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Song of Beren and Lúthien

2021-06-20T08:36:27Z

WizardKing:

The '''Song of Beren and Lúthien''' or the Tale of Tinúviel is a poem found within the chapter "[[A Knife in the Dark]]" of ''[[The Fellowship of the Ring]]''. It is sung by [[Strider]] to the Hobbits upon [[Weathertop]], explaining to them that it "''is a song in the mode that is called ''[[ann-thennath]]'' among the [[Elves]] in our [[Common Speech]], and this is but a rough echo of it''".
==Analysis==
The Song consists of nine stanzas of eight lines each, rhymed ''ABAC, BABC''. Its metric mode consists in a [[Wikipedia:Iambic tetrameter|iambic tetrameter]] (four pairs of ''unstressed and stressed'' syllable).

Following Aragorn's words, [[Patrick Wynne]] and [[Carl F. Hostetter]] explain that the English metric mode tries to imitate what the [[Sindarin]] metric (the so called ''[[ann-thennath]]'') would have been in the original poem.

The song would be an extract translated from the ''[[Lay of Leithian]]'', specifically the [[Lay of Leithian Canto III|Canto III]].<ref>[[Tolkien's Legendarium|''Tolkien's Legendarium: Essays on'' The History of Middle-earth]]: [[Patrick Wynne]] and [[Carl F. Hostetter]], "Three Elvish Verse Modes: ''Ann-thennath'', ''Minlamad thent'' / ''estent'', and ''Linnod''", pp. 113-120</ref>
It was also consistently influenced by ''[[Light as Leaf on Lindentree]]''.<ref>{{LB|1b}}</ref> The original original version of this poem is contained in ''[[The Return of the Shadow]]''.<ref>{{RS|Attack}}, pp. 182-7</ref>

==Text==
<poem style="font-style:italic; margin-left:20px;">
The leaves were long, the grass was green,
The hemlock-umbels tall and fair,
And in the glade a light was seen
Of stars in shadow shimmering.
Tinúviel was dancing there
To music of a pipe unseen,
And light of stars was in her hair,
And in her raiment glimmering.

There Beren came from mountains cold,
And lost he wandered under leaves,
And where the Elven-river rolled
He walked alone and sorrowing.
He peered between the hemlock-leaves
And saw in wonder flowers of gold
Upon her mantle and her sleeves,
And her hair like shadow following.

Enchantment healed his weary feet
That over hills were doomed to roam;
And forth he hastened, strong and fleet,
And grasped at moonbeams glistening.
Through woven woods in Elvenhome
She lightly fled on dancing feet,
And left him lonely still to roam
In the silent forest listening.

He heard there oft the flying sound
Of feet as light as linden-leaves,
Or music welling underground,
In hidden hollows quavering.
Now withered lay the hemlock-sheaves,
And one by one with sighing sound
Whispering fell the beechen leaves
In the wintry woodland wavering.

He sought her ever, wandering far
Where leaves of years were thickly strewn,
By light of moon and ray of star
In frosty heavens shivering.
Her mantle glinted in the moon,
As on a hilltop high and far
She danced, and at her feet was strewn
A mist of silver quivering.

When winter passed, she came again,
And her song released the sudden spring,
Like rising lark, and falling rain,
And melting water bubbling.
He saw the elven-flowers spring
About her feet, and healed again
He longed by her to dance and sing
Upon the grass untroubling.

Again she fled, but swift he came.
Tinúviel! Tinúviel!
He called her by her elvish name,
And there she halted listening.
One moment stood she, and a spell
His voice laid on her: Beren came,
And doom fell on Tinúviel
That in his arms lay glistening.

As Beren looked into her eyes
Within the shadows of her hair,
The trembling starlight of the skies
He saw there mirrored shimmering.
Tinúviel the elven-fair,
Immortal maiden elven-wise,
About him cast her shadowy hair
And arms like silver glimmering.

Long was the way that fate them bore,
O'er stony mountains cold and grey,
Through halls of iron and darkling door,
And woods of nightshade morrowless.
The Sundering Seas between them lay,
And yet at last they met once more,
And long ago they passed away
In the forest singing sorrowless.
</poem>

{{References}}
[[Category:Poems in The Fellowship of the Ring]]
[[Category:Songs]]

Song of Beren and Lúthien

2021-06-20T08:36:00Z

WizardKing:

The '''Song of Beren and Lúthien''' or the Tale of Tinúviel is a poem found within the chapter "[[A Knife in the Dark]]" of ''[[The Fellowship of the Ring]]''. It is sung by [[Strider]] to the Hobbits upon [[Weathertop]], explaining to them that it "''is a song in the mode that is called ''[[ann-thennath]]'' among the [[Elves]] in our [[Common Speech]], and this is but a rough echo of it''".
==Analysis==
The Song consists of nine stanzas of eight lines each, rhymed ''ABAC, BABC''. Its metric mode consists in a [[Wikipedia:Iambic tetrameter|iambic tetrameter]] (four pairs of ''unstressed and stressed'' syllable).

Following Aragorn's words, [[Patrick Wynne]] and [[Carl F. Hostetter]] explain that the English metric mode tries to imitate what the [[Sindarin]] metric (the so called ''[[ann-thennath]]'') would have been in the original poem.

The song would be an extract translated from the ''[[Lay of Leithian]]'', specifically the [[Lay of Leithian Canto III|Canto III]].<ref>[[Tolkien's Legendarium|''Tolkien's Legendarium: Essays on'' The History of Middle-earth]]: [[Patrick Wynne]] and [[Carl F. Hostetter]], "Three Elvish Verse Modes: ''Ann-thennath'', ''Minlamad thent'' / ''estent'', and ''Linnod''", pp. 113-120</ref>
It was also consistently influenced by ''[[Light as Leaf on Lindentree]]''.<ref>{{LB|1b}} The original original version of this poem is contained in ''[[The Return of the Shadow]]''.<ref>{{RS|Attack}}, pp. 182-7</ref>

==Text==
<poem style="font-style:italic; margin-left:20px;">
The leaves were long, the grass was green,
The hemlock-umbels tall and fair,
And in the glade a light was seen
Of stars in shadow shimmering.
Tinúviel was dancing there
To music of a pipe unseen,
And light of stars was in her hair,
And in her raiment glimmering.

There Beren came from mountains cold,
And lost he wandered under leaves,
And where the Elven-river rolled
He walked alone and sorrowing.
He peered between the hemlock-leaves
And saw in wonder flowers of gold
Upon her mantle and her sleeves,
And her hair like shadow following.

Enchantment healed his weary feet
That over hills were doomed to roam;
And forth he hastened, strong and fleet,
And grasped at moonbeams glistening.
Through woven woods in Elvenhome
She lightly fled on dancing feet,
And left him lonely still to roam
In the silent forest listening.

He heard there oft the flying sound
Of feet as light as linden-leaves,
Or music welling underground,
In hidden hollows quavering.
Now withered lay the hemlock-sheaves,
And one by one with sighing sound
Whispering fell the beechen leaves
In the wintry woodland wavering.

He sought her ever, wandering far
Where leaves of years were thickly strewn,
By light of moon and ray of star
In frosty heavens shivering.
Her mantle glinted in the moon,
As on a hilltop high and far
She danced, and at her feet was strewn
A mist of silver quivering.

When winter passed, she came again,
And her song released the sudden spring,
Like rising lark, and falling rain,
And melting water bubbling.
He saw the elven-flowers spring
About her feet, and healed again
He longed by her to dance and sing
Upon the grass untroubling.

Again she fled, but swift he came.
Tinúviel! Tinúviel!
He called her by her elvish name,
And there she halted listening.
One moment stood she, and a spell
His voice laid on her: Beren came,
And doom fell on Tinúviel
That in his arms lay glistening.

As Beren looked into her eyes
Within the shadows of her hair,
The trembling starlight of the skies
He saw there mirrored shimmering.
Tinúviel the elven-fair,
Immortal maiden elven-wise,
About him cast her shadowy hair
And arms like silver glimmering.

Long was the way that fate them bore,
O'er stony mountains cold and grey,
Through halls of iron and darkling door,
And woods of nightshade morrowless.
The Sundering Seas between them lay,
And yet at last they met once more,
And long ago they passed away
In the forest singing sorrowless.
</poem>

{{References}}
[[Category:Poems in The Fellowship of the Ring]]
[[Category:Songs]]

Light as Leaf on Lindentree

2021-06-20T08:25:45Z

WizardKing:

'''Light as Leaf on Lindentree''' is a poem written by [[J.R.R. Tolkien]] and published in June [[1925]] in ''The Gryphon'' magazine, Vol. 6 No. 6 on page 217. It was first written as part of ''[[The Lay of the Children of Húrin]]''.<ref>{{LB|1b}}, pp. 108-110</ref> The [[Lay of Leithian Canto III|third Canto]] of ''[[The Lay of Leithian]]'' was written after the poem's publication and was inspired by it.<ref>{{LB|C3}}, pp. 181-182</ref>

After many emendations it became the [[Song of Beren and Lúthien]] that [[Strider]] chanted to the hobbits on [[Weathertop]], whose original version is contained in ''[[The Return of the Shadow]]''.<ref>{{RS|Attack}}, pp. 182-7</ref>

==The Poem==
<poem style="font-style:italic; margin-left:20px;">
‘Tis of Beren Ermabwed brokenhearted,
How Luthien the lissom he loved of yore
In the enchanted forest chained with wonder.
Tinúviel he named her, than nightingale
More sweet her voice, as veiled in soft
And wavering wisps of woven dusk
Shot with starlight, with shining eyes,
She danced like dreams of drifting sheen,
Pale twinkling pearls in pools of darkness.

The grass was very long and thin,
The leaves of many years lay thick,
The old tree-roots wound out and in,
And the early moon was glimmering.
There went her white feet lilting quick,
And Dairon’s flute did bubble thin,
As neath the hemlock umbels thick
Tinúviel danced a-shimmering.

The pale moths lumbered noiselessly,
And daylight, died among the leaves,
As Beren from the wild country
Came thither wayworn sorrowing.
He peered between the hemlock sheaves,
And watched in wonder noiselessly
Her dancing through the moonlit leaves
And the ghostly moths a-following.

There magic took his weary feet,
And he forgot his loneliness,
And out he danced, unheeding, fleet,
Where the moonbeams were a-glistening.
Through the tangled woods of Elfinesse
They fled on nimble fairy feet,
And left him to his loneliness
In the silent forest listening,
Still hearkening for the imagined sound
Of lissom feet upon the leaves,
For music welling underground
In the dim-lit caves of Doriath.

But withered are the hemlock sheaves,
And one by one with mournful sound
Whispering fall the beechen leaves
In the dying woods of Doriath.
He sought her wandering near and far
Where the leaves of one more year werestrewn,
By winter moon and frosty star
With shaken light a-shivering.

He found her neath a misty moon,
A silver wraith that danced afar,
And the mists beneath her feet were strewn
In moonlight palely quivering.
She danced upon a hillock green
Whose grass unfading kissed her feet,
While Dairon’s fingers played unseen
O’er his magic flute a-flickering;
And out he danced, unheeding, fleet,
In the moonlight to the hillock green:
No impress found he of her feet
That fled him swiftly flickering.

And longing filled his voice that called “Tinúviel Tinúviel”
And longing sped his feet enthralled
Behind her wayward shimmering.
She heard as echo of a spell
His lonely voice that longing called “Tinúviel Tinúviel”
One moment paused she glimmering.
And Beren caught that elfin maid
And kissed her trembling starlit eyes,
Tinúviel whom love delayed
In the woods of evening morrowless.

Till moonlight and till music dies
Shall Beren by the elfin maid
Dance in the starlight of her eyes
In the forest singing sorrowless.
Wherever grass is long and thin,
And the leaves of countless years lie thick,
And ancient roots wind out and in,
As once they did in Doriath,
Shall go their white feet lilting quick,
But never Dairon’s music thin
Be heard beneath the hemlocks thick,
Since Beren came to Doriath.
</poem>

==See also==
* [[Index:Poems by J.R.R. Tolkien|Poems by J.R.R. Tolkien]]
* [[Lay of Leithian Canto III]]

{{references}}
[[Category:Poems by J.R.R. Tolkien]]

Barrow-downs

2021-06-19T12:00:47Z

WizardKing: Note with source

{{disambig-two|the location in [[Middle-earth]]|website|[[barrowdowns.com]]}}
{{location infobox
| name=The Barrow-downs
| image=[[File:Paul Raymond Gregory - Fog on the Barrow Downs.jpg|250px]]
| caption="Fog on the Barrow Downs" by [[Paul Raymond Gregory]]
| pronun=
| othernames=''Tyrn Gorthad''
| location=Central [[Eriador]], south of the [[East Road]] and [[Bree]], on borders the Old Forest
| type=Hills
| description=
| regions=
| towns=
| inhabitants=[[Men]], then [[Barrow-wights]]
| created=
| destroyed=
| events=
| gallery=the Barrow-downs
}}
The '''Barrow-downs''' or '''''Tyrn Gorthad''''' were a series of low hills east of [[the Shire]], behind the [[Old Forest]], and south-west of the village of [[Bree]].<ref>{{UT|Map}}</ref> Many of the hills were crowned with megaliths and [[barrows]], hence their name.

==History==
The Barrow-downs were first inhabited by [[Men]] related to the [[Edain]] in the [[First Age]],<ref>{{UT|Index}}, ''Barrow-downs''</ref> together with the [[Hills of Evendim]] to the north. They fled east as [[Easterlings]] invaded [[Eriador]] and passed on to [[Beleriand]], but after these had left or been killed in the [[War of Wrath]] the Edain returned to their old homes.

During the [[Second Age]] they were fairly numerous, and when they met with the [[Númenóreans]] the Barrow-downs were the first places where the [[Dúnedain]] émigrés from [[Númenor]] settled.<ref>{{PM|Atani}}</ref> When [[Elendil]] returned to [[Middle-earth]], the Barrow-downs were incorporated into the kingdom of [[Arnor]]. The Downs were revered because of the Great Barrows by the [[Arnorians]], and buried their lords and Kings there.<ref name=eriador/>

After the split of Arnor in {{TA|861}} the Barrow-downs became the capital of [[Cardolan]]. After [[Rhudaur]] fell to [[Angmar]] in {{TA|1409|n}}, the Dúnedain of Cardolan entrenched themselves here, but eventually the realm fell. Around {{TA|1636}}<ref name=TA>{{App|TA}}</ref> the [[Witch-king]] sent the [[Barrow-wights]] that haunted the hills,<ref name=eriador>{{App|Eriador}}</ref> preventing any resettlement; after [[Arthedain]] once again claimed the kingship over all of Arnor the Dúnedain tried to recolonize Cardolan, but this failed because of the Barrow-wights.

The [[Nazgûl|Black Riders]] entered Cardolan around September 24. Their chief, the [[Witch-king]], moved to [[Andrath]] and visited the Barrow-downs, where he stayed for three days in order to rouse the Barrow-wights. According to the rare manuscript ''[[The Hunt for the Ring|The Hunt for the Ring: Time Scheme - Black Riders]]'', the [[Witch King]] empowered the Barrow-wights and slew the [[Ranger]]s in order to trap the [[Ring]]-bearer - a strategy that would almost work; he left on September 27.<ref>{{HM|RC}}, "Fog on the Barrow-downs", p. 145-6</ref><ref name=RC>{{HM|RC}}, "Flight to the Ford", p. 180</ref><ref>{{UT|Other}}</ref>

On [[28 September]] {{TA|3018|n}}<ref>{{App|Great}}</ref> [[Frodo Baggins]] and company were trapped in the downs by a wight, probably in the same [[uncommon words|cairn]] which held the grave of the [[last prince of Cardolan]] (it's likely that Merry saw his last memories in dreams, for he mentioned the "men of [[Carn Dûm]]").<ref name=eriador>{{App|Eriador}}</ref><ref>{{HM|RC}}, "Fog on the Barrow-downs", pp. 144-5; Index, 'Cardolan, [[Last prince of Cardolan|last prince of]]' </ref> They were rescued by [[Tom Bombadil]], who amassed the barrow’s mighty hoard and gave them four special [[Daggers of Westernesse|swords]].<ref>{{FR|I8}}</ref> Bombadil also took for [[Goldberry]] a blue-jewelled brooch, probably belonging to the wife of the [[last prince of Cardolan]].<ref>{{HM|RC}}, "Fog on the Barrow-downs", pp. 146-7</ref><ref>{{RS|Wight}}, p. 127-8</ref>

== Other versions of the legendarium ==
In the earlier versions of the story, the barrows were said to belong to the men that “fought against the evil foes” when “the world was still young”. The cairn where the Hobbits were trapped was said to be the barrow of a prince of this kingdom (the identification of the buried prince with the [[Last prince of Cardolan|last prince]] and the occurrence of Cardolan, Angmar and Carn Dûm are only subsequent).<ref>{{RS|Wight}}, p. 127-8</ref><ref>[[J.R.R. Tolkien]], [[Christopher Tolkien]] (ed.), [[The Treason of Isengard]], From Bree to the Ford and Rivendell, p. 37</ref>

Also, in the earlier versions of Tom Bombadil’s statement regarding the blue-jewelled brooch he took for Goldberry, and the mysterious lady that once wore it, he mentioned that “they shall not forget” the kings, the warriors, the children and the fair maidens of the past, suggesting they were interred there and Bombadil had met them long ago.<ref>{{RS|Wight}}, p. 128</ref>

==Etymology==
In topography, a "down" is a low-lying hill, from the [[Old English|Anglo-Saxon]] ''dún'' meaning "hill".<ref name="ASD">Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller, "[http://bosworth.ff.cuni.cz/008106 DÚN]" at ''An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary'' (accessed 12 October 2010)</ref> In the [[wikipedia:United Kingdom|United Kingdom]], a [[wikipedia:Downland|down]] is a gently-rolling chalk hill in Southern [[wikipedia:England|England]] (seen especially in the [[wikipedia:North Downs|North]] and [[wikipedia:South Downs|South Downs]]).<ref name="OD">[http://oxforddictionaries.com/ Oxford Dictionaries], "[http://oxforddictionaries.com/view/entry/m_en_gb0241750?rskey=YT9je8&result=4#m_en_gb0241750 down]" (accessed 12 October 2010)</ref>

A "barrow" (or "berrow"; from English beorg, berg, 'hill, mound') not to be confused with the wheeled vehicle, is a tumulus or other prehistoric grave-mound.<ref name="Nomen">{{HM|N}}, p. 766</ref>

The name therefore would represent an earlier [[Old English]] form ''Beorga Dune'' "downs of barrows".<ref name=etym>{{webcite|author=[[David Salo]]|articleurl=http://groups.yahoo.com/group/elfling/message/121|articlename=Hobbitish Place-names|dated=23 November 1998|website=[[Elfling]]|accessed=9 October 2014}}</ref>

'''''Tyrn Gorthad''''' was the [[Sindarin]] name of the Barrow-downs. ''Tyrn Gorthad'' is a compound of ''[[torn]]'' ("down") and ''[[gorthad]]'' ("of buried").<ref>{{PE|17}}, p. 116</ref> In one manuscript, the name ''Tyrn Goerthaid'' was used by [[J.R.R. Tolkien|Tolkien]].<ref>{{PM|VII}}</ref> ''Goerthaid'' seems to be the [[Sindarin#Plural|plural]] of ''gorthad'' with [[affection|affected]] vowels.

==Portrayal in adaptations==
[[File:The Lord of the Rings Online - Barrow-downs.jpg|thumb|Barrow-downs at night in ''[[The Lord of the Rings Online]]'']]
'''2002: [[The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring (video game)|''The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring'' (video game)]]:'''
:Hobbits' passage through the Barrow-downs is represented by a respective level.

'''2006: ''[[The Battle for Middle-earth II: The Rise of the Witch-king]]'':'''
:In his campaign against the former kingdom of Arnor the Witch-king dispatches his men lead by [[Hwaldar|Hwaldar]] to claim the royal barrows to enrage Cardolan and lure out their forces to destroy their army and lay Cardolan bare for his attacks, while unintentionally slaying a prince of Cardolan. Later he attacked the Barrow-downs a second time to desecrate the barrows to create a plague to weaken the rest of Arnor and to demotalize the Dúnedain of Cardolan by using the barrows as the plague's ground zero. In the resulting battle [[Karsh|Carthaen]], a general of Cardolan, was slain and Cardolan's sent army was destroyed.

'''2007: ''[[The Lord of the Rings Online]]'':'''
:The Barrow-downs are a divided into North and South Barrows, depicted as a series of mounds crowned with megaliths. The region is inhabited by wights, recently stirred by the passage of the [[Nazgûl]]. The largest and oldest barrow is called [[Othrongroth]].

'''2011: ''[[The Lord of the Rings: War in the North]]'':'''

:After [[Halbarad]] sends [[Eradan (video game character)|Eradan]], [[Andriel]] and [[Farin (video game character)|Farin]] to warn [[Aragorn]] in Bree, the three heroes travel through the Barrow-downs as a shortcut.<ref>[http://www.oxmonline.com/ Offical Xbox Magazine Online], [http://www.oxmonline.com/article/previews/g-l/lord-rings-war-north The Lord of the Rings: War in the North], dated [[28 April]], [[2011]] (accessed at [[7 July]], [[2011]])</ref> On their way, they have to save two Dúnedain Rangers named Luin and Kilaran. Throughout the whole level fog hangs above the ground.<ref>[http://www.warinthenorth.com The Lord of the Rings: War in the North's Official Site], [http://www.warinthenorth.com/index.php/media/videos Videos], The Lord of the Rings: War in the North - Dev video: Art Direction Process, dated [[11 May]], [[2011]] (accessed [[14 September]], [[2011]])</ref> Upon reaching Rivendell, the three heroes can talk to Frodo about their escapades in the Barrow-downs. Even though Frodo and the Hobbits were never shown to venture into the Barrow-downs in the movies, he will mention his own encounters there. However, he refuses to go into detail about what happened there.

{{references}}
[[Category:Arnor]]
[[Category:Eriador]]
[[Category:Graves and tombs]]
[[Category:Hills]]
[[Category:Regions]]
[[de:Hügelgräberhöhen (Eriador)]]
[[fi:Hautakerot]]
[[fr:encyclo/geographie/reliefs/eriador/hauts_des_galgals]]

Barrow-downs

2021-06-19T11:53:21Z

WizardKing: Detail with source

{{disambig-two|the location in [[Middle-earth]]|website|[[barrowdowns.com]]}}
{{location infobox
| name=The Barrow-downs
| image=[[File:Paul Raymond Gregory - Fog on the Barrow Downs.jpg|250px]]
| caption="Fog on the Barrow Downs" by [[Paul Raymond Gregory]]
| pronun=
| othernames=''Tyrn Gorthad''
| location=Central [[Eriador]], south of the [[East Road]] and [[Bree]], on borders the Old Forest
| type=Hills
| description=
| regions=
| towns=
| inhabitants=[[Men]], then [[Barrow-wights]]
| created=
| destroyed=
| events=
| gallery=the Barrow-downs
}}
The '''Barrow-downs''' or '''''Tyrn Gorthad''''' were a series of low hills east of [[the Shire]], behind the [[Old Forest]], and south-west of the village of [[Bree]].<ref>{{UT|Map}}</ref> Many of the hills were crowned with megaliths and [[barrows]], hence their name.

==History==
The Barrow-downs were first inhabited by [[Men]] related to the [[Edain]] in the [[First Age]],<ref>{{UT|Index}}, ''Barrow-downs''</ref> together with the [[Hills of Evendim]] to the north. They fled east as [[Easterlings]] invaded [[Eriador]] and passed on to [[Beleriand]], but after these had left or been killed in the [[War of Wrath]] the Edain returned to their old homes.

During the [[Second Age]] they were fairly numerous, and when they met with the [[Númenóreans]] the Barrow-downs were the first places where the [[Dúnedain]] émigrés from [[Númenor]] settled.<ref>{{PM|Atani}}</ref> When [[Elendil]] returned to [[Middle-earth]], the Barrow-downs were incorporated into the kingdom of [[Arnor]]. The Downs were revered because of the Great Barrows by the [[Arnorians]], and buried their lords and Kings there.<ref name=eriador/>

After the split of Arnor in {{TA|861}} the Barrow-downs became the capital of [[Cardolan]]. After [[Rhudaur]] fell to [[Angmar]] in {{TA|1409|n}}, the Dúnedain of Cardolan entrenched themselves here, but eventually the realm fell. Around {{TA|1636}}<ref name=TA>{{App|TA}}</ref> the [[Witch-king]] sent the [[Barrow-wights]] that haunted the hills,<ref name=eriador>{{App|Eriador}}</ref> preventing any resettlement; after [[Arthedain]] once again claimed the kingship over all of Arnor the Dúnedain tried to recolonize Cardolan, but this failed because of the Barrow-wights.

The [[Nazgûl|Black Riders]] entered Cardolan around September 24. Their chief, the [[Witch-king]], moved to [[Andrath]] and visited the Barrow-downs, where he stayed for three days in order to rouse the Barrow-wights. According to the rare manuscript ''[[The Hunt for the Ring|The Hunt for the Ring: Time Scheme - Black Riders]]'', the [[Witch King]] empowered the Barrow-wights and slew the [[Ranger]]s in order to trap the [[Ring]]-bearer - a strategy that would almost work; he left on September 27.<ref>{{HM|RC}}, "Fog on the Barrow-downs", p. 145-6</ref><ref name=RC>{{HM|RC}}, "Flight to the Ford", p. 180</ref><ref>{{UT|Other}}</ref>

On [[28 September]] {{TA|3018|n}}<ref>{{App|Great}}</ref> [[Frodo Baggins]] and company were trapped in the downs by a wight, probably in the same [[uncommon words|cairn]] which held the grave of the [[last prince of Cardolan]] (it's likely that Merry saw his last memories in dreams, for he mentioned the "men of [[Carn Dûm]]").<ref name=eriador>{{App|Eriador}}</ref><ref>{{HM|RC}}, "Fog on the Barrow-downs", pp. 144-5; Index, 'Cardolan, [[Last prince of Cardolan|last prince of]]' </ref> They were rescued by [[Tom Bombadil]], who amassed the barrow’s mighty hoard and gave them four special [[Daggers of Westernesse|swords]].<ref>{{FR|I8}}</ref> Bombadil also took for [[Goldberry]] a blue-jewelled brooch, probably belonging to the wife of the [[last prince of Cardolan]].<ref>{{HM|RC}}, "Fog on the Barrow-downs", pp. 146-7</ref><ref>{{RS|Wight}}, p. 127-8</ref>

==Etymology==
In topography, a "down" is a low-lying hill, from the [[Old English|Anglo-Saxon]] ''dún'' meaning "hill".<ref name="ASD">Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller, "[http://bosworth.ff.cuni.cz/008106 DÚN]" at ''An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary'' (accessed 12 October 2010)</ref> In the [[wikipedia:United Kingdom|United Kingdom]], a [[wikipedia:Downland|down]] is a gently-rolling chalk hill in Southern [[wikipedia:England|England]] (seen especially in the [[wikipedia:North Downs|North]] and [[wikipedia:South Downs|South Downs]]).<ref name="OD">[http://oxforddictionaries.com/ Oxford Dictionaries], "[http://oxforddictionaries.com/view/entry/m_en_gb0241750?rskey=YT9je8&result=4#m_en_gb0241750 down]" (accessed 12 October 2010)</ref>

A "barrow" (or "berrow"; from English beorg, berg, 'hill, mound') not to be confused with the wheeled vehicle, is a tumulus or other prehistoric grave-mound.<ref name="Nomen">{{HM|N}}, p. 766</ref>

The name therefore would represent an earlier [[Old English]] form ''Beorga Dune'' "downs of barrows".<ref name=etym>{{webcite|author=[[David Salo]]|articleurl=http://groups.yahoo.com/group/elfling/message/121|articlename=Hobbitish Place-names|dated=23 November 1998|website=[[Elfling]]|accessed=9 October 2014}}</ref>

'''''Tyrn Gorthad''''' was the [[Sindarin]] name of the Barrow-downs. ''Tyrn Gorthad'' is a compound of ''[[torn]]'' ("down") and ''[[gorthad]]'' ("of buried").<ref>{{PE|17}}, p. 116</ref> In one manuscript, the name ''Tyrn Goerthaid'' was used by [[J.R.R. Tolkien|Tolkien]].<ref>{{PM|VII}}</ref> ''Goerthaid'' seems to be the [[Sindarin#Plural|plural]] of ''gorthad'' with [[affection|affected]] vowels.

==Portrayal in adaptations==
[[File:The Lord of the Rings Online - Barrow-downs.jpg|thumb|Barrow-downs at night in ''[[The Lord of the Rings Online]]'']]
'''2002: [[The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring (video game)|''The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring'' (video game)]]:'''
:Hobbits' passage through the Barrow-downs is represented by a respective level.

'''2006: ''[[The Battle for Middle-earth II: The Rise of the Witch-king]]'':'''
:In his campaign against the former kingdom of Arnor the Witch-king dispatches his men lead by [[Hwaldar|Hwaldar]] to claim the royal barrows to enrage Cardolan and lure out their forces to destroy their army and lay Cardolan bare for his attacks, while unintentionally slaying a prince of Cardolan. Later he attacked the Barrow-downs a second time to desecrate the barrows to create a plague to weaken the rest of Arnor and to demotalize the Dúnedain of Cardolan by using the barrows as the plague's ground zero. In the resulting battle [[Karsh|Carthaen]], a general of Cardolan, was slain and Cardolan's sent army was destroyed.

'''2007: ''[[The Lord of the Rings Online]]'':'''
:The Barrow-downs are a divided into North and South Barrows, depicted as a series of mounds crowned with megaliths. The region is inhabited by wights, recently stirred by the passage of the [[Nazgûl]]. The largest and oldest barrow is called [[Othrongroth]].

'''2011: ''[[The Lord of the Rings: War in the North]]'':'''

:After [[Halbarad]] sends [[Eradan (video game character)|Eradan]], [[Andriel]] and [[Farin (video game character)|Farin]] to warn [[Aragorn]] in Bree, the three heroes travel through the Barrow-downs as a shortcut.<ref>[http://www.oxmonline.com/ Offical Xbox Magazine Online], [http://www.oxmonline.com/article/previews/g-l/lord-rings-war-north The Lord of the Rings: War in the North], dated [[28 April]], [[2011]] (accessed at [[7 July]], [[2011]])</ref> On their way, they have to save two Dúnedain Rangers named Luin and Kilaran. Throughout the whole level fog hangs above the ground.<ref>[http://www.warinthenorth.com The Lord of the Rings: War in the North's Official Site], [http://www.warinthenorth.com/index.php/media/videos Videos], The Lord of the Rings: War in the North - Dev video: Art Direction Process, dated [[11 May]], [[2011]] (accessed [[14 September]], [[2011]])</ref> Upon reaching Rivendell, the three heroes can talk to Frodo about their escapades in the Barrow-downs. Even though Frodo and the Hobbits were never shown to venture into the Barrow-downs in the movies, he will mention his own encounters there. However, he refuses to go into detail about what happened there.

{{references}}
[[Category:Arnor]]
[[Category:Eriador]]
[[Category:Graves and tombs]]
[[Category:Hills]]
[[Category:Regions]]
[[de:Hügelgräberhöhen (Eriador)]]
[[fi:Hautakerot]]
[[fr:encyclo/geographie/reliefs/eriador/hauts_des_galgals]]

Tom Bombadil

2021-06-19T11:52:03Z

WizardKing: Detail with source

{{disambig-more|Tom|[[Tom (disambiguation)]]}}
{{other infobox
| image=[[Image:John Howe - Tom Bombadil.jpg|250px]]
| caption="Tom Bombadil" by [[John Howe]]
| name=Tom Bombadil
| pronun=
| othernames=''Iarwain Ben-adar'' ([[Sindarin|S]]) ''Orald'' ([[Rohan language|R]]) ''Forn'' ([[Khuzdul|K]])
| titles=The [[Eldest]], [[Master]]
| position=
| location=[[Old Forest]]
| affiliation=
| language=[[Westron]]
| birth=
| birthlocation=
| rule=
| death=
| deathlocation=
| age=
| notablefor=saving [[Frodo]], [[Sam]], [[Merry]] and [[Pippin]] from the [[Old Man Willow]] and the [[Barrow-wights|Barrow-wight]]
| parentage=
| siblings=
| spouse=[[Goldberry]]
| children=
| race=[[Tom Bombadil/Nature|Unknown]]
| gender=Male
| height=Short
| hair=
| eyes=
| clothing=Blue jacket and hat, boots
| weapons=Song
| steed=[[Fatty Lumpkin]]
}}
{{quote|Eldest, that's what I am... Tom remembers the first raindrop and the first acorn... he knew the dark under the stars when it was fearless – before the Dark Lord came from Outside.|Tom Bombadil in ''[[The Fellowship of the Ring]]'', "[[In the House of Tom Bombadil]]"}}
'''Tom Bombadil''' was an enigmatic figure that lived throughout the history of [[Arda]]. Living in the depths of the [[Old Forest]], he seemed to possess unequaled power in the land around his dwelling. Although seemingly benevolent, he took no stance against the [[Dark Lord]]s.

His existence passed into Hobbit lore and was referenced in poems such as ''[[The Adventures of Tom Bombadil]]''.
==Appearance and traits==
{{quote|Old Tom Bombadil is a merry fellow; Bright blue his jacket is, and his boots are yellow.|Tom Bombadil}}
Tom looks like a male figure, with a red "ripe" face, with many laughing wrinkles, sporting a long brown beard. His eyes are bright blue. He wears a blue coat and an old tall hat with a long blue feather. His thick legs wear big yellow boots.<ref name="OldF"/>

He lived in a little house in the [[Dingle]] of the [[Old Forest]] by the river [[Withywindle]], together with his lovely wife [[Goldberry]].

The [[Bucklanders]] had little understanding of his powers and nature. They saw him as a mysterious, unpredictable, but benevolent and comic person; more or less as the [[Shire-folk]] thought of [[Gandalf]].<ref name="Adv"/>

==History==
===Origins===
[[Image:Olanda Fong-Surdenas - Tom Bombadil.jpg|thumb|left|''Tom Bombadil'' by [[Olanda Fong-Surdenas]]]]
{{quote|He is a strange creature.|[[Elrond]], ''[[The Council of Elrond]]''}}
The origins and [[Tom Bombadil/Nature|nature of Tom Bombadil]] are unknown; however, he already existed when the [[Morgoth|Dark Lord]] came to [[Arda]],<ref name="house">{{FR|Bombadil}}</ref> signifying he was alive even before the coming of the [[Valar]].

He was on Arda "before the river and the trees", before the first rain and made paths before the [[Great March]] of the [[Eldar]] and later of the [[Middle Men]] and their [[Barrow Downs|tombs]]. He also witnessed the [[Changing of the World]], the arrival of the [[Exiles of Númenor]] and the [[Barrow-wights]],<ref name="house"/> but his role and nature in the [[Elder Days]] and later is unknown. He also witnessed the reducing of the great forests that covered all [[Middle-earth]], and perhaps of his powers.<ref name="CoE"/>

The level of his interactions with the outside world is also unclear; however, he seemed to have names among many peoples and perhaps became a folkloric figure in the traditions and legends of Elves, Dwarves, Men.<ref name="CoE"/><ref name="Adv">{{AB|Preface}}</ref>

During the [[Third Age]], he had contact with the [[Bucklanders]]<ref name="Adv"/> and [[Farmer Maggot]], and perhaps it was this to which he owed his jolly and whimsical attitude.

===War of the Ring===
[[Image:Ted Nasmith - The Willow Man is Tamed.jpg|thumb|''The Willow Man is Tamed'' by [[Ted Nasmith]]]]
On [[26 September]], {{TA|3018}}, he encountered [[travellers|four hobbits]] while he was searching for water-lilies for his wife. Two of those Hobbits, [[Meriadoc Brandybuck|Merry]] and [[Peregrin Took|Pippin]], had been captured by [[Old Man Willow]]. Tom, who was the master of the Old Forest, rescued them, and took all four of them to his house.<ref name="OldF">{{FR|Forest}}</ref>

The four hobbits stayed two nights, and he told them many tales and songs. With cunning questions, he made [[Frodo Baggins|Frodo]] tell him of the [[The One Ring|Ring]]. When Tom tried it on, nothing happened, but he then took it off and flipped it in the air and made the ring itself disappear, showing that indeed within his realm Tom was master. However, when Frodo put the ring on, Tom could still see him. He bade the Hobbit to come back and sit down; his hand was fairer without the ring.

The following morning, Tom warned his guests of the [[Barrow-downs]], and advised them to pass any barrow on the western side. He also taught them a song, should they come to peril.<ref name="house"/>

And they did come to peril. Tom chased off a [[Barrow-wights|wight]] with song, and broke the spells on the barrow in which the four hobbits were captured. While he sent the Hobbits to calm down, he went for provisions. He also brought the ponies that had belonged to Merry. After that, he broke the spells of the barrow. From the barrow's mighty hoard, he took a blue-jewelled brooch for Goldberry (probably belonging to the spouse of the [[last prince of Cardolan]] he seemingly met long ago),<ref>{{HM|RC}}, "Fog on the Barrow-downs", pp. 146-7</ref><ref>{{RS|Wight}}, p. 127-8</ref> and gave a [[Daggers of Westernesse|dagger]] to each of the hobbits. He then advised them to make for ''[[The Prancing Pony]]'' in [[Bree]].<ref>{{FR|Barrow}}</ref>

The peril of the hobbits was not over; an attack on their lives was carried out, and their ponies were set loose. The ponies apparently remembered the care they were given in the house of Tom Bombadil, and returned to stay beside Tom's own pony, [[Fatty Lumpkin]]. He returned them to [[Barliman Butterbur]], the proprietor of ''The Prancing Pony''. Since he had paid eighteen pence as compensation for the loss, he was now the owner of five fine ponies.<ref>{{FR|Knife}}</ref>

As he was merry and benevolent, some of the [[Free Peoples]] considered him a potential ally against [[Sauron]] during the [[War of the Ring]]. [[Elrond]] and [[Erestor]] considered that he should be present at the [[Council of Elrond]]. However, according to [[Gandalf]], Tom Bombadil was perhaps not fully aware of the struggle of Light and Darkness and could not prove useful to their causes.<ref name="CoE"/>

Eventually the defeat of Sauron in the end of the War, and the victory of the [[West]] allowed Tom to continue and "survive" in the following Ages.<ref>{{L|144}}</ref>

==Etymology and other names==
''Tom Bombadil'' is said to be a [[Buckland|Bucklandish]] name, added by Hobbit chroniclers to his many older ones. It is, like many names of the Bucklanders, untranslatable.<ref name="Adv"/>

He also went by other names:
* To the [[Elves]] and [[Dúnedain]], he was known with the [[Sindarin]] name '''''[[iaur|Iar]][[gwain|wain]] [[penadar|Ben-adar]]''''', which translates to "Oldest and Fatherless".<ref name="CoE">{{FR|Council}}</ref> ''Iarwain'' literally means "Old-young"<ref>''[[The Lord of the Rings: A Reader's Companion]]'' p. 128; quoting an unpublished letter by Tolkien</ref>
* To [[Men]] of the [[Vales of Anduin]] and [[Rohan]], he was known with the [[Rohirric]] name '''''Orald'''''.<ref name="CoE"/> This is an [[Old English]] word meaning "very ancient.<ref name="nomen">{{HM|N}}, p. 761</ref>
* The Dwarves knew him as '''''Forn'''''. This too is a reference to his age: it is [[North Germanic languages|Old Norse]] for "(belonging to) ancient (days)".<ref name="nomen"/><ref group=note>In some imprints of ''[[The History of Middle-earth Index]]'', this name was accidentally spelled with a "P" as the first letter: {{HM|IX}}, "Tom Bombadil (VII)", p. 435</ref>

==Inspiration==
Tom Bombadil was inspired primarily from a [[Wikipedia:Peg wooden doll|dutch doll]] Tolkien's child(ren) toyed with.<ref name=intro/>

Probably in the 1920s he began writing a story entitled ''Tom Bombadil'' set during the reign of "King Bonhedig" in the British prehistory, far before any recorded events or invasions. The protagonist Tombombadil is mentioned as one of the oldest inhabitants of Bonhedig's kingdom, that spanned many miles on either side of the Thames. Only the 3 opening paragraphs survive of the shortly-abandoned, story, and the fragment ends at the description of Tombombadil who "wore a tall hat with a blue feather; his jacket was blue, and his boots were yellow".<Ref>{{AB|Prose}}</ref>

Around the 1930s or earlier Tolkien wrote a poem about some Tom Bombadil rowing down a River, a poem which Tolkien later identified as his "germ of Tom Bombadil".<ref>{{RS|1VT}}</ref> Later in [[1934]] he put him into [[The Adventures of Tom Bombadil (poem)|a poem]], again described according to the appearance of the aforementioned doll (something that he did with other toys of his children, like [[Rover]]).<ref name=intro>{{AB|Intro}}</ref> At one time he described him as a "spirit of the (vanishing) [[Oxford]] and Berkshire countryside"<ref name=L19>{{L|19}}</ref> When asked to make a sequel for ''[[The Hobbit]]'', Tolkien briefly considered if he would base it around that figure of his poem,<ref name=L19/> who eventually [[The Old Forest|appeared]] in the narrative.

Tolkien wrote Bombadil as a direct contrast to the artistry and (sub)creative force of the [[Elves]]; whereas they seek to create, devise, alter and control, Bombadil only observes and contemplates the world outside him and takes joy in it. He is the fearless theoretical science (learning, knowledge) of the world, and history.<ref name=coghill>[[Letter to Nevill Coghill]] (Excerpt reproduced [http://wayneandchristina.wordpress.com/2014/12/30/tom-bombadil-addenda-corrigenda/ here]</ref>}}

[[Paula Marmor]] notes that ''bobadil'' is an archaic word meaning "braggart", as seen in the character "Captain Bobadill" in the English play ''[[Wikipedia:Every Man in His Humour|Every Man in His Humour]]''. Because of its Bucklandish form, ''[[An Introduction to Elvish]]'' lists the name Bombadil under the "[[Celtic]]-sounding names". However, it is said that the word derives from '''[[Wikipedia:Boabdil|Boabdil]]''', the Spaniard name of [[Wikipedia:Muhammad XII of Granada|'''Abu Abdillah''' Muhammad XII]], the last Moorish ruler of Granada.<ref>{{HM|IE}}, Giving of Names</ref>

[[John D. Rateliff]] has noted a theory launched by scholar Justin Noetzel. In the latter's paper "Beorn and Tom Bombadil: Mythology, Narrative, and The Most (Non) Essential Characters in Middle-earth", Noetzel suggests an association of Tom Bombadil with the [[Wikipedia:Celtic Otherworld|Celtic Otherworld]] and tales of the [[Wikipedia:Tuatha Dé Danann|Tuatha Dé Danann]].<ref>{{webcite|author=[[John D. Rateliff]]|articleurl=http://sacnoths.blogspot.se/2013/03/valparaiso-day-three.html|articlename=Valparaiso, Day Three|dated=12 March 2013|website=Sac|accessed=14 March 2013}}</ref>

==Outside the legendarium==
Except the aforementioned earlier works written independently to the Legendarium, a figure that hints to Bombadil appears in the much later poem ''[[Once upon a Time]]''. Tolkien wrote it around [[1964]] and reused the names of "Tom" and "Goldberry" (although the epithet "Bombadil" is not mentioned, the association can be made as he appears with Goldberry). Hammond & Scull note that in this poem Tom appears less omnipotent; while he is known to talk to all creatures, who always obey him, the mysterious ''[[lintips]]'' are the only ones who refuse to talk to him and hide away.<ref>{{AB|Once}}, p. 283</ref> No specific events are mentioned that can connect it to Tom Bombadil or the legendarium of Arda.

==Portrayal in adaptations==
Because he is left out of the three major adaptations ([[The Lord of the Rings (1978 film)|Ralph Bakshi]], [[The Lord of the Rings (1981 radio series)|BBC's 1981 series]] and [[The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring|Peter Jackson's]]), Tom Bombadil's main role (providing the [[Daggers of Westernesse|Barrow-blades]]) is omitted. He does have several appearances in other adaptations, though.

{{Gallery
|title=Tom Bombadil in adaptations
|height=150
|width=200
|lines=3
|File:War in Middle Earth - Tom Bombadil.png|''[[J.R.R. Tolkien's War in Middle Earth]]''
|File:The Lord of the Rings - The Fellowship of the Ring (video game) - Tom Bombadil.JPG|[[The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring (video game)|''The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring'' (video game)]]
|File:The Lord of the Rings Trading Card Game - Tom Bombadil, The Master.jpg|''[[The Lord of the Rings Trading Card Game]]''
|File:BFME2 - Tom Bombadil 03.jpg|''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Battle for Middle-earth II]]''
|File:The Lord of the Rings Online - Tom Bombadil.jpg|''[[The Lord of the Rings Online]]''
}}
'''1955: ''[[The Lord of the Rings (1956 radio series)|BBC Radio's The Lord of the Rings]]'':'''
:[[Norman Shelley]] voiced Bombadil, and Tolkien thought his portrayal "dreadful". [[Goldberry]] was portrayed as his daughter, rather than his wife<ref>{{L|175}}</ref>.

'''1979: [[The Lord of the Rings (1979 radio series)|''The Lord of the Rings'' (1979 radio series)]]:'''
:In this series, Tom was voiced by [[Bernard Mayes]]. Like Norman Shelley before him, he also voiced [[Gandalf]].

'''1988: ''[[J.R.R. Tolkien's War in Middle Earth]]'':'''
:Tom Bombadil can be found outside his house in the Old Forest.

'''1990: ''[[J.R.R. Tolkien's The Lord of the Rings Volume I]]'':'''
:Tom Bombadil rescues the party from the Willow Man, and provides information, supplies, shelter, and side-quests for the party. He later rescues the party from the Barrow Wights, and very briefly joins as a temporary playable character while inside the barrow. His role runs almost directly parallel to the original, with some related passages of ''[[The Fellowship of the Ring]]'' quoted directly. However, [[Goldberry]]'s role is significantly changed to provide a quest for the party.

'''1992: [[Der Herr der Ringe (1992 German radio series)|''Der Herr der Ringe'' (1992 German radio series)]]:'''
:Tom Bombadil is played by Peter Ehrlich.

'''1992: [[Tales from the Perilous Realm (1992 radio series)|''Tales from the Perilous Realm'' (1992 radio series)]]:'''
:When he adapted the 1981 [[The Lord of the Rings (1981 radio series)|radio series]], [[Brian Sibley]] deeply regretted cutting Bombadil from the radio series.<ref>[[Brian Sibley]], ''[http://briansibleytheworks.blogspot.com/2008/01/this-page-is-still-under-construction_23.html The Ring Goes Ever On]''</ref> When he made ''[[Tales from the Perilous Realm]]'' into a radio series, he decided to change the section "[[The Adventures of Tom Bombadil]]". Rather than several (unadaptable) Hobbitish poems, Sibley adapted the chapters from ''[[The Fellowship of the Ring]]''. Bombadil is voiced by [[Ian Hogg]].

'''1993: ''[[Hobitit]]'':'''
:Tom Bombadil is portrayed by [[Esko Hukkanen]]. It is the only screen adaptation that features him so far.

'''2001-2007: ''[[The Lord of the Rings Trading Card Game]]'':'''
:Although Tom Bombadil does not appear in [[The Lord of the Rings (film series)|''The Lord of the Rings'' film series]], Decipher produced a card for the character. He was portrayed by Harry Weller-Chew.

'''2001-present: ''[[The Lord of the Rings Strategy Battle Game]]'':'''
:Despite not appearing in the films the game is based on, Tom Bombadil and Goldberry were given several models by [[Games Workshop]], which has held rights for tabletop games since 1980.

'''2001: [[Pán prsteňov (2001-2003 Slovak radio series)|''Pán prsteňov'' (2001-2003 Slovak radio series)]]:'''
:The voice of Tom Bombadil is provided by Milan Lasica. He appears in the final third of the first episode, helping the four hobbits with Old Man Willow, guiding them to his house and taking them in as his guests for the night, along with his wife Goldberry. After they depart and get lost on the Barrow Downs, he once again aids in their rescue, and provides them with barrow-blades from the barrow of the defeated barrow-wight.

'''2002: [[The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring (video game)|''The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring'' (video game)]]:'''
:[[Daran Norris]] portrayed Bombadil with a Scottish accent. His role is much like that in the book, and as one of the few characters in this video game, he keeps most of his songs.

'''2002: ''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Two Towers]]'':'''
:In the [[The Lord of the Rings: The Two Towers (extended edition)|extended edition]], some of Bombadil's poems are transferred to [[Treebeard]], and so is his encounter with [[Old Man Willow]].

'''2006: ''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Battle for Middle-earth II]]'':'''
:Bombadil is a summonable power. Once summoned, he can plow through enemy lines. His most powerful weapon is a "Sonic Song". As soon as [[Electronic Arts|EA]] secured the rights to the books, it was decided that Tom Bombadil should be in it; his appearance is kept close to his description in the book.<ref>[http://www.gamespot.com/pc/strategy/battleformiddleearth2/news.html?sid=6139678 The Lord of the Rings, The Battle for Middle-earth II Q&A - Enter Tom Bombadil], [http://www.gamespot.com/ GameSpot.com]</ref>

'''2007: ''[[The Lord of the Rings Online]]'':'''
:Tom can be found either inside or outside his house in the Old Forest. He helps the player track down crebain scouts possessing important information, and later arrives to rescue the player from the Barrow-Downs when (s)he gets himself in more than (s)he is prepared for, much like the Hobbits in the Book.

'''2012: ''[[Lego The Lord of the Rings: The Video Game]]'':'''
:Bombadil is a playable character. He uses a trowel as a weapon and for digging in certain spots. Tom can be found in his house on the road to the north of [[Bucklebury Ferry]] in the forested area between [[Bree]] and the Shire. It is unclear if this forest is meant to be the Old Forest or not; it is in the right location, but the game never specifically names it and its physical appearance does not fit the book's description.

===Collectibles===
In [[April]] [[2008]], [[Gentle Giant]] released the Tom Bombadil Mini Bust.

==See also==
*'''[[Tom Bombadil/Nature|The Nature of Tom Bombadil]]'''

== External links ==
* [http://www.glyphweb.com/arda/t/tombombadil.html Entry in the Encyclopedia of Arda] (a concise overview of the discussion)
* [http://middle-earth.xenite.org/2012/08/27/count-count-weigh-divide/ Count, Count, Weigh, Divide] by [[Michael Martinez]] (discusses Tom Bombadil's moral aspects at length)
* [http://www.whoistombombadil.blogspot.com/2013/01/tom-bombadil-as-music-of-ainur_9.html Tom as the Music of the Ainur] discusses the major theories of Tom's origins and proposes a new theory.
* [http://www.cas.unt.edu/~hargrove/tombomb.html Who Is Tom Bombadil?] (an essay by Gene Hargrove)

{{references|notes}}
{{ringbearers}}
[[Category:Characters in The Adventures of Tom Bombadil]]
[[Category:Characters in The Lord of the Rings]]
[[Category:Enigmas]]
[[Category:First Age characters]]
[[Category:Second Age characters]]
[[Category:Third Age characters]]
[[de:Tom Bombadil]]
[[fr:encyclo/personnages/tom_bombadil]]
[[fi:Tom Bombadil]]

Cardolan

2021-06-19T11:49:43Z

WizardKing: Note with sources

{{kingdom
| image=[[Image:Cardolanrotwk.jpg|250px]]
| name=Cardolan
| pronun=
| othernames=
| location=Southern [[Eriador]]; south of the [[East Road]] between the [[Baranduin|Brandywine]] and [[Gwathló|Greyflood]]
| capital=
| towns=[[Tharbad]]
| regions=[[Minhiriath]]
| population=[[Dúnedain]] [[Hobbits]]
| language=[[Westron]], [[Sindarin]], [[Hobbitish]]
| govern1=King of Cardolan
| govern2= [[last prince of Cardolan|Prince of Cardolan]] (vassal of [[Arthedain]])
| govern3=
| currency=
| holiday=
| precededby=[[Arnor]]
| event1=Dissolution of Arnor
| event1date={{TA|861}}
| event2=Abandoned
| event2date={{TA|1636}}
| event3=
| event3date=
| event4=
| event4date=
| event5=
| event5date=
| followedby=
}}
'''Cardolan''' was a breakaway realm of the [[Dúnedain]] kingdom of [[Arnor]]. After the death of Arnor's King [[Eärendur (King of Arnor)|Eärendur]], his sons divided the realm into the kingdoms of [[Arthedain]], [[Rhudaur]] and Cardolan.

==Description==
The southeastern border of Cardolan followed the [[Gwathló]] and the [[Mitheithel]] to the [[Last Bridge]]. From there its boundary followed the [[Great East Road]] westward to the [[Brandywine Bridge]], and then down the [[Baranduin]] to the [[Belegaer|Sea]] and thence to the mouth of the Gwathló. However, Cardolan also claimed the land between [[Bree]] and the [[Weather Hills]].<ref name="Eriador">{{App|Eriador}}</ref> Notable features within Cardolan were the [[Old Forest]], the [[Barrow-downs]], the [[South Downs]], and the [[Greenway]].<ref>{{UT|Map}}</ref>

==History==
In {{TA|861}} Arnor's tenth King, Eärendur, died.<ref name="TA">{{App|TA}}</ref> Due to dissensions between his sons the realm was split into [[Arthedain]], [[Rhudaur]] and Cardolan. While the line of [[Isildur]] continued in Arthedain, in both Rhudaur and Cardolan the line soon failed; despite accepting Arnor’s sovereignty, Cardolan seemingly retained a [[Last prince of Cardolan|prince]] as its ruler.<ref>{{HM|RC}}, "Fog on the Barrow-downs", p. 145</ref><ref>{{PM|Elendil}}</ref> The three kingdoms was led to strife because Arthedain held [[Weathertop]] and possessed its ''[[Amon Sûl-stone|Palantír]]'' as well as two others.<ref name="Eriador"/>

In {{TA|1050|n}} the [[Harfoots]] came into Eriador and in {{TA|1150|n}} they were joined by the [[Fallohides]].<ref name="TA"/> It is likely that some of these [[Hobbits]] settled in Cardolan.
===War with Angmar===
Around {{TA|1272|n}}<ref name="North">{{App|North}}</ref> [[Orcs]] began to trouble the region<ref>{{PM|Elendil}}</ref> and around {{TA|1300}}, the [[Witch-king]] founded the kingdom of [[Angmar]] north of the [[Ettenmoors]]. This event caused many Hobbits to move to [[Bree]].<ref name="TA"/>

No descendants of Isildur remained in Cardolan and Rhudaur and [[Argeleb I]] of Arthedain claimed lordship over all of former Arnor. Rhudaur resisted this claim and made league with Angmar.<ref name="Eriador"/> Argeleb I fell in battle with Rhudaur in {{TA|1356|n}}.<ref name="TA"/> Cardolan, and [[Lindon]], assisted his son, [[Arveleg I]], to avenge his father by pushing the enemy from the Weather Hills. For many years Arthedain and Cardolan held a frontier along the Hills, the [[East Road]] and the lower [[Hoarwell]].<ref name="Eriador"/>

However, in {{TA|1409}} a great host issued from Angmar and invaded Cardolan and took Weathertop. A remnant of the [[Dúnedain]] of Cardolan held out in the Barrow-downs and the [[Old Forest]]. The [[last prince of Cardolan]] was interred in the Barrow-downs that year (some say that it was the tomb where [[Frodo Baggins]] was trapped during the [[War of the Ring]], and it's likely that Merry saw his last memories in dreams, for he mentioned the "men of [[Carn Dûm]]").<ref name="Eriador"/><ref>{{HM|RC}}, "Fog on the Barrow-downs", pp. 144-5; Index, 'Cardolan, [[Last prince of Cardolan|last prince of]]'</ref>

In {{TA|1636}} those people who remained in the Barrow-downs died from the [[Great Plague]]. Angmar then sent [[Barrow-wights]] to infest and haunt the downs. In {{TA|1851}} [[King of Arthedain]] [[Araval]]<ref>{{PM|Elendil}}, pp. 195, 209-210</ref> attempted to re-occupy Cardolan, but the "evil [[wights]]" terrified anyone who attempted to dwell there and Cardolan was soon lost again.<ref name="Eriador"/>

===Legacy===
The region remained unpopulated even after the final fall of Arnor and destruction of Angmar ({{TA|1974|n}}<ref name="TA"/>).

During the [[War of the Ring]] ({{TA|3018}}) the [[Nazgûl|Black Riders]] entered Cardolan around September 24. Their chief, the [[Witch-king]], moved to [[Andrath]] and visited the Barrow-downs, where he stayed for three days in order to rouse the Barrow-wights. According to the rare manuscript ''[[The Hunt for the Ring|The Hunt for the Ring: Time Scheme - Black Riders]]'', the [[Witch King]] empowered the Barrow-wights and slew the [[Ranger]]s in order to trap the [[Ring]]-bearer - a strategy that would almost work; he left on September 27.<ref>{{HM|RC}}, "Fog on the Barrow-downs", p. 145-6</ref><ref name=RC>{{HM|RC}}, "Flight to the Ford", p. 180</ref><ref>{{UT|Other}}</ref>

Presumably the area remained deserted until the reestablishment of the northern kingdom under king [[Aragorn|Elessar]] at the end of the Third Age.

[[Tom Bombadil]] was seemingly involved (at least as a spectator) in the wars between Cardolan and Angmar, although it is unknown at which extent. After freeing the hobbits from the barrow, he took a brooch for Goldberry and showed grief discovering it belonged to a “fair” woman he met long ago, usually identified with the wife of the [[last prince of Cardolan]].<ref>{{HM|RC}}, "Fog on the Barrow-downs", pp. 146-7</ref>

== Other versions of the legendarium ==
In the earlier versions of the story, Cardolan was an unnamed ancient kingdom that “fought against the evil foes” long ago. The cairn where the Hobbits were trapped was the barrow of a prince who died during the war (the identification with the [[Last prince of Cardolan|last prince]] and the occurrence of Cardolan, Angmar and Carn Dûm are only subsequent).<ref>{{RS|Wight}}, p. 127-8</ref><ref>[[J.R.R. Tolkien]], [[Christopher Tolkien]] (ed.), [[The Treason of Isengard]], From Bree to the Ford and Rivendell, p. 37</ref>

Also, in the earlier versions of Tom Bombadil’s statement regarding the blue-jewelled brooch he took for Goldberry, and the mysterious lady that once wore it, he mentioned that “they shall not forget” the kings, the warriors, the children and the fair maidens of the disappeared kingdom, suggesting Bombadil had personally met the men of Cardolan.<ref>{{RS|Wight}}, p. 128</ref>

==Etymology==
{{Pronounce|Cardolan.mp3|Ardamir}}
It is not known if [[J.R.R. Tolkien|Tolkien]] ever explained the name ''Cardolan''. The most common suggestion is that ''Cardolan'' likely is [[Sindarin]] for "red hill country". In that case, the name could be analyzed as ''[[caran|carn]]'' ("red") + ''[[dol]]'' ("hill, mount") + ''[[-iand|an(n)]]'' ("land").<ref>{{HM|RC}}, p. 690</ref><ref name=Clewley/>

An alternative etymology has been suggested by Roger Clewley: ''Cardolan'' deriving from [[Noldorin]] ''car'' ("house"), ''dolen'' ("hidden) ("secret"), and the toponymical ending ''[[-iand|-and]]'', thus meaning "place/land of
hidden houses" (a reference to the "dead entombed there").<ref name=Clewley>{{webcite|author=Roger Clewley|articleurl=http://groups.yahoo.com/group/elfling/message/36363|articlename=On the Name ''Cardolan'' (#36363)|dated=7 September 2012|website=[[Elfling]] (mailing list)|accessed=11 September 2012}}</ref>

{{references}}
[[Category:Arnor]]
[[Category:Eriador]]
[[Category:Mannish realms]]
[[Category:Sindarin locations]]
[[de:Cardolan]]
[[fi:Cardolan]]
[[fr:encyclo:geographie:royaumes:cardolan]]

Last prince of Cardolan

2021-06-19T09:50:24Z

WizardKing: Space

The unnamed '''last prince of Cardolan''' was the last ruler of [[Cardolan]] during the war against [[Angmar]]. He fell on the war of {{TA|1409}}.

== History ==
=== Rulers of Cardolan ===
After King [[Eärendur]] died in {{TA|861}}, his second son assumed the throne of Cardolan as an independent king, in contrast with his brother [[Amlaith]], who took the crown of [[Arthedain]]. While in Arthedain the blood of [[Isildur]] survived, in Cardolan his line soon failed. Cardolan then accepted [[Argeleb I]] as King of Arnor, but probably retained its prince as a vassal ruler.<ref name="North">{{App|North}}</ref><ref>{{PM|Elendil}}</ref>

=== War against Angmar ===
The last prince of Cardolan died during the war of {{TA|1409}}, a fierce conflict against the Witch-kingdom of Angmar and its ally [[Rhudaur]]. He was then buried in the [[Barrow-downs]] the same year.<ref name=War1409>{{App|Eriador}}, The North-kingdom and the Dúnedain, entries about the war with Angmar in 1409</ref><ref>{{PM|Elendil}}</ref>

=== Mentions ===
On [[28 September]] {{TA|3018|n}}<ref>{{App|Great}}</ref> [[Frodo Baggins]] and his comrades were trapped in the Barrow-downs by a [[Barrow-wight|wight]], probably in the same [[uncommon words|cairn]] which held the grave of the last prince of [[Cardolan]].<ref>{{App|Gondor}}, paragraphs about the war of 1409; Index, ''Barrow-downs, the Barrow where Frodo was buried'' </ref><ref>{{HM|RC}}, "Fog on the Barrow-downs", pp. 144-5; Index, ''Barrow-downs, Barrow of the last prince''</ref><ref>{{PM|Elendil}}</ref> According to the rare manuscript ''[[The Hunt for the Ring|The Hunt for the Ring: Time Scheme - Black Riders]]'', the [[Witch King]] had already risen and empowered the [[Barrow-wights]] of Cardolan<ref>{{HM|RC}}, "Fog on the Barrow-downs", p. 145-6</ref> and slain the [[Ranger]]s in order to trap the [[Ring]]-bearer.<ref>{{UT|Hunt}}</ref><ref name=RC>{{HM|RC}}, "Flight to the Ford", p. 180</ref> While [[Merry]] was trapped in the mound, he dreamed that he and others were attacked and defeated by “the men of [[Carn Dûm]]” at night and that his heart had been pierced with a spear.<ref>{{FR|Barrow}}, statements of Merry after waking up from his sleep in the barrow</ref>

According to ''[[The Lord of the Rings: A Reader's Companion]]'', Merry could not have seen the memories of the [[Barrow-wight]], since it was sent to the Barrow-downs by the [[Witch King]] of Angmar only in {{TA|1636}}, while the last prince was slain in {{TA|1409}}. Therefore, he was dreaming the last hours of the last prince of Cardolan and his men, specifically their last night, when they fell after valiantly defending their kingdom from the forces of Angmar (“the men of Carn Dûm” are the servants and warriors of the Witch King).<ref>{{HM|RC}}, "Fog on the Barrow-downs", pp. 144-5; Index, ''Cardolan, last prince of''</ref>

== Family ==
After freeing the [[Hobbits]] from the cairn of the last prince, [[Tom Bombadil]] took for [[Goldberry]] a blue-jewelled brooch belonging to a “fair” woman he seemingly knew long ago.<ref>{{HM|RC}}, "Fog on the Barrow-downs", p. 146</ref><ref>{{FR|Barrow}}, statements of Tom Bombadil regarding the blue-jewelled brooch</ref> Considering that the kings were very often buried with their wives in the barrows, it has been speculated that the brooch belonged to the wife of the last prince (or, potentially, his daughter), met by Tom centuries before.<ref>{{HM|RC}}, "Fog on the Barrow-downs", pp. 146-7</ref>

== Other versions of the legendarium ==
In the earlier versions of the story, the barrow where the Hobbits were trapped was said to belong to a prince of the men that “fought against the evil foes” long ago, and was slain during the war. The identification of the buried prince with the last prince of Cardolan, as well as the appearance of Angmar and the men of Carn Dûm, are subsequent.<ref>{{RS|Wight}}, p. 127-8</ref><ref>[[J.R.R. Tolkien]], [[Christopher Tolkien]] (ed.), [[The Treason of Isengard]], From Bree to the Ford and Rivendell, p. 37</ref>

Also, in the earlier versions Tom Bombadil’s statement regarding the blue-jewelled brooch he took for Goldberry, and the mysterious lady that once wore it, was almost identical to the published version, except that he also mentioned that “they shall not forget” the kings, the warriors and the fair maidens of the past.<ref>{{RS|Wight}}, p. 128</ref>

{{References}}

Last prince of Cardolan

2021-06-19T09:42:10Z

WizardKing:

The unnamed '''last prince of Cardolan''' was the last ruler of [[Cardolan]] during the war against [[Angmar]]. He fell on the war of {{TA|1409}}.

== History ==
=== Rulers of Cardolan ===
After King [[Eärendur]] died in {{TA|861}}, his second son assumed the throne of Cardolan as an independent king, in contrast with his brother [[Amlaith]], who took the crown of [[Arthedain]]. While in Arthedain the blood of [[Isildur]] survived, in Cardolan his line soon failed. Cardolan then accepted [[Argeleb I]] as King of Arnor, but probably retained its prince as a vassal ruler.<ref name="North">{{App|North}}</ref><ref>{{PM|Elendil}}</ref>

=== War against Angmar ===
The last prince of Cardolan died during the war of {{TA|1409}}, a fierce conflict against the Witch-kingdom of Angmar and its ally [[Rhudaur]]. He was then buried in the [[Barrow-downs]] the same year.<ref name=War1409>{{App|Eriador}}, The North-kingdom and the Dúnedain, entries about the war with Angmar in 1409</ref><ref>{{PM|Elendil}}</ref>

=== Mentions ===
On [[28 September]] {{TA|3018|n}}<ref>{{App|Great}}</ref> [[Frodo Baggins]] and his comrades were trapped in the Barrow-downs by a [[Barrow-wight|wight]], probably in the same [[uncommon words|cairn]] which held the grave of the last prince of [[Cardolan]].<ref>{{App|Gondor}}, paragraphs about the war of 1409; Index, ''Barrow-downs, the Barrow where Frodo was buried'' </ref><ref>{{HM|RC}}, "Fog on the Barrow-downs", pp. 144-5; Index, ''Barrow-downs, Barrow of the last prince''</ref><ref>{{PM|Elendil}}</ref> According to the rare manuscript ''[[The Hunt for the Ring|The Hunt for the Ring: Time Scheme - Black Riders]]'', the [[Witch King]] had already risen and empowered the [[Barrow-wights]] of Cardolan<ref>{{HM|RC}}, "Fog on the Barrow-downs", p. 145-6</ref> and slain the [[Ranger]]s in order to trap the [[Ring]]-bearer.<ref>{{UT|Hunt}}</ref><ref name=RC>{{HM|RC}}, "Flight to the Ford", p. 180</ref> While [[Merry]] was trapped in the mound, he dreamed that he and others were attacked and defeated by “the men of [[Carn Dûm]]” at night and that his heart had been pierced with a spear.<ref>{{FR|Barrow}}, statements of Merry after waking up from his sleep in the barrow</ref>

According to ''[[The Lord of the Rings: A Reader's Companion]]'', Merry could not have seen the memories of the [[Barrow-wight]], since it was sent to the Barrow-downs by the [[Witch King]] of Angmar only in {{TA|1636}}, while the last prince was slain in {{TA|1409}}. Therefore, he was dreaming the last hours of the last prince of Cardolan and his men, specifically their last night, when they fell after valiantly defending their kingdom from the forces of Angmar (“the men of Carn Dûm” are the servants and warriors of the Witch King).<ref>{{HM|RC}}, "Fog on the Barrow-downs", pp. 144-5; Index, ''Cardolan, last prince of''</ref>

== Family ==
After freeing the [[Hobbits]] from the cairn of the last prince, [[Tom Bombadil]] took for [[Goldberry]] a blue-jewelled brooch belonging to a “fair” woman he seemingly knew long ago.<ref>{{HM|RC}}, "Fog on the Barrow-downs", p. 146</ref><ref>{{FR|Barrow}}, statements of Tom Bombadil regarding the blue-jewelled brooch</ref> Considering that the kings were very often buried with their wives in the barrows, it has been speculated that the brooch belonged to the wife of the last prince (or, potentially, his daughter), met by Tom centuries before.<ref>{{HM|RC}}, "Fog on the Barrow-downs", pp. 146-7</ref>

== Other versions of the legendarium ==
In the earlier versions of the story, the barrow where the Hobbits were trapped was said to belong to a prince of the men that “fought against the evil foes” long ago, and was slain during the war. The identification of the buried prince with the last prince of Cardolan, as well as the appearance of Angmar and the men of Carn Dûm, are subsequent.<ref>{{RS|Wight}}, p. 127-8</ref><ref>[[J.R.R. Tolkien]], [[Christopher Tolkien]] (ed.), [[The Treason of Isengard]], From Bree to the Ford and Rivendell, p. 37</ref>
Also, in the earlier versions Tom Bombadil’s statement regarding the blue-jewelled brooch he took for Goldberry, and the mysterious lady that once wore it, was almost identical to the published version, except that he also mentioned that “they shall not forget” the kings, the warriors and the fair maidens of the past.<ref>{{RS|Wight}}, p. 128</ref>

{{References}}

Last prince of Cardolan

2021-06-19T09:40:34Z

WizardKing:

The unnamed '''last prince of Cardolan''' was the last ruler of [[Cardolan]] during the war against [[Angmar]]. He fell on the war of {{TA|1409}}.

== History ==
=== Rulers of Cardolan ===
After King [[Eärendur]] died in {{TA|861}}, his second son assumed the throne of Cardolan as an independent king, in contrast with his brother [[Amlaith]], who took the crown of [[Arthedain]]. While in Arthedain the blood of [[Isildur]] survived, in Cardolan his line soon failed. Cardolan then accepted [[Argeleb I]] as King of Arnor, but probably retained its prince as a vassal ruler.<ref name="North">{{App|North}}</ref><ref>{{PM|Elendil}}</ref>

=== War against Angmar ===
The last prince of Cardolan died during the war of {{TA|1409}}, a fierce conflict against the Witch-kingdom of Angmar and its ally [[Rhudaur]]. He was then buried in the [[Barrow-downs]] the same year.<ref name=War1409>{{App|Eriador}}, The North-kingdom and the Dúnedain, entries about the war with Angmar in 1409</ref><ref>{{PM|Elendil}}</ref>

=== Mentions ===
On [[28 September]] {{TA|3018|n}}<ref>{{App|Great}}</ref> [[Frodo Baggins]] and his comrades were trapped in the Barrow-downs by a [[Barrow-wight|wight]], probably in the same [[uncommon words|cairn]] which held the grave of the last prince of [[Cardolan]].<ref>{{App|Gondor}}, paragraphs about the war of 1409; Index, ''Barrow-downs, the Barrow where Frodo was buried'' </ref><ref>{{HM|RC}}, "Fog on the Barrow-downs", pp. 144-5; Index, ''Barrow-downs, Barrow of the last prince''</ref><ref>{{PM|Elendil}}</ref> According to the rare manuscript ''[[The Hunt for the Ring|The Hunt for the Ring: Time Scheme - Black Riders]]'', the [[Witch King]] had already risen and empowered the [[Barrow-wights]] of Cardolan<ref>{{HM|RC}}, "Fog on the Barrow-downs", p. 145-6</ref> and slain the [[Ranger]]s in order to trap the [[Ring]]-bearer.<ref>{{UT|Hunt}}</ref><ref name=RC>{{HM|RC}}, "Flight to the Ford", p. 180</ref> While [[Merry]] was trapped in the mound, he dreamed that he and others were attacked and defeated by “the men of [[Carn Dûm]]” at night and that his heart had been pierced with a spear.<ref>{{FR|Barrow}}, statements of Merry after waking up from his sleep in the barrow</ref>

According to ''[[The Lord of the Rings: A Reader's Companion]]'', Merry could not have seen the memories of the [[Barrow-wight]], since it was sent to the Barrow-downs by the [[Witch King]] of Angmar only in {{TA|1636}}, while the last prince was slain in {{TA|1409}}. Therefore, he was dreaming the last hours of the last prince of Cardolan and his men, specifically their last night, when they fell after valiantly defending their kingdom from the forces of Angmar (“the men of Carn Dûm” are the servants and warriors of the Witch King).<ref>{{HM|RC}}, "Fog on the Barrow-downs", pp. 144-5; Index, ''Cardolan, last prince of''</ref>

== Family ==
After freeing the [[Hobbits]] from the cairn of the last prince, [[Tom Bombadil]] took for [[Goldberry]] a blue-jewelled brooch belonging to a “fair” woman he seemingly knew long ago.<ref>{{HM|RC}}, "Fog on the Barrow-downs", p. 146</ref><ref>{{FR|Barrow}}, statements of Tom Bombadil regarding the blue-jewelled brooch</ref> Considering that the kings were very often buried with their wives in the barrows, it has been speculated that the brooch belonged to the wife of the last prince (or, potentially, his daughter), met by Tom centuries before.<ref>{{HM|RC}}, "Fog on the Barrow-downs", pp. 146-7</ref>

== Other versions of the legendarium ==
In the earlier versions of the story, the barrow where the Hobbits were trapped was said to belong to a prince of the men that “fought against the evil foes” long ago, and was slain during the war. The identification of the buried prince with the last prince of Cardolan, as well as the appearance of Angmar and the men of Carn Dûm, are subsequent.<ref>{{RS|Wight}}, p. 127-8</ref><ref>[[The Treason of Isengard]], From Bree to the Ford and Rivendell, p. 37</ref>
Also, in the earlier versions Tom Bombadil’s statement regarding the blue-jewelled brooch he took for Goldberry, and the mysterious lady that once wore it, was almost identical to the published version, except that he also mentioned that “they shall not forget” the kings, the warriors and the fair maidens of the past.<ref>{{RS|Wight}}, p. 128</ref>

{{References}}

Last prince of Cardolan

2021-06-19T09:38:56Z

WizardKing: Added with sources

The unnamed '''last prince of Cardolan''' was the last ruler of [[Cardolan]] during the war against [[Angmar]]. He fell on the war of {{TA|1409}}.

== History ==
=== Rulers of Cardolan ===
After King [[Eärendur]] died in {{TA|861}}, his second son assumed the throne of Cardolan as an independent king, in contrast with his brother [[Amlaith]], who took the crown of [[Arthedain]]. While in Arthedain the blood of [[Isildur]] survived, in Cardolan his line soon failed. Cardolan then accepted [[Argeleb I]] as King of Arnor, but probably retained its prince as a vassal ruler.<ref name="North">{{App|North}}</ref><ref>{{PM|Elendil}}</ref>

=== War against Angmar ===
The last prince of Cardolan died during the war of {{TA|1409}}, a fierce conflict against the Witch-kingdom of Angmar and its ally [[Rhudaur]]. He was then buried in the [[Barrow-downs]] the same year.<ref name=War1409>{{App|Eriador}}, The North-kingdom and the Dúnedain, entries about the war with Angmar in 1409</ref><ref>{{PM|Elendil}}</ref>

=== Mentions ===
On [[28 September]] {{TA|3018|n}}<ref>{{App|Great}}</ref> [[Frodo Baggins]] and his comrades were trapped in the Barrow-downs by a [[Barrow-wight|wight]], probably in the same [[uncommon words|cairn]] which held the grave of the last prince of [[Cardolan]].<ref>{{App|Gondor}}, paragraphs about the war of 1409; Index, ''Barrow-downs, the Barrow where Frodo was buried'' </ref><ref>{{HM|RC}}, "Fog on the Barrow-downs", pp. 144-5; Index, ''Barrow-downs, Barrow of the last prince''</ref><ref>{{PM|Elendil}}</ref> According to the rare manuscript ''[[The Hunt for the Ring|The Hunt for the Ring: Time Scheme - Black Riders]]'', the [[Witch King]] had already risen and empowered the [[Barrow-wights]] of Cardolan<ref>{{HM|RC}}, "Fog on the Barrow-downs", p. 145-6</ref> and slain the [[Ranger]]s in order to trap the [[Ring]]-bearer.<ref>{{UT|Hunt}}</ref><ref name=RC>{{HM|RC}}, "Flight to the Ford", p. 180</ref> While [[Merry]] was trapped in the mound, he dreamed that he and others were attacked and defeated by “the men of [[Carn Dûm]]” at night and that his heart had been pierced with a spear.<ref>{{FR|Barrow}}, statements of Merry after waking up from his sleep in the barrow</ref>

According to ''[[The Lord of the Rings: A Reader's Companion]]'', Merry could not have seen the memories of the [[Barrow-wight]], since it was sent to the Barrow-downs by the [[Witch King]] of Angmar only in {{TA|1636}}, while the last prince was slain in {{TA|1409}}. Therefore, he was dreaming the last hours of the last prince of Cardolan and his men, specifically their last night, when they fell after valiantly defending their kingdom from the forces of Angmar (“the men of Carn Dûm” are the servants and warriors of the Witch King).<ref>{{HM|RC}}, "Fog on the Barrow-downs", pp. 144-5; Index, ''Cardolan, last prince of''</ref>

== Family ==
After freeing the [[Hobbits]] from the cairn of the last prince, [[Tom Bombadil]] took for [[Goldberry]] a blue-jewelled brooch belonging to a “fair” woman he seemingly knew long ago.<ref>{{HM|RC}}, "Fog on the Barrow-downs", p. 146</ref><ref>{{FR|Barrow}}, statements of Tom Bombadil regarding the blue-jewelled brooch</ref> Considering that the kings were very often buried with their wives in the barrows, it has been speculated that the brooch belonged to the wife of the last prince (or, potentially, his daughter), met by Tom centuries before.<ref>{{HM|RC}}, "Fog on the Barrow-downs", pp. 146-7</ref>

== Other versions of the legendarium ==
In the earlier versions of the story, the barrow where the Hobbits were trapped was said to belong to a prince of the men that “fought against the evil foes” long ago, and was slain during the war. The identification of the buried prince with the last prince of Cardolan, as well as the appearance of Angmar and the men of Carn Dûm, are subsequent.<ref>{{RS|Wight}}, p. 127-8</ref><ref>{{TI|From Bree to the Ford and Rivendell}}, p. 37</ref>
Also, in the earlier versions Tom Bombadil’s statement regarding the blue-jewelled brooch he took for Goldberry, and the mysterious lady that once wore it, was almost identical to the published version, although he also mentioned that they will not forgot the kings, the warriors and the fair maidens of the past.<ref>{{RS|Wight}}, p. 128</ref>

{{References}}

The Hunt for the Ring

2021-06-12T11:40:40Z

WizardKing:

{{ut-chapters}}
"'''The Hunt for the Ring'''" is a chapter in ''[[Unfinished Tales]]'', a posthumously published work of [[J.R.R. Tolkien]] edited by [[Christopher Tolkien]]. The chapter is a partly published version of a manuscript now held at the [[Marquette University]] (MSS 4/2/31-37);<ref>[http://www.marquette.edu/library/archives/Mss/JRRT/JRRT-seriesa4.shtml ''The Lord of the Rings'': Additional Manuscripts Presented by Christopher Tolkien, Fourth Installment (MSS-4)], accessed 21 October 2010</ref> other parts of this manuscript and a time scheme have been included in ''[[The Lord of the Rings: A Reader's Companion]]'' (see pp. 145, 251-2 for details).<ref>[[Wayne G. Hammond]] and [[Christina Scull]] (HarperCollins''Publishers'' 2008), ''[[The Lord of the Rings: A Reader's Companion]]'', p. 251</ref>

==Synopsis==
''The Hunt for the Ring'' follows the journey of the [[Black Riders]] from the release of [[Gollum]] from [[Mordor]] until [[Frodo Baggins|Frodo Baggins's]] leaving [[the Shire]] on [[22 September]] {{TA|3018}}.

===Of the Journey of the Black Riders according to the account that Gandalf gave to Frodo===
Though [[Sauron]] did not trust Gollum, he deduced that Gollum would, after being released, search for those who stole the [[The One Ring|Ring]] from him, and sent spies to follow Gollum. However, before he could get far, Gollum was captured by [[Aragorn]] and sent to the [[Woodland Realm]], and Sauron's spies could not rescue him.

Sauron, being now unable to catch Gollum, took another route: to search for the "halflings" who he had found had the Ring. Gollum had not been much help in this, as he both had little clear knowledge and lied about what he knew, and so lied, saying that the land of the Halflings was near his own former home near the [[Gladden Fields]].

Sauron's spies searched, but partly due to the vigilance of the [[Dúnedain]] and partly due to the treachery of [[Saruman]], they found nothing. At last, Sauron chose to send out his mightiest and most loyal servants—the Ringwraiths. In June [[Third Age 3018|3018]], Sauron sent forth two assaults: one by Orcs on the Woodland Realm, in the hopes of freeing Gollum, and one led by the [[Witch-King]] on [[Gondor]], to test the strength of [[Denethor]]. In the latter, after the taking of [[Osgiliath]], the Nazgȗl were told to begin the search for the Ring. At this time, seven Ringwraiths, led by the Witch-King, were stationed in [[Minas Morgul]], while two, including [[Khamûl]] the Easterling (a note in the text identifies Khamûl with the Ringwraith who terrified [[Gaffer Gamgee]] at Hobbiton), were stationed in [[Dol Guldur]].

Around the beginning of July 3018, the Witch-King and his six companions moved unseen over [[Anduin]], through [[Anórien]], over the [[Entwade]], and into [[the Wold]]. A little north of [[Sarn Gebir]], they were clad and horsed, around [[17 July]]. Around [[22 July]], they met the two Ringwraiths stationed at Dol Guldur at the [[Field of Celebrant]]. From them they found that Gollum had escaped entirely, and vanished. In addition, they said that no Halflings lived anywhere near where Gollum said they had. So, passing between [[Lothlórien]] and the [[Misty Mountains]], they rode northward.

The Ringwraiths, finding nothing, returned south. In September, they once again reached the Wold. There, messengers from Sauron regarding the prophetic dream that had come to [[Boromir]], the deeds of Saruman, and of [[Gandalf|Gandalf's]] capture. Deducing that while none of [[the Wise]] had the Ring, Saruman might know where it was, and the Ringwraiths rode straight to [[Isengard]].

Two days after Gandalf's escape from [[Orthanc]] ([[20 September]]), the Ringwraiths arrived at Isengard. Saruman, knowing that his treachery was discovered, did not come forth, but the Ringwraiths did hear his voice. He said that only Gandalf might know where the Ring was, and to seek him nearby. The next day, however, they encountered [[Gríma Wormtongue]], riding to Isengard to tell Saruman about Gandalf's arrival at [[Edoras]]. They questioned him, and, being struck by terror, he told them the location of the Shire. Through this he also discovered that Saruman did indeed know the location of the Shire, and his treachery was fully revealed.

The Ringwraiths were divided into four pairs, the swiftest of which rode with the Witch-King, through [[Enedwaith]] and [[Minhiriath]]. On the road, they captured some of Saruman's spies, one of whom had maps of the Shire. They were sent to [[Bree]], now in the service of Mordor.

On the night of 22 September the Ringwraiths arrived at [[Sarn Ford]]. The Rangers barred their way, and they were overpowered, and the Black Riders passed into the Shire on the morning of 23 September.

===Other Versions of the Story===
Christopher Tolkien mentions that there are four manuscripts for this story, all from the same period but all slighty different. The previously printed one he calls A. A second version (B) is largely the same, but there is a plot outline (C) which begins at a later point in the story and introduces some difference. He says that this is probably the last written of the three. He also says that there are various pages of notes, largely concerned with Gollum, which he calls D.

In D, Gollum tells Sauron only that "[the Ring] was stolen by a creature named ''Baggins'' in the Misty Mountains, and that ''Baggins'' came from a land called ''Shire''". Sauron deduces that Baggins must also have been a similar sort of creature to Gollum. Gollum would not know the term "Hobbit", as it was colloquial and not used everywhere. He also would not use "Halfling", a word which Hobbits generally disliked. So the Ringwraiths only had the two pieces of information to go on: ''Shire'' and ''Baggins''. Sauron, however, assumed that the Shire would be near the Misty Mountains and the [[Vales of Anduin]], where Gollum had lived.

Manuscript B elaborates on the journey of Aragorn with Gollum to the Woodland Realm, and also to Sauron's doubts about using the Ringwraiths. After Gollum's release, he disappeared into the Dead Marshes. Since Sauron had very little power in [[Eriador]], he could not send many spies without them being hindered by Saruman's servants. So, he decided to send the Ringwraiths. Though this had advantages, such as the Ringwraiths' enslavement each to their [[Nine Rings|Ring]], they also had weaknesses. All but the Witch-King could stray by daylight and all except the Witch-King also feared water and were reluctant to cross rivers without a bridge. Also, since their primary weapon was terror, even when unclad their presence could be felt, and Anduin and other rivers were a large obstacle.

However, the situation changed when he learned about Gollum's capture. Aragorn captured him on [[1 February]] 3018, and arrived at the Woodland Realm fifty days later on [[21 March]]. The news would not have reached Dol Guldur until after Aragorn had entered Mirkwood, and the commander there would not have sent news to [[Barad-dûr]] until he had tried to find Gollum himself. As such, Sauron likely only found out about Gollum's capture by a Man in late April. Though neither Sauron nor his servants knew who Aragorn was, when Gandalf passed into the Woodland Realm Sauron learned that the Wise also knew about Gollum.

This concerned Sauron, who decided to use the Ringwraiths as quickly as possible. He attacked Thranduil and Gondor at the same time, during which Gollum escaped, and the Eastern half of Osgiliath was taken.
Here Christopher Tolkien interjects again, commenting that the Ringwraith's fear of water is nowhere else explained, and that J.R.R. Tolkien said that the idea was also "difficult to sustain". He also says that the journey of the Nazgûl up the Vale of Anduin is much the same as in version A, but that the dates in each version are all "slightly at variance both with each other and with [...] [[the Tale of Years]]".

Then Christopher Tolkien gives an excerpt from Manuscript D about Gollum after his escape from Mirkwood. Gollum escaped over the Anduin, eluding the Orcs, but he was still hunted by Elves. He woudn't go near Lórien, and so hid in [[Moria]] in the autumn of 3018. After this what happened to Gollum is uncertain. What he had for food he stole dangerously from Sauron's servants in Moria. Though he had likely originally intended that Moria simply be a way through the mountains, he got lost and arrived at the [[Doors of Durin]] not long before the [[Fellowship of the Ring]] did. Even had he arrived earlier, he was weak for lack of food and could not have thrust the doors open, so his arrival there was very lucky.

Christopher Tolkien then outlines Manuscript C, which differs significantly and starts after the Ringwraith's failed journey northward. Arriving at Isengard, in this version they arrive while Gandalf is still there, and in terror Saruman was willing to yied Gandalf to them. However, when he walked to the top of Orthanc to retrieve him, Gandalf was already flying away with [[Gwaihir]]. As such, he lied, giving him knowledge which he already knew about the Shire's location, and telling them that he would tell Sauron that they obeyed. This convinced the Ringwraiths that Saruman was still a faithful ally, and the Riders immediately rode in the direction he said. He also sent Orcs and wolves to pursue Gandalf, unsuccessfully. As such, in this version of the story, there is no meeting between Wormtongue and the Black Riders, as the Riders had already left Rohan by the time Gríma was riding back to Isengard. Saruman's lying is revealed not by Wormtongue, but by the spy whom they captured, of whom more is told.

Saruman, being interested in why Gandalf had taken interest in the Shire, had a network of spies, some hobbits but most [[Dunlendings]]. One of these Men had been in the Shire, negotiating the price of [[pipe-weed]] (which Saruman had begun to smoke) to store in Isengard against war. He had also been tasked with figuring out if there were any notable departures. This was the man the Black Riders captured on his way back to Isengard. Interrogating him, they discovered where ''Baggins'' lived, which is why Hobbiton was chosen as an initial starting-point. Sending him to Bree, this man is identified with the "squint-eyed southerner" at the [Prancing Pony].

In Version B it is said that the Witch-King did not know whether the Ring was in the Shire. Only a few Riders were therefore sent, and of these Khamûl was to go to Hobbiton. Some were also sent to the eastern borders, and due to this evil things were roused, including the [[Barrow-wights]] and the trees of the [[Old Forest]].

===Concerning Gandalf, Saruman and the Shire===
Christopher Tolkien says that there are papers from this period which talks about Saruman's dealings with the Shire and with pipe-weed, and the text he presents is the briefest.

Saruman, in jealousy of Gandalf, began to visit the Shire, since he noticed Gandalf thought it worth visiting. Thus, when he learned about the finding of the Ring by Bilbo, he assumed that Gandalf knew about this all along, which angered him, as he was especially concerned with the Rings.

Gandalf had also often praised pipe-weed, and though Saruman scoffed at this he soon began to use it privately himself. He was secret about it, as he was concerned that if it were found out then he would be ridiculed. He also stopped going to the Shire personally, as he had sometimes been mistaken for Gandalf, and had worried that Gandalf discovered his visits. Gandalf had, in fact, discovered them, but he was still concerned that his knowledge of the Shire could be dangerous.

It several manuscripts there is a story, describing Saruman's ridiculing of Gandalf, and of Gandalf's response. In it, after Saruman's cold response, he blows several smoke rings, which he grabs and then he vanished. This may have been a demonstration to show that the Rings would elude him. Though he did not know that Hobbits and the Rings would be connected, if he had he would not have done what he did. Because of this, however, when the two did become connected, Saruman assumed that Gandalf had known all along and hid the knowledge from the [[White Council]].

The final comment by Christopher Tolkien says that in the Tale of Years the entry for {{TA|2851}} says that Gandalf urged an attack on Dol Guldur which Saruman vetoed, and that "it afterwards became clear that Saruman had begun to desire to possess the One Ring for himself". The story suggests that Gandalf already new this at that meeting, though afterwards J.R.R. Tolkien said that Gandalf's story at the Council of Elrond implied he did not suspect Saruman of this desire until his imprisonment in Orthanc.

==Other parts of the manuscript==
''[[The Lord of the Rings: A Reader's Companion]]'' includes numerous parts of the missing manuscripts, as well as several drafts and a chronology titled ''The Hunt for the Ring: Time Scheme - Black Riders''. Part of these writings covers the events of ''Manuscript A'' (in particular the travels of the Black Riders, the parley between the [[Witch King]] and [[Saruman]], the Witch-King rousing the [[Barrow-wights]] in [[Cardolan]],<ref>{{HM|RC}}, p. 145-6</ref> the battle of [[Osgiliath]] and the travels of [[Khamûl]]); however, most writings focus on the subsequent events: [[Gandalf]] escaping from Isengard, his taming of [[Shadowfax]]<ref>{{HM|RC}}, "The Council of Elrond", pp. 251-253</ref> and his combat against the Ringwraiths on [[Weathertop]] on the night of 3 October, whose fiery lights were seen by [[Aragorn]] and [[Frodo]].<ref name=RC>{{HM|RC}}, "A Knife in the Dark", pp. 166-168</ref><ref>{{HM|RC}}, p. 253</ref> These writings also analyse the thoughts and the plans of the Witch King regarding the One Ring and Gandalf; there is even a reference to the Witch-King being afraid of Frodo, as he invoked [[Elbereth]] (a "name of terror for the Nazgûl") and he may have slain the Barrow-wight.<ref>{{HM|RC}}, "Flight to the Ford", pp. 187-189</ref> In addition to the main writings, several (usually brief) drafts regarding the Ringwraiths expand or discuss elements of the plot, such as the identity of Khamûl (originally identified with an [[Easterling]]), or the fact that the Nazgûl couldn’t cross the “elvish waters” of the [[Brandywine]].<ref>{{HM|RC}}, "Many Meetings", pp. 204-5</ref>

{{references}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Hunt for the Ring, The}}
[[Category:Manuscripts by J.R.R. Tolkien]]
[[Category:Unfinished Tales chapters]]

The Hunt for the Ring

2021-06-12T11:39:48Z

WizardKing: Fixing source, also specified that the Easterling identification with Khamûl was only present in early manuscripts, not in the final one (also see note 1 for Unfinished Tales ...)

{{ut-chapters}}
"'''The Hunt for the Ring'''" is a chapter in ''[[Unfinished Tales]]'', a posthumously published work of [[J.R.R. Tolkien]] edited by [[Christopher Tolkien]]. The chapter is a partly published version of a manuscript now held at the [[Marquette University]] (MSS 4/2/31-37);<ref>[http://www.marquette.edu/library/archives/Mss/JRRT/JRRT-seriesa4.shtml ''The Lord of the Rings'': Additional Manuscripts Presented by Christopher Tolkien, Fourth Installment (MSS-4)], accessed 21 October 2010</ref> other parts of this manuscript and a time scheme have been included in ''[[The Lord of the Rings: A Reader's Companion]]'' (see pp. 145, 251-2 for details).<ref>[[Wayne G. Hammond]] and [[Christina Scull]] (HarperCollins''Publishers'' 2008), ''[[The Lord of the Rings: A Reader's Companion]]'', p. 251</ref>

==Synopsis==
''The Hunt for the Ring'' follows the journey of the [[Black Riders]] from the release of [[Gollum]] from [[Mordor]] until [[Frodo Baggins|Frodo Baggins's]] leaving [[the Shire]] on [[22 September]] {{TA|3018}}.

===Of the Journey of the Black Riders according to the account that Gandalf gave to Frodo===
Though [[Sauron]] did not trust Gollum, he deduced that Gollum would, after being released, search for those who stole the [[The One Ring|Ring]] from him, and sent spies to follow Gollum. However, before he could get far, Gollum was captured by [[Aragorn]] and sent to the [[Woodland Realm]], and Sauron's spies could not rescue him.

Sauron, being now unable to catch Gollum, took another route: to search for the "halflings" who he had found had the Ring. Gollum had not been much help in this, as he both had little clear knowledge and lied about what he knew, and so lied, saying that the land of the Halflings was near his own former home near the [[Gladden Fields]].

Sauron's spies searched, but partly due to the vigilance of the [[Dúnedain]] and partly due to the treachery of [[Saruman]], they found nothing. At last, Sauron chose to send out his mightiest and most loyal servants—the Ringwraiths. In June [[Third Age 3018|3018]], Sauron sent forth two assaults: one by Orcs on the Woodland Realm, in the hopes of freeing Gollum, and one led by the [[Witch-King]] on [[Gondor]], to test the strength of [[Denethor]]. In the latter, after the taking of [[Osgiliath]], the Nazgȗl were told to begin the search for the Ring. At this time, seven Ringwraiths, led by the Witch-King, were stationed in [[Minas Morgul]], while two, including [[Khamûl]] the Easterling (a note in the text identifies Khamûl with the Ringwraith who terrified [[Gaffer Gamgee]] at Hobbiton), were stationed in [[Dol Guldur]].

Around the beginning of July 3018, the Witch-King and his six companions moved unseen over [[Anduin]], through [[Anórien]], over the [[Entwade]], and into [[the Wold]]. A little north of [[Sarn Gebir]], they were clad and horsed, around [[17 July]]. Around [[22 July]], they met the two Ringwraiths stationed at Dol Guldur at the [[Field of Celebrant]]. From them they found that Gollum had escaped entirely, and vanished. In addition, they said that no Halflings lived anywhere near where Gollum said they had. So, passing between [[Lothlórien]] and the [[Misty Mountains]], they rode northward.

The Ringwraiths, finding nothing, returned south. In September, they once again reached the Wold. There, messengers from Sauron regarding the prophetic dream that had come to [[Boromir]], the deeds of Saruman, and of [[Gandalf|Gandalf's]] capture. Deducing that while none of [[the Wise]] had the Ring, Saruman might know where it was, and the Ringwraiths rode straight to [[Isengard]].

Two days after Gandalf's escape from [[Orthanc]] ([[20 September]]), the Ringwraiths arrived at Isengard. Saruman, knowing that his treachery was discovered, did not come forth, but the Ringwraiths did hear his voice. He said that only Gandalf might know where the Ring was, and to seek him nearby. The next day, however, they encountered [[Gríma Wormtongue]], riding to Isengard to tell Saruman about Gandalf's arrival at [[Edoras]]. They questioned him, and, being struck by terror, he told them the location of the Shire. Through this he also discovered that Saruman did indeed know the location of the Shire, and his treachery was fully revealed.

The Ringwraiths were divided into four pairs, the swiftest of which rode with the Witch-King, through [[Enedwaith]] and [[Minhiriath]]. On the road, they captured some of Saruman's spies, one of whom had maps of the Shire. They were sent to [[Bree]], now in the service of Mordor.

On the night of 22 September the Ringwraiths arrived at [[Sarn Ford]]. The Rangers barred their way, and they were overpowered, and the Black Riders passed into the Shire on the morning of 23 September.

===Other Versions of the Story===
Christopher Tolkien mentions that there are four manuscripts for this story, all from the same period but all slighty different. The previously printed one he calls A. A second version (B) is largely the same, but there is a plot outline (C) which begins at a later point in the story and introduces some difference. He says that this is probably the last written of the three. He also says that there are various pages of notes, largely concerned with Gollum, which he calls D.

In D, Gollum tells Sauron only that "[the Ring] was stolen by a creature named ''Baggins'' in the Misty Mountains, and that ''Baggins'' came from a land called ''Shire''". Sauron deduces that Baggins must also have been a similar sort of creature to Gollum. Gollum would not know the term "Hobbit", as it was colloquial and not used everywhere. He also would not use "Halfling", a word which Hobbits generally disliked. So the Ringwraiths only had the two pieces of information to go on: ''Shire'' and ''Baggins''. Sauron, however, assumed that the Shire would be near the Misty Mountains and the [[Vales of Anduin]], where Gollum had lived.

Manuscript B elaborates on the journey of Aragorn with Gollum to the Woodland Realm, and also to Sauron's doubts about using the Ringwraiths. After Gollum's release, he disappeared into the Dead Marshes. Since Sauron had very little power in [[Eriador]], he could not send many spies without them being hindered by Saruman's servants. So, he decided to send the Ringwraiths. Though this had advantages, such as the Ringwraiths' enslavement each to their [[Nine Rings|Ring]], they also had weaknesses. All but the Witch-King could stray by daylight and all except the Witch-King also feared water and were reluctant to cross rivers without a bridge. Also, since their primary weapon was terror, even when unclad their presence could be felt, and Anduin and other rivers were a large obstacle.

However, the situation changed when he learned about Gollum's capture. Aragorn captured him on [[1 February]] 3018, and arrived at the Woodland Realm fifty days later on [[21 March]]. The news would not have reached Dol Guldur until after Aragorn had entered Mirkwood, and the commander there would not have sent news to [[Barad-dûr]] until he had tried to find Gollum himself. As such, Sauron likely only found out about Gollum's capture by a Man in late April. Though neither Sauron nor his servants knew who Aragorn was, when Gandalf passed into the Woodland Realm Sauron learned that the Wise also knew about Gollum.

This concerned Sauron, who decided to use the Ringwraiths as quickly as possible. He attacked Thranduil and Gondor at the same time, during which Gollum escaped, and the Eastern half of Osgiliath was taken.
Here Christopher Tolkien interjects again, commenting that the Ringwraith's fear of water is nowhere else explained, and that J.R.R. Tolkien said that the idea was also "difficult to sustain". He also says that the journey of the Nazgûl up the Vale of Anduin is much the same as in version A, but that the dates in each version are all "slightly at variance both with each other and with [...] [[the Tale of Years]]".

Then Christopher Tolkien gives an excerpt from Manuscript D about Gollum after his escape from Mirkwood. Gollum escaped over the Anduin, eluding the Orcs, but he was still hunted by Elves. He woudn't go near Lórien, and so hid in [[Moria]] in the autumn of 3018. After this what happened to Gollum is uncertain. What he had for food he stole dangerously from Sauron's servants in Moria. Though he had likely originally intended that Moria simply be a way through the mountains, he got lost and arrived at the [[Doors of Durin]] not long before the [[Fellowship of the Ring]] did. Even had he arrived earlier, he was weak for lack of food and could not have thrust the doors open, so his arrival there was very lucky.

Christopher Tolkien then outlines Manuscript C, which differs significantly and starts after the Ringwraith's failed journey northward. Arriving at Isengard, in this version they arrive while Gandalf is still there, and in terror Saruman was willing to yied Gandalf to them. However, when he walked to the top of Orthanc to retrieve him, Gandalf was already flying away with [[Gwaihir]]. As such, he lied, giving him knowledge which he already knew about the Shire's location, and telling them that he would tell Sauron that they obeyed. This convinced the Ringwraiths that Saruman was still a faithful ally, and the Riders immediately rode in the direction he said. He also sent Orcs and wolves to pursue Gandalf, unsuccessfully. As such, in this version of the story, there is no meeting between Wormtongue and the Black Riders, as the Riders had already left Rohan by the time Gríma was riding back to Isengard. Saruman's lying is revealed not by Wormtongue, but by the spy whom they captured, of whom more is told.

Saruman, being interested in why Gandalf had taken interest in the Shire, had a network of spies, some hobbits but most [[Dunlendings]]. One of these Men had been in the Shire, negotiating the price of [[pipe-weed]] (which Saruman had begun to smoke) to store in Isengard against war. He had also been tasked with figuring out if there were any notable departures. This was the man the Black Riders captured on his way back to Isengard. Interrogating him, they discovered where ''Baggins'' lived, which is why Hobbiton was chosen as an initial starting-point. Sending him to Bree, this man is identified with the "squint-eyed southerner" at the [Prancing Pony].

In Version B it is said that the Witch-King did not know whether the Ring was in the Shire. Only a few Riders were therefore sent, and of these Khamûl was to go to Hobbiton. Some were also sent to the eastern borders, and due to this evil things were roused, including the [[Barrow-wights]] and the trees of the [[Old Forest]].

===Concerning Gandalf, Saruman and the Shire===
Christopher Tolkien says that there are papers from this period which talks about Saruman's dealings with the Shire and with pipe-weed, and the text he presents is the briefest.

Saruman, in jealousy of Gandalf, began to visit the Shire, since he noticed Gandalf thought it worth visiting. Thus, when he learned about the finding of the Ring by Bilbo, he assumed that Gandalf knew about this all along, which angered him, as he was especially concerned with the Rings.

Gandalf had also often praised pipe-weed, and though Saruman scoffed at this he soon began to use it privately himself. He was secret about it, as he was concerned that if it were found out then he would be ridiculed. He also stopped going to the Shire personally, as he had sometimes been mistaken for Gandalf, and had worried that Gandalf discovered his visits. Gandalf had, in fact, discovered them, but he was still concerned that his knowledge of the Shire could be dangerous.

It several manuscripts there is a story, describing Saruman's ridiculing of Gandalf, and of Gandalf's response. In it, after Saruman's cold response, he blows several smoke rings, which he grabs and then he vanished. This may have been a demonstration to show that the Rings would elude him. Though he did not know that Hobbits and the Rings would be connected, if he had he would not have done what he did. Because of this, however, when the two did become connected, Saruman assumed that Gandalf had known all along and hid the knowledge from the [[White Council]].

The final comment by Christopher Tolkien says that in the Tale of Years the entry for {{TA|2851}} says that Gandalf urged an attack on Dol Guldur which Saruman vetoed, and that "it afterwards became clear that Saruman had begun to desire to possess the One Ring for himself". The story suggests that Gandalf already new this at that meeting, though afterwards J.R.R. Tolkien said that Gandalf's story at the Council of Elrond implied he did not suspect Saruman of this desire until his imprisonment in Orthanc.

==Other parts of the manuscript==
''[[The Lord of the Rings: A Reader's Companion]]'' includes numerous parts of the missing manuscripts, as well as several drafts and a chronology titled ''The Hunt for the Ring: Time Scheme - Black Riders''. Part of these writings covers the events of ''Manuscript A'' (in particular the travels of the Black Riders, the parley between the [[Witch King]] and [[Saruman]], the Witch-King rousing the [[Barrow-wights]] in [[Cardolan]],<ref>{{HM|RC}}, p. 145-6</ref> the battle of [[Osgiliath]] and the travels of [[Khamûl]]);however, most writings focus on the subsequent events: [[Gandalf]] escaping from Isengard, his taming of [[Shadowfax]]<ref>{{HM|RC}}, "The Council of Elrond", pp. 251-253</ref> and his combat against the Ringwraiths on [[Weathertop]] on the night of 3 October, whose fiery lights were seen by [[Aragorn]] and [[Frodo]].<ref name=RC>{{HM|RC}}, "A Knife in the Dark", pp. 166-168</ref><ref>{{HM|RC}}, p. 253</ref> These writings also analyse the thoughts and the plans of the Witch King regarding the One Ring and Gandalf; there is even a reference to the Witch-King being afraid of Frodo, as he invoked [[Elbereth]] (a "name of terror for the Nazgûl") and he may have slain the Barrow-wight.<ref>{{HM|RC}}, "Flight to the Ford", pp. 187-189</ref> In addition to the main writings, several (usually brief) drafts regarding the Ringwraiths expand or discuss elements of the plot, such as the identity of Khamûl (originally identified with an [[Easterling]]), or the fact that the Nazgûl couldn’t cross the “elvish waters” of the [[Brandywine]].<ref>{{HM|RC}}, "Many Meetings", pp. 204-5</ref>

{{references}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Hunt for the Ring, The}}
[[Category:Manuscripts by J.R.R. Tolkien]]
[[Category:Unfinished Tales chapters]]

Cardolan

2021-06-12T11:36:02Z

WizardKing: Note with reference

{{kingdom
| image=[[Image:Cardolanrotwk.jpg|250px]]
| name=Cardolan
| pronun=
| othernames=
| location=Southern [[Eriador]]; south of the [[East Road]] between the [[Baranduin|Brandywine]] and [[Gwathló|Greyflood]]
| capital=
| towns=[[Tharbad]]
| regions=[[Minhiriath]]
| population=[[Dúnedain]] [[Hobbits]]
| language=[[Westron]], [[Sindarin]], [[Hobbitish]]
| govern1=King of Cardolan
| govern2= [[last prince of Cardolan|Prince of Cardolan]] (vassal of [[Arthedain]])
| govern3=
| currency=
| holiday=
| precededby=[[Arnor]]
| event1=Dissolution of Arnor
| event1date={{TA|861}}
| event2=Abandoned
| event2date={{TA|1636}}
| event3=
| event3date=
| event4=
| event4date=
| event5=
| event5date=
| followedby=
}}
'''Cardolan''' was a breakaway realm of the [[Dúnedain]] kingdom of [[Arnor]]. After the death of Arnor's King [[Eärendur (King of Arnor)|Eärendur]], his sons divided the realm into the kingdoms of [[Arthedain]], [[Rhudaur]] and Cardolan.

==Description==
The southeastern border of Cardolan followed the [[Gwathló]] and the [[Mitheithel]] to the [[Last Bridge]]. From there its boundary followed the [[Great East Road]] westward to the [[Brandywine Bridge]], and then down the [[Baranduin]] to the [[Belegaer|Sea]] and thence to the mouth of the Gwathló. However, Cardolan also claimed the land between [[Bree]] and the [[Weather Hills]].<ref name="Eriador">{{App|Eriador}}</ref> Notable features within Cardolan were the [[Old Forest]], the [[Barrow-downs]], the [[South Downs]], and the [[Greenway]].<ref>{{UT|Map}}</ref>

==History==
In {{TA|861}} Arnor's tenth King, Eärendur, died.<ref name="TA">{{App|TA}}</ref> Due to dissensions between his sons the realm was split into [[Arthedain]], [[Rhudaur]] and Cardolan. While the line of [[Isildur]] continued in Arthedain, in both Rhudaur and Cardolan the line soon failed; despite accepting Arnor’s sovereignty, Cardolan seemingly retained a [[Last prince of Cardolan|prince]] as its ruler.<ref>{{HM|RC}}, "Fog on the Barrow-downs", p. 145</ref><ref>{{PM|Elendil}}</ref> The three kingdoms was led to strife because Arthedain held [[Weathertop]] and possessed its ''[[Amon Sûl-stone|Palantír]]'' as well as two others.<ref name="Eriador"/>

In {{TA|1050|n}} the [[Harfoots]] came into Eriador and in {{TA|1150|n}} they were joined by the [[Fallohides]].<ref name="TA"/> It is likely that some of these [[Hobbits]] settled in Cardolan.
===War with Angmar===
Around {{TA|1272|n}}<ref name="North">{{App|North}}</ref> [[Orcs]] began to trouble the region<ref>{{PM|Elendil}}</ref> and around {{TA|1300}}, the [[Witch-king]] founded the kingdom of [[Angmar]] north of the [[Ettenmoors]]. This event caused many Hobbits to move to [[Bree]].<ref name="TA"/>

No descendants of Isildur remained in Cardolan and Rhudaur and [[Argeleb I]] of Arthedain claimed lordship over all of former Arnor. Rhudaur resisted this claim and made league with Angmar.<ref name="Eriador"/> Argeleb I fell in battle with Rhudaur in {{TA|1356|n}}.<ref name="TA"/> Cardolan, and [[Lindon]], assisted his son, [[Arveleg I]], to avenge his father by pushing the enemy from the Weather Hills. For many years Arthedain and Cardolan held a frontier along the Hills, the [[East Road]] and the lower [[Hoarwell]].<ref name="Eriador"/>

However, in {{TA|1409}} a great host issued from Angmar and invaded Cardolan and took Weathertop. A remnant of the [[Dúnedain]] of Cardolan held out in the Barrow-downs and the [[Old Forest]]. The [[last prince of Cardolan]] was interred in the Barrow-downs that year (some say that it was the tomb where [[Frodo Baggins]] was trapped during the [[War of the Ring]], and it's likely that Merry saw his last memories in dreams, for he mentioned the "men of [[Carn Dûm]]").<ref name="Eriador"/><ref>{{HM|RC}}, "Fog on the Barrow-downs", pp. 144-5; Index, 'Cardolan, [[Last prince of Cardolan|last prince of]]'</ref>

In {{TA|1636}} those people who remained in the Barrow-downs died from the [[Great Plague]]. Angmar then sent [[Barrow-wights]] to infest and haunt the downs. In {{TA|1851}} [[King of Arthedain]] [[Araval]]<ref>{{PM|Elendil}}, pp. 195, 209-210</ref> attempted to re-occupy Cardolan, but the "evil [[wights]]" terrified anyone who attempted to dwell there and Cardolan was soon lost again.<ref name="Eriador"/>

===Legacy===
The region remained unpopulated even after the final fall of Arnor and destruction of Angmar ({{TA|1974|n}}<ref name="TA"/>).

During the [[War of the Ring]] ({{TA|3018}}) the [[Nazgûl|Black Riders]] entered Cardolan around September 24. Their chief, the [[Witch-king]], moved to [[Andrath]] and visited the Barrow-downs, where he stayed for three days in order to rouse the Barrow-wights. According to the rare manuscript ''[[The Hunt for the Ring|The Hunt for the Ring: Time Scheme - Black Riders]]'', the [[Witch King]] empowered the Barrow-wights and slew the [[Ranger]]s in order to trap the [[Ring]]-bearer - a strategy that would almost work; he left on September 27.<ref>{{HM|RC}}, "Fog on the Barrow-downs", p. 145-6</ref><ref name=RC>{{HM|RC}}, "Flight to the Ford", p. 180</ref><ref>{{UT|Other}}</ref>

Presumably the area remained deserted until the reestablishment of the northern kingdom under king [[Aragorn|Elessar]] at the end of the Third Age.

[[Tom Bombadil]] was seemingly involved (at least as a spectator) in the wars between Cardolan and Angmar, although it is unknown at which extent. After freeing the hobbits from the barrow, he took a brooch for Goldberry and showed grief discovering it belonged to a “fair” woman he met long ago, usually identified with the wife of the [[last prince of Cardolan]].<ref>{{HM|RC}}, "Fog on the Barrow-downs", pp. 146-7</ref>

==Etymology==
{{Pronounce|Cardolan.mp3|Ardamir}}
It is not known if [[J.R.R. Tolkien|Tolkien]] ever explained the name ''Cardolan''. The most common suggestion is that ''Cardolan'' likely is [[Sindarin]] for "red hill country". In that case, the name could be analyzed as ''[[caran|carn]]'' ("red") + ''[[dol]]'' ("hill, mount") + ''[[-iand|an(n)]]'' ("land").<ref>{{HM|RC}}, p. 690</ref><ref name=Clewley/>

An alternative etymology has been suggested by Roger Clewley: ''Cardolan'' deriving from [[Noldorin]] ''car'' ("house"), ''dolen'' ("hidden) ("secret"), and the toponymical ending ''[[-iand|-and]]'', thus meaning "place/land of
hidden houses" (a reference to the "dead entombed there").<ref name=Clewley>{{webcite|author=Roger Clewley|articleurl=http://groups.yahoo.com/group/elfling/message/36363|articlename=On the Name ''Cardolan'' (#36363)|dated=7 September 2012|website=[[Elfling]] (mailing list)|accessed=11 September 2012}}</ref>

{{references}}
[[Category:Arnor]]
[[Category:Eriador]]
[[Category:Mannish realms]]
[[Category:Sindarin locations]]
[[de:Cardolan]]
[[fi:Cardolan]]
[[fr:encyclo:geographie:royaumes:cardolan]]

Barrow-downs

2021-06-12T11:34:20Z

WizardKing: Note with sources

{{disambig-two|the location in [[Middle-earth]]|website|[[barrowdowns.com]]}}
{{location infobox
| name=The Barrow-downs
| image=[[File:Paul Raymond Gregory - Fog on the Barrow Downs.jpg|250px]]
| caption="Fog on the Barrow Downs" by [[Paul Raymond Gregory]]
| pronun=
| othernames=''Tyrn Gorthad''
| location=Central [[Eriador]], south of the [[East Road]] and [[Bree]], on borders the Old Forest
| type=Hills
| description=
| regions=
| towns=
| inhabitants=[[Men]], then [[Barrow-wights]]
| created=
| destroyed=
| events=
| gallery=the Barrow-downs
}}
The '''Barrow-downs''' or '''''Tyrn Gorthad''''' were a series of low hills east of [[the Shire]], behind the [[Old Forest]], and south-west of the village of [[Bree]].<ref>{{UT|Map}}</ref> Many of the hills were crowned with megaliths and [[barrows]], hence their name.

==History==
The Barrow-downs were first inhabited by [[Men]] related to the [[Edain]] in the [[First Age]],<ref>{{UT|Index}}, ''Barrow-downs''</ref> together with the [[Hills of Evendim]] to the north. They fled east as [[Easterlings]] invaded [[Eriador]] and passed on to [[Beleriand]], but after these had left or been killed in the [[War of Wrath]] the Edain returned to their old homes.

During the [[Second Age]] they were fairly numerous, and when they met with the [[Númenóreans]] the Barrow-downs were the first places where the [[Dúnedain]] émigrés from [[Númenor]] settled.<ref>{{PM|Atani}}</ref> When [[Elendil]] returned to [[Middle-earth]], the Barrow-downs were incorporated into the kingdom of [[Arnor]]. The Downs were revered because of the Great Barrows by the [[Arnorians]], and buried their lords and Kings there.<ref name=eriador/>

After the split of Arnor in {{TA|861}} the Barrow-downs became the capital of [[Cardolan]]. After [[Rhudaur]] fell to [[Angmar]] in {{TA|1409|n}}, the Dúnedain of Cardolan entrenched themselves here, but eventually the realm fell. Around {{TA|1636}}<ref name=TA>{{App|TA}}</ref> the [[Witch-king]] sent the [[Barrow-wights]] that haunted the hills,<ref name=eriador>{{App|Eriador}}</ref> preventing any resettlement; after [[Arthedain]] once again claimed the kingship over all of Arnor the Dúnedain tried to recolonize Cardolan, but this failed because of the Barrow-wights.

The [[Nazgûl|Black Riders]] entered Cardolan around September 24. Their chief, the [[Witch-king]], moved to [[Andrath]] and visited the Barrow-downs, where he stayed for three days in order to rouse the Barrow-wights. According to the rare manuscript ''[[The Hunt for the Ring|The Hunt for the Ring: Time Scheme - Black Riders]]'', the [[Witch King]] empowered the Barrow-wights and slew the [[Ranger]]s in order to trap the [[Ring]]-bearer - a strategy that would almost work; he left on September 27.<ref>{{HM|RC}}, "Fog on the Barrow-downs", p. 145-6</ref><ref name=RC>{{HM|RC}}, "Flight to the Ford", p. 180</ref><ref>{{UT|Other}}</ref>

On [[28 September]] {{TA|3018|n}}<ref>{{App|Great}}</ref> [[Frodo Baggins]] and company were trapped in the downs by a wight, probably in the same [[uncommon words|cairn]] which held the grave of the [[last prince of Cardolan]] (it's likely that Merry saw his last memories in dreams, for he mentioned the "men of [[Carn Dûm]]").<ref name=eriador>{{App|Eriador}}</ref><ref>{{HM|RC}}, "Fog on the Barrow-downs", pp. 144-5; Index, 'Cardolan, [[Last prince of Cardolan|last prince of]]' </ref> They were rescued by [[Tom Bombadil]], who amassed the barrow’s mighty hoard and gave them four special [[Daggers of Westernesse|swords]].<ref>{{FR|I8}}</ref> Bombadil also took for [[Goldberry]] a brooch, probably belonging to the wife of the [[last prince of Cardolan]].<ref>{{HM|RC}}, "Fog on the Barrow-downs", pp. 146-7</ref>

==Etymology==
In topography, a "down" is a low-lying hill, from the [[Old English|Anglo-Saxon]] ''dún'' meaning "hill".<ref name="ASD">Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller, "[http://bosworth.ff.cuni.cz/008106 DÚN]" at ''An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary'' (accessed 12 October 2010)</ref> In the [[wikipedia:United Kingdom|United Kingdom]], a [[wikipedia:Downland|down]] is a gently-rolling chalk hill in Southern [[wikipedia:England|England]] (seen especially in the [[wikipedia:North Downs|North]] and [[wikipedia:South Downs|South Downs]]).<ref name="OD">[http://oxforddictionaries.com/ Oxford Dictionaries], "[http://oxforddictionaries.com/view/entry/m_en_gb0241750?rskey=YT9je8&result=4#m_en_gb0241750 down]" (accessed 12 October 2010)</ref>

A "barrow" (or "berrow"; from English beorg, berg, 'hill, mound') not to be confused with the wheeled vehicle, is a tumulus or other prehistoric grave-mound.<ref name="Nomen">{{HM|N}}, p. 766</ref>

The name therefore would represent an earlier [[Old English]] form ''Beorga Dune'' "downs of barrows".<ref name=etym>{{webcite|author=[[David Salo]]|articleurl=http://groups.yahoo.com/group/elfling/message/121|articlename=Hobbitish Place-names|dated=23 November 1998|website=[[Elfling]]|accessed=9 October 2014}}</ref>

'''''Tyrn Gorthad''''' was the [[Sindarin]] name of the Barrow-downs. ''Tyrn Gorthad'' is a compound of ''[[torn]]'' ("down") and ''[[gorthad]]'' ("of buried").<ref>{{PE|17}}, p. 116</ref> In one manuscript, the name ''Tyrn Goerthaid'' was used by [[J.R.R. Tolkien|Tolkien]].<ref>{{PM|VII}}</ref> ''Goerthaid'' seems to be the [[Sindarin#Plural|plural]] of ''gorthad'' with [[affection|affected]] vowels.

==Portrayal in adaptations==
[[File:The Lord of the Rings Online - Barrow-downs.jpg|thumb|Barrow-downs at night in ''[[The Lord of the Rings Online]]'']]
'''2002: [[The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring (video game)|''The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring'' (video game)]]:'''
:Hobbits' passage through the Barrow-downs is represented by a respective level.

'''2006: ''[[The Battle for Middle-earth II: The Rise of the Witch-king]]'':'''
:In his campaign against the former kingdom of Arnor the Witch-king dispatches his men lead by [[Hwaldar|Hwaldar]] to claim the royal barrows to enrage Cardolan and lure out their forces to destroy their army and lay Cardolan bare for his attacks, while unintentionally slaying a prince of Cardolan. Later he attacked the Barrow-downs a second time to desecrate the barrows to create a plague to weaken the rest of Arnor and to demotalize the Dúnedain of Cardolan by using the barrows as the plague's ground zero. In the resulting battle [[Karsh|Carthaen]], a general of Cardolan, was slain and Cardolan's sent army was destroyed.

'''2007: ''[[The Lord of the Rings Online]]'':'''
:The Barrow-downs are a divided into North and South Barrows, depicted as a series of mounds crowned with megaliths. The region is inhabited by wights, recently stirred by the passage of the [[Nazgûl]]. The largest and oldest barrow is called [[Othrongroth]].

'''2011: ''[[The Lord of the Rings: War in the North]]'':'''

:After [[Halbarad]] sends [[Eradan (video game character)|Eradan]], [[Andriel]] and [[Farin (video game character)|Farin]] to warn [[Aragorn]] in Bree, the three heroes travel through the Barrow-downs as a shortcut.<ref>[http://www.oxmonline.com/ Offical Xbox Magazine Online], [http://www.oxmonline.com/article/previews/g-l/lord-rings-war-north The Lord of the Rings: War in the North], dated [[28 April]], [[2011]] (accessed at [[7 July]], [[2011]])</ref> On their way, they have to save two Dúnedain Rangers named Luin and Kilaran. Throughout the whole level fog hangs above the ground.<ref>[http://www.warinthenorth.com The Lord of the Rings: War in the North's Official Site], [http://www.warinthenorth.com/index.php/media/videos Videos], The Lord of the Rings: War in the North - Dev video: Art Direction Process, dated [[11 May]], [[2011]] (accessed [[14 September]], [[2011]])</ref> Upon reaching Rivendell, the three heroes can talk to Frodo about their escapades in the Barrow-downs. Even though Frodo and the Hobbits were never shown to venture into the Barrow-downs in the movies, he will mention his own encounters there. However, he refuses to go into detail about what happened there.

{{references}}
[[Category:Arnor]]
[[Category:Eriador]]
[[Category:Graves and tombs]]
[[Category:Hills]]
[[Category:Regions]]
[[de:Hügelgräberhöhen (Eriador)]]
[[fi:Hautakerot]]
[[fr:encyclo/geographie/reliefs/eriador/hauts_des_galgals]]

Barrow-wights

2021-06-12T11:32:08Z

WizardKing: Added with sources

{{race infobox
| name=Barrow-wights
| image=[[File:John Howe - Barrow-Wights.jpg|250px]]
| caption="Barrow-Wights" by [[John Howe]]
| pronun=
| othernames=
| origin=
| location=The [[Barrow-downs]]
| affiliation=[[Sauron]] [[Witch-king]]
| rivalry=
| language=[[Westron]]
| people=
| members=
| lifespan=
| distinctions=Shadowy figures with a pale, icy light gleaming from their eyes; icy touch; deep, hollow and cold voice
| height=
| hair=
| skin=
| clothing=
| weapons=Magic
}}
The '''Barrow-wights''' were a kind of [[undead]]-like creatures, dead bones animated by [[evil spirits]].<ref name=LotR>[[J.R.R. Tolkien]], ''[[The Lord of the Rings]]'', ''passim''</ref>

==History and Characteristics==
[[File:Richard Svensson - The Adventures of Tom Bombadil part 4.jpg|thumb|''The Adventures of Tom Bombadil part 4'' by Richard Svensson]]
The Barrow-wights were evil spirits, although their true nature is unknown; it is not known if they were perverted [[Maiar]] ([[Úmaiar]]) or [[Fëa and hröa|spirits]] of [[Orcs]], fallen [[Avari]], or evil Men.

The [[Witch-king]] of [[Angmar]] sent them to the [[Barrow-downs]], in order to prevent a resurrection of the destroyed [[Dúnedain]] kingdom of [[Cardolan]]. Some of them occupied the cairn of the [[last prince of Cardolan]].<ref name="Eriador"/><ref>{{HM|RC}}, "Fog on the Barrow-downs", pp. 144-5; Index, 'Cardolan, [[Last prince of Cardolan|last prince of]]' </ref> The spirits stirred the dead bones in the mounds and haunted them.<ref name=Eriador>{{App|Eriador}}</ref><ref name=Elendil>{{PM|Elendil}}, p. 194</ref><ref name=I7>{{FR|I7}}</ref>

The Barrow-wights appeared as shadowy figures with a pale, icy light gleaming from what would be their eyes. They could speak, with deep, hollow and cold voices, and likewise their touch was icy.<ref name=Barrow/><ref name=AB1/> They were furthermore infamous for carrying rattling gold-rings on their bony fingers.<ref name=I7/><ref name=AB2>{{AB|2}}</ref>

According to [[Hobbits|Hobbit]] verse, [[Tom Bombadil]] escaped a Barrow-wight on some occasion, using his enchanting incantations.<ref name=AB1/> Perhaps his authority was sourced by the inherent power he had on this region of the world, not the spirits themselves.

During the [[War of the Ring]] ([[September]] {{TA|3018|n}}) the [[Nazgûl|Black Riders]] entered Cardolan around September 24. Their chief, the [[Witch-king]], moved to [[Andrath]] and visited the Barrow-downs, where he stayed for three days in order to rouse the Barrow-wights. According to the rare manuscript ''[[The Hunt for the Ring|The Hunt for the Ring: Time Scheme - Black Riders]]'', the [[Witch King]] empowered the Barrow-wights and slew the [[Ranger]]s in order to trap the [[Ring]]-bearer - a strategy that would almost work; he left on September 27.<ref>{{HM|RC}}, "Fog on the Barrow-downs", p. 145-6</ref><ref name=RC>{{HM|RC}}, "Flight to the Ford", p. 180</ref><ref>{{UT|Other}}</ref>

[[Frodo Baggins]] and company were trapped in the [[Barrow-downs]] by the [[magic|spells]] of the Barrow-wights, and were nearly slain by the creatures.<ref name=Barrow>{{FR|I8}}</ref> They were saved in the last minute by Tom, who seemed to have had complete authority over them.

==Other names==

According to [[Elrond]], the [[Elves]] knew the Barrow-wights by many names.<ref>{{FR|II2}}</ref> While these names are not recorded (except for the general denomination "evil spirits"), the creatures were also called "'''Barrow-dwellers'''" in Hobbit lore.<ref name=AB1>{{AB|1}}</ref> Often, they were also referred to by the shortened form "'''Wights'''".<ref name=LotR/><ref>The use of a capital "W" for the short form was noted by Jerome S. Colburn in [[Elfling]] message [http://groups.yahoo.com/group/elfling/message/19711 19711 (24 November 2002)]; compare "''They are Elvish wights''", in {{RK|Company}}</ref>

*Etymology: ''[[Barrows|barrow]]'' + ''[[wights|wight]]''

== Other versions of the legendarium ==
Due to his inspiration from ''Hrómundar saga Gripssonar'', during the writing of ''[[The Lord of the Rings]]'' (see ''[[The History of The Lord of the Rings]]'') Tolkien at first foresaw a link between the wights and the [[Nazgûl|Ringwraith]]s, initially describing the Black Riders as horsed Wights, but the suggestion that they were the same kind of creatures was dropped in the published work. In the final work there remained a link between them: the wights were now spirits sent by the Witch-king.

==Other writings==
The character Tídwald, appearing in [[J.R.R. Tolkien|Tolkien]]'s poem "[[The Homecoming of Beorhtnoth|The Homecoming of Beorhtnoth Beorhthelm's Son]]", accuses Torhthelm of fancying "''barrow-wights and bogeys''".<ref>{{HB|II}}</ref>

==Portrayal in Adaptations==
{{Gallery
|title=Barrow-wights in adaptations
|height=150
|width=250
|lines=2
|File:The Lord of the Rings Trading Card Game - Barrow-wight Stalker.jpg|"Barrow-wight Stalker" in ''[[The Lord of the Rings Trading Card Game]]''
|File:Mark Evans - Barrow-wight.jpg|''Barrow-wight'' in ''[[The Lord of the Rings Roleplaying Game]]''
}}
'''1982-97: ''[[Middle-earth Role Playing]]'':'''
: Remnants haunting their own tombs, the Barrow Wights are a type of greater Undead Beings. They draw energy from living beings, sacrificing their victims.<ref>{{ICE|2012}}, p. 124</ref>

'''2001-2007: ''[[The Lord of the Rings Trading Card Game]]'':'''
:Although the Barrow-wights did not appear in [[The Lord of the Rings (film series)|''The Lord of the Rings'' films]], [[Decipher]] did produce a card depicting a Barrow-wight.

'''2001: [[Pán prsteňov (2001-2003 Slovak radio series)|''Pán prsteňov'' (2001-2003 Slovak radio series)]]:'''
:The voice of the barrow-wight that temporarily imprisons Frodo and his three companions is provided by Vladimír Jedľovský.

'''2002-5: ''[[The Lord of the Rings Roleplaying Game]]'':'''
: Barrow-wights (not to be confused with the [[ghosts|ghost]]-type ''wights'' appearing in the same game) are corpses of Men animated by evil spirits.<ref>{{D|Fell}}, pp. 14-15</ref>

'''2007-: ''[[The Lord of the Rings Online]]'':'''
: [[Sambrog]] is a Wight-lord of the Barrow-downs. Barrow Wights are not just confined to the Barrow Downs, but have risen in many parts of Middle-earth mainly around the decaying ruins of Arnor. Wights can be found haunting the darkest corners of Mirkwood to even the Elven ruins which dot Ered Luin. A clan of warriors in Dunland has even gone as far as trying to raise their own undead army.

'''2011: ''[[The Lord of the Rings: War in the North]]'':'''
: [[Eradan (video game character)|Eradan]], [[Andriel]], and [[Farin (video game character)|Farin]] encounter Barrow-wights during their trek through the Barrow-downs. The boss battle of the level is the Barrow-wight Lord.

{{references}}
[[Category:Characters in The Lord of the Rings]]
[[Category:Servants of Sauron]]
[[Category:Undead]]
[[de:Grabunholde]]
[[fi:Haudanhaamut]]

Last prince of Cardolan

2021-06-12T11:24:38Z

WizardKing:

The unnamed '''last prince of Cardolan''' was the last ruler of [[Cardolan]] during the war against [[Angmar]]. He fell on the war of {{TA|1409}}.

== History ==
=== Rulers of Cardolan ===
After King [[Eärendur]] died in {{TA|861}}, his second son assumed the throne of Cardolan as an independent king, in contrast with his brother [[Amlaith]], who took the crown of [[Arthedain]]. While in Arthedain the blood of [[Isildur]] survived, in Cardolan his line soon failed. Cardolan then accepted [[Argeleb I]] as King of Arnor, but probably retained its prince as a vassal ruler.<ref name="North">{{App|North}}</ref><ref>{{PM|Elendil}}</ref>

=== War against Angmar ===
The last prince of Cardolan died during the war of {{TA|1409}}, a fierce conflict against the Witch-kingdom of Angmar and its ally [[Rhudaur]]. He was then buried in the [[Barrow-downs]] the same year.<ref name=War1409>{{App|Eriador}}, The North-kingdom and the Dúnedain, entries about the war with Angmar in 1409</ref><ref>{{PM|Elendil}}</ref>

=== Mentions ===
On [[28 September]] {{TA|3018|n}}<ref>{{App|Great}}</ref> [[Frodo Baggins]] and his comrades were trapped in the Barrow-downs by a [[Barrow-wight|wight]], probably in the same [[uncommon words|cairn]] which held the grave of the last prince of [[Cardolan]].<ref>{{App|Gondor}}, paragraphs about the war of 1409; Index, ''Barrow-downs, the Barrow where Frodo was buried'' </ref><ref>{{HM|RC}}, "Fog on the Barrow-downs", pp. 144-5; Index, ''Barrow-downs, Barrow of the last prince''</ref><ref>{{PM|Elendil}}</ref> According to the rare manuscript ''[[The Hunt for the Ring|The Hunt for the Ring: Time Scheme - Black Riders]]'', the [[Witch King]] had already risen and empowered the [[Barrow-wights]] of Cardolan<ref>{{HM|RC}}, "Fog on the Barrow-downs", p. 145-6</ref> and slain the [[Ranger]]s in order to trap the [[Ring]]-bearer.<ref>{{UT|Hunt}}</ref><ref name=RC>{{HM|RC}}, "Flight to the Ford", p. 180</ref> While [[Merry]] was trapped in the mound, he dreamed that he and others were attacked and defeated by “the men of [[Carn Dûm]]” at night and that his heart had been pierced with a spear.<ref>{{FR|Barrow}}, statements of Merry after waking up from his sleep in the barrow</ref>

According to ''[[The Lord of the Rings: A Reader's Companion]]'', Merry could not have seen the memories of the [[Barrow-wight]], since it was sent to the Barrow-downs by the [[Witch King]] of Angmar only in {{TA|1636}}, while the last prince was slain in {{TA|1409}}. Therefore, he was dreaming the last hours of the last prince of Cardolan and his men, specifically their last night, when they fell after valiantly defending their kingdom from the forces of Angmar (“the men of Carn Dûm” are the servants and warriors of the Witch King).<ref>{{HM|RC}}, "Fog on the Barrow-downs", pp. 144-5; Index, ''Cardolan, last prince of''</ref>

== Family ==
After freeing the [[Hobbits]] from the cairn of the last prince, [[Tom Bombadil]] took for [[Goldberry]] a blue-jewelled brooch belonging to a “fair” woman he seemingly knew long ago.<ref>{{HM|RC}}, "Fog on the Barrow-downs", pp. 146</ref><ref>{{FR|Barrow}}, statements of Tom Bombadil regarding the blue-jewelled brooch</ref> Considering that the kings were very often buried with their wives in the barrows, it has been speculated that the brooch belonged to the wife of the last prince (or, potentially, his daughter), met by Tom centuries before.<ref>{{HM|RC}}, "Fog on the Barrow-downs", pp. 146-7</ref>

{{References}}

Last prince of Cardolan

2021-06-12T11:23:24Z

WizardKing:

The unnamed '''last prince of Cardolan''' was the last ruler of [[Cardolan]] during the war against [[Angmar]]. He fell on the war of {{TA|1409}}.

== History ==
=== Rulers of Cardolan ===
After King [[Eärendur]] died in {{TA|861}}, his second son assumed the throne of Cardolan as an independent king, in contrast with his brother [[Amlaith]], who took the crown of [[Arthedain]]. While in Arthedain the blood of [[Isildur]] survived, in Cardolan his line soon failed. Cardolan then accepted [[Argeleb I]] as King of Arnor, but probably retained its prince as a vassal ruler.<ref name="North">{{App|North}}</ref><ref>{{PM|Elendil}}</ref>

=== War against Angmar ===
The last prince of Cardolan died during the war of {{TA|1409}}, a fierce conflict against the Witch-kingdom of Angmar and its ally [[Rhudaur]]. He was then buried in the [[Barrow-downs]] the same year.<ref name=War1409>{{App|Eriador}}, The North-kingdom and the Dúnedain, entries about the war with Angmar in 1409</ref><ref>{{PM|Elendil}}</ref>

=== Mentions ===
On [[28 September]] {{TA|3018|n}}<ref>{{App|Great}}</ref> [[Frodo Baggins]] and his comrades were trapped in the Barrow-downs by a [[Barrow-wight|wight]], probably in the same [[uncommon words|cairn]] which held the grave of the last prince of [[Cardolan]].<ref>{{App|Gondor}}, paragraphs about the war of 1409; Index, ''Barrow-downs, the Barrow where Frodo was buried'' </ref><ref>{{HM|RC}}, "Fog on the Barrow-downs", pp. 144-5; Index, ''Barrow-downs, Barrow of the last prince''</ref><ref>{{PM|Elendil}}</ref> According to the rare manuscript ''[[The Hunt for the Ring|The Hunt for the Ring: Time Scheme - Black Riders]]'', the [[Witch King]] had already risen and empowered the [[Barrow-wights]] of Cardolan<ref>{{HM|RC}}, "Fog on the Barrow-downs", p. 145-6</ref> and slain the [[Ranger]]s in order to trap the bearer of the [[Ring]].<ref>{{UT|Hunt}}</ref><ref name=RC>{{HM|RC}}, "Flight to the Ford", p. 180</ref> While [[Merry]] was trapped in the mound, he dreamed that he and others were attacked and defeated by “the men of [[Carn Dûm]]” at night and that his heart had been pierced with a spear.<ref>{{FR|Barrow}}, statements of Merry after waking up from his sleep in the barrow</ref>

According to ''[[The Lord of the Rings: A Reader's Companion]]'', Merry could not have seen the memories of the [[Barrow-wight]], since it was sent to the Barrow-downs by the [[Witch King]] of Angmar only in {{TA|1636}}, while the last prince was slain in {{TA|1409}}. Therefore, he was dreaming the last hours of the last prince of Cardolan and his men, specifically their last night, when they fell after valiantly defending their kingdom from the forces of Angmar (“the men of Carn Dûm” are the servants and warriors of the Witch King).<ref>{{HM|RC}}, "Fog on the Barrow-downs", pp. 144-5; Index, ''Cardolan, last prince of''</ref>

== Family ==
After freeing the [[Hobbits]] from the cairn of the last prince, [[Tom Bombadil]] took for [[Goldberry]] a blue-jewelled brooch belonging to a “fair” woman he seemingly knew long ago.<ref>{{HM|RC}}, "Fog on the Barrow-downs", pp. 146</ref><ref>{{FR|Barrow}}, statements of Tom Bombadil regarding the blue-jewelled brooch</ref> Considering that the kings were very often buried with their wives in the barrows, it has been speculated that the brooch belonged to the wife of the last prince (or, potentially, his daughter), met by Tom centuries before.<ref>{{HM|RC}}, "Fog on the Barrow-downs", pp. 146-7</ref>

{{References}}

Last prince of Cardolan

2021-06-12T11:22:25Z

WizardKing:

The unnamed '''last prince of Cardolan''' was the last ruler of [[Cardolan]] during the war against [[Angmar]]. He fell on the war of {{TA|1409}}.

== History ==
=== Rulers of Cardolan ===
After King [[Eärendur]] died in {{TA|861}}, his second son assumed the throne of Cardolan as an independent king, in contrast with his brother [[Amlaith]], who took the crown of [[Arthedain]]. While in Arthedain the blood of [[Isildur]] survived, in Cardolan his line soon failed. Cardolan then accepted [[Argeleb I]] as King of Arnor, but probably retained its prince as a vassal ruler.<ref name="North">{{App|North}}</ref><ref>{{PM|Elendil}}</ref>

=== War against Angmar ===
The last prince of Cardolan died during the war of {{TA|1409}}, a fierce conflict against the Witch-kingdom of Angmar and its ally [[Rhudaur]]. He was then buried in the [[Barrow-downs]] the same year.<ref name=War1409>{{App|Eriador}}, The North-kingdom and the Dúnedain, entries about the war with Angmar in 1409</ref><ref>{{PM|Elendil}}</ref>

=== Mentions ===
On [[28 September]] {{TA|3018|n}}<ref>{{App|Great}}</ref> [[Frodo Baggins]] and his comrades were trapped in the Barrow-downs by a [[Barrow-wight|wight]], probably in the same [[uncommon words|cairn]] which held the grave of the last prince of [[Cardolan]].<ref>{{App|Gondor}}, paragraphs about the war of 1409; Index, ''Barrow-downs, the Barrow where Frodo was buried'' </ref><ref>{{HM|RC}}, "Fog on the Barrow-downs", pp. 144-5; Index, ''Barrow-downs, Barrow of the last prince''</ref><ref>{{PM|Elendil}}</ref> According to the rare manuscript ''[[The Hunt for the Ring|The Hunt for the Ring: Time Scheme - Black Riders]]'', the [[Witch King]] had already risen and empowered the Barrow-wights of Cardolan<ref>{{HM|RC}}, "Fog on the Barrow-downs", p. 145-6</ref> and slain the [[Ranger]]s in order to trap the bearer of the [[Ring]].<ref>{{UT|Hunt}}</ref><ref name=RC>{{HM|RC}}, "Flight to the Ford", p. 180</ref> While [[Merry]] was trapped in the mound, he dreamed that he and others were attacked and defeated by “the men of [[Carn Dûm]]” at night and that his heart had been pierced with a spear.<ref>{{FR|Barrow}}, statements of Merry after waking up from his sleep in the barrow</ref>

According to ''[[The Lord of the Rings: A Reader's Companion]]'', Merry could not have seen the memories of the [[Barrow-wight]], since it was sent to the Barrow-downs by the [[Witch King]] of Angmar only in {{TA|1636}}, while the last prince was slain in {{TA|1409}}. Therefore, he was dreaming the last hours of the last prince of Cardolan and his men, specifically their last night, when they fell after valiantly defending their kingdom from the forces of Angmar (“the men of Carn Dûm” are the servants and warriors of the Witch King).<ref>{{HM|RC}}, "Fog on the Barrow-downs", pp. 144-5; Index, ''Cardolan, last prince of''</ref>

== Family ==
After freeing the [[Hobbits]] from the cairn of the last prince, [[Tom Bombadil]] took for [[Goldberry]] a blue-jewelled brooch belonging to a “fair” woman he seemingly knew long ago.<ref>{{HM|RC}}, "Fog on the Barrow-downs", pp. 146</ref><ref>{{FR|Barrow}}, statements of Tom Bombadil regarding the blue-jewelled brooch</ref> Considering that the kings were very often buried with their wives in the barrows, it has been speculated that the brooch belonged to the wife of the last prince (or, potentially, his daughter), met by Tom centuries before.<ref>{{HM|RC}}, "Fog on the Barrow-downs", pp. 146-7</ref>

{{References}}

Last prince of Cardolan

2021-06-12T11:20:13Z

WizardKing: Page ref.

The unnamed '''last prince of Cardolan''' was the last ruler of [[Cardolan]] during the war against [[Angmar]]. He fell on the war of {{TA|1409}}.

== History ==
=== Rulers of Cardolan ===
After King [[Eärendur]] died in {{TA|861}}, his second son assumed the throne of Cardolan as an independent king, in contrast with his brother [[Amlaith]], who took the crown of [[Arthedain]]. While in Arthedain the blood of [[Isildur]] survived, in Cardolan his line soon failed. Cardolan then accepted [[Argeleb I]] as King of Arnor, but it probably retained its prince as a vassal ruler.<ref name="North">{{App|North}}</ref>

=== War against Angmar ===
The last prince of Cardolan died during the war of {{TA|1409}}, a fierce conflict against the Witch-kingdom of Angmar and its ally [[Rhudaur]]. He was then buried in the [[Barrow-downs]].<ref name=War1409>{{App|Eriador}}, The North-kingdom and the Dúnedain, entries about the war with Angmar in 1409</ref><ref>{{PM|Elendil}}</ref>

=== Mentions ===
On [[28 September]] {{TA|3018|n}}<ref>{{App|Great}}</ref> [[Frodo Baggins]] and his comrades were trapped in the Barrow-downs by a [[Barrow-wight|wight]], probably in the same [[uncommon words|cairn]] which held the grave of the last prince of [[Cardolan]].<ref>{{App|Gondor}}, paragraphs about the war of 1409; Index, ''Barrow-downs, the Barrow where Frodo was buried'' </ref><ref>{{HM|RC}}, "Fog on the Barrow-downs", pp. 144-5; Index, ''Barrow-downs, Barrow of the last prince''</ref><ref>{{PM|Elendil}}</ref> According to the rare manuscript ''[[The Hunt for the Ring|The Hunt for the Ring: Time Scheme - Black Riders]]'', the [[Witch King]] had already risen and empowered the Barrow-wights of Cardolan<ref>{{HM|RC}}, "Fog on the Barrow-downs", p. 145-6</ref> and slain the [[Ranger]]s in order to trap the bearer of the [[Ring]].<ref>{{UT|Hunt}}</ref><ref name=RC>{{HM|RC}}, "Flight to the Ford", p. 180</ref> While [[Merry]] was trapped in the mound, he dreamed that he and others were attacked and defeated by “the men of [[Carn Dûm]]” at night and that his heart had been pierced with a spear.<ref>{{FR|Barrow}}, statements of Merry after waking up from his sleep in the barrow</ref>

According to ''[[The Lord of the Rings: A Reader's Companion]]'', Merry could not have seen the memories of the [[Barrow-wight]], since it was sent to the Barrow-downs by the [[Witch King]] of Angmar only in {{TA|1636}}, while the last prince was slain in {{TA|1409}}. Therefore, he was dreaming the last hours of the last prince of Cardolan and his men, specifically their last night, when they fell after valiantly defending their kingdom from the forces of Angmar (“the men of Carn Dûm” are the servants and warriors of the Witch King).<ref>{{HM|RC}}, "Fog on the Barrow-downs", pp. 144-5; Index, ''Cardolan, last prince of''</ref>

== Family ==
After freeing the [[Hobbits]] from the cairn of the last prince, [[Tom Bombadil]] took for [[Goldberry]] a blue-jewelled brooch belonging to a “fair” woman he seemingly knew long ago.<ref>{{HM|RC}}, "Fog on the Barrow-downs", pp. 146</ref><ref>{{FR|Barrow}}, statements of Tom Bombadil regarding the blue-jewelled brooch</ref> Considering that the kings were very often buried with their wives in the barrows, it has been speculated that the brooch belonged to the wife of the last prince (or, potentially, his daughter), met by Tom centuries before.<ref>{{HM|RC}}, "Fog on the Barrow-downs", pp. 146-7</ref>

{{References}}

Cardolan

2021-06-10T12:32:52Z

WizardKing: Space

{{kingdom
| image=[[Image:Cardolanrotwk.jpg|250px]]
| name=Cardolan
| pronun=
| othernames=
| location=Southern [[Eriador]]; south of the [[East Road]] between the [[Baranduin|Brandywine]] and [[Gwathló|Greyflood]]
| capital=
| towns=[[Tharbad]]
| regions=[[Minhiriath]]
| population=[[Dúnedain]] [[Hobbits]]
| language=[[Westron]], [[Sindarin]], [[Hobbitish]]
| govern1=King of Cardolan
| govern2= [[last prince of Cardolan|Prince of Cardolan]] (vassal of [[Arthedain]])
| govern3=
| currency=
| holiday=
| precededby=[[Arnor]]
| event1=Dissolution of Arnor
| event1date={{TA|861}}
| event2=Abandoned
| event2date={{TA|1636}}
| event3=
| event3date=
| event4=
| event4date=
| event5=
| event5date=
| followedby=
}}
'''Cardolan''' was a breakaway realm of the [[Dúnedain]] kingdom of [[Arnor]]. After the death of Arnor's King [[Eärendur (King of Arnor)|Eärendur]], his sons divided the realm into the kingdoms of [[Arthedain]], [[Rhudaur]] and Cardolan.

==Description==
The southeastern border of Cardolan followed the [[Gwathló]] and the [[Mitheithel]] to the [[Last Bridge]]. From there its boundary followed the [[Great East Road]] westward to the [[Brandywine Bridge]], and then down the [[Baranduin]] to the [[Belegaer|Sea]] and thence to the mouth of the Gwathló. However, Cardolan also claimed the land between [[Bree]] and the [[Weather Hills]].<ref name="Eriador">{{App|Eriador}}</ref> Notable features within Cardolan were the [[Old Forest]], the [[Barrow-downs]], the [[South Downs]], and the [[Greenway]].<ref>{{UT|Map}}</ref>

==History==
In {{TA|861}} Arnor's tenth King, Eärendur, died.<ref name="TA">{{App|TA}}</ref> Due to dissensions between his sons the realm was split into [[Arthedain]], [[Rhudaur]] and Cardolan. While the line of [[Isildur]] continued in Arthedain, in both Rhudaur and Cardolan the line soon failed. The three kingdoms was led to strife because Arthedain held [[Weathertop]] and possessed its ''[[Amon Sûl-stone|Palantír]]'' as well as two others.<ref name="Eriador"/>

In {{TA|1050|n}} the [[Harfoots]] came into Eriador and in {{TA|1150|n}} they were joined by the [[Fallohides]].<ref name="TA"/> It is likely that some of these [[Hobbits]] settled in Cardolan.
===War with Angmar===
Around {{TA|1272|n}}<ref name="North">{{App|North}}</ref> [[Orcs]] began to trouble the region<ref>{{PM|Elendil}}</ref> and around {{TA|1300}}, the [[Witch-king]] founded the kingdom of [[Angmar]] north of the [[Ettenmoors]]. This event caused many Hobbits to move to [[Bree]].<ref name="TA"/>

No descendants of Isildur remained in Cardolan and Rhudaur and [[Argeleb I]] of Arthedain claimed lordship over all of former Arnor. Rhudaur resisted this claim and made league with Angmar.<ref name="Eriador"/> Argeleb I fell in battle with Rhudaur in {{TA|1356|n}}.<ref name="TA"/> Cardolan, and [[Lindon]], assisted his son, [[Arveleg I]], to avenge his father by pushing the enemy from the Weather Hills. For many years Arthedain and Cardolan held a frontier along the Hills, the [[East Road]] and the lower [[Hoarwell]].<ref name="Eriador"/>

However, in {{TA|1409}} a great host issued from Angmar and invaded Cardolan and took Weathertop. A remnant of the [[Dúnedain]] of Cardolan held out in the Barrow-downs and the [[Old Forest]]. The [[last prince of Cardolan]] was interred in the Barrow-downs that year (some say that it was the tomb where [[Frodo Baggins]] was trapped during the [[War of the Ring]], and it's likely that Merry saw his last memories in dreams, for he mentioned the "men of [[Carn Dûm]]").<ref name="Eriador"/><ref>{{HM|RC}}, "Fog on the Barrow-downs", pp. 144-5; Index, 'Cardolan, [[Last prince of Cardolan|last prince of]]' </ref>

In {{TA|1636}} those people who remained in the Barrow-downs died from the [[Great Plague]]. Angmar then sent [[Barrow-wights]] to infest and haunt the downs. In {{TA|1851}} [[King of Arthedain]] [[Araval]]<ref>{{PM|Elendil}}, pp. 195, 209-210</ref> attempted to re-occupy Cardolan, but the "evil [[wights]]" terrified anyone who attempted to dwell there and Cardolan was soon lost again.<ref name="Eriador"/>

===Legacy===
The region remained unpopulated even after the final fall of Arnor and destruction of Angmar ({{TA|1974|n}}<ref name="TA"/>).

On [[22 September]] {{TA|3018|n}} the [[Nazgûl|Black Riders]] entered Cardolan from the south.<ref name="TA"/> While hunting for the [[One Ring]] their chief established himself in [[Andrath]] on the Greenway and then visited the Barrow-downs. He stayed there for some days in order to rouse the [[Barrow-wights]].<ref>{{UT|Other}}</ref>

Presumably the area remained deserted until the reestablishment of the northern kingdom under king [[Aragorn|Elessar]] at the end of the Third Age.

[[Tom Bombadil]] was seemingly involved (at least as a spectator) in the wars between Cardolan and Angmar, although it is unknown at which extent. After freeing the hobbits from the barrow, he took a brooch for Goldberry and showed grief discovering it belonged to a “fair” woman he met long ago, usually identified with the wife of the [[last prince of Cardolan]].<ref>{{HM|RC}}, "Fog on the Barrow-downs", pp. 146-7</ref>

==Etymology==
{{Pronounce|Cardolan.mp3|Ardamir}}
It is not known if [[J.R.R. Tolkien|Tolkien]] ever explained the name ''Cardolan''. The most common suggestion is that ''Cardolan'' likely is [[Sindarin]] for "red hill country". In that case, the name could be analyzed as ''[[caran|carn]]'' ("red") + ''[[dol]]'' ("hill, mount") + ''[[-iand|an(n)]]'' ("land").<ref>{{HM|RC}}, p. 690</ref><ref name=Clewley/>

An alternative etymology has been suggested by Roger Clewley: ''Cardolan'' deriving from [[Noldorin]] ''car'' ("house"), ''dolen'' ("hidden) ("secret"), and the toponymical ending ''[[-iand|-and]]'', thus meaning "place/land of
hidden houses" (a reference to the "dead entombed there").<ref name=Clewley>{{webcite|author=Roger Clewley|articleurl=http://groups.yahoo.com/group/elfling/message/36363|articlename=On the Name ''Cardolan'' (#36363)|dated=7 September 2012|website=[[Elfling]] (mailing list)|accessed=11 September 2012}}</ref>

{{references}}
[[Category:Arnor]]
[[Category:Eriador]]
[[Category:Mannish realms]]
[[Category:Sindarin locations]]
[[de:Cardolan]]
[[fi:Cardolan]]
[[fr:encyclo:geographie:royaumes:cardolan]]

Cardolan

2021-06-10T12:32:32Z

WizardKing:

{{kingdom
| image=[[Image:Cardolanrotwk.jpg|250px]]
| name=Cardolan
| pronun=
| othernames=
| location=Southern [[Eriador]]; south of the [[East Road]] between the [[Baranduin|Brandywine]] and [[Gwathló|Greyflood]]
| capital=
| towns=[[Tharbad]]
| regions=[[Minhiriath]]
| population=[[Dúnedain]] [[Hobbits]]
| language=[[Westron]], [[Sindarin]], [[Hobbitish]]
| govern1=King of Cardolan
| govern2= [[last prince of Cardolan|Prince of Cardolan]] (vassal of [[Arthedain]])
| govern3=
| currency=
| holiday=
| precededby=[[Arnor]]
| event1=Dissolution of Arnor
| event1date={{TA|861}}
| event2=Abandoned
| event2date={{TA|1636}}
| event3=
| event3date=
| event4=
| event4date=
| event5=
| event5date=
| followedby=
}}
'''Cardolan''' was a breakaway realm of the [[Dúnedain]] kingdom of [[Arnor]]. After the death of Arnor's King [[Eärendur (King of Arnor)|Eärendur]], his sons divided the realm into the kingdoms of [[Arthedain]], [[Rhudaur]] and Cardolan.

==Description==
The southeastern border of Cardolan followed the [[Gwathló]] and the [[Mitheithel]] to the [[Last Bridge]]. From there its boundary followed the [[Great East Road]] westward to the [[Brandywine Bridge]], and then down the [[Baranduin]] to the [[Belegaer|Sea]] and thence to the mouth of the Gwathló. However, Cardolan also claimed the land between [[Bree]] and the [[Weather Hills]].<ref name="Eriador">{{App|Eriador}}</ref> Notable features within Cardolan were the [[Old Forest]], the [[Barrow-downs]], the [[South Downs]], and the [[Greenway]].<ref>{{UT|Map}}</ref>

==History==
In {{TA|861}} Arnor's tenth King, Eärendur, died.<ref name="TA">{{App|TA}}</ref> Due to dissensions between his sons the realm was split into [[Arthedain]], [[Rhudaur]] and Cardolan. While the line of [[Isildur]] continued in Arthedain, in both Rhudaur and Cardolan the line soon failed. The three kingdoms was led to strife because Arthedain held [[Weathertop]] and possessed its ''[[Amon Sûl-stone|Palantír]]'' as well as two others.<ref name="Eriador"/>

In {{TA|1050|n}} the [[Harfoots]] came into Eriador and in {{TA|1150|n}} they were joined by the [[Fallohides]].<ref name="TA"/> It is likely that some of these [[Hobbits]] settled in Cardolan.
===War with Angmar===
Around {{TA|1272|n}}<ref name="North">{{App|North}}</ref> [[Orcs]] began to trouble the region<ref>{{PM|Elendil}}</ref> and around {{TA|1300}}, the [[Witch-king]] founded the kingdom of [[Angmar]] north of the [[Ettenmoors]]. This event caused many Hobbits to move to [[Bree]].<ref name="TA"/>

No descendants of Isildur remained in Cardolan and Rhudaur and [[Argeleb I]] of Arthedain claimed lordship over all of former Arnor. Rhudaur resisted this claim and made league with Angmar.<ref name="Eriador"/> Argeleb I fell in battle with Rhudaur in {{TA|1356|n}}.<ref name="TA"/> Cardolan, and [[Lindon]], assisted his son, [[Arveleg I]], to avenge his father by pushing the enemy from the Weather Hills. For many years Arthedain and Cardolan held a frontier along the Hills, the [[East Road]] and the lower [[Hoarwell]].<ref name="Eriador"/>

However, in {{TA|1409}} a great host issued from Angmar and invaded Cardolan and took Weathertop. A remnant of the [[Dúnedain]] of Cardolan held out in the Barrow-downs and the [[Old Forest]]. The [[last prince of Cardolan]] was interred in the Barrow-downs that year (some say that it was the tomb where [[Frodo Baggins]] was trapped during the [[War of the Ring]], and it's likely that Merry saw his last memories in dreams, for he mentioned the "men of [[Carn Dûm]]").<ref name="Eriador"/><ref>{{HM|RC}}, "Fog on the Barrow-downs", pp. 144-5; Index, 'Cardolan, [[Last prince of Cardolan|last prince of]]' </ref>

In {{TA|1636}} those people who remained in the Barrow-downs died from the [[Great Plague]]. Angmar then sent [[Barrow-wights]] to infest and haunt the downs. In {{TA|1851}} [[King of Arthedain]] [[Araval]]<ref>{{PM|Elendil}}, pp. 195, 209-210</ref> attempted to re-occupy Cardolan, but the "evil [[wights]]" terrified anyone who attempted to dwell there and Cardolan was soon lost again.<ref name="Eriador"/>

===Legacy===
The region remained unpopulated even after the final fall of Arnor and destruction of Angmar ({{TA|1974|n}}<ref name="TA"/>).

On [[22 September]] {{TA|3018|n}} the [[Nazgûl|Black Riders]] entered Cardolan from the south.<ref name="TA"/> While hunting for the [[One Ring]] their chief established himself in [[Andrath]] on the Greenway and then visited the Barrow-downs. He stayed there for some days in order to rouse the [[Barrow-wights]].<ref>{{UT|Other}}</ref>

Presumably the area remained deserted until the reestablishment of the northern kingdom under king [[Aragorn|Elessar]] at the end of the Third Age.

[[Tom Bombadil]] was seemingly involved (at least as a spectator) in the wars between Cardolan and Angmar, although it is unknown at which extent. After freeing the hobbits from the barrow, he took a brooch for Goldberry and showed grief discovering it belonged to a “fair” woman he met long ago, usually identified with the wife of the [[last prince of Cardolan]].<ref>{{HM|RC}}, "Fog on the Barrow-downs", pp. 146-7</ref>

==Etymology==
{{Pronounce|Cardolan.mp3|Ardamir}}
It is not known if [[J.R.R. Tolkien|Tolkien]] ever explained the name ''Cardolan''. The most common suggestion is that ''Cardolan'' likely is [[Sindarin]] for "red hill country". In that case, the name could be analyzed as ''[[caran|carn]]'' ("red") + ''[[dol]]'' ("hill, mount") + ''[[-iand|an(n)]]'' ("land").<ref>{{HM|RC}}, p. 690</ref><ref name=Clewley/>

An alternative etymology has been suggested by Roger Clewley: ''Cardolan'' deriving from [[Noldorin]] ''car'' ("house"), ''dolen'' ("hidden) ("secret"), and the toponymical ending ''[[-iand|-and]]'', thus meaning "place/land of
hidden houses" (a reference to the "dead entombed there").<ref name=Clewley>{{webcite|author=Roger Clewley|articleurl=http://groups.yahoo.com/group/elfling/message/36363|articlename=On the Name ''Cardolan'' (#36363)|dated=7 September 2012|website=[[Elfling]] (mailing list)|accessed=11 September 2012}}</ref>

{{references}}
[[Category:Arnor]]
[[Category:Eriador]]
[[Category:Mannish realms]]
[[Category:Sindarin locations]]
[[de:Cardolan]]
[[fi:Cardolan]]
[[fr:encyclo:geographie:royaumes:cardolan]]

Tom Bombadil

2021-06-10T12:29:10Z

WizardKing:

{{disambig-more|Tom|[[Tom (disambiguation)]]}}
{{other infobox
| image=[[Image:John Howe - Tom Bombadil.jpg|250px]]
| caption="Tom Bombadil" by [[John Howe]]
| name=Tom Bombadil
| pronun=
| othernames=''Iarwain Ben-adar'' ([[Sindarin|S]]) ''Orald'' ([[Rohan language|R]]) ''Forn'' ([[Khuzdul|K]])
| titles=The [[Eldest]], [[Master]]
| position=
| location=[[Old Forest]]
| affiliation=
| language=[[Westron]]
| birth=
| birthlocation=
| rule=
| death=
| deathlocation=
| age=
| notablefor=saving [[Frodo]], [[Sam]], [[Merry]] and [[Pippin]] from the [[Old Man Willow]] and the [[Barrow-wights|Barrow-wight]]
| parentage=
| siblings=
| spouse=[[Goldberry]]
| children=
| race=[[Tom Bombadil/Nature|Unknown]]
| gender=Male
| height=Short
| hair=
| eyes=
| clothing=Blue jacket and hat, boots
| weapons=Song
| steed=[[Fatty Lumpkin]]
}}
{{quote|Eldest, that's what I am... Tom remembers the first raindrop and the first acorn... he knew the dark under the stars when it was fearless – before the Dark Lord came from Outside.|Tom Bombadil in ''[[The Fellowship of the Ring]]'', "[[In the House of Tom Bombadil]]"}}
'''Tom Bombadil''' was an enigmatic figure that lived throughout the history of [[Arda]]. Living in the depths of the [[Old Forest]], he seemed to possess unequaled power in the land around his dwelling. Although seemingly benevolent, he took no stance against the [[Dark Lord]]s.

His existence passed into Hobbit lore and was referenced in poems such as ''[[The Adventures of Tom Bombadil]]''.
==Appearance and traits==
{{quote|Old Tom Bombadil is a merry fellow; Bright blue his jacket is, and his boots are yellow.|Tom Bombadil}}
Tom looks like a male figure, with a red "ripe" face, with many laughing wrinkles, sporting a long brown beard. His eyes are bright blue. He wears a blue coat and an old tall hat with a long blue feather. His thick legs wear big yellow boots.<ref name="OldF"/>

He lived in a little house in the [[Dingle]] of the [[Old Forest]] by the river [[Withywindle]], together with his lovely wife [[Goldberry]].

The [[Bucklanders]] had little understanding of his powers and nature. They saw him as a mysterious, unpredictable, but benevolent and comic person; more or less as the [[Shire-folk]] thought of [[Gandalf]].<ref name="Adv"/>

==History==
===Origins===
[[Image:Olanda Fong-Surdenas - Tom Bombadil.jpg|thumb|left|''Tom Bombadil'' by [[Olanda Fong-Surdenas]]]]
{{quote|He is a strange creature.|[[Elrond]], ''[[The Council of Elrond]]''}}
The origins and [[Tom Bombadil/Nature|nature of Tom Bombadil]] are unknown; however, he already existed when the [[Morgoth|Dark Lord]] came to [[Arda]],<ref name="house">{{FR|Bombadil}}</ref> signifying he was alive even before the coming of the [[Valar]].

He was on Arda "before the river and the trees", before the first rain and made paths before the [[Great March]] of the [[Eldar]] and later of the [[Middle Men]] and their [[Barrow Downs|tombs]]. He also witnessed the [[Changing of the World]], the arrival of the [[Exiles of Númenor]] and the [[Barrow-wights]],<ref name="house"/> but his role and nature in the [[Elder Days]] and later is unknown. He also witnessed the reducing of the great forests that covered all [[Middle-earth]], and perhaps of his powers.<ref name="CoE"/>

The level of his interactions with the outside world is also unclear; however, he seemed to have names among many peoples and perhaps became a folkloric figure in the traditions and legends of Elves, Dwarves, Men.<ref name="CoE"/><ref name="Adv">{{AB|Preface}}</ref>

During the [[Third Age]], he had contact with the [[Bucklanders]]<ref name="Adv"/> and [[Farmer Maggot]], and perhaps it was this to which he owed his jolly and whimsical attitude.

===War of the Ring===
[[Image:Ted Nasmith - The Willow Man is Tamed.jpg|thumb|''The Willow Man is Tamed'' by [[Ted Nasmith]]]]
On [[26 September]], {{TA|3018}}, he encountered [[travellers|four hobbits]] while he was searching for water-lilies for his wife. Two of those Hobbits, [[Meriadoc Brandybuck|Merry]] and [[Peregrin Took|Pippin]], had been captured by [[Old Man Willow]]. Tom, who was the master of the Old Forest, rescued them, and took all four of them to his house.<ref name="OldF">{{FR|Forest}}</ref>

The four hobbits stayed two nights, and he told them many tales and songs. With cunning questions, he made [[Frodo Baggins|Frodo]] tell him of the [[The One Ring|Ring]]. When Tom tried it on, nothing happened, but he then took it off and flipped it in the air and made the ring itself disappear, showing that indeed within his realm Tom was master. However, when Frodo put the ring on, Tom could still see him. He bade the Hobbit to come back and sit down; his hand was fairer without the ring.

The following morning, Tom warned his guests of the [[Barrow-downs]], and advised them to pass any barrow on the western side. He also taught them a song, should they come to peril.<ref name="house"/>

And they did come to peril. Tom chased off a [[Barrow-wights|wight]] with song, and broke the spells on the barrow in which the four hobbits were captured. While he sent the Hobbits to calm down, he went for provisions. He also brought the ponies that had belonged to Merry. After that, he broke the spells of the barrow. From the barrow's mighty hoard, he took a brooch for Goldberry (probably belonging to the spouse of the [[last prince of Cardolan]] he seemingly met long ago),<ref>{{HM|RC}}, "Fog on the Barrow-downs", pp. 146-7</ref> and gave a [[Daggers of Westernesse|dagger]] to each of the hobbits. He then advised them to make for ''[[The Prancing Pony]]'' in [[Bree]].<ref>{{FR|Barrow}}</ref>

The peril of the hobbits was not over; an attack on their lives was carried out, and their ponies were set loose. The ponies apparently remembered the care they were given in the house of Tom Bombadil, and returned to stay beside Tom's own pony, [[Fatty Lumpkin]]. He returned them to [[Barliman Butterbur]], the proprietor of ''The Prancing Pony''. Since he had paid eighteen pence as compensation for the loss, he was now the owner of five fine ponies.<ref>{{FR|Knife}}</ref>

As he was merry and benevolent, some of the [[Free Peoples]] considered him a potential ally against [[Sauron]] during the [[War of the Ring]]. [[Elrond]] and [[Erestor]] considered that he should be present at the [[Council of Elrond]]. However, according to [[Gandalf]], Tom Bombadil was perhaps not fully aware of the struggle of Light and Darkness and could not prove useful to their causes.<ref name="CoE"/>

Eventually the defeat of Sauron in the end of the War, and the victory of the [[West]] allowed Tom to continue and "survive" in the following Ages.<ref>{{L|144}}</ref>

==Etymology and other names==
''Tom Bombadil'' is said to be a [[Buckland|Bucklandish]] name, added by Hobbit chroniclers to his many older ones. It is, like many names of the Bucklanders, untranslatable.<ref name="Adv"/>

He also went by other names:
* To the [[Elves]] and [[Dúnedain]], he was known with the [[Sindarin]] name '''''[[iaur|Iar]][[gwain|wain]] [[penadar|Ben-adar]]''''', which translates to "Oldest and Fatherless".<ref name="CoE">{{FR|Council}}</ref> ''Iarwain'' literally means "Old-young"<ref>''[[The Lord of the Rings: A Reader's Companion]]'' p. 128; quoting an unpublished letter by Tolkien</ref>
* To [[Men]] of the [[Vales of Anduin]] and [[Rohan]], he was known with the [[Rohirric]] name '''''Orald'''''.<ref name="CoE"/> This is an [[Old English]] word meaning "very ancient.<ref name="nomen">{{HM|N}}, p. 761</ref>
* The Dwarves knew him as '''''Forn'''''. This too is a reference to his age: it is [[North Germanic languages|Old Norse]] for "(belonging to) ancient (days)".<ref name="nomen"/><ref group=note>In some imprints of ''[[The History of Middle-earth Index]]'', this name was accidentally spelled with a "P" as the first letter: {{HM|IX}}, "Tom Bombadil (VII)", p. 435</ref>

==Inspiration==
Tom Bombadil was inspired primarily from a [[Wikipedia:Peg wooden doll|dutch doll]] Tolkien's child(ren) toyed with.<ref name=intro/>

Probably in the 1920s he began writing a story entitled ''Tom Bombadil'' set during the reign of "King Bonhedig" in the British prehistory, far before any recorded events or invasions. The protagonist Tombombadil is mentioned as one of the oldest inhabitants of Bonhedig's kingdom, that spanned many miles on either side of the Thames. Only the 3 opening paragraphs survive of the shortly-abandoned, story, and the fragment ends at the description of Tombombadil who "wore a tall hat with a blue feather; his jacket was blue, and his boots were yellow".<Ref>{{AB|Prose}}</ref>

Around the 1930s or earlier Tolkien wrote a poem about some Tom Bombadil rowing down a River, a poem which Tolkien later identified as his "germ of Tom Bombadil".<ref>{{RS|1VT}}</ref> Later in [[1934]] he put him into [[The Adventures of Tom Bombadil (poem)|a poem]], again described according to the appearance of the aforementioned doll (something that he did with other toys of his children, like [[Rover]]).<ref name=intro>{{AB|Intro}}</ref> At one time he described him as a "spirit of the (vanishing) [[Oxford]] and Berkshire countryside"<ref name=L19>{{L|19}}</ref> When asked to make a sequel for ''[[The Hobbit]]'', Tolkien briefly considered if he would base it around that figure of his poem,<ref name=L19/> who eventually [[The Old Forest|appeared]] in the narrative.

Tolkien wrote Bombadil as a direct contrast to the artistry and (sub)creative force of the [[Elves]]; whereas they seek to create, devise, alter and control, Bombadil only observes and contemplates the world outside him and takes joy in it. He is the fearless theoretical science (learning, knowledge) of the world, and history.<ref name=coghill>[[Letter to Nevill Coghill]] (Excerpt reproduced [http://wayneandchristina.wordpress.com/2014/12/30/tom-bombadil-addenda-corrigenda/ here]</ref>}}

[[Paula Marmor]] notes that ''bobadil'' is an archaic word meaning "braggart", as seen in the character "Captain Bobadill" in the English play ''[[Wikipedia:Every Man in His Humour|Every Man in His Humour]]''. Because of its Bucklandish form, ''[[An Introduction to Elvish]]'' lists the name Bombadil under the "[[Celtic]]-sounding names". However, it is said that the word derives from '''[[Wikipedia:Boabdil|Boabdil]]''', the Spaniard name of [[Wikipedia:Muhammad XII of Granada|'''Abu Abdillah''' Muhammad XII]], the last Moorish ruler of Granada.<ref>{{HM|IE}}, Giving of Names</ref>

[[John D. Rateliff]] has noted a theory launched by scholar Justin Noetzel. In the latter's paper "Beorn and Tom Bombadil: Mythology, Narrative, and The Most (Non) Essential Characters in Middle-earth", Noetzel suggests an association of Tom Bombadil with the [[Wikipedia:Celtic Otherworld|Celtic Otherworld]] and tales of the [[Wikipedia:Tuatha Dé Danann|Tuatha Dé Danann]].<ref>{{webcite|author=[[John D. Rateliff]]|articleurl=http://sacnoths.blogspot.se/2013/03/valparaiso-day-three.html|articlename=Valparaiso, Day Three|dated=12 March 2013|website=Sac|accessed=14 March 2013}}</ref>

==Outside the legendarium==
Except the aforementioned earlier works written independently to the Legendarium, a figure that hints to Bombadil appears in the much later poem ''[[Once upon a Time]]''. Tolkien wrote it around [[1964]] and reused the names of "Tom" and "Goldberry" (although the epithet "Bombadil" is not mentioned, the association can be made as he appears with Goldberry). Hammond & Scull note that in this poem Tom appears less omnipotent; while he is known to talk to all creatures, who always obey him, the mysterious ''[[lintips]]'' are the only ones who refuse to talk to him and hide away.<ref>{{AB|Once}}, p. 283</ref> No specific events are mentioned that can connect it to Tom Bombadil or the legendarium of Arda.

==Portrayal in adaptations==
Because he is left out of the three major adaptations ([[The Lord of the Rings (1978 film)|Ralph Bakshi]], [[The Lord of the Rings (1981 radio series)|BBC's 1981 series]] and [[The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring|Peter Jackson's]]), Tom Bombadil's main role (providing the [[Daggers of Westernesse|Barrow-blades]]) is omitted. He does have several appearances in other adaptations, though.

{{Gallery
|title=Tom Bombadil in adaptations
|height=150
|width=200
|lines=3
|File:War in Middle Earth - Tom Bombadil.png|''[[J.R.R. Tolkien's War in Middle Earth]]''
|File:The Lord of the Rings - The Fellowship of the Ring (video game) - Tom Bombadil.JPG|[[The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring (video game)|''The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring'' (video game)]]
|File:The Lord of the Rings Trading Card Game - Tom Bombadil, The Master.jpg|''[[The Lord of the Rings Trading Card Game]]''
|File:BFME2 - Tom Bombadil 03.jpg|''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Battle for Middle-earth II]]''
|File:The Lord of the Rings Online - Tom Bombadil.jpg|''[[The Lord of the Rings Online]]''
}}
'''1955: ''[[The Lord of the Rings (1956 radio series)|BBC Radio's The Lord of the Rings]]'':'''
:[[Norman Shelley]] voiced Bombadil, and Tolkien thought his portrayal "dreadful". [[Goldberry]] was portrayed as his daughter, rather than his wife<ref>{{L|175}}</ref>.

'''1979: [[The Lord of the Rings (1979 radio series)|''The Lord of the Rings'' (1979 radio series)]]:'''
:In this series, Tom was voiced by [[Bernard Mayes]]. Like Norman Shelley before him, he also voiced [[Gandalf]].

'''1988: ''[[J.R.R. Tolkien's War in Middle Earth]]'':'''
:Tom Bombadil can be found outside his house in the Old Forest.

'''1990: ''[[J.R.R. Tolkien's The Lord of the Rings Volume I]]'':'''
:Tom Bombadil rescues the party from the Willow Man, and provides information, supplies, shelter, and side-quests for the party. He later rescues the party from the Barrow Wights, and very briefly joins as a temporary playable character while inside the barrow. His role runs almost directly parallel to the original, with some related passages of ''[[The Fellowship of the Ring]]'' quoted directly. However, [[Goldberry]]'s role is significantly changed to provide a quest for the party.

'''1992: [[Der Herr der Ringe (1992 German radio series)|''Der Herr der Ringe'' (1992 German radio series)]]:'''
:Tom Bombadil is played by Peter Ehrlich.

'''1992: [[Tales from the Perilous Realm (1992 radio series)|''Tales from the Perilous Realm'' (1992 radio series)]]:'''
:When he adapted the 1981 [[The Lord of the Rings (1981 radio series)|radio series]], [[Brian Sibley]] deeply regretted cutting Bombadil from the radio series.<ref>[[Brian Sibley]], ''[http://briansibleytheworks.blogspot.com/2008/01/this-page-is-still-under-construction_23.html The Ring Goes Ever On]''</ref> When he made ''[[Tales from the Perilous Realm]]'' into a radio series, he decided to change the section "[[The Adventures of Tom Bombadil]]". Rather than several (unadaptable) Hobbitish poems, Sibley adapted the chapters from ''[[The Fellowship of the Ring]]''. Bombadil is voiced by [[Ian Hogg]].

'''1993: ''[[Hobitit]]'':'''
:Tom Bombadil is portrayed by [[Esko Hukkanen]]. It is the only screen adaptation that features him so far.

'''2001-2007: ''[[The Lord of the Rings Trading Card Game]]'':'''
:Although Tom Bombadil does not appear in [[The Lord of the Rings (film series)|''The Lord of the Rings'' film series]], Decipher produced a card for the character. He was portrayed by Harry Weller-Chew.

'''2001-present: ''[[The Lord of the Rings Strategy Battle Game]]'':'''
:Despite not appearing in the films the game is based on, Tom Bombadil and Goldberry were given several models by [[Games Workshop]], which has held rights for tabletop games since 1980.

'''2001: [[Pán prsteňov (2001-2003 Slovak radio series)|''Pán prsteňov'' (2001-2003 Slovak radio series)]]:'''
:The voice of Tom Bombadil is provided by Milan Lasica. He appears in the final third of the first episode, helping the four hobbits with Old Man Willow, guiding them to his house and taking them in as his guests for the night, along with his wife Goldberry. After they depart and get lost on the Barrow Downs, he once again aids in their rescue, and provides them with barrow-blades from the barrow of the defeated barrow-wight.

'''2002: [[The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring (video game)|''The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring'' (video game)]]:'''
:[[Daran Norris]] portrayed Bombadil with a Scottish accent. His role is much like that in the book, and as one of the few characters in this video game, he keeps most of his songs.

'''2002: ''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Two Towers]]'':'''
:In the [[The Lord of the Rings: The Two Towers (extended edition)|extended edition]], some of Bombadil's poems are transferred to [[Treebeard]], and so is his encounter with [[Old Man Willow]].

'''2006: ''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Battle for Middle-earth II]]'':'''
:Bombadil is a summonable power. Once summoned, he can plow through enemy lines. His most powerful weapon is a "Sonic Song". As soon as [[Electronic Arts|EA]] secured the rights to the books, it was decided that Tom Bombadil should be in it; his appearance is kept close to his description in the book.<ref>[http://www.gamespot.com/pc/strategy/battleformiddleearth2/news.html?sid=6139678 The Lord of the Rings, The Battle for Middle-earth II Q&A - Enter Tom Bombadil], [http://www.gamespot.com/ GameSpot.com]</ref>

'''2007: ''[[The Lord of the Rings Online]]'':'''
:Tom can be found either inside or outside his house in the Old Forest. He helps the player track down crebain scouts possessing important information, and later arrives to rescue the player from the Barrow-Downs when (s)he gets himself in more than (s)he is prepared for, much like the Hobbits in the Book.

'''2012: ''[[Lego The Lord of the Rings: The Video Game]]'':'''
:Bombadil is a playable character. He uses a trowel as a weapon and for digging in certain spots. Tom can be found in his house on the road to the north of [[Bucklebury Ferry]] in the forested area between [[Bree]] and the Shire. It is unclear if this forest is meant to be the Old Forest or not; it is in the right location, but the game never specifically names it and its physical appearance does not fit the book's description.

===Collectibles===
In [[April]] [[2008]], [[Gentle Giant]] released the Tom Bombadil Mini Bust.

==See also==
*'''[[Tom Bombadil/Nature|The Nature of Tom Bombadil]]'''

== External links ==
* [http://www.glyphweb.com/arda/t/tombombadil.html Entry in the Encyclopedia of Arda] (a concise overview of the discussion)
* [http://middle-earth.xenite.org/2012/08/27/count-count-weigh-divide/ Count, Count, Weigh, Divide] by [[Michael Martinez]] (discusses Tom Bombadil's moral aspects at length)
* [http://www.whoistombombadil.blogspot.com/2013/01/tom-bombadil-as-music-of-ainur_9.html Tom as the Music of the Ainur] discusses the major theories of Tom's origins and proposes a new theory.
* [http://www.cas.unt.edu/~hargrove/tombomb.html Who Is Tom Bombadil?] (an essay by Gene Hargrove)

{{references|notes}}
{{ringbearers}}
[[Category:Characters in The Adventures of Tom Bombadil]]
[[Category:Characters in The Lord of the Rings]]
[[Category:Enigmas]]
[[Category:First Age characters]]
[[Category:Second Age characters]]
[[Category:Third Age characters]]
[[de:Tom Bombadil]]
[[fr:encyclo/personnages/tom_bombadil]]
[[fi:Tom Bombadil]]

Last prince of Cardolan

2021-06-10T12:27:49Z

WizardKing:

The unnamed '''last prince of Cardolan''' was the last ruler of [[Cardolan]] during the war against [[Angmar]]. He fell on the war of {{TA|1409}}.

== History ==
=== Rulers of Cardolan ===
After King [[Eärendur]] died in {{TA|861}}, his second son assumed the throne of Cardolan as an independent king, in contrast with his brother [[Amlaith]], who took the crown of [[Arthedain]]. While in Arthedain the blood of [[Isildur]] survived, in Cardolan his line soon failed. Cardolan then accepted [[Argeleb I]] as King of Arnor, but it probably retained its prince as a vassal ruler.<ref name="North">{{App|North}}</ref>

=== War against Angmar ===
The last prince of Cardolan died during the war of {{TA|1409}}, a fierce conflict against the Witch-kingdom of Angmar and its ally [[Rhudaur]]. He was then buried in the [[Barrow-downs]].<ref name=War1409>{{App|Eriador}}, The North-kingdom and the Dúnedain, entries about the war with Angmar in 1409</ref><ref>{{PM|Elendil}}</ref>

=== Mentions ===
On [[28 September]] {{TA|3018|n}}<ref>{{App|Great}}</ref> [[Frodo Baggins]] and his comrades were trapped in the Barrow-downs by a [[Barrow-wight|wight]], probably in the same [[uncommon words|cairn]] which held the grave of the last prince of [[Cardolan]].<ref>{{App|Gondor}}, paragraphs about the war of 1409; Index, ''Barrow-downs, the Barrow where Frodo was buried'' </ref><ref>{{HM|RC}}, "Fog on the Barrow-downs", pp. 144-5; Index, ''Barrow-downs, Barrow of the last prince''</ref><ref>{{PM|Elendil}}</ref> According to the rare manuscript ''[[The Hunt for the Ring|The Hunt for the Ring: Time Scheme - Black Riders]]'', the [[Witch King]] had already risen and empowered the Barrow-wights of Cardolan<ref>{{HM|RC}}, "Fog on the Barrow-downs", p. 146</ref> and slain the [[Ranger]]s in order to trap the bearer of the [[Ring]].<ref>{{UT|Hunt}}</ref><ref name=RC>{{HM|RC}}, "Flight to the Ford", p. 180</ref> While [[Merry]] was trapped in the mound, he dreamed that he and others were attacked and defeated by “the men of [[Carn Dûm]]” at night and that his heart had been pierced with a spear.<ref>{{FR|Barrow}}, statements of Merry after waking up from his sleep in the barrow</ref>

According to ''[[The Lord of the Rings: A Reader's Companion]]'', Merry could not have seen the memories of the [[Barrow-wight]], since it was sent to the Barrow-downs by the [[Witch King]] of Angmar only in {{TA|1636}}, while the last prince was slain in {{TA|1409}}. Therefore, he was dreaming the last hours of the last prince of Cardolan and his men, specifically their last night, when they fell after valiantly defending their kingdom from the forces of Angmar (“the men of Carn Dûm” are the servants and warriors of the Witch King).<ref>{{HM|RC}}, "Fog on the Barrow-downs", pp. 144-5; Index, ''Cardolan, last prince of''</ref>

== Family ==
After freeing the [[Hobbits]] from the cairn of the last prince, [[Tom Bombadil]] took for [[Goldberry]] a blue-jewelled brooch belonging to a “fair” woman he seemingly knew long ago.<ref>{{HM|RC}}, "Fog on the Barrow-downs", pp. 146</ref><ref>{{FR|Barrow}}, statements of Tom Bombadil regarding the blue-jewelled brooch</ref> Considering that the kings were very often buried with their wives in the barrows, it has been speculated that the brooch belonged to the wife of the last prince (or, potentially, his daughter), met by Tom centuries before.<ref>{{HM|RC}}, "Fog on the Barrow-downs", pp. 146-7</ref>

{{References}}

Last prince of Cardolan

2021-06-10T12:27:29Z

WizardKing:

The unnamed '''last prince of Cardolan''' was the last ruler of [[Cardolan]] during the war against [[Angmar]]. He fell on the war of {{TA|1409}}.

== History ==
=== Rulers of Cardolan ===
After King [[Eärendur]] died in {{TA|861}}, his second son assumed the throne of Cardolan as an independent king, in contrast with his brother [[Amlaith]], who took the crown of [[Arthedain]]. While in Arthedain the blood of [[Isildur]] survived, in Cardolan his line soon failed. Cardolan then accepted [[Argeleb I]] as King of Arnor, but it probably retained its prince as a vassal ruler.<ref name="North">{{App|North}}</ref>

=== War against Angmar ===
The last prince of Cardolan died during the war of {{TA|1409}}, a fierce conflict against the Witch-kingdom of Angmar and its ally [[Rhudaur]]. He was then buried in the [[Barrow-downs]].<ref name=War1409>{{App|Eriador}}, The North-kingdom and the Dúnedain, entries about the war with Angmar in 1409</ref><ref>{{PM|Elendil}}</ref>

=== Mentions ===
On [[28 September]] {{TA|3018|n}}<ref>{{App|Great}}</ref> [[Frodo Baggins]] and his comrades were trapped in the Barrow-downs by a [[Barrow-wight|wight]], probably in the same [[uncommon words|cairn]] which held the grave of the last prince of [[Cardolan]].<ref>{{App|Gondor}}, paragraphs about the war of 1409; Index, ''Barrow-downs, the Barrow where Frodo was buried'' </ref><ref>{{HM|RC}}, "Fog on the Barrow-downs", pp. 144-5; Index, ''Barrow-downs, Barrow of the last prince''</ref><ref>{{PM|Elendil}}</ref> According to the rare manuscript ''[[The Hunt for the Ring|The Hunt for the Ring: Time Scheme - Black Riders]]'', the [[Witch King]] had already risen and empowered the Barrow-wights of Cardolan<ref>{{HM|RC}}, "Fog on the Barrow-downs", p. 146</ref> and slain the [[Ranger]]s in order to trap the bearer of the [[Ring]].<ref>{{UT|Hunt}}</ref><ref name=RC>{{HM|RC}}, "Flight to the Ford", p. 180</ref> While [[Merry]] was trapped in the mound, he dreamed that he and others were attacked and defeated by “the men of [[Carn Dûm]]” at night and that his heart had been pierced with a spear.<ref>{{FR|Barrow}}, statements of Merry after waking up from his sleep in the barrow</ref>

According to ''[[The Lord of the Rings: A Reader's Companion]]'', Merry could not have seen the memories of the [[Barrow-wight]], since it was sent to the Barrow-downs by the [[Witch King]] of Angmar only in {{TA|1636}}, while the last prince was slain in {{TA|1409}}. Therefore, he was dreaming the last hours of the last prince of Cardolan and his men, specifically their last night, when they fell after valiantly defending their kingdom from the forces of Angmar (“the men of Carn Dûm” are the servants and warriors of the Witch King).<ref>{{HM|RC}}, "Fog on the Barrow-downs", pp. 144-5; Index, ''Cardolan, last prince of''</ref>

== Family ==
After freeing the [[Hobbits]] from the cairn of the last prince, [[Tom Bombadil]] took for [[Golberry]] a blue-jewelled brooch belonging to a “fair” woman he seemingly knew long ago.<ref>{{HM|RC}}, "Fog on the Barrow-downs", pp. 146</ref><ref>{{FR|Barrow}}, statements of Tom Bombadil regarding the blue-jewelled brooch</ref> Considering that the kings were very often buried with their wives in the barrows, it has been speculated that the brooch belonged to the wife of the last prince (or, potentially, his daughter), met by Tom centuries before.<ref>{{HM|RC}}, "Fog on the Barrow-downs", pp. 146-7</ref>

{{References}}

Barrow-downs

2021-06-10T12:27:11Z

WizardKing:

{{disambig-two|the location in [[Middle-earth]]|website|[[barrowdowns.com]]}}
{{location infobox
| name=The Barrow-downs
| image=[[File:Paul Raymond Gregory - Fog on the Barrow Downs.jpg|250px]]
| caption="Fog on the Barrow Downs" by [[Paul Raymond Gregory]]
| pronun=
| othernames=''Tyrn Gorthad''
| location=Central [[Eriador]], south of the [[East Road]] and [[Bree]], on borders the Old Forest
| type=Hills
| description=
| regions=
| towns=
| inhabitants=[[Men]], then [[Barrow-wights]]
| created=
| destroyed=
| events=
| gallery=the Barrow-downs
}}
The '''Barrow-downs''' or '''''Tyrn Gorthad''''' were a series of low hills east of [[the Shire]], behind the [[Old Forest]], and south-west of the village of [[Bree]].<ref>{{UT|Map}}</ref> Many of the hills were crowned with megaliths and [[barrows]], hence their name.

==History==
The Barrow-downs were first inhabited by [[Men]] related to the [[Edain]] in the [[First Age]],<ref>{{UT|Index}}, ''Barrow-downs''</ref> together with the [[Hills of Evendim]] to the north. They fled east as [[Easterlings]] invaded [[Eriador]] and passed on to [[Beleriand]], but after these had left or been killed in the [[War of Wrath]] the Edain returned to their old homes.

During the [[Second Age]] they were fairly numerous, and when they met with the [[Númenóreans]] the Barrow-downs were the first places where the [[Dúnedain]] émigrés from [[Númenor]] settled.<ref>{{PM|Atani}}</ref> When [[Elendil]] returned to [[Middle-earth]], the Barrow-downs were incorporated into the kingdom of [[Arnor]]. The Downs were revered because of the Great Barrows by the [[Arnorians]], and buried their lords and Kings there.<ref name=eriador/>

After the split of Arnor in {{TA|861}} the Barrow-downs became the capital of [[Cardolan]]. After [[Rhudaur]] fell to [[Angmar]] in {{TA|1409|n}}, the Dúnedain of Cardolan entrenched themselves here, but eventually the realm fell. Around {{TA|1636}}<ref name=TA>{{App|TA}}</ref> the [[Witch-king]] sent the [[Barrow-wights]] that haunted the hills,<ref name=eriador>{{App|Eriador}}</ref> preventing any resettlement; after [[Arthedain]] once again claimed the kingship over all of Arnor the Dúnedain tried to recolonize Cardolan, but this failed because of the Barrow-wights.

When the [[Nazgûl|Black Riders]] came north in their hunt for [[the One Ring]], the [[Witch-king|Lord of the Nazgûl]] stayed in the Barrow-downs for a few days, rousing the Barrow-wights.<ref>{{UT|Hunt}}</ref> On [[28 September]] {{TA|3018|n}}<ref>{{App|Great}}</ref> [[Frodo Baggins]] and company were trapped in the downs by a wight, probably in the same [[uncommon words|cairn]] which held the grave of the [[last prince of Cardolan]] (it's likely that Merry saw his last memories in dreams, for he mentioned the "men of [[Carn Dûm]]").<ref name=eriador>{{App|Eriador}}</ref><ref>{{HM|RC}}, "Fog on the Barrow-downs", pp. 144-5; Index, 'Cardolan, [[Last prince of Cardolan|last prince of]]' </ref> They were rescued by [[Tom Bombadil]], who amassed the barrow’s mighty hoard and gave them four special [[Daggers of Westernesse|swords]].<ref>{{FR|I8}}</ref> Bombadil also took for [[Goldberry]] a brooch, probably belonging to the wife of the [[last prince of Cardolan]].<ref>{{HM|RC}}, "Fog on the Barrow-downs", pp. 146-7</ref>

==Etymology==
In topography, a "down" is a low-lying hill, from the [[Old English|Anglo-Saxon]] ''dún'' meaning "hill".<ref name="ASD">Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller, "[http://bosworth.ff.cuni.cz/008106 DÚN]" at ''An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary'' (accessed 12 October 2010)</ref> In the [[wikipedia:United Kingdom|United Kingdom]], a [[wikipedia:Downland|down]] is a gently-rolling chalk hill in Southern [[wikipedia:England|England]] (seen especially in the [[wikipedia:North Downs|North]] and [[wikipedia:South Downs|South Downs]]).<ref name="OD">[http://oxforddictionaries.com/ Oxford Dictionaries], "[http://oxforddictionaries.com/view/entry/m_en_gb0241750?rskey=YT9je8&result=4#m_en_gb0241750 down]" (accessed 12 October 2010)</ref>

A "barrow" (or "berrow"; from English beorg, berg, 'hill, mound') not to be confused with the wheeled vehicle, is a tumulus or other prehistoric grave-mound.<ref name="Nomen">{{HM|N}}, p. 766</ref>

The name therefore would represent an earlier [[Old English]] form ''Beorga Dune'' "downs of barrows".<ref name=etym>{{webcite|author=[[David Salo]]|articleurl=http://groups.yahoo.com/group/elfling/message/121|articlename=Hobbitish Place-names|dated=23 November 1998|website=[[Elfling]]|accessed=9 October 2014}}</ref>

'''''Tyrn Gorthad''''' was the [[Sindarin]] name of the Barrow-downs. ''Tyrn Gorthad'' is a compound of ''[[torn]]'' ("down") and ''[[gorthad]]'' ("of buried").<ref>{{PE|17}}, p. 116</ref> In one manuscript, the name ''Tyrn Goerthaid'' was used by [[J.R.R. Tolkien|Tolkien]].<ref>{{PM|VII}}</ref> ''Goerthaid'' seems to be the [[Sindarin#Plural|plural]] of ''gorthad'' with [[affection|affected]] vowels.

==Portrayal in adaptations==
[[File:The Lord of the Rings Online - Barrow-downs.jpg|thumb|Barrow-downs at night in ''[[The Lord of the Rings Online]]'']]
'''2002: [[The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring (video game)|''The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring'' (video game)]]:'''
:Hobbits' passage through the Barrow-downs is represented by a respective level.

'''2006: ''[[The Battle for Middle-earth II: The Rise of the Witch-king]]'':'''
:In his campaign against the former kingdom of Arnor the Witch-king dispatches his men lead by [[Hwaldar|Hwaldar]] to claim the royal barrows to enrage Cardolan and lure out their forces to destroy their army and lay Cardolan bare for his attacks, while unintentionally slaying a prince of Cardolan. Later he attacked the Barrow-downs a second time to desecrate the barrows to create a plague to weaken the rest of Arnor and to demotalize the Dúnedain of Cardolan by using the barrows as the plague's ground zero. In the resulting battle [[Karsh|Carthaen]], a general of Cardolan, was slain and Cardolan's sent army was destroyed.

'''2007: ''[[The Lord of the Rings Online]]'':'''
:The Barrow-downs are a divided into North and South Barrows, depicted as a series of mounds crowned with megaliths. The region is inhabited by wights, recently stirred by the passage of the [[Nazgûl]]. The largest and oldest barrow is called [[Othrongroth]].

'''2011: ''[[The Lord of the Rings: War in the North]]'':'''

:After [[Halbarad]] sends [[Eradan (video game character)|Eradan]], [[Andriel]] and [[Farin (video game character)|Farin]] to warn [[Aragorn]] in Bree, the three heroes travel through the Barrow-downs as a shortcut.<ref>[http://www.oxmonline.com/ Offical Xbox Magazine Online], [http://www.oxmonline.com/article/previews/g-l/lord-rings-war-north The Lord of the Rings: War in the North], dated [[28 April]], [[2011]] (accessed at [[7 July]], [[2011]])</ref> On their way, they have to save two Dúnedain Rangers named Luin and Kilaran. Throughout the whole level fog hangs above the ground.<ref>[http://www.warinthenorth.com The Lord of the Rings: War in the North's Official Site], [http://www.warinthenorth.com/index.php/media/videos Videos], The Lord of the Rings: War in the North - Dev video: Art Direction Process, dated [[11 May]], [[2011]] (accessed [[14 September]], [[2011]])</ref> Upon reaching Rivendell, the three heroes can talk to Frodo about their escapades in the Barrow-downs. Even though Frodo and the Hobbits were never shown to venture into the Barrow-downs in the movies, he will mention his own encounters there. However, he refuses to go into detail about what happened there.

{{references}}
[[Category:Arnor]]
[[Category:Eriador]]
[[Category:Graves and tombs]]
[[Category:Hills]]
[[Category:Regions]]
[[de:Hügelgräberhöhen (Eriador)]]
[[fi:Hautakerot]]
[[fr:encyclo/geographie/reliefs/eriador/hauts_des_galgals]]

Barrow-downs

2021-06-10T12:26:50Z

WizardKing: Note

{{disambig-two|the location in [[Middle-earth]]|website|[[barrowdowns.com]]}}
{{location infobox
| name=The Barrow-downs
| image=[[File:Paul Raymond Gregory - Fog on the Barrow Downs.jpg|250px]]
| caption="Fog on the Barrow Downs" by [[Paul Raymond Gregory]]
| pronun=
| othernames=''Tyrn Gorthad''
| location=Central [[Eriador]], south of the [[East Road]] and [[Bree]], on borders the Old Forest
| type=Hills
| description=
| regions=
| towns=
| inhabitants=[[Men]], then [[Barrow-wights]]
| created=
| destroyed=
| events=
| gallery=the Barrow-downs
}}
The '''Barrow-downs''' or '''''Tyrn Gorthad''''' were a series of low hills east of [[the Shire]], behind the [[Old Forest]], and south-west of the village of [[Bree]].<ref>{{UT|Map}}</ref> Many of the hills were crowned with megaliths and [[barrows]], hence their name.

==History==
The Barrow-downs were first inhabited by [[Men]] related to the [[Edain]] in the [[First Age]],<ref>{{UT|Index}}, ''Barrow-downs''</ref> together with the [[Hills of Evendim]] to the north. They fled east as [[Easterlings]] invaded [[Eriador]] and passed on to [[Beleriand]], but after these had left or been killed in the [[War of Wrath]] the Edain returned to their old homes.

During the [[Second Age]] they were fairly numerous, and when they met with the [[Númenóreans]] the Barrow-downs were the first places where the [[Dúnedain]] émigrés from [[Númenor]] settled.<ref>{{PM|Atani}}</ref> When [[Elendil]] returned to [[Middle-earth]], the Barrow-downs were incorporated into the kingdom of [[Arnor]]. The Downs were revered because of the Great Barrows by the [[Arnorians]], and buried their lords and Kings there.<ref name=eriador/>

After the split of Arnor in {{TA|861}} the Barrow-downs became the capital of [[Cardolan]]. After [[Rhudaur]] fell to [[Angmar]] in {{TA|1409|n}}, the Dúnedain of Cardolan entrenched themselves here, but eventually the realm fell. Around {{TA|1636}}<ref name=TA>{{App|TA}}</ref> the [[Witch-king]] sent the [[Barrow-wights]] that haunted the hills,<ref name=eriador>{{App|Eriador}}</ref> preventing any resettlement; after [[Arthedain]] once again claimed the kingship over all of Arnor the Dúnedain tried to recolonize Cardolan, but this failed because of the Barrow-wights.

When the [[Nazgûl|Black Riders]] came north in their hunt for [[the One Ring]], the [[Witch-king|Lord of the Nazgûl]] stayed in the Barrow-downs for a few days, rousing the Barrow-wights.<ref>{{UT|Hunt}}</ref> On [[28 September]] {{TA|3018|n}}<ref>{{App|Great}}</ref> [[Frodo Baggins]] and company were trapped in the downs by a wight, probably in the same [[uncommon words|cairn]] which held the grave of the [[last prince of Cardolan]] (it's likely that Merry saw his last memories in dreams, for he mentioned the "men of [[Carn Dûm]]").<ref name=eriador>{{App|Eriador}}</ref><ref>{{HM|RC}}, "Fog on the Barrow-downs", pp. 144-5; Index, 'Cardolan, [[Last prince of Cardolan|last prince of]]' </ref> They were rescued by [[Tom Bombadil]], who amassed the barrow’s mighty hoard and gave them four special [[Daggers of Westernesse|swords]].<ref>{{FR|I8}}</ref> Bombadil also took for [[Golberry]] a brooch, probably belonging to the wife of the [[last prince of Cardolan]].<ref>{{HM|RC}}, "Fog on the Barrow-downs", pp. 146-7</ref>

==Etymology==
In topography, a "down" is a low-lying hill, from the [[Old English|Anglo-Saxon]] ''dún'' meaning "hill".<ref name="ASD">Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller, "[http://bosworth.ff.cuni.cz/008106 DÚN]" at ''An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary'' (accessed 12 October 2010)</ref> In the [[wikipedia:United Kingdom|United Kingdom]], a [[wikipedia:Downland|down]] is a gently-rolling chalk hill in Southern [[wikipedia:England|England]] (seen especially in the [[wikipedia:North Downs|North]] and [[wikipedia:South Downs|South Downs]]).<ref name="OD">[http://oxforddictionaries.com/ Oxford Dictionaries], "[http://oxforddictionaries.com/view/entry/m_en_gb0241750?rskey=YT9je8&result=4#m_en_gb0241750 down]" (accessed 12 October 2010)</ref>

A "barrow" (or "berrow"; from English beorg, berg, 'hill, mound') not to be confused with the wheeled vehicle, is a tumulus or other prehistoric grave-mound.<ref name="Nomen">{{HM|N}}, p. 766</ref>

The name therefore would represent an earlier [[Old English]] form ''Beorga Dune'' "downs of barrows".<ref name=etym>{{webcite|author=[[David Salo]]|articleurl=http://groups.yahoo.com/group/elfling/message/121|articlename=Hobbitish Place-names|dated=23 November 1998|website=[[Elfling]]|accessed=9 October 2014}}</ref>

'''''Tyrn Gorthad''''' was the [[Sindarin]] name of the Barrow-downs. ''Tyrn Gorthad'' is a compound of ''[[torn]]'' ("down") and ''[[gorthad]]'' ("of buried").<ref>{{PE|17}}, p. 116</ref> In one manuscript, the name ''Tyrn Goerthaid'' was used by [[J.R.R. Tolkien|Tolkien]].<ref>{{PM|VII}}</ref> ''Goerthaid'' seems to be the [[Sindarin#Plural|plural]] of ''gorthad'' with [[affection|affected]] vowels.

==Portrayal in adaptations==
[[File:The Lord of the Rings Online - Barrow-downs.jpg|thumb|Barrow-downs at night in ''[[The Lord of the Rings Online]]'']]
'''2002: [[The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring (video game)|''The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring'' (video game)]]:'''
:Hobbits' passage through the Barrow-downs is represented by a respective level.

'''2006: ''[[The Battle for Middle-earth II: The Rise of the Witch-king]]'':'''
:In his campaign against the former kingdom of Arnor the Witch-king dispatches his men lead by [[Hwaldar|Hwaldar]] to claim the royal barrows to enrage Cardolan and lure out their forces to destroy their army and lay Cardolan bare for his attacks, while unintentionally slaying a prince of Cardolan. Later he attacked the Barrow-downs a second time to desecrate the barrows to create a plague to weaken the rest of Arnor and to demotalize the Dúnedain of Cardolan by using the barrows as the plague's ground zero. In the resulting battle [[Karsh|Carthaen]], a general of Cardolan, was slain and Cardolan's sent army was destroyed.

'''2007: ''[[The Lord of the Rings Online]]'':'''
:The Barrow-downs are a divided into North and South Barrows, depicted as a series of mounds crowned with megaliths. The region is inhabited by wights, recently stirred by the passage of the [[Nazgûl]]. The largest and oldest barrow is called [[Othrongroth]].

'''2011: ''[[The Lord of the Rings: War in the North]]'':'''

:After [[Halbarad]] sends [[Eradan (video game character)|Eradan]], [[Andriel]] and [[Farin (video game character)|Farin]] to warn [[Aragorn]] in Bree, the three heroes travel through the Barrow-downs as a shortcut.<ref>[http://www.oxmonline.com/ Offical Xbox Magazine Online], [http://www.oxmonline.com/article/previews/g-l/lord-rings-war-north The Lord of the Rings: War in the North], dated [[28 April]], [[2011]] (accessed at [[7 July]], [[2011]])</ref> On their way, they have to save two Dúnedain Rangers named Luin and Kilaran. Throughout the whole level fog hangs above the ground.<ref>[http://www.warinthenorth.com The Lord of the Rings: War in the North's Official Site], [http://www.warinthenorth.com/index.php/media/videos Videos], The Lord of the Rings: War in the North - Dev video: Art Direction Process, dated [[11 May]], [[2011]] (accessed [[14 September]], [[2011]])</ref> Upon reaching Rivendell, the three heroes can talk to Frodo about their escapades in the Barrow-downs. Even though Frodo and the Hobbits were never shown to venture into the Barrow-downs in the movies, he will mention his own encounters there. However, he refuses to go into detail about what happened there.

{{references}}
[[Category:Arnor]]
[[Category:Eriador]]
[[Category:Graves and tombs]]
[[Category:Hills]]
[[Category:Regions]]
[[de:Hügelgräberhöhen (Eriador)]]
[[fi:Hautakerot]]
[[fr:encyclo/geographie/reliefs/eriador/hauts_des_galgals]]

Tom Bombadil

2021-06-10T12:23:11Z

WizardKing: Note

{{disambig-more|Tom|[[Tom (disambiguation)]]}}
{{other infobox
| image=[[Image:John Howe - Tom Bombadil.jpg|250px]]
| caption="Tom Bombadil" by [[John Howe]]
| name=Tom Bombadil
| pronun=
| othernames=''Iarwain Ben-adar'' ([[Sindarin|S]]) ''Orald'' ([[Rohan language|R]]) ''Forn'' ([[Khuzdul|K]])
| titles=The [[Eldest]], [[Master]]
| position=
| location=[[Old Forest]]
| affiliation=
| language=[[Westron]]
| birth=
| birthlocation=
| rule=
| death=
| deathlocation=
| age=
| notablefor=saving [[Frodo]], [[Sam]], [[Merry]] and [[Pippin]] from the [[Old Man Willow]] and the [[Barrow-wights|Barrow-wight]]
| parentage=
| siblings=
| spouse=[[Goldberry]]
| children=
| race=[[Tom Bombadil/Nature|Unknown]]
| gender=Male
| height=Short
| hair=
| eyes=
| clothing=Blue jacket and hat, boots
| weapons=Song
| steed=[[Fatty Lumpkin]]
}}
{{quote|Eldest, that's what I am... Tom remembers the first raindrop and the first acorn... he knew the dark under the stars when it was fearless – before the Dark Lord came from Outside.|Tom Bombadil in ''[[The Fellowship of the Ring]]'', "[[In the House of Tom Bombadil]]"}}
'''Tom Bombadil''' was an enigmatic figure that lived throughout the history of [[Arda]]. Living in the depths of the [[Old Forest]], he seemed to possess unequaled power in the land around his dwelling. Although seemingly benevolent, he took no stance against the [[Dark Lord]]s.

His existence passed into Hobbit lore and was referenced in poems such as ''[[The Adventures of Tom Bombadil]]''.
==Appearance and traits==
{{quote|Old Tom Bombadil is a merry fellow; Bright blue his jacket is, and his boots are yellow.|Tom Bombadil}}
Tom looks like a male figure, with a red "ripe" face, with many laughing wrinkles, sporting a long brown beard. His eyes are bright blue. He wears a blue coat and an old tall hat with a long blue feather. His thick legs wear big yellow boots.<ref name="OldF"/>

He lived in a little house in the [[Dingle]] of the [[Old Forest]] by the river [[Withywindle]], together with his lovely wife [[Goldberry]].

The [[Bucklanders]] had little understanding of his powers and nature. They saw him as a mysterious, unpredictable, but benevolent and comic person; more or less as the [[Shire-folk]] thought of [[Gandalf]].<ref name="Adv"/>

==History==
===Origins===
[[Image:Olanda Fong-Surdenas - Tom Bombadil.jpg|thumb|left|''Tom Bombadil'' by [[Olanda Fong-Surdenas]]]]
{{quote|He is a strange creature.|[[Elrond]], ''[[The Council of Elrond]]''}}
The origins and [[Tom Bombadil/Nature|nature of Tom Bombadil]] are unknown; however, he already existed when the [[Morgoth|Dark Lord]] came to [[Arda]],<ref name="house">{{FR|Bombadil}}</ref> signifying he was alive even before the coming of the [[Valar]].

He was on Arda "before the river and the trees", before the first rain and made paths before the [[Great March]] of the [[Eldar]] and later of the [[Middle Men]] and their [[Barrow Downs|tombs]]. He also witnessed the [[Changing of the World]], the arrival of the [[Exiles of Númenor]] and the [[Barrow-wights]],<ref name="house"/> but his role and nature in the [[Elder Days]] and later is unknown. He also witnessed the reducing of the great forests that covered all [[Middle-earth]], and perhaps of his powers.<ref name="CoE"/>

The level of his interactions with the outside world is also unclear; however, he seemed to have names among many peoples and perhaps became a folkloric figure in the traditions and legends of Elves, Dwarves, Men.<ref name="CoE"/><ref name="Adv">{{AB|Preface}}</ref>

During the [[Third Age]], he had contact with the [[Bucklanders]]<ref name="Adv"/> and [[Farmer Maggot]], and perhaps it was this to which he owed his jolly and whimsical attitude.

===War of the Ring===
[[Image:Ted Nasmith - The Willow Man is Tamed.jpg|thumb|''The Willow Man is Tamed'' by [[Ted Nasmith]]]]
On [[26 September]], {{TA|3018}}, he encountered [[travellers|four hobbits]] while he was searching for water-lilies for his wife. Two of those Hobbits, [[Meriadoc Brandybuck|Merry]] and [[Peregrin Took|Pippin]], had been captured by [[Old Man Willow]]. Tom, who was the master of the Old Forest, rescued them, and took all four of them to his house.<ref name="OldF">{{FR|Forest}}</ref>

The four hobbits stayed two nights, and he told them many tales and songs. With cunning questions, he made [[Frodo Baggins|Frodo]] tell him of the [[The One Ring|Ring]]. When Tom tried it on, nothing happened, but he then took it off and flipped it in the air and made the ring itself disappear, showing that indeed within his realm Tom was master. However, when Frodo put the ring on, Tom could still see him. He bade the Hobbit to come back and sit down; his hand was fairer without the ring.

The following morning, Tom warned his guests of the [[Barrow-downs]], and advised them to pass any barrow on the western side. He also taught them a song, should they come to peril.<ref name="house"/>

And they did come to peril. Tom chased off a [[Barrow-wights|wight]] with song, and broke the spells on the barrow in which the four hobbits were captured. While he sent the Hobbits to calm down, he went for provisions. He also brought the ponies that had belonged to Merry. After that, he broke the spells of the barrow. From the barrow's mighty hoard, he took a brooch for Goldberry (probably belonging to the spouse of the [[last prince of Cardolan]]),<ref>{{HM|RC}}, "Fog on the Barrow-downs", pp. 146-7</ref> and gave a [[Daggers of Westernesse|dagger]] to each of the hobbits. He then advised them to make for ''[[The Prancing Pony]]'' in [[Bree]].<ref>{{FR|Barrow}}</ref>

The peril of the hobbits was not over; an attack on their lives was carried out, and their ponies were set loose. The ponies apparently remembered the care they were given in the house of Tom Bombadil, and returned to stay beside Tom's own pony, [[Fatty Lumpkin]]. He returned them to [[Barliman Butterbur]], the proprietor of ''The Prancing Pony''. Since he had paid eighteen pence as compensation for the loss, he was now the owner of five fine ponies.<ref>{{FR|Knife}}</ref>

As he was merry and benevolent, some of the [[Free Peoples]] considered him a potential ally against [[Sauron]] during the [[War of the Ring]]. [[Elrond]] and [[Erestor]] considered that he should be present at the [[Council of Elrond]]. However, according to [[Gandalf]], Tom Bombadil was perhaps not fully aware of the struggle of Light and Darkness and could not prove useful to their causes.<ref name="CoE"/>

Eventually the defeat of Sauron in the end of the War, and the victory of the [[West]] allowed Tom to continue and "survive" in the following Ages.<ref>{{L|144}}</ref>

==Etymology and other names==
''Tom Bombadil'' is said to be a [[Buckland|Bucklandish]] name, added by Hobbit chroniclers to his many older ones. It is, like many names of the Bucklanders, untranslatable.<ref name="Adv"/>

He also went by other names:
* To the [[Elves]] and [[Dúnedain]], he was known with the [[Sindarin]] name '''''[[iaur|Iar]][[gwain|wain]] [[penadar|Ben-adar]]''''', which translates to "Oldest and Fatherless".<ref name="CoE">{{FR|Council}}</ref> ''Iarwain'' literally means "Old-young"<ref>''[[The Lord of the Rings: A Reader's Companion]]'' p. 128; quoting an unpublished letter by Tolkien</ref>
* To [[Men]] of the [[Vales of Anduin]] and [[Rohan]], he was known with the [[Rohirric]] name '''''Orald'''''.<ref name="CoE"/> This is an [[Old English]] word meaning "very ancient.<ref name="nomen">{{HM|N}}, p. 761</ref>
* The Dwarves knew him as '''''Forn'''''. This too is a reference to his age: it is [[North Germanic languages|Old Norse]] for "(belonging to) ancient (days)".<ref name="nomen"/><ref group=note>In some imprints of ''[[The History of Middle-earth Index]]'', this name was accidentally spelled with a "P" as the first letter: {{HM|IX}}, "Tom Bombadil (VII)", p. 435</ref>

==Inspiration==
Tom Bombadil was inspired primarily from a [[Wikipedia:Peg wooden doll|dutch doll]] Tolkien's child(ren) toyed with.<ref name=intro/>

Probably in the 1920s he began writing a story entitled ''Tom Bombadil'' set during the reign of "King Bonhedig" in the British prehistory, far before any recorded events or invasions. The protagonist Tombombadil is mentioned as one of the oldest inhabitants of Bonhedig's kingdom, that spanned many miles on either side of the Thames. Only the 3 opening paragraphs survive of the shortly-abandoned, story, and the fragment ends at the description of Tombombadil who "wore a tall hat with a blue feather; his jacket was blue, and his boots were yellow".<Ref>{{AB|Prose}}</ref>

Around the 1930s or earlier Tolkien wrote a poem about some Tom Bombadil rowing down a River, a poem which Tolkien later identified as his "germ of Tom Bombadil".<ref>{{RS|1VT}}</ref> Later in [[1934]] he put him into [[The Adventures of Tom Bombadil (poem)|a poem]], again described according to the appearance of the aforementioned doll (something that he did with other toys of his children, like [[Rover]]).<ref name=intro>{{AB|Intro}}</ref> At one time he described him as a "spirit of the (vanishing) [[Oxford]] and Berkshire countryside"<ref name=L19>{{L|19}}</ref> When asked to make a sequel for ''[[The Hobbit]]'', Tolkien briefly considered if he would base it around that figure of his poem,<ref name=L19/> who eventually [[The Old Forest|appeared]] in the narrative.

Tolkien wrote Bombadil as a direct contrast to the artistry and (sub)creative force of the [[Elves]]; whereas they seek to create, devise, alter and control, Bombadil only observes and contemplates the world outside him and takes joy in it. He is the fearless theoretical science (learning, knowledge) of the world, and history.<ref name=coghill>[[Letter to Nevill Coghill]] (Excerpt reproduced [http://wayneandchristina.wordpress.com/2014/12/30/tom-bombadil-addenda-corrigenda/ here]</ref>}}

[[Paula Marmor]] notes that ''bobadil'' is an archaic word meaning "braggart", as seen in the character "Captain Bobadill" in the English play ''[[Wikipedia:Every Man in His Humour|Every Man in His Humour]]''. Because of its Bucklandish form, ''[[An Introduction to Elvish]]'' lists the name Bombadil under the "[[Celtic]]-sounding names". However, it is said that the word derives from '''[[Wikipedia:Boabdil|Boabdil]]''', the Spaniard name of [[Wikipedia:Muhammad XII of Granada|'''Abu Abdillah''' Muhammad XII]], the last Moorish ruler of Granada.<ref>{{HM|IE}}, Giving of Names</ref>

[[John D. Rateliff]] has noted a theory launched by scholar Justin Noetzel. In the latter's paper "Beorn and Tom Bombadil: Mythology, Narrative, and The Most (Non) Essential Characters in Middle-earth", Noetzel suggests an association of Tom Bombadil with the [[Wikipedia:Celtic Otherworld|Celtic Otherworld]] and tales of the [[Wikipedia:Tuatha Dé Danann|Tuatha Dé Danann]].<ref>{{webcite|author=[[John D. Rateliff]]|articleurl=http://sacnoths.blogspot.se/2013/03/valparaiso-day-three.html|articlename=Valparaiso, Day Three|dated=12 March 2013|website=Sac|accessed=14 March 2013}}</ref>

==Outside the legendarium==
Except the aforementioned earlier works written independently to the Legendarium, a figure that hints to Bombadil appears in the much later poem ''[[Once upon a Time]]''. Tolkien wrote it around [[1964]] and reused the names of "Tom" and "Goldberry" (although the epithet "Bombadil" is not mentioned, the association can be made as he appears with Goldberry). Hammond & Scull note that in this poem Tom appears less omnipotent; while he is known to talk to all creatures, who always obey him, the mysterious ''[[lintips]]'' are the only ones who refuse to talk to him and hide away.<ref>{{AB|Once}}, p. 283</ref> No specific events are mentioned that can connect it to Tom Bombadil or the legendarium of Arda.

==Portrayal in adaptations==
Because he is left out of the three major adaptations ([[The Lord of the Rings (1978 film)|Ralph Bakshi]], [[The Lord of the Rings (1981 radio series)|BBC's 1981 series]] and [[The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring|Peter Jackson's]]), Tom Bombadil's main role (providing the [[Daggers of Westernesse|Barrow-blades]]) is omitted. He does have several appearances in other adaptations, though.

{{Gallery
|title=Tom Bombadil in adaptations
|height=150
|width=200
|lines=3
|File:War in Middle Earth - Tom Bombadil.png|''[[J.R.R. Tolkien's War in Middle Earth]]''
|File:The Lord of the Rings - The Fellowship of the Ring (video game) - Tom Bombadil.JPG|[[The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring (video game)|''The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring'' (video game)]]
|File:The Lord of the Rings Trading Card Game - Tom Bombadil, The Master.jpg|''[[The Lord of the Rings Trading Card Game]]''
|File:BFME2 - Tom Bombadil 03.jpg|''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Battle for Middle-earth II]]''
|File:The Lord of the Rings Online - Tom Bombadil.jpg|''[[The Lord of the Rings Online]]''
}}
'''1955: ''[[The Lord of the Rings (1956 radio series)|BBC Radio's The Lord of the Rings]]'':'''
:[[Norman Shelley]] voiced Bombadil, and Tolkien thought his portrayal "dreadful". [[Goldberry]] was portrayed as his daughter, rather than his wife<ref>{{L|175}}</ref>.

'''1979: [[The Lord of the Rings (1979 radio series)|''The Lord of the Rings'' (1979 radio series)]]:'''
:In this series, Tom was voiced by [[Bernard Mayes]]. Like Norman Shelley before him, he also voiced [[Gandalf]].

'''1988: ''[[J.R.R. Tolkien's War in Middle Earth]]'':'''
:Tom Bombadil can be found outside his house in the Old Forest.

'''1990: ''[[J.R.R. Tolkien's The Lord of the Rings Volume I]]'':'''
:Tom Bombadil rescues the party from the Willow Man, and provides information, supplies, shelter, and side-quests for the party. He later rescues the party from the Barrow Wights, and very briefly joins as a temporary playable character while inside the barrow. His role runs almost directly parallel to the original, with some related passages of ''[[The Fellowship of the Ring]]'' quoted directly. However, [[Goldberry]]'s role is significantly changed to provide a quest for the party.

'''1992: [[Der Herr der Ringe (1992 German radio series)|''Der Herr der Ringe'' (1992 German radio series)]]:'''
:Tom Bombadil is played by Peter Ehrlich.

'''1992: [[Tales from the Perilous Realm (1992 radio series)|''Tales from the Perilous Realm'' (1992 radio series)]]:'''
:When he adapted the 1981 [[The Lord of the Rings (1981 radio series)|radio series]], [[Brian Sibley]] deeply regretted cutting Bombadil from the radio series.<ref>[[Brian Sibley]], ''[http://briansibleytheworks.blogspot.com/2008/01/this-page-is-still-under-construction_23.html The Ring Goes Ever On]''</ref> When he made ''[[Tales from the Perilous Realm]]'' into a radio series, he decided to change the section "[[The Adventures of Tom Bombadil]]". Rather than several (unadaptable) Hobbitish poems, Sibley adapted the chapters from ''[[The Fellowship of the Ring]]''. Bombadil is voiced by [[Ian Hogg]].

'''1993: ''[[Hobitit]]'':'''
:Tom Bombadil is portrayed by [[Esko Hukkanen]]. It is the only screen adaptation that features him so far.

'''2001-2007: ''[[The Lord of the Rings Trading Card Game]]'':'''
:Although Tom Bombadil does not appear in [[The Lord of the Rings (film series)|''The Lord of the Rings'' film series]], Decipher produced a card for the character. He was portrayed by Harry Weller-Chew.

'''2001-present: ''[[The Lord of the Rings Strategy Battle Game]]'':'''
:Despite not appearing in the films the game is based on, Tom Bombadil and Goldberry were given several models by [[Games Workshop]], which has held rights for tabletop games since 1980.

'''2001: [[Pán prsteňov (2001-2003 Slovak radio series)|''Pán prsteňov'' (2001-2003 Slovak radio series)]]:'''
:The voice of Tom Bombadil is provided by Milan Lasica. He appears in the final third of the first episode, helping the four hobbits with Old Man Willow, guiding them to his house and taking them in as his guests for the night, along with his wife Goldberry. After they depart and get lost on the Barrow Downs, he once again aids in their rescue, and provides them with barrow-blades from the barrow of the defeated barrow-wight.

'''2002: [[The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring (video game)|''The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring'' (video game)]]:'''
:[[Daran Norris]] portrayed Bombadil with a Scottish accent. His role is much like that in the book, and as one of the few characters in this video game, he keeps most of his songs.

'''2002: ''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Two Towers]]'':'''
:In the [[The Lord of the Rings: The Two Towers (extended edition)|extended edition]], some of Bombadil's poems are transferred to [[Treebeard]], and so is his encounter with [[Old Man Willow]].

'''2006: ''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Battle for Middle-earth II]]'':'''
:Bombadil is a summonable power. Once summoned, he can plow through enemy lines. His most powerful weapon is a "Sonic Song". As soon as [[Electronic Arts|EA]] secured the rights to the books, it was decided that Tom Bombadil should be in it; his appearance is kept close to his description in the book.<ref>[http://www.gamespot.com/pc/strategy/battleformiddleearth2/news.html?sid=6139678 The Lord of the Rings, The Battle for Middle-earth II Q&A - Enter Tom Bombadil], [http://www.gamespot.com/ GameSpot.com]</ref>

'''2007: ''[[The Lord of the Rings Online]]'':'''
:Tom can be found either inside or outside his house in the Old Forest. He helps the player track down crebain scouts possessing important information, and later arrives to rescue the player from the Barrow-Downs when (s)he gets himself in more than (s)he is prepared for, much like the Hobbits in the Book.

'''2012: ''[[Lego The Lord of the Rings: The Video Game]]'':'''
:Bombadil is a playable character. He uses a trowel as a weapon and for digging in certain spots. Tom can be found in his house on the road to the north of [[Bucklebury Ferry]] in the forested area between [[Bree]] and the Shire. It is unclear if this forest is meant to be the Old Forest or not; it is in the right location, but the game never specifically names it and its physical appearance does not fit the book's description.

===Collectibles===
In [[April]] [[2008]], [[Gentle Giant]] released the Tom Bombadil Mini Bust.

==See also==
*'''[[Tom Bombadil/Nature|The Nature of Tom Bombadil]]'''

== External links ==
* [http://www.glyphweb.com/arda/t/tombombadil.html Entry in the Encyclopedia of Arda] (a concise overview of the discussion)
* [http://middle-earth.xenite.org/2012/08/27/count-count-weigh-divide/ Count, Count, Weigh, Divide] by [[Michael Martinez]] (discusses Tom Bombadil's moral aspects at length)
* [http://www.whoistombombadil.blogspot.com/2013/01/tom-bombadil-as-music-of-ainur_9.html Tom as the Music of the Ainur] discusses the major theories of Tom's origins and proposes a new theory.
* [http://www.cas.unt.edu/~hargrove/tombomb.html Who Is Tom Bombadil?] (an essay by Gene Hargrove)

{{references|notes}}
{{ringbearers}}
[[Category:Characters in The Adventures of Tom Bombadil]]
[[Category:Characters in The Lord of the Rings]]
[[Category:Enigmas]]
[[Category:First Age characters]]
[[Category:Second Age characters]]
[[Category:Third Age characters]]
[[de:Tom Bombadil]]
[[fr:encyclo/personnages/tom_bombadil]]
[[fi:Tom Bombadil]]

Last prince of Cardolan

2021-06-10T12:12:53Z

WizardKing: Ref.

The unnamed '''last prince of Cardolan''' was the last ruler of [[Cardolan]] during the war against [[Angmar]]. He fell on the war of {{TA|1409}}.

== History ==
=== Rulers of Cardolan ===
After King [[Eärendur]] died in {{TA|861}}, his second son assumed the throne of Cardolan as an independent king, in contrast with his brother [[Amlaith]], who took the crown of [[Arthedain]]. While in Arthedain the blood of [[Isildur]] survived, in Cardolan his line soon failed. Cardolan then accepted [[Argeleb I]] as King of Arnor, but it probably retained its prince as a vassal ruler.<ref name="North">{{App|North}}</ref>

=== War against Angmar ===
The last prince of Cardolan died during the war of {{TA|1409}}, a fierce conflict against the Witch-kingdom of Angmar and its ally [[Rhudaur]]. He was then buried in the [[Barrow-downs]].<ref name=War1409>{{App|Eriador}}, The North-kingdom and the Dúnedain, entries about the war with Angmar in 1409</ref><ref>{{PM|Elendil}}</ref>

=== Mentions ===
On [[28 September]] {{TA|3018|n}}<ref>{{App|Great}}</ref> [[Frodo Baggins]] and his comrades were trapped in the Barrow-downs by a [[Barrow-wight|wight]], probably in the same [[uncommon words|cairn]] which held the grave of the last prince of [[Cardolan]].<ref>{{App|Gondor}}, paragraphs about the war of 1409; Index, ''Barrow-downs, the Barrow where Frodo was buried'' </ref><ref>{{HM|RC}}, "Fog on the Barrow-downs", pp. 144-5; Index, ''Barrow-downs, Barrow of the last prince''</ref><ref>{{PM|Elendil}}</ref> According to the rare manuscript ''[[The Hunt for the Ring|The Hunt for the Ring: Time Scheme - Black Riders]]'', the [[Witch King]] had already risen and empowered the Barrow-wights of Cardolan<ref>{{HM|RC}}, "Fog on the Barrow-downs", p. 146</ref> and slain the [[Ranger]]s in order to trap the bearer of the [[Ring]].<ref>{{UT|Hunt}}</ref><ref name=RC>{{HM|RC}}, "Flight to the Ford", p. 180</ref> While [[Merry]] was trapped in the mound, he dreamed that he and others were attacked and defeated by “the men of [[Carn Dûm]]” at night and that his heart had been pierced with a spear.<ref>{{FR|Barrow}}, statements of Merry after waking up from his sleep in the barrow</ref>

According to ''[[The Lord of the Rings: A Reader's Companion]]'', Merry could not have seen the memories of the [[Barrow-wight]], since it was sent to the Barrow-downs by the [[Witch King]] of Angmar only in {{TA|1636}}, while the last prince was slain in {{TA|1409}}. Therefore, he was dreaming the last hours of the last prince of Cardolan and his men, specifically their last night, when they fell after valiantly defending their kingdom from the forces of Angmar (“the men of Carn Dûm” are the servants and warriors of the Witch King).<ref>{{HM|RC}}, "Fog on the Barrow-downs", pp. 144-5; Index, ''Cardolan, last prince of''</ref>

== Family ==
After freeing the [[Hobbits]] from the cairn of the last prince, [[Tom Bombadil]] took for himself a blue-jewelled brooch belonging to a “fair” woman he seemingly knew long ago.<ref>{{HM|RC}}, "Fog on the Barrow-downs", pp. 146</ref><ref>{{FR|Barrow}}, statements of Tom Bombadil regarding the blue-jewelled brooch</ref> Considering that the kings were very often buried with their wives in the barrows, it has been speculated that the brooch belonged to the wife of the last prince (or, potentially, his daughter), met by Tom centuries before.<ref>{{HM|RC}}, "Fog on the Barrow-downs", pp. 146-7</ref>

{{References}}

Carn Dûm

2021-06-10T12:10:10Z

WizardKing: Ref.

{{location infobox
| name=Carn Dûm
| image=[[File:Matěj Čadil - Carn dum.jpg|250px]]
| caption="Carn Dûm" by [[Matěj Čadil]]
| pronun=
| othernames=
| location=Western end of the [[Mountains of Angmar|Mountains]] of [[Angmar]], north-west of [[Mount Gundabad]], south of [[Forodwaith (lands)|Forodwaith]],<ref name=Map>{{UT|Map}}</ref> 700 miles south of the most northerly point of the northern coast of Middle-earth<ref>{{UT|Introduction}}, The Map of Middle-earth, footnote relating to the [[Cape of Forochel]] in the first paragraph</ref>
| type=Fortress
| description=
| regions=
| towns=
| inhabitants=[[Men of Darkness]]
| created=
| destroyed=
| events=
}}

'''Carn Dûm''' was the chief fortress of the realm of [[Angmar]]<ref>{{UT|Index}}, ''Carn Dûm''</ref><ref name=RC>{{HM|RC}}, "Fog on the Barrow-downs", p. 144 and 146; Index, ''Carn Dûm''</ref> and the seat of its king.<ref>{{FR|Barrow}}, statement of Tom Bombdadil about the blades of the Men of Westernesse</ref> It was located at the western end of the [[Mountains of Angmar]], the north-western extension of the [[Misty Mountains]].<ref name=Map/><ref>{{HM|RC}}, "Prefaction" and p. 145</ref>

==History==
In {{TA|1409}} a great host from Angmar invaded and ravaged [[Cardolan]] and killed [[last prince of Cardolan|its last prince]].<ref name=War1409>{{App|Eriador}}, The North-kingdom and the Dúnedain, entries about the war with Angmar in 1409</ref> <ref>{{PM|Elendil}}</ref> Carn Dûm remained capital of Angmar since around {{TA|1300}} to {{TA|1973}}, being briefly replaced by [[Fornost]] the last two years.<ref name=RC>{{HM|RC}}, "Fog on the Barrow-downs", p. 145</ref> <ref name=War1409>{{App|Eriador}}, The North-kingdom and the Dúnedain, entries about the war with Angmar in 1409</ref>

In {{TA|1974|n}},<ref>{{App|TA}}, entry for the year 1974</ref> the combined armies of [[Gondor]], [[Lindon]] and [[Arnor]] crossed the river [[Lune]] and defeated the forces of Angmar in a great battle on the plain between [[Nenuial]] and the [[North Downs]]. The [[Witch-king]] and his surviving forces fled northwards toward Angmar, but they were overtaken by the cavalry of Gondor with prince [[Eärnur]] at their head and cut off by a force led by [[Glorfindel]] that came from the south out of [[Rivendell]] before before they were able to reach shelter in Carn Dûm. The Witch-king was able to flee, but the remaining forces of Angmar were utterly defeated and no man or orc of the realm of Angmar remained west of the [[Misty Mountains|Mountains]].<ref>{{App|Gondor}}, paragraphs about king Eärnil II</ref> As a consequence, it is possible that Carn Dûm was destroyed. It is also possible that Carn Dûm was repopulated after {{TA|2480|n}}, when Orcs began making secret strongholds in the Misty Mountains,<ref>{{App|TA}}, entry for the year 2480</ref> but the fate of Carn Dûm is not mentioned in the Annals of the Kings and Rulers or in the Tale of Years.

On [[September 28]] of {{TA|3018|n}}<ref>{{App|Great}}, entry for September 28 3018 of the Third Age</ref> While [[Merry]] was trapped with [[Frodo]] in a [[Barrows|Barrow]], he had a dream that he and others were attacked and defeated by the men of Carn Dûm at night and that his heart had been pierced with a spear.<ref>{{FR|Barrow}}, statements of Merry after waking up from his sleep in the barrow</ref> Some say that this barrow was the grave of the [[last prince of Cardolan]].<ref name=War1409/> It is possible that he dreamt of what happened to the last prince of Cardolan and his men.<ref name="Eriador"/><ref>{{HM|RC}}, "Fog on the Barrow-downs", pp. 144-5; Index, 'Cardolan, [[Last prince of Cardolan|last prince of]]' </ref>

==Etymology==
{{Pronounce|Carn Dum.mp3|Ardamir}}
The etymology of ''Carn Dûm'' is uncertain, but it is often interpreted as a [[Sindarin]] name.

In early manuscripts of ''[[The Lord of the Rings]]'', ''Carndoom'' and later ''Caron-dûn'' (both meaning "Red Valley") appear as early names of [[Dimrill Dale]].<ref>{{RS|4XXIVN}}, note 13, p. 433</ref> Paul Strack favours these early terms as [[Noldorin]] precursors of Sindarin ''Carn Dûm''.<ref>{{webcite|author=Paul Strack|articleurl=http://eldamo.org/content/words/word-999459029.html|articlename=S. ''Carn Dûm'' loc.|website=Eldamo|accessed=30 March 2021}}</ref> [[David Salo]] also favours the Sindarin interpretation, giving it as "Red Valley", a compound of ''[[caran|carn]]'' + ''[[tum|tûm]]''.<ref>{{HM|GS}}, pp. 102, 371</ref>

Another suggestion, is that the name roughly translates as "mountain fortress" in [[wikipedia:Gaelic|Gaelic]]; although Tolkien uses [[Celtic]] elements for some translated [[Mannish]] names, this would have been the only instance where he uses Gaelic. It is unknown whether this is just coincidence or not.<ref>[http://www.glyphweb.com/arda/c/carndum.html ''Carn Dûm''] at the [[Encyclopedia of Arda]]</ref>

==Portrayal in adaptations==
[[File:The Lord of the Rings Online - Carn Dûm.jpg|thumb|right|Carn Dum in ''The Lord of the Rings Online'']]
'''2006: ''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Battle for Middle-earth II: The Rise of the Witch-king]]'':'''
:Carn Dûm is the capital of [[Angmar]]. The campaign begins with its construction, and it is besieged once by [[Glorfindel]]. Carn Dûm is also playable in the skirmish section of the game.

'''2007: ''[[The Lord of the Rings Online]]'':'''
:Carn Dum is located in the game's region of Angmar and was both the main focus of storyline and the final end-game dungeon for the game's original release. It is ruled by Angmar's shadow that has returned to this city in the form of the False King [[Mordirith]], Steward of Angmar.

'''2011: ''[[The Lord of the Rings: War in the North]]'' '''
:Carn Dum is the final level in the game. It is ruled by [[Agandaûr]], a descendant of the [[Black Númenóreans]] and a servant of [[Sauron]].

{{references}}
[[Category:Cities, towns and villages]]
[[Category:Eriador]]
[[Category:Evil realms]]
[[Category:Fortresses]]
[[Category:Sindarin locations]]
[[de:Carn Dûm]]
[[fi:Carn Dûm]]
[[fr:encyclo:geographie:villes_tours_et_forteresses:eriador:carn_dum]]

Last prince of Cardolan

2021-06-10T08:03:11Z

WizardKing:

The unnamed '''last prince of Cardolan''' was the last ruler of [[Cardolan]] during the war against [[Angmar]]. He fell on the war of {{TA|1409}}.

== History ==
=== Rulers of Cardolan ===
After King [[Eärendur]] died in {{TA|861}}, his second son assumed the throne of Cardolan as an independent king, in contrast with his brother [[Amlaith]], who took the crown of [[Arthedain]]. While in Arthedain the blood of [[Isildur]] survived, in Cardolan his line soon failed. Cardolan then accepted [[Argeleb I]] as King of Arnor, but it probably retained its prince as a vassal ruler.<ref name="North">{{App|North}}</ref>

=== War against Angmar ===
The last prince of Cardolan died during the war of {{TA|1409}}, a fierce conflict against the Witch-kingdom of Angmar and its ally [[Rhudaur]]. He was then buried in the [[Barrow-downs]].<ref name=War1409>{{App|Eriador}}, The North-kingdom and the Dúnedain, entries about the war with Angmar in 1409</ref><ref>{{PM|Elendil}}</ref>

=== Mentions ===
On [[28 September]] {{TA|3018|n}}<ref>{{App|Great}}</ref> [[Frodo Baggins]] and his comrades were trapped in the Barrow-downs by a [[Barrow-wight|wight]], probably in the same [[uncommon words|cairn]] which held the grave of the last prince of [[Cardolan]].<ref>{{App|Gondor}}, paragraphs about the war of 1409; Index, ''Barrow-downs, the Barrow where Frodo was buried'' </ref><ref>{{HM|RC}}, "Fog on the Barrow-downs", pp. 144-5; Index, ''Barrow-downs, Barrow of the last prince''</ref><ref>{{PM|Elendil}}</ref> According to the rare manuscript ''[[The Hunt for the Ring|The Hunt for the Ring: Time Scheme - Black Riders]]'', the [[Witch King]] had already risen and empowered the Barrow-wights of Cardolan<ref>{{HM|RC}}, "Fog on the Barrow-downs", p. 146</ref> and slain the [[Ranger]]s in order to trap the bearer of the [[Ring]].<ref>{{UT|Hunt}}</ref><ref name=RC>{{HM|RC}}, "Flight to the Ford", p. 180</ref> While [[Merry]] was trapped in the mound, he dreamed that he and others were attacked and defeated by “the men of [[Carn Dûm]]” at night and that his heart had been pierced with a spear.<ref>{{FR|Barrow}}, statements of Merry after waking up from his sleep in the barrow</ref>

According to ''[[The Lord of the Rings: A Reader's Companion]]'', Merry could not have seen the memories of the [[Barrow-wight]], since it was sent to the Barrow-downs by the [[Witch King]] of Angmar only in {{TA|1636}}, while the last prince was slain in {{TA|1409}}. Therefore, he was dreaming the last hours of the last prince of Cardolan and his men, specifically their last night, when they fell after valiantly defending their kingdom from the forces of Angmar (“the men of Carn Dûm” are the servants and warriors of the Witch King).<ref>{{HM|RC}}, "Fog on the Barrow-downs", pp. 144-5; Index, ''Cardolan, last prince of''</ref>

== Family ==
After freeing the [[Hobbits]] from the cairn of the last prince, [[Tom Bombadil]] takes for himself a blue-jewelled brooch belonging to a “fair” woman he seemingly knew long ago.<ref>{{HM|RC}}, "Fog on the Barrow-downs", pp. 146</ref><ref>{{FR|Barrow}}, statements of Tom Bombadil regarding the blue-jewelled brooch</ref> Considering that the kings were very often buried with their wives in the barrows, it has been speculated that the brooch belonged to the wife of the last prince (or, potentially, his daughter), met by Tom centuries before.<ref>{{HM|RC}}, "Fog on the Barrow-downs", pp. 146</ref>

{{References}}

Last prince of Cardolan

2021-06-10T08:02:42Z

WizardKing: Note with source

The unnamed '''last prince of Cardolan''' was the last ruler of [[Cardolan]] during the war against [[Angmar]]. He fell on the war of {{TA|1409}}.

== History ==
=== Rulers of Cardolan ===
After King [[Eärendur]] died in {{TA|861}}, his second son assumed the throne of Cardolan as an independent king, in contrast with his brother [[Amlaith]], who took the crown of [[Arthedain]]. While in Arthedain the blood of [[Isildur]] survived, in Cardolan his line soon failed. Cardolan then accepted [[Argeleb I]] as King of Arnor, but it probably retained its prince as a vassal ruler.<ref name="North">{{App|North}}</ref>

=== War against Angmar ===
The last prince of Cardolan died during the war of {{TA|1409}}, a fierce conflict against the Witch-kingdom of Angmar and its ally [[Rhudaur]]. He was then buried in the [[Barrow-downs]].<ref name=War1409>{{App|Eriador}}, The North-kingdom and the Dúnedain, entries about the war with Angmar in 1409</ref><ref>{{PM|Elendil}}</ref>

=== Mentions ===
On [[28 September]] {{TA|3018|n}}<ref>{{App|Great}}</ref> [[Frodo Baggins]] and his comrades were trapped in the Barrow-downs by a [[Barrow-wight|wight]], probably in the same [[uncommon words|cairn]] which held the grave of the last prince of [[Cardolan]].<ref>{{App|Gondor}}, paragraphs about the war of 1409; Index, ''Barrow-downs, the Barrow where Frodo was buried'' </ref><ref>{{HM|RC}}, "Fog on the Barrow-downs", pp. 144-5; Index, ''Barrow-downs, Barrow of the last prince''</ref><ref>{{PM|Elendil}}</ref> According to the rare manuscript ''[[The Hunt for the Ring|The Hunt for the Ring: Time Scheme - Black Riders]]'', the [[Witch King]] had already risen and empowered the Barrow-wights of Cardolan<ref>{{HM|RC}}, "Fog on the Barrow-downs", p. 146</ref> and slain the [[Ranger]]s in order to trap the bearer of the [[Ring]].<ref>{{UT|Hunt}}</ref><ref name=RC>{{HM|RC}}, "Flight to the Ford", p. 180</ref> While [[Merry]] was trapped in the mound, he dreamed that he and others were attacked and defeated by “the men of [[Carn Dûm]]” at night and that his heart had been pierced with a spear.<ref>{{FR|Barrow}}, statements of Merry after waking up from his sleep in the barrow</ref>

According to ''[[The Lord of the Rings: A Reader's Companion]]'', Merry could not have seen the memories of the [[Barrow-wight]], since it was sent to the Barrow-downs by the [[Witch King]] of Angmar only in {{TA|1636}}, while the last prince was slain in {{TA|1409}}. Therefore, he was dreaming the last hours of the last prince of Cardolan and his men, specifically their last night, when they fell after valiantly defending their kingdom from the forces of Angmar (“the men of Carn Dûm” are the servants and warriors of the Witch King).<ref>{{HM|RC}}, "Fog on the Barrow-downs", pp. 144-5; Index, ''Cardolan, last prince of''</ref>

== Family ==
After freeing the [[Hobbits]] from the cairn of the last prince, [[Tom Bombadil]] takes for himself a blue-jewelled brooch belonging to a “fair” woman he seemingly knew long ago. <ref>{{HM|RC}}, "Fog on the Barrow-downs", pp. 146</ref><ref>{{FR|Barrow}}, statements of Tom Bombadil regarding the blue-jewelled brooch</ref> Considering that the kings were very often buried with their wives in the barrows, it has been speculated that the brooch belonged to the wife of the last prince (or, potentially, his daughter), met by Tom centuries before.<ref>{{HM|RC}}, "Fog on the Barrow-downs", pp. 146</ref>

{{References}}

Weathertop

2021-05-28T18:54:28Z

WizardKing:

{{location infobox
| name=Weathertop
| image=[[File:Jef Murray - Amon Sûl.jpg|250px]]
| caption="Amon Sûl" by [[Jef Murray]]
| pronun=
| othernames=Amon Sûl
| location=[[Eriador]]
| type=Hill
| description=Hill with tower/ruins of tower
| regions=
| towns=
| inhabitants=
| created=
| destroyed={{TA|1409}} [[Fall of Amon Sûl]]
| events=
}}
'''Weathertop''', known in [[Sindarin]] as '''Amon Sûl''', was the southernmost top of the [[Weather Hills]]. It stood a little away from the others, and its conical top was flattened.<ref name="Knife">{{FR|Knife}}</ref>

Of old, it formed the boundary between [[Arthedain]] and [[Rhudaur]].

==History==
===Early history===
The Weather Hills lay at the centre of [[Arnor]], near the [[East Road]] that split [[Eriador]].<ref>{{RK|Maps}}</ref>

A tower had stood on the hill since the days of [[Elendil]], and he had stored the ''[[Palantíri|palantír]]'' in its chambers. It is said that before the [[War of the Last Alliance]], Elendil stood at the hill watching the hosts of [[Gil-galad]] coming to join his forces.<ref>{{FR|knife}}</ref>

After King [[Eärendur (King of Arnor)|Eärendur]] passed and the kingdom was split in three, all of his sons coveted the hill, or rather the [[Amon Sûl-stone|Stone]] inside. It lay on the exact tri-state point, but eventually passed to [[Arthedain]], the realm of [[Amlaith]], the eldest son of Eärendur, although it already possessed the [[Elostirion-stone|other]] [[Annúminas-stone|two]] Stones.<ref name="Eriador">{{App|Eriador}}</ref>

===Destruction===
[[File:Fall of Amon Sul RotWK.png|left|thumb|The Fall of Amon Sûl in ''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Battle for Middle-earth II]]'']]
In the days of [[Argeleb I|Argeleb]], the royal lines of [[Cardolan]] and [[Rhudaur]] had failed. Argeleb therefore claimed both realms as his own, hoping to reunite [[Arnor]], but the claim was resisted by Rhudaur, where the Dúnedain had dwindled and the land was now largely ruled by hillmen, who were driven by the [[Witch-king]] of [[Angmar]].

As tensions with Angmar increased, Argeleb fortified his border. A great bastion arose on Weathertop, and the East Road and lower Hoarwell were fortified also. For nigh half a century, the line held, though Argeleb lost his life in battle with the Hillmen. The Witch-king did not trouble the Men, and had sent his troops further East, to the [[Second Siege of Imladris]]. But in {{TA|1409}}, he came forth with such a force from Angmar that no army could stop him. He [[Fall of Amon Sûl|razed]] Amon Sûl and brought its mighty walls down.<ref name="Eriador"/> [[Arveleg I|Arveleg]], son of Argeleb, was slain,<ref name="TA">{{App|TA}}</ref> as well as the [[last prince of Cardolan]],<ref>{{HM|RC}}, "Fog on the Barrow-downs", pp. 144-5; Index, 'Cardolan, [[Last prince of Cardolan|last prince of]]' </ref> but the Lord of the Nazgûl failed to retrieve the ''palantír''. It was secured and brought back to [[Fornost Erain]].<ref name="Eriador"/>

===In ruins===
[[File:Alan Lee - Weathertop.jpg|thumb|right|''Weathertop'' by [[Alan Lee]]]]
For many centuries, the once great fortress stood in ruins on the hill. The locals paid little heed to it. It faded back into obscurity, and it was not until {{TA|3018}} the hill reappeared in the chronicles and annals. In early October, it was the scene of two fights involving the [[Nazgûl]]; one with [[Gandalf]] on [[3 October|October 3]] and one with [[Frodo Baggins|the Ring-bearer]] [[6 October|three days later]].<ref name="Chief">{{App|Chief}}</ref> Gandalf on [[Shadowfax]] was secretly chased by the Ringwraiths until the night of October 3, when six<ref>{{HM|RC}}, "Flight to the Ford", pp. 187-189</ref> or nine<ref>{{HM|RC}}, "The Council of Elrond", pp. 251-3</ref> Black Riders, led by the [[Witch King]], attacked him. They were repulsed after a violent fight which burnt the hilltop, and [[Frodo]] and [[Aragorn]] saw the lights of that battle from their camp at the [[Midgewater Marshes]].<ref name=RC>{{HM|RC}}, "A Knife in the Dark", pp. 167-9</ref> The Witch King and [[Khamûl]] remained watching Weathertop (waiting for the Ring Bearer to come) for two days thereafter, along with three other Wraiths.<ref name=RC>{{HM|RC}}, "A Knife in the Dark", pp. 169</ref> After fleeing from Bree, [[Aragorn|Strider]] and the [[Travellers|Hobbits]] avoided the main road and approached Weathertop from the north. At the top they discovered a cairn with a message from Gandalf, and spotted the [[Nazgûl|Ringwraiths]] approaching in the distance along the road. That night, the Ringwraiths attacked their camp in a dell below the summit, stabbing [[Frodo Baggins|Frodo]] with a [[Morgul-knife]], but were driven off by the others.<ref name="Knife"/>

==Etymology==
{{Pronounce|Amon Sul.mp3|Ardamir}}
"Weathertop" is a translation of the [[Sindarin]] ''Amon Sûl'', although it also can be translated as "Hill of the Wind", being a combination of ''[[amon]]'' ("hill") and ''[[sûl]]'' ("wind").<ref>{{HM|RC}}, p. 778</ref>

==Portrayal in adaptations==
{{Gallery
|title=Weathertop in adaptations
|height=150
|width=200
|lines=3
|File:War in Middle Earth - Amon Sûl.png|''[[J.R.R. Tolkien's War in Middle Earth]]''
|File:The Lord of the Rings - The Fellowship of the Ring - Weathertop.png|''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring]]''
|File:The Lord of the Rings - The Fellowship of the Ring (video game) - Weathertop.JPG|[[The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring (video game)|''The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the |Ring'' (video game)]]
|File:AmonSul RotWK.png|''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Battle for Middle-earth II: The Rise of the Witch-king]]''
|File:The Lord of the Rings Online - Weathertop.jpg|''[[The Lord of the Rings Online]]''
}}

'''1978: [[The Lord of the Rings (1978 film)|''The Lord of the Rings'' (1978 film)]]:'''
:Aragorn and the hobbits do not actually enter the ruins of Weathertop. However, moments before the attack of the Ringwraiths, a tall tower can be seen in the background.

'''2001: ''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring]]'':'''
:The fight with the Nazgûl has been moved from the camp near the hill to the ruins of the tower.

'''2002: [[The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring (video game)|''The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring'' (video game)]]:'''
:Weathertop is the fifth level. Aragorn has to take the four Hobbits to the hilltop, battling wolves and Orcs on the way there. At the top, they notice Gandalf had been there, and dropped a rune stone. As he explains it to Frodo, a troll attacks, and serves as the level's boss.

'''2002: [[The Lord of the Rings: The Two Towers (video game)|''The Lord of the Rings: The Two Towers'' (video game)]]:'''
:Weathertop is the second level. Aragorn must drive the Nazgûl away before they kill Frodo.

'''2006: ''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Battle for Middle-earth II]]'':'''
:Destroying Amon Sûl is the fourth level in the ''Angmar'' campaign in ''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Battle for Middle-earth II: The Rise of the Witch-king|The Rise of the Witch-king]]''. The bastion is protected by five mystical Mallorn trees: one generates a solar flare that incinerates enemies, one heals damaged buildings, one creates lush Elvish pastures (that boost the Men's armor and damage), one stuns targeted enemies and one summons a battalion of archers. The mission is completed when either all five mallorns are destroyed, or the tower falls.

:Additionally, two maps of Amon Sûl are available in Skirmish mode: one with the tower, which is identical to the mission save for the Mallorn trees, and one with the tower in ruins and all other buildings removed.

'''2007: ''[[The Lord of the Rings Online]]'':'''
:Weathertop is the most prominent landmark of the [[Lone-lands]] region. After the passing of [[Aragorn]] and the Hobbits, the Ranger Candaith sets up a camp at its foothold, the player later helps him defend the summit of Weathertop against two enemy assaults.

'''2012: ''[[The Hobbit: An Unexpected Journey]]'':'''
:Weathertop is the meeting place between [[Azog]] and his lieutenants. Azog kills [[Yazneg]] for his failue to capture or kill [[Thorin and Company]].

==External links==
*[http://middle-earth.xenite.org/2013/11/06/how-high-was-weathertop/ How High Was Weathertop?] by [[Michael Martinez]]

{{references}}

[[Category:Eriador]]
[[Category:Hills]]
[[de:Amon Sûl]]
[[fi:Amon Sûl]]
[[fr:encyclo/geographie/reliefs/eriador/amon_sul]]

Weathertop

2021-05-28T18:53:32Z

WizardKing: /* In ruins */

{{location infobox
| name=Weathertop
| image=[[File:Jef Murray - Amon Sûl.jpg|250px]]
| caption="Amon Sûl" by [[Jef Murray]]
| pronun=
| othernames=Amon Sûl
| location=[[Eriador]]
| type=Hill
| description=Hill with tower/ruins of tower
| regions=
| towns=
| inhabitants=
| created=
| destroyed={{TA|1409}} [[Fall of Amon Sûl]]
| events=
}}
'''Weathertop''', known in [[Sindarin]] as '''Amon Sûl''', was the southernmost top of the [[Weather Hills]]. It stood a little away from the others, and its conical top was flattened.<ref name="Knife">{{FR|Knife}}</ref>

Of old, it formed the boundary between [[Arthedain]] and [[Rhudaur]].

==History==
===Early history===
The Weather Hills lay at the centre of [[Arnor]], near the [[East Road]] that split [[Eriador]].<ref>{{RK|Maps}}</ref>

A tower had stood on the hill since the days of [[Elendil]], and he had stored the ''[[Palantíri|palantír]]'' in its chambers. It is said that before the [[War of the Last Alliance]], Elendil stood at the hill watching the hosts of [[Gil-galad]] coming to join his forces.<ref>{{FR|knife}}</ref>

After King [[Eärendur (King of Arnor)|Eärendur]] passed and the kingdom was split in three, all of his sons coveted the hill, or rather the [[Amon Sûl-stone|Stone]] inside. It lay on the exact tri-state point, but eventually passed to [[Arthedain]], the realm of [[Amlaith]], the eldest son of Eärendur, although it already possessed the [[Elostirion-stone|other]] [[Annúminas-stone|two]] Stones.<ref name="Eriador">{{App|Eriador}}</ref>

===Destruction===
[[File:Fall of Amon Sul RotWK.png|left|thumb|The Fall of Amon Sûl in ''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Battle for Middle-earth II]]'']]
In the days of [[Argeleb I|Argeleb]], the royal lines of [[Cardolan]] and [[Rhudaur]] had failed. Argeleb therefore claimed both realms as his own, hoping to reunite [[Arnor]], but the claim was resisted by Rhudaur, where the Dúnedain had dwindled and the land was now largely ruled by hillmen, who were driven by the [[Witch-king]] of [[Angmar]].

As tensions with Angmar increased, Argeleb fortified his border. A great bastion arose on Weathertop, and the East Road and lower Hoarwell were fortified also. For nigh half a century, the line held, though Argeleb lost his life in battle with the Hillmen. The Witch-king did not trouble the Men, and had sent his troops further East, to the [[Second Siege of Imladris]]. But in {{TA|1409}}, he came forth with such a force from Angmar that no army could stop him. He [[Fall of Amon Sûl|razed]] Amon Sûl and brought its mighty walls down.<ref name="Eriador"/> [[Arveleg I|Arveleg]], son of Argeleb, was slain,<ref name="TA">{{App|TA}}</ref> as well as the [[last prince of Cardolan]],<ref>{{HM|RC}}, "Fog on the Barrow-downs", pp. 144-5; Index, 'Cardolan, [[Last prince of Cardolan|last prince of]]' </ref> but the Lord of the Nazgûl failed to retrieve the ''palantír''. It was secured and brought back to [[Fornost Erain]].<ref name="Eriador"/>

===In ruins===
[[File:Alan Lee - Weathertop.jpg|thumb|right|''Weathertop'' by [[Alan Lee]]]]
For many centuries, the once great fortress stood in ruins on the hill. The locals paid little heed to it. It faded back into obscurity, and it was not until {{TA|3018}} the hill reappeared in the chronicles and annals. In early October, it was the scene of two fights involving the [[Nazgûl]]; one with [[Gandalf]] on [[3 October|October 3]] and one with [[Frodo Baggins|the Ring-bearer]] [[6 October|three days later]].<ref name="Chief">{{App|Chief}}</ref> Gandalf on [[Shadowfax]] was secretly chased by the Ringwraiths until the night of October 3, when six<ref>{{HM|RC}}, "Flight to the Ford", pp. 187-189</ref> or nine<ref>{{HM|RC}}, "The Council of Elrond", pp. 251-3</ref> Black Riders, led by the [[Witch King]], attacked him. They were repulsed after a violent fight which burnt the hilltop, and [[Frodo]] and [[Aragorn]] saw the lights of that battle from their camp at the [[Midgewater Marshes]].<ref name=RC>{{HM|RC}}, "A Knife in the Dark", p. 167-9</ref> The Witch King and [[Khamûl]] remained watching Weathertop (waiting for the Ring Bearer to come) for two days thereafter, along with three other Wraiths.<ref name=RC>{{HM|RC}}, "A Knife in the Dark", p. 169</ref> After fleeing from Bree, [[Aragorn|Strider]] and the [[Travellers|Hobbits]] avoided the main road and approached Weathertop from the north. At the top they discovered a cairn with a message from Gandalf, and spotted the [[Nazgûl|Ringwraiths]] approaching in the distance along the road. That night, the Ringwraiths attacked their camp in a dell below the summit, stabbing [[Frodo Baggins|Frodo]] with a [[Morgul-knife]], but were driven off by the others.<ref name="Knife"/>

==Etymology==
{{Pronounce|Amon Sul.mp3|Ardamir}}
"Weathertop" is a translation of the [[Sindarin]] ''Amon Sûl'', although it also can be translated as "Hill of the Wind", being a combination of ''[[amon]]'' ("hill") and ''[[sûl]]'' ("wind").<ref>{{HM|RC}}, p. 778</ref>

==Portrayal in adaptations==
{{Gallery
|title=Weathertop in adaptations
|height=150
|width=200
|lines=3
|File:War in Middle Earth - Amon Sûl.png|''[[J.R.R. Tolkien's War in Middle Earth]]''
|File:The Lord of the Rings - The Fellowship of the Ring - Weathertop.png|''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring]]''
|File:The Lord of the Rings - The Fellowship of the Ring (video game) - Weathertop.JPG|[[The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring (video game)|''The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the |Ring'' (video game)]]
|File:AmonSul RotWK.png|''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Battle for Middle-earth II: The Rise of the Witch-king]]''
|File:The Lord of the Rings Online - Weathertop.jpg|''[[The Lord of the Rings Online]]''
}}

'''1978: [[The Lord of the Rings (1978 film)|''The Lord of the Rings'' (1978 film)]]:'''
:Aragorn and the hobbits do not actually enter the ruins of Weathertop. However, moments before the attack of the Ringwraiths, a tall tower can be seen in the background.

'''2001: ''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring]]'':'''
:The fight with the Nazgûl has been moved from the camp near the hill to the ruins of the tower.

'''2002: [[The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring (video game)|''The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring'' (video game)]]:'''
:Weathertop is the fifth level. Aragorn has to take the four Hobbits to the hilltop, battling wolves and Orcs on the way there. At the top, they notice Gandalf had been there, and dropped a rune stone. As he explains it to Frodo, a troll attacks, and serves as the level's boss.

'''2002: [[The Lord of the Rings: The Two Towers (video game)|''The Lord of the Rings: The Two Towers'' (video game)]]:'''
:Weathertop is the second level. Aragorn must drive the Nazgûl away before they kill Frodo.

'''2006: ''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Battle for Middle-earth II]]'':'''
:Destroying Amon Sûl is the fourth level in the ''Angmar'' campaign in ''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Battle for Middle-earth II: The Rise of the Witch-king|The Rise of the Witch-king]]''. The bastion is protected by five mystical Mallorn trees: one generates a solar flare that incinerates enemies, one heals damaged buildings, one creates lush Elvish pastures (that boost the Men's armor and damage), one stuns targeted enemies and one summons a battalion of archers. The mission is completed when either all five mallorns are destroyed, or the tower falls.

:Additionally, two maps of Amon Sûl are available in Skirmish mode: one with the tower, which is identical to the mission save for the Mallorn trees, and one with the tower in ruins and all other buildings removed.

'''2007: ''[[The Lord of the Rings Online]]'':'''
:Weathertop is the most prominent landmark of the [[Lone-lands]] region. After the passing of [[Aragorn]] and the Hobbits, the Ranger Candaith sets up a camp at its foothold, the player later helps him defend the summit of Weathertop against two enemy assaults.

'''2012: ''[[The Hobbit: An Unexpected Journey]]'':'''
:Weathertop is the meeting place between [[Azog]] and his lieutenants. Azog kills [[Yazneg]] for his failue to capture or kill [[Thorin and Company]].

==External links==
*[http://middle-earth.xenite.org/2013/11/06/how-high-was-weathertop/ How High Was Weathertop?] by [[Michael Martinez]]

{{references}}

[[Category:Eriador]]
[[Category:Hills]]
[[de:Amon Sûl]]
[[fi:Amon Sûl]]
[[fr:encyclo/geographie/reliefs/eriador/amon_sul]]

Weathertop

2021-05-28T18:52:34Z

WizardKing: /* In ruins */

{{location infobox
| name=Weathertop
| image=[[File:Jef Murray - Amon Sûl.jpg|250px]]
| caption="Amon Sûl" by [[Jef Murray]]
| pronun=
| othernames=Amon Sûl
| location=[[Eriador]]
| type=Hill
| description=Hill with tower/ruins of tower
| regions=
| towns=
| inhabitants=
| created=
| destroyed={{TA|1409}} [[Fall of Amon Sûl]]
| events=
}}
'''Weathertop''', known in [[Sindarin]] as '''Amon Sûl''', was the southernmost top of the [[Weather Hills]]. It stood a little away from the others, and its conical top was flattened.<ref name="Knife">{{FR|Knife}}</ref>

Of old, it formed the boundary between [[Arthedain]] and [[Rhudaur]].

==History==
===Early history===
The Weather Hills lay at the centre of [[Arnor]], near the [[East Road]] that split [[Eriador]].<ref>{{RK|Maps}}</ref>

A tower had stood on the hill since the days of [[Elendil]], and he had stored the ''[[Palantíri|palantír]]'' in its chambers. It is said that before the [[War of the Last Alliance]], Elendil stood at the hill watching the hosts of [[Gil-galad]] coming to join his forces.<ref>{{FR|knife}}</ref>

After King [[Eärendur (King of Arnor)|Eärendur]] passed and the kingdom was split in three, all of his sons coveted the hill, or rather the [[Amon Sûl-stone|Stone]] inside. It lay on the exact tri-state point, but eventually passed to [[Arthedain]], the realm of [[Amlaith]], the eldest son of Eärendur, although it already possessed the [[Elostirion-stone|other]] [[Annúminas-stone|two]] Stones.<ref name="Eriador">{{App|Eriador}}</ref>

===Destruction===
[[File:Fall of Amon Sul RotWK.png|left|thumb|The Fall of Amon Sûl in ''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Battle for Middle-earth II]]'']]
In the days of [[Argeleb I|Argeleb]], the royal lines of [[Cardolan]] and [[Rhudaur]] had failed. Argeleb therefore claimed both realms as his own, hoping to reunite [[Arnor]], but the claim was resisted by Rhudaur, where the Dúnedain had dwindled and the land was now largely ruled by hillmen, who were driven by the [[Witch-king]] of [[Angmar]].

As tensions with Angmar increased, Argeleb fortified his border. A great bastion arose on Weathertop, and the East Road and lower Hoarwell were fortified also. For nigh half a century, the line held, though Argeleb lost his life in battle with the Hillmen. The Witch-king did not trouble the Men, and had sent his troops further East, to the [[Second Siege of Imladris]]. But in {{TA|1409}}, he came forth with such a force from Angmar that no army could stop him. He [[Fall of Amon Sûl|razed]] Amon Sûl and brought its mighty walls down.<ref name="Eriador"/> [[Arveleg I|Arveleg]], son of Argeleb, was slain,<ref name="TA">{{App|TA}}</ref> as well as the [[last prince of Cardolan]],<ref>{{HM|RC}}, "Fog on the Barrow-downs", pp. 144-5; Index, 'Cardolan, [[Last prince of Cardolan|last prince of]]' </ref> but the Lord of the Nazgûl failed to retrieve the ''palantír''. It was secured and brought back to [[Fornost Erain]].<ref name="Eriador"/>

===In ruins===
[[File:Alan Lee - Weathertop.jpg|thumb|right|''Weathertop'' by [[Alan Lee]]]]
For many centuries, the once great fortress stood in ruins on the hill. The locals paid little heed to it. It faded back into obscurity, and it was not until {{TA|3018}} the hill reappeared in the chronicles and annals. In early October, it was the scene of two fights involving the [[Nazgûl]]; one with [[Gandalf]] on [[3 October|October 3]] and one with [[Frodo Baggins|the Ring-bearer]] [[6 October|three days later]].<ref name="Chief">{{App|Chief}}</ref> Gandalf on [[Shadowfax]] was secretly chased by the Ringwraiths until the night of October 3, when six<ref>{{HM|RC}}, "Flight to the Ford", pp. 187-189</ref> or nine<ref>{{HM|RC}}, "The Council of Elrond", pp. 251-3</ref> Black Riders, led by the Witch King, attacked him. They were repulsed after a violent fight which burnt the hilltop, and [[Frodo]] and [[Aragorn]] saw the lights of that battle from their camp at the [[Midgewater Marshes]].<ref name=RC>{{HM|RC}}, "A Knife in the Dark", p. 167-9</ref> The Witch King and Khamûl remained watching Weathertop (waiting for the Ring Bearer to come) for two days thereafter, along with three other Wraiths.<ref name=RC>{{HM|RC}}, "A Knife in the Dark", p. 169</ref> After fleeing from Bree, [[Aragorn|Strider]] and the [[Travellers|Hobbits]] avoided the main road and approached Weathertop from the north. At the top they discovered a cairn with a message from Gandalf, and spotted the [[Nazgûl|Ringwraiths]] approaching in the distance along the road. That night, the Ringwraiths attacked their camp in a dell below the summit, stabbing [[Frodo Baggins|Frodo]] with a [[Morgul-knife]], but were driven off by the others.<ref name="Knife"/>

==Etymology==
{{Pronounce|Amon Sul.mp3|Ardamir}}
"Weathertop" is a translation of the [[Sindarin]] ''Amon Sûl'', although it also can be translated as "Hill of the Wind", being a combination of ''[[amon]]'' ("hill") and ''[[sûl]]'' ("wind").<ref>{{HM|RC}}, p. 778</ref>

==Portrayal in adaptations==
{{Gallery
|title=Weathertop in adaptations
|height=150
|width=200
|lines=3
|File:War in Middle Earth - Amon Sûl.png|''[[J.R.R. Tolkien's War in Middle Earth]]''
|File:The Lord of the Rings - The Fellowship of the Ring - Weathertop.png|''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring]]''
|File:The Lord of the Rings - The Fellowship of the Ring (video game) - Weathertop.JPG|[[The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring (video game)|''The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the |Ring'' (video game)]]
|File:AmonSul RotWK.png|''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Battle for Middle-earth II: The Rise of the Witch-king]]''
|File:The Lord of the Rings Online - Weathertop.jpg|''[[The Lord of the Rings Online]]''
}}

'''1978: [[The Lord of the Rings (1978 film)|''The Lord of the Rings'' (1978 film)]]:'''
:Aragorn and the hobbits do not actually enter the ruins of Weathertop. However, moments before the attack of the Ringwraiths, a tall tower can be seen in the background.

'''2001: ''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring]]'':'''
:The fight with the Nazgûl has been moved from the camp near the hill to the ruins of the tower.

'''2002: [[The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring (video game)|''The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring'' (video game)]]:'''
:Weathertop is the fifth level. Aragorn has to take the four Hobbits to the hilltop, battling wolves and Orcs on the way there. At the top, they notice Gandalf had been there, and dropped a rune stone. As he explains it to Frodo, a troll attacks, and serves as the level's boss.

'''2002: [[The Lord of the Rings: The Two Towers (video game)|''The Lord of the Rings: The Two Towers'' (video game)]]:'''
:Weathertop is the second level. Aragorn must drive the Nazgûl away before they kill Frodo.

'''2006: ''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Battle for Middle-earth II]]'':'''
:Destroying Amon Sûl is the fourth level in the ''Angmar'' campaign in ''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Battle for Middle-earth II: The Rise of the Witch-king|The Rise of the Witch-king]]''. The bastion is protected by five mystical Mallorn trees: one generates a solar flare that incinerates enemies, one heals damaged buildings, one creates lush Elvish pastures (that boost the Men's armor and damage), one stuns targeted enemies and one summons a battalion of archers. The mission is completed when either all five mallorns are destroyed, or the tower falls.

:Additionally, two maps of Amon Sûl are available in Skirmish mode: one with the tower, which is identical to the mission save for the Mallorn trees, and one with the tower in ruins and all other buildings removed.

'''2007: ''[[The Lord of the Rings Online]]'':'''
:Weathertop is the most prominent landmark of the [[Lone-lands]] region. After the passing of [[Aragorn]] and the Hobbits, the Ranger Candaith sets up a camp at its foothold, the player later helps him defend the summit of Weathertop against two enemy assaults.

'''2012: ''[[The Hobbit: An Unexpected Journey]]'':'''
:Weathertop is the meeting place between [[Azog]] and his lieutenants. Azog kills [[Yazneg]] for his failue to capture or kill [[Thorin and Company]].

==External links==
*[http://middle-earth.xenite.org/2013/11/06/how-high-was-weathertop/ How High Was Weathertop?] by [[Michael Martinez]]

{{references}}

[[Category:Eriador]]
[[Category:Hills]]
[[de:Amon Sûl]]
[[fi:Amon Sûl]]
[[fr:encyclo/geographie/reliefs/eriador/amon_sul]]

Weathertop

2021-05-28T18:51:41Z

WizardKing: Expanded with source

{{location infobox
| name=Weathertop
| image=[[File:Jef Murray - Amon Sûl.jpg|250px]]
| caption="Amon Sûl" by [[Jef Murray]]
| pronun=
| othernames=Amon Sûl
| location=[[Eriador]]
| type=Hill
| description=Hill with tower/ruins of tower
| regions=
| towns=
| inhabitants=
| created=
| destroyed={{TA|1409}} [[Fall of Amon Sûl]]
| events=
}}
'''Weathertop''', known in [[Sindarin]] as '''Amon Sûl''', was the southernmost top of the [[Weather Hills]]. It stood a little away from the others, and its conical top was flattened.<ref name="Knife">{{FR|Knife}}</ref>

Of old, it formed the boundary between [[Arthedain]] and [[Rhudaur]].

==History==
===Early history===
The Weather Hills lay at the centre of [[Arnor]], near the [[East Road]] that split [[Eriador]].<ref>{{RK|Maps}}</ref>

A tower had stood on the hill since the days of [[Elendil]], and he had stored the ''[[Palantíri|palantír]]'' in its chambers. It is said that before the [[War of the Last Alliance]], Elendil stood at the hill watching the hosts of [[Gil-galad]] coming to join his forces.<ref>{{FR|knife}}</ref>

After King [[Eärendur (King of Arnor)|Eärendur]] passed and the kingdom was split in three, all of his sons coveted the hill, or rather the [[Amon Sûl-stone|Stone]] inside. It lay on the exact tri-state point, but eventually passed to [[Arthedain]], the realm of [[Amlaith]], the eldest son of Eärendur, although it already possessed the [[Elostirion-stone|other]] [[Annúminas-stone|two]] Stones.<ref name="Eriador">{{App|Eriador}}</ref>

===Destruction===
[[File:Fall of Amon Sul RotWK.png|left|thumb|The Fall of Amon Sûl in ''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Battle for Middle-earth II]]'']]
In the days of [[Argeleb I|Argeleb]], the royal lines of [[Cardolan]] and [[Rhudaur]] had failed. Argeleb therefore claimed both realms as his own, hoping to reunite [[Arnor]], but the claim was resisted by Rhudaur, where the Dúnedain had dwindled and the land was now largely ruled by hillmen, who were driven by the [[Witch-king]] of [[Angmar]].

As tensions with Angmar increased, Argeleb fortified his border. A great bastion arose on Weathertop, and the East Road and lower Hoarwell were fortified also. For nigh half a century, the line held, though Argeleb lost his life in battle with the Hillmen. The Witch-king did not trouble the Men, and had sent his troops further East, to the [[Second Siege of Imladris]]. But in {{TA|1409}}, he came forth with such a force from Angmar that no army could stop him. He [[Fall of Amon Sûl|razed]] Amon Sûl and brought its mighty walls down.<ref name="Eriador"/> [[Arveleg I|Arveleg]], son of Argeleb, was slain,<ref name="TA">{{App|TA}}</ref> as well as the [[last prince of Cardolan]],<ref>{{HM|RC}}, "Fog on the Barrow-downs", pp. 144-5; Index, 'Cardolan, [[Last prince of Cardolan|last prince of]]' </ref> but the Lord of the Nazgûl failed to retrieve the ''palantír''. It was secured and brought back to [[Fornost Erain]].<ref name="Eriador"/>

===In ruins===
[[File:Alan Lee - Weathertop.jpg|thumb|right|''Weathertop'' by [[Alan Lee]]]]
For many centuries, the once great fortress stood in ruins on the hill. The locals paid little heed to it. It faded back into obscurity, and it was not until {{TA|3018}} the hill reappeared in the chronicles and annals. In early October, it was the scene of two fights involving the [[Nazgûl]]; one with [[Gandalf]] on [[3 October|October 3]] and one with [[Frodo Baggins|the Ring-bearer]] [[6 October|three days later]].<ref name="Chief">{{App|Chief}}</ref> Gandalf on [[Shadowfax]] was secretly chased by the Ringwraiths until the night of 3 October, when six<ref>{{HM|RC}}, "Flight to the Ford", pp. 187-189</ref> or nine<ref>{{HM|RC}}, "The Council of Elrond", pp. 251-3</ref> Ringwraiths, led by the Witch King, attacked him. They were repulsed after a violent fight which burnt the hilltop, and [[Frodo]] and [[Aragorn]] saw the lights of that battle from their camp at the [[Midgewater Marshes]].<ref name=RC>{{HM|RC}}, "A Knife in the Dark", p. 167-9</ref> The Witch King and Khamûl remained watching Weathertop (waiting for the Ring Bearer to come) for two days thereafter, along with three other Wraiths.<ref name=RC>{{HM|RC}}, "A Knife in the Dark", p. 169</ref> After fleeing from Bree, [[Aragorn|Strider]] and the [[Travellers|Hobbits]] avoided the main road and approached Weathertop from the north. At the top they discovered a cairn with a message from Gandalf, and spotted the [[Nazgûl|Ringwraiths]] approaching in the distance along the road. That night, the Ringwraiths attacked their camp in a dell below the summit, stabbing [[Frodo Baggins|Frodo]] with a [[Morgul-knife]], but were driven off by the others.<ref name="Knife"/>

==Etymology==
{{Pronounce|Amon Sul.mp3|Ardamir}}
"Weathertop" is a translation of the [[Sindarin]] ''Amon Sûl'', although it also can be translated as "Hill of the Wind", being a combination of ''[[amon]]'' ("hill") and ''[[sûl]]'' ("wind").<ref>{{HM|RC}}, p. 778</ref>

==Portrayal in adaptations==
{{Gallery
|title=Weathertop in adaptations
|height=150
|width=200
|lines=3
|File:War in Middle Earth - Amon Sûl.png|''[[J.R.R. Tolkien's War in Middle Earth]]''
|File:The Lord of the Rings - The Fellowship of the Ring - Weathertop.png|''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring]]''
|File:The Lord of the Rings - The Fellowship of the Ring (video game) - Weathertop.JPG|[[The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring (video game)|''The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the |Ring'' (video game)]]
|File:AmonSul RotWK.png|''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Battle for Middle-earth II: The Rise of the Witch-king]]''
|File:The Lord of the Rings Online - Weathertop.jpg|''[[The Lord of the Rings Online]]''
}}

'''1978: [[The Lord of the Rings (1978 film)|''The Lord of the Rings'' (1978 film)]]:'''
:Aragorn and the hobbits do not actually enter the ruins of Weathertop. However, moments before the attack of the Ringwraiths, a tall tower can be seen in the background.

'''2001: ''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring]]'':'''
:The fight with the Nazgûl has been moved from the camp near the hill to the ruins of the tower.

'''2002: [[The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring (video game)|''The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring'' (video game)]]:'''
:Weathertop is the fifth level. Aragorn has to take the four Hobbits to the hilltop, battling wolves and Orcs on the way there. At the top, they notice Gandalf had been there, and dropped a rune stone. As he explains it to Frodo, a troll attacks, and serves as the level's boss.

'''2002: [[The Lord of the Rings: The Two Towers (video game)|''The Lord of the Rings: The Two Towers'' (video game)]]:'''
:Weathertop is the second level. Aragorn must drive the Nazgûl away before they kill Frodo.

'''2006: ''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Battle for Middle-earth II]]'':'''
:Destroying Amon Sûl is the fourth level in the ''Angmar'' campaign in ''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Battle for Middle-earth II: The Rise of the Witch-king|The Rise of the Witch-king]]''. The bastion is protected by five mystical Mallorn trees: one generates a solar flare that incinerates enemies, one heals damaged buildings, one creates lush Elvish pastures (that boost the Men's armor and damage), one stuns targeted enemies and one summons a battalion of archers. The mission is completed when either all five mallorns are destroyed, or the tower falls.

:Additionally, two maps of Amon Sûl are available in Skirmish mode: one with the tower, which is identical to the mission save for the Mallorn trees, and one with the tower in ruins and all other buildings removed.

'''2007: ''[[The Lord of the Rings Online]]'':'''
:Weathertop is the most prominent landmark of the [[Lone-lands]] region. After the passing of [[Aragorn]] and the Hobbits, the Ranger Candaith sets up a camp at its foothold, the player later helps him defend the summit of Weathertop against two enemy assaults.

'''2012: ''[[The Hobbit: An Unexpected Journey]]'':'''
:Weathertop is the meeting place between [[Azog]] and his lieutenants. Azog kills [[Yazneg]] for his failue to capture or kill [[Thorin and Company]].

==External links==
*[http://middle-earth.xenite.org/2013/11/06/how-high-was-weathertop/ How High Was Weathertop?] by [[Michael Martinez]]

{{references}}

[[Category:Eriador]]
[[Category:Hills]]
[[de:Amon Sûl]]
[[fi:Amon Sûl]]
[[fr:encyclo/geographie/reliefs/eriador/amon_sul]]

Shadowfax

2021-05-28T18:41:55Z

WizardKing:

__NOTOC__
{{other infobox
| image=[[File:John Howe - Shadowfax 01.jpg|250px]]
| caption="Shadowfax" by [[John Howe]]
| name=Shadowfax
| pronun=
| othernames=
| titles=
| position=
| location=[[Rohan]]; [[Gondor]]
| affiliation=[[Gandalf]]
| language=
| birth=
| birthlocation=
| rule=
| death=
| deathlocation=
| age=
| notablefor=
| parentage=
| siblings=
| spouse=
| children=
| race=[[Horses|Horse]] ([[Mearas]])
| gender=Male
| height=
| hair=''grey
| eyes=
| clothing=
| weapons=
| steed=
}}
'''Shadowfax''' was a mighty [[Horses|horse]] of [[Rohan]], the chief of the [[Mearas]], noted for its speed, "like an arrow".<ref name=siege>{{RK|Siege}}</ref>

==History==
In [[September]] {{TA|3018}}, Gandalf was in [[Rohan]] and [[Théoden]] reluctantly gave him any horse of his choosing. At first the horse did not allow him to come near, and Gandalf had to follow him far over the fields for two days before he tamed it,<ref>{{App|B3}}</ref> chasing it for over twenty miles.<ref>{{HM|RC}}, "The Council of Elrond", p. 251</ref> Shadowfax was said to be much faster than the horses of the [[Nazgûl]], and carried Gandalf for about 620 miles from [[23 September|23]] to [[28 September]].<ref>{{HM|RC}}, "The Council of Elrond", pp. 252-253</ref> When they reached [[Weathertop]], Gandalf was followed and attacked by the Nazgûl on the night of [[3 October]].<ref>{{HM|RC}}, "A Knife in the Dark", pp. 166-8</ref> Shadowfax then carried Gandalf far into the north to distract the Ringwraiths from chasing the Ring-Bearer.<ref>{{HM|RC}}, "Flight tipo the Ford", p. 189</ref>

In [[February]] of [[Third Age 3019|the next year]], Shadowfax returned to [[Edoras]].<ref>{{TT|Riders}}</ref>

Shadowfax came alone to Gandalf in the outskirts of the [[Fangorn Forest]] and he introduced the horse to the [[Three Hunters]]. [[Hasufel]] and [[Arod]] recognised it as their chieftain. Shadowfax carried Gandalf and [[Gimli]] to [[Edoras]].<ref>{{TT|White}}</ref> The horse was able to run from Edoras to [[Minas Tirith]] almost without stopping, and his ground speed rivaled the flying speed of the [[fell beasts]] of the [[Nazgûl]].<ref>{{RK|V1}}</ref> Shadowfax was at the [[Grey Havens]] with [[Gandalf]] when he sailed on the [[White Ship]].<ref>{{RK|Havens}}</ref> Shadowfax, as one of the line of [[Nahar]], presumably was with him when sailing for the West.<ref>{{L|268}}, p. 354</ref>

Shadowfax also possessed extraordinary courage. He was the only free horse in the world capable of standing before the [[Witch-king|Lord of the Nazgûl]] during the [[Siege of Gondor]] instead of fleeing.<ref name=siege/><ref group=note>This reference excludes horses used by the forces of Sauron such as the horses ridden by the Nine Riders.</ref>

==Genealogy==
{{familytree/start}}
{{familytree | | | | | NAH | | | | |NAH=[[Nahar]] }}
{{familytree | | | | | |:| | | | | |}}
{{familytree | | | | | |:| | | | | |}}
{{familytree | | | | | FEL | | | | |FEL=[[Felaróf]] }}
{{familytree | | | | | |:| | | | | |}}
{{familytree | | | | | |:| | | | | |}}
{{familytree | | | | | SHA | | | | |SHA='''SHADOWFAX''' }}
{{familytree/end}}

==Etymology==
It is an anglicized form of [[Old English]] ''Sceadu-fæx'' 'having shadow-grey mane (and coat)'. It does not actually occur in Old English. ''Fax'' is an obsolete English word.<ref name="Nomen">{{HM|N}}, pp. 762-763</ref>

==Portrayal in adaptations==
{{Gallery
|title=Shadowfax in adaptations
|width=200
|height=150
|lines=2
|File:The Lord of the Rings - The Two Towers - Shadowfax.png|Shadowfax in ''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Two Towers]]''
|File:The Lord of the Rings Online - Shadowfax.jpg|Shadowfax in ''[[The Lord of the Rings Online]]''
}}

'''2012: ''[[The Lord of the Rings Online]]'':'''
:Shadowfax accompanies [[Gandalf]] since his return as Gandalf the White.

{{references|notes}}
[[Category:Horses]]
[[de:Schattenfell]]
[[fr:encyclo:personnages:animaux:chevaux:gripoil]]
[[fi:Hallavaharja]]

Khamûl

2021-05-28T11:59:17Z

WizardKing:

{{evil infobox
| name=Khamûl
| image=[[Image:John Howe - Khamûl the Easterling.jpg|250px]]
| caption="Khamûl the Easterling" by [[John Howe]]
| pronun=
| othernames=Shadow of the East, the Black Easterling, the Second Chief
| titles=
| position=Second-in-command to [[Witch-king]]
| location=[[East|East of Middle-earth]] [[Mordor]] [[Dol Guldur]]
| affiliation=[[Sauron]] and [[Witch-king]]
| language=
| birth=[[Second Age]]
| birthlocation=[[East|East of Middle-earth]]
| rule=
| death=[[25 March]] {{TA|3019}}
| deathlocation=[[Battle of the Morannon]]
| age=4200+
| notablefor=Commanding [[Dol Guldur]] Pursuing [[Frodo Baggins]]
| parentage=
| siblings=
| spouse=
| children=
| race=[[Easterlings|Easterling]] (early) [[Nazgûl|Ringwraith]] (later)
| gender=Male
| height=
| hair=
| eyes=
| clothing=
| weapons=
| steed=Black horse
}}
'''Khamûl'''<ref group="note">He was the only Ringwraith whose name is revealed in the [[legendarium]].</ref> was one of the nine [[Nazgûl|Ringwraiths]], second only to the [[Witch-king]] himself. Lieutenant of [[Dol Guldur]] since {{TA|2951}},<ref name=RC>{{HM|RC}}, "A Knife in the Dark", p. 167-9</ref> he is called "'''Shadow of the East'''",<ref>{{UT|Hunt}}</ref> and "'''the Second Chief'''" or "'''the Black Easterling'''".<ref name="Note1">{{UT|Hunt}}, note 1</ref>
==History==
[[File:Stephen Hickman - Gaffer Gamgee and the Black Rider.jpg|thumb|left|''Gaffer Gamgee and the Black Rider'' by [[Stephen Hickman]]]]
He was a king of [[Easterlings]] during the [[Second Age]], and he was one of the nine Men to whom Sauron gave [[Nine Rings|one of the Rings of Power]]. Like the others, he became a powerful sorcerer and ruler until he eventually faded into a [[Wraiths|Wraith]] and his will was surrendered to Sauron.<ref>{{S|Rings}}</ref> By {{SA|2251}} he was already one of Sauron's servants.<ref name="SA">{{App|SA}}</ref>

It was said that, after the Witch-king, Khamûl was the most ready to perceive the presence of [[the One Ring]], but is power was most confused and diminished by daylight. He was also unable to cross the “elvish waters” of the [[Brandywine]] or, in earlier drafts, even water itself (although Tolkien did not provide any reason for this weakness).<ref>{{HM|RC}}, "Flight to the Ford", pp. 187-189</ref>

In {{TA|2951}} Sauron returned to [[Mordor]] and declared openly to his enemies. Khamûl and two other Ringwraiths were sent to the fortress of [[Dol Guldur]], with the former taking command.<ref>{{App|TA}}</ref>

During the [[War of the Ring]] he was one of the Ringwraiths who entered [[the Shire]], and asked [[Gaffer Gamgee|Hamfast Gamgee]] for "Baggins". However it was the day after [[Frodo Baggins]] had left [[Hobbiton]], and he then pursued the [[Hobbits]] to [[Bucklebury Ferry]] in the Shire some days later.<ref name="Note1"/>
He was also one of the six<ref>{{HM|RC}}, "Flight to the Ford", pp. 187-189</ref> or nine<ref>{{HM|RC}}, "The Council of Elrond", pp. 251-3</ref> Ringwraiths, led by the Witch King, that followed Gandalf on [[Shadowfax]] and attacked him at night on [[Weathertop]]; they were repulsed after a violent fight on 4 October, and [[Frodo]] and [[Aragorn]] saw the lights of that battle from their camp.<ref name=RC>{{HM|RC}}, "A Knife in the Dark", p. 167-9</ref> The Witch King and Khamûl remained watching Weathertop (waiting for the Ring Bearer to come) for two days thereafter, along with three other Wraiths.<ref name=RC>{{HM|RC}}, "A Knife in the Dark", p. 169</ref>

Following the destruction of the One Ring, Khamûl perished with the rest of the Ringwraiths.<ref>{{RK|VI3}}</ref>

== Portrayal in adaptations ==
'''2002: ''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring (video game)]]'':'''
:During the nighttime section of the Shire level, Frodo overhears the conversation between Khamûl and [[Gaffer Gamgee]] just as he is about to deliver the [[Bag End]] key to Number 3, Bagshot Row. The conversation plays out as it does in the novel except that Khamûl's lines are audible. Instead of simply walking back down the path after the conversation ends, Khamûl (who is mounted on his horse) intimidates the Gaffer by rearing his steed while letting out a ghastly wail, before galloping back down the road. No voice actor is specified for the role.

'''2007: ''[[The Lord of the Rings Online]]'':'''
:The Nazgûl in charge of Dol Guldur is known simply as "The Lieutenant of Dol Guldur", formerly "The Cursed Rider". He is said to have been an Easterling chieftain who wielded the Ring "Orôm, the Warmonger".

{{references|note}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Khamul}}
[[Category:Easterlings]]
[[Category:Nazgûl]]
[[Category:Second Age characters]]
[[Category:Servants of Sauron]]
[[Category:Third Age characters]]
[[de:Khamûl]]
[[fr:encyclo/personnages/hommes/3a/nazgul/khamul]]
[[fi:Khamûl]]

Khamûl

2021-05-28T11:58:41Z

WizardKing:

{{evil infobox
| name=Khamûl
| image=[[Image:John Howe - Khamûl the Easterling.jpg|250px]]
| caption="Khamûl the Easterling" by [[John Howe]]
| pronun=
| othernames=Shadow of the East, the Black Easterling, the Second Chief
| titles=
| position=Second-in-command to [[Witch-king]]
| location=[[East|East of Middle-earth]] [[Mordor]] [[Dol Guldur]]
| affiliation=[[Sauron]] and [[Witch-king]]
| language=
| birth=[[Second Age]]
| birthlocation=[[East|East of Middle-earth]]
| rule=
| death=[[25 March]] {{TA|3019}}
| deathlocation=[[Battle of the Morannon]]
| age=4200+
| notablefor=Commanding [[Dol Guldur]] Pursuing [[Frodo Baggins]]
| parentage=
| siblings=
| spouse=
| children=
| race=[[Easterlings|Easterling]] (early) [[Nazgûl|Ringwraith]] (later)
| gender=Male
| height=
| hair=
| eyes=
| clothing=
| weapons=
| steed=Black horse
}}
'''Khamûl'''<ref group="note">He was the only Ringwraith whose name is revealed in the [[legendarium]].</ref> was one of the nine [[Nazgûl|Ringwraiths]], second only to the [[Witch-king]] himself. Lieutenant of [[Dol Guldur]] since {{TA|2951}},<ref name=RC>{{HM|RC}}, "A Knife in the Dark", p. 166-7</ref> he is called "'''Shadow of the East'''",<ref>{{UT|Hunt}}</ref> and "'''the Second Chief'''" or "'''the Black Easterling'''".<ref name="Note1">{{UT|Hunt}}, note 1</ref>
==History==
[[File:Stephen Hickman - Gaffer Gamgee and the Black Rider.jpg|thumb|left|''Gaffer Gamgee and the Black Rider'' by [[Stephen Hickman]]]]
He was a king of [[Easterlings]] during the [[Second Age]], and he was one of the nine Men to whom Sauron gave [[Nine Rings|one of the Rings of Power]]. Like the others, he became a powerful sorcerer and ruler until he eventually faded into a [[Wraiths|Wraith]] and his will was surrendered to Sauron.<ref>{{S|Rings}}</ref> By {{SA|2251}} he was already one of Sauron's servants.<ref name="SA">{{App|SA}}</ref>

It was said that, after the Witch-king, Khamûl was the most ready to perceive the presence of [[the One Ring]], but is power was most confused and diminished by daylight. He was also unable to cross the “elvish waters” of the [[Brandywine]] or, in earlier drafts, even water itself (although Tolkien did not provide any reason for this weakness).<ref>{{HM|RC}}, "Flight to the Ford", pp. 187-189</ref>

In {{TA|2951}} Sauron returned to [[Mordor]] and declared openly to his enemies. Khamûl and two other Ringwraiths were sent to the fortress of [[Dol Guldur]], with the former taking command.<ref>{{App|TA}}</ref>

During the [[War of the Ring]] he was one of the Ringwraiths who entered [[the Shire]], and asked [[Gaffer Gamgee|Hamfast Gamgee]] for "Baggins". However it was the day after [[Frodo Baggins]] had left [[Hobbiton]], and he then pursued the [[Hobbits]] to [[Bucklebury Ferry]] in the Shire some days later.<ref name="Note1"/>
He was also one of the six<ref>{{HM|RC}}, "Flight to the Ford", pp. 187-189</ref> or nine<ref>{{HM|RC}}, "The Council of Elrond", pp. 251-3</ref> Ringwraiths, led by the Witch King, that followed Gandalf on [[Shadowfax]] and attacked him at night on [[Weathertop]]; they were repulsed after a violent fight on 4 October, and [[Frodo]] and [[Aragorn]] saw the lights of that battle from their camp.<ref name=RC>{{HM|RC}}, "A Knife in the Dark", p. 167-9</ref> The Witch King and Khamûl remained watching Weathertop (waiting for the Ring Bearer to come) for two days thereafter, along with three other Wraiths.<ref name=RC>{{HM|RC}}, "A Knife in the Dark", p. 169</ref>

Following the destruction of the One Ring, Khamûl perished with the rest of the Ringwraiths.<ref>{{RK|VI3}}</ref>

== Portrayal in adaptations ==
'''2002: ''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring (video game)]]'':'''
:During the nighttime section of the Shire level, Frodo overhears the conversation between Khamûl and [[Gaffer Gamgee]] just as he is about to deliver the [[Bag End]] key to Number 3, Bagshot Row. The conversation plays out as it does in the novel except that Khamûl's lines are audible. Instead of simply walking back down the path after the conversation ends, Khamûl (who is mounted on his horse) intimidates the Gaffer by rearing his steed while letting out a ghastly wail, before galloping back down the road. No voice actor is specified for the role.

'''2007: ''[[The Lord of the Rings Online]]'':'''
:The Nazgûl in charge of Dol Guldur is known simply as "The Lieutenant of Dol Guldur", formerly "The Cursed Rider". He is said to have been an Easterling chieftain who wielded the Ring "Orôm, the Warmonger".

{{references|note}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Khamul}}
[[Category:Easterlings]]
[[Category:Nazgûl]]
[[Category:Second Age characters]]
[[Category:Servants of Sauron]]
[[Category:Third Age characters]]
[[de:Khamûl]]
[[fr:encyclo/personnages/hommes/3a/nazgul/khamul]]
[[fi:Khamûl]]

Khamûl

2021-05-28T11:57:10Z

WizardKing: Notes with sources

{{evil infobox
| name=Khamûl
| image=[[Image:John Howe - Khamûl the Easterling.jpg|250px]]
| caption="Khamûl the Easterling" by [[John Howe]]
| pronun=
| othernames=Shadow of the East, the Black Easterling, the Second Chief
| titles=
| position=Second-in-command to [[Witch-king]]
| location=[[East|East of Middle-earth]] [[Mordor]] [[Dol Guldur]]
| affiliation=[[Sauron]] and [[Witch-king]]
| language=
| birth=[[Second Age]]
| birthlocation=[[East|East of Middle-earth]]
| rule=
| death=[[25 March]] {{TA|3019}}
| deathlocation=[[Battle of the Morannon]]
| age=4200+
| notablefor=Commanding [[Dol Guldur]] Pursuing [[Frodo Baggins]]
| parentage=
| siblings=
| spouse=
| children=
| race=[[Easterlings|Easterling]] (early) [[Nazgûl|Ringwraith]] (later)
| gender=Male
| height=
| hair=
| eyes=
| clothing=
| weapons=
| steed=Black horse
}}
'''Khamûl'''<ref group="note">He was the only Ringwraith whose name is revealed in the [[legendarium]].</ref> was one of the nine [[Nazgûl|Ringwraiths]], second only to the [[Witch-king]] himself. Lieutenant of [[Dol Guldur]] since {{TA|2951}},<ref name=RC>{{HM|RC}}, "A Knife in the Dark", p. 166-7</ref> he is called "'''Shadow of the East'''",<ref>{{UT|Hunt}}</ref> and "'''the Second Chief'''" or "'''the Black Easterling'''".<ref name="Note1">{{UT|Hunt}}, note 1</ref>
==History==
[[File:Stephen Hickman - Gaffer Gamgee and the Black Rider.jpg|thumb|left|''Gaffer Gamgee and the Black Rider'' by [[Stephen Hickman]]]]
He was a king of [[Easterlings]] during the [[Second Age]], and he was one of the nine Men to whom Sauron gave [[Nine Rings|one of the Rings of Power]]. Like the others, he became a powerful sorcerer and ruler until he eventually faded into a [[Wraiths|Wraith]] and his will was surrendered to Sauron.<ref>{{S|Rings}}</ref> By {{SA|2251}} he was already one of Sauron's servants.<ref name="SA">{{App|SA}}</ref>

It was said that, after the Witch-king, Khamûl was the most ready to perceive the presence of [[the One Ring]], but is power was most confused and diminished by daylight.

In {{TA|2951}} Sauron returned to [[Mordor]] and declared openly to his enemies. Khamûl and two other Ringwraiths were sent to the fortress of [[Dol Guldur]], with the former taking command.<ref>{{App|TA}}</ref>

During the [[War of the Ring]] he was one of the Ringwraiths who entered [[the Shire]], and asked [[Gaffer Gamgee|Hamfast Gamgee]] for "Baggins". However it was the day after [[Frodo Baggins]] had left [[Hobbiton]], and he then pursued the [[Hobbits]] to [[Bucklebury Ferry]] in the Shire some days later.<ref name="Note1"/>
He was also one of the six<ref>{{HM|RC}}, "Flight to the Ford", pp. 187-189</ref> or nine<ref>{{HM|RC}}, "The Council of Elrond", pp. 251-3</ref> Ringwraiths, led by the Witch King, that followed Gandalf on [[Shadowfax]] and attacked him at night on [[Weathertop]]; they were repulsed after a violent fight on 4 October, and [[Frodo]] and [[Aragorn]] saw the lights of that battle from their camp.<ref name=RC>{{HM|RC}}, "A Knife in the Dark", p. 167-9</ref> The Witch King and Khamûl remained watching Weathertop (waiting for the Ring Bearer to come) for two days thereafter, along with three other Wraiths.<ref name=RC>{{HM|RC}}, "A Knife in the Dark", p. 169</ref>

Following the destruction of the One Ring, Khamûl perished with the rest of the Ringwraiths.<ref>{{RK|VI3}}</ref>

== Portrayal in adaptations ==
'''2002: ''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring (video game)]]'':'''
:During the nighttime section of the Shire level, Frodo overhears the conversation between Khamûl and [[Gaffer Gamgee]] just as he is about to deliver the [[Bag End]] key to Number 3, Bagshot Row. The conversation plays out as it does in the novel except that Khamûl's lines are audible. Instead of simply walking back down the path after the conversation ends, Khamûl (who is mounted on his horse) intimidates the Gaffer by rearing his steed while letting out a ghastly wail, before galloping back down the road. No voice actor is specified for the role.

'''2007: ''[[The Lord of the Rings Online]]'':'''
:The Nazgûl in charge of Dol Guldur is known simply as "The Lieutenant of Dol Guldur", formerly "The Cursed Rider". He is said to have been an Easterling chieftain who wielded the Ring "Orôm, the Warmonger".

{{references|note}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Khamul}}
[[Category:Easterlings]]
[[Category:Nazgûl]]
[[Category:Second Age characters]]
[[Category:Servants of Sauron]]
[[Category:Third Age characters]]
[[de:Khamûl]]
[[fr:encyclo/personnages/hommes/3a/nazgul/khamul]]
[[fi:Khamûl]]

The Hunt for the Ring

2021-05-28T11:52:34Z

WizardKing: Minor notes sourced

{{ut-chapters}}
"'''The Hunt for the Ring'''" is a chapter in ''[[Unfinished Tales]]'', a posthumously published work of [[J.R.R. Tolkien]] edited by [[Christopher Tolkien]]. The chapter is a partly published version of a manuscript now held at the [[Marquette University]] (MSS 4/2/31-37);<ref>[http://www.marquette.edu/library/archives/Mss/JRRT/JRRT-seriesa4.shtml ''The Lord of the Rings'': Additional Manuscripts Presented by Christopher Tolkien, Fourth Installment (MSS-4)], accessed 21 October 2010</ref> other parts of this manuscript and a time scheme have been included in ''[[The Lord of the Rings: A Reader's Companion]]'' (see pp. 145, 251-2 for details).<ref>[[Wayne G. Hammond]] and [[Christina Scull]] (HarperCollins''Publishers'' 2008), ''[[The Lord of the Rings: A Reader's Companion]]'', p. 251</ref>

==Synopsis==
''The Hunt for the Ring'' follows the journey of the [[Black Riders]] from the release of [[Gollum]] from [[Mordor]] until [[Frodo Baggins|Frodo Baggins's]] leaving [[the Shire]] on [[22 September]] {{TA|3018}}.

===Of the Journey of the Black Riders according to the account that Gandalf gave to Frodo===
Though [[Sauron]] did not trust Gollum, he deduced that Gollum would, after being released, search for those who stole the [[The One Ring|Ring]] from him, and sent spies to follow Gollum. However, before he could get far, Gollum was captured by [[Aragorn]] and sent to the [[Woodland Realm]], and Sauron's spies could not rescue him.

Sauron, being now unable to catch Gollum, took another route: to search for the "halflings" who he had found had the Ring. Gollum had not been much help in this, as he both had little clear knowledge and lied about what he knew, and so lied, saying that the land of the Halflings was near his own former home near the [[Gladden Fields]].

Sauron's spies searched, but partly due to the vigilance of the [[Dúnedain]] and partly due to the treachery of [[Saruman]], they found nothing. At last, Sauron chose to send out his mightiest and most loyal servants—the Ringwraiths. In June [[Third Age 3018|3018]], Sauron sent forth two assaults: one by Orcs on the Woodland Realm, in the hopes of freeing Gollum, and one led by the [[Witch-King]] on [[Gondor]], to test the strength of [[Denethor]]. In the latter, after the taking of [[Osgiliath]], the Nazgȗl were told to begin the search for the Ring. At this time, seven Ringwraiths, led by the Witch-King, were stationed in [[Minas Morgul]], while two, including [[Khamûl]] the Easterling (a note in the text identifies Khamûl with the Ringwraith who terrified [[Gaffer Gamgee]] at Hobbiton), were stationed in [[Dol Guldur]].

Around the beginning of July 3018, the Witch-King and his six companions moved unseen over [[Anduin]], through [[Anórien]], over the [[Entwade]], and into [[the Wold]]. A little north of [[Sarn Gebir]], they were clad and horsed, around [[17 July]]. Around [[22 July]], they met the two Ringwraiths stationed at Dol Guldur at the [[Field of Celebrant]]. From them they found that Gollum had escaped entirely, and vanished. In addition, they said that no Halflings lived anywhere near where Gollum said they had. So, passing between [[Lothlórien]] and the [[Misty Mountains]], they rode northward.

The Ringwraiths, finding nothing, returned south. In September, they once again reached the Wold. There, messengers from Sauron regarding the prophetic dream that had come to [[Boromir]], the deeds of Saruman, and of [[Gandalf|Gandalf's]] capture. Deducing that while none of [[the Wise]] had the Ring, Saruman might know where it was, and the Ringwraiths rode straight to [[Isengard]].

Two days after Gandalf's escape from [[Orthanc]] ([[20 September]]), the Ringwraiths arrived at Isengard. Saruman, knowing that his treachery was discovered, did not come forth, but the Ringwraiths did hear his voice. He said that only Gandalf might know where the Ring was, and to seek him nearby. The next day, however, they encountered [[Gríma Wormtongue]], riding to Isengard to tell Saruman about Gandalf's arrival at [[Edoras]]. They questioned him, and, being struck by terror, he told them the location of the Shire. Through this he also discovered that Saruman did indeed know the location of the Shire, and his treachery was fully revealed.

The Ringwraiths were divided into four pairs, the swiftest of which rode with the Witch-King, through [[Enedwaith]] and [[Minhiriath]]. On the road, they captured some of Saruman's spies, one of whom had maps of the Shire. They were sent to [[Bree]], now in the service of Mordor.

On the night of 22 September the Ringwraiths arrived at [[Sarn Ford]]. The Rangers barred their way, and they were overpowered, and the Black Riders passed into the Shire on the morning of 23 September.

===Other Versions of the Story===
Christopher Tolkien mentions that there are four manuscripts for this story, all from the same period but all slighty different. The previously printed one he calls A. A second version (B) is largely the same, but there is a plot outline (C) which begins at a later point in the story and introduces some difference. He says that this is probably the last written of the three. He also says that there are various pages of notes, largely concerned with Gollum, which he calls D.

In D, Gollum tells Sauron only that "[the Ring] was stolen by a creature named ''Baggins'' in the Misty Mountains, and that ''Baggins'' came from a land called ''Shire''". Sauron deduces that Baggins must also have been a similar sort of creature to Gollum. Gollum would not know the term "Hobbit", as it was colloquial and not used everywhere. He also would not use "Halfling", a word which Hobbits generally disliked. So the Ringwraiths only had the two pieces of information to go on: ''Shire'' and ''Baggins''. Sauron, however, assumed that the Shire would be near the Misty Mountains and the [[Vales of Anduin]], where Gollum had lived.

Manuscript B elaborates on the journey of Aragorn with Gollum to the Woodland Realm, and also to Sauron's doubts about using the Ringwraiths. After Gollum's release, he disappeared into the Dead Marshes. Since Sauron had very little power in [[Eriador]], he could not send many spies without them being hindered by Saruman's servants. So, he decided to send the Ringwraiths. Though this had advantages, such as the Ringwraiths' enslavement each to their [[Nine Rings|Ring]], they also had weaknesses. All but the Witch-King could stray by daylight and all except the Witch-King also feared water and were reluctant to cross rivers without a bridge. Also, since their primary weapon was terror, even when unclad their presence could be felt, and Anduin and other rivers were a large obstacle.

However, the situation changed when he learned about Gollum's capture. Aragorn captured him on [[1 February]] 3018, and arrived at the Woodland Realm fifty days later on [[21 March]]. The news would not have reached Dol Guldur until after Aragorn had entered Mirkwood, and the commander there would not have sent news to [[Barad-dûr]] until he had tried to find Gollum himself. As such, Sauron likely only found out about Gollum's capture by a Man in late April. Though neither Sauron nor his servants knew who Aragorn was, when Gandalf passed into the Woodland Realm Sauron learned that the Wise also knew about Gollum.

This concerned Sauron, who decided to use the Ringwraiths as quickly as possible. He attacked Thranduil and Gondor at the same time, during which Gollum escaped, and the Eastern half of Osgiliath was taken.
Here Christopher Tolkien interjects again, commenting that the Ringwraith's fear of water is nowhere else explained, and that J.R.R. Tolkien said that the idea was also "difficult to sustain". He also says that the journey of the Nazgûl up the Vale of Anduin is much the same as in version A, but that the dates in each version are all "slightly at variance both with each other and with [...] [[the Tale of Years]]".

Then Christopher Tolkien gives an excerpt from Manuscript D about Gollum after his escape from Mirkwood. Gollum escaped over the Anduin, eluding the Orcs, but he was still hunted by Elves. He woudn't go near Lórien, and so hid in [[Moria]] in the autumn of 3018. After this what happened to Gollum is uncertain. What he had for food he stole dangerously from Sauron's servants in Moria. Though he had likely originally intended that Moria simply be a way through the mountains, he got lost and arrived at the [[Doors of Durin]] not long before the [[Fellowship of the Ring]] did. Even had he arrived earlier, he was weak for lack of food and could not have thrust the doors open, so his arrival there was very lucky.

Christopher Tolkien then outlines Manuscript C, which differs significantly and starts after the Ringwraith's failed journey northward. Arriving at Isengard, in this version they arrive while Gandalf is still there, and in terror Saruman was willing to yied Gandalf to them. However, when he walked to the top of Orthanc to retrieve him, Gandalf was already flying away with [[Gwaihir]]. As such, he lied, giving him knowledge which he already knew about the Shire's location, and telling them that he would tell Sauron that they obeyed. This convinced the Ringwraiths that Saruman was still a faithful ally, and the Riders immediately rode in the direction he said. He also sent Orcs and wolves to pursue Gandalf, unsuccessfully. As such, in this version of the story, there is no meeting between Wormtongue and the Black Riders, as the Riders had already left Rohan by the time Gríma was riding back to Isengard. Saruman's lying is revealed not by Wormtongue, but by the spy whom they captured, of whom more is told.

Saruman, being interested in why Gandalf had taken interest in the Shire, had a network of spies, some hobbits but most [[Dunlendings]]. One of these Men had been in the Shire, negotiating the price of [[pipe-weed]] (which Saruman had begun to smoke) to store in Isengard against war. He had also been tasked with figuring out if there were any notable departures. This was the man the Black Riders captured on his way back to Isengard. Interrogating him, they discovered where ''Baggins'' lived, which is why Hobbiton was chosen as an initial starting-point. Sending him to Bree, this man is identified with the "squint-eyed southerner" at the [Prancing Pony].

In Version B it is said that the Witch-King did not know whether the Ring was in the Shire. Only a few Riders were therefore sent, and of these Khamûl was to go to Hobbiton. Some were also sent to the eastern borders, and due to this evil things were roused, including the [[Barrow-wights]] and the trees of the [[Old Forest]].

===Concerning Gandalf, Saruman and the Shire===
Christopher Tolkien says that there are papers from this period which talks about Saruman's dealings with the Shire and with pipe-weed, and the text he presents is the briefest.

Saruman, in jealousy of Gandalf, began to visit the Shire, since he noticed Gandalf thought it worth visiting. Thus, when he learned about the finding of the Ring by Bilbo, he assumed that Gandalf knew about this all along, which angered him, as he was especially concerned with the Rings.

Gandalf had also often praised pipe-weed, and though Saruman scoffed at this he soon began to use it privately himself. He was secret about it, as he was concerned that if it were found out then he would be ridiculed. He also stopped going to the Shire personally, as he had sometimes been mistaken for Gandalf, and had worried that Gandalf discovered his visits. Gandalf had, in fact, discovered them, but he was still concerned that his knowledge of the Shire could be dangerous.

It several manuscripts there is a story, describing Saruman's ridiculing of Gandalf, and of Gandalf's response. In it, after Saruman's cold response, he blows several smoke rings, which he grabs and then he vanished. This may have been a demonstration to show that the Rings would elude him. Though he did not know that Hobbits and the Rings would be connected, if he had he would not have done what he did. Because of this, however, when the two did become connected, Saruman assumed that Gandalf had known all along and hid the knowledge from the [[White Council]].

The final comment by Christopher Tolkien says that in the Tale of Years the entry for {{TA|2851}} says that Gandalf urged an attack on Dol Guldur which Saruman vetoed, and that "it afterwards became clear that Saruman had begun to desire to possess the One Ring for himself". The story suggests that Gandalf already new this at that meeting, though afterwards J.R.R. Tolkien said that Gandalf's story at the Council of Elrond implied he did not suspect Saruman of this desire until his imprisonment in Orthanc.

==Other parts of the manuscript==
''[[The Lord of the Rings: A Reader's Companion]]'' includes numerous parts of the missing manuscripts, as well as several drafts and a chronology titled ''The Hunt for the Ring: Time Scheme - Black Riders''. Part of these writings covers the events of ''Manuscript A'' (in particular the travels of the Black Riders, the parley between the [[Witch King]] and [[Saruman]], the Witch-King raising the [[Barrow-wights]] in [[Cardolan]], the battle of [[Osgiliath]] and the travels of [[Khamûl]]);<ref>{{HM|RC}}, p. 145</ref> however, most writings focus on the subsequent events: [[Gandalf]] escaping from Isengard, his taming of [[Shadowfax]]<ref>{{HM|RC}}, "The Council of Elrond", pp. 251-253</ref> and his combat against the Ringwraiths on [[Weathertop]] on the night of 3 October, whose fiery lights were seen by [[Aragorn]] and [[Frodo]].<ref name=RC>{{HM|RC}}, "A Knife in the Dark", pp. 166-168</ref> These writings also analyse the thoughts and the plans of the Witch King regarding the One Ring and Gandalf; there is even a reference to the Witch-King being afraid of Frodo, as he invoked [[Elbereth]] (a "name of terror for the Nazgûl") and he may have slain the Barrow-wight.<ref>{{HM|RC}}, "Flight to the Ford", pp. 187-189</ref> In addition to the main writings, several (usually brief) drafts regarding the Ringwraiths expand or discuss elements of the plot, such as the identity of Khamûl the [[Easterling]] or the fact that the Nazgûl couldn’t cross the “elvish waters” of the [[Brandywine]].<ref>{{HM|RC}}, "Many Meetings", pp. 204-5</ref>

{{references}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Hunt for the Ring, The}}
[[Category:Manuscripts by J.R.R. Tolkien]]
[[Category:Unfinished Tales chapters]]

The Hunt for the Ring

2021-05-28T08:39:56Z

WizardKing: Sources

{{ut-chapters}}
"'''The Hunt for the Ring'''" is a chapter in ''[[Unfinished Tales]]'', a posthumously published work of [[J.R.R. Tolkien]] edited by [[Christopher Tolkien]]. The chapter is a partly published version of a manuscript now held at the [[Marquette University]] (MSS 4/2/31-37);<ref>[http://www.marquette.edu/library/archives/Mss/JRRT/JRRT-seriesa4.shtml ''The Lord of the Rings'': Additional Manuscripts Presented by Christopher Tolkien, Fourth Installment (MSS-4)], accessed 21 October 2010</ref> other parts of this manuscript and a time scheme have been included in ''[[The Lord of the Rings: A Reader's Companion]]'' (see pp. 145, 251-2 for details).<ref>[[Wayne G. Hammond]] and [[Christina Scull]] (HarperCollins''Publishers'' 2008), ''[[The Lord of the Rings: A Reader's Companion]]'', p. 251</ref>

==Synopsis==
''The Hunt for the Ring'' follows the journey of the [[Black Riders]] from the release of [[Gollum]] from [[Mordor]] until [[Frodo Baggins|Frodo Baggins's]] leaving [[the Shire]] on [[22 September]] {{TA|3018}}.

===Of the Journey of the Black Riders according to the account that Gandalf gave to Frodo===
Though [[Sauron]] did not trust Gollum, he deduced that Gollum would, after being released, search for those who stole the [[The One Ring|Ring]] from him, and sent spies to follow Gollum. However, before he could get far, Gollum was captured by [[Aragorn]] and sent to the [[Woodland Realm]], and Sauron's spies could not rescue him.

Sauron, being now unable to catch Gollum, took another route: to search for the "halflings" who he had found had the Ring. Gollum had not been much help in this, as he both had little clear knowledge and lied about what he knew, and so lied, saying that the land of the Halflings was near his own former home near the [[Gladden Fields]].

Sauron's spies searched, but partly due to the vigilance of the [[Dúnedain]] and partly due to the treachery of [[Saruman]], they found nothing. At last, Sauron chose to send out his mightiest and most loyal servants—the Ringwraiths. In June [[Third Age 3018|3018]], Sauron sent forth two assaults: one by Orcs on the Woodland Realm, in the hopes of freeing Gollum, and one led by the [[Witch-King]] on [[Gondor]], to test the strength of [[Denethor]]. In the latter, after the taking of [[Osgiliath]], the Nazgȗl were told to begin the search for the Ring. At this time, seven Ringwraiths, led by the Witch-King, were stationed in [[Minas Morgul]], while two, including [[Khamûl]] the Easterling (a note in the text identifies Khamûl with the Ringwraith who terrified [[Gaffer Gamgee]] at Hobbiton), were stationed in [[Dol Guldur]].

Around the beginning of July 3018, the Witch-King and his six companions moved unseen over [[Anduin]], through [[Anórien]], over the [[Entwade]], and into [[the Wold]]. A little north of [[Sarn Gebir]], they were clad and horsed, around [[17 July]]. Around [[22 July]], they met the two Ringwraiths stationed at Dol Guldur at the [[Field of Celebrant]]. From them they found that Gollum had escaped entirely, and vanished. In addition, they said that no Halflings lived anywhere near where Gollum said they had. So, passing between [[Lothlórien]] and the [[Misty Mountains]], they rode northward.

The Ringwraiths, finding nothing, returned south. In September, they once again reached the Wold. There, messengers from Sauron regarding the prophetic dream that had come to [[Boromir]], the deeds of Saruman, and of [[Gandalf|Gandalf's]] capture. Deducing that while none of [[the Wise]] had the Ring, Saruman might know where it was, and the Ringwraiths rode straight to [[Isengard]].

Two days after Gandalf's escape from [[Orthanc]] ([[20 September]]), the Ringwraiths arrived at Isengard. Saruman, knowing that his treachery was discovered, did not come forth, but the Ringwraiths did hear his voice. He said that only Gandalf might know where the Ring was, and to seek him nearby. The next day, however, they encountered [[Gríma Wormtongue]], riding to Isengard to tell Saruman about Gandalf's arrival at [[Edoras]]. They questioned him, and, being struck by terror, he told them the location of the Shire. Through this he also discovered that Saruman did indeed know the location of the Shire, and his treachery was fully revealed.

The Ringwraiths were divided into four pairs, the swiftest of which rode with the Witch-King, through [[Enedwaith]] and [[Minhiriath]]. On the road, they captured some of Saruman's spies, one of whom had maps of the Shire. They were sent to [[Bree]], now in the service of Mordor.

On the night of 22 September the Ringwraiths arrived at [[Sarn Ford]]. The Rangers barred their way, and they were overpowered, and the Black Riders passed into the Shire on the morning of 23 September.

===Other Versions of the Story===
Christopher Tolkien mentions that there are four manuscripts for this story, all from the same period but all slighty different. The previously printed one he calls A. A second version (B) is largely the same, but there is a plot outline (C) which begins at a later point in the story and introduces some difference. He says that this is probably the last written of the three. He also says that there are various pages of notes, largely concerned with Gollum, which he calls D.

In D, Gollum tells Sauron only that "[the Ring] was stolen by a creature named ''Baggins'' in the Misty Mountains, and that ''Baggins'' came from a land called ''Shire''". Sauron deduces that Baggins must also have been a similar sort of creature to Gollum. Gollum would not know the term "Hobbit", as it was colloquial and not used everywhere. He also would not use "Halfling", a word which Hobbits generally disliked. So the Ringwraiths only had the two pieces of information to go on: ''Shire'' and ''Baggins''. Sauron, however, assumed that the Shire would be near the Misty Mountains and the [[Vales of Anduin]], where Gollum had lived.

Manuscript B elaborates on the journey of Aragorn with Gollum to the Woodland Realm, and also to Sauron's doubts about using the Ringwraiths. After Gollum's release, he disappeared into the Dead Marshes. Since Sauron had very little power in [[Eriador]], he could not send many spies without them being hindered by Saruman's servants. So, he decided to send the Ringwraiths. Though this had advantages, such as the Ringwraiths' enslavement each to their [[Nine Rings|Ring]], they also had weaknesses. All but the Witch-King could stray by daylight and all except the Witch-King also feared water and were reluctant to cross rivers without a bridge. Also, since their primary weapon was terror, even when unclad their presence could be felt, and Anduin and other rivers were a large obstacle.

However, the situation changed when he learned about Gollum's capture. Aragorn captured him on [[1 February]] 3018, and arrived at the Woodland Realm fifty days later on [[21 March]]. The news would not have reached Dol Guldur until after Aragorn had entered Mirkwood, and the commander there would not have sent news to [[Barad-dûr]] until he had tried to find Gollum himself. As such, Sauron likely only found out about Gollum's capture by a Man in late April. Though neither Sauron nor his servants knew who Aragorn was, when Gandalf passed into the Woodland Realm Sauron learned that the Wise also knew about Gollum.

This concerned Sauron, who decided to use the Ringwraiths as quickly as possible. He attacked Thranduil and Gondor at the same time, during which Gollum escaped, and the Eastern half of Osgiliath was taken.
Here Christopher Tolkien interjects again, commenting that the Ringwraith's fear of water is nowhere else explained, and that J.R.R. Tolkien said that the idea was also "difficult to sustain". He also says that the journey of the Nazgûl up the Vale of Anduin is much the same as in version A, but that the dates in each version are all "slightly at variance both with each other and with [...] [[the Tale of Years]]".

Then Christopher Tolkien gives an excerpt from Manuscript D about Gollum after his escape from Mirkwood. Gollum escaped over the Anduin, eluding the Orcs, but he was still hunted by Elves. He woudn't go near Lórien, and so hid in [[Moria]] in the autumn of 3018. After this what happened to Gollum is uncertain. What he had for food he stole dangerously from Sauron's servants in Moria. Though he had likely originally intended that Moria simply be a way through the mountains, he got lost and arrived at the [[Doors of Durin]] not long before the [[Fellowship of the Ring]] did. Even had he arrived earlier, he was weak for lack of food and could not have thrust the doors open, so his arrival there was very lucky.

Christopher Tolkien then outlines Manuscript C, which differs significantly and starts after the Ringwraith's failed journey northward. Arriving at Isengard, in this version they arrive while Gandalf is still there, and in terror Saruman was willing to yied Gandalf to them. However, when he walked to the top of Orthanc to retrieve him, Gandalf was already flying away with [[Gwaihir]]. As such, he lied, giving him knowledge which he already knew about the Shire's location, and telling them that he would tell Sauron that they obeyed. This convinced the Ringwraiths that Saruman was still a faithful ally, and the Riders immediately rode in the direction he said. He also sent Orcs and wolves to pursue Gandalf, unsuccessfully. As such, in this version of the story, there is no meeting between Wormtongue and the Black Riders, as the Riders had already left Rohan by the time Gríma was riding back to Isengard. Saruman's lying is revealed not by Wormtongue, but by the spy whom they captured, of whom more is told.

Saruman, being interested in why Gandalf had taken interest in the Shire, had a network of spies, some hobbits but most [[Dunlendings]]. One of these Men had been in the Shire, negotiating the price of [[pipe-weed]] (which Saruman had begun to smoke) to store in Isengard against war. He had also been tasked with figuring out if there were any notable departures. This was the man the Black Riders captured on his way back to Isengard. Interrogating him, they discovered where ''Baggins'' lived, which is why Hobbiton was chosen as an initial starting-point. Sending him to Bree, this man is identified with the "squint-eyed southerner" at the [Prancing Pony].

In Version B it is said that the Witch-King did not know whether the Ring was in the Shire. Only a few Riders were therefore sent, and of these Khamûl was to go to Hobbiton. Some were also sent to the eastern borders, and due to this evil things were roused, including the [[Barrow-wights]] and the trees of the [[Old Forest]].

===Concerning Gandalf, Saruman and the Shire===
Christopher Tolkien says that there are papers from this period which talks about Saruman's dealings with the Shire and with pipe-weed, and the text he presents is the briefest.

Saruman, in jealousy of Gandalf, began to visit the Shire, since he noticed Gandalf thought it worth visiting. Thus, when he learned about the finding of the Ring by Bilbo, he assumed that Gandalf knew about this all along, which angered him, as he was especially concerned with the Rings.

Gandalf had also often praised pipe-weed, and though Saruman scoffed at this he soon began to use it privately himself. He was secret about it, as he was concerned that if it were found out then he would be ridiculed. He also stopped going to the Shire personally, as he had sometimes been mistaken for Gandalf, and had worried that Gandalf discovered his visits. Gandalf had, in fact, discovered them, but he was still concerned that his knowledge of the Shire could be dangerous.

It several manuscripts there is a story, describing Saruman's ridiculing of Gandalf, and of Gandalf's response. In it, after Saruman's cold response, he blows several smoke rings, which he grabs and then he vanished. This may have been a demonstration to show that the Rings would elude him. Though he did not know that Hobbits and the Rings would be connected, if he had he would not have done what he did. Because of this, however, when the two did become connected, Saruman assumed that Gandalf had known all along and hid the knowledge from the [[White Council]].

The final comment by Christopher Tolkien says that in the Tale of Years the entry for {{TA|2851}} says that Gandalf urged an attack on Dol Guldur which Saruman vetoed, and that "it afterwards became clear that Saruman had begun to desire to possess the One Ring for himself". The story suggests that Gandalf already new this at that meeting, though afterwards J.R.R. Tolkien said that Gandalf's story at the Council of Elrond implied he did not suspect Saruman of this desire until his imprisonment in Orthanc.

==Other parts of the manuscript==
''[[The Lord of the Rings: A Reader's Companion]]'' includes numerous parts of the missing manuscripts, as well as several drafts and a chronology titled ''The Hunt for the Ring: Time Scheme - Black Riders''. Part of these writings covers the events of ''Manuscript A''<ref name=RC>{{HM|RC}}, p. 145</ref> (in particular the travels of the Black Riders, the parley between the [[Witch King]] and [[Saruman]], the Witch-King raising the [[Barrow-wights]] in [[Cardolan]] and the travels of [[Khamûl]]); however, most writings focus on the subsequent events: [[Gandalf]] escaping from Isengard, his taming of [[Shadowfax]]<ref name=RC>{{HM|RC}}, "The Council of Elrond", p. 251-3</ref> and his combat against the Ringwraiths on [[Weathertop]] on the night of 3 October, whose fiery lights were seen by [[Aragorn]] and [[Frodo]].<ref name=RC>{{HM|RC}}, "A Knife in the Dark", p. 166-8</ref> These writings also analyse the thoughts and the plans of the Witch King regarding the One Ring and Gandalf; there is even a reference to the Witch-King being afraid of Frodo, as he invoked [[Elbereth]] (a “name of terror for the Nazgûl”) and he may have slain the Barrow-wight.<ref name=RC>{{HM|RC}}, "Flight to the Ford", p. 187-9</ref>

{{references}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Hunt for the Ring, The}}
[[Category:Manuscripts by J.R.R. Tolkien]]
[[Category:Unfinished Tales chapters]]

Shadowfax

2021-05-28T08:13:55Z

WizardKing:

{{stub}}
{{other infobox
| image=[[File:John Howe - Shadowfax 01.jpg|250px]]
| caption="Shadowfax" by [[John Howe]]
| name=Shadowfax
| pronun=
| othernames=
| titles=
| position=
| location=[[Rohan]]; [[Gondor]]
| affiliation=[[Gandalf]]
| language=
| birth=
| birthlocation=
| rule=
| death=
| deathlocation=
| age=
| notablefor=
| parentage=
| siblings=
| spouse=
| children=
| race=[[Horses|Horse]] ([[Mearas]])
| gender=Male
| height=
| hair=''white
| eyes=
| clothing=
| weapons=
| steed=
}}
'''Shadowfax''' was a mighty [[Horses|horse]] of [[Rohan]], the chief of the [[Mearas]], noted for its speed, "like an arrow".<ref name=siege>{{RK|Siege}}</ref>

==History==
In [[September]] {{TA|3018}} Gandalf was in [[Rohan]] and [[Théoden]] reluctantly gave him any horse of his choosing. At first the horse did not allow him to come near, and Gandalf had to follow him far over the fields for two days before he tamed it,<ref>{{App|B3}}</ref> chasing it for over twenty miles.<ref name=RC>{{HM|RC}}, "The Council of Elrond", p. 251</ref> Shadowfax was said to be much faster than the horses of the [[Nazgûl]], and carried Gandalf for about 620 miles from 23 to 28 September.<ref name=RC>{{HM|RC}}, "The Council of Elrond", p. 252-3</ref> When they reached [[Weathertop]], Gandalf was followed and attacked by the Nazgûl on the night of 3 October; [[Frodo]] and [[Aragorn]] saw the lights of the battle from their camp.<ref name=RC>{{HM|RC}}, "A Knife in the Dark", p. 166-8</ref> Shadowfax then carried Gandalf far into the north to distract the Ringwraiths from chasing the Ring-Bearer.<ref name=RC>{{HM|RC}}, "Flight tipo the Ford", p. 189</ref>

Shadowfax carried the Wizard throughout the [[War of the Ring]] without bridle or saddle. With it Gandalf rode to [[the Shire]] and then followed [[Frodo Baggins]]'s trail to [[Bree]], [[Weather Hills]] and [[Rivendell]]. In [[February]] of [[Third Age 3019|the next year]] Shadowfax returned to [[Edoras]].<ref>{{TT|Riders}}</ref>

Shadowfax came alone to Gandalf in the outskirts of the [[Fangorn Forest]] and he introduced the horse to the [[Three Hunters]]. [[Hasufel]] and [[Arod]] recognised it as their chieftain. Shadowfax carried Gandalf and [[Gimli]] to [[Edoras]].<ref>{{TT|White}}</ref> The horse was able to run from Edoras to [[Minas Tirith]] almost without stopping, and his ground speed rivaled the flying speed of the [[fell beasts]] of the [[Nazgûl]].<ref>{{RK|V1}}</ref> Shadowfax was at the [[Grey Havens]] with [[Gandalf]] when he sailed on the [[White Ship]].<ref>{{RK|Havens}}</ref> Shadowfax, as one of the line of [[Nahar]], presumably was with him when sailing for the West.<ref>{{L|268}}</ref>

Shadowfax also possessed extraordinary courage. He was the only free horse in the world capable of standing before the [[Witch-king|Lord of the Nazgûl]] during the [[Siege of Gondor]] instead of fleeing.<ref name=siege/><ref group=note>This reference excludes horses used by the forces of Sauron such as the horses ridden by the Nine Riders.</ref>

==Genealogy==
{{familytree/start}}
{{familytree | | | | | NAH | | | | |NAH=[[Nahar]] }}
{{familytree | | | | | |:| | | | | |}}
{{familytree | | | | | |:| | | | | |}}
{{familytree | | | | | FEL | | | | |FEL=[[Felaróf]] }}
{{familytree | | | | | |:| | | | | |}}
{{familytree | | | | | |:| | | | | |}}
{{familytree | | | | | SHA | | | | |SHA='''SHADOWFAX''' }}
{{familytree/end}}

==Etymology==
It is an anglicized form of [[Old English]] ''Sceadu-fæx'' 'having shadow-grey mane (and coat)'. It does not actually occur in Old English. ''Fax'' is an obsolete English word.<ref name="Nomen">{{HM|N}}, pp. 762-3</ref>

==Portrayal in adaptations==
{{Gallery
|title=Shadowfax in adaptations
|width=200
|height=150
|lines=2
|File:The Lord of the Rings - The Two Towers - Shadowfax.png|Shadowfax in ''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Two Towers]]''
|File:The Lord of the Rings Online - Shadowfax.jpg|Shadowfax in ''[[The Lord of the Rings Online]]''
}}

'''2012: ''[[The Lord of the Rings Online]]'':'''
:Shadowfax accompanies [[Gandalf]] since his return as Gandalf the White.

==See also==
* [[:Category:Images of Shadowfax|Images of Shadowfax]]
{{references|notes}}
[[Category:Horses]]
[[de:Schattenfell]]
[[fr:encyclo:personnages:animaux:chevaux:gripoil]]
[[fi:Hallavaharja]]

Third Age 1409

2021-05-26T22:54:42Z

WizardKing:

{{ardayearheader|1356|1366|1391|1409|1432|1437|1447}}

* [[Angmar War]]: The [[Witch-king]] of [[Angmar]] invades [[Arnor]] with a great host. [[Fornost Erain|Fornost]] and [[Tyrn Gorthad]] are defended.<ref name="AppB2">{{App|B2}}</ref><ref name="AppA">{{App|Eriador}}</ref>
* The [[Tower of Amon Sûl|Tower]] of [[Weathertop|Amon Sûl]] destroyed, but its ''[[Palantíri|palantir]]'' was saved and moved to [[Fornost Erain|Fornost]].<ref name="AppB2">{{App|B2}}</ref><ref name="AppA">{{App|Eriador}}</ref>
* [[Rhudaur]] became a fief of [[Angmar]], occupied by evil [[Men]]; [[Cardolan]] was ravaged with some fleeing to the [[Old Forest]].<ref name="AppA">{{App|Eriador}}</ref>
* The [[Dúnedain]] were defeated and [[Kings of Arthedain|King]] [[Arveleg I]] of [[Arthedain]] slain.<ref name="AppB2">{{App|B2}}</ref><ref name="AppA">{{App|Eriador}}</ref>
* [[Arveleg I]]'s son, [[Araphor]], becomes the ninth [[Kings of Arthedain|King]] of [[Arthedain]].<ref name="AppNorh">{{App|North}}</ref>
* [[Fornost Erain|Fornost]] and the [[North Downs]] are defended by Araphor with help from [[Círdan]].<ref name="AppA"/>
*The [[Elves of Lindon]] and [[Elrond]], assisted by the [[Galadhrim]] who came from beyond the [[Misty Mountains]], subdue [[Angmar]] for some time.<ref name="AppA"/>
*The [[last prince of Cardolan]] is killed and buried in a [[barrows|barrow]] of Tyrn Gorthad.<ref name="AppA"/><ref>{{HM|RC}}, "Fog on the Barrow-downs", pp. 144-5; Index, 'Cardolan, [[Last prince of Cardolan|last prince of]]' </ref>
{{references}}
[[Category:Third Age years|1, Third Age 1409]]

Last prince of Cardolan

2021-05-26T22:51:45Z

WizardKing:

Last prince of Cardolan

2021-05-26T22:50:06Z

WizardKing:

Last prince of Cardolan

2021-05-26T14:02:43Z

WizardKing:

Last prince of Cardolan

2021-05-26T13:58:59Z

WizardKing:

Last prince of Cardolan

2021-05-26T13:57:59Z

WizardKing:

Last prince of Cardolan

2021-05-26T13:53:42Z

WizardKing: