-stamp.jpg |2007 [[The Children of Húrin: Deluxe Edition|deluxe hardcover]]
|File:The Children of Hurin Signed Limited Edition - 2.jpg |2007 [[The Children of Húrin Signed Limited Edition|deluxe leather bound]]
|File:Children of Húrin 2008.jpeg |2008 paperback
|File:Children of Húrin 2008 special.jpeg |2008 'overseas' paperback
|File:Children of Húrin 2014.png |2014 paperback
|File:Children of Húrin 2014 large.png |2014 paperback large print
|File:Children of Húrin 2024.png |2024 paperback
}}
*[[HarperCollins]] hardcover ([[2007]]), pp. 320. ISBN 0007246226
*[[HarperCollins]] large print hardcover ([[2007]]), ISBN 0007252250
*[[HarperCollins]] [[The Children of Húrin: Deluxe Edition|hardcover with slipcase]] ([[2007]]), ISBN 0007252234
*[[HarperCollins]] [[The Children of Húrin Signed Limited Edition|hardcover with leather traycase]] ([[2007]]), ISBN 0007252242
*[[HarperCollins]] paperback ([[2008]]), ISBN 0007252269
*[[HarperCollins]] paperback ([[2008]]), ISBN 0007309368
*[[HarperCollins]] paperback ([[2014]]), ISBN 0007597339
** 2014 paperback edition, 2024 impression
*[[HarperCollins]] large print paperback ([[2014]]), ISBN 0008108323

;[[The Children of Húrin (audiobook)|Audiobook editions]]
[[Image:The Children of Hurin Audiobook.jpg|150px|thumb|''The Children Of Húrin'' Audiobook]]
An unabridged audio recording of ''The Children of Húrin'' read by [[Christopher Lee]] was released in November 2007. Lee spent five days in the studio recording the book for HarperCollins.[https://web.archive.org/web/20090825011552/http://www.christopherleeweb.com:80/content/children-hurin-0?s=2fe5c0abd7a86ace5f51d633fba86a37] The audiobook also features [[Christopher Tolkien]] reading his preface and introduction to the story.

* [[HarperCollins]], [[2007]], ISBN: 9780007269648
* [[HarperCollins]], [[2007]], ISBN: 9780007269631
* [[HarperCollins]], [[2007]], 1st edition CD Audio ISBN: 9780007263455
* [[HarperCollins]], [[2008]], ISBN: 9780007298136

==See also==

*"[[Of Túrin Turambar]]" (chapter of ''[[The Silmarillion]]'')
*''[[The Story of Kullervo]]'' (the precursor to ''The Children of Húrin'')
*''[[Beren and Lúthien]]''
*''[[The Fall of Gondolin]]''
*[[:Category:Images from The Children of Húrin|Images from ''The Children of Húrin'']] illustrated by [[Alan Lee]]
*[[The Children of Húrin Release Party|Release party]]

==External links==
*Nicholas Birns, [https://muse.jhu.edu/article/240232 Review of the book], [[Tolkien Studies: Volume 5|Tolkien Studies. 5]]
* [[The Children of Húrin reviews|Other reviews of the book]]
* [http://www.tolkienlibrary.com/press/Children-of-Hurin-FAQ.htm Children of Húrin FAQ]
* [http://www.lotrplaza.com/archive5/display_topic_threads.asp?ForumID=24&TopicID=207607 Discussion at LotRPlaza.com]
* [http://wormtalk.blogspot.com/2006/09/j.html Blog post] by [[Michael D.C. Drout]]
* [http://www.tolkienlibrary.com/press/childrenofhurin.htm Article on TolkienLibrary.com]
{{title|italics}}
{{Publishedmajorbooks}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Children of Hurin, The}}
[[Category:The Children of Húrin]]
[[Category:Books by Christopher Tolkien]]
[[Category:Books by J.R.R. Tolkien]]
[[Category:Fiction books]]
[[Category:Posthumous publications]]
[[Category:Publications by title]]
[[de:Die Kinder Húrins]]
[[fr:Les Enfants de Húrinn]]
[[fi:Húrinin lasten tarina (teos)]]
[[fi:The Children of Húrin]]

Audiobooks

2024-03-05T00:50:21Z

Tarkil:

{{Expansion}}
There have been several '''Audiobook''' editions of [[J.R.R. Tolkien]]'s work. Years refer to the most recent reissue.

==''[[The Homecoming of Beorhtnoth, Beorhthelm's Son (radio play)|The Homecoming of Beorhtnoth Beorhrthelm's Son)]]''==
* [[1992]] - [[J.R.R. Tolkien]] and [[Christopher Tolkien]], abridged. (published by [[HarperCollins]])

==''[[The Hobbit]]''==
* [[1974]] - [[Nicol Williamson]], abridged. (published by [[Argo Records]]) [http://open.spotify.com/album/37rEbXuic1u8yw7vqGSgjQ?highlight=spotify:track:6JoDD1SLR60YeQ6L36AN6t Available in Spotify]
* [[2002]] - [[Rob Inglis]], unabridged. (published by [[HarperCollins]])
* [[2007]] - [[Martin Shaw]], abridged. (published by [[HarperCollins]]) ISBN-13: 978-0007106776
* [[2020]] - [[Andy Serkis]], unabridged. (published by [[HarperCollins]])

==''[[The Fellowship of the Ring]]''==
* [[1992]] - [[J.R.R. Tolkien]], abridged. (published by [[Caedmon]])
* [[2001]] - [[Rob Inglis]], unabridged. (published by [[HarperCollins]]) ISBN 0788789813
* [[2021]] - [[Andy Serkis]], unabridged. (published by [[HarperCollins]])

==''[[The Two Towers]]''==
* 1992 - [[J.R.R. Tolkien]], abridged. (published by [[Caedmon]])
* 2002 - [[Rob Inglis]], unabridged. (published by [[HarperCollins]]) ISBN 078878983X
* [[2021]] - [[Andy Serkis]], unabridged. (published by [[HarperCollins]])

==''[[The Return of the King]]''==
* 1992 - [[J.R.R. Tolkien]], abridged. (published by [[Caedmon]])
* 2002 - [[Rob Inglis]], unabridged. (published by [[HarperCollins]]) ISBN 0788789848
* [[2021]] - [[Andy Serkis]], unabridged. (published by [[HarperCollins]])

==''[[The Silmarillion]]''==
* [[1977]] - ''[[Of Beren and Lúthien]]'', read by [[Christopher Tolkien]]. (published by [[Caedmon]])
* [[1978]] - ''[[Of the Darkening of Valinor]] and [[Of the Flight of the Noldor]]'', read by [[Christopher Tolkien]]. (published by [[Caedmon]])
* [[2002]] - [[Martin Shaw]], unabridged. (published by [[HarperCollins]])
* [[2023]] - [[Andy Serkis]], unabridged. (published by [[HarperCollins]]

==''[[Unfinished Tales]]''==

*[[2000]] - [[Erin Jones]], unabridged. Library of Congress recording.<ref name=Bartch/>
*[[2021]] - [[Timothy West]] and [[Samuel West]], unabridged. (published by HarperCollins)

==''[[The History of Middle-earth]]''==

*2000: [[Patrick Hogan]] (Part One) and [[John Horton]] (Part Two), ''[[The Book of Lost Tales]]'', Part [[The Book of Lost Tales Part One|One]] and [[The Book of Lost Tales Part Two|Two]], unabridged. Library of Congress recording.<ref name=Bartch/>

==''[[The Children of Húrin]]''==
* [[2007]]: [[The Children of Húrin (audiobook)|''The Children of Húrin'' (audiobook)]], read by [[Christopher Lee]] and [[Christopher Tolkien]], unabridged. (published by [[HarperCollins]])

==''[[Beren and Lúthien]]''==
* [[2020]]: [[Beren and Lúthien (audiobook)|''Beren and Lúthien'' (audiobook)]], read by [[Timothy West]] and [[Samuel West]], unabridged. (published by [[HarperCollins]])

==''[[The Fall of Gondolin]]''==
* [[2019]]: [[The Fall of Gondolin (audiobook)|''The Fall of Gondolin'' (audiobook)]], read by [[Timothy West]] and [[Samuel West]], unabridged. (published by [[HarperCollins]])

==''[[The Fall of Númenor]]''==
* [[2022]]: [[Samuel West]] and [[Brian Sibley]], unabridged. (published by [[HarperCollins]])

==''[[The Legend of Sigurd and Gudrún]]''==
* [[2009]] - [[Brian Cox]], unabridged. (produced by [[HarperCollins]] but never released)<ref name=Bartch>[[Wayne G. Hammond]] and [[Christina Scull]], [https://archive.ph/LkHlN Message #23372], (dated 9 October 2012), at [http://groups.yahoo.com/group/mythsoc/ MythSoc mailing list] (accessed 28 October 2022)</ref>

==''[[The Letters of J.R.R. Tolkien]]''==
* [[2024]]: [[Samuel West]], [[Mike Grady]] and [[Chris Smith]], unabridged. (published by [[HarperCollins]])

==''[[The Adventures of Tom Bombadil]]''==

* [[2010]] - [[Derek Jacobi]], unabridged. (published by [[HarperCollins]])

==''[[Sir Gawain and the Green Knight, Pearl and Sir Orfeo]]''==

*[[1997]]: ''[[Pearl and Sir Orfeo (audiobook)|Pearl and Sir Orfeo]]'', read by Terry Jones.
*[[2007]]: ''Sir Gawain and the Green Knight with Pearl and Sir Orfeo'', read by Terry Jones.

==''[[Letters from Father Christmas]]''==
* [[1998]] - [[Derek Jacobi]], unabridged. (published by [[HarperCollins]])

==''[[Smith of Wootton Major]]''/''[[Leaf by Niggle]]''==
* [[2003]] - [[Derek Jacobi]], unabridged. (published by [[HarperCollins]])

==''[[Farmer Giles of Ham]]''==
* 2003 - [[Derek Jacobi]], unabridged. (published by [[HarperCollins]])

==''[[Roverandom]]''==
* 1998 - [[Derek Jacobi]], unabridged. (published by [[HarperCollins]])

==''[[Mr. Bliss]]''==

* 2010 - [[Derek Jacobi]], unabridged. (published by [[HarperCollins]])

==See also==
* [[:Category:Images of audiobooks|Images of audiobooks]]

==External links==
* [http://www.tolkienlibrary.com/press/tolkienaudiobooks.htm Tolkien Audio Books] at TolkienLibrary.com

{{References}}
[[Category:Audiobooks| ]]
[[Category:Books by J.R.R. Tolkien]]
[[Category:Lists]]

Virgin Mary

2024-01-29T23:47:27Z

Tarkil: typo fix

{{stub}}
[[File:Madonna in Birmingham Oratory.jpg|thumb|Madonna statue at the [[Birmingham Oratory]], where Tolkien attended mass during his childhood]]
The '''Virgin Mary''' is a key figure in [[Christianity]]. As a devout Roman Catholic, [[Tolkien]] had a special devotion towards her, to the point of stating that all his "perception of beauty both in majesty and simplicity" was founded upon her.<ref>{{L|142}}</ref> Her inspiration in Tolkien's work is reflected by poems, translations of prayers, and character development.

==Appearances in Tolkien's work==
*Prayers in [[Quenya]]
**''[[Aia María]]''
**''[[Ortírielyanna]]''
**''[[Litany of Loreto]]''
*''[[Stella Vespertina]]'' (poem)
*[[Galadriel]] (originally modeled after Mary, a connection that Tolkien acknowledged but would later veer from)
{{references}}
[[Category:Christianity]]
[[Category:Israeli people]]
[[Category:People by name]]

Beren and Lúthien

2023-12-21T22:45:56Z

Tarkil: /* Contents */

{{disambig-two|the book published in 2017|the chapter in ''[[The Silmarillion]]''|[[Of Beren and Lúthien]]}}
{{book
| title=Beren and Lúthien
| image=[[File:Beren and Lúthien 2017.png|275px]]
| author=[[J.R.R. Tolkien]]
| editor=[[Christopher Tolkien]]
| illustrator=[[Alan Lee]]
| publisherUK=[[HarperCollins]]
| publisherUS=[[Houghton Mifflin]]
| date=[[4 May]] [[2017]]
| format=Hardcover; paperback; deluxe edition
| pages=288
| isbn=0008214190
| precededby=[[The Children of Húrin]] (2007)
| followedby=[[The Fall of Gondolin]] (2018)
}}
'''''Beren and Lúthien''''' is a collection of writtings by [[J.R.R. Tolkien]], edited by [[Christopher Tolkien]] as a single book, published in [[2017]]. It contains the various versions of the story of Lúthien and Beren previously published throughout the volumes of ''[[The History of Middle-earth]]''.

The common plot is the story of the love and adventures of the mortal [[Men|Man]] [[Beren]] and the immortal [[Elf]]-maiden [[Lúthien]], and how they stole a [[Silmaril]] from the [[Dark Lord]] [[Morgoth]]'s crown.

Tolkien wrote several versions of their story, the latest published in ''[[The Silmarillion]]'', although the tale is also mentioned in ''[[The Lord of the Rings]]''.

The story is one of three "[[Atanatárion|great tales]]" set in the [[First Age]] of Tolkien's [[Middle-earth]], the other two being ''[[The Children of Húrin]]'' and ''[[The Fall of Gondolin]]''.

==Synopsis==
The tale of Beren and Lúthien was, or became, an essential element in the evolution of the mythology of ancient [[Arda]] (the Creation through the [[First Age]]) conceived by J.R.R. Tolkien, which were published as ''[[The Silmarillion]]''. Returning from France and the battle of the Somme at the end of 1916, he wrote the tale in the following year.

Essential to the story, and never changed, is the fate that shadowed the love of Beren and Lúthien: for Beren was a mortal man, but Lúthien was an immortal elf. Her father, a great elvish lord, in deep opposition to Beren, imposed on him an impossible task that he must perform before he might wed Lúthien. This is the kernel of the legend; and it leads to the supremely heroic attempt of Beren and Lúthien together to rob the greatest of all evil beings, Melkor, called ''Morgoth'', the Black Enemy, of a Silmaril.

In this book Christopher Tolkien has attempted to extract the story of Beren and Lúthien from the comprehensive work in which it was embedded; but that story was itself changing as it developed new associations within the larger history. To show something of the process whereby this legend of Middle-earth evolved over the years, he has told the story in his father's own words by giving, first, its original form, and then passages in prose and verse from later texts that illustrate the narrative as it changed. Presented together for the first time, they reveal aspects of the story, both in event and in narrative immediacy, that were afterwards lost.

==Contents==
* Preface
* Notes on the Elder Days

* '''Beren and Lúthien'''
**''[[The Tale of Tinúviel]]''
**A Passage from the '[[Sketch of the Mythology]]'
**A Passage Extracted from ''[[The Lay of Leithian]]''
**The ''[[The Quenta#Qenta Noldorinwa|Quenta Noldorinwa]]''
**A Further Extract from the ''Quenta''
**The Narrative of ''The Lay of Leithian'' to its Termination
**The ''[[Quenta Silmarillion (Lost Road)|Quenta Silmarillion]]''
**The Return of Beren and Lúthien According to the ''Quenta Noldorinwa''
**Extract from the ''[[The Book of Lost Tales|Lost Tale]]'' of [[the Nauglafring]]
**The Morning and Evening Star

* Appendix: Revisions to ''[[The Lay of Leithian]]''
* Footnotes
* List of Names
* Glossary

==Conception and development==
The first iteration of the tale of Beren and Lúthien was written in late [[1917]]<ref name=UnnamedIntro>{{BL|Introduction}}</ref> and was one of the first tales written by J.R.R. Tolkien which would form part of his [[legendarium]]. Tolkien later erased this original draft and wrote over it; the resultant text constitutes the earliest surviving copy of the tale, and was named "[[The Tale of Tinúviel]]".<ref name=UnnamedIntro/><ref>{{LT2|In}}</ref> There are a number of differences present in this early text when compared to the tale in the published version of ''The Silmarillion''. Notably, Beren is an [[Elf]], the character of [[Felagund]] is not present, and there is no mention of [[Nargothrond]]. This version includes a narrative predecessor to [[Sauron]]: [[Tevildo|Tevildo, Prince of Cats]].

In [[1926]], the tale was incorporated into the earliest known version of what would become The Silmarillion, namely, the [[Sketch of the Mythology]], by Tolkien. This was written as a brief synopsis of events, and would be the first in a line of directly evolving texts that would culminate in the final, published version of The Silmarillion. A notable alteration from the Tale of Tinúviel is that Tolkien had changed Beren to be a [[Men|man]].<ref name=Sketch>{{BL|Sketch}}</ref>

During this time, Tolkien composed ''[[The Lay of Leithian]]'' (from [[1925]]<ref>{{BL| Passage}}</ref> to [[1931]]<ref name=LBLeithian_pp150To151>{{LB|Leithian}}, pp. 150-151</ref>), a poem telling the tale of Beren and Lúthien, which was refined to include the characters [[Felagund]], [[Celegorm]] and [[Curufin]], and the Necromancer [[Thû]], the ''direct'' predecessor to the character [[Sauron]]. Tolkien abandoned the Lay before its completion.<ref name=LBLeithian_pp150To151/> Nonetheless, it is still an extensive piece of work, standing at over 4,000 lines long.<ref>Power, Rebecca. "Tolkien's Penchant for Alliteration: Using XML to Analyze ''The Lay of Leithian''." ''Journal of Tolkien Research'' 11.1 (2020): 7.</ref>

Subsequent to the Sketch of the Mythology, the ''[[Quenta Noldorinwa]]'' was written in [[1930]]. This was "the only complete and finished version of ''The Silmarillion''" Tolkien wrote.<ref>{{BL|Quenta}}</ref> As in the ''Lay of Leithian'', the character of Felagund is present in the story of Beren and Lúthien. The next main iteration in development of the tale was also the final version, as found in the ''[[Quenta Silmarillion (Lost Road)|Quenta Silmarillion]]''.

==Publication history and gallery==
{{Gallery
|width=125
|height=125
|lines=2
|File:Beren and Lúthien 2017.png|2017 hardcover
|File:Beren and Lúthien 2017 large.png|2017 paperback large print
|File:Beren and Lúthien 2017 deluxe.png|2017 deluxe hardcover
|File:Beren and Lúthien 2018.png|2018 paperback
|File:Beren and Lúthien 2022.jpeg|2022 paperback
}}
*[[HarperCollins]] hardcover ([[2017]]), pp. 288. ISBN 0008214190
*[[HarperCollins]] large print paperback ([[2017]]), ISBN 0008248079
*[[HarperCollins]] hardcover with slipcase ([[2017]]), ISBN 0008214204
*[[HarperCollins]] paperback ([[2018]]), ISBN 0008214220
*[[HarperCollins]] paperback ([[2022]]), ISBN 0008503966

==See also==
*"[[Of Beren and Lúthien]]" (chapter of ''[[The Silmarillion]]'')
*''[[The Children of Húrin]]''
*''[[The Fall of Gondolin]]''
*[[:Category:Images from Beren and Lúthien|Images from ''Beren and Lúthien'']] illustrated by [[Alan Lee]]

==External links==
*Sherwood Smith, [https://muse.jhu.edu/article/707039 Review of the book], [[Tolkien Studies: Volume 15|Tolkien Studies. 15]]
*[http://wayneandchristina.wordpress.com/2016/10/19/beren-and-luthien/ ''Beren and Lúthien''], by [[Wayne G. Hammond]] and [[Christina Scull]]
*[http://www.tolkiensociety.org/2016/10/new-tolkien-book-beren-and-luthien/ New Tolkien book: ''Beren and Lúthien''], announcement by [[The Tolkien Society]]
*[http://johngarth.wordpress.com/2016/10/19/beren-and-luthien-a-centenary-publication/ ''Beren and Lúthien'', a centenary publication], by [[John Garth]]

{{references}}
{{Publishedmajorbooks}}
{{title|italics}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Beren and Luthien}}
[[Category:Books by Christopher Tolkien]]
[[Category:Books by J.R.R. Tolkien]]
[[Category:Posthumous publications]]
[[Category:Publications by title]]
[[Category:Scholarly books]]
[[fr:tolkien/biblio/beren]]
[[fi:Beren and Lúthien]]

The One Ring (role-playing game)

2023-11-03T20:49:08Z

Tarkil: /* Publications */ upcoming expansion

{{font|[http://www.acondia.com/fonts/cirth/ Cirth Erebor] and [http://at.mansbjorkman.net/parmaite.htm Tengwar Parmaite]}}
{{disambig-more|The One Ring|[[The One Ring (disambiguation)]]}}
[[File:The One Ring (role-playing game).jpg|300px|right]]
'''''The One Ring''''' is a role-playing game published by [[Cubicle 7 Entertainment]] (under license from [[Sophisticated Games]]), released in August [[2011]]. The game is written by Francesco Nepitello, and features artwork by [[John Howe]] and other artists.<ref>[http://www.icv2.com/articles/news/19873.html 'The One Ring' RPG] at [http://www.icv2.com/index.php ICv2.com] (accessed 20 April 2011)</ref><ref name=TOR>[http://www.cubicle7.co.uk/ Cubicle7.co.uk] (accessed 11 August 2011)</ref> In November [[2019]], the publisher decided to end the licensing agreement with Sophisticated Games, due to contractual differences.<ref name=TORE>[https://www.cubicle7games.com/unexpected-tor2-update Unexpected The One Ring 2 Update]</ref>
In [[2021]], a new edition has been announced on Kickstarter, for crowdfunding, under the publisher [[Free League Publishing|Free League]] and began to be shipped to supporters in October of the same year.<ref name=TOR2>[https://www.kickstarter.com/projects/1192053011/the-one-ring-roleplaying-game-second-edition/ Kickstarter Page of 'The One Ring']</ref> Having fulfilled all deliveries to the backers, Free League has officially released the RPG for wider retail purchase, on the 22nd of March [[2022]].<ref name=TOR2R1>[https://www.kickstarter.com/projects/1192053011/the-one-ring-roleplaying-game-second-edition/posts/3460049 Kickstarter Update: Retail Release]</ref><ref name=TOR2R2>[https://us3.campaign-archive.com/?u=2dcfb24fb7c8d0fb9c2f52040&id=2354eca464 "The One Ring™ RPG Out Now!"]</ref>
==Setting==

The initial release (originally planned to be first of a trilogy), ''The One Ring: Adventures over the Edge of the Wild'', is based in the area of northern [[Mirkwood]], after the events of ''[[The Hobbit]]'' and before the [[War of the Ring]].<ref name=TOR/><ref name=TORC>[http://www.cubicle7.co.uk/our-games/the-one-ring/the-one-ring-characters/ The One Ring: Characters] at [http://www.cubicle7.co.uk/ Cubicle7.co.uk] (accessed 20 June 2011)</ref>
The Second Edition of The One Ring is now set in the lone-lands of [[Eriador]], in the year 2965 of the Third Age, moving the focus of the game to the lands of Old [[Arnor]], with a full description of the town of [[Bree]], including also famous locales like [[Weathertop]], [[Fornost]] and [[Annuminas]], providing the players with a new starting point for their adventures.<ref name=TOR2>[https://www.kickstarter.com/projects/1192053011/the-one-ring-roleplaying-game-second-edition/ Kickstarter Page of 'The One Ring']</ref>
==Game system==

''The One Ring'' uses custom dice, specifically a twelve sided die numbered 1-10, the "Eye of Sauron", and the "Gandalf" Rune (a [[Cirth]] G rune, r), and 6 sided dice numbered normally, but with the 1-3 being in outline, 4-5 solid, and 6 solid having also the [[Tengwar]] [[Lambe]] rune, {{tg|j}}. Standard 12-sided dice can be used, counting 11 as Sauron, and 12 as Gandalf, and standard 6 sided dice as well.<ref>The One Ring RPG, Adventurer Book, pages 24-25</ref>

==Publications==
*[[2011]]: ''[[The One Ring: Adventures over the Edge of the Wild|'''The One Ring: Adventures over the Edge of the Wild''']]''
**''Loremaster's Book'' (for GMs)
**''Adventurer's Book'' (for players)
*[[2012]]: ''[[Words of the Wise]]''
*[[2012]]: ''[[Tales from Wilderland]]''
*[[2012]]: ''The One Ring Dice Set''
*[[2012]]: ''[[Loremaster's Screen and Lake-town Sourcebook]]''
*[[2013]]: ''[[The Heart of the Wild]]''
*[[2013]]: ''[[Hobbit Tales from the Green Dragon Inn]]''
*[[2014]]: ''[[The Darkening of Mirkwood]]''
*[[2014]]: ''[[Rivendell (The One Ring role-playing game)|Rivendell]]''
*[[2015]]: ''[[Ruins of the North]]''
*[[2016]]: ''[[Journeys and Maps]]''
*[[2016]]: ''[[Erebor (The One Ring role-playing game)|Erebor - The Lonely Mountain]]''
*[[2017]]: ''[[Adventurer's Companion]]''
*[[2021]]: '''''The One Ring, Second Edition'''''
**''Core Rules''
**''Starter Set''
**''Loremaster's Screen & Rivendell Compendium'' (for GMs)
**''The One Ring Black Dice Set''
**''The One Ring White Dice Set''
*[[2022]]: ''Ruins of the Lost Realm''
*[[2022]]: ''Strider Mode''
*[[2023]]: ''Tales From the Lone-lands''

==External links==
*[http://www.cubicle7.co.uk/our-games/the-one-ring/ The One Ring 1st Edition] <s>(official page)</s>
*[https://freeleaguepublishing.com/en/games/the-one-ring/ The One Ring 2nd Edition] (official page)

{{references}}
{{rpg}}
{{title}}
[[Category:Role playing games]]

Himring

2023-08-18T00:14:00Z

Tarkil: /* The fortress of Maedhros */

{{location infobox
| name=Himring
| image=[[File:David Monette - Himring.jpg|250px]]
| caption="Himring" by David Monette
| pronun=
| othernames=
| location=Between the [[Pass of Aglon]] and [[Maglor's Gap]]; later as an island in [[Belegaer]]
| type=Hill/island
| description=Tall flat-topped treeless hill, fortified
| regions=
| towns=
| inhabitants=[[Noldor]]
| created=
| destroyed=
| events=[[Dagor Bragollach]], [[Nirnaeth Arnoediad]]
}}
'''Himring''' was a hill in the northeast of [[Beleriand]]. It was east of the [[Pass of Aglon]] and west of [[Maglor's Gap]].<ref>{{S|Map}}</ref> The greatest hill of that region, it was wide-shouldered, treeless, with a flattened summit, and surrounded by numerous lesser hills.<ref name="Beleriand">{{S|Beleriand}}</ref> After the [[War of Wrath|drowning of]] [[Beleriand]] at the end of the [[First Age]], the peak of Himring remained above the waves.<ref name=UTIMap>{{UT|IMap}}</ref>

==History==
===The fortress of Maedhros===
The fortress on Himring was built when the Sons of Fëanor went east shortly after [[Maedhros]], eldest of the [[Sons of Fëanor]] waived his claim as [[High King of the Noldor]] in favor of [[Fingolfin]].<ref>{{S|Return}}</ref> It was the chief fortress of Maedhros, from which he guarded the north-eastern border region that became known as the [[March of Maedhros]].<ref>{{S|Beleriand}}</ref>

The fortress stood firm through the [[Dagor Bragollach]], and many survivors from the surrounding regions, including Maedhros' brother [[Maglor]], rallied there. In the battle the [[Orcs]] had taken the [[Pass of Aglon]], but Maedhros was later able to retake the Pass using the forces from Himring.<ref>{{S|Fingolfin}}</ref>

Himring's fortress remained for centuries, until the [[Nirnaeth Arnoediad]]; where the sons of Fëanor forsook it.<ref>{{S|Fifth}}</ref> After the Nirnaeth, the hill of Himring became garrisoned by soldiers of Angband.<ref>{{GA|242}}</ref>

===The Island===
[[File:Didier Willis - Location of Tol Morwen.png|thumb|300px|Remnants of sunken Beleriand: the islands west of Forlindon, Tol Himling, [[Tol Fuin]] and (speculatively) [[Tol Morwen]].]]
After the [[War of Wrath]], when the western lands were flooded, the plains about the hill were drowned and the top of the hill was all that remained of Himring. Left standing as an island, Himring lay off the north-west coast, about twenty-five miles out from the shores of northern [[Lindon]].<ref name=UTIMap/>

==Etymology==
Literally, the name means "cool-cold".<ref>{{S|Appendix}}, ''him''</ref><ref>{{HM|Guide}}, p. 200</ref> Himring is translated as "Ever-cold".<ref name="Beleriand"/>

==Other versions of the legendarium==
On the original maps that accompany ''[[The Lord of the Rings]]'', the island was labelled ''Himling'', since this was Tolkien's early name for what later would become ''Himring'' in ''[[The Silmarillion]]''.<ref name=UTIMap/><ref>{{HM|RC}}, p. lxvii</ref>

{{references}}
{{Remnants}}
[[Category:Beleriand]]
[[Category:Fortresses]]
[[Category:Hills]]
[[Category:Islands]]
[[Category:Sindarin locations]]
[[de:Himring]]
[[fi:Himring]]
[[fr:encyclo/geographie/reliefs/beleriand/himring]]

The One Ring

2023-07-20T21:14:01Z

Tarkil: updating link

{{cleanup}}
{{disambig-more|The One Ring|[[The One Ring (disambiguation)]]}}
{{object infobox
| name=The One Ring
| image=[[File:John Howe - The One Ring 03.jpg|250px]]
| caption="The One Ring" by [[John Howe]]
| pronun=
| othernames=Ruling Ring, Master-ring, Great Ring, the One, Ring of Rings, Ring of Power, Ring of Doom, Isildur's Bane, the Burden, Precious
| location=
| owner=Primarily: [[Sauron]], [[Isildur]], [[Gollum]], [[Bilbo Baggins|Bilbo]] and [[Frodo Baggins|Frodo]]
| type=Weapon/item of jewellery
| appearance=Plain gold ring with [[Black Speech]] inscription made visible by heat
| creator=[[Sauron]]
| created=c. {{SA|1600}}
| createdlocation=[[Mount Doom]]
| destroyer=[[Frodo Baggins|Frodo]]/[[Gollum]]
| destroyed={{TA|3019}}
| destroyedlocation=[[Mount Doom]]
| notablefor=
| gallery=the One Ring
| audio =[[File:J.R.R._Tolkien_-_The_Ring_Verse.mp3]]
| audiocaption = ''The Ring Verse'', recited by [[J.R.R. Tolkien]].
}}
{{Quote|Now the Elves made many rings; but secretly Sauron made One Ring to rule all the others, and their power was bound up with it, to be subject wholly to it and to last only so long as it too should last.|''[[The Silmarillion]]'', "[[Of the Rings of Power and the Third Age]]"}}

The '''One Ring''' was an ancient artifact created by the [[Dark Lord]] [[Sauron]] in the [[Second Age]] for the purpose of ruling over the [[Free peoples]] of [[Middle-earth]], mainly the [[Elves]].

It was also known as the '''Ruling Ring''', '''Great Ring of Power''' and '''Isildur's Bane''' (due to it causing the death of [[Isildur]]). In the [[Ring Verse]] it is referred to as '''Ash Nazg''' in [[Black Speech]].<ref name=council/>

== History ==
=== Origin and creation ===
[[Image:Ted Nasmith - The Forging of the One.jpg|thumb|left|''The Forging of the One'' by [[Ted Nasmith]]]]
During the [[Second Age]], the Dark Lord [[Sauron]] persuaded [[Celebrimbor]] and his people, the [[Elves|Elven]] smiths of [[Eregion]], to forge the [[Rings of Power]]. Secretly, Sauron returned to [[Orodruin]] and forged the One Ring in its fires.<ref name=RoP>{{S|Rings}}</ref>

It was made as the Master Ring, the One Ring which would control all the others, and dominate their bearers. Sauron allowed much of his will and power to go into it.<ref name=shadow>{{FR|I2}}</ref><ref>{{RK|Debate}}</ref> Thus, he was at his most powerful when wearing the Ring; and although his power did not diminish if he was not in possession of it,<ref name=L131/> he would lose the ability to have a physical form once it was destroyed.<ref>{{L|200}}</ref>

Although it appeared to be made of simple gold, the Ring was virtually impervious to damage, and could only be destroyed in the very fires where it had originally been forged - [[Orodruin]].<ref name=council>{{FR|Council}}</ref>

=== Dark Years ===
When Celebrimbor and the other Ring-bearers realized Sauron's treachery, they took off their Rings, as while they were wearing them, Sauron knew where they were, and went to war with him. This war, the [[War of the Elves and Sauron]] destroyed Eregion and devastated much of Eriador. Sauron conquered and was able to claim all the Rings of Power (except the [[Three Rings|Three]]) and distribute them.<ref name=RoP/> During the era known as the [[Dark Years]], Sauron became master of almost all of Middle-earth beyond the coasts and was known as the [[Dark Lord]] of [[Mordor]]. He raised [[Barad-dûr]] near [[Mount Doom]], constructed the [[Black Gate]] of Mordor to prevent invasion, and raised massive armies of [[Orcs]], [[Trolls]], and Men, chiefly [[Easterlings]] and [[Haradrim|Southrons]].

The power of the Ring allowed Sauron to link it with some of his works, such as [[Barad-dûr]].<ref name=council/> With the Ring he controlled the [[Nine Rings]] that were given to nine mortal Men, who were corrupted and turned into the [[Nazgûl]], his chief servants. However, he was unable to control the [[Seven Rings]] of the [[Dwarves|Dwarf-lords]], because of their different, more hearty nature, and natural resistance against domination by others--instead, the Rings increased the greed of the dwarves. <ref name=RoP />

Sauron's rise offended the arrogant [[Númenóreans]], who attacked him with great force of arms. The forces of Sauron fled the onslaught, and Sauron realized that he could not overcome the Númenòreans through military might. Sauron allowed himself to be taken as a hostage to Númenor by King [[Ar-Pharazôn]]. There, he quickly grew from captive to adviser. The King obviously knew nothing about the Ring and its significance<ref name=L211/> and Sauron corrupted many Númenóreans using the power of the Ring<ref name=L211>{{L|211}}</ref> and eventually convinced the king to rebel against the [[Valar]]. This resulted in the [[Downfall of Númenor]]. Sauron was diminished in the destruction and his spirit (presumably with the Ring<ref name=L211/>) fled back to Mordor, where he slowly rebuilt his strength.

=== First defeat of Sauron ===
When the [[Faithful]] Númenóreans founded the [[Realms in Exile]], Sauron began an offence against [[Gondor]], which was one of those realms; the Elves and the Númenóreans formed the [[Last Alliance of Elves and Men|Last Alliance]] against Sauron, who was vanquished by [[Elendil]] and [[Gil-galad]]. Prince [[Isildur]] then cut the ring from his fingers and took it for himself.

[[File:Anke Eißmann - The Ring has moved on.jpg|thumb|''The Ring has moved on'' by [[Anke Eißmann]]]]
Isildur was corrupted by a great desire for the Ring, and he took it for his own, instead of destroying it as should have been done. Though he bought it "with great pain", Isildur considered the Ring a most precious heirloom of his house, and documented its properties upon the [[Scroll of Isildur|scroll he wrote]] in [[Minas Tirith]].<ref name=council/> He kept it around his neck as he travelled back to [[Arnor]]; but his party was attacked by a group of [[Orcs]] during the [[Disaster of the Gladden Fields]]. Isildur jumped into the [[Gladden River]] to escape, but the Ring betrayed him, and in an attempt to return to its master, it slipped off his finger,<ref name=shadow/> Isildur was revealed to the Orcs when he climbed out of the river, and he was shot. Although this happened as an attempt to return to Sauron,<ref name=shadow/> the Orcs didn't find the Ring, as it was lost in the [[Gladden River]].

The true fate of the One Ring was unknown for many years. To the North, the Ring would be known as "'''Isildur's Bane'''" for the role it played in causing his death.<ref>{{FR|II2}} p. 317</ref>

=== Finding ===
The Ring remained hidden in the riverbed for over two millennia, despite [[Saruman]] and his many attempts to locate the ring, until it was discovered on a fishing trip by a [[Stoors|Stoor]] named [[Déagol]]. Once again, the Ring's evil powers acted upon Déagol's friend and relative, [[Sméagol]], who murdered Déagol and took the Ring for himself. Over many ages, Sméagol was changed by the Ring's influence into the creature called [[Gollum]] (which is what he called himself, as it was similar to a sound he made). The Ring manipulated Gollum into settling in the [[Misty Mountains]] near [[Mirkwood]], near a [[Orcs of the Misty Mountains|colony of Orcs]], where Sauron was beginning to resurface. But Gollum was too small and never left his deep pool so the Ring stayed with him for centuries. It was 500 years later, in the Third Age, when the "Necromancer" was awake once more in Mirkwood, sending his dark thoughts, and the Ring, wishing to be discovered by a new keeper, and so thus find its way back to its Master, fell off Gollum's finger<ref name=shadow/> as he was returning from hunting a [[Orcs#Orcs and Goblins|Goblin]].
[[File:David T. Wenzel - Bilbo finds the One Ring.jpg|thumb|''Bilbo finds the One Ring'' by [[David T. Wenzel]]]]
[[File:Darrell Sweet - The Riddle Game.jpg|left|thumb|''The Riddle-game'' by [[Darrell Sweet]]]]
The Ring was discovered a few hours later lying on the floor of a tunnel by a hobbit, [[Bilbo Baggins]], who had been separated from his party of Dwarves and become lost in the caverns of the Misty Mountains, near Gollum's lair. After losing the [[Riddle-game]] to Bilbo, Gollum sneaked off to fetch his "[[Precious]]" (as he always called the One Ring), so that he could kill Bilbo and eat him. But when Gollum arrived at his island, he found that the Ring was missing, and he let out a great wail. Deducing from Bilbo's last question--"What have I got in my pocket?"--that Bilbo had taken it, Gollum chased the hobbit through the caves, not knowing that Bilbo had discovered the Ring's powers of invisibility and was following him to the cave's exit. Bilbo escaped Gollum and the Orcs who inhabited the Misty Mountains by remaining invisible (although he lost a few of his nice brass buttons.) But it seems that the Ring once more tried to betray its new master and slipped from his finger, allowing the pursuing goblins to see him.<ref name=Riddles>{{H|5}}</ref>

When he told the story to the [[Dwarves]] and Gandalf, however, he left the Ring out of the story. But Bilbo was aware that Gandalf suspected the presence of his magic Ring. Later on Bilbo was forced to tell the Dwarves about the Ring, to preserve their lives and continue their journey to Erebor.

Gollum, meanwhile, eventually left the Misty Mountains to track down and reclaim the Ring. He wandered for decades, only to be captured and interrogated by Sauron himself, to whom he revealed the existence of Bilbo and the Shire.
[[File:Paul Rivoche - Frodo and Gandalf.jpg|thumb|''Frodo and Gandalf'' by [[Paul Rivoche]]]]

=== Frodo's quest and destruction ===
In {{TA|3001}}, following Gandalf's counsel, Bilbo gave the Ring to his nephew and adopted heir [[Frodo Baggins|Frodo]]. This first willing renunciation of the Ring in its history sparked the chain of events which eventually led to its unmaking. Gandalf was suspicious about the effect it had on Bilbo and went to [[Minas Tirith]] and found Isildur's account on the Ring, being lost since his death. He returned to [[Hobbiton]] and tested Frodo's Ring in fire, only to confirm his fears since the letters described by Isildur appeared upon it.

By this time Sauron had begun to regain his power, and the [[Barad-dûr|Dark Tower]] in Mordor had been rebuilt. The [[War of the Ring]] had begun. Gandalf urged Frodo to carry the Ring to [[Rivendell]] where the Wise would decide their actions. Despite Gandalf's warnings, Frodo did wear the Ring several times during his journey. On [[Weathertop]] he was tempted by the Ring to wear it and evade the Ringwraiths, only to make him more visible to them and to be wounded by a [[Morgul-knife]].

In order to prevent the recapture of the Ring, Frodo and eight other [[Fellowship of the Ring|companions]] set out from [[Rivendell]] for Mordor in an attempt to destroy the Ring in the fires of [[Mount Doom]]. During the quest, Frodo gradually became more and more susceptible to the Ring's power, and feared that it was going to corrupt him. When he and Sam discovered that Gollum was on their trail and "tamed" him into guiding them to Mordor, he began to feel a strange bond with the wretched, treacherous creature, seeing a possible future of himself that he felt he had to save in order to save himself. Gollum gave in to the Ring's temptation, however, and betrayed them to the spider [[Shelob]] who stung Frodo. Believing Frodo to be dead, Sam bore the Ring himself for a short time, and glimpsed its power, although he never gave in to it.

Sam rescued Frodo from a band of Orcs at the Tower of [[Cirith Ungol]] and returned the Ring to him, but feared that the toll it was taking was too great; it nearly was. Although Frodo and Sam, followed by Gollum, eventually arrived at the [[Cracks of Doom]], Frodo decided to keep the Ring for himself and wore it rather than destroy it, evincing its corruptive nature. Seeing Frodo's footprints, Gollum pounced on the invisible Frodo and bit off the finger wearing the Ring. Having retrieved his long-lost "precious", Gollum rejoiced before tripping over the edge and falling into the lava pit with the Ring in hand, finally destroying it. The Ring's loss resulted in the permanent disembodiment of Sauron's spirit (''[[ëalar|ëala]]'') and crumbling of his structures, including [[Barad-dûr]] and the [[Black Gate]].

== Characteristics ==
=== Appearance ===
Physically the Ring resembled a geometrically perfect circle of pure gold, this perfection and purity being part of its allure. Unlike the lesser Rings, it bore no gem. It seems to have been able to expand and contract, in order to fit its wearer's finger or slip from it treacherously. Its identity could be determined by a simple (though little-known) test: when heated in fire, fine lines of fire, forming a script, would appear running along on the inside and outside of the Ring.<ref name=shadow/> The letters were an [[Ring Verse|inscription]] in [[Tengwar]] of the [[Black Speech]] of Mordor, citing a section of poetry from part of its lore:
[[File:J.R.R. Tolkien - One Ring inscription.png|right|300px]]

{{blockquote|Ash nazg durbatulûk, ash nazg gimbatul, ash nazg thrakatulûk, agh burzum-ishi krimpatul.}}

Which translates to:

{{blockquote|One Ring to rule them all, One Ring to find them, One Ring to bring them all and in the darkness bind them.}}

=== Effects ===
[[Image:Roger Thomasson - The One Ring.jpg|thumb|left|''The One Ring'' by [[Roger Thomasson]]]]

Like all Rings of Power, the One Ring enhanced the natural powers of its bearer, and it could also be used to decelerate decay and change in the world.<ref name=L131>{{L|131}}</ref> But unlike the other rings, the One Ring was forged by Sauron alone without any Elvish assistance<ref name=RoP /> and was entirely evil. A person who bore the Ring could more easily dominate and command others; for instance, Sauron used this power to help convince the Númenóreans to attack [[Valinor]],<ref>{{L|211}}</ref> and Boromir desired to use this power to gain loyal subjects who would attack Mordor.<ref>{{FR|Breaking}}</ref> The Ring also allowed its bearer to see and control the thoughts of anyone who wore any other Ring of Power.<ref name=RoP />

When [[Men]] wore the Ring, they would be partly "shifted" out of the physical realm into the [[wraith-world]]. A side effect (but usually the first noticed) of the Ring was that it made the wearer invisible to most inhabitants of the physical realm (but highly visible to the [[Nazgûl]]), it dimmed the wearer's sight, and it sharpened his hearing. When Men wore the ring, only their faint and shaky shadow could be seen, and only in the full light of the sun.<ref name=Riddles></ref> This "shadow world" was the world which Wraiths inhabited, but also where the [[Calaquendi]] (Elves of Light) lived at the same time as the normal world and held great power, as was evidenced by [[Frodo Baggins|Frodo]] viewing [[Glorfindel]] at the Ford of [[Bruinen]] near [[Rivendell]]<ref>{{FR|Flight}}</ref> and later explained by [[Gandalf]].<ref>{{FR|Meetings}}</ref> If a bearer managed to consciously subdue the Ring's will with his own, he could wield the powers that Sauron had before he lost the Ring; notably, he could control the will of others.

Part of the nature of the Ring was that it slowly and inevitably corrupted its wearer, regardless of any intentions to the contrary. Whether this was specifically designed into the Ring's magic or was simply an artefact of its evil origins is unknown. (Sauron might be expected to endow his One Ring with such a property, but he probably never intended anyone besides himself to wear it. It may be a side-effect of the portion of Sauron's will that lies within the Ring, influencing the wearer.) Part of its essential deceit was filling minds with imaginations of supreme power<ref>{{L|246}}</ref> For this reason, the Wise, including [[Gandalf]], [[Elrond]] and [[Galadriel]], refused to wield it in their own defence, but instead determined that it must be destroyed.

It appears that Hobbits, being more pure of heart than Men and far less powerful than Elves, were the ideal vessels to resist its seductive power; this explains why Frodo and Bilbo bore it for long periods of time with very little ill effect; while Sam wore it, his mind was filed with heroic images, but he rejected them;<ref>{{TT|IV1}}</ref> even Gollum had not turned into a Wraith after 500 years of bearing the Ring.

Its power to lust was so great that it was impossible for anyone (even Sauron) to try to injure it<ref name=L131/> although unbreakable by itself.

The enigmatic [[Tom Bombadil]] was unaffected by the Ring, or rather, the Ring had no effect on him. This may be explained in many ways. (See the [[Tom Bombadil/Nature|article on Tom Bombadil]], which includes some theories.)

== Other versions of the legendarium ==
While writing the first drafts of ''[[A Long-expected Party]]'' (December [[1937]]), Tolkien already had decided to link the finding of the Ring with the mysterious figure of the "[[Necromancer]]" of ''The Hobbit''. In those drafts Bilbo would be unable to let go the Ring, so on a holiday leaves the Ring to his son, "[[Bingo Baggins]]" as a parting gift, and then disappears. Bingo keeps the Ring hoping it will lead him to his father. Gandalf explains that they can "cheat" the Ring to guide them to Bilbo, if he also does the same, hence stages a "Farewell party".<ref>{{RS|1Iv}}</ref>

In order to counter the notion that ''[[The Lord of the Rings]]'' was inspired from [[wikipedia:World War II|World War II]], Tolkien himself provided a "what if" scenario in the Foreword to ''[[The Fellowship of the Ring]]'' that shows what would happen should the Ring be used against [[Sauron]]. Tolkien explained that if he had WWII in mind, then the [[Free peoples]] would enslave Sauron with the power of the Ring against him, and occupy [[Mordor]]. [[Saruman]] (whose treachery would remain secret) would then use the Ring-lore found in Mordor to create a Great Ring of his own with which to challenge the self-styled Ruler of [[Middle-earth]].<ref>{{FR|Foreword}}</ref>

== Inspiration ==
Tolkien scholar [[John D. Rateliff]] has at length discussed five different rings of invisibility which occur in works that predate Tolkien's:
*Plato's [[Wikipedia:Ring of Gyges|Ring of Gyges]] (ca. 390 BC),
*the magic ring in [[Wikipedia:Chrétien de Troyes|Chrétien de Troyes]]' ''[[Wikipedia:Yvain, the Knight of the Lion|Yvain, the Knight of the Lion]]'' (ca. 1177);
*[[Wikipedia:Angelica (character)|Angelica]]'s ring, of French Renaissance literature;
*the Fairy's ring appearing in the tale "The Enchanted Ring" (by [[Wikipedia:François Fénelon|François Fénelon]]) in [[Wikipedia:Andrew Lang|Andrew Lang]]'s ''[[Wikipedia:Andrew Lang's Fairy Books|The Green Fairy Book]]'' (a collection of fairy-tales referred to by Tolkien in his [[On Fairy-Stories|Andrew Lang lecture]]);<ref group=note>The "Fairy's ring" was first noted by [[Douglas A. Anderson]]. Cf. {{HM|AH}}, p. 133.</ref>
*the witch-maiden's ring in an Estonian folktale (ca. 1866) from the ''[[Wikipedia:Kalevipoeg|Kalevipoeg]]'', translated as "[[Wikipedia:The Dragon of the North|The Dragon of the North]]" in ''[[Wikipedia:Andrew Lang's Fairy Books|The Yellow Fairy Book]]'' (1894).

Rateliff's proposes that the ring most likely to have provided an inspiration for Tolkien is a version of Chrétien's tale, namely Owein's ring in the [[Welsh]] ''[[Wikipedia:Three Welsh Romances#Owain, or the Lady of the Fountain|Owain, or the Lady of the Fountain]]''. He also regards the rings in Fénelon's and Plato's stories as possible influences, but concludes that: "''the primary influence on Frodo's ring is in fact'' The Hobbit ''itself: here, as so often, Tolkien is his own main source''".<ref>{{HM|HHO}}, pp. 176-182</ref>

It has also been suggested that the One Ring may have been inspired by the [[Wikipedia:Ring of Silvianus|Ring of Silvianus]] and its inscribed curse. The hypothesis is based on Tolkien gaining knowledge about the Ring of Silvianus through the archaeologist [[Wikipedia:Mortimer Wheeler|Mortimer Wheeler]], for whom Tolkien wrote the text "[[The Name 'Nodens']]".<ref>{{webcite|author=|articleurl=http://www.lotrplaza.com/showthread.php?55657-A-Ring-with-a-Curse&p=563861#post563861|articlename=A Ring with a Curse|dated=|website=Plaza|accessed=10 April 2013}}</ref> However, Tolkien scholars [[Wayne G. Hammond]] and [[Christina Scull]] have pointed out that there is no "''evidence, or good reason to believe, that Tolkien was inspired by the Roman ring''".<ref>{{webcite|author=[[Wayne G. Hammond]], [[Christina Scull]]|articleurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160406192552/https://groups.yahoo.com/neo/groups/mythsoc/conversations/topics/24198|articlename=Re:Tolkien and Nodens in the news this morning (message 24198)|dated=9 April 2013|website=Mythsoc|accessed=20 July 2023}}</ref>

== Portrayal in adaptations ==
{{Gallery
|title=The One Ring in adaptations
|height=150
|width=200
|lines=3
|Image:LOTR-vol2-ring1.png|The One Ring in ''[[The Lord of the Rings, Vol. II: The Two Towers]]''
|File:The Lord of the Rings - The Fellowship of the Ring (video game) - Frodo Baggins and the One Ring.JPG|The One Ring in [[The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring (video game)|''The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring'' (video game)]]
|File:The Lord of the Rings - The Return of the King - Frodo fingering the One Ring.jpg|The One Ring in [[The Lord of the Rings (film series)|''The Lord of the Rings'' (film series)]]
|Image:The Hobbit (2003) One Ring.JPG|The One Ring in [[The Hobbit (2003 video game)|''The Hobbit'' (2003 video game)]]
|Image:The Lord of the Rings War in the North - One Ring3.jpg|The One Ring in ''[[The Lord of the Rings: War in the North]]''
|Image:Lego One Ring.png|The One Ring as a ''[[Lego]] mini figure''
}}

'''[[1977]]: ''[[The Hobbit (1977 film)|The Hobbit]]'':'''
:In accordance with the novel, [[Bilbo Baggins|Bilbo]] finds the One Ring in [[Gollum]]'s cave. However, in a departure from the book, [[Gandalf]] reveals that he knows of Bilbo's ownership of the Ring and that it is indeed the One, thus setting the scene for an adaptation of ''[[The Lord of the Rings]]''. For some reason, a loud "vwoop!" sound is heard whenever the Ring is put on.<ref>''The Hobbit (1977 film)''</ref>

'''[[1980]]: ''[[The Return of the King (1980 film)|The Return of the King]]'':'''

:The One Ring is unchanged from its appearance in the Rankin/Bass adaptation of ''[[The Hobbit]]''. In the [[Mount Doom (chapter)|Mount Doom scene]], oddly enough, the Ring itself can be seen even when [[Frodo Baggins|Frodo]] is invisible, allowing it to be easily located by Gollum with the result of him biting it off of Frodo's finger almost immediately.<ref>''The Return of the King (1980 film)''</ref>

'''[[2001]]-[[2003|3]]: [[The Lord of the Rings (film series)|''The Lord of the Rings'' (film series)]]:'''

:The One Ring is voiced by [[Alan Howard]]. It is first mentioned in the Prologue narrated by [[Galadriel]] as the Ring that would rule all of the other [[Rings of Power]], and is portrayed, in accordance with the book, as a simple gold band which gains [[Ring Verse|firey letters]] on the surface when exposed to fire (these letters being identical to those illustrated in the book). In the sequence of the [[Siege of Barad-dûr]], Sauron channels the power of the Ring into his mace, sending many [[Last Alliance]] soldiers flying with every swing. It seems to have the ability to grow or shrink to fit the finger of whomever its master is, a trait touched upon in the novel, and is able to speak, albeit unintelligibly, into the mind of its bearer.<ref>''The Lord of the Rings (film series)</ref>

'''[[2011]]: ''[[The Lord of the Rings: War in the North]]'':'''
:The One Ring is shown in the introduction of the game. In [[the Prancing Pony]] [[Aragorn]] refers to Frodo and the Ring as a "Hobbit with an important burden".<ref>[[The Lord of the Rings: War in the North]], ''Prologue''</ref>

'''[[2012]]-[[2014|14]]: [[The Hobbit (film series)|''The Hobbit'' (film series)]]:'''
:The One Ring is first seen by Bilbo when it falls out of Gollum's pocket while the former is strangling a small [[Goblin]]. It is consistent in its appearance in the 2001-3 film series as a simple gold band.<ref>''The Hobbit (film series)</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Gwaith-i-Mírdain]]
* [[Rings of Power]]
* [[War of the Elves and Sauron]]
* [[Disaster of the Gladden Fields]]
* ''[[The Lord of the Rings]]''

{{references|n}}

{{rings}}
{{ringbearers}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:One Ring, The}}
[[Category:Evil]]
[[Category:Rings and jewels]]
[[de:Der Eine Ring]]
[[fr:encyclo/artefacts/bijoux/anneaux/anneau_unique]]
[[fi:Sormusten Sormus]]

Balrogs

2023-07-17T08:13:51Z

Tarkil: typo fix

{{disambig-more|Balrog|[[Balrog (disambiguation)]]}}{{people infobox
| name=Balrogs
| image=[[File:Thomas Rouillard - Valaraukar.jpg|250px]]
| caption="Valaraukar" by [[:Category:Images by Thomas Rouillard|Thomas Rouillard]]
| pronun=
| othernames=''Valaraukar'' ([[Quenya|Q]])
| origin=[[Creation of the Ainur]]
| location=Primarily [[Angband]], [[Moria]] ([[Durin's Bane]])
| affiliation=[[Morgoth]]
| rivalry=
| language=
| members=[[Gothmog (balrog)|Gothmog]], [[Durin's Bane]], [[Lungorthin]]
| lifespan=Immortal
| distinctions=Man-like, surrounded by shadow and fire, covered in smoke ''(cf. [[Balrogs/Wings]])''
| height=Twice the height of a man
| hair=
| skin=
| clothing=
| weapons=Whips, swords, axes
}}
{{Quote|... in Utumno he gathered his demons about him, those spirits who first adhered to him in the days of his splendour, and became most like him in his corruption: their hearts were of fire, but they were cloaked in darkness, and terror went before them; they had whips of flame.|''[[Quenta Silmarillion]]'', "[[Of the Coming of the Elves and the Captivity of Melkor]]"}}
The '''Balrogs''' were [[Maiar]] corrupted by [[Morgoth]] during the creation of [[Arda]], who cloaked themselves in shadow and flame and carried whips and swords. Famed Balrogs include [[Gothmog (balrog)|Gothmog]], slain by [[Ecthelion]], and [[Durin's Bane]], slain by [[Gandalf]].

== History ==
Balrogs, also called [[Valaraukar]], were originally [[Ainur]] created by [[Ilúvatar]], probably those who joined [[Melkor]] during his discordance in the [[Music of the Ainur]]. After entering into [[Eä]], they were [[Maiar]], lesser spirits at the service of the [[Valar]].

{{blockquote|...of the Maiar many were drawn to [Melkor's] splendour in the days of his greatness, and remained in that allegiance down into his darkness; and others he corrupted afterwards to his service with lies and treacherous gifts. Dreadful among these spirits were the Valaraukar, the scourges of fire that in Middle-earth were called the Balrogs, demons of terror.|''[[Valaquenta]]'': Of the Enemies}}

They took the [[Fana|forms]] of demons with hearts of fire and whips of flame. Melkor gathered them about him after the fall of the [[Two Lamps]] and they dwelt in [[Utumno]].<ref>{{S|3}}</ref> When this fortress was destroyed by the [[Valar]], they fled to the west and hid in the pits of [[Angband]], awaiting their master's return.<ref name=Return>{{S|9}}</ref>

When [[Morgoth]] and [[Ungoliant]] escaped from [[Valinor]] many years later with the [[Silmarils]], the Balrogs were still awaiting their master in Angband. After Ungoliant threatened Morgoth, his cry was heard by them. Then the Balrogs issued from their hiding-place and traveled to [[Lammoth]] like a tempest of fire. With their whips they destroyed Ungoliant's webs and made her take flight.<ref name=Return>{{S|9}}</ref>

The Balrogs were first encountered by the Elves during the [[Dagor-nuin-Giliath]] ("Battle under the Stars") when the [[Noldor]]in [[Exile of the Noldor|Exiles]] [[Return of the Noldor|returned]] to [[Middle-earth]] at the end of the [[First Age]].<ref>{{App|Elves}}, p. 1128</ref> After the victory of the Noldor over Morgoth's forces, the Elf Lord [[Fëanor]] pressed on towards [[Angband]], but the Balrogs came up against him. He was surrounded and fought long against them before being mortally wounded by [[Gothmog (balrog)|Gothmog]], Lord of the Balrogs. Though Fëanor's sons fought off the demons of fire, Fëanor died of his wounds soon after.<ref>{{S|13}}</ref>

During the [[Wars of Beleriand]], Morgoth only came out of Angband on [[Fall of Fingolfin|one occasion]]. Instead, he sent the Balrogs to fight and lead in battle. Two of them were killed in the [[Fall of Gondolin]]: Gothmog by [[Ecthelion]], and another by [[Glorfindel]].<ref>{{S|Gondolin}}</ref>

After the [[War of Wrath]], some Balrogs escaped the destruction of [[Beleriand]] and hid deep underground, in inaccessible places at the roots of the earth.<ref group=note>At the height of his power, Morgoth's successor [[Sauron]] was said to have reigned over all foul things, perhaps even some of the surviving Balrogs, but there is no evidence of this.</ref> Only one Balrog appears after the defeating of [[Morgoth]]: In the Third Age the [[Dwarves]] of [[Moria|Khazad-dûm]] unwittingly released the Balrog, afterwards known as [[Durin's Bane]], while mining for ''[[mithril]]'' and were driven out of Moria by the creature.<ref>{{App|Durin}}, pp. 1071-2</ref> Encountered by the [[Fellowship of the Ring]], it was faced by [[Gandalf]] and the two Maiar slew one another.<ref>{{TT|III5}}, pp. 501-2</ref>

==Etymology==
{{Pronounce|Balrog.mp3|Ardamir}}
''Balrog'' is [[Sindarin]] for "Demon of Might", from [[root]] ''[[BAL]]'' ("power") + ''[[raug]]/[[rog]]'' ("demon").<ref>{{S|Appendix}}, entries ''rauko'', ''val''</ref> The demonym was '''''Balrogath'''''.<ref>{{MR|P2f}}, p. 79</ref>

In the earlier [[Noldorin]] phase of the language, the word ''Balrog'' was derived from baul ("torment") + rhaug ("demon"), from [[Primitive Elvish]] ''ñgwalaraukô''.<ref name=Etymologies>{{LR|Etymologies}}, entries "[[ÑGWAL]]", "[[RUK]]"</ref>

==Other names==
The [[Quenya]] form is '''''Valarauko''''' (plural ''Valaraukar'').<ref>{{PE|Eldarin}}, p. 48</ref>

In the Quenya from ''[[The Etymologies]]'', the form was ''malarauko''.<ref name=Etymologies/>

A list of [[Old English]] equivalents of [[Elvish]] words, glosses ''Balrog'' as having the equivalent ''Bealuwearg'' and ''Bealubroga''. As noted by [[Christopher Tolkien]], the Old English word contains the elements ''bealu'' ("evil"; as in ''bale(ful)'') and ''wearg'' ("wolf, outlaw") or ''broga'' ("terror").<ref>{{SM|QA1}}, p. 209</ref>

==Other versions of the legendarium==
===The Book of Lost Tales===
In the earliest version of the [[legendarium]] in ''[[The Book of Lost Tales]]'', the Balrogs are mentioned in some of the tales, but they only play an important rol in the first that was written, in "[[The Fall of Gondolin (chapter)|The Fall of Gondolin]]".<ref>{{LT2|In}}, p. 67</ref> Here some of the details remained later versions, while others were omitted: "Now these were demons with whips of flame and claws of steel by whom he tormented those of the [[Noldoli]] who durst withstand with him in anything – and the [[Eldar]] have called them Malkarauki."<ref name=Gondolin>{{LT2|III}}</ref>{{rp|169}} They were attired with iron armour and helm.<ref name=Gondolin/>{{rp|181, 194}}

===Number===
The Balrogs were originally envisioned as being immense in number:
{{blockquote|The early conception of Balrogs makes them less terrible, and certainly more destructible, than they afterwards became: they existed in 'hundreds' (p. 170), and were slain by [[Tuor]] and the [[Gondothlim]] in large numbers: "thus five fell before Tuor's great axe [[Dramborleg]], three before [[Ecthelion]]'s sword, and two score were slain by the warriors of the king's house.|''[[The Book of Lost Tales: Part Two]]'', commentary by Christopher Tolkien on "[[The Fall of Gondolin (chapter)|The Fall of Gondolin]]", pp. 212-3}}
{{blockquote|There came wolves and serpents and there came Balrogs one thousand, and there came Glomund the Father of Dragons.|''[[The Lost Road and Other Writings]]'', ''Quenta Silmarillion'', Chapter 16, §15}}

As the [[legendarium]] became more formidable and internally consistent, and the Balrogs more terrible, this number was much reduced. In the end Tolkien stated that there were probably "at most" seven Balrogs:
{{blockquote|In the margin my father wrote: 'There should not be supposed more than say 3 or at most 7 ever existed.'|''[[Morgoth's Ring]]'', Section 2 (AAm*): note 50}}

It should, however, be noted that these texts postdate the published ''The Lord of the Rings'', but predate the materials from which the published ''The Silmarillion'' was drawn. The exact number of Balrogs is therefore very uncertain, but Tolkien's note above seems to have been his final word.

==Portrayal in adaptations==
{{Gallery
|title=Balrogs in adaptations
|height=150
|width=250
|lines=2
|File:The Lord of the Rings (1978 film) - Balrog.jpg|Durin's Bane in [[The Lord of the Rings (1978 film)|''The Lord of the Rings'' (1978 film)]]
|File:The Lord of the Rings - The Motion Picture Trilogy - Balrog.jpg|Durin's Bane in ''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring|The Fellowship of the Ring]]''
|File:Thaurlach.jpg|The Balrog Thaurlach from ''[[The Lord of the Rings Online]]''
|File:Shadow of War - Tar Goroth.jpg|The Balrog Tar Goroth from ''[[Middle-earth: Shadow of War]]''
|File:The Rings of Power (TV series) - Durin's Bane.png|Durin's Bane in ''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Rings of Power|The Rings of Power]]'' series
}}
'''1978: [[The Lord of the Rings (1978 film)|''The Lord of the Rings'' (1978 film)]]:'''
:The Balrog has wings and appears capable of limited flight. The head resembles a lion but the rest of the body was rendered in matte black, a technique commonly used for shadowy surreal effect in rotoscope animation.

'''2001: ''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring]]'':'''
:Durin's Bane has wings. [[Peter Jackson|Jackson]]'s Demon of Might was indistinct, a real blend of shadow and fire. Only its horned head, cloven feet, and clawed hands could clearly be seen.

'''2002: [[The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring (video game)|''The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring'' (video game)]]:'''
:The Balrog has, once again, wings. The fight sequence, in which the player is Gandalf, takes considerably longer: only after a short fight on the bridge does Gandalf let it collapse.

'''2002: ''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Two Towers]]'':'''
:The chase up the [[Endless Stair]] and the slime Balrog were omitted due to budget constraints.{{fact}} However, part of Gandalf's battle with the Balrog is shown at the beginning of the film, and the fight atop Zirak-Zigil is seen in a flashback after Gandalf's return.

'''2003: ''[[The Lord of the Rings: War of the Ring|Sierra's The War of the Ring]]'':'''
:The Balrog is the most powerful magical power available to Servants of Sauron. They have horns and wings.

'''2003: ''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Third Age]]'':'''
:The players assist Gandalf in his fight with the Balrog.

'''2004: ''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Battle for Middle-earth]]'':'''
:The Balrog is the most powerful magical power available to both Mordor and Isengard faction. Visual appearance follows the movie version.

'''2006: ''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Battle for Middle-earth II]]'':'''
:Unlike the original game, The Balrog is not available to Isengard faction, but only to Mordor and the new Goblin factions.

'''2007: ''[[The Lord of the Rings Online]]'':'''
:Besides [[Durin's Bane]], the game also features another Balrog: named Thaurlach, he can be found in the [[Rift of Nûrz Ghâshu]], where [[Angmar]] meets [[Misty Mountains]]. He fled there are the breaking of [[Thangorodrim]], but was followed by an elf-maiden Glathlírel who was determined to end him. The Balrog eluded her for millennia, until she was able to face him in combat and defeat him. Rather than kill the Balrog, the two Blue Wizards decided to imprison him in the Rift, so that he could await his judgment at the end of days. However, by the end of the Third Age his chains were loosening and a band of players was sent to defeat the weakened Balrog - something, that as Gandalf remarked, should have been done ages ago.

'''2009: ''[[The Lord of the Rings: Conquest]]'':'''
:The Balrog is one of the "heroes" available to Servants of Sauron during evil campaign. Appearance reflects the movie version.

'''2017: ''[[Middle-earth: Shadow of War]]'':'''
:The game also features another Balrog: named Tar Goroth, who must be killed to complete a specific side-quest, has wings and is able to leap over large distances without flying.

'''2022: ''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Rings of Power]]'', Season One'''
:'''Episode 5: ''[[Partings]]'':'''
::In the [[The Song of the Roots of Hithaeglir|obscure apocryphal myth]] that the [[Gil-galad|High King Gil-galad]] compels [[Elrond]] to recount, the Balrog depicted within the visual representation of the story has distintive wings covered by smoke.
:'''Episode 7: ''[[The Eye]]'':'''
::When [[Durin III|King Durin III]] throws an orange leaf of the Great Tree in [[Lindon]] down the [[mithril]] mine shaft before ordering the mine to be sealed up, the leaf fell to the very depths of [[Moria|Khazad-dûm]] beneath the Mithril vein. As the leaf lands, it catches on fire due to being in close proximity to the Balrog later known as Durin's Bane. Upon being disturbed, the Balrog roars. Whether this roar was out of anger or annoyance is not known.

== See also ==
* [[Balrogs/Wings]]

== External links ==
* Conrad Dunkerson, ''[http://tolkien.slimy.com/essays/TAB.html The Truth About Balrogs]''
* GeekZone LOTR Youtube Channel ''[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rnoq5SbNEHQ What were the Balrogs of Morgoth?]''
{{references|note}}

{{ainur}}
[[Category:Balrogs]]
[[Category:Fays]]
[[Category:Maiar]]
[[Category:Servants of Melkor]]
[[de:Balrog]]
[[fr:encyclo:personnages:ainur:maiar:balrogs]]
[[fi:Balrogit]]

J.R.R. Tolkien

2023-07-07T16:06:30Z

Tarkil: /* 1990—today */

{{disambig-more|J.R.R. Tolkien|[[J.R.R. Tolkien (disambiguation)]]}}
{{disambig-more|Tolkien|[[Tolkien (disambiguation)]]}}
{{Sources}}
{{author infobox
| image=[[File:D.W. Luebbert - Tolkien Daydreams.jpg|275px]]
| name=J.R.R. Tolkien
| born=[[3 January]], [[1892]]
| died=[[2 September]], [[1973]] (aged 81 years)
| education=[[University of Oxford]]
| occupation=Academic Author Philologist Poet
| location=[[Wikipedia:United Kingdom|United Kingdom]]
| website=[http://www.tolkienestate.com Tolkien: The official site of the Tolkien Estate]
}}

'''John Ronald Reuel Tolkien''', [[Order of the British Empire|CBE]], ([[3 January]], [[1892]] – [[2 September]], [[1973]]) was a philologist and writer, best known as the author of ''[[The Hobbit]]'' and its sequel ''[[The Lord of the Rings]]''. He worked as reader and professor in English language at the [[University of Leeds]] from [[1920]] to [[1925]]; as professor of [[Old English|Anglo-Saxon]] language at the [[University of Oxford]] from [[1925]] to [[1945]]; and of English language and literature from [[1945]] until his retirement in [[1959]]. Tolkien was a close friend of [[C.S. Lewis]], and a member of the [[Inklings]], a literary discussion group to which both Lewis and [[Owen Barfield]] belonged.

Tolkien created a ''[[legendarium]]'', a fictional mythology about the remote past of Earth, of which '''[[Middle-earth]]''' in particular is the main stage. Parts of his legendarium are ''[[The Hobbit]]'' and ''[[The Lord of the Rings]]''. ''[[The Silmarillion]]'' and ''[[The History of Middle-earth|The History of Middle-earth series]]'' (published by his son, [[Christopher Tolkien]], posthumously) revealed Tolkien's lifelong work on that same legendarium, a process which he called "[[sub-creation]]". Tolkien's other published works includes philological essays, modern adaptations of medieval literature and rendering of stories originally told to his children but not directly related to the legendarium.

==Biography==
===Family ancestry===
{{Seealso|J.R.R. Tolkien's Family Tree}}
Many of Tolkien's paternal ancestors were craftsmen. According to Tolkien's own understanding, the Tolkien family had its roots in Saxony (present-day Germany), but had been living in England since the 18th century, becoming "quickly and intensely English (not British)".<ref>{{L|165}}</ref> The surname ''Tolkien'' is anglicised from ''Tollkiehn'' (i.e. German: ''tollkühn'', "foolhardy", the etymological English translation would be "dull-keen", a literal translation of "oxymoron").<ref>{{L|324}}</ref> The character of [[Professor Rashbold]] in ''[[The Notion Club Papers]]'' is a pun on the name.

Research conducted by [[Ryszard Derdziński]] shows that the Tolkien family actually had its roots in [[Wikipedia:Gdańsk|Gdańsk]] (German form ''Danzig'') in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth and earlier in [[Wikipedia:Slavskoye, Russia|Kreuzburg, East Prussia]], but had been living in England since 1770.<ref>{{webcite|author=[[Ryszard Derdziński]]|articleurl=http://tolkniety.blogspot.com/2017/11/the-tolkien-paternal-line-of-jrr-tolkien.html|articlename=Paternal line of J.R.R. Tolkien|dated=7 November 2017|website=[http://tolkniety.blogspot.com/ tolkniety.blogspot.com]|accessed=22 November 2017}}</ref> Derdzinski also suggests another etymology of the Tolkien family name, deriving it from [[Wikipedia:Baltic languages|Baltic]] ''Tolk-īn'', "a descendant of Tolk", ''tolk'' being a Baltic term for "translator, interpreter".<ref>{{webcite|author=[[Ryszard Derdziński]]|articleurl=http://tolkniety.blogspot.com/2017/11/elvish-with-balto-slavic-sound.html|articlename=Elvish with Balto-Slavic sound and the matter of ''Laūmas'' 'Elves'|dated=19 November 2017|website=[http://tolkniety.blogspot.com/ tolkniety.blogspot.com]|accessed=22 November 2017}}</ref> Tolkien himself had always been dismissive of this connection.<ref>{{L|349}}</ref>

===Childhood===
[[File:1984 Commemorative Plaque.JPG|thumb|left|[[Plaques and Memorials|Plaque commemorating]] J.R.R. Tolkien's birthplace in President Steyn Avenue, [[Bloemfontein]].]]
Tolkien was born on [[January 3]], [[1892]], in [[Bloemfontein]] in the [[Orange Free State]] (now the Free State province of South Africa) to [[Arthur Tolkien|Arthur Reuel Tolkien]] ([[1857]] – [[1896]]), an English bank manager, and his wife [[Mabel Tolkien|Mabel, ''née'' Suffield]] ([[1870]] – [[1904]]). Tolkien had one sibling, his younger brother, [[Hilary Tolkien|Hilary Arthur Reuel]], who was born on [[February 17]], [[1894]]. He was addressed by his family as “Ronald” as it has no history of use in the Tolkien family.

While living in Africa he was bitten by a large 'baboon spider', and this echoes in his stories. However, Tolkien said that he did not develop a particular fear of spiders after this event, and, when he was older, recalled picking small spiders up and putting them outside.

When he was three, Tolkien went to England with his mother and brother on what was intended to be a lengthy family visit. His father, however, died in South Africa of a severe brain haemorrhage before he could join them. This left the family without an income, so Tolkien's mother took him to live with her parents in [[Birmingham]], England. Soon after in [[1896]], they moved to [[Sarehole]] (now in Hall Green), then a Worcestershire village, later annexed to Birmingham. He enjoyed exploring [[Sarehole Mill]] and Moseley Bog and the Clent Hills and Lickey Hills, which would later inspire scenes in his books along with other Worcestershire towns and villages such as Bromsgrove, Alcester and Alvechurch and places such as his aunt's farm of Bag End, the name of which would be used in his fiction.

[[File:Ronald and Hilary Tolkien.jpg|right|thumb|150px|Ronald and Hilary Tolkien in 1905]]

Mabel tutored her two sons, and Ronald, as he was known in the family, was a keen pupil. She taught him a great deal of botany, and she awoke in her son the enjoyment of the look and feel of plants. Young Tolkien liked to draw landscapes and trees. But his favourite lessons were those concerning languages, and his mother taught him the rudiments of Latin very early. He could read by the age of four, and could write fluently soon afterwards. He attended [[King Edward's School]], Birmingham and, while a student there, helped "line the route" for the coronation parade of King George V, being posted just outside the gates of Buckingham Palace. He later attended St. Philip's School and Exeter College, Oxford.

His mother converted to Roman Catholicism in [[1900]], despite vehement protests by her Baptist family. She died of diabetes in [[1904]], when Tolkien was twelve, at Fern Cottage, Rednal, which they were then renting. For the rest of his life, Tolkien felt that she had become a martyr for her faith; this had a profound effect on his own Catholic beliefs. Tolkien's devout faith was significant in the conversion of C.S. Lewis to Anglicanism.

During his subsequent orphanhood he was brought up by Father [[Francis Xavier Morgan]] of the [[Birmingham Oratory]], in the Edgbaston area of Birmingham. He lived there in the shadow of Perrott's Folly and the Victorian tower of Edgbaston waterworks, which may have influenced the images of the dark towers within his works. Another strong influence was the romantic medievalist paintings of Edward Burne-Jones and the Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood; the Birmingham Museum and Art Gallery has a large and world-renowned collection of works and had put it on free public display from around [[1908]].

[[File:J.R.R. Tolkien - 1911.jpg|left|thumb|150px|J.R.R. Tolkien in 1911]]

===Youth===
Tolkien met and fell in love with [[Edith Tolkien|Edith Mary Bratt]], three years his senior, at the age of sixteen. Father Francis forbade him from meeting, talking, or even corresponding with her until he was twenty-one. He obeyed this prohibition to the letter.

In [[1911]], while they were at King Edward's School, Birmingham, Tolkien and three friends, [[Robert Gilson]], [[Geoffrey Bache Smith]] and [[Christopher Wiseman]], formed a semi-secret society which they called "the [[T.C.B.S.]]", the initials standing for "Tea Club and Barrovian Society", alluding to their fondness of drinking tea in Barrow's Stores near the school and, illegally, in the school library. After leaving school, the members stayed in touch, and in [[December 25]] [[1914]], they held a "Council" in London, at Wiseman's home. For Tolkien, the result of this meeting was a strong dedication to writing poetry.

In the summer of 1911, Tolkien went on holiday in Switzerland, a trip that he recollects vividly in a 1968 letter,<ref>{{L|306}}</ref> noting that Bilbo's journey across the [[Misty Mountains]] ("including the glissade down the slithering stones into the pine woods") is directly based on his adventures as their party of twelve hiked from Interlaken to Lauterbrunnen, and on to camp in the moraines beyond Mürren. Fifty-seven years later, Tolkien remembers his regret at leaving the view of the eternal snows of Jungfrau and Silberhorn ("the Silvertine ([[Celebdil]]) of my dreams"). They went across the Kleine Scheidegg on to Grindelwald and across the Grosse Scheidegg to Meiringen. They continued across the Grimsel Pass and through the upper Valais to Brig, and on to the Aletsch glacier and Zermatt.

[[File:Tolkien - 1916 (colorized).jpg|right|thumb|150px|Tolkien in 1916, wearing his British Army uniform in a photograph from the middle years of WWI]]

On the evening of his twenty-first birthday ([[1913]]), Tolkien wrote to Edith a declaration of his love and asked her to marry him. She replied saying that she was already engaged, but had done so because she had believed Tolkien had forgotten her. The two met up and beneath a railway viaduct renewed their love, with Edith returning her ring and choosing to marry Tolkien instead. A condition of their engagement was that she was to convert to Catholicism for him. They were engaged in Birmingham, in January [[1913]], and married in Warwick, England, on [[22 March|March 22]], [[1916]].

With his childhood love of landscape, he visited Cornwall in 1914 and he was said to be deeply impressed by the singular Cornish coastline and sea. After graduating from the [[University of Oxford]] (Exeter College, [[Oxford]]) with a first-class degree in English language in [[1915]], Tolkien joined the British Army effort in [[World War I]] and served as a second lieutenant in the eleventh battalion of the Lancashire Fusiliers. His battalion was moved to France in [[1916]], where Tolkien served as a communications officer during the Battle of the Somme, until he came down with trench fever on [[October 27]], and was moved back to England on [[November 8]]. Many of his fellow servicemen, as well as many of his closest friends, were killed in the war. During his recovery in a cottage in Great Haywood, Staffordshire, England, he began to work on what he called ''[[The Book of Lost Tales Part One|The Book of Lost Tales]]'', beginning with ''[[The Fall of Gondolin (chapter)|The Fall of Gondolin]]''. Throughout [[1917]] and [[1918]] his illness kept recurring, but he had recovered enough to do home service at various camps, and was promoted to lieutenant. When he was stationed at Thirtle Bridge, East Yorkshire, one day he and Edith went walking in the woods at nearby Roos, and Edith began to dance for him in a clearing thick with hemlock plants in bloom. This incident inspired the account of the meeting of [[Beren]] and [[Lúthien]], and Tolkien often referred to Edith as his Lúthien.

===Oxford===
Tolkien's first civilian job after World War I was at the ''[[Oxford English Dictionary]]'' (among others, he initiated the entries "wasp" and "walrus"). In [[1920]] he took up a post as Reader in English language at the [[University of Leeds]], and in [[1924]] was made a professor there, but in [[1925]] he returned to Oxford as a professor of Anglo-Saxon at Pembroke College.

Tolkien and Edith had four children: [[John Tolkien|John Francis Reuel]] ([[16 November|November 16]], [[1917]] - [[22 January|January 22]], [[2003]]), [[Michael Tolkien|Michael Hilary Reuel]] ([[22 October|October 22]], [[1920]] - [[27 February|February 27]], [[1984]]), [[Christopher Tolkien|Christopher John Reuel]] ([[21 November|November 21]], [[1924]] - [[16 January]], [[2020]]) and [[Priscilla Tolkien|Priscilla Anne Reuel]] ([[18 June|June 18]], [[1929]] - [[28 February|February 28]], [[2022]]). Tolkien assisted Sir Mortimer Wheeler in the unearthing of a Roman Asclepieion at Lydney Park, Gloucestershire, in [[1928]]. During his time at Pembroke, Tolkien wrote ''[[The Hobbit]]'' and the first two volumes of ''[[The Lord of the Rings]]''. Of Tolkien's academic publications, the [[1936]] lecture "[[Beowulf: The Monsters and the Critics]]" had a lasting influence on ''[[Beowulf (poem)|Beowulf]]'' research.

Since [[1920]], Tolkien dedicated his time, even vacations, to finding extra work to supplement his family's income, especially for doctor bills<ref group=note>[[Christopher Tolkien]] suffered from a heart ailment.</ref> and educate his children. He "stole" some free time for himself and his personal hobby of writing his own mythology.<ref name=l17/> Around the time ''The Hobbit'' was published ([[1937]]) Tolkien suffered from an ailment and had to use crutches, the only time he was free from examining work.<ref name=l105>{{L|105}}, p. 117-18</ref>
===''Lord of the Rings''===
{{seealso|The Lord of the Rings#Writing process}}
The success of ''The Hobbit'' and a request for its sequel, was an oportunity to combine his personal desire for writing, and financial needs, and agreed on writing a sequel.<ref name=l17>{{L|17}}, p. 24</ref>

In the turn of [[1939]], and in the midst of writing the ''Lord of the Rings'', Tolkien faced financial stress and was obliged to do exams and lectures: his son, Michael was preparing for university, and Christopher, being home-schooled for health reasons, wanted to go to school.<ref>{{L|35}}, p. 42</ref> In the summer of that year, while gardening, Tolkien fell and suffered a concussion which required stitches; he was unwell for some time<ref name=rc>{{HM|RC}}</ref>{{rp|p. xxi}} and this, along with his fatigue, worries, obligations, Edith's illness, his loss of his chief assistant and understudy, prevented him from continuing his writing, including a [[Beowulf and the Finnsburg Fragment|foreword to ''Beowulf'']] as had promised.<ref>{{L|35}}, p. 44</ref> At the outbreak of WWII, his academic duties increased.<ref>{{FR|Foreword}}</ref> Juggling between work, "Civil Defence" and writing in intervals, he doubted that, because of the War, completing the book had any use.<Ref>{{L|47}}, p. 58</ref> Failing to progress during Christmas vacations, he resumed only [[1944|two years later]]. It was the enthusiasm of his friends and Christopher (to whom he was sending copies by mail to South Africa) who encouraged him to continue.<ref name=rc/>{{rp|p. xxv}}

In [[1945]], he moved to [[Merton College]], Oxford, becoming the Merton Professor of English Language and Literature, in which post he remained until his retirement in [[1959]].
In [[1946]] he faced fatigue from academic work and an illness, and although he recovered, and was free from examining work, he had to deal with a "mountain of neglects".<ref name=l105/>

Tolkien spent the late summer (August-September) of [[1948]], at the home of Michael at Payables Farm, Woodcote. As Michael and his family were on holidays, Tolkien found the time and quiet he needed to finish ''Lord of the Rings'', close to a decade after the first sketches.<ref name=rc/>{{rp|p. xxvii}}

After a disagreement with [[Allen and Unwin]] concerning "The Silmarillion", and failing to reach an agreement with [[Collins]], he settled the dispute with the Unwins. He reported to [[Rayner Unwin]] that he had been unwell (having recovered from "a terrible bout" of fibrositis and neuritis of the arm) burdened and downhearted. In the prospect of a nearing retirement of poverty, during which he would work as an examiner to survive, and the raising paper costs, he had modified his views ("Better something than nothing!").<ref>{{L|133}}</ref> Tolkien readily agreed to the 'profit-sharing' arrangement, where Tolkien would not receive an advance or royalties until the books had broken even.<ref>{{HM|RC}}, p. xxxii</ref> Between [[1953]] and [[1955]] Tolkien worked closely with Allen & Unwin on production of ''The Lord of the Rings'', agreeing on the division of volumes, their titles, correcting proofs that arrived at intervals, complete and correct artwork, the maps and the dust-jacket designs.<ref name=rc/>{{rp|p. xxxiv}}
==Later life and recognition==
During the 1950s, Tolkien spent many of his long academic holidays at the home of his son John Francis in Stoke-on-Trent.

Tolkien had an intense dislike for the side effects of industrialization, which he considered a devouring of the English countryside. For most of his adult life he eschewed automobiles, preferring to ride a bicycle. This attitude is perceptible from some parts of his work, such as the forced industrialization of [[The Shire]] in ''The Lord of the Rings''.

[[W.H. Auden]] was a frequent correspondent and long-time friend of Tolkien's, initiated by Auden's fascination with ''The Lord of the Rings'': Auden was among the most prominent early critics to praise the work. Tolkien wrote in a 1971 letter,
{{blockquote|I am [...] very deeply in Auden's debt in recent years. His support of me and interest in my work has been one of my chief encouragements. He gave me very good reviews, notices and letters from the beginning when it was by no means a popular thing to do. He was, in fact, sneered at for it.|[[Letter 327]]}}
[[File:Jrrt_1972_tree.jpg|thumb|180px|The last known photograph of Tolkien, taken 9 August 1973, next to one of his favourite trees (a ''Pinus nigra'') in the Botanic Garden, Oxford]]

===Retirement===
During his life in retirement, from [[1959]] up to his death in [[1973]], Tolkien increasingly turned into a figure of public attention and literary fame. The sale of his books was so profitable that Tolkien regretted he had not taken early retirement. While at first he wrote enthusiastic answers to reader inquiries, he became more and more suspicious of emerging [[Tolkien fandom]], especially among the hippy movement in the USA. Already in [[1944]], he made a somewhat sarcastic comment about a fan letter by a twelve-year-old American reader ("It's nice to find that little American boys do really still say 'Gee Whiz'"<ref>{{L|87}}</ref>). In a [[1972]] letter he deplores having become a cult-figure, but admits that
{{Blockquote|even the nose of a very modest idol (younger than [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chu-Bu_and_Sheemish Chu-Bu and not much older than Sheemish]) cannot remain entirely untickled by the sweet smell of incense!|[[Letter 336]]}}.

Fan attention became so intense that Tolkien had to take his phone number out of the public directory, and eventually he and Edith moved to [[Bournemouth]] on the south coast. Tolkien was awarded a [[Order of the British Empire|CBE]] ("Commander of the British Empire") by Queen Elizabeth II at Buckingham Palace on [[March 28]], 1972.

[[File:Tolkiengrave.jpg|thumb|The grave of J.R.R. and Edith Tolkien]]
Edith Tolkien died on [[29 November|November 29]], [[1971]], at the age of eighty-two, and Tolkien had the name ''Lúthien'' engraved on the stone at [[Wolvercote Cemetery]], Oxford. When Tolkien died 21 months later of pneumonia on [[2 September|September 2]], [[1973]], at the age of 81, he was buried in the same grave, with ''Beren'' added to his name, so that the engraving now reads:
:''Edith Mary Tolkien, Lúthien, 1889 – 1971''
:''John Ronald Reuel Tolkien, Beren, 1892 – 1973''

Posthumously named after Tolkien are the Tolkien Road in Eastbourne, East Sussex, and the asteroid [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2675_Tolkien 2675 Tolkien]. Tolkien Way in Stoke-On-Trent is named after J.R.R.'s son [[John Tolkien|Father John Francis Tolkien]], who used to be the priest in charge at the nearby Roman Catholic Church of Our Lady of the Angels and St. Peter in Chains.

==Appearance==
The early images of J.R.R. Tolkien in school and university show a serious young man, average height, slender, clean-shaven, and with his hair parted in the middle. By [[1916]] and Tolkien had joined the army he had changed to a more conventional haircut, as well as a moustache for a short period of time. [[Richard Plotz]], who visited Tolkien in 1966, described him as
{{Blockquote|...a medium-sized man ... [who] looks much younger than his seventy-four years. Like one of his creations, the Hobbits, he is a bit fat in the stomach ...|"J.R.R. Tolkien Talks about the Discovery of Middle-earth, the Origins of Elvish", ''[[Seventeen]]'' (January [[1967]]), p. 92}}

In a letter on [[February 8]]th, [[1967]], to interviewers Charlotte and Denis Plimmer, Tolkien stated that he was not "tall, or strongly built. I now measure 5 ft 8 1/2, and am slightly built, with notably small hands. For most of my life I have been very thin and underweight. Since my early sixties I have become 'tubby'. Not unusual in men who took their exercise in games and swimming, when opportunities for these things cease".<ref>{{L|294}}, p. 373</ref> In "[[The Man Who Understands Hobbits]]" (''[[Daily Telegraph Magazine]]'', [[22 March]] [[1968]]), the Plimmers also noted that Tolkien had 'grey eyes, firm tanned skin, silvery hair and quick decisive speech'.<ref>{{webcite|author=Charlotte and Denis Plimmer|articleurl=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/films/2016/04/19/jrr-tolkien-film-my-books-its-easier-to-film-the-odyssey/|articlename=JRR Tolkien: 'Film my books? It's easier to film The Odyssey'|dated=19 April 2016|website=Telegraph|accessed=26 January 2020}}</ref>

During Tolkien's time at [[King Edward's School]] he was noted for his choice in coloured socks.

[[Clyde S. Kilby]], who spent some time with Tolkien in the summer of [[1966]], noted that he "was always neatly dressed from necktie to shoes. One of his favourite suits was a herringbone with which he wore a green corduroy vest [waistcoat]. Always there was a vest, and nearly always a sport coat. He did not mind wearing a very broad necktie which in those days was out of style".<ref>[[Clyde S. Kilby]], ''[[Tolkien and the Silmarillion]]'' ([[1976]]), p. 24</ref>

Tolkien had a particular liking for decorative waistcoats: he told one correspondent that he had "one or two choice embroidered specimens, which I sometimes wear when required to make a speech, as I find they so fascinate the eyes of the audience that they do not notice if my dentures become a little loose with excitements of rhetoric" (from a [[Letter to Nancy Smith (Christmas 1963)|letter to Nancy Smith]], [[25 December]] [[1963]].

Interviewers have noted that Tolkien almost clung to his smoking pipe, cradling it in his hand, or speaking with it in his mouth, sometimes making him difficult to understand. One of these, Richard Plotz, wrote that Tolkien "took out a pipe as he entered his study, and all during the interview he held it clenched in his teeth, lighting and relighting it, talking through it; he never removed it from his mouth for more than five seconds" ('J.R.R. Tolkien Talks...', p. 92).
==Character, personality, ideology==
{{stub}}
Tolkien had an intense dislike for the side effects of industrialization, which he considered a devouring of the English countryside. For most of his adult life he eschewed automobiles, preferring to ride a bicycle. This attitude is perceptible from some parts of his work, such as the forced industrialization of [[The Shire]] in ''The Lord of the Rings''.

Some analysts consider Tolkien's personality as an Assertive Mediator (INFP).<ref>{{webcite|articleurl=https://www.16personalities.com/articles/jrr-tolkien-creator-of-words-and-worlds-the-lord-of-the-rings-personality-series|articlename=J.R.R. Tolkien: Creator of Words and Worlds (The Lord of the Rings Personality Series)|website=[http://16personalities.com 16personalities]|author=Alycia|accessed=14 January 2022}}</ref>

==Writing==
[[File:J.R.R. Tolkien - TLOTR covers original design.jpg|thumb|[[The Lord of the Rings/Original dust-jacket designs|Cover design]] for the three volumes of ''The Lord of the Rings'' by J.R.R. Tolkien]]

Beginning with ''[[The Book of Lost Tales]]'', written while recuperating from illness during World War I, Tolkien devised several themes that were reused in successive drafts of his legendarium. The two most prominent stories, the tales of Beren and Lúthien and that of [[Túrin]], were carried forward into long narrative poems (published in ''[[The Lays of Beleriand]]''). Tolkien wrote a brief summary of the mythology these poems were intended to represent, and that summary eventually evolved into "[[The Silmarillion]]", an epic history that Tolkien started three times but never published. The story of this continuous redrafting is told in the posthumous series ''[[The History of Middle-earth]]''. From around [[1936]], he began to extend this framework to include the tale of ''[[The Fall of Númenor (chapter)|The Fall of Númenor]]'', which was inspired by the legend of [[Atlantis]].

Tolkien was strongly influenced by Anglo-Saxon literature, Germanic and [[Norse mythology|Norse mythologies]], Finnish mythology, the Bible, and Greek mythology. The works most often cited as sources for Tolkien's stories include ''[[Beowulf (poem)|Beowulf]]'', the ''[[Kalevala]]'', the ''[[Poetic Edda]]'', the ''[[Volsunga saga]]'' and the ''[[Hervarar saga]]''. Tolkien himself acknowledged Homer, Oedipus, and the ''Kalevala'' as influences or sources for some of his stories and ideas. His borrowings also came from numerous [[Middle English]] works and poems. A major philosophical influence on his writing is King Alfred's Anglo-Saxon version of ''Boethius''' ''Consolation of Philosophy'' known as the ''Lays of Boethius''. Characters in ''The Lord of the Rings'', such as [[Frodo]], [[Treebeard]] and [[Elrond]] make noticeably Boethian remarks.

In addition to his [[Mythopoeia|mythological compositions]], Tolkien enjoyed inventing fantasy stories to entertain his children. He wrote annual Christmas letters from Father Christmas for them, building up a series of short stories (later compiled and published as ''[[The Father Christmas Letters]]''). Other stories included ''[[Mr. Bliss]]'', ''[[Roverandom]]'', ''[[Smith of Wootton Major]]'', ''[[Farmer Giles of Ham]]'' and ''[[Leaf by Niggle]]''. ''Roverandom'' and ''Smith of Wootton Major'', like ''The Hobbit'', borrowed ideas from his legendarium. ''Leaf by Niggle'' appears to be an autobiographical work, where a "very small man", [[Niggle]], keeps painting leaves until finally he ends up with a tree.

Tolkien never expected his fictional stories to become popular, but he was persuaded by a former student to publish a book he had written for his own children called ''The Hobbit'' in 1937. However, the book attracted adult readers as well, and it became popular enough for the publisher, [[George Allen & Unwin]], to ask Tolkien to work on a sequel.

Even though he felt uninspired on the topic, this request prompted Tolkien to begin what would become his most famous work: the epic three-volume novel ''The Lord of the Rings'' (published 1954–55). Tolkien spent more than ten years writing the primary narrative and appendices for ''The Lord of the Rings'', during which time he received the constant support of the [[Inklings]], in particular his closest friend C.S. Lewis, the author of ''[[The Chronicles of Narnia]]''. Both ''The Hobbit'' and ''The Lord of the Rings'' are set against the background of "The Silmarillion", but in a time long after it.

Tolkien at first intended ''The Lord of the Rings'' as a children's tale like ''The Hobbit'', but it quickly grew darker and more serious in the writing. Though a direct sequel to ''The Hobbit'', it addressed an older audience, drawing on the immense back story of Beleriand that Tolkien had constructed in previous years, and which eventually saw posthumous publication in ''The Silmarillion'' and other volumes. Tolkien's influence weighs heavily on the fantasy genre that grew up after the success of ''The Lord of the Rings''.

Tolkien continued to work on the history of Middle-earth until his death. His son Christopher, with some assistance from fantasy writer [[Guy Gavriel Kay]], organised some of this material into one volume, published as ''[[The Silmarillion]]'' in [[1977]]. In [[1980]], Christopher Tolkien followed this with a collection of more fragmentary material under the title ''[[Unfinished Tales]]'', and in subsequent years he published a massive amount of background material on the creation of Middle-earth in the twelve volumes of ''[[The History of Middle-earth]]''. All these posthumous works contain unfinished, abandoned, alternative and outright contradictory accounts, since they were always a work in progress, and Tolkien only rarely settled on a definitive version for any of the stories. There is not even complete consistency to be found between ''The Lord of the Rings'' and ''The Hobbit'', the two most closely related works, because Tolkien was never able to fully integrate all their traditions into each other. He commented in 1965, while editing ''The Hobbit'' for a third edition, that he would have preferred to completely rewrite the entire book.{{fact}}

The John P. Raynor, S.J., Library at [[Marquette University]] in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, preserves many of Tolkien's original manuscripts, notes and letters; other original material survives at Oxford's [[Bodleian Library]]. Marquette has the manuscripts and proofs of ''The Lord of the Rings'' and ''The Hobbit'', and other manuscripts, including ''Farmer Giles of Ham'', while the Bodleian holds "The Silmarillion" papers and Tolkien's academic work.

''The Lord of the Rings'' became immensely popular in the 1960s and has remained so ever since, ranking as one of the most popular works of fiction of the twentieth century, judged by both sales and reader surveys. In the 2003 "Big Read" survey conducted by the BBC, ''The Lord of the Rings'' was found to be the "Nation's Best-loved Book". Australians voted ''The Lord of the Rings'' "My Favourite Book" in a 2004 survey conducted by the Australian ABC. In a 1999 poll of Amazon.com customers, ''The Lord of the Rings'' was judged to be their favourite "book of the millennium". In 2002 Tolkien was voted the ninety-second "greatest Briton" in a poll conducted by the BBC, and in 2004 he was voted thirty-fifth in the SABC3's Great South Africans, the only person to appear in both lists. His popularity is not limited just to the English-speaking world: in a 2004 poll inspired by the UK's "Big Read" survey, about 250,000 Germans found ''The Lord of the Rings'' (''Der Herr der Ringe'') to be their favourite work of literature.

==Languages==
Both Tolkien's academic career and his literary production are inseparable from his love of language and philology. He specialised in Greek philology in college, and in 1915 graduated with Old Icelandic as special subject. He worked for the ''Oxford English Dictionary'' from 1918. In 1920, he went to Leeds as Reader in English Language, where he claimed credit for raising the number of students of linguistics from five to twenty. He gave courses in [[Old English]] heroic verse, history of English, various Old English and Middle English texts, Old and Middle English philology, introductory [[Germanic]] philology, [[Gothic]], Old Icelandic, and Medieval [[Welsh]]. When in [[1925]], aged 33, Tolkien applied for the Rawlinson and Bosworth Professorship of Anglo-Saxon, he boasted that his students of Germanic philology in Leeds had even formed a "[[Viking Club]]". He also made an appearance at SSC Highschool.

Privately, Tolkien was attracted to "things of racial and linguistic significance", and he entertained notions of an inherited taste of language, which he termed the "native tongue" as opposed to "cradle tongue" in his 1955 lecture ''[[English and Welsh]]'', which is crucial to his understanding of race and language. He considered west-midland Middle English his own "native tongue", and, as he wrote to W.H. Auden in 1955, "I am a West-midlander by blood (and took to early west-midland Middle English as a known tongue as soon as I set eyes on it)".<ref>{{L|163}}</ref>

Parallel to Tolkien's professional work as a philologist, and sometimes overshadowing this work, to the effect that his academic output remained rather thin, was his affection for the construction of artificial languages. The best developed of these are [[Quenya]] and [[Sindarin]], the etymological connection between which are at the core of much of Tolkien's legendarium. Language and grammar for Tolkien was a matter of aesthetics and euphony, and Quenya in particular was designed from "phonæsthetic" considerations. It was intended as an "Elvenlatin", and was phonologically based on Latin, with ingredients from Finnish and Greek (''Letters'', no. 144). A notable addition came in late 1945 with [[Adûnaic]], a language of a "faintly Semitic flavour", connected with Tolkien's Atlantis myth, which by ''The Notion Club Papers'' ties directly into his ideas about inheritability of language, and via the "[[Second Age]]" and the [[Eärendil]] myth was grounded in the legendarium, thereby providing a link of Tolkien's 20th-century "real primary world" with the mythical past of his Middle-earth.

Tolkien considered languages inseparable from the mythology associated with them, and he consequently took a dim view of auxiliary languages. In [[1930]] a congress of Esperantists were told as much by him, in his lecture ''[[A Secret Vice]]'', "Your language construction will breed a mythology", but by 1956 he concluded that "Volapük, Esperanto, Ido, Novial, &c &c are dead, far deader than ancient unused languages, because their authors never invented any Esperanto legends".<ref>{{L|180}}</ref>

The popularity of Tolkien's books has had a small but lasting effect on the use of language in fantasy literature in particular, and even on mainstream dictionaries, which today commonly accept Tolkien's revival of the spellings ''dwarves'' and ''elvish'' (instead of ''dwarfs'' and ''elfish''), which had not been in use since the mid-1800s and earlier. Other terms he has coined, like legendarium and [[eucatastrophe]], are mainly used in connection with Tolkien's work.

==Works inspired by Tolkien==
In a 1951 letter to [[Milton Waldman]], Tolkien writes about his intentions to create a "body of more or less connected legend", of which:
{{Blockquote|The cycles should be linked to a majestic whole, and yet leave scope for other minds and hands, wielding paint and music and drama.|[[Letter 131]]}}

The hands and minds of many artists have indeed been inspired by Tolkien's legends. Personally known to him were [[Pauline Baynes]] (Tolkien's favourite illustrator of ''[[The Adventures of Tom Bombadil]]'' and ''[[Farmer Giles of Ham]]'') and [[Donald Swann]] (who set the music to ''[[The Road Goes Ever On (book)|The Road Goes Ever On]]''). Queen [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margrethe_II_of_Denmark Margrethe II of Denmark] created illustrations to ''The Lord of the Rings'' in the early 1970s. She sent them to Tolkien, who was struck by the similarity to the style of his own drawings.

But Tolkien was not fond of all the artistic representation of his works that were produced in his lifetime, and was sometimes harshly disapproving.

In 1946, he rejected suggestions for illustrations by [[Horus Engels]] for the German edition of the ''Hobbit'' as ''"too Disnified"'',
{{Blockquote|Bilbo with a dribbling nose, and Gandalf as a figure of vulgar fun rather than the Odinic wanderer that I think of.|[[Letter 107]]}}

He was sceptical of the emerging [[Tolkien fandom|fandom]] in the United States, and in 1954 he returned proposals for the dust jackets of the American edition of ''The Lord of the Rings'':
{{Blockquote|Thank you for sending me the projected 'blurbs', which I return. The Americans are not as a rule at all amenable to criticism or correction; but I think their effort is so poor that I feel constrained to make some effort to improve it.|[[Letter 144]]}}

And in [[1958]], in an irritated reaction to a proposed movie adaptation of ''The Lord of the Rings'' by Morton Grady Zimmerman:
{{Blockquote|I would ask them to make an effort of imagination sufficient to understand the irritation (and on occasion the resentment) of an author, who finds, increasingly as he proceeds, his work treated as it would seem carelessly in general, in places recklessly, and with no evident signs of any appreciation of what it is all about.|[[Letter 207]]}}

He went on to criticise the script scene by scene ("yet one more scene of screams and rather meaningless slashings"). But Tolkien was in principle open to the idea of a movie adaptation. He sold the film, stage and merchandise rights of ''The Hobbit'' and ''The Lord of the Rings'' to [[United Artists]] in 1969, while, guided by scepticism towards future productions, he forbade Disney should ever be involved:
{{Blockquote|It might be advisable [...] to let the Americans do what seems good to them — as long as it was possible [...] to veto anything from or influenced by the Disney studios (for all whose works I have a heartfelt loathing).|[[Letter 13]]}}

United Artists never made a film, though at least [[John Boorman]] was planning to make a film in the early seventies. It would have been a live-action film, which apparently would have been much more to Tolkien's liking than an animated film. In 1976 the rights were sold to [[Saul Zaentz]], who in turn formed Tolkien Enterprises, now named [[Middle-earth Enterprises]], a division of it's company, and the first movie adaptation (an animated rotoscoping film) of ''[[The Lord of the Rings (1978 film)|The Lord of the Rings]]'' appeared only after Tolkien's death (in 1978, directed by [[Ralph Bakshi]]). The screenplay was written by the fantasy writer [[Peter S. Beagle]]. This first adaptation, however, only contained the first half of the story that is ''The Lord of the Rings''. In 1977 an animated TV production of ''[[The Hobbit (1977 film)|The Hobbit]]'' was made by [[Rankin/Bass]], and in 1980 the company produced an animated film titled ''[[The Return of the King (1980 film)|The Return of the King]]'', which covered some of the portion of ''The Lord of the Rings'' that Bakshi was unable to complete. In 2001-3 ''[[The Lord of the Rings (film series)|The Lord of the Rings]]'' was filmed in full and as a live-action film as a ''trilogy of films'' by [[Peter Jackson]]. A decade later, Jackson proceeded with ''[[The Hobbit (film series)|The Hobbit]]'', envisioned as a prequel trilogy.

In 2019 it was produced and released by [[The Walt Disney Company|Fox Searchlight Pictures]] a [[Tolkien (film)|film]] about the life of J.R.R. Tolkien in his youth, with Tolkien himself being portrayed by [[Nicholas Hoult]] and Harry Gilby.

==Bibliography==
:''For a complete list of all of Tolkien's published writings, see '''[[Index:Writings by J.R.R. Tolkien|Writings by J.R.R. Tolkien]]'''.

===Fictional and poetic works===
* 1936 ''[[Songs for the Philologists]]'', with [[E.V. Gordon]] (only very few copies now exist)
* 1937 ''[[The Hobbit]], or There and Back Again''
* 1945 ''[[Leaf by Niggle]]''
* 1945 ''[[The Lay of Aotrou and Itroun]]'' (published in ''Welsh Review'')
* 1949 ''[[Farmer Giles of Ham]]''
* 1953 ''[[The Homecoming of Beorhtnoth]] Beorhthelm's Son'' (published with the essay ''[[Ofermod]]'')
* 1954-1955 ''[[The Lord of the Rings]]''<ol type="I"><li>''[[The Fellowship of the Ring]]'' (1954)</li><li>''[[The Two Towers]]'' (1954)</li><li>''[[The Return of the King]]'' (1955)</li></ol>
* 1962 ''[[The Adventures of Tom Bombadil]] and Other Verses from the Red Book''
* 1964 ''[[Tree and Leaf]]'' (a collection of writings)
** ''[[Leaf by Niggle]]''
** ''[[On Fairy-Stories]]'' (essay)
* 1966 ''[[The Tolkien Reader]]'' (a collection of writings, published only in US)
* 1967 ''[[Smith of Wootton Major]]''
* 1967 ''[[The Road Goes Ever On (book)|The Road Goes Ever On]]'', with [[Donald Swann]]
** [[Bilbo's Last Song]] (included in 1978 edition)

===Academic works===
* 1922 ''[[A Middle English Vocabulary]]''
* 1925 ''[[Sir Gawain and the Green Knight (edition)|Sir Gawain and the Green Knight]]'', with [[E.V. Gordon]]
* 1925 ''[[Some Contributions to Middle-English Lexicography]]''
* 1925 ''[[The Devil's Coach-Horses]]''
* 1929 ''[[Ancrene Wisse and Hali Meiðhad]]''
* 1932 ''[[The Name 'Nodens']]'' (published in ''[[Report on the Excavation of the Prehistoric, Roman, and Post-Roman Site in Lydney Park, Gloucestershire|Report on the Excavation in Lydney Park]]'')
* 1932-1934 ''[[Sigelwara Land]]'' parts I and II
* 1934 ''[[The Reeve's Tale (J.R.R. Tolkien)|The Reeve's Tale]]''
* 1936 ''[[Beowulf: The Monsters and the Critics]]'' (lecture on ''[[Beowulf (poem)|Beowulf]]'' criticism)
* 1939 ''[[On Fairy-Stories]]'' (essay on Tolkien's philosophy on fantasy)
* 1944 ''[[Sir Orfeo (booklet)|Sir Orfeo]]'' (translation of a Middle English poem)
* 1953 ''[[Ofermod]]'' (published with the poem ''[[The Homecoming of Beorhtnoth]]'')
* 1953 ''[[Middle English 'Losenger' (essay)|Middle English 'Losenger']]''
* 1962 ''[[Ancrene Wisse (book)|Ancrene Wisse]]''
* 1963 ''[[English and Welsh]]''
* 1966 ''[[The Jerusalem Bible]]'' (contributing translator and lexicographer)

===Posthumous publications===
====1975—1990====
* 1975 ''[[Sir Gawain and the Green Knight, Pearl and Sir Orfeo]]'', ed. [[Christopher Tolkien]]
* 1976 ''[[Letters from Father Christmas]]'', ed. [[Baillie Tolkien]]
* 1977 ''[[The Silmarillion]]'', ed. Christopher Tolkien
* 1980 ''[[Unfinished Tales]] of Númenor and Middle-earth'', ed. Christopher Tolkien
* 1980 ''[[Poems and Stories]]'' (a collection of stories)
** ''[[The Adventures of Tom Bombadil]]''
** ''[[The Homecoming of Beorhtnoth]] Beorhthelm's Son''
** ''[[On Fairy-Stories]]''
** ''[[Leaf by Niggle]]''
** ''[[Farmer Giles of Ham]]''
** ''[[Smith of Wootton Major]]''
* 1981 ''[[The Letters of J.R.R. Tolkien]]'', eds. Christopher Tolkien, [[Humphrey Carpenter]]
* 1982 ''[[The Old English Exodus]]'' (translation of an Old English poem, only limited copies were printed)
* 1982 ''[[Finn and Hengest]]: The Fragment and the Episode'', ed. [[Alan Bliss]]
* 1982 ''[[Mr. Bliss]]''
* 1983 ''[[The Monsters and the Critics and Other Essays]]'', ed. Christopher Tolkien (a collection of linguistic essays and lectures)
** ''[[Beowulf: The Monsters and the Critics]]''
** ''[[On Translating Beowulf]]''
** ''[[On Fairy-Stories]]''
** ''[[A Secret Vice]]''
** ''[[Sir Gawain and the Green Knight]]''
** ''[[English and Welsh]]''
** [[Valedictory Address to the University of Oxford|Valedictory Address]]'' to the University of Oxford
* 1983–1996 ''[[The History of Middle-earth]]'', ed. Christopher Tolkien<ol type="I"><li>''[[The Book of Lost Tales Part One]]'' (1983)</li><li>''[[The Book of Lost Tales Part Two]]'' (1984)</li><li>''[[The Lays of Beleriand]]'' (1985)</li><li>''[[The Shaping of Middle-earth]]'' (1986)</li><li>''[[The Lost Road and Other Writings]]'' (1987)</li><li>''[[The Return of the Shadow]]'' (The History of ''TLotR'' vol. 1) (1988)</li><li>''[[The Treason of Isengard]]'' (The History of ''TLotR'' vol. 2) (1989)</li><li>''[[The War of the Ring]]'' (The History of ''TLotR'' vol. 3) (1990)</li><li>''[[Sauron Defeated]]'' (The History of ''TLotR'' vol. 4) (1992)</li><li>''[[Morgoth's Ring]]'' (The Later Silmarillion vol. 1) (1993)</li><li>''[[The War of the Jewels]]'' (The Later Silmarillion vol. 2) (1994)</li><li>''[[The Peoples of Middle-earth]]'' (1996)</li></ol>
** ''[[The History of Middle-earth Index|Index]]'' (2002)
* 1985 ''[[J.R.R. Tolkien's Letters to Rhona Beare]]'' (only limited copies were printed)

====1990—today====
* 1990 ''[[Bilbo's Last Song]]''
* 1997 ''[[Tales from the Perilous Realm]]'' (a collection of stories and poems)
** ''[[Farmer Giles of Ham]]''
** ''[[The Adventures of Tom Bombadil]]''
** ''[[Leaf by Niggle]]''
** ''[[Smith of Wootton Major]]''
** ''[[Roverandom]]'' (included in 2008 edition)
** ''[[On Fairy-Stories]]'' (included in 2008 edition)
* 1998 ''[[Roverandom]]'', eds. [[Wayne G. Hammond]], [[Christina Scull]]
* 1999 ''[[Farmer Giles of Ham]]'', eds. Wayne G. Hammond, Christina Scull
* 2001 ''[[Tree and Leaf]]'' (a collection of writings)
** ''[[On Fairy-Stories]]'' and ''[[Leaf by Niggle]]''
** ''[[Mythopoeia]]'' (included in 1988 edition)
** ''[[The Homecoming of Beorhtnoth]] Beorhthelm's Son'' (newly included)
* 2002 ''[[Beowulf and the Critics]]'', ed. [[Michael D.C. Drout]] (a lecture series)
* 2003 ''[[The Annotated Hobbit]]: Revised and Expanded Edition'', ed. [[Douglas A. Anderson]]
** containing ''[[The Dragon's Visit]]'', among other writings (newly included)
* 2005 ''[[Smith of Wootton Major]]'', ed. [[Verlyn Flieger]]
* 2007 ''[[The History of The Hobbit]]'', ed. [[John D. Rateliff]]
* 2007 ''[[The Children of Húrin]]'', ed. Christopher Tolkien
* 2008 ''[[Tolkien On Fairy-stories]]'', eds. Verlyn Flieger, Douglas A. Anderson (an extended edition of the ''[[On Fairy-stories|essay]]'')
* 2009 ''[[The Legend of Sigurd and Gudrún]]'', ed. Christopher Tolkien
* 2013 ''[[The Fall of Arthur]]'', ed. Christopher Tolkien
* 2014 ''[[Beowulf: A Translation and Commentary]], together with Sellic Spell'', ed. Christopher Tolkien
* 2014 ''[[The Adventures of Tom Bombadil]] and Other Verses from the Red Book'', eds. Wayne G. Hammond, Christina Scull
** containing ''[[Once upon a Time]]'', among other writings (newly included)
* 2015 ''[[The Story of Kullervo]]'', ed. Verlyn Flieger
* 2016 ''[[A Secret Vice: Tolkien on Invented Languages]]'', eds. [[Dimitra Fimi]], [[Andrew Higgins]] (an extended edition of the ''[[A Secret Vice|lecture]]'')
* 2016 ''[[The Lay of Aotrou and Itroun]]'', ed. Verlyn Flieger
* 2017 ''[[Beren and Lúthien]]'', ed. Christopher Tolkien
* 2018 ''[[The Fall of Gondolin]]'', ed. Christopher Tolkien
* 2021 ''[[The Nature of Middle-earth]]'', ed. [[Carl F. Hostetter]]
* 2022 ''[[The Fall of Númenor]]'', ed. [[Brian Sibley]]
* 2023 ''[[The Battle of Maldon: together with The Homecoming of Beorhtnoth]]'', ed. [[Peter Grybauskas]]

===Artwork===
* 1979 ''[[Pictures by J.R.R. Tolkien]]'' ed. Christopher Tolkien
* 1992 ''[[J.R.R. Tolkien: Life and Legend]]'' ed. Judith Priestman
* 1995 ''[[J.R.R. Tolkien: Artist and Illustrator]]'', eds. Wayne G. Hammond, Christina Scull
* 2011 ''[[The Art of The Hobbit]]'', eds. Wayne G. Hammond, Christina Scull
* 2015 ''[[The Art of The Lord of the Rings]]'', eds. Wayne G. Hammond, Christina Scull
* 2018 ''[[Tolkien: Maker of Middle-earth]]'', ed. Catherine McIlwaine
* 2018 ''[[Tolkien: Treasures ]]'', ed. Catherine McIlwaine

===Audio recordings===
''Note: for a detailed listing of all recordings of Tolkien, see [[Index:Audio recordings of J.R.R. Tolkien|Audio recordings of J.R.R. Tolkien]]''
* 1967 ''[[Poems and Songs of Middle Earth]]'', Caedmon TC 1231
* 1975 ''J.R.R. Tolkien Reads and Sings his ''The Hobbit'' & ''The Lord of the Rings'', Caedmon TC 1477, TC 1478 (based on an [[1952 tape recording|August, 1952 recording]] by [[George Sayer]])

==Awards==
This list contains awards or recognitions given to J.R.R. Tolkien, it does not include awards given to his individual publications.
* D. Lit., in University College, Dublin (1954)
* Commander of Order of the British Empire (1972)
* Doctorate of Letters by Oxford University (1972)
* 6th "best postwar British writer" (The Times, 2008) [http://entertainment.timesonline.co.uk/tol/arts_and_entertainment/books/article3127837.ece]

==Names and pseudonyms==
[[File:JRRT.jpeg|thumb|JRRT's monogram]]
* ''[[Arcastar]]'' - [[Quenya]] rention of ''Tolkien'' used in ''[[Tolkien in Oxford]]'', of unclear meaning.
* ''Eisphorides Acribus Polyglotteus, orator Graecorum'' - Tag name in the annual Latin debates during studies at Oxford.<ref>[[John Garth]], ''[[Tolkien and the Great War]], "Part One: The immortal four", p. 19</ref>
* ''[[Fisiologus]]'' - Signature of a [[Adventures in Unnatural History and Medieval Metres, being the Freaks of Fisiologus|poem]] published in ''[[The Stapeldon Magazine]]'' (1927).
* ''J.'' - Signature of a [[From the many-willow'd margin of the immemorial Thames|poem]] published in ''[[The Stapeldon Magazine]]'' (1913).
* ''John'' - <ref name=Amy>{{L|309}}, p. 398</ref>
* ''JRsquared'' - <ref name=Amy>{{L|309}}, p. 398</ref>
* ''Kingston Bagpuize''- Signature of a [[Progress in Bimble Town|poem]] published in the ''[[Oxford Magazine]]'' (1931).
* ''Raegnold Hraedmoding'' - [[Old English]] rendition of Tolkien's name, used to sign the poem ''[[For W.H.A.]]'' (1967).
* ''Ronald'' - Name for Tolkien's near kin, which he treated with respect and refused to be abbreviated or tagged with.<ref name=Amy>{{L|309}}, p. 398</ref>
* ''Ruginwaldus Dwalakôneis'' - "Gothicizied" version of Tolkien's name.<ref>{{L|272}}, p. 357</ref>
* ''[[Tollers]]'' - His name among the [[Inklings]].
* ''[[N.N.]]'' - Signature of a [[The Clerkes Compleinte|poem]] published in the ''[[The Gryphon, Vol.4 No.3|The Gryphon]]'' (1922), an abbreviation of ''[[wikipedia:Nomen Nescio|Nomen Nescio]]''.
* ''Oxymore'' - Signature of the poem ''[[Knocking at the Door]]'', written c.1927 and published in ''The Oxford Magazine'' (1937).

==Family Tree==
{{familytree/start}}
{{familytree| | | | | | | | | MS |y| ART | | | | | | | | | | | |MS=[[Mabel Suffield]]|ART=[[Arthur Tolkien|Arthur Reuel Tolkien]]}}
{{familytree| | | | | | | | | |,|-|^|-|.| | | | | | | | | |}}
{{familytree| | | | | EDB |y| JRR | | HART |~| MM | | | | | | | |JRR=[[J.R.R. Tolkien]]|EDB=[[Edith Tolkien|Edith Bratt]]|HART=[[Hilary Tolkien]]|MM=[[Magdalen Matthews]]}}
{{familytree| | | | | |,|-|^|-|v|-|-|-|v|-|-|-|.| | | | | |}}
{{familytree| | | | | JOT | | MIT | |CHT | | PRT |JOT=[[John Tolkien]]|MIT=[[Michael Tolkien]]|CHT=[[Christopher Tolkien]]|PRT=[[Priscilla Tolkien]]}}
{{familytree/end}}

==See also==
*[[:Category:Images of J.R.R. Tolkien|Images of J.R.R. Tolkien]]
*[[:Category:Images by J.R.R. Tolkien|Images by J.R.R. Tolkien]]
*[[J.R.R. Tolkien/Quotations]]
*[[Legendarium]]
*[[Plaques and Memorials]]
*[[Index:Unpublished material|Unpublished material]]
*[[J.R.R. Tolkien Timeline]]

==Further reading==
A small selection of books about Tolkien and his works:
* Anderson, Douglas A., Michael D. C. Drout and Verlyn Flieger (founder eds.). ''[[Tolkien Studies: An Annual Scholarly Review]]''
* Carpenter, Humphrey (1979). ''[[The Inklings (book)|The Inklings: C.S. Lewis, J.R.R. Tolkien, Charles Williams and Their Friends]]'' ISBN 0395276284
* Chance, Jane (ed.) (2003). ''[[Tolkien the Medievalist]]'', London, New York: Routledge. ISBN 0-415-28944-0
* Chance, Jane (ed.) (2004). ''[[Tolkien and the Invention of Myth]], a Reader'', Louisville: University Press of Kentucky. ISBN 0-813-12301-1
* Duriez, Colin and Porter, David (2001). ''[[The Inklings Handbook]]: The Lives, Thought and Writings of C.S. Lewis, J.R.R. Tolkien, Charles Williams, Owen Barfield, and Their Friends''. ISBN 1902694139
* Duriez, Colin (2003). ''[[Tolkien and C.S. Lewis]]: The Gift of Friendship''. , ISBN 1587680262
* Flieger, Verlyn and Carl F. Hostetter (eds.) (2000). [[Tolkien's Legendarium|''Tolkien's'' Legendarium'': Essays on'' The History of Middle Earth]], Westport, Conn: Greenwood Press. ISBN 0-313-30530-7. DDC 823.912. LC PR6039.
* O'Neill, Timothy R. (1979). ''[[The Individuated Hobbit]]: Jung, Tolkien and the Archetypes of Middle-earth'', Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company. ISBN 0-395-28208-X
* Pearce, Joseph (1999). ''[[Tolkien: A Celebration]]'', London: HarperCollinsPublishers. ISBN 000-628120-6
* Pearce, Joseph (1998). ''[[Tolkien: Man and Myth]]'', London: HarperCollinsPublishers. ISBN 000-274018-4
* Shippey, T. A. (2000). ''[[J.R.R. Tolkien: Author of the Century]]'', Boston, New York: Houghton Mifflin Company. ISBN 0-618-12764-X, ISBN 0-618-25759-4 (pbk)
* Shippey, T. A. (2004). '[http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/31766 Tolkien, John Ronald Reuel (1892–1973)]', ''Oxford Dictionary of National Biography'', Oxford: Oxford University Press.
* Tolkien, John & Priscilla (1992). ''[[The Tolkien Family Album]]'', London: HarperCollins. ISBN 0-26-110239-7
* White, Michael (2003). ''Tolkien: A Biography'', New American Library. ISBN 0451212428

==External links==
*[http://www.tolkiensociety.org/author/biography/ J.R.R. Tolkien: A Biographical Sketch]
*{{WP|J.R.R. Tolkien}}

{{references|notes}}

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| pvac=None
| prev=Position created
| list=President of [[The Tolkien Society]]
| dates=[[27 June]] [[1972]] - ''In perpetuo''
| next=None; perpetual title
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{{Inklings}}
{{languages}}
{{tolkiensociety}}
{{IllustratorsHobbit}}
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{{IllustratorsSilmarillion}}
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{{Publishedmajorbooks}}
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[[Category:Authors]]
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Crown of the Hidden Kingdom

2023-06-21T20:35:37Z

Tarkil:

The '''Crown of the Hidden Kingdom''' was the king-helm of [[Turgon]], king of [[Gondolin]].

An image of the Crown was place above the midmost pillar of the last gate, the [[Gate of Steel]], and it was set about with diamonds. The gate would open inwards on either side of the pillar with the Crown above it.<ref>{{UT|1}}, pp. 49-50</ref>

== Other versions of the legendarium ==
In the [[The Book of Lost Tales: Part Two|Lost Tale]] of [[The Fall of Gondolin (chapter)|The Fall of Gondolin]], Turgon is seen wearing a coronet with garnets upon his head. And later during the [[Fall of Gondolin|assault on the city]], the king had thrown his crown at the roots of [[Glingal and Belthil|Glingol]]. [[Galdor (elf of Gondolin)|Galdor of the Tree]] had picked it up, with the intent of returning it to Turgon, yet the king had refused. With the crown in Galdor's possession, it would escape the destruction of the city.<ref>{{LT2|III}}</ref>

{{references}}
[[Category:Gondolin]]
[[Category:Objects]]
[[fi:Gondolinin kruunu]]

Glamdring

2023-06-18T22:37:55Z

Tarkil:

{{object infobox
| name=Glamdring
| image=[[File:John Howe - Gandalf the White 01.JPG|250px]]
| caption="Gandalf the White" by [[John Howe]]
| pronun=
| othernames=Beater, Foe-hammer
| location=[[Gondolin]], various
| owner=[[Turgon]], [[Gandalf]]
| type=Sword
| appearance="beautiful scabbards and jewelled hilts"<ref name="mutton"/>
| creator=
| created= Between c. {{FA|116}} - {{FA|496}}<ref name="shortrest">{{H|3}}</ref><ref name="ut1">{{UT|1}}, note 31 (in the source it is not directly identified as Glamdring) </ref>
| createdlocation=[[Gondolin]]
| destroyer=
| destroyed=
| destroyedlocation=
| notablefor=Weapon of [[Gandalf]] during the [[War of the Ring]]
}}
<center>{{quote|This, Gandalf, was Glamdring, Foe-hammer that the king of Gondolin once wore.|[[Elrond]] in ''[[The Hobbit]]'', "[[A Short Rest]]"}}</center>

'''Glamdring''' was a sword, said to have belonged to [[Turgon]], but best known as the weapon of [[Gandalf]] during the [[War of the Ring]]. It was known in Westron as the '''Foe-hammer''', and Orcs knew it as '''Beater'''.

==History==
===Beater===
Glamdring was originally borne by Turgon, the King of [[Gondolin]].<ref name="shortrest">{{H|3}}</ref> He must have wielded it with strength during the [[Nirnaeth Arnoediad]] or the [[Fall of Gondolin]], for the [[Orcs]] named it "Beater", and fled before it. Even up until the late [[Third Age]], [[orcs of the Misty Mountains]] knew of this legendary sword,<ref name="overhill">{{H|4}}</ref> so it must have done some damage.

The name most likely originated in the [[Nirnaeth Arnoediad]], where it is said that Turgon "hewed his way to the side of [[Fingon|his brother]]".<ref>{{S|20}}</ref> No other tales mention the actions of the sword, and it is unknown what happened to it during the Fall of Gondolin. Turgon perished as the [[Tower of the King]] fell on top of him,<ref>{{S|23}}</ref> but of the fate of Glamdring nothing is told.

===Survival===
The sword survived roughly 6500 years from the Fall of Gondolin in {{FA|510}} to its eventual rediscovery in {{TA|2941}}. In that period, it travelled from Gondolin far to the east. Much mystery surrounds this feat, but [[Elrond]] reasoned that Glamdring, along with [[Orcrist]] and [[Sting]], was plundered again and again, or carried off to the [[Misty Mountains]] soon after the Fall of Gondolin.<ref name="shortrest"/> Thus, after surviving the deluge of [[Beleriand]] in the [[War of Wrath]], it ended up in a [[Troll's cave]] in the [[Trollshaws]] of [[Eriador]].

===At Gandalf's side===
In May {{TA|2941}}, [[Gandalf]], [[Bilbo Baggins]] and [[Thorin and Company|a group of dwarves]] encountered three trolls in the Trollshaws - [[William]], [[Bert]] and [[Tom]]. The Trolls captured Bilbo and the Dwarves, but Gandalf destroyed them by exposing them to sunlight. Glamdring, along with [[Orcrist]] and [[Sting]], were found in their cave nearby.<ref name="mutton">{{H|2}}</ref> Gandalf claimed the weapon as his own, amazed by its appearance and inscription. The inscription was set in a script of [[runes]] Gandalf [[Gondolinic Runes|did not know]]; he needed the knowledge of Elrond for that. Elrond translated the runes and called it by its Mannish name: "Foe-hammer".<ref name="shortrest"/>
[[File:Donato Giancola - You Cannot Pass.jpg|200px|thumb|right|Gandalf wielding Glamdring, by [[Donato Giancola]].]]
Gandalf would use the sword well; its first victim was the [[Great Goblin]]. Other Orcs fled as they recognized the sword as "Beater". This would have meant that either some Orcs were at the [[Fall of Gondolin]] (which is unlikely, given the short lifespan of Orcs{{Citation needed}}), or that they had legends about two glowing swords - Beater and [[Orcrist|Biter]].<ref name="overhill"/> Whether Gandalf used the sword again during the [[The Hobbit|Quest for Erebor]] is uncertain, though it is likely that he wielded it in the [[Battle of Five Armies]].

Gandalf bore Glamdring at his side when the [[Fellowship of the Ring]] left [[Rivendell]] in {{TA|3018}}.<ref>{{FR|II3}}</ref> He used the blade during the [[Battle of the Chamber of Mazarbul]], and a short time thereafter in the standoff with [[Durin's Bane|the Balrog]], during which battle his staff was destroyed.<ref>{{FR|II5}}</ref> After the collapse of the [[Bridge of Khazad-dûm|bridge]], Gandalf and the Balrog fought on to the [[Endless Stair]] and [[Durin's Tower]], with Glamdring being the only weapon known to be in Gandalf's possession.<ref>{{TT|III5}}</ref>

Gandalf's body perished there but he was sent back because his task was not yet complete. He had Glamdring with him when he met the [[Three Hunters]]; he gave it to [[Háma]] at [[Edoras]] when asked to surrender it.<ref>{{TT|III6}}</ref> Gandalf would continue to bear it throughout the [[War of the Ring]], and carried it at his side when he, [[Frodo Baggins|Frodo]], [[Samwise Gamgee|Sam]], [[Meriadoc Brandybuck|Merry]] and [[Peregrin Took|Pippin]] arrived at [[the Prancing Pony]] in [[Bree]]. Gandalf and the Hobbits had seen so much war at the time that wearing a weapon did not seem odd.<ref>{{RK|VI7}}</ref>

===Fate===
On [[29 September]], {{TA|3021}},<ref>{{App|Chief}}</ref> Gandalf left [[Middle-earth]] and sailed into the West.<ref>{{RK|VI9}}</ref> Whether he took Glamdring with him is never mentioned, and is open to debate. It can be argued that he brought it over the Sea, as he did with [[Shadowfax]],<ref>[[J.R.R. Tolkien]], [[Humphrey Carpenter]], [[Christopher Tolkien]] (eds.), ''[[The Letters of J.R.R. Tolkien]]'', [[Letter 268]] (dated [[19 January|January 19]], [[1965]])</ref> or that it was left behind in Middle-earth, weapons not being needed in the Undying Lands.

==Appearance==
Glamdring and Orcrist are described as having "beautiful scabbards and jewelled hilts".<ref name="mutton"/> They would glow blue in the presence of Orcs. The "sword of Turgon" was "a white and gold sword in a ruel-bone (ivory) sheath".<ref name="ut1"></ref>

[[File:Audrey Corman - Glamdring.jpg|thumb|right|''Glamdring'' by Audrey Corman]]
When he took the sword, Gandalf said he could not read [[Gondolinic Runes|the runes]]. Elrond did, however, as he was a savant of all kinds of [[cirth|runes]].

==Etymology==
{{Pronounce|Glamdring.mp3|Ardamir}}
''Glamdring'' is [[Sindarin]] for "Foe-hammer".<ref name="shortrest"/> It is formed from the elements: ''[[Glamhoth|glam]]'', literally "shouting, confused noise", but used for any body of [[Orcs]];<ref>{{WJ|AC}}, p. 391</ref> and ''dring'' ("beat, strike").<ref name="etym">{{LR|Etymologies}}, entry "DRING"</ref>

The sword was also given the crude name '''Beater''' by the Orcs.<ref name="overhill"/>

==Other versions of the legendarium==
In 1960, Tolkien began a complete rewrite of the Hobbit adding the fact that Glamdring was covered in dark blood when Gandalf found it, explaining why the runes were unreadable until cleaned by Elrond.<ref>{{HM|RB}}, page 799</ref>

It is not explained in the published ''Hobbit'' why Gandalf could not read the runes. A fitting explanation would be the "[[Gondolinic Runes]]", devised by Tolkien in either 1924 or 1930. This set of Runes was first published in 1992.<ref>First published in ''[[Mythlore]]'' 69, pages 20-25 (edited by [[Paul Nolan Hyde]]), analysed in issue 70, pages 23-24 (by [[Carl F. Hostetter]]). See also [[J.R.R. Tolkien]], "Gondolinic Runes", in ''[[Parma Eldalamberon 15]]'' (edited by [[Christopher Gilson]]), page 111-113 </ref>.

==Portrayal in adaptations==
[[File:The Lord of the Rings (1978 film) - poster.jpg|thumb|Glamdring in a promotional image for [[The Lord of the Rings (1978 film)]].]]
===Films===
'''1977: [[The Hobbit (1977 film)|''The Hobbit'' (1977 film)]]:'''
:Gandalf acquires Glamdring in the trolls' cave. Elrond recognizes the sword at first glance; perhaps he simply deduces the fact that it was Glamdring because he had identified its mate Orcrist just before. After leaving [[Rivendell]], Gandalf notably uses the sword only when rescuing Bilbo and the Dwarves from Goblin-town.

'''1978: [[The Lord of the Rings (1978 film)|''The Lord of the Rings'' (1978 film)]]:'''
:On promotional art, Glamdring is portrayed as an ordinary longsword, with no inscription visible. In the movie itself, it goes unnamed, and is considerably shorter, only a one-handed sword. Oddly it is broken along with the Balrog's sword, but reappears intact in later scenes. <ref>[[The Lord of the Rings (1978 film)|''The Lord of the Rings'' (1978 film)]], "Gandalf Triumphant'</ref>

'''1980: [[The Return of the King (1980 film)|''The Return of the King'' (1980 film)]]:'''
:Gandalf does not use a sword, only his staff.

'''2001-03: [[The Lord of the Rings (film series)|''The Lord of the Rings'' (film series)]]:'''
:Glamdring is a name given to the sword of Gandalf in the film's promotional materials, but it is not named in the films. The sword is, according to most replicas, 47 inches (approximately 120 centimeters) long<ref>''[[The Noble Collection]]'' Glamdring, [http://www.weaponmasters.com/shopping/Glamdring-The-Sword-of-Gandalf-p-16913.html Weaponmasters.com]</ref>, and does not glow blue. When asked, [[Peter Jackson]] and [[Philippa Boyens]] reacted jokingly that is was due to "budgetary cuts", and they had "not enough blue left".<ref>[[Peter Jackson]], [[Philippa Boyens]], [[Fran Walsh]] (eds.), [[The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring (extended edition)|''The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring'' (extended edition)]], "[[A Journey in the Dark (scene)|A Journey in the Dark]]", Director Commentary</ref>

:The rune inscription is engraved in the cross-guard, and adds power to the sword. With this extra power Gandalf was able to defeat [[Durin's Bane]].<ref name="lotrwaw">[[Chris Smith]], ''[[The Lord of the Rings: Weapons and Warfare]]'', page 68-69</ref> The actual inscription reads as thus:
::"''Turgon [[aran]] Gondolin tortha gar a matha i vegil Glamdring gûd daedheloth, dam an [[Glamhoth]]''".
:This is [[Sindarin]], and translates to "Turgon, king of Gondolin, wields, has, and holds the sword Glamdring, Foe of Morgoth's realm, Hammer of the Orcs".<ref name="lotrwaw"/>

'''2012: ''[[The Hobbit: An Unexpected Journey]]'':'''
:Thorin finds several swords in the troll hoards and gives one to Gandalf. In Rivendell, Elrond identifies it as Glamdring, and in Goblin-town, the Great Goblin recognizes it as Beater.

===Radio series===
'''1968: [[The Hobbit (1968 radio series)|''The Hobbit'' (1968 radio series)]]:'''
:Glamdring is found in the cave of the trolls, and later named by Elrond. Gandalf himself recounts how it was once borne by the King of Gondolin.<ref>[[The Hobbit (1968 radio series)|''The Hobbit'' (1968 radio series)]], "Out of the Frying-Pan into the Fire"</ref>

'''1981: [[The Lord of the Rings (1981 radio series)|''The Lord of the Rings'' (1981 radio series)]]:'''
:Glamdring is not named, and the presence of a sword is mentioned only once: when Gandalf has to surrender it to [[Háma]].<ref>[[The Lord of the Rings (1981 radio series)|''The Lord of the Rings'' (1981 radio series)]], "The King of the Golden Hall"</ref>

===Games===
'''2002: [[The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring (video game)|''The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring'' (video game)]]:'''
:Glamdring is an Elven longsword. It glows with pale light when enemies are near.<ref>[[The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring (video game)|''The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring'' (video game)]], Manual, page 9</ref>

'''2003: [[The Hobbit (2003 video game)|''The Hobbit'' (2003 video game)]]:'''
:As this game focuses on Bilbo rather than the entire group, Glamdring is never named, and only appears once when Gandalf and the player (as Bilbo) have to wield off several goblins in the Misty Mountains.<ref>[[The Hobbit (2003 video game)|''The Hobbit'' (2003 video game)]], "Over Hill and Under Hill"</ref> An alternative survival theory is also given: the caves in the Trollshaws were - according to [[Glóin]] - dug by the [[Witch-king]] of [[Angmar]] during his reign in the region.<ref>[[The Hobbit (2003 video game)|''The Hobbit'' (2003 video game)]], "Troll-hole"</ref>

{{references}}
[[Category:Pronounced articles]]
[[Category:Sindarin names]]
[[Category:Swords]]
{{weapons}}
[[de:Glamdring]]
[[fi:Glamdring]]

Gondolin

2023-06-08T22:19:05Z

Tarkil: undoing my undoing.

{{kingdom
| image=[[File:Alan Lee - Gondolin.jpg|275px]]
| name=Gondolin
| pronun=[[Sindarin|S]], {{respell|gone|doh-leen}}
| othernames=''Ondolindë'' ([[Quenya|Q]]) The Hidden City The Hidden Realm ''[[#The Seven Names|See below]]''
| location=North of [[Beleriand]]; in [[Tumladen]], surrounded by the [[Echoriad]]
| capital=
| towns=
| regions=
| population=[[Gondolindrim]]
| language=[[Sindarin]], [[Quenya]]
| govern1=[[King of Gondolin]]
| govern2=
| govern3=
| currency=
| holiday=
| precededby=[[Nevrast]]
| event1=Founded
| event1date={{FA|53}}
| event2=Constructed
| event2date={{FA|116}}
| event3=[[Fall of Gondolin|Destroyed]]
| event3date={{FA|510}}
| followedby=
}}
{{quote|Rejoice that ye have found it and rest from endless war for the seven-naméd city 'tis that stands upon the hill, where all who strive with Morgoth find hope and valour still.|''[[The Lay of the Fall of Gondolin]]''}}

'''Gondolin''' was a city in [[Beleriand]] founded by [[Turgon]] which became the home of his people for most of the late [[First Age]].

Some years after the [[Exile of the Noldor]], Turgon was guided by [[Ulmo]] to the hidden valley of [[Tumladen]], and there he founded Gondolin. Turgon's people, who had previously dwelt in [[Nevrast]], travelled there secretly, becoming the '''[[Gondolindrim]]'''. Also known as the '''Hidden City''', it was concealed from friend and foe alike by the [[Echoriad|Encircling Mountains]], and guarded against trespassers by the [[Eagles]] of [[Thorondor]].

The city remained hidden for nearly four hundred years, becoming the last Elven realm to endure against [[Morgoth]], before it was finally discovered through the treachery of [[Maeglin]] and besieged. Turgon was lost in the [[Fall of Gondolin|Fall]] of the city, but some few escaped the destruction and dwelt as [[Exiles of Gondolin|Exiles]] at the [[Mouths of Sirion]].

==History==
===Building===
[[File:Mysilvergreen - Turgon and Finrod on the bank of Sirion.jpg|left|thumb|''Turgon and Finrod on the bank of Sirion'' by [[:Category:Images by Mysilvergreen|Mysilvergreen]]]]

The round valley of [[Tumladen]], within the [[Encircling Mountains]], had originally been a lake, and in its centre stood a hill that had once been an island: [[Amon Gwareth]].<ref name=Noldor>{{S|15}}</ref> The valley had been emptied a long time before through the [[Dry River]], creating the only entrance to the valley: the secret path of [[Orfalch Echor]].<ref>{{UT|Tuor}}, pp. 44-46</ref>

In {{FA|50}},<ref>{{GA|74}}</ref> Turgon left [[Nevrast]] and travelled with his cousin [[Finrod]] southward through Beleriand. While they were resting in the [[Meres of Twilight]], [[Ulmo]] came to them and laid upon them a deep sleep and disturbing dreams. Neither told the other about his dreams, but both cousins began a search for hidden places in case [[Morgoth]] broke the [[Siege of Angband]]. Soon, Finrod found the place where he would build his realm: [[Nargothrond]]; but Turgon did not, so he came back to Nevrast. Three years later,<ref>{{GA|76}}</ref> the Lord of Waters appeared to Turgon upon the shores and commanded him to travel forth alone. Guided by the Vala, Turgon found the valley of Tumladen and decided to found his city upon Amon Gwareth, as a memorial to [[Tirion]] upon [[Túna]]. However, he came first back to Nevrast, where he planned the building of his city.<ref>{{S|13}}</ref>

After the [[Dagor Aglareb]], in {{FA|64}},<ref>{{GA|89}}</ref> Turgon felt unquiet again, and taking the most skilled of his people he went in secret to the hidden vale, and the first building of the city was begun. A watch was set around it, but the power of Ulmo also protected them. During the next fifty-two years, Turgon dwelt mostly in Nevrast, until the city was completed. Then he gave his city the name ''Ondolindë'' in [[Quenya]], the "Rock of the Music of Water", because of the fountains of [[Amon Gwareth]]. In [[Sindarin]] this was rendered ''Gondolin'', the "Hidden Rock".<ref name=Noldor>{{S|15}}</ref> In {{FA|116}},<ref>{{GA|112}}</ref> before leaving [[Vinyamar]], Ulmo appeared to Turgon once more and told him:
[[File:Marya Filatova - Turgon.jpg|thumb|''Turgon'' by [[Marya Filatova]]]]
{{blockquote|Now thou shalt go at last to Gondolin, Turgon; and I will maintain my power in the Vale of Sirion, and in all the waters therein, so that none shall mark thy going, nor shall any find there the hidden entrance against thy will. Longest of all the realms of the Eldalië shall Gondolin stand against Melkor. [...] Thus it may come to pass that the [[Doom of Mandos|curse of the Noldor]] shall find thee too ere the end, and treason awake within thy walls. Then they shall be in peril of fire. But if this peril draweth nigh indeed, then even from Nevrast one shall come to warn thee...}}

The people of Turgon were a third part of Fingolfin's followers and native Sindar of Nevrast, and they travelled from Nevrast and secretly entered the valley of Tumladen in discreet companies. After their arrival in the new city, the [[Gondolindrim]] continued to labour in its building, until it was said to rival even Tirion itself. Its walls stood high and white above the plain, and its most prominent feature was the great [[Tower of the King]], where, among the fountains, Turgon himself made [[Glingal and Belthil]], trees of gold and silver, in memory of the [[Two Trees of Valinor]].<ref name=Noldor>{{S|15}}</ref>

===Coming of Maeglin ===
[[File:Sara M. Morello - Half Noldor.jpg|thumb|''Half Noldo'' by [[:Category:Images by Sara M. Morello|Sara M. Morello]]]]
There followed the two centuries of the [[Long Peace]]: Morgoth was [[Siege of Angband|besieged]] in the far north of the world, and the people of Gondolin lived undisturbed by the events outside their valley. However, a seed of discontent appeared: in {{FA|316}},<ref>{{GA|118}}</ref> Turgon's sister [[Aredhel]] became tired of her limited life in the valley and was determined to leave the city, much against Turgon's wishes, and journey into [[Beleriand]]. However, she was lost outside and Gondolin fell into sorrow for many years.<ref name=Maeglin>{{S|Maeglin}}</ref>

More than eighty years later, in {{FA|400}},<ref>{{GA|120}}</ref> suddenly Aredhel returned with [[Maeglin]], her son by [[Eöl]] the [[Dark Elf]]. Maeglin was enamoured of the city and Turgon welcomed him. But Eöl had followed his wife and son to Gondolin and was captured at the entranceway. He was brought before Turgon, and it was explained to him that the law of Gondolin did not allow any visitor to leave. Eöl refused to submit to Turgon's authority and instead chose death for himself and his unwilling son. He threw a poisoned dart to slay Maeglin, but it instead struck Aredhel, who fell ill with the poison and died. The body of Eöl was thrown off the [[Caragdûr]] for this offense.

Maeglin, however, had taken no part in these evils, and Turgon accepted him into the city. With time Maeglin grew to be among the lords of the Gondolindrim. "Thus it was in Gondolin; and amid all the bliss of that realm, while its glory lasted, a dark seed of evil was sown".<ref name=Maeglin>{{S|Maeglin}}</ref>

=== Two great battles ===
[[File:Alan Lee - Húrin and Huor are Carried to Gondolin.jpg|thumb|''Húrin and Huor are Carried to Gondolin'' by [[Alan Lee]]]]
When Morgoth broke the [[Siege of Angband]] in the [[Dagor Bragollach]], the people of Gondolin did not take part in any of its conflicts. However, in {{FA|458}},<ref>{{GA|161}}</ref> they were drawn into the events of those years, when two young brothers of the race of [[Men]], [[Húrin]] and [[Huor]], were cut off from their army and became lost amid the feet of the [[Crissaegrim]]. Thorondor brought them to Turgon's city. At the bidding of Ulmo, Turgon accepted them, and they remained in Gondolin for almost a year. Although the law of Gondolin did not allow any visitor to leave, Turgon made an exception and allowed them to return to their homes. Both brothers kept the promise of not telling anyone where they had been, but other Men could deduce it, and soon a rumour was spread that reached Morgoth's servants.<ref name=Fingolfin>{{S|Fingolfin}}</ref>

Some years later, [[Beren]] and [[Lúthien]] were saved by the Eagles, and flying south, Lúthien could see far below, as a white light starting from a green jewel, the radiance of Gondolin the fair. But Lúthien wept because her beloved was mortally wounded.<ref>{{S|Beren}}</ref>

{{blockquote|But it is said in song that her tears falling from on high as she passed came like silver raindrops on the plain, and there a fountain sprang to life: the Fountain of Tinúviel, [[Eithel Nínui]], most healing water until it withered in the flame.<ref>{{LR|Quenta}}, p. 301</ref>}}

===Encirclement===
As the Elves of [[Beleriand]] began to prepare for a counterstrike to the Dagor Bragollach, Turgon secretly began his own preparations and sent some forces to the [[Nirnaeth Arnoediad]], where they were helped by the [[House of Hador]]. The only survivor thereof was Húrin, who was captured. Morgoth had great fear of Turgon, who was now [[High King of the Noldor]], and wished to destroy him more than any other enemy.<ref name=Nirnaeth>{{S|Nirnaeth}}</ref> Therefore, the Dark Lord tortured Húrin and offered him freedom, but he could not make him reveal the location of Gondolin.<ref>{{CH|3}}</ref>

[[File:Ted Nasmith - Tuor Reaches the Hidden City of Gondolin.jpg|left|thumb|''Tuor reaches the Hidden City of Gondolin'' by [[Ted Nasmith]]]]
After returning from the Nirnaeth, Maeglin built the [[Gate of Steel]], the last of the [[Seven Gates of Gondolin]].<ref>{{UT|Tuor}}, p. 49</ref>

In {{FA|495}},<ref>{{GA|299}}</ref> [[Ulmo]] appeared to [[Tuor]] and explained to him that the [[Curse of Mandos]] was coming to its fulfilment, but a chance still remained to avoid Doom upon Turgon and his people.<ref>{{UT|Tuor}}, p. 29</ref> Thus, Tuor was guided to the Hidden City by [[Voronwë]], one of the mariners sent by Turgon to the West, who had survived a shipwreck. [[Ulmo's warning]] was that Turgon must abandon the city and seek the sea. Turgon, because of his pride and his love for his city, decided to ignore this warning. Tuor, however, was welcomed in the city by all save Maeglin. In later years, Tuor and [[Idril]], the King's daughter, married and had a son: [[Eärendil]].<ref name=Fall>{{S|Gondolin}}</ref>

Despite rejecting the warning, Turgon felt unrest, remembering the Doom of Mandos and fearing treason. So he ordered the [[Seven Gates of Gondolin|Gates]] of the Mountains to be closed and he forbade anyone to leave the city, be it for peace or war.<ref name=Fall>{{S|Gondolin}}</ref>
[[File:Marya Filatova - Furry, feathered, hoofed - Thorondor.jpg|thumb|Thorondor and Turgon, art by [[Marya Filatova]]]]
The first great blow to the security of Gondolin came by accident. [[Húrin]], who had been held captive by Morgoth, was released to wander in the world. In {{FA|501}},<ref>{{WJ|Hurin}}, p. 254</ref> he came to the edge of the Encircling Mountains, hoping to find the secret way to Gondolin. But the [[Way of Escape]] was closed, the Dry River blocked and the doors buried. Thorondor himself informed Turgon of the presence of Húrin. The King saw it as a bad omen and, fearing what Morgoth might have done to Húrin, withheld rescue. On further consideration, Turgon changed his mind, but it was too late. Húrin, seeing nothing, cried out in a loud voice "''Turgon, Turgon, remember the [[Fen of Serech]]! O Turgon, will you not hear in your hidden halls?''". Thus Morgoth learned the general area in which Gondolin lay, for his spies were watching this. Húrin turned away, broken and bitter.<ref name=Doriath>{{S|Doriath}}</ref>

In {{FA|507}},<ref name=Years>{{WJ|Years}}, p. 351</ref> [[Doriath]] fell, and Gondolin became the last Elven realm enduring against the power of Morgoth. Thorondor informed Turgon of the falls of [[Nargothrond]] and Doriath, but Turgon did not act, and swore he would never fight on the side of the [[Sons of Fëanor]].<ref name=Fall>{{S|Gondolin}}</ref>

===Fall===
{{main|Fall of Gondolin}}
In the years following Húrin's revealing of Gondolin's region, Morgoth increased his search in the lands between the river [[Sirion]] and [[Anach]]. However, his spies and creatures could not do much due to the protection of the Eagles. Meanwhile, in Gondolin there was peace, and none knew that the kingdom was encircled by the Enemy save Idril, who felt dark [[Foresight|forebodings]] in her heart. She ordered the construction of an [[Idril's secret way|escape tunnel]] that led to the plain in the northern part of the city. Only a few were informed of this way, and she asked that Maeglin hear nothing about it.<ref name=Fall>{{S|Gondolin}}</ref>

In {{FA|509}},<ref name=Years>{{WJ|Years}}, p. 351</ref> Maeglin, disobeying Turgon's laws, strayed too far from the city while searching for ore. There he was captured by [[Orcs]] and taken to [[Angband]]. Daunted by tortures, Maeglin bought his life in exchange for betraying Gondolin, motivated also by his hatred for Tuor and the desire for Idril. Therefore he gave Morgoth the exact location of the city, and the ways by which it could be reached and attacked. Morgoth felt very pleased, and promised to give him the hand of Idril, and make him lord of Gondolin under his vassalage; this was considered the worst treason of the [[Elder Days]]. Maeglin was released to avoid suspicion and to make an inside attack when the moment came.<ref name=Fall>{{S|Gondolin}}</ref>

[[File:Ted Nasmith - Flight of the Doomed.jpg|thumb|''Flight of the Doomed'' by [[Ted Nasmith]]]]
The next year,<ref name=Years></ref> when Eärendil was seven years old, Morgoth was prepared and sent a massive army, composed of [[Balrogs]], [[Orcs]], [[Wolves]] and [[Dragons]]. They crossed the northern part of the [[Echoriath]], where the mountains were higher and therefore less guarded. In the city, the Gondolindrim were preparing for the [[Gates of Summer]], a festival in which they welcomed the sunrise. But instead of seeing the light from the east, a red light appeared in the north. Nothing stopped the enemy until it reached the walls of the city, and the siege began.

There was a great siege, during which the captains of the [[Twelve houses of the Gondothlim|noble houses]] and their warriors fell. The [[Tower of the King]] was defended, but it fell with great ruin and King Turgon died there. Meanwhile, attacking from the inside, Maeglin captured Idril and Eärendil, taking them to the walls. Tuor arrived in time to save them both, and after fighting Maeglin, threw him from the walls down into the flames.

Gathering as many of the people as they could find, Tuor and Idril escaped down their tunnel and led the [[Exiles of Gondolin]] at the [[Mouths of Sirion]], where they mourned the loss of the White City.<ref name=Fall/>

==Legacy==
[[File:Anke Eißmann - Elrond.jpg|thumb|''Elrond'' by [[Anke Eißmann]]]]
Ages later, some legendary weapons of Gondolin were found by [[Thorin and Company]] in a [[Trolls' cave]]. [[Elrond]] recognized them and explained that they ended up there after being plundered by dragons or goblins.<ref>{{H|3}}</ref> Even in the [[Third Age]], some [[orcs of the Misty Mountains]] knew of the legendary sword of Turgon, remembering how the Elves of Gondolin killed hundreds of goblins before their walls.<ref name="overhill">{{H|4}}</ref>

The realm would be mentioned by [[Elrond]] during his [[Council of Elrond|Council]],<ref>{{FR|II2}}, p. 243, "...Eärendil was my sire, who was born in Gondolin before its fall..."</ref> and remembered by [[Galadriel]],<ref>{{FR|II7}}, p. 357, "...for ere the fall of Nargothrond or Gondolin I passed over the mountains..."</ref> and also sung in Dwarven lore.<ref>{{FR|II4}}, p. 316, "[[Song of Durin]]"</ref>

==Etymology==
''Gondolin'' means "Hidden Rock" in [[Sindarin]], from ''[[gond]]'' ("rock") + ''dolen'' ("hidden").<ref>{{S|Appendix}}, entry ''[[gond]]''</ref> It was a name that evolved from the original [[Quenya]] ''Ondolindë''.<ref name=Noldor>{{S|15}}</ref> However, [[Tolkien]] speculated that ''Gondolin'' was actually a hybrid between [[North Sindarin]] and Quenya.<ref name=Ondolin>{{PE|Eldarin}}, p. 29</ref>

The name remained the same since early versions of the [[legendarium]], but its meaning has evolved with the [[Elvish]] languages. In the first [[Gnomish]] concept, ''Gondolin'' meant "Stone of Song", from ''gonn'' ("great stone, rock") + ''dólin'' ("song").<ref>{{LT1|Appendix}}, entry ''Gondolin''</ref> In the [[Noldorin]] phase, it meant "Heart of Hidden Rock", from ''gonn'' ("rock") + ''doll'' ("dark, hidden, secret") + ''ind'' ("inner thought, heart").<ref name=Etymologies>{{LR|Etymologies}}, entries "GOND", "DUL"</ref>

==Other names==
{{seealso|#The Seven Names}}
'''''Ondolindë''''' is Quenya for "Rock of the Music of Water",<ref>{{WJ|Turgon}}, p. 201</ref> literally "Singing Stone" or "Stone of Music". A short form was '''''Ondolin'''''.<ref name=Ondolin>{{PE|Eldarin}}, p. 29</ref> Tolkien speculated that the proper [[Sindarized]] form for ''Ondolin(dë)'' would be '''''Gon'''''('''''g''''')'''''lin''''',<ref name=Eldarin>{{PE|Eldarin}} p. 133</ref> with the archaic variation '''''Goen'''('''g''')'''lin'''''.<ref name=Ondolin></ref>

Other earlier names in [[Noldorin]] were '''''Gondost''''' ("City of Stone"), '''''Gondobar''''' ("Stone of the World") and '''''Gondothrimbar'''''.<ref name=Etymologies></ref>

In [[Eriol]]'s [[Old English]] translations, Gondolin is referred as ''Stangaldor(burg)'' ("stone-enchantment-city"), ''Folgenburg'' ("hidden city"), ''Galdorfaesten'' ("enchantment-fortress").<ref>{{SM|QA1}}, p. 210</ref>

==Other versions of the legendarium==
===The Book of Lost Tales===
====History====
The first tale of the [[legendarium]] written by [[Tolkien]] was "[[The Fall of Gondolin (chapter)|The Fall of Gondolin]]" in ''[[The Book of Lost Tales]]''. No other version would tell with such detail the description of Gondolin, its lords and its fall, and the history differs much from the one presented above, especially in the foundation and aftermath.
[[File:John Howe - Morgoth's Force before Gondolin.jpg|thumb|''Morgoth's force before Gondolin'' by [[John Howe]]]]
Before [[Turgon]] was born, the prophet [[Amnon]] prophesied the [[fall of Gondolin]] and the fate of Turgon.<ref>{{LT1|VII}}, pp. 167, 172</ref> Turgon was born soon after the [[Exile of the Noldor|Flight of the Noldoli]] and later he participated in the [[Battle of Unnumbered Tears]]. He could run out of the battle and save the women and children of the camps. Then he fled south along Sirion, and aided by its magic waters, he escaped into a secret place away from [[Melko]]. There the [[Noldoli]] built the secret city of Gondolin and Turgon became their king.<ref>{{LT1|X}}, pp. 238-42</ref> The people of Gondolin became known as '''[[Gondothlim]]''', the dwellers in stone.<ref name=Tale>{{LT2|III}}</ref>{{rp|155}} They worked for many years building Gondolin, and there was made a secret entry among the mountains, the [[Way of Escape]], that was kept open and guarded for the Noldoli escaping from enthrallment by Melko. When the city was finished, the folk became busy making weapons, armour and arrows in case they were attacked. All the encircling mountains had a constant guard, but this was not necessary, as the plain of [[Tumladin]] was smooth and everything could be seen from [[Amon Gwareth]].<ref name=Tale/>{{rp|163}}

While Melko expanded his armies through the [[Great Lands]], the [[Noldoli]] only could find refuge in the realms of [[Artanor]] and Gondolin.<ref>{{LT2|II}}, p. 77</ref> But when Beren and Tinúviel faded away after the first fall of Artanor, Gondolin became the last glorious kingdom and many Elves sought for it.<ref>{{LT2|IV}}, p. 241</ref>

Eventually, by order of Ulmo, [[Tuor]] wandered looking for the City of Stone, and this was known to Melko, who increased his watchfulness. Tuor was helped by the [[Gnome]] [[Voronwë]], who found the secret entry, covered with enchantments that hid it from anyone without Gnomish blood.<ref name=Tale/>{{rp|156-7}} Once in Gondolin, Tuor was led to King Turgon and gave him [[Ulmo's warning]]: that the Gondothlim had to march to war against Melko or leave the city and dwell beside the sea. Turgon refused both, but invited Tuor to live in his city, and Tuor accepted, as it was a fair place.<ref name=Tale/>{{rp|161-2}}
[[File:Catherine Chmiel - Maeglin was taken prisoner by orcs.jpg|thumb|''Maeglin was taken prisoner by orcs'' by [[Catherine Karina Chmiel]]]]
Now Melko, wondering about the Man that had wandered alone, summoned a vast army of dark spies and sent them to look after the Noldoli that escaped years ago. They found the Way of Escape and could see the city in the distance, but the guard was strong and never approached there. Turgon was informed of this and felt unrest, so the guard was increased and preparations for war were made.<ref name=Tale/>{{rp|165-7}}

In those days, [[Meglin]], Turgon's nephew, was captured by Orcs while straying in the mountains alone. Before they knew that he was one of the Gondothlim, he offered knowledge about Gondolin in exchange for his life. Thus he was brought to Melko, and both devised a plan to conquer the city. Meglin gave Melko the description of Gondolin and the idea of building [[Iron Dragons]] that could cross the Encircling Mountains and the city walls. Then Meglin returned and Melko began building his war devices and gathering evil armies during seven years. Noticing that Melko's spies withdrew, the Gondothlim felt fearless and thought that Melko had desisted after seeing Gondolin's might. But Idril's concern increased and she warned some Gondothlim, but they laughed, believing that the city would stand forever like [[Taniquetil]].<ref name=Tale/>{{rp|168-71}}

For the feast of [[Tarnin Austa]], the Gates of Summer, the Gondothlim gathered in silence the night before and waited for the dawn. However, when that night came, a new red light was seen in the northern mountains and explorers came saying that Melko's armies were coming. All the [[twelve houses of the Gondothlim]] prepared for battle, and Turgon held a council with their lords. There Tuor asked to leave the city before the enemy came, so they could take women and children to a safe place, but Meglin reminded the king of how much wealth and work they had put into the city, and Turgon decided to face the siege.<ref name=Tale/>{{rp|172-5}}
[[File:Matěj Čadil - Gondolin in Ruins.jpg|thumb|''Gondolin in ruins'' by [[Matěj Čadil]]]]
:''For a detailed description of the [[Fall of Gondolin|siege]] see [[The Fall of Gondolin (chapter)#The battle of Gondolin]].''

As prophesied, Gondolin and its king fell in ruin, but a group of [[Exiles of Gondolin|exiles]] escaped and took refuge in the [[Mouth of Sirion|mouth of Sirion]]. The fall of Gondolin would be esteemed as the worst deed of Melko and the most dread of sack upon Earth.<ref name=Tale></ref>{{rp|196}} The Lost Tale of Eärendel is only given in dispersed notes, so of the aftermath there are different versions which can be summarized as follows: After the fall, the doves and pigeons of Turgon's courtyard travelled to [[Valinor]] and told the Gods and Elves about the fate of Gondolin. This would cause an uproar among the Eldar, who marched to the Great Lands in a [[War of Wrath|war]] against Melko. Unaware of this, [[Eärendel]] came during his travels back to Gondolin with [[Galdor (elf of Gondolin)|Galdor]]. In the ruins of the city they found Men camping there miserably and Gnomes searching for lost gems.<ref>{{LT2|V}}, pp. 253, 255, 257-8, 263</ref>

====Description====
[[File:LorenzoCB - Gondolin Map.png|thumb|250px|A map of Gondolin based on [[Karen Wynn Fonstad]]'s ''[[The Atlas of Middle-earth]]'']]

The hills of [[Tumladin]] formed a great circle around the plain, and [[Amon Gwareth]], the Hill of Watch, was set therein, not directly in the middle, but nearer to the [[Way of Escape]]. Upon the hill rose the city of Gondolin, with its towers pricking the sky. The plain was so clear that anyone could walk there with no need of a guide. The many pathways from the mountains to the city took a daylight's march to traverse, and they were fair and levelled, crossing the sward covered here and there with smooth boulders or clean pools. Amon Gwareth could only be climbed by winding stairs, which led to the main gate. This gate was westwards and was of great weight and strength, made of iron, although it seemed golden in the light of the sunset.<ref name=Tale/>{{rp|158-60}} There was another entry gate in the north,<ref name=Tale/>{{rp|176}} but it is not said if there were more.

{{blockquote|Now the streets of Gondolin were paved with stone and wide, kerbed with marble, and fair houses and courts amid gardens of bright flowers were set about the ways, and many towers of great slenderness and beauty built of white marble and carved most marvellously rose to the heaven. Squares there were lit with fountains and the home of birds that sang amid the branches of their aged trees, but of all these the greatest was that place where stood the king's palace, and the [[Tower of the King|tower]] thereof was the loftiest in the city, and the fountains that played before the doors shot twenty fathoms and seven in the air and fell in a singing rain of crystal: therein did the sun glitter splendidly by day, and the moon most magically shimmered by night. The birds that dwelt there were of the whiteness of snow and their voices sweeter than a lullaby of music.<ref name=Tale/>{{rp|160}}}}

White stairs led to the doors of the palace, and on each side of these were the two trees called [[Glingal and Belthil|Glingol and Bansil]], one golden, the other silver. Neither ever faded, for they were shoots of the [[Two Trees of Valinor|Trees of Valinor]] before their destruction.<ref name=Tale/>{{rp|160-1}}

The northwest entry to the [[Square of the Palace]] was the [[Road of Arches]], which led to the [[Place of the Well]]. This could also be accessed by the [[Arch of Inwë]] in the west, and it was a place with many trees, oaks and poplars, that encircled a great well of vast depth with very pure water.<ref name=Tale/>{{rp|181-2}} Another entry to the Square of the Palace was the [[Alley of Roses]], which was a fair place to see and to walk in.<ref name=Tale/>{{rp|183}}

From the Square of the Palace, the [[Road of Pomps]] went southwards, leading to [[Gar Ainion]], the Place of the Gods, where weddings were celebrated in its Place of Wedding. It was very open and in its middle was the highest ground of the city, so from there the Place of the King could be seen below. Another street to the southern part of the city was the [[Way of Running Waters]], which led to the [[Fountains of the South]].<ref name=Tale/>{{rp|186}} Past these was the house of Tuor upon the southern walls, where flowed free air and the dawn light shone.<ref name=Tale/>{{rp|164}} The [[folk of the Fountain]] also dwelt in the southern part,<ref name=Tale/>{{rp|173}} as well as [[Salgant]], near the [[Lesser Market]]. East of the city was the [[Great Market]], full of stores and fair workmanships.<ref name=Tale/>{{rp|182}}

{{blockquote|Glory dwelt in that city of Gondolin of the Seven Names, and its ruin was the most dread of all the sacks of cities upon the face of Earth. Nor [[:Wikipedia:Babylon|Bablon]], nor [[:Wikipedia:Nineveh|Ninwi]], nor the towers of [[:Wikipedia:Troy|Trui]], nor all the many takings of [[:Wikipedia:Rome|Rûm]] that is greatest among Men, saw such terror as fell that day upon Amon Gwareth in the kindred of the Gnomes; and this is esteemed the worst work that Melko has yet thought of in the world.<ref name=Tale/>{{rp|196}}}}

====The Seven Names====
In later versions of the legendarium, Gondolin is still known as the ''City of Seven Names'',<ref>{{UT|Tuor}}, "Notes", note 31</ref> but only in the ''Lost Tales'' phase are these names given. "City of Seven Names" was ''Ostrin An Ost'' in [[Gnomish]], and ''Tirios Otsoyáma'' in [[Qenya]].<ref name=Names>{{PE|13}}, p. 102</ref> When Tuor sees the city for the first time, he asks about these names and a guard recites to him:

{{blockquote|Tis said and 'tis sung: ''''Gondobar''' am I called and '''Gondothlimbar''', City of Stone and City of the Dwellers in Stone; '''Gondolin''' the Stone of Song and '''Gwarestrin''' am I named, the Tower of Guard, '''Gar Thurion''' or the Secret Place, for I am hidden from the eyes of Melko; but they who love me most greatly call me '''Loth''', for like a flower am I, even '''Lothengriol''' the flower that blooms on the plain.'<ref name=Tale>{{LT2|III}}</ref>{{rp|158}}}}

The [[Qenya]] cognate for ''Gondolin'' was '''''Ondolinda'''''.<ref>{{LT1|Appendix}}, entry "Gondolin"</ref> The cognates for the other names were:<ref name=Names></ref>
* ''Gondobar'' ("Stone House"): '''''Ondomard-''''' or '''''Ondosta'''''.
* ''Gondothlimbar'' ("House of the Stone Folk"): '''''Ondostamard-'''''.
* ''Gwarestrin'' ("Tower of Guard"): '''''Tiri(o)stirion''''' or '''''Vara-, Vorastirin'''''.
* ''Gar Thurion'' ("Secret Place"): '''''Ardalomba''''' or '''''Ardaurin'''''.
* ''Loth'' ("Flower"): '''''Lossë''''' ("Rose").
* ''Lothengriol''<ref group=note>Earlier forms of the name ''Lothengriol'' were ''Losengriol'' and ''Lósengriol''. Cf. ''The Book of Lost Tales Part One'', p. 172; and ''The Book of Lost Tales Part Two'', p. 202</ref> ("Flower of the Vale" or "Lily of the Valley"): '''''Endillos'''''

===Later versions===
[[Tolkien]] never fully developed the story of Gondolin in later versions of the legendarium, so while editing ''[[The Silmarillion]]'', [[Christopher Tolkien]] had to make choices about certain details, the main one being the discovery of Gondolin. As detailed [[#The Book of Lost Tales|above]], in ''The Book of Lost Tales'' it is told that Melko discovered Gondolin after hearing of a man (Tuor) wandering near Sirion and sending an army of spies which saw the hidden city in the distance. When Meglin is captured, he betrays the city by attacking from the inside during the siege and by giving Melko the idea of building the [[Iron Dragons]]. In the next phase of the story, the ''[[Quenta Noldorinwa]]'', it is Meglin who gives Morgoth the location of Gondolin when he is captured.<ref>{{SM|Q16}}, p. 143</ref>

However, in Tolkien's last revision, it is Húrin who accidentally gives the location of Gondolin to Morgoth, when he called to Turgon in the [[Echoriad]]. Here it is said that "Morgoth smiled, and knew now clearly in what region Turgon dwelt".<ref>{{WJ|I}}, pp. 272-273</ref> Tolkien then recovered the idea of Maeglin's betrayal as it was in the first version, as said in some notes:

{{blockquote|Later when captured and Maeglin wished to buy his release with treachery, Morgoth must answer laughing, saying: Stale news will buy nothing. I know this already, I am not easily blinded! So Maeglin was obliged to offer more – to undermine resistance in Gondolin [...] and to compass the death of Tuor and Eärendel if he could. If he did he would be allowed to retain Idril (said Morgoth).<ref name=Notes>{{WJ|I}}, "Notes", p. 302, note 30</ref>}}

For his edition of ''The Silmarillion'', Christopher used both texts of the ''Quenta Noldorinwa'' and the ''[[Wanderings of Húrin]]''. He, therefore, had to edit the first one so Maeglin would give Morgoth "the ''very'' place of Gondolin.<ref name=Notes/>

==Inspiration==
[[File:Pompeo Batoni - Aeneas fleeing from Troy.jpg|thumb|''Aeneas fleeing from Troy'' by [[:Wikipedia:Pompeo Batoni|Pompeo Batoni]] (1753)]]
There are notable similarities between Gondolin and [[:Wikipedia:Troy|Troy]], especially between the more detailed early Lost Tale and the account of the [[:Wikipedia:Trojan War|Fall of Troy]] as told by Virgil in his ''[[:Wikipedia:Aeneid|Aeneid]]''. Both cities have their origins in the God of the Sea, as the [[:Wikipedia:Poseidon#Walls_of_Troy|walls of Troy]] were built by Poseidon/Neptune. Both also are doomed because of treachery (one internal, the other external) and while their citizens celebrated a feast. Both Aeneas and Tuor are destined to survive the destruction, managing to kill all enemies while wandering through the battle and seeing the death of their respective kings. Both also secretly lead survivors to escape the city, accompanied by their relatives (while Aeneas carries his father, Tuor carries his son).<ref>Alexander M. Bruce, "[http://dc.swosu.edu/mythlore/vol30/iss3/7/ The Fall of Gondolin and the Fall of Troy: Tolkien and Book II of The Aeneid]", ''[[Mythlore 117/118]]'', pp. 106-109</ref>

== See also ==
* [[:Category:Images of Gondolin|Images of Gondolin]]
* [[Nargothrond]], the parallel Hidden Kingdom of [[Finrod]]

{{References|note}}

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[[Category:Cities, towns and villages]]
[[Category:Elven realms]]
[[Category:Gnomish locations]]
[[Category:Gondolin| ]]
[[Category:Noldorin locations]]
[[Category:Sindarin locations]]

[[de:Gondolin]]
[[fi:Gondolin]]
[[fr:encyclo/geographie/villes_tours_et_forteresses/beleriand/gondolin]]

User talk:Tarkil

2023-06-08T22:12:02Z

Tarkil: /* Concerning your recent revert */ Reply

{{Template:Welcome|realName=|name=Tarkil}}

-- [[User:Mith|'''Mith''']] ([[User talk:Mith|'''Talk''']]/[[Special:Contributions/Mith|Contribs]]/[[Special:Editcount/Mith/Edits|Edits]]) 01:22, 9 April 2022 (UTC)

== Concerning your recent revert ==

You pointed out that "''I think 'most of the First Age' is fine, since in the 600 years of the 1st age, the city was inhabited for nigh 4 centuries.''" However, in fact the First Age was much longer than just those six hundred Years of the Sun since in the Appendix F it is mentioned that the Noldorin Exiles returned to Middle-earth at the '''end''' of the First Age. So if it was the end of the First Age when they returned before the first sunrise, then how can the first sunrise mark the beginning of the First Age? See here: [[First Age#Terminology]]. Besides, Christopher Tolkien himself frequently used the wording "the last six centuries of the First Age". -- [[User:Ar-Zigûr|Ar-Zigûr]] ([[User talk:Ar-Zigûr|talk]]) 19:08, 7 June 2023 (UTC)

:I do admit to have believed such misconception; that the rising of the Sun, and simultaneous ending of "the ages of the stars" (as referred in the Silmarillion), would mark the beginning of the [[Timeline/First Age |First Age]]. Such clear references you've shown had, up until now, unknowingly passed me by.
:Thanks for clarifying. [[User:Tarkil|Tarkil]] ([[User talk:Tarkil|talk]]) 22:12, 8 June 2023 (UTC)

Gondolin

2023-06-07T16:20:27Z

Tarkil: I think "most of the First Age" is fine, since in the 600 years of the 1st age, the city was inhabited for nigh 4 centuries.

{{kingdom
| image=[[File:Alan Lee - Gondolin.jpg|275px]]
| name=Gondolin
| pronun=[[Sindarin|S]], {{respell|gone|doh-leen}}
| othernames=''Ondolindë'' ([[Quenya|Q]]) The Hidden City The Hidden Realm ''[[#The Seven Names|See below]]''
| location=North of [[Beleriand]]; in [[Tumladen]], surrounded by the [[Echoriad]]
| capital=
| towns=
| regions=
| population=[[Gondolindrim]]
| language=[[Sindarin]], [[Quenya]]
| govern1=[[King of Gondolin]]
| govern2=
| govern3=
| currency=
| holiday=
| precededby=[[Nevrast]]
| event1=Founded
| event1date={{FA|53}}
| event2=Constructed
| event2date={{FA|116}}
| event3=[[Fall of Gondolin|Destroyed]]
| event3date={{FA|510}}
| followedby=
}}
{{quote|Rejoice that ye have found it and rest from endless war for the seven-naméd city 'tis that stands upon the hill, where all who strive with Morgoth find hope and valour still.|''[[The Lay of the Fall of Gondolin]]''}}

'''Gondolin''' was a city in [[Beleriand]] founded by [[Turgon]] which became the home of his people for most of the [[First Age]].

Some years after the [[Exile of the Noldor]], Turgon was guided by [[Ulmo]] to the hidden valley of [[Tumladen]], and there he founded Gondolin. Turgon's people, who had previously dwelt in [[Nevrast]], travelled there secretly, becoming the '''[[Gondolindrim]]'''. Also known as the '''Hidden City''', it was concealed from friend and foe alike by the [[Echoriad|Encircling Mountains]], and guarded against trespassers by the [[Eagles]] of [[Thorondor]].

The city remained hidden for nearly four hundred years, becoming the last Elven realm to endure against [[Morgoth]], before it was finally discovered through the treachery of [[Maeglin]] and besieged. Turgon was lost in the [[Fall of Gondolin|Fall]] of the city, but some few escaped the destruction and dwelt as [[Exiles of Gondolin|Exiles]] at the [[Mouths of Sirion]].

==History==
===Building===
[[File:Mysilvergreen - Turgon and Finrod on the bank of Sirion.jpg|left|thumb|''Turgon and Finrod on the bank of Sirion'' by [[:Category:Images by Mysilvergreen|Mysilvergreen]]]]

The round valley of [[Tumladen]], within the [[Encircling Mountains]], had originally been a lake, and in its centre stood a hill that had once been an island: [[Amon Gwareth]].<ref name=Noldor>{{S|15}}</ref> The valley had been emptied a long time before through the [[Dry River]], creating the only entrance to the valley: the secret path of [[Orfalch Echor]].<ref>{{UT|Tuor}}, pp. 44-46</ref>

In {{FA|50}},<ref>{{GA|74}}</ref> Turgon left [[Nevrast]] and travelled with his cousin [[Finrod]] southward through Beleriand. While they were resting in the [[Meres of Twilight]], [[Ulmo]] came to them and laid upon them a deep sleep and disturbing dreams. Neither told the other about his dreams, but both cousins began a search for hidden places in case [[Morgoth]] broke the [[Siege of Angband]]. Soon, Finrod found the place where he would build his realm: [[Nargothrond]]; but Turgon did not, so he came back to Nevrast. Three years later,<ref>{{GA|76}}</ref> the Lord of Waters appeared to Turgon upon the shores and commanded him to travel forth alone. Guided by the Vala, Turgon found the valley of Tumladen and decided to found his city upon Amon Gwareth, as a memorial to [[Tirion]] upon [[Túna]]. However, he came first back to Nevrast, where he planned the building of his city.<ref>{{S|13}}</ref>

After the [[Dagor Aglareb]], in {{FA|64}},<ref>{{GA|89}}</ref> Turgon felt unquiet again, and taking the most skilled of his people he went in secret to the hidden vale, and the first building of the city was begun. A watch was set around it, but the power of Ulmo also protected them. During the next fifty-two years, Turgon dwelt mostly in Nevrast, until the city was completed. Then he gave his city the name ''Ondolindë'' in [[Quenya]], the "Rock of the Music of Water", because of the fountains of [[Amon Gwareth]]. In [[Sindarin]] this was rendered ''Gondolin'', the "Hidden Rock".<ref name=Noldor>{{S|15}}</ref> In {{FA|116}},<ref>{{GA|112}}</ref> before leaving [[Vinyamar]], Ulmo appeared to Turgon once more and told him:
[[File:Marya Filatova - Turgon.jpg|thumb|''Turgon'' by [[Marya Filatova]]]]
{{blockquote|Now thou shalt go at last to Gondolin, Turgon; and I will maintain my power in the Vale of Sirion, and in all the waters therein, so that none shall mark thy going, nor shall any find there the hidden entrance against thy will. Longest of all the realms of the Eldalië shall Gondolin stand against Melkor. [...] Thus it may come to pass that the [[Doom of Mandos|curse of the Noldor]] shall find thee too ere the end, and treason awake within thy walls. Then they shall be in peril of fire. But if this peril draweth nigh indeed, then even from Nevrast one shall come to warn thee...}}

The people of Turgon were a third part of Fingolfin's followers and native Sindar of Nevrast, and they travelled from Nevrast and secretly entered the valley of Tumladen in discreet companies. After their arrival in the new city, the [[Gondolindrim]] continued to labour in its building, until it was said to rival even Tirion itself. Its walls stood high and white above the plain, and its most prominent feature was the great [[Tower of the King]], where, among the fountains, Turgon himself made [[Glingal and Belthil]], trees of gold and silver, in memory of the [[Two Trees of Valinor]].<ref name=Noldor>{{S|15}}</ref>

===Coming of Maeglin ===
[[File:Sara M. Morello - Half Noldor.jpg|thumb|''Half Noldo'' by [[:Category:Images by Sara M. Morello|Sara M. Morello]]]]
There followed the two centuries of the [[Long Peace]]: Morgoth was [[Siege of Angband|besieged]] in the far north of the world, and the people of Gondolin lived undisturbed by the events outside their valley. However, a seed of discontent appeared: in {{FA|316}},<ref>{{GA|118}}</ref> Turgon's sister [[Aredhel]] became tired of her limited life in the valley and was determined to leave the city, much against Turgon's wishes, and journey into [[Beleriand]]. However, she was lost outside and Gondolin fell into sorrow for many years.<ref name=Maeglin>{{S|Maeglin}}</ref>

More than eighty years later, in {{FA|400}},<ref>{{GA|120}}</ref> suddenly Aredhel returned with [[Maeglin]], her son by [[Eöl]] the [[Dark Elf]]. Maeglin was enamoured of the city and Turgon welcomed him. But Eöl had followed his wife and son to Gondolin and was captured at the entranceway. He was brought before Turgon, and it was explained to him that the law of Gondolin did not allow any visitor to leave. Eöl refused to submit to Turgon's authority and instead chose death for himself and his unwilling son. He threw a poisoned dart to slay Maeglin, but it instead struck Aredhel, who fell ill with the poison and died. The body of Eöl was thrown off the [[Caragdûr]] for this offense.

Maeglin, however, had taken no part in these evils, and Turgon accepted him into the city. With time Maeglin grew to be among the lords of the Gondolindrim. "Thus it was in Gondolin; and amid all the bliss of that realm, while its glory lasted, a dark seed of evil was sown".<ref name=Maeglin>{{S|Maeglin}}</ref>

=== Two great battles ===
[[File:Alan Lee - Húrin and Huor are Carried to Gondolin.jpg|thumb|''Húrin and Huor are Carried to Gondolin'' by [[Alan Lee]]]]
When Morgoth broke the [[Siege of Angband]] in the [[Dagor Bragollach]], the people of Gondolin did not take part in any of its conflicts. However, in {{FA|458}},<ref>{{GA|161}}</ref> they were drawn into the events of those years, when two young brothers of the race of [[Men]], [[Húrin]] and [[Huor]], were cut off from their army and became lost amid the feet of the [[Crissaegrim]]. Thorondor brought them to Turgon's city. At the bidding of Ulmo, Turgon accepted them, and they remained in Gondolin for almost a year. Although the law of Gondolin did not allow any visitor to leave, Turgon made an exception and allowed them to return to their homes. Both brothers kept the promise of not telling anyone where they had been, but other Men could deduce it, and soon a rumour was spread that reached Morgoth's servants.<ref name=Fingolfin>{{S|Fingolfin}}</ref>

Some years later, [[Beren]] and [[Lúthien]] were saved by the Eagles, and flying south, Lúthien could see far below, as a white light starting from a green jewel, the radiance of Gondolin the fair. But Lúthien wept because her beloved was mortally wounded.<ref>{{S|Beren}}</ref>

{{blockquote|But it is said in song that her tears falling from on high as she passed came like silver raindrops on the plain, and there a fountain sprang to life: the Fountain of Tinúviel, [[Eithel Nínui]], most healing water until it withered in the flame.<ref>{{LR|Quenta}}, p. 301</ref>}}

===Encirclement===
As the Elves of [[Beleriand]] began to prepare for a counterstrike to the Dagor Bragollach, Turgon secretly began his own preparations and sent some forces to the [[Nirnaeth Arnoediad]], where they were helped by the [[House of Hador]]. The only survivor thereof was Húrin, who was captured. Morgoth had great fear of Turgon, who was now [[High King of the Noldor]], and wished to destroy him more than any other enemy.<ref name=Nirnaeth>{{S|Nirnaeth}}</ref> Therefore, the Dark Lord tortured Húrin and offered him freedom, but he could not make him reveal the location of Gondolin.<ref>{{CH|3}}</ref>

[[File:Ted Nasmith - Tuor Reaches the Hidden City of Gondolin.jpg|left|thumb|''Tuor reaches the Hidden City of Gondolin'' by [[Ted Nasmith]]]]
After returning from the Nirnaeth, Maeglin built the [[Gate of Steel]], the last of the [[Seven Gates of Gondolin]].<ref>{{UT|Tuor}}, p. 49</ref>

In {{FA|495}},<ref>{{GA|299}}</ref> [[Ulmo]] appeared to [[Tuor]] and explained to him that the [[Curse of Mandos]] was coming to its fulfilment, but a chance still remained to avoid Doom upon Turgon and his people.<ref>{{UT|Tuor}}, p. 29</ref> Thus, Tuor was guided to the Hidden City by [[Voronwë]], one of the mariners sent by Turgon to the West, who had survived a shipwreck. [[Ulmo's warning]] was that Turgon must abandon the city and seek the sea. Turgon, because of his pride and his love for his city, decided to ignore this warning. Tuor, however, was welcomed in the city by all save Maeglin. In later years, Tuor and [[Idril]], the King's daughter, married and had a son: [[Eärendil]].<ref name=Fall>{{S|Gondolin}}</ref>

Despite rejecting the warning, Turgon felt unrest, remembering the Doom of Mandos and fearing treason. So he ordered the [[Seven Gates of Gondolin|Gates]] of the Mountains to be closed and he forbade anyone to leave the city, be it for peace or war.<ref name=Fall>{{S|Gondolin}}</ref>
[[File:Marya Filatova - Furry, feathered, hoofed - Thorondor.jpg|thumb|Thorondor and Turgon, art by [[Marya Filatova]]]]
The first great blow to the security of Gondolin came by accident. [[Húrin]], who had been held captive by Morgoth, was released to wander in the world. In {{FA|501}},<ref>{{WJ|Hurin}}, p. 254</ref> he came to the edge of the Encircling Mountains, hoping to find the secret way to Gondolin. But the [[Way of Escape]] was closed, the Dry River blocked and the doors buried. Thorondor himself informed Turgon of the presence of Húrin. The King saw it as a bad omen and, fearing what Morgoth might have done to Húrin, withheld rescue. On further consideration, Turgon changed his mind, but it was too late. Húrin, seeing nothing, cried out in a loud voice "''Turgon, Turgon, remember the [[Fen of Serech]]! O Turgon, will you not hear in your hidden halls?''". Thus Morgoth learned the general area in which Gondolin lay, for his spies were watching this. Húrin turned away, broken and bitter.<ref name=Doriath>{{S|Doriath}}</ref>

In {{FA|507}},<ref name=Years>{{WJ|Years}}, p. 351</ref> [[Doriath]] fell, and Gondolin became the last Elven realm enduring against the power of Morgoth. Thorondor informed Turgon of the falls of [[Nargothrond]] and Doriath, but Turgon did not act, and swore he would never fight on the side of the [[Sons of Fëanor]].<ref name=Fall>{{S|Gondolin}}</ref>

===Fall===
{{main|Fall of Gondolin}}
In the years following Húrin's revealing of Gondolin's region, Morgoth increased his search in the lands between the river [[Sirion]] and [[Anach]]. However, his spies and creatures could not do much due to the protection of the Eagles. Meanwhile, in Gondolin there was peace, and none knew that the kingdom was encircled by the Enemy save Idril, who felt dark [[Foresight|forebodings]] in her heart. She ordered the construction of an [[Idril's secret way|escape tunnel]] that led to the plain in the northern part of the city. Only a few were informed of this way, and she asked that Maeglin hear nothing about it.<ref name=Fall>{{S|Gondolin}}</ref>

In {{FA|509}},<ref name=Years>{{WJ|Years}}, p. 351</ref> Maeglin, disobeying Turgon's laws, strayed too far from the city while searching for ore. There he was captured by [[Orcs]] and taken to [[Angband]]. Daunted by tortures, Maeglin bought his life in exchange for betraying Gondolin, motivated also by his hatred for Tuor and the desire for Idril. Therefore he gave Morgoth the exact location of the city, and the ways by which it could be reached and attacked. Morgoth felt very pleased, and promised to give him the hand of Idril, and make him lord of Gondolin under his vassalage; this was considered the worst treason of the [[Elder Days]]. Maeglin was released to avoid suspicion and to make an inside attack when the moment came.<ref name=Fall>{{S|Gondolin}}</ref>

[[File:Ted Nasmith - Flight of the Doomed.jpg|thumb|''Flight of the Doomed'' by [[Ted Nasmith]]]]
The next year,<ref name=Years></ref> when Eärendil was seven years old, Morgoth was prepared and sent a massive army, composed of [[Balrogs]], [[Orcs]], [[Wolves]] and [[Dragons]]. They crossed the northern part of the [[Echoriath]], where the mountains were higher and therefore less guarded. In the city, the Gondolindrim were preparing for the [[Gates of Summer]], a festival in which they welcomed the sunrise. But instead of seeing the light from the east, a red light appeared in the north. Nothing stopped the enemy until it reached the walls of the city, and the siege began.

There was a great siege, during which the captains of the [[Twelve houses of the Gondothlim|noble houses]] and their warriors fell. The [[Tower of the King]] was defended, but it fell with great ruin and King Turgon died there. Meanwhile, attacking from the inside, Maeglin captured Idril and Eärendil, taking them to the walls. Tuor arrived in time to save them both, and after fighting Maeglin, threw him from the walls down into the flames.

Gathering as many of the people as they could find, Tuor and Idril escaped down their tunnel and led the [[Exiles of Gondolin]] at the [[Mouths of Sirion]], where they mourned the loss of the White City.<ref name=Fall/>

==Legacy==
[[File:Anke Eißmann - Elrond.jpg|thumb|''Elrond'' by [[Anke Eißmann]]]]
Ages later, some legendary weapons of Gondolin were found by [[Thorin and Company]] in a [[Trolls' cave]]. [[Elrond]] recognized them and explained that they ended up there after being plundered by dragons or goblins.<ref>{{H|3}}</ref> Even in the [[Third Age]], some [[orcs of the Misty Mountains]] knew of the legendary sword of Turgon, remembering how the Elves of Gondolin killed hundreds of goblins before their walls.<ref name="overhill">{{H|4}}</ref>

The realm would be mentioned by [[Elrond]] during his [[Council of Elrond|Council]],<ref>{{FR|II2}}, p. 243, "...Eärendil was my sire, who was born in Gondolin before its fall..."</ref> and remembered by [[Galadriel]],<ref>{{FR|II7}}, p. 357, "...for ere the fall of Nargothrond or Gondolin I passed over the mountains..."</ref> and also sung in Dwarven lore.<ref>{{FR|II4}}, p. 316, "[[Song of Durin]]"</ref>

==Etymology==
''Gondolin'' means "Hidden Rock" in [[Sindarin]], from ''[[gond]]'' ("rock") + ''dolen'' ("hidden").<ref>{{S|Appendix}}, entry ''[[gond]]''</ref> It was a name that evolved from the original [[Quenya]] ''Ondolindë''.<ref name=Noldor>{{S|15}}</ref> However, [[Tolkien]] speculated that ''Gondolin'' was actually a hybrid between [[North Sindarin]] and Quenya.<ref name=Ondolin>{{PE|Eldarin}}, p. 29</ref>

The name remained the same since early versions of the [[legendarium]], but its meaning has evolved with the [[Elvish]] languages. In the first [[Gnomish]] concept, ''Gondolin'' meant "Stone of Song", from ''gonn'' ("great stone, rock") + ''dólin'' ("song").<ref>{{LT1|Appendix}}, entry ''Gondolin''</ref> In the [[Noldorin]] phase, it meant "Heart of Hidden Rock", from ''gonn'' ("rock") + ''doll'' ("dark, hidden, secret") + ''ind'' ("inner thought, heart").<ref name=Etymologies>{{LR|Etymologies}}, entries "GOND", "DUL"</ref>

==Other names==
{{seealso|#The Seven Names}}
'''''Ondolindë''''' is Quenya for "Rock of the Music of Water",<ref>{{WJ|Turgon}}, p. 201</ref> literally "Singing Stone" or "Stone of Music". A short form was '''''Ondolin'''''.<ref name=Ondolin>{{PE|Eldarin}}, p. 29</ref> Tolkien speculated that the proper [[Sindarized]] form for ''Ondolin(dë)'' would be '''''Gon'''''('''''g''''')'''''lin''''',<ref name=Eldarin>{{PE|Eldarin}} p. 133</ref> with the archaic variation '''''Goen'''('''g''')'''lin'''''.<ref name=Ondolin></ref>

Other earlier names in [[Noldorin]] were '''''Gondost''''' ("City of Stone"), '''''Gondobar''''' ("Stone of the World") and '''''Gondothrimbar'''''.<ref name=Etymologies></ref>

In [[Eriol]]'s [[Old English]] translations, Gondolin is referred as ''Stangaldor(burg)'' ("stone-enchantment-city"), ''Folgenburg'' ("hidden city"), ''Galdorfaesten'' ("enchantment-fortress").<ref>{{SM|QA1}}, p. 210</ref>

==Other versions of the legendarium==
===The Book of Lost Tales===
====History====
The first tale of the [[legendarium]] written by [[Tolkien]] was "[[The Fall of Gondolin (chapter)|The Fall of Gondolin]]" in ''[[The Book of Lost Tales]]''. No other version would tell with such detail the description of Gondolin, its lords and its fall, and the history differs much from the one presented above, especially in the foundation and aftermath.
[[File:John Howe - Morgoth's Force before Gondolin.jpg|thumb|''Morgoth's force before Gondolin'' by [[John Howe]]]]
Before [[Turgon]] was born, the prophet [[Amnon]] prophesied the [[fall of Gondolin]] and the fate of Turgon.<ref>{{LT1|VII}}, pp. 167, 172</ref> Turgon was born soon after the [[Exile of the Noldor|Flight of the Noldoli]] and later he participated in the [[Battle of Unnumbered Tears]]. He could run out of the battle and save the women and children of the camps. Then he fled south along Sirion, and aided by its magic waters, he escaped into a secret place away from [[Melko]]. There the [[Noldoli]] built the secret city of Gondolin and Turgon became their king.<ref>{{LT1|X}}, pp. 238-42</ref> The people of Gondolin became known as '''[[Gondothlim]]''', the dwellers in stone.<ref name=Tale>{{LT2|III}}</ref>{{rp|155}} They worked for many years building Gondolin, and there was made a secret entry among the mountains, the [[Way of Escape]], that was kept open and guarded for the Noldoli escaping from enthrallment by Melko. When the city was finished, the folk became busy making weapons, armour and arrows in case they were attacked. All the encircling mountains had a constant guard, but this was not necessary, as the plain of [[Tumladin]] was smooth and everything could be seen from [[Amon Gwareth]].<ref name=Tale/>{{rp|163}}

While Melko expanded his armies through the [[Great Lands]], the [[Noldoli]] only could find refuge in the realms of [[Artanor]] and Gondolin.<ref>{{LT2|II}}, p. 77</ref> But when Beren and Tinúviel faded away after the first fall of Artanor, Gondolin became the last glorious kingdom and many Elves sought for it.<ref>{{LT2|IV}}, p. 241</ref>

Eventually, by order of Ulmo, [[Tuor]] wandered looking for the City of Stone, and this was known to Melko, who increased his watchfulness. Tuor was helped by the [[Gnome]] [[Voronwë]], who found the secret entry, covered with enchantments that hid it from anyone without Gnomish blood.<ref name=Tale/>{{rp|156-7}} Once in Gondolin, Tuor was led to King Turgon and gave him [[Ulmo's warning]]: that the Gondothlim had to march to war against Melko or leave the city and dwell beside the sea. Turgon refused both, but invited Tuor to live in his city, and Tuor accepted, as it was a fair place.<ref name=Tale/>{{rp|161-2}}
[[File:Catherine Chmiel - Maeglin was taken prisoner by orcs.jpg|thumb|''Maeglin was taken prisoner by orcs'' by [[Catherine Karina Chmiel]]]]
Now Melko, wondering about the Man that had wandered alone, summoned a vast army of dark spies and sent them to look after the Noldoli that escaped years ago. They found the Way of Escape and could see the city in the distance, but the guard was strong and never approached there. Turgon was informed of this and felt unrest, so the guard was increased and preparations for war were made.<ref name=Tale/>{{rp|165-7}}

In those days, [[Meglin]], Turgon's nephew, was captured by Orcs while straying in the mountains alone. Before they knew that he was one of the Gondothlim, he offered knowledge about Gondolin in exchange for his life. Thus he was brought to Melko, and both devised a plan to conquer the city. Meglin gave Melko the description of Gondolin and the idea of building [[Iron Dragons]] that could cross the Encircling Mountains and the city walls. Then Meglin returned and Melko began building his war devices and gathering evil armies during seven years. Noticing that Melko's spies withdrew, the Gondothlim felt fearless and thought that Melko had desisted after seeing Gondolin's might. But Idril's concern increased and she warned some Gondothlim, but they laughed, believing that the city would stand forever like [[Taniquetil]].<ref name=Tale/>{{rp|168-71}}

For the feast of [[Tarnin Austa]], the Gates of Summer, the Gondothlim gathered in silence the night before and waited for the dawn. However, when that night came, a new red light was seen in the northern mountains and explorers came saying that Melko's armies were coming. All the [[twelve houses of the Gondothlim]] prepared for battle, and Turgon held a council with their lords. There Tuor asked to leave the city before the enemy came, so they could take women and children to a safe place, but Meglin reminded the king of how much wealth and work they had put into the city, and Turgon decided to face the siege.<ref name=Tale/>{{rp|172-5}}
[[File:Matěj Čadil - Gondolin in Ruins.jpg|thumb|''Gondolin in ruins'' by [[Matěj Čadil]]]]
:''For a detailed description of the [[Fall of Gondolin|siege]] see [[The Fall of Gondolin (chapter)#The battle of Gondolin]].''

As prophesied, Gondolin and its king fell in ruin, but a group of [[Exiles of Gondolin|exiles]] escaped and took refuge in the [[Mouth of Sirion|mouth of Sirion]]. The fall of Gondolin would be esteemed as the worst deed of Melko and the most dread of sack upon Earth.<ref name=Tale></ref>{{rp|196}} The Lost Tale of Eärendel is only given in dispersed notes, so of the aftermath there are different versions which can be summarized as follows: After the fall, the doves and pigeons of Turgon's courtyard travelled to [[Valinor]] and told the Gods and Elves about the fate of Gondolin. This would cause an uproar among the Eldar, who marched to the Great Lands in a [[War of Wrath|war]] against Melko. Unaware of this, [[Eärendel]] came during his travels back to Gondolin with [[Galdor (elf of Gondolin)|Galdor]]. In the ruins of the city they found Men camping there miserably and Gnomes searching for lost gems.<ref>{{LT2|V}}, pp. 253, 255, 257-8, 263</ref>

====Description====
[[File:LorenzoCB - Gondolin Map.png|thumb|250px|A map of Gondolin based on [[Karen Wynn Fonstad]]'s ''[[The Atlas of Middle-earth]]'']]

The hills of [[Tumladin]] formed a great circle around the plain, and [[Amon Gwareth]], the Hill of Watch, was set therein, not directly in the middle, but nearer to the [[Way of Escape]]. Upon the hill rose the city of Gondolin, with its towers pricking the sky. The plain was so clear that anyone could walk there with no need of a guide. The many pathways from the mountains to the city took a daylight's march to traverse, and they were fair and levelled, crossing the sward covered here and there with smooth boulders or clean pools. Amon Gwareth could only be climbed by winding stairs, which led to the main gate. This gate was westwards and was of great weight and strength, made of iron, although it seemed golden in the light of the sunset.<ref name=Tale/>{{rp|158-60}} There was another entry gate in the north,<ref name=Tale/>{{rp|176}} but it is not said if there were more.

{{blockquote|Now the streets of Gondolin were paved with stone and wide, kerbed with marble, and fair houses and courts amid gardens of bright flowers were set about the ways, and many towers of great slenderness and beauty built of white marble and carved most marvellously rose to the heaven. Squares there were lit with fountains and the home of birds that sang amid the branches of their aged trees, but of all these the greatest was that place where stood the king's palace, and the [[Tower of the King|tower]] thereof was the loftiest in the city, and the fountains that played before the doors shot twenty fathoms and seven in the air and fell in a singing rain of crystal: therein did the sun glitter splendidly by day, and the moon most magically shimmered by night. The birds that dwelt there were of the whiteness of snow and their voices sweeter than a lullaby of music.<ref name=Tale/>{{rp|160}}}}

White stairs led to the doors of the palace, and on each side of these were the two trees called [[Glingal and Belthil|Glingol and Bansil]], one golden, the other silver. Neither ever faded, for they were shoots of the [[Two Trees of Valinor|Trees of Valinor]] before their destruction.<ref name=Tale/>{{rp|160-1}}

The northwest entry to the [[Square of the Palace]] was the [[Road of Arches]], which led to the [[Place of the Well]]. This could also be accessed by the [[Arch of Inwë]] in the west, and it was a place with many trees, oaks and poplars, that encircled a great well of vast depth with very pure water.<ref name=Tale/>{{rp|181-2}} Another entry to the Square of the Palace was the [[Alley of Roses]], which was a fair place to see and to walk in.<ref name=Tale/>{{rp|183}}

From the Square of the Palace, the [[Road of Pomps]] went southwards, leading to [[Gar Ainion]], the Place of the Gods, where weddings were celebrated in its Place of Wedding. It was very open and in its middle was the highest ground of the city, so from there the Place of the King could be seen below. Another street to the southern part of the city was the [[Way of Running Waters]], which led to the [[Fountains of the South]].<ref name=Tale/>{{rp|186}} Past these was the house of Tuor upon the southern walls, where flowed free air and the dawn light shone.<ref name=Tale/>{{rp|164}} The [[folk of the Fountain]] also dwelt in the southern part,<ref name=Tale/>{{rp|173}} as well as [[Salgant]], near the [[Lesser Market]]. East of the city was the [[Great Market]], full of stores and fair workmanships.<ref name=Tale/>{{rp|182}}

{{blockquote|Glory dwelt in that city of Gondolin of the Seven Names, and its ruin was the most dread of all the sacks of cities upon the face of Earth. Nor [[:Wikipedia:Babylon|Bablon]], nor [[:Wikipedia:Nineveh|Ninwi]], nor the towers of [[:Wikipedia:Troy|Trui]], nor all the many takings of [[:Wikipedia:Rome|Rûm]] that is greatest among Men, saw such terror as fell that day upon Amon Gwareth in the kindred of the Gnomes; and this is esteemed the worst work that Melko has yet thought of in the world.<ref name=Tale/>{{rp|196}}}}

====The Seven Names====
In later versions of the legendarium, Gondolin is still known as the ''City of Seven Names'',<ref>{{UT|Tuor}}, "Notes", note 31</ref> but only in the ''Lost Tales'' phase are these names given. "City of Seven Names" was ''Ostrin An Ost'' in [[Gnomish]], and ''Tirios Otsoyáma'' in [[Qenya]].<ref name=Names>{{PE|13}}, p. 102</ref> When Tuor sees the city for the first time, he asks about these names and a guard recites to him:

{{blockquote|Tis said and 'tis sung: ''''Gondobar''' am I called and '''Gondothlimbar''', City of Stone and City of the Dwellers in Stone; '''Gondolin''' the Stone of Song and '''Gwarestrin''' am I named, the Tower of Guard, '''Gar Thurion''' or the Secret Place, for I am hidden from the eyes of Melko; but they who love me most greatly call me '''Loth''', for like a flower am I, even '''Lothengriol''' the flower that blooms on the plain.'<ref name=Tale>{{LT2|III}}</ref>{{rp|158}}}}

The [[Qenya]] cognate for ''Gondolin'' was '''''Ondolinda'''''.<ref>{{LT1|Appendix}}, entry "Gondolin"</ref> The cognates for the other names were:<ref name=Names></ref>
* ''Gondobar'' ("Stone House"): '''''Ondomard-''''' or '''''Ondosta'''''.
* ''Gondothlimbar'' ("House of the Stone Folk"): '''''Ondostamard-'''''.
* ''Gwarestrin'' ("Tower of Guard"): '''''Tiri(o)stirion''''' or '''''Vara-, Vorastirin'''''.
* ''Gar Thurion'' ("Secret Place"): '''''Ardalomba''''' or '''''Ardaurin'''''.
* ''Loth'' ("Flower"): '''''Lossë''''' ("Rose").
* ''Lothengriol''<ref group=note>Earlier forms of the name ''Lothengriol'' were ''Losengriol'' and ''Lósengriol''. Cf. ''The Book of Lost Tales Part One'', p. 172; and ''The Book of Lost Tales Part Two'', p. 202</ref> ("Flower of the Vale" or "Lily of the Valley"): '''''Endillos'''''

===Later versions===
[[Tolkien]] never fully developed the story of Gondolin in later versions of the legendarium, so while editing ''[[The Silmarillion]]'', [[Christopher Tolkien]] had to make choices about certain details, the main one being the discovery of Gondolin. As detailed [[#The Book of Lost Tales|above]], in ''The Book of Lost Tales'' it is told that Melko discovered Gondolin after hearing of a man (Tuor) wandering near Sirion and sending an army of spies which saw the hidden city in the distance. When Meglin is captured, he betrays the city by attacking from the inside during the siege and by giving Melko the idea of building the [[Iron Dragons]]. In the next phase of the story, the ''[[Quenta Noldorinwa]]'', it is Meglin who gives Morgoth the location of Gondolin when he is captured.<ref>{{SM|Q16}}, p. 143</ref>

However, in Tolkien's last revision, it is Húrin who accidentally gives the location of Gondolin to Morgoth, when he called to Turgon in the [[Echoriad]]. Here it is said that "Morgoth smiled, and knew now clearly in what region Turgon dwelt".<ref>{{WJ|I}}, pp. 272-273</ref> Tolkien then recovered the idea of Maeglin's betrayal as it was in the first version, as said in some notes:

{{blockquote|Later when captured and Maeglin wished to buy his release with treachery, Morgoth must answer laughing, saying: Stale news will buy nothing. I know this already, I am not easily blinded! So Maeglin was obliged to offer more – to undermine resistance in Gondolin [...] and to compass the death of Tuor and Eärendel if he could. If he did he would be allowed to retain Idril (said Morgoth).<ref name=Notes>{{WJ|I}}, "Notes", p. 302, note 30</ref>}}

For his edition of ''The Silmarillion'', Christopher used both texts of the ''Quenta Noldorinwa'' and the ''[[Wanderings of Húrin]]''. He, therefore, had to edit the first one so Maeglin would give Morgoth "the ''very'' place of Gondolin.<ref name=Notes/>

==Inspiration==
[[File:Pompeo Batoni - Aeneas fleeing from Troy.jpg|thumb|''Aeneas fleeing from Troy'' by [[:Wikipedia:Pompeo Batoni|Pompeo Batoni]] (1753)]]
There are notable similarities between Gondolin and [[:Wikipedia:Troy|Troy]], especially between the more detailed early Lost Tale and the account of the [[:Wikipedia:Trojan War|Fall of Troy]] as told by Virgil in his ''[[:Wikipedia:Aeneid|Aeneid]]''. Both cities have their origins in the God of the Sea, as the [[:Wikipedia:Poseidon#Walls_of_Troy|walls of Troy]] were built by Poseidon/Neptune. Both also are doomed because of treachery (one internal, the other external) and while their citizens celebrated a feast. Both Aeneas and Tuor are destined to survive the destruction, managing to kill all enemies while wandering through the battle and seeing the death of their respective kings. Both also secretly lead survivors to escape the city, accompanied by their relatives (while Aeneas carries his father, Tuor carries his son).<ref>Alexander M. Bruce, "[http://dc.swosu.edu/mythlore/vol30/iss3/7/ The Fall of Gondolin and the Fall of Troy: Tolkien and Book II of The Aeneid]", ''[[Mythlore 117/118]]'', pp. 106-109</ref>

== See also ==
* [[:Category:Images of Gondolin|Images of Gondolin]]
* [[Nargothrond]], the parallel Hidden Kingdom of [[Finrod]]

{{References|note}}

{{gondolin}}

[[Category:Cities, towns and villages]]
[[Category:Elven realms]]
[[Category:Gnomish locations]]
[[Category:Gondolin| ]]
[[Category:Noldorin locations]]
[[Category:Sindarin locations]]

[[de:Gondolin]]
[[fi:Gondolin]]
[[fr:encyclo/geographie/villes_tours_et_forteresses/beleriand/gondolin]]

Free League Publishing

2023-06-04T19:42:58Z

Tarkil:

'''Free League Publishing''' is a Swedish-based publisher and game creator company, founded in [[2011]].
Since 2015, the company has published role-playing games from a list of licensed and home-grown properties. On February 11, 2021, the company launched a Kickstarter campaign for the publishing of a second edition of [[The One Ring (role-playing game)|''The One Ring'']], of which was later delivered to supporters at the beginning of October of the same year.<ref name=TOR2posts>[https://www.kickstarter.com/projects/1192053011/the-one-ring-roleplaying-game-second-edition/posts Kickstarter Updates]</ref> The game was subsequently released for retail purchase, on the [[22_March|22nd of March]] [[2022]].<ref name=TOR2R1>[https://www.kickstarter.com/projects/1192053011/the-one-ring-roleplaying-game-second-edition/posts/3460049 Kickstarter Update: Retail Release]</ref><ref name=TOR2R2>[https://us3.campaign-archive.com/?u=2dcfb24fb7c8d0fb9c2f52040&id=2354eca464 "The One Ring™ RPG Out Now!"]</ref>
On the [[29 May|29th of May]] [[2023]], Free League released [[The Lord of the Rings™ Roleplaying]] game.<ref name=LOTR5E>[https://us3.campaign-archive.com/?u=2dcfb24fb7c8d0fb9c2f52040&id=bec69bcc9e The Lord of the Rings™ Roleplaying Out]</ref>

==External links==
[http://freeleaguepublishing.com/en/ '''Official Website''']

{{references}}

[[Category:Businesses]]
[[Category:Swedish_businesses]]

Argon

2023-05-19T23:46:31Z

Tarkil:

__NOTOC__
{{noldor infobox
| name=Argon
| image=[[File:Marya Filatova - Arakano.jpeg|250px]]
| caption="Arakáno" by [[Marya Filatova]]
| pronun=
| othernames=''Arakáno'' ([[Quenya|Q]])
| titles=
| position=
| location=
| affiliation=
| language=[[Quenya]]
| birth=Between {{YT|1362}} and {{YT|1495|n}}
| birthlocation=
| rule=
| death={{FA|1}}
| deathlocation=[[Battle of the Lammoth]]
| age=
| notablefor=
| house=[[House of Fingolfin]]
| parentage=[[Fingolfin]] and [[Anairë]]
| siblings=[[Fingon]], [[Turgon]], and [[Aredhel]]
| spouse=Never married<ref name="Family">{{PM|XI4}}, pp. 345: "''Findekáno had no wife or child; neither had Arakáno.''"</ref>
| children=None<ref name="Family"/>
| gender=Male
| height=Tallest of the brothers<ref name="Shibboleth">{{PM|XI4}}, p. 345</ref>, save Turgon<ref name=Tuor>{{UT|Tuor}}, "Notes", p. 56, note 31</ref>
| hair=
| eyes=
| clothing=
| weapons=
| steed=
}}
'''Argon''' was the fourth and last child and the youngest son of [[Fingolfin]], who was the second son of [[Finwë]], [[King of the Noldor]].

== History ==
The mother of Argon was [[Anairë]] who was of the Noldor as well, and his elder brothers were [[Fingon]] and [[Turgon]]. Argon and his elder brothers also had only one sister, ''[[Aredhel]]'' (only daughter of Fingolfin and Anairë) who was elder to Argon.

His [[Quenya]] name was '''''Arakáno''''' ("High Commander"), named so partially for his impetuous character. Argon set foot on [[Middle-earth]] with his father and siblings, but he was killed during the [[Battle of the Lammoth]]. Argon distinguished himself during the fighting by hewing a path through his foes and slaying the captain of the [[Orcs]].<ref name="Shibboleth"/><ref name="Note">{{PM|XINotes}}, p. 362 (Note 38)</ref>

== Etymology ==
''Argon'' is the [[Sindarin]] form of '''''Arakáno''''', although he never used it. It was devised posthumously for him in the records. It is recorded that this later became a popular name of Argon which was used by the [[Eldar]].<ref name="Shibboleth"/>

== Genealogy ==
<div style="overflow-x: scroll; overflow-y: hidden; border: 1px solid #AAAAAA; padding: 3px; background: #EEEEEE;">
{{familytree/start}}
{{familytree| MIR |y| FIN |y| IND | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |FIN=[[Finwë]]''d. {{YT|1495}}''|IND=[[Indis]]''b. {{YT}}''|MIR=[[Míriel]]''d. {{YT|1170}}''}}
{{familytree| | | |!| | | |)|-|-|-|v|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|v|-|-|-|.| | | |}}
{{familytree| | | FEA | | FDS | | FNG |y| ANA | | IRM | | FIR | | |FEA=[[Fëanor]]''{{YT|1169}} - {{YT|1497|n}}''|FDS=[[Findis]]''b. {{YT}}''|FNG=[[Fingolfin]]''{{YT|1190}} - {{FA|456}}''|ANA=[[Anairë]]''b. {{YT}}''|IRM=[[Írimë]]''b. {{YT}}''|FIR=[[Finarfin]]''b. {{YT|1230}}''}}
{{familytree| |,|-|-|-|v|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|+|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|.| |}}
{{familytree| FIN | | TUR |y| ELE | | ARE |y| EOL | | ARG|FIN=[[Fingon]]''{{YT|1260}} - {{FA|472}}''|ARE=[[Aredhel]]''{{YT|1362}} - {{FA|400}}''|TUR=[[Turgon]]''{{YT|1300}} - {{FA|510}}''|ELE=[[Elenwë]]''d. {{YT|1500}}''|EOL=[[Eöl]]''d. {{FA|400}}''|ARG='''ARGON'''''d. {{FA|1}}''}}
{{familytree| | | | | | | |!| | | | | | | |!| | | | | | | |}}
{{familytree| | | TUO |y| IDR | | | | | | MAE | | | | | ||MAE=[[Maeglin]]''{{FA|320}} - {{FA|510|n}}''|IDR=[[Idril]]''b. {{YT}}''|TUO=[[Tuor]]''b. {{FA|472}}''}}
{{familytree| | | | | |!| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |}}
{{familytree| | | | | EAR | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | ||EAR=[[Eärendil]]''b. {{FA|503}}''}}
{{familytree/end}}
</div>

== Other versions of the legendarium ==
Argon does not appear in the published ''[[The Silmarillion|Silmarillion]]'' at all, as he only came to light in very late writings by [[J.R.R. Tolkien|Tolkien]]. His character was developed as Tolkien devised the genealogies. At first he fell in the fighting at [[Alqualondë]] and then he perished while crossing the [[Helkaraxë]] before his death was set in the [[Battle of the Lammoth]].<ref name="Note"/>

{{references}}
[[Category:Noldor]]
[[Category:House of Fingolfin]]
[[Category:Sindarin names]]
[[Category:First Age characters]]

[[de:Argon]]
[[fi:Argon]]

Timeline/First Age

2023-05-09T21:15:06Z

Tarkil: /* The First Age */

== The First Age ==

{| rules="all" style="border:1px solid darkgrey; border-collapse:collapse" cellpadding="3" cellspacing="0" width="100%"
| colspan="3" style="background:gray; color:white; text-align:center" | '''The First Age'''
|-
| style="background:lightgrey; text-align:center" | '''[[First Age|F.A.]]'''
| style="background:lightgrey; text-align:center" | '''Event'''
|-
| style="text-align: right;" | {{FA|1|n}} || '''The [[Moon]] first rises, followed by the [[Sun]].''' '''[[Awakening of Men]] in [[Hildórien]].''' Despite heavy losses, [[Fingolfin]] and his followers cross the [[Helcaraxë]] into [[Dor Daedeloth]], and reach the gates of [[Angband]]. Fingolfin and his host fight the [[Battle of the Lammoth]] and [[Argon]] is slain by [[Orcs]]. 
|-
| style="text-align: right;" | {{FA|2|n}} || The host of [[Fingolfin]] camps beside [[Lake Mithrim]], across from the [[House of Fëanor]]. [[Morgoth]] releases poisonous vapors from [[Angband]], which darken the sky. 
|-
| style="text-align: right;" | {{FA|5|n}} || [[Fingon]] rescues [[Maedhros]] from [[Thangorodrim]]. 
|-
| style="text-align: right;" | {{FA|6|n}} || [[Thingol]] grants permission for the [[House of Finarfin]] to enter [[Doriath]], and for the [[Noldor]] to occupy the [[Northlands]]. 
|-
| style="text-align: right;" | {{FA|7|n}} || The [[Noldor]] hold a council. [[Maedhros]] relinquishes his claim to the throne. The [[Sons of Fëanor]] relocate to [[East Beleriand]]. [[Fingolfin]] becomes [[High King of the Noldor]] in [[Beleriand]]. 
|-
| style="text-align: right;" | {{FA|20|n}} || The [[Mereth Aderthad|Feast of Mereth Aderthad]]. [[Mablung|Mablung of the heavy hand]] and [[Daeron]] are sent from [[Doriath]] to attend. 
|-
| style="text-align: right;" | {{FA|50|n}} || [[Ulmo]] grants visions of hidden places to [[Finrod]] and [[Turgon]]. 
|-
| style="text-align: right;" | {{FA|52|n}} || [[Finrod]] discovers the [[Nulukkizdîn‎]] and they begin to construct [[Nargothrond]]. 
|-
| style="text-align: right;" | {{FA|53|n}} || [[Turgon]] discovers the hidden valley of [[Tumladen]]. 
|-
| style="text-align: right;" | {{FA|60|n}} || '''The [[Dagor Aglareb]] ("The Glorious Battle") is fought and the [[Siege of Angband]] begins.''' [[Finrod]] constructs [[Minas Tirith (Beleriand)|Minas Tirith]]. 
|-
| style="text-align: right;" | {{FA|64|n}} || [[Turgon]] relocates his people from [[Nevrast]] to [[Tumladen]]. They begin to construct the city of [[Gondolin]]. 
|-
| style="text-align: right;" | {{FA|65|n}} || The harbors of [[Brithombar]] and [[Eglarest]] constructed. 
|-
| style="text-align: right;" | {{FA|66|n}} || [[Thingol]] learns of the [[Silmarils]] from [[Galadriel]]. 
|-
| style="text-align: right;" | {{FA|67|n}} || [[Thingol]] learns of the [[Kinslaying at Alqualondë]]. [[Finarfin|Finarfin's]] children are temporarily expelled from [[Doriath]]. Thingol forbids [[Quenya]] to be spoken in [[Beleriand]]. 
|-
| style="text-align: right;" | {{FA|102|n}} || [[Nargothrond]] completed. 
|-
| style="text-align: right;" | {{FA|116|n}} || [[Gondolin]] completed. 
|-
| style="text-align: right;" | {{FA|150|n}} || [[Caranthir]] meets with the [[Dwarves of the Blue Mountains]]. 
|-
| style="text-align: right;" | {{FA|155|n}} || The first [[Assaults on Hithlum|Assault on Hithlum]]; [[Orcs]] attack from [[Lammoth]] but are defeated by [[Fingon]]. [[Morgoth]] realises that Orcs unaided are no match for the [[Noldor]] forces. 
|-
| style="text-align: right;" | {{FA|260|n}} || [[Glaurung]] is defeated in [[Ard-galen]]. The [[Long Peace]] begins. 
|-
| style="text-align: right;" | {{FA|262|n}} || Birth of [[Bëor]]. 
|-
| style="text-align: right;" | {{FA|282|n}} || Birth of [[Marach]]. 
|-
| style="text-align: right;" | {{FA|289|n}} || Birth of [[Baran]]. 
|-
| style="text-align: right;" | {{FA|292|n}} || Birth of [[Belen]]. 
|-
| style="text-align: right;" | {{FA|307|n}} || Birth of [[Malach]]. 
|-
| style="text-align: right;" | {{FA|310|n}} || '''[[Men]] of the [[House of Bëor]] enter [[Beleriand]] and are discovered by [[Finrod]].''' Birth of [[Imlach]]. 
|-
| style="text-align: right;" | {{FA|311|n}} || [[Finrod]] returns to [[Nargothrond]] with [[Bëor]]. [[Baran]] leads the [[House of Bëor]]. 
|-
| style="text-align: right;" | {{FA|312|n}} || The [[Haladin]] and the [[Drúedain]] enter [[Beleriand]]. 
|-
| style="text-align: right;" | {{FA|313|n}} || [[Marach]] enters [[Beleriand]]. 
|-
| style="text-align: right;" | {{FA|315|n}} || Births of [[Haldad]] and [[Boron]]. 
|-
| style="text-align: right;" | {{FA|316|n}} || Birth of [[Beldir]]. [[Aredhel]] leaves [[Gondolin]] and weds [[Eöl]]. 
|-
| style="text-align: right;" | {{FA|317|n}} || Birth of [[Baranor (son of Baran)|Baranor]]. 
|-
| style="text-align: right;" | {{FA|320|n}} || Birth of [[Maeglin]]. 
|-
| style="text-align: right;" | {{FA|322|n}} || [[Malach]] settles in [[Hithlum]]. 
|-
| style="text-align: right;" | {{FA|336|n}} || [[Malach]] leaves [[Hithlum]]. 
|-
| style="text-align: right;" | {{FA|337|n}} || Birth of [[Amlach]]. [[Malach]] weds [[Zimrahin]]. 
|-
| style="text-align: right;" | {{FA|338|n}} || Birth of [[Boromir (Lord of Ladros)|Boromir]]. 
|-
| style="text-align: right;" | {{FA|339|n}} || Births of [[Adanel]] and [[Belemir]]. 
|-
| style="text-align: right;" | {{FA|340|n}} || Births of [[Bereg]] and [[Belegor]]. 
|-
| style="text-align: right;" | {{FA|341|n}} || Births of [[Magor]], [[Haleth]], and [[Haldar]]. 
|-
| style="text-align: right;" | {{FA|355|n}} || Death of [[Bëor]]. 
|-
| style="text-align: right;" | {{FA|359|n}} || Birth of [[Bregor]]. 
|-
| style="text-align: right;" | {{FA|361|n}} || Birth of [[Andreth]]. 
|-
| style="text-align: right;" | {{FA|365|n}} || Births of [[Hathol]] and [[Beril]]. 
|-
| style="text-align: right;" | {{FA|366|n}} || Birth of [[Haldan]]. 
|-
| style="text-align: right;" | {{FA|369|n}} || [[Bereg]] leads a thousand people southwards. 
|-
| style="text-align: right;" | {{FA|374|n}} || Birth of [[Beren (son of Belemir)|Beren]]. 
|-
| style="text-align: right;" | {{FA|375|n}} || The [[Battle of the Gelion-Ascar Stockade]]. Deaths of [[Haldad]] and [[Haldar]]. 
|-
| style="text-align: right;" | {{FA|376|n}} || Death of [[Marach]]. 
|-
| style="text-align: right;" | {{FA|380|n}} || Death of [[Baran]]. 
|-
| style="text-align: right;" | {{FA|386|n}} || Birth of [[Bregil]]. 
|-
| style="text-align: right;" | {{FA|389|n}} || Birth of [[Hirwen]]. 
|-
| style="text-align: right;" | {{FA|390|n}} || Births of [[Hador]] and [[Halmir]]. 
|-
| style="text-align: right;" | {{FA|393|n}} || Birth of [[Bregolas]]. 
|-
| style="text-align: right;" | {{FA|397|n}} || Birth of [[Gilwen]]. 
|-
| style="text-align: right;" | {{FA|398|n}} || Death of [[Malach]]. 
|-
| style="text-align: right;" | {{FA|400|n}} || [[Aredhel]] and [[Maeglin]] return to [[Gondolin]] and are secretly followed by [[Eöl]]. Aredhel is killed and Eöl is then executed. Maeglin remains in Gondolin. Birth of [[Barahir]]. 
|-
| style="text-align: right;" | {{FA|402|n}} || Battle of the [[Pass of Aglon|Aglon]] Pass. 
|-
| style="text-align: right;" | {{FA|405|n}} || [[Hador]] enters the service of [[Fingolfin]]. 
|-
| style="text-align: right;" | {{FA|406|n}} || Birth of [[Emeldir]]. 
|-
| style="text-align: right;" | {{FA|408|n}} || Death of [[Boron]]. 
|-
| style="text-align: right;" | {{FA|409|n}} || Birth of [[Brandir (son of Arachon)|Brandir]]. Conversation of [[Finrod]] and [[Andreth]]. 
|-
| style="text-align: right;" | {{FA|410|n}} || [[Ladros]] is given to the [[House of Bëor]]. 
|-
| style="text-align: right;" | {{FA|411|n}} || Birth of [[Beldis]]. 
|-
| style="text-align: right;" | {{FA|414|n}} || Birth of [[Haldir (Chieftain of the Haladin)|Haldir]]. 
|-
| style="text-align: right;" | {{FA|415|n}} || Birth of [[Glóredhel]]. 
|-
| style="text-align: right;" | {{FA|416|n}} || The [[House of Hador]] is given the lands of [[Dor-lómin]] to dwell in. 
|-
| style="text-align: right;" | {{FA|417|n}} || Births of [[Galdor (Lord of Dor-lómin)|Galdor]] and [[Beleth]]. 
|-
| style="text-align: right;" | {{FA|418|n}} || Birth of [[Hundar]]. 
|-
| style="text-align: right;" | {{FA|419|n}} || Birth of [[Gundor]]. 
|-
| style="text-align: right;" | {{FA|420|n}} || Death of [[Haleth]]. Births of [[Hareth]] and [[Baragund]]. [[Hador]] dwells in [[Hithlum]]. 
|-
| style="text-align: right;" | {{FA|422|n}} || [[Forest of Brethil]] given to the [[House of Haleth]]. Birth of [[Belegund]]. 
|-
| style="text-align: right;" | {{FA|432|n}} || Birth of [[Beren|Beren Erchamion]]. Death of [[Boromir (Lord of Ladros)|Boromir]]. 
|-
| style="text-align: right;" | {{FA|436|n}} || [[Galdor (Lord of Dor-lómin)|Galdor]] weds [[Hareth]]. 
|-
| style="text-align: right;" | {{FA|441|n}} || Births of [[Húrin]] and [[Handir]]. 
|-
| style="text-align: right;" | {{FA|443|n}} || Births of [[Morwen]] and [[Hunleth]]. 
|-
| style="text-align: right;" | {{FA|444|n}} || Birth of [[Huor]]. 
|-
| style="text-align: right;" | {{FA|447|n}} || Birth of [[Hundad]]. 
|-
| style="text-align: right;" | {{FA|448|n}} || Death of [[Bregor]]. 
|-
| style="text-align: right;" | {{FA|450|n}} || Birth of [[Rían]]. 
|-
| style="text-align: right;" | {{FA|451|n}} || Death of [[Haldan]]. 
|-
| style="text-align: right;" | {{FA|455|n}} || '''[[Morgoth]] breaks the [[Siege of Angband]]. The [[Dagor Bragollach]] ("Battle of Sudden Flame").''' Deaths of [[Angrod]], [[Aegnor]], [[Hador]], [[Gundor]], and [[Bregolas]]. [[Fingolfin]] challenges Morgoth to single combat. Death of Fingolfin. [[Fingon]] becomes [[High King of the Noldor]]. [[Gil-galad]] is sent to the [[Falas]]. 
|-
| style="text-align: right;" | {{FA|456|n}} || Death of [[Gundor]]. [[Emeldir]], wife of [[Barahir]], leads [[House of Bëor|their people]] out of [[Dorthonion]] to [[Brethil]]. 
|-
| style="text-align: right;" | {{FA|457|n}} || [[Sauron]] captures [[Minas Tirith (Beleriand)|Minas Tirith]]. [[Barahir]] and his outlaws hide in [[Dorthonion]]. A company of [[Orcs]] defeated in the [[Forest of Brethil]]. 
|-
| style="text-align: right;" | {{FA|458|n}} || [[Húrin]] and [[Huor]] are brought by [[Thorondor]] to [[Gondolin]]. 
|-
| style="text-align: right;" | {{FA|459|n}} || [[Húrin]] and [[Huor]] leave [[Gondolin]]. 
|-
| style="text-align: right;" | {{FA|460|n}} || Deaths of [[Barahir]], [[Belegund]], [[Baragund]], and all the outlaws except [[Beren|Beren Erchamion]]. 
|-
| style="text-align: right;" | {{FA|462|n}} || Death of [[Galdor (Lord of Dor-lómin)|Galdor]]. [[Orcs]] invade [[Beleriand]]. 
|-
| style="text-align: right;" | {{FA|463|n}} || The [[Easterlings]] swear false loyalty to [[Maedhros]]. 
|-
| style="text-align: right;" | {{FA|464|n}} || '''[[Beren]] leaves [[Dorthonion]] and meets [[Lúthien]] in the forest of Doriath.''' Birth of [[Túrin]]. 
|-
| style="text-align: right;" | {{FA|465|n}} || '''The [[Quest for the Silmaril]].''' Death of [[Finrod]]. Birth of [[Brandir]]. 
|-
| style="text-align: right;" | {{FA|466|n}} || '''[[Beren]] and [[Lúthien]] take one [[Silmaril]] from [[Morgoth]].''' Beren loses his hand to [[Carcharoth]]. The [[Hunting of the Wolf]]. The first death of [[Beren|Beren Erchamion]]. Birth of [[Urwen]]. 
|-
| style="text-align: right;" | {{FA|467|n}} || The first death of [[Lúthien]]. '''Lúthien sings before [[Mandos]], who releases both her and Beren from the [[Halls of Mandos]].''' 
|-
| style="text-align: right;" | {{FA|468|n}} || Birth of [[Hunthor]]. [[Thingol]] refuses to join the [[Union of Maedhros]]. 
|-
| style="text-align: right;" | {{FA|469|n}} || Death of [[Urwen]]. [[Orcs]] driven from [[Beleriand]]. [[Beren]] and [[Lúthien]] return to [[Middle-earth]]. 
|-
| style="text-align: right;" | {{FA|470|n}} || Births of [[Dior]] and [[Hardang]]. 
|-
| style="text-align: right;" | {{FA|471|n}} || Death of [[Halmir]]. [[Huor]] weds [[Rían]]. 
|-
| style="text-align: right;" | {{FA|472|n}} || '''The [[Nirnaeth Arnoediad]] ("Battle of Unnumbered Tears").''' Deaths of [[Fingon]], [[Huor]], [[Glóredhel]], [[Azaghâl]], [[Haldir (Chieftain of the Haladin)|Haldir]], [[Hundar]] and [[Rían]]. [[Húrin]] is taken captive to Angband. [[Turgon]] becomes [[High King of the Noldor]]. The [[Year of Lamentation]]. Birth of [[Tuor]]. 
|-
| style="text-align: right;" | {{FA|473|n}} || Birth of [[Nienor]]. '''[[Túrin]] sent to [[Doriath]].''' Fall of the [[Falas]]. [[Brithombar]] and [[Eglarest]] ruined. [[Gil-galad]] and [[Círdan]] flee to the Isle of Balar. [[Havens of Sirion]] constructed. 
|-
| style="text-align: right;" | {{FA|481|n}} || [[Túrin]] becomes companion-in-arms to [[Beleg]] on the marches of Doriath. 
|-
| style="text-align: right;" | {{FA|484|n}} || Death of [[Saeros]]. [[Túrin]] leaves [[Doriath]]. 
|-
| style="text-align: right;" | {{FA|485|n}} || [[Túrin]] kills [[Forweg]] and becomes leader of the [[Gaurwaith]]. 
|-
| style="text-align: right;" | {{FA|486|n}} || [[Túrin]] and the outlaws encounter [[Mîm]] and make their home on [[Amon Rûdh]] as the [[House of Ransom]].
|-
| style="text-align: right;" | {{FA|487|n}} || [[Túrin]] lives as an outlaw on [[Amon Rûdh]]. 
|-
| style="text-align: right;" | {{FA|488|n}} || [[Tuor]] enslaved. 
|-
| style="text-align: right;" | {{FA|489|n}} || [[Beleg]] joins [[Túrin]] on [[Amon Rûdh]]. [[Mîm]] betrays them to Orcs and Túrin is captured. Death of [[Beleg]]. 
|-
| style="text-align: right;" | {{FA|490|n}} || [[Gwindor]] leads [[Túrin]] to [[Nargothrond]]. [[Túrin]] becomes captain of [[Nargothrond]]. 
|-
| style="text-align: right;" | {{FA|491|n}} || [[Tuor]] escapes and becomes an outlaw. 
|-
| style="text-align: right;" | {{FA|494|n}} || [[Morwen]] and [[Nienor]] flee to [[Doriath]]. 
|-
| style="text-align: right;" | {{FA|495|n}} || Battle of the [[Crossings of the Taeglin]]. [[Battle of Tumhalad]]. [[Tuor]] comes to [[Nevrast]]. '''[[Sack of Nargothrond]] by [[Glaurung]].''' Deaths of [[Finduilas]], [[Orodreth]], [[Gwindor]], and [[Handir]]. 
|-
| style="text-align: right;" | {{FA|496|n}} || [[Túrin]] comes to [[Brethil]]. '''[[Tuor]] comes to [[Gondolin]].''' [[Morwen|Morwen Eledhwen]] and [[Nienor]] leave [[Doriath]] seeking [[Túrin]]. Nienor loses her memory, is found by the [[Men of Brethil]], and given the name [[Níniel]]. 
|-
| style="text-align: right;" | {{FA|497|n}} || [[Dior]] weds [[Nimloth of Doriath|Nimloth]]. 
|-
| style="text-align: right;" | {{FA|498|n}} || [[Túrin]] weds [[Níniel]]. 
|-
| style="text-align: right;" | {{FA|499|n}} || '''[[Túrin]] defeats [[Glaurung]].''' Deaths of [[Brandir]], [[Hunthor]], [[Nienor]] and [[Túrin]]. 
|-
| style="text-align: right;" | {{FA|500|n}} || [[Eluréd]] and [[Elurín]] born. Release of [[Húrin]]. 
|-
| style="text-align: right;" | {{FA|501|n}} || '''[[Húrin]] comes to [[Doriath]].''' Deaths of [[Morwen]] and [[Hardang]]. 
|-
| style="text-align: right;" | {{FA|502|n}} || '''[[Húrin]] gives the [[Nauglamír]] to [[Thingol]] and [[Melian]]. Deaths of [[Húrin]] and [[Mîm]]. The [[Dwarves of Nogrod]] set the Silmaril in the Nauglamír. Death of Thingol. Melian returns to [[Valinor]].''' [[Tuor]] weds [[Idril]]. 
|-
| style="text-align: right;" | {{FA|503|n}} || Births of [[Eärendil]] and [[Elwing]]. '''The [[Battle of the Thousand Caves]]. The [[Battle of Sarn Athrad]].''' Death of [[Mablung| Mablung of the heavy hand]]. [[Lúthien]] wears the [[Silmaril]]. [[Dior]] and his family come to [[Menegroth]]. '''Final deaths of [[Beren]] and [[Lúthien]].''' Dior receives the [[Nauglamír]] and [[Silmaril]]. 
|-
| style="text-align: right;" | {{FA|504|n}} || With the power of the Silmaril, King Dior finally restores the former glory of Doriath. He now publicly wears the Nauglamír and the Silmaril. 
|-
| style="text-align: right;" | {{FA|505|n}} || The sons of Fëanor demand the Silmaril from Dior. 
|-
| style="text-align: right;" | {{FA|506|n}} || '''The [[Second Kinslaying]] at [[Menegroth]] and the Ruin of [[Doriath]].''' Deaths of [[Dior]], [[Nimloth of Doriath|Nimloth]], [[Celegorm]], [[Curufin]], and [[Caranthir]]. [[Eluréd]] and [[Elurín]] are abandoned in the wintry forest to die. 
|-
| style="text-align: right;" | {{FA|507|n}} || [[Elwing]] comes to the [[Havens of Sirion]] with the [[Silmaril]]. 
|-
| style="text-align: right;" | {{FA|509|n}} || [[Maeglin]] captured and tortured by [[Morgoth]]. 
|-
| style="text-align: right;" | {{FA|510|n}} || '''The [[Fall of Gondolin]].''' Deaths of [[Turgon]], [[Ecthelion]], [[Glorfindel]], [[Maeglin]], and [[Gothmog (balrog)|Gothmog]]. [[Gil-galad|Ereinion Gil-galad]] becomes [[High King of the Noldor]]. 
|-
| style="text-align: right;" | {{FA|511|n}} || [[Gondolin]] refugees arrive at the [[Havens of Sirion]]. 
|-
| style="text-align: right;" | {{FA|512|n}} || [[Maedhros]] learns that a [[Silmaril]] is at the [[Havens of Sirion]], but forswears the [[Oath of Fëanor]]. 
|-
| style="text-align: right;" | {{FA|525|n}} || [[Eärendil]] weds [[Elwing]]. [[Tuor]] and [[Idril]] depart for [[Valinor]]. 
|-
| style="text-align: right;" | {{FA|527|n}} || The remaining [[Sons of Fëanor]] – [[Maedhros]], [[Maglor]], [[Amrod]], and [[Amras]] – begin to feel tormented by their [[Oath of Fëanor|unfulfilled oath]]. 
|-
| style="text-align: right;" | {{FA|532|n}} || Births of [[Elrond]] and [[Elros]]. 
|-
| style="text-align: right;" | {{FA|534|n}} || [[Eärendil]] searches for [[Valinor]]. 
|-
| style="text-align: right;" | {{FA|538|n}} || '''[[Third Kinslaying]] at the [[Havens of Sirion]].''' Deaths of [[Amrod]] and [[Amras]]. [[Elrond]] and [[Elros]] are taken captive by [[Maglor]]. [[Elwing]] escapes with the [[Silmaril]] into the [[Belegaer|Sea]]. [[Ulmo]] gives her the form of a white bird and she reunites with [[Eärendil]] aboard [[Vingilot]]. 
|-
| style="text-align: right;" | {{FA|540|n}} || [[Morgoth]] controls all of [[Beleriand]]. 
|-
| style="text-align: right;" | {{FA|542|n}} || '''[[Eärendil]] and [[Elwing]] come to [[Valinor]] and rally a great host.''' 
|-
| style="text-align: right;" | {{FA|545|n}} || The [[Host of Valinor]] lands in [[Beleriand]]. 
|-
| style="text-align: right;" | {{FA|587|n}} || '''The Destruction of [[Beleriand]].''' Deaths of [[Ancalagon]] and [[Maedhros]]. 
|-
| style="text-align: right;" | {{FA|590|n}} || '''[[Morgoth]] is thrust from [[Arda]].''' The [[Host of Valinor]] departs [[Middle-earth]].
|}<noinclude>[[Category:Timelines]]</noinclude>
{{seq-start}}{{seq| prev=[[Timeline#Years of the Trees|Years of the Trees]]| list=First Age| dates={{YT|1050}} - {{FA|590}}| next=[[Timeline/Second Age|Second Age]]}}{{seq-end}}

Foresight

2023-05-07T16:03:41Z

Tarkil: /* Notable cases */ small fix

__NOTOC__
[[File:Peter Xavier Price - Gwindor's Death.jpg|thumb|250px|''Gwindor's death'' by [[Peter Xavier Price]]]]
'''Foresight''' ([[Quenya|Q.]] '''''apacen'''''<ref>The word is not attested directly by itself but extrapolated from ''apacenye'' and ''tercen''. Cf. [https://www.elfdict.com/w/apacenya/q apacenya] in Elfdict.</ref>) is a gift or power apparently given to picked [[Elves]] and [[Men]]. Many elves appear to have varying amounts of foresight, while some of the more noble men ([[Númenóreans]]/[[Dúnedain]]) appear to have degrees of foresight on special occasions. In turn, the Númenóreans credited the Drúedain with a "strange foresight" .

Elven mothers would give their children a name, known as ''[[amilessë|essi apacenye]]'' or just ''apacenye'', having insight into the characters and abilities of their children, and many also had the gift of prophetic foresight.<ref>{{PM|Shibboleth}}, ''Note on Mother-names'', p. 339</ref>

There are several mentions of ''[[Seers]]'' or ''Prophets'' namely [[Amnon]], [[Glirhuin]] and [[Malbeth]]. Foresight was also seen in dreams: [[Frodo Baggins]] saw prophetic dreams during his adventure,<ref>{{HM|FR}}, pp. ??</ref> and [[Boromir]] and [[Faramir]] saw a puzzling dream, prompting Boromir to travel to [[Rivendell]] to seek counsel.<ref name=Countil>{{FR|Council}}</ref>

==Notable cases==
*Although not clearly stated, [[Fëanor]] was probably moved by foreknowledge to preserve the [[light]] of the [[Two Trees]], creating the [[Silmarils]].<ref>{{S|7}}</ref> This was later celebrated by [[Yavanna]] as providential foresight.<ref>{{S|9}}</ref>
*The building of [[Menegroth]] before the return of [[Melkor]] to Middle-earth was done out of [[Melian]]'s intense foresight "after the manner of the [[Maiar]]".<ref>{{S|10}}</ref>
*In his last moments, Fëanor "with his last sight he beheld far off the peaks of [[Thangorodrim]], mightiest of the towers of Middle-earth, and knew with the foreknowledge of death that no power of the Noldor would ever overthrow them".<ref>{{S|13}}</ref>
*After being inquired by his sister [[Galadriel]], [[Finrod]] stated nothing would remain of his kingdom to be inherited by a child.<ref>{{S|15}}</ref>
*[[Curufin]] foretold [[Eöl]] that if he chased his runaway wife and child, he would not come back to [[Nan Elmoth]].<ref name=Maeglin>{{S|Maeglin}}</ref>
*Eöl cursed his son [[Maeglin]] to die in the same way as him.<ref name=Maeglin/>
*After the coming of [[Men]] in [[Beleriand]], Melian told Galadriel that [[Beren|a man]], probably of the [[house of Bëor]] would be able to cross the [[Girdle of Melian]] moved by a doom greater than her power, "and the songs that shall spring from that coming shall endure when all Middle-earth is changed".<ref>{{S|17}}</ref>
*[[Huor]]'s last words to [[Turgon]] in the [[Nirnaeth Arnoediad]] foretold the birth of [[Eärendil]]: "''This I say to you, lord, with the eyes of death: though we part here for ever, and I shall not look on your [[Gondolin|white walls]] again, from you and from me a new star will arise''".<ref>{{S|Nirnaeth}}</ref>
*Before dying, [[Gwindor]] had the foresight that if [[Túrin]] managed to save [[Finduilas]], she would save him from the [[Curse of Morgoth]]. Túrin, however, came too late, and the loss of Finduilas enabled him to meet [[Níniel]] much later, and follow his dark fate.<Ref>{{S|Turin}}</ref>
*[[Idril]] felt a dark shadow upon her heart in the last years of [[Gondolin]], which moved her to build a [[Idril's secret way|secret tunnel]] as a way to escape in case of siege.<ref>{{S|23}}</ref>
*On [[Númenor]], the [[Drúedain]] were noted for their "strange foresight"; already since the time of [[Aldarion]] they felt the land "unstable under their feet", millennia before the [[Downfall of Númenor]], and gradually abandoned it to return to [[Middle-earth]]. By the time of the Downfall, they all had left the island.<ref>{{UT|Druedain}}, p. 498</ref>
*[[Glorfindel]] foretold [[King of Gondor|King]] [[Eärnur]] that the [[Witch-king]] of [[Angmar]] would not fall by the hand of man.<ref>{{App|A1iv}}, p. 1051</ref>
*[[Dírhael]] and his wife [[Ivorwen]], grandparents of [[Aragorn]], were gifted in foresight and had premonitions about [[Arathorn II]] who wanted to marry [[Gilraen|their daughter]]. These premonitions were a reason at first to oppose the marriage, but later to concede to it.<ref>{{App|Tale}}</ref> Ivorwen also saw a vision of the [[Elessar]] on the chest of baby Aragorn.<ref>{{PM|Foreword}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[ósanwe|Telepathy]]
==Portrayal in adaptations==
[[File: The Lord of the Rings - The Return of the King - Eldarion.jpg|Eldarion in Arwen's vision in ''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King]]''|thumb|right]]
'''2002: ''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Two Towers]]'':'''
:[[Elrond]], who has "the gift of foresight" tells to [[Arwen]] about her future with mortal [[Aragorn]], that she will experience his death and also will lose her [[immortality]], with references to ''[[The Tale of Aragorn and Arwen]]'' from [[Appendix A]]. Thus he persuades her to leave [[Middle-earth]] and join the Elves who leave for [[Valinor]].

'''2003: ''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King]]'':'''
:While Arwen is on her way to the [[Grey Havens]] to leave Middle-earth and Aragorn, she has a ''vision'' of her [[Eldarion|future son]] which persuades her to return to [[Rivendell]]. Then she asks her father, who has the gift of foresight to tell her what he saw about her; he replies he saw only death, but she replies that there is also life.
{{references}}
[[Category: Concepts]]

Arda Healed

2023-04-26T11:21:52Z

Tarkil:

{{Quote|I go now to the halls of waiting to sit beside my fathers, until the world is renewed.|[[Thorin]]<ref>{{H|18}}</ref>}}

'''Arda Healed''' ([[Quenya|Q.]] ''Arda Envinyanta'') was a new world said in prophecy to come into being after being [[Second Music of the Ainur|sung]] into existence after the [[Dagor Dagorath|Last Battle]]. It would be the renewal of [[Arda Marred]], the fulfilment of a perfected world that would have been were it not for the intervention of [[Morgoth]]. The [[Ainulindalë]] says that [[Men]] will sing with the [[Ainur]] in this Second Music, but that [[Ilúvatar]] has not revealed what role, if any, will be played by [[Elves]].

== See also ==
* [[Arda]]
* [[Arda Marred]]
* [[Arda Unmarred]]
* [[The End]]

{{references}}

[[Category:Concepts]]

Arda Healed

2023-04-26T11:18:14Z

Tarkil:

{{Quote|I go now to the halls of waiting to sit beside my fathers, until the world is renewed.|[[Thorin]]<ref>{{H|18}}</ref>}}

'''Arda Healed''' ([[Quenya|Q.]] ''Arda Envinyanta'') was a new world said in prophecy to come into being after being [[Second Music of the Ainur|sung]] into existence after the [[Dagor Dagorath|Last Battle]]. It would be the renewal of [[Arda Marred]], the fulfilment of a perfected world that would have been were it not for the intervention of [[Morgoth]]. The [[Ainulindalë]] says that [[Men]] will sing with the [[Ainur]] in this [[Second Music of the Ainur|Second Music]], but that [[Ilúvatar]] has not revealed what role, if any, will be played by [[Elves]].

== See also ==
* [[Arda]]
* [[Arda Marred]]
* [[Arda Unmarred]]
* [[The End]]

{{references}}

[[Category:Concepts]]

Elves of Beleriand

2023-03-25T21:57:49Z

Tarkil: /* History */ small fix

[[File:Christopher Tolkien - The Realms of the Noldor and the Sindar.jpg|thumb|''The Realms of the Noldor and the Sindar'' by [[Christopher Tolkien]]]]
The '''Elves of Beleriand''' were those [[Elves]], predominantly [[Eldar]], who inhabited the subcontinent of [[Beleriand]] of [[Middle-earth]] and established their realms during the [[First Age]]. The Elves of Beleriand were protagonists in the [[War of the Jewels]] against [[Morgoth]].
==History==
[[File:Steamey - Ossë and the Teleri.jpg|thumb|left|Steamey - ''Ossë and the Teleri'']]
The Elves first entered Beleriand in {{YT|1125}} when the [[Minyar]] and [[Tatyar]] crossed the [[Ered Luin]], while the remaining [[Nelyar]] still lagged behind in [[Eriador]]<ref>{{S|Captivity}}</ref> But they were only passing as their final destination was the [[Bay of Balar]] and finally were ferried to [[Aman]] by [[Ulmo]]. The Nelyar finally entered Beleriand in {{YT|1128}} on their way to [[Balar]], but part of them didn't wish to complete the journey: some of them, the '''[[Eglath]]''', were looking for their leader [[Elwë]] who was lost in the forests, being enchanted by the [[Maia]] [[Melian]]; and others were persuaded by the Maia [[Osse]] to remain with him at the shores of Beleriand. Those became the '''[[Falathrim]]''' and built themselves the [[Havens of the Falas]] and became the first builders and sailors of ships.<ref>{{S|Princes}}</ref>
[[File:Luis F. Bejarano - The entrance to Menegroth.jpg|thumb|''The entrance to [[Menegroth]]'' by Luis F. Bejarano]]
At long last Elwë awoke from the spell and returned to his people, founding a kingdom in the midst of Beleriand: [[Eglador]], later [[Doriath]], claiming overlordship of all Beleriand as King Elu Thingol. The Falathrim, along with the Eglath, were considered '''[[Sindar]]'''.<ref name=sindar>{{S|Sindar}}</ref>
[[File:Turner Mohan - Green Elves.jpg|thumb|left|''Green Elves'' by Turner Mohan]]
Some of the Nelyar [[Nandor|who had remained behind]] [[Rhovanion|far in the East]], resumed their westward journey and after many years entered Beleriand settling at last in the Land of [[Ossiriand]]. But after the [[First Battle of Beleriand]] those became reclusive, camouflaging in green, pulling away from the many troubles of Beleriand, and became the '''[[Laegrim]]''', the Green-elves<ref name=sindar/> although some joined their kin in Doriath.<ref name=UT>{{UT|2d}}</ref><ref name=WJP1>{{WJ|P1}}, pp. 112-3</ref>

Although [[Moriquendi]], never having actually set foot in [[Valinor]], with the [[Calaquendi]], the Sindar became the fairest and most wise and skillful of the elves of Middle-earth under the rule of Thingol and Melian, and considered themselves ''[[calben|celbin]]'' persons of the Light.<ref>{{WJ|A}}, p. 362</ref><ref>{{WJ|B}}, p. 376-377; 380; 408-409.</ref>

Some [[Avari]], those of the original Elves who never took the Great Journey and stayed in the far [[East]], eventually wandered west; sneaking from the South of the [[Blue Mountains]], they settled caves and deep forests of Beleriand (such as [[Taur-im-Duinath]]<ref name=bel>{{S|Beleriand}}</ref><ref name=index>{{S|Index}}</ref>) remaining secretive and isolated from the Eldar; rarely they would be accepted into Sindarin society.<ref name=WJ377>{{WJ|B}}, p. 377</ref>
===Arrival of the Noldor===
[[File:Peter Xavier Price - Turin's first sight of Eldar.jpg|thumb|''Turin's first sight of Eldar'' by [[Peter Xavier Price]]]]
At the rising of the Moon in the beginning of the [[First Age]], many of the Noldor returned to Beleriand from Aman to make war on [[Morgoth]]. While there was some enmity between the Sindar and the Noldor (especially the Sons of [[Fëanor]]), the two peoples lived together in the face of their common foe, [[Morgoth Bauglir]].
===End of the First Age===
{{seealso|Elves of Sirion}}

==See also==
*[[Avari]]
*[[Calben]]
*[[Elves of Nargothrond]]
*[[Gondolindrim]]
*[[Elves of Sirion]]
*[[Laegrim]]
*[[Sindar]]
**[[Eglath]]
**[[Elves of Mithrim]]
**[[East Sindar]]
**[[Iathrim]]
***[[Guest-elves]]
**[[Falathrim]]

{{references}}

[[Category:Beleriand]]
[[Category:Elven peoples]]

Moon

2023-03-21T22:55:59Z

Tarkil: /* Other names */

{{cleanup}}
{{object infobox
| name=Moon
| image=[[File:Lady Elleth - Tilion.png|250px]]
| caption="Tilion" by [[:Category:Images by Lady Elleth|Lady Elleth]]
| pronun=
| othernames=[[Moon#Other names|See below]]
| location=[[Ilmen]] in [[Eä]]
| owner=[[Tilion]]
| type=Source of light
| appearance=
| creator=[[Aulë]]
| created={{YT|1500}}
| createdlocation=
| destroyer=
| destroyed=
| destroyedlocation=
| notablefor=
| gallery=the Moon
}}
<center>{{quote|The round Moon rolled behind the hill, as the Sun raised up her head. She hardly believed her fiery eyes; For though it was day, to her surprise they all went back to bed!|''[[The Man in the Moon Stayed Up Too Late]]''}}</center>

'''Ithil''', the '''Moon''', is a celestial object seen in the skies of [[Arda]] at night.

==History==
[[File:Darryl Elliott - Moon.jpg|thumb|left|''Moon'' by Darryl Elliott]]
After the [[Darkening of Valinor]] and the destruction of the [[Two Trees of Valinor|Two Trees]], [[Telperion]], the White Tree, bore one last Flower of Silver before its end. According to the lore of the [[Elder Days]], [[Aulë]] and his people made a vessel to carry to the silver flower aloft, and [[Tilion]], one of the hunters of [[Oromë]], was granted the task of steering the new Moon through the sky.<ref name="Sil">Of {{HM|S}}, [[Of the Sun and Moon and the Hiding of Valinor]]</ref>

Tilion guided his charge up into the western skies just as [[Fingolfin]] entered [[Middle-earth]], and so marked the beginning the [[First Age]]. After seven lunar "days", the [[Sun]], also rose. The Moon first rose above [[Valinor]] in the far West of the World, but [[Varda]] came to change this arrangement, so that the Moon would pass beneath the World, and arise in the east instead, as it does to this day. <ref name="Sil"/>

According to the legends of the [[Elves]], Tilion was an unsteady steersman, sometimes dwelling overlong beneath the Earth, or appearing in the sky at the same time as the Sun. He was drawn to the bright new Sun, launched from Valinor shortly after his own vessel,<ref name="Sil"/> and his coming too close to his fiery companion was said to account for the darkening of the Moon's face.

According to a tradition,<ref>{{HM|SM}}</ref><ref>{{HM|LR}}</ref> Melkor will discover how to break the [[Door of Night]], and will destroy both the Sun and the Moon.

==Lore of the Moon==
===Númenóreans===
For the Númenóreans, the [[Sun]] and the '''Moon''' - ''Ûri'' and ''Nîlû'', called collectively also ''Ûriyat'' ("two suns") or ''Ûrinîl(uw)at'' ("two sun-moon") - were personified entities, the [[Man in the Moon]] and the [[Lady in the Sun]].<ref name="Drowning">[[J.R.R. Tolkien]], [[Christopher Tolkien]] (ed.), ''[[Sauron Defeated]]'', "[[The Drowning of Anadûnê]]"</ref> They were the chief heavenly lights, and the enemies of the eternal Dark.<ref name="L347">[[J.R.R. Tolkien]], [[Humphrey Carpenter]], [[Christopher Tolkien]] (eds.), ''[[The Letters of J.R.R. Tolkien]]'', [[Letter 347]] (dated [[17 December|December 17]], [[1972]])</ref>

This notion was carried over to [[Gondor]], where the sons of [[Elendil]] each had either of the lights in his name: [[Isildur]] and [[Anárion]], and with them their cities [[Minas Ithil]] and [[Minas Anor]], and the lands that lay about them, [[Ithilien]] and [[Anórien]].<ref name="L347"/>

===Hobbits===
[[File:Gail McIntosh - New Moon.jpg|thumb|''New Moon'' by [[:Category:Images by Gail McIntosh|Gail McIntosh]]]]
When the [[Hobbits]] were still a [[Wandering Days|wandering]] people, their calendaric unit was not a 'week' , but a 'month', governed more or less by the Moon. However, through contact with alien peoples (perhaps the [[Dúnedain of Arnor]]) they adopted the notion of weeks which formed the [[Shire Reckoning]].<ref>{{HM|AD}}</ref>

In Hobbit folklore, the moon was imagined to be inhabited by the [[Man in the Moon]].<ref name="Man">[[J.R.R. Tolkien]], ''[[The Adventures of Tom Bombadil]]'', "[[The Man in the Moon Stayed Up Too Late]]"</ref>

===Dwarves===
The [[Dwarves]] based their calendar on the Moon. The Dwarven year began with the first day of the last moon of Autumn on the threshold of Winter.<ref>{{H|Rest}}</ref> However it seems that by the late [[Third Age]] the Dwarves adopted the [[Stewards' Reckoning]],<ref>{{App|D}}</ref> and few had the skill to calculate the [[Durin's Day]].

==Other names==
*'''''Isil''''': a ([[Quenya|Q]], pron. {{IPA|[ˈisil]}}) or '''Iþil''' ([[Vanyarin|VQ]], pron. {{IPA|[ˈiθil]}}) was a name given to the Moon in [[Quenya]] by the [[Vanyar]]. It is said to mean "the Sheen".<ref name="Sil"/>
*'''''Rána''''': although the name given to the Moon in [[Valinor]] was Isil, the [[Noldor]] preferred a name of their own, ''Rána'', the Wayward.<ref>{{S|Sun}}</ref> ''Rána'' (or ''Rana''), meaning "The Wanderer"<ref>{{S|Index}}</ref> or "the wayward",<ref>{{MR|P2p}}, p. 130</ref> is a [[Quenya]] word derived from the [[Common Eldarin]] [[Sundocarme|root]] [[RAN]] ("wander, stray, meander").<ref name=VT>{{VT|42a}}, p. 13</ref> In the ''[[The Etymologies|Etymologies]]'' appears the [[Qenya]] form ''Rana'', and [[Noldorin]] ''Rhân''. Both are descendant forms of [[Primitive Quendian]] ''Ranā'' ("Moon").<ref>{{LR|Etymologies}}, p. 383 (entry RAN-)</ref>
*'''''Ithil''''': a [[Sindarin]] word meaning "the moon" or "(full) moon".<ref>{{HM|UI}}, p. 232 form: ''ithil''</ref><ref>{{PE|17}}, pp. 30, 39, 121 (form: ''Ithil''</ref> The word can be found in ''[[Minas Ithil]]'', ''[[Ithilien#Etymology|Ithilien]]'', and ''[[Ithildin#Etymology|ithildin]]''. In the ''[[The Etymologies|Etymologies]]'', [[Noldorin]] ''Ithil'' ("(poetic name of the) Moon") derives from the [[Sundocarme|roots]] THIL/SIL.<ref>{{LR|Etymologies}}, pp. 361, 385, 392 (entries I-, SIL- and THIL-)</ref>
*'''''Elfaron''''': Meaning "Star-hunter" being a coumpound of [[EL]] and PHAR.<ref>{{LR|Etymologies}} (entry PHAR)</ref>
*'''''Phanaikelūth''''': The oldest recorded name of the Moon was its [[Valarin]] name, ''Phanaikelūth''. This was said to mean "bright mirror";<ref name="QaE">{{WJ|Quendi}}, p. 401</ref> making it the only name to accurately describe the origin of moonlight.
*[[Gollum]] referred to the Moon as ''The White Face''.<ref>{{TT|IV1}}; {{TT|IV2}}; {{TT|IV6}}. Cfr. "Yellow Face" ([[Sun#Names_of_the_Sun|the Sun]] by Gollum).</ref>
*The full moon of mid-[[November]] was referred as the '''[[Wikipedia:Hunter's moon|Hunter's Moon]]'''.<ref>{{FR|II3}}</ref>

==Other versions of the legendarium==
===Early concepts===
In the early versions of the [[legendarium]] as described in ''[[The Book of Lost Tales Part One]]'', the Moon was described in great detail as an immense island of crystal (''vírin'').<ref name=LT1VIII/> The spots on the Moon were also explained by telling that the Rose of [[Silpion]] fell because [[Irmo|Lórien]] did not want to pick it from the Tree.<ref name=LT1VIII/>

The phases of the Moon were explained that: first, like the earlier Silpion, the Rose needed to be watered with its shining dew and created it in greater quantities, and the heavy dew had to be removed; second, the Moon had to stay within the lower layers of [[Ilwë]] and the winds made it wobble.<ref name=LT1VIII/>

[[Silmo]] wanted to steer the Moon but could not do it, so [[Manwë]] appointed [[Ilinsor]], who was joined by other air spirits. The [[Man in the Moon]] is described in those writings as being an old Elf who secretly hid on the island of the Moon, and built his minaret there.<ref name=LT1VIII/> This is alluded to further in Tolkien's ''[[Roverandom]]'', where the Man in the Moon also lives in a Minaret.

Other Elvish names in this fase were:
*'''''Celebron''''': [[Gnomish]] name for "Moon".<ref name=Telimpe>{{LT1|Appendix}}, entry "Telimpë"</ref>
*'''''Crithosceleg''''': Gnomish name meaning "disc of glass".<ref name=LT1VIII>{{LT1|VIII}}</ref>{{rp|192}}
*'''''Gilthalont''''': unclear [[Gnomish]] name with the elemnent ''giltha'' ("white metal").<ref name=Ilsalunte></ref>
*'''''Ilsaluntë''''': [[Qenya]] name meaning "silver boat".<ref name=Ilsalunte>{{LT1|Appendix}}, entry "Ilsaluntë"</ref>
*'''''Minethlos''''': Gnomish name meaning "argent isle".<ref name=LT1VIII>{{LT1|VIII}}</ref>{{rp|192}}
*'''''Rána''''': Qenya name for "Moon" used by the Gods.<ref name=LT1VIII>{{LT1|VIII}}</ref>{{rp|192}}
*'''''Sil''''': Qenya name for "Moon" used by the fairies, literally "Rose".<ref name=Silindril>{{LT1|Appendix}}, entry "Silindril"</ref>
*'''''Silindril''''': Qenya name meaning "Moon-cauldron".<ref name=Silindril></ref>

===Later concepts===
In the [[Round World version of the Silmarillion|Round World]] version of the legendarium, the Sun and the Moon were not the fruit of the Two Trees, but actually preceded the creation of the Trees. Instead, the Trees preserved the light of the Sun before it was tainted by Melkor when he ravished [[Arien]].

==Inspirations==
===Gender===
[[File:Mani and Sol.jpg|thumb|A depiction of the Norse god Máni and the goddess Sól (Lorenz Frølich, 1895) who could be the inspirations of Tilion and [[Arien]]]]
The fact that the Moon in Tolkien's legendarium is connected to a male entity or person (like Tilion or the Man in the Moon), is obviously derived from the Germanic mythology of which Tolkien was an expert; for example the Old Norse [[Wikipedia:Máni|Máni]] is a male lunar god and [[Wikipedia:Sól|Sól]] is a female solar goddess.

On the contrary, other mythologies of the world had connected the Moon with the feminine, like the Græco-Roman deities [[Wikipedia:Luna|Luna]], [[Wikipedia:Selene|Selene]], [[Wikipedia:Hecate|Hecate]] and others.

The gender of the celestial deity is mirrored also in the gender of the noun for "Moon" in these languages (eg. French ''la Lune'' but German ''der Mond''). This was also perhaps the case with some of the [[languages]] of [[Arda]] ([[Ghân-buri-ghân]] refers to the Sun as a woman).

:''See also [[Sun#Inspiration|Sun: Inspiration]]''

===Phases===
{{quote|...my moons in the crucial days between Frodo's flight and the present situation (arrival at Minas Morghul) were doing impossible things, rising in one pan of the country and setting simultaneously in another.|[[J.R.R. Tolkien]]'s letter to [[Christopher Tolkien]], [[24 April]] [[1944]]<ref>{{L|69}}, p. 80</ref>}}
Tolkien was very careful in the moon phases described in his works, so that they fit the passing of days realistically. Tolkien was remodelling the phases while reviewing the book in [[1944]] so that he preserves the consistency. The moon phases described in the ''[[Lord of the Rings]]'' correspond to the phases of years [[1941]]-[[1942|2]] and it is probable that he used a recent calendar for reference.<ref>http://shire-reckoning.com/moon.html</ref> Unfortunately, some minor errors (that can be detected only after thorough measurement and astronomical knowledge) slipped his attention (for example cf. [[22 September|September 22]])

===Calendar===
The mention that Hobbits and Dwarves based their year and months on the Moon, mirrors the [[Wikipedia:lunar calendar|lunar calendar]] used by several ancient cultures through history, such as the Hebrews. The observation of the Moon phases formed the months; the words are even related etymologically in some languages (cf. the English words "Moon" and "month").

==Portrayal in adaptations==
[[File:The Lord of the Rings - The Fellowship of the Ring (video game) - Legolas firing an arrow.JPG|200px|thumb|The Moon in [[The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring (video game)|''The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring'' (video game)]]]]
'''1978: [[The Lord of the Rings (1978 film)|''The Lord of the Rings'' (1978 film)]]:'''
:The moon appears in the background of various scenes. In a notable animation error, it is visible behind both [[Frodo Baggins|Frodo]] and [[Boromir]] when the latter tries to persuade Frodo to give the Ring at [[Amon Hen]].<ref>''[http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0077869/goofs Goofs]'', [http://www.imdb.com/ IMDb.com]</ref>

'''2002: [[The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring (video game)|''The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring'' (video game)]]:'''
:The Moon - or rather, an image of the near side of the moon in the plenilune - is used as a backdrop for scenes playing at night, and appears recognizably in the sky in cut scenes. It appears behind [[Aragorn|Strider]] as he finds [[Meriadoc Brandybuck|Merry]] in the streets of Bree,<ref>[[The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring (video game)|''The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring'' (video game)]], "Bree"</ref> behind the [[Watcher in the Water]], <ref>[[The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring (video game)|''The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring'' (video game)]], "Hollin Gate"</ref> and behind the [[fell beast]] in the final cut scene.<ref>[[The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring (video game)|''The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring'' (video game)]], "Amon Hen"</ref>

==In other stories==
The moon is an important location in [[J.R.R. Tolkien|Tolkien]]'s children's story ''[[Roverandom]]''. After being turned into a toy dog, the wizard [[Psamathos Psamathides]] summons his postman [[Mew]] (a seagull) to take [[Rover]] to the moon to see the [[Man-in-the-Moon]].<ref name="Roverandom">{{HM|R}}</ref>{{rp|17 ff}} One side of the moon is white with a dark sky and tall mountains, whilst the dark side of the moon is dark with a light sky and deep valleys.<ref name="Roverandom" />{{rp|40}} Although home to spiders, the main enemy on the moon is the White Dragon (later renamed the Mottled Monster).<ref name="Roverandom" />{{rp|34-6}}

==See also==
* [[Man in the Moon]]

==External links==
* [http://shire-reckoning.com/moon.html The Moon phases in the Lord of the Rings]
{{references}}
{{cosmology}}
[[Category:Cosmology]]
[[Category:Creations of the Valar]]
[[Category:Roverandom]]
[[de:Mond]]
[[fi:Kuu]]

Gondolinic Runes

2023-03-21T21:57:47Z

Tarkil:

__NOTOC__
{{font|[http://www.tolkiendil.com/telechargements/polices/angerthas_et_runes#gondolin Gondolinic Runes] by [[Ronald Kyrmse]]}}

The '''Gondolinic Runes''' were a writing system used in [[Gondolin]]. They were created by [[J.R.R. Tolkien]] between [[1920]]-[[1925]], when he was devising the first writing systems for his Elvish [[languages]]. They were the first runic system invented by him, and one of the few alphabets including lower case letters.<ref>{{PE|15}}, p. 89</ref> Like the [[Gnomic Letters]], this early writing system was never used.

The only possible glimpse of these runes used within the [[legendarium]] is in ''[[The Hobbit]]'': [[Glamdring]] and [[Orcrist]], famous swords from Gondolin, had runes that even [[Gandalf]] was unable to read, but [[Elrond]] (who knew of all types of runes) could.<ref>{{H|3}}</ref> However it is clear that Tolkien did not consider using these letters in his writings, as in 1960, while rewriting ''The Hobbit'', he found another explanation of why Gandalf could not read the runes: Glamdring was covered in dark blood when Gandalf found it, explaining why the runes were unreadable until cleaned by Elrond.<ref>{{HM|RB}}, p. 799</ref>

== Table ==
{| border="1"
|-
| t
| t
| p
| p
| c
| ch
| k
| k
|-
| d
| d
| b
| b
| j
| j
| g
| g
|-
| T
| th
| f
| f
| S
| sh
| h
| h
|-
| D
| dh
| v
| v
| Z
| zh
| x
| x<ref group="note">This rune is described as ''x'', however, this is an alternate spelling for the Sindarin sound ''ch'', not the English ''x'' (Quenya ''ks''). For ''x'', the letter K was used.</ref>
|-
| n
| n
| m
| m
| ñ<ref group="note">This rune seems to be used both for ''n'' and -''ng'' (''ñ'').</ref>
| n, -ng
| r
| r
| l
| l
|-
|
|
| M
| mh
| Ñ
| nh
| R
| rh
| L
| lh
|-
| s
| s
|
|
| z
| z
|-
|
|
| w
| w
| y
| y
|-
|
|
| H
| hw
| X
| hy
| K
| ks
|-
| a
| a
| e
| e
| i
| i
| o
| o
| u
| u
|-
| A
| á
| E
| é
| I
| í
| O
| ó
| uu
| ú
|-
| ia
| æ
|
|
|
|
| ö
| œ
| U
| y
|-
| iAi
| ǽ
|
|
|
|
| Ö
| long œ<ref group="note" name="d">These runes were used for long ''œ'' and ''y'' respectively, but there are no such accented characters in typesetting, so they are displayed here as double. The sounds they represents are of those that appear in the alphabet, but not attested in any elvish tongue.</ref>
| UU
| long y<ref group="note" name="d"/>
|-
|}
===Notes===
<references group="note"/>

== Examples ==
If we accept the values of the runes above, we can apply them to the inscriptions of the famous swords of ''[[The Hobbit]]'':
* glamdriñ, ''Glamdring'' (Foe-hammer)
* orkrist, ''Orcrist'' (Orc-cleaver)

{{references}}
::* [[Paul Nolan Hyde]], "[http://dc.swosu.edu/mythlore/vol18/iss3/8/ Quenti Lambardillion]", in: ''[[Mythlore 69]]'' (Summer [[1992]]), pp. 20-25
::* [[Carl F. Hostetter]], "[http://dc.swosu.edu/mythlore/vol18/iss4/12/ Letters]", in: ''[[Mythlore 70]]'' (Autumn [[1992]]), pp. 23-25
::* [[J.R.R. Tolkien]], [[Arden R. Smith]], "Early Runic Documents", in: ''[[Parma Eldalamberon 15]]'' ([[2004]]), pp. 111-113

{{gondolin}}
{{languages}}
[[Category:Writing systems]]

Eärendil

2023-03-11T22:40:09Z

Tarkil: /* Portrayal in adaptations */

{{disambig-more|Eärendil|[[Eärendil (disambiguation)]]}}
{{half-elf infobox
| image=[[File:Jenny Dolfen - Earendil the Mariner.jpg|250px]]
| caption="Earendil the Mariner" by [[Jenny Dolfen]]
| name=Eärendil
| pronun=[[Quenya|Q]], {{IPA|[ˌe.aˈrendil]}}
| othernames=''Gaerdil'' ([[Sindarin|S]]) ''Ardamírë'' ([[Quenya|Q]] [[Amilessë|mn]]) ''[[Azrubêl]]'' ([[Adûnaic|A]]) The Mariner, The Blessed, Bright, Halfelven
| titles=
| position=
| location=[[Gondolin]], [[Havens of Sirion]]
| affiliation=
| language=[[Quenya]], [[Sindarin]], [[Taliska]]<ref>{{PM|Ros}}</ref>
| birth={{FA|503}}
| birthlocation=[[Gondolin]]
| rule=
| death=
| deathlocation=
| age=
| notablefor=
| house=Descended from [[House of Bëor|all]] [[House of Haleth|three]] [[House of Hador|Houses]] of the [[Edain]], and of the [[House of Fingolfin]].
| heritage=[[Men|Man]] father, [[Elves|Elf]] mother
| parentage=[[Tuor]] and [[Idril]]
| siblings=
| spouse=[[Elwing]]
| children=[[Elros]] and [[Elrond]]
| gender=Male
| height=
| hair=
| eyes=
| clothing=
| weapons=
| steed=[[Vingilótë]] (ship)
}}
<center>{{quote|Eärendil was a mariner that tarried in [[Arvernien]] he built a [[Vingilótë|boat]] of timber felled in [[Nimbrethil]] to journey in...|''[[Song of Eärendil]]'' by [[Bilbo Baggins]]}}</center>
'''Eärendil the Mariner''' was one of the [[Half-elven]], and an important figure in the legends of the [[Elder Days]]. Descended from all [[Edain#The Three Houses|Three Houses]] of the [[Edain]], he was the first known person to reach [[Aman]] in the [[First Age]] after the [[Noldor]] went into [[Exile of the Noldor|exile]]. He was crucial in the [[War of Wrath]] and the patriarch of the line of the [[Kings of Númenor]] through his son [[Elros]].

== History ==
[[File:Šárka Škorpíková - Travelling South.jpg|thumb|left|''Travelling South'' by [[:Category:Images by Šárka Škorpíková|Šárka Škorpíková]]]]
The son of [[Tuor]] and [[Idril]], daughter of King [[Turgon]], Eärendil was raised as a child in [[Gondolin]]. Eärendil was seven years old when [[Fall of Gondolin|Gondolin fell]], and narrowly escaped death at the hands of his kinsman [[Maeglin]] during the battle. He was borne out on the shoulders of Idril's house-carle [[Hendor]]. As they rested in [[Nan-tathren]], the waters of [[Ulmo]] awoke the [[sea-longing]] in both father and son.<ref>{{S|Tuor}}</ref>

He lived afterwards in [[Arvernien]] by the [[Havens of Sirion]]. Eärendil later became the leader of the people who lived there, and married [[Elwing]], daughter of [[Dior]], the son of [[Beren]] and [[Lúthien]]. They had two sons, [[Elrond]] and [[Elros]].

With the aid of [[Círdan]] the Shipwright, Eärendil built a ship, ''[[Vingilótë]]'' (or ''Vingilot''), and sailed around the seas west of Middle-earth in search of Tuor and Idril, leaving his wife behind in Arvernien. At this time Elwing had in her possession the [[Silmaril]] that Beren had wrested from [[Morgoth]]. News of this came to the remaining sons of [[Fëanor]], and they attacked the people living in Arvernien, killing most of them. But Elwing, rather than be captured, threw herself and the Silmaril into the sea. The Silmaril was not lost, however:
[[File:Steamey - Eärendil and Elwing.jpg|thumb|left|''Eärendil and Elwing'' by [[:Category:Images by Steamey|Steamey]]]]
{{blockquote|For [[Ulmo]] bore up Elwing out of the waves, and he gave her the likeness of a great white bird, and upon her breast there shone as a star the Silmaril, as she flew over the water to seek Eärendil her beloved. On a time of night Eärendil at the helm of his ship saw her come towards him, as a white cloud exceeding swift beneath the moon, as a star over the sea moving in strange courses, a pale flame on wings of storm. And it is sung that she fell from the air upon the timbers of Vingilot, in a swoon, nigh unto death for the urgency of her speed, and Eärendil took her to his bosom; but in the morning with marveling eyes he beheld his wife in her own form beside him with her hair upon his face, and she slept.|''[[Quenta Silmarillion]]'', "[[Of the Voyage of Eärendil and the War of Wrath]]"}}

Hearing of the tragedy that had befallen in Arvernien, Eärendil then sought after [[Valinor]], and he and Elwing found their way there at last. Eärendil thus became the first of all mortals to set foot in Valinor. Eärendil then went before the [[Valar]], and asked them to aid the Men and Elves in Middle-earth and fight against Morgoth; and the Valar accepted his plea.

Because Eärendil had undertaken this errand on behalf of Men and Elves, and not for his own sake, [[Manwë]] forbore to deal out the punishment of death that was due. Because both Eärendil and Elwing were descended from a union of Elves and Men, Manwë granted to them and their sons the gift to choose to which race they would be joined (a gift that was further passed to the children of Elrond, who became known as the [[Half-elven]]). Elwing chose to be one of the Elves. Eärendil would have rather been one of the Men; however, for the sake of his wife, he chose to be one of the Elves.

{{blockquote|But when all was spoken, Manwë gave judgement, and he said: 'In this matter the power of doom is given to me. The peril that he ventured for love of the Two Kindreds shall not fall upon Eärendil, nor shall it fall upon Elwing his wife, who entered into peril for love of him; but they shall not walk again ever among Elves or Men in the Outer Lands. And this is my decree concerning them: to Eärendil and to Elwing, and to their sons, shall be given leave each to choose freely to which kindred their fates shall be joined, and under which kindred they shall be judged.'|''[[Quenta Silmarillion]]'', "[[Of the Voyage of Eärendil and the War of Wrath]]"}}

[[File:Ted Nasmith - Eärendil and the Battle of Eagles and Dragons.jpg|thumb|''Eärendil and the Battle of Eagles and Dragons'' by [[Ted Nasmith]]]]
The Valar, having listened to Eärendil's plea, went with a mighty host to Middle-earth and overthrew Morgoth, binding him with a chain forged by the smith [[Aulë]]. Eärendil took part in the battle. His ship Vingilótë was blessed by the Valar, filled with a shining white flame, and sent to the skies. He sailed at its helm with the Silmaril bound upon his brow. Alongside [[Thorondor]] and the [[Eagles]], he slew the great dragon [[Ancalagon]] the Black and cast his body down onto [[Thangorodrim]], the event which, along with the sheer devastation caused by the [[War of Wrath]], led to the Ruin of [[Beleriand]].

==Legacy==
{{seealso|Star of Eärendil}}
[[File:Matěj Čadil - The Star of Earendil.jpg|thumb|left|''The Star of Earendil'' by [[Matěj Čadil]]]]
Eärendil lived in Valinor, and the gleaming of the Silmaril upon his brow could still be seen in the skies of the distant West as the bright Evening Star.<ref name="S24">{{S|24}}</ref> Those who remained in Middle-earth called it '''Gil-Estel''' ([[Sindarin|S.]] "Star of High Hope").

In the [[Second Age]], the descendants of the [[Edain]] followed the [[Star of Eärendil]] to reach [[Elenna]]. When [[Númenor]] fell under the [[Shadow]], [[Tar-Atanamir]] mentioned Eärendil's fate to argue about [[immortality]] to the Messengers of the [[Valar]]. The Messengers responded that his was a fate apart as a Half-elven, and he was bound to the sky, unable to return, whereas the [[Númenóreans]] demanded the liberties of both Elves and Men.<ref name=Akallabeth>{{S|Akallabeth}}</ref>

[[Bilbo Baggins]] wrote the ''[[Song of Eärendil]]''<ref>{{FR|Meetings}}</ref> and the legend of Eärendil also inspired the poem ''[[Errantry]]''.<ref>{{AB|Preface}}</ref>

==Etymology==
{{Pronounce|Earendil.mp3|Ardamir}}
''Eärendil'' was his given [[father-name]]. ''Eärendil'' is a [[Quenya]] name, meaning "Devoted to the Sea", literally "Sea lover".<ref>{{L|211}}, answer to Question 4</ref><ref>{{L|131|18}}</ref> It is a compound of ''[[eär]]'' and ''[[-ndil]]''.<ref>{{L|297}}</ref><ref>{{S|Appendix}}, entries ''eär'', ''(n)dil''</ref>

Tolkien used the original [[Old English]] name '''''Eärendel''''' for all drafts previous to ''[[The Lord of the Rings]]'', and first he related it with the Elvish words ''ea'' ("eagle") and ''earen'' ("eyre"), but the exact meaning of the name remained unclear within the Legendarium until he remade the name into Quenya to ''Earendil''.<ref>{{LT1|Appendix}}, p. 251, entry "Eärendel"</ref>

==Other names==
The [[Sindarin]] cognate for ''Eärendil'' was '''''Gaerdil''''', with variations like ''Gaerdilion'' and ''Gaerennil''.<ref>{{PE|Eldarin}}, pp. 19, 27</ref> There are also experimental [[Sindarization|Sindarized]] forms, such as ''Aerendil'' and ''Aerennel'',<ref>{{PM|XI}}: Note 52</ref> as well as a direct translation: ''Seron Aearon''.<ref name=Name></ref>

His [[mother-name]] was '''''Ardamírë''''', a prophetic name, as it means "Jewel of the World", from ''[[arda]]'' ("world") + ''[[mírë]]'' ("jewel"). Its [[Sindarin]] version was '''''Mír n'Ardhon'''''.<ref name=Name>{{PM|XI}}: ''The names of Finwë's descendants'', p. 348</ref>

''Eärendil'' was translated as '''''[[Azrubêl]]''''' in [[Adûnaic]], from ''azar'' ("sea") and the stem ''bel-''.<ref>{{PM|Ros}}, p. 373</ref>

Eärendil was known by many epithets: Half-elven,<ref>{{S|23}}</ref> [[the Blessed]],<ref>{{S|17}}</ref> Bright,<ref name="S24"/><ref name=Akallabeth></ref> and the Mariner.<ref name="S24"/><ref>{{S|V}}</ref>

==Genealogy==
<div style="overflow-x: scroll; overflow-y: hidden; border: 1px solid #AAAAAA; padding: 3px; background: #EEEEEE;">
{{familytree/start}}
{{familytree|boxstyle=white-space:;background-color:#FFFFFF;| MAR | | HAL | | BEO | | NOL |V| VAN | | | |MAR=[[Marach]] ''[[House of Hador]]''|HAL=[[Haldad]] ''[[House of Haleth]]''|BEO=[[Bëor]] ''[[House of Bëor]]''|NOL=[[Finwë]] ''[[Noldor]]''|VAN=[[Indis]] ''[[Vanyar]]''}}
{{familytree| |L|~|V|~|J| | | |:| | | | | |:| | | | | | |}}
{{familytree|boxstyle=white-space:;background-color:#FFFFFF;| | | HUO |~|y|~| RIA | | | | TUR |y| ELE | |HUO=[[Huor]] ''{{FA|444}} - {{FA|472|n}}''|RIA=[[Rían]] ''{{FA|450}} - {{FA|472|n}}''|TUR=[[Turgon]] ''{{YT|1300}} - {{FA|510}}''|ELE=[[Elenwë]] ''d. {{YT|1500}}''}}
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{{familytree|boxstyle=white-space:;background-color:#FFFFFF;| | | | | | TUO |~|~|~|y|~|~|~|~| IDR | | | |TUO=[[Tuor]] ''b. {{FA|472}}''|IDR=[[Idril]] ''b. {{YT}}''}}
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{{familytree|boxstyle=white-space:;background-color:#FFFFFF;| | | | | | | | | | | EAR |y| ELW | | | | | |ELW=[[Elwing]] ''b. {{FA|503}}''|EAR='''EÄRENDIL''' ''b. {{FA|503}}''}}
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{{familytree|boxstyle=white-space:;background-color:#FFFFFF;| | | | | | | | | | | ROS | | RON | | | | | |ROS=[[Elros]] ''{{FA|532}} - {{SA|442}}''|RON=[[Elrond]] ''b. {{FA|532}}''}}
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{{familytree|boxstyle=white-space:;background-color:#FFFFFF;| | | | | | | | | | | KON | | |!| | | | | | |KON=''[[Kings of Númenor]]''}}
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{{familytree|boxstyle=white-space:;background-color:#FFFFFF;| | | | | | | | | | | LOA | | |!| | | | | | |LOA=''[[Lords of Andúnië]]''}}
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{{familytree|boxstyle=white-space:;background-color:#FFFFFF;| | | | | | | | | | | KOM | | |!| | | | | | |KOM=''[[Kings of Arnor]] & [[Kings of Gondor]]''}}
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{{familytree|boxstyle=white-space:;background-color:#FFFFFF;| | | | | | | | | | | COD | | |!| | | | | | |COD=''[[Chieftains of the Dúnedain]]''}}
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{{familytree|boxstyle=white-space:;background-color:#FFFFFF;| | | | | | | | | | | ARA |~| ARW | | | | | |ARA=[[Aragorn]] ''{{TA|2931}} - {{FoA|120}}''|ARW=[[Arwen]] ''{{TA|241}} - {{FoA|121}}''}}
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==Other versions of the legendarium==
===Early poems===
Before conceiving any story for his [[legendarium|mythology]], [[Tolkien]] wrote some poems that dealt with Eärendel. The earliest was ''[[Éalá Éarendel Engla Beorhtast]]'', which would set the foundations for ''[[The Book of Lost Tales]]'' as Tolkien "tried to find out" what it was about.<ref>{{B|III}}, p. 71</ref> The other poems were ''[[The Bidding of the Minstrel]]'', ''[[The Shores of Faëry]]'' and ''[[The Happy Mariners]]'', all written between [[1914]]-[[1915]].<ref name=Earendel>{{LT2|V}}</ref>{{rp|267-273}} The four poems tell in a lyric way about the coming of Eärendel to Valinor, the rising of his boat as the morning star and his everlasting travel in the edge of the world.

''The Bidding of the Minstrel'' is associated with a noted page, which outlines the travels of Eärendel to the North, visiting Island, Iceland, magic lands and seeing [[Kôr]] from afar; then he goes South, travelling through the Mediterranean or Atlantic sea, full of strange creatures. Then he travels to the western lip of the world and sails upon the sky, never coming back. ''The Shores of Faëry'' has a short preface in prose, which, as in the former text, conceives Eärendel as an old man when travelling to the firmament.<ref name=Earendel/>{{rp|261-262}}

===The Book of Lost Tales===
[[File:Mysilvergreen - Ecthelion and Earendil.jpg|thumb|''Ecthelion and Earendil'' by [[:Category:Images by Mysilvergreen|Mysilvergreen]]]]
In the earliest narrative of the legendarium in ''The Book of Lost Tales'', the birth of Eärendel is first prophesied of by [[Ulmo]] to [[Tuor]]: "''...and of a surety a child shall come of thee than whom no man shall know more of the uttermost deeps, be it of the sea or of the firmament of heaven.''"<ref name=Gondolin>{{LT2|III}}</ref>{{rp|155}} Years later, the wishes of the [[Valar]] were fulfilled when Eärendel was born from Tuor and [[Idril]] in [[Gondolin]]:

{{blockquote|Now this babe was of greatest beauty; his skin of a shining white and his eyes of a blue surpassing that of the sky in southern lands — bluer than the sapphires of the raiment of [[Manwë]]; and the envy of [[Meglin]] was deep at his birth, but the joy of [[Turgon]] and all the people very great indeed.<ref name=Gondolin/>{{rp|165}}}}

Now Eärendel was still of tender years when the [[Fall of Gondolin]] began. The red lights of the enemy appeared in the walls of his room, which made him cry, as his nurse [[Meleth (nurse)|Meleth]] had told him dark stories about [[Melko]]. His mother Idril came and arrayed him with a tiny coat of mail, which cheered him up greatly.<ref name=Gondolin/>{{rp|174}} When the battle had just begun at the northern part of the city, Meglin and his [[folk of the Mole]] came to the house of Tuor and seized Idril. Tuor and his [[folk of the Wing]] appeared there when Meglin was dragging Idril and Eärendel to the walls, as he wished to cast out the child while the mother saw it. Seeing that Tuor was coming, Meglin tried to stab Eärendel, but the child bit his hand and the coat turned the blade aside. After killing Meglin, Tuor gave Idril some of his men and left to battle.<ref name=Gondolin/>{{rp|177-178}}

During the siege of Gondolin, Idril remained in the doors of her house, till she could wait no longer, so she sent most of her bodyguard down [[Idril's secret way|her secret tunnel]] with Eärendel, while she stayed there.<ref name=Gondolin/>{{rp|187}} Later, when the [[Exiles of Gondolin]] came out of the city to the plain, Tuor saw a group of men being chased by [[wolf-riders]]: "''Lo! there is Eärendel my son; behold, his face shineth as a star in the waste...''". About Eärendel were some men of the Wing, and he was being carried by [[Hendor]], a house-carle. By the order of Tuor, they stopped running and were saved from the Orcs. The child was happy of seeing his father, who took him upon his shoulders. Later, when reunited with his mother, Eärendel refused to be carried by her, as she was clearly tired, and asked for [[Salgant]], who was a friend of them in Gondolin. But as when he asked for [[Ecthelion]] and Gondolin, his parents explained they were all fallen.<ref name=Gondolin/>{{rp|190-191}} After a year of wanderings, the Exiles settled down in the [[Mouths of Sirion|mouth of Sirion]], and there Eärendel grew fair in the house of his father.<ref name=Gondolin/>{{rp|196-197}}

Tolkien never finished [[the Tale of Eärendel]], which is only given in dispersed outlines. It is practically impossible to summarise them in a coherent way.

===Later versions===
In the first sketch of the ''Silmarillion'' ([[1926]]) intended to "reboot" the legendarium, Eärendel slew Ungoliant.<ref>{{SM|2}}</ref>

==Inspiration==
[[Image:J.R.R._Tolkien_-_Earendil's_Heraldic_Device.JPG|right|thumb|100px|One of the two Heraldic Devices [[J.R.R. Tolkien]] designed for Eärendil]]
While ''Eärendil'' is a [[Quenya]] name inside the [[legendarium]], Tolkien created the name based on [[Old English|Anglo-Saxon]] ''éarendel''. He says that he was struck by the "great beauty" of the name as early as 1913, which he perceived as "entirely coherent with the normal style of A-S, but euphonic to a peculiar degree in that pleasing but not 'delectable' language."<ref>{{L|297}}, p. 385</ref>

Tolkien was also aware of the name's Germanic cognates (Old Norse ''[[:Wikipedia:Aurvandill|Aurvandill]]'', Lombardic ''Auriwandalo''), and the question why the Anglo-Saxon one rather than the Lombardic or Proto-Germanic form should be taken up in the mythology is alluded to in ''[[The Notion Club Papers]]''.<ref>{{SD|Notion}}</ref> The [[Old Norse]] together with the Anglo-Saxon evidence point to an astronomical myth, the name referring to a star, or a group of stars, and the Anglo-Saxon in particular points to the Morning Star as the herald of the rising Sun (in ''Crist'' christianized to refer to John the Baptist).

Tolkien was particularly inspired by the lines in ''[[Wikipedia:Christ I|Christ]]'', which became the title of [[Éalá Éarendel Engla Beorhtast|his first poem about Eärendel]]:

{{blockquote|éala éarendel engla beorhtast / ofer middangeard monnum sended 
"Hail Earendel, brightest of angels / sent over Middle-earth to men."}}

This first line is paralleled by [[Eönwë]] when Eärendil reaches Aman: "''Hail Eärendil, of mariners most renowned, [...] Hail Eärendil, bearer of light before the Sun and Moon!''".<ref name="S24"></ref> It also inpires [[Frodo Baggins|Frodo]]'s exclamation in [[Shelob's Lair]], "''[[Aiya Eärendil elenion ancalima!]]''",<ref>{{TT|IV9}}</ref> which translates as "Hail Eärendil, brightest of stars!". Frodo's exclamation was in reference to the "[[Phial of Galadriel|Star-glass]]" he carried, which contained the light of [[Star of Eärendil|Eärendil's star]], the [[Silmaril]] he wore upon his brow.

==Portrayal in adaptations==
[[File:The Rings of Power (TV series) - Central wharf of Armenelos.jpg|thumb|The statue of Eärendil upon the central wharf of [[Armenelos]] in ''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Rings of Power]]''.]]

'''2022: ''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Rings of Power]]'':'''
:'''September 8: ''[[Adar (episode)|Adar]]'':'''
:: The central wharf within the [[Armenelos|capital city]] of [[Númenor]] is towered over by a statue of '''Eärendil the Mariner''', the [[Half-elven|half-elven]] saviour of [[Middle-earth]] during the [[Elder Days|War of Wrath]] and the father of [[Elros|the first king]] of Númenor.

{{references}}
[[Category:Characters in The Book of Lost Tales]]
[[Category:Characters in The Silmarillion]]
[[Category:First Age characters]]
[[Category:Gondolindrim]]
[[Category:Half-elven]]
[[Category:House of Fingolfin]]
[[Category:House of Hador]]
[[Category:Mariners]]
[[Category:Noldor]]
[[Category:Rulers in Beleriand]]
[[Category:Second Age characters]]
[[Category:Quenya names]]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Earendil}}
[[de:Earendil der Seefahrer]]
[[fi:Eärendil]]
[[fr:encyclo:personnages:elfes:semi-elfes:earendil]]