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Galadriel

2023-01-10T02:47:37Z

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{{disambig-more|Galadriel|[[Galadriel (disambiguation)]]}}
{{noldor infobox
| name=Galadriel
| image=[[File:Matt Stewart - Galadriel.jpg|250px]]
| caption="Galadriel" by [[:Category:Images by Matt Stewart|Matt Stewart]]
| pronun=[[Sindarin|S]], {{IPA|[ɡaˈladri.el]}}
| othernames=''Artanis'' ([[Quenya|Q]], [[Father-name|fn]]) ''Nerwen'' ([[Quenya|Q]], [[Amilessë|mn]]) ''Alatáriel'' ([[Telerin|T]], [[epessë|an]])
| titles=[[Lady of Lórien]], Lady of the Wood, Lady of the [[Galadhrim]], Mistress of Magic<ref>Called thus by [[Faramir (son of Denethor II)|Faramir]] ({{TT|Window}}).</ref>
| position=
| location=[[Eldamar]], [[Doriath]], [[Nargothrond]], [[Harlindon]], [[Eregion]], [[Imladris]], [[Belfalas]], [[Lothlórien]]
| affiliation=[[White Council]]
| language=[[Quenya]], [[Sindarin]], [[Westron]], and [[Silvan Elvish]] Probably [[Telerin]] and [[Vanyarin]]<ref group=note>It is never explicitly told she knew these two languages, but it is sure to assume that, given her [[Vanyar|Vanyarin]] and [[Teleri|Telerin]] ancestry.</ref>
| birth={{YT|1362}}
| birthlocation=[[Eldamar]]
| rule={{TA|1981}} - {{TA|3021}}
| sailedwest=[[29 September]], {{TA|3021}}
| sailedfrom=[[Grey Havens]]
| age=8374 years<ref group="note">Years of the Sun. Each Year of the Tree is equal to 9.582 Years of the Sun, and the Years of the Trees ended in the year 1500.</ref>
| notablefor=
| house=[[House of Finarfin]]
| parentage=[[Finarfin]] and [[Eärwen]]
| siblings=[[Finrod]], [[Angrod]] and [[Aegnor]]
| spouse=[[Celeborn]]
| children=[[Celebrían]]
| gender=Female
| height=6 feet, 4 inches (193 cm)<ref>{{UT|Measures}}</ref>
| hair=Radiant gold touched with silver ''(see [[Hair of Galadriel]])''
| eyes=
| clothing=White robes
| weapons=
| steed=
}}
{{quote|Very tall [Galadriel and Celeborn] were, and the Lady no less tall than the Lord; and they were grave and beautiful. They were clad wholly in white; and the hair of the Lady was of deep gold… but no sign of age was upon them, unless it were in the depths of their eyes; for these were keen as lances in the starlight, and yet profound, the wells of deep memory.|''[[The Fellowship of the Ring]]'', "[[The Mirror of Galadriel]]"}}
'''Galadriel''' was a [[Noldor|Noldorin]] Lady who witnessed [[Middle-earth]] during the Three [[Ages]].

Galadriel was born in [[Aman]] as one of the [[Noldor]]. She was the daughter of [[Finarfin]], and younger sister to [[Finrod|Finrod Felagund]] (later [[King of Nargothrond]]), [[Angrod]], and [[Aegnor]]. She took part in the [[Exile of the Noldor]], following [[Fëanor]] in his rebellion. However, she opposed the [[Kinslaying at Alqualondë]] and crossed the [[Helcaraxë]] with the rest of [[Fingolfin]]'s followers. After arriving in [[Beleriand]], she lived mainly in [[Doriath]], where she befriended [[Melian]]. Later, with her husband [[Celeborn]], she ruled over the [[Silvan Elves|woodland Elves]] of [[Lothlórien]], and together they had a daughter, [[Celebrían]], who married [[Elrond]].

She is described as "the mightiest and fairest of all the Elves that remained in [[Middle-earth]]",<ref name=Rings>{{S|Rings}}</ref> and the "greatest of Elven women".<ref>{{App|B1}}, p. 1082</ref> Throughout the Third Age it was unknown who wielded the [[Three Rings]],<ref name=Third>{{App|TA}}, pp. 1085-8</ref> but during the [[War of the Ring]], Galadriel revealed to [[Frodo Baggins]] that she was the bearer of [[Nenya]].<ref name=Mirror>{{FR|Mirror}}</ref>{{rp|365}} After the War, she returned to the [[Uttermost West]].

==History==
===Elder Days===
====Life in Aman====
:See also: ''[[#Other versions of the legendarium|Other versions of the legendarium]]''.
Galadriel was born in [[Eldamar]] in the [[Year of the Trees 1362]].<ref>{{MR|P2l}}, p. 106</ref> She was the fourth child of [[Finarfin]], prince of the [[Noldor]], who named her '''''Artanis'''''.<ref name=Finwe>{{PM|Finwe}}, pp. 346-7</ref> Her mother was [[Eärwen]], princess of the [[Falathrim|Teleri]], who named her '''''Nerwen''''' ("Man-maiden"). Galadriel grew beautiful and tall, even for the women of the Noldor, being strong of body, will, and mind, "a match for both the [[loremasters]] and the athletes of the [[Eldar]] in the days of their youth."<ref name=Case>{{PM|Case}}, pp. 337-8</ref>
[[File:Marya Filatova - Galadriel.jpg|left|thumb|''Galadriel'' by [[Marya Filatova]]]]
Indeed, "she was then of Amazon disposition and bound up her hair as a crown when taking part in athletic feats". This custom was the origin of her [[Sindarin]] [[Epessë|name]] '''''Galadriel''''' ("Maiden crowned with gleaming hair"),<ref name=Amazon>{{L|348}}, p. 428</ref> which was given to (and accepted by) her much later, in [[Beleriand]].<ref>{{NM|P3xvi}}, p. 352, note 8</ref> The gleaming of her hair was not a mere poetic reference: [[Hair of Galadriel|her hair]] was held a marvel unmatched. It mingled and surpassed the gold hair of her father and the starlike silver of her mother, so the Eldar said that both [[light]]s of the [[Two Trees]] were captured in her tresses. It was also said that this first gave the idea to her uncle [[Fëanor]] of capturing the merged light of the Trees, which would result in the making of the [[Silmarils]]. He asked her three times for one of her tresses, but she always refused. Fëanor and Galadriel were always unfriends, both being the greatest Eldar in Valinor; and if Fëanor was greater than her, she was wiser, and her wisdom grew with the long years. For she also had an outstanding gift to see into the minds of others, and she hated and feared the darkness in Fëanor.<ref name=Case/>

There was still bliss in Valinor when she was born, but soon she was influenced by the [[Of the Silmarils and the Unrest of the Noldor|unrest of the Noldor]] and lost her inner peace ever after. She was proud, like most of the [[House of Finwë]], and like her closest brother [[Finrod]], "she had dreams of far lands and dominions that might be her own to order as she would without tutelage". But deep in herself, she had the noble spirit of the [[Vanyar]], which did not allow her to forget the reverence for the [[Valar]].<ref name=Case/>

During the [[Darkening of Valinor]] and the rebellion of Fëanor, Galadriel was the only woman of the Noldor who stood among the rising princes. She swore no [[Oath of Fëanor|oath]], but the words of Fëanor concerning [[Middle-earth]] kindled a desire in her heart, as she was eager to see those wide unguarded lands and rule a realm of her own.<ref name=Flight>{{S|Flight}}</ref> Like the rest of the [[House of Finarfin]], she was also supportive of the [[Exile of the Noldor|Exile]] by the desire to aid their [[Sindar|Sindarin]] relatives in Middle-earth.<ref name=Case/>

Even though she was one of the leaders in this revolt,<ref name=RGEO>{{RGEO|Notes}}, p. 60</ref> during the troubles that followed she fought fiercely against Fëanor by defending her mother's kin during the [[Kinslaying at Alqualondë]] and the rape of the ships. Afterwards, she even desired to follow Fëanor to disturb him in all the ways that she could, but nothing could have moved her to return since she had begun her way to exile, as her pride was strong then as it was thereafter.<ref name=Case/> She kept moving forward even under the [[Doom of Mandos]], when her father Finarfin abandoned the march and returned to Valinor, and even when Fëanor left behind the hosts of Fingolfin and the children of Finarfin. Then she, along with Finrod and [[Fingolfin]] and his sons, led her people into the bitter North and crossed the terrors of [[Helcaraxë]]. After many losses, they arrived on the northern shores of the [[Outer Lands]].<ref name=Flight/><ref group=note>The nature of Galadriel's exile (if she was innocent or guilty of pride) and the subsequent idea of a ban upon her return were not defined in Tolkien's first conceptions of Galadriel, so she being a rebel exile was a later reinterpretation. He would also change his mind about it, but for this article we chose this version for having the most complete narratives. For a more complete account of this matter, see the entire ''[[#Other versions of the legendarium]]''.</ref>

====Arrival to Middle-earth====
[[File:Līga Kļaviņa - Love at First Sight.jpg|thumb|''Love at First Sight'' by [[:Category:Images by Līga Kļaviņa|Līga Kļaviņa]]]]
Once in [[Beleriand]], those of the House of Finarfin were eager to enter [[Doriath]], but King [[Elu Thingol]] received the Noldor coldly, and only allowed entrance to those invited by him after some inquiries.<ref name=Return>{{S|13}}</ref> Finally in {{FA|52}},<ref>{{GA|74}}</ref> Finrod and Galadriel became long guests in Doriath, but her brother eventually departed to the [[Caverns of Narog]] to establish the stronghold of [[Nargothrond]]. Galadriel did not go with him, and remained in Doriath with [[Celeborn]], a kinsman of Thingol, as there was great love between them.<ref name=Noldor>{{S|15}}</ref> Despite their love, they did not marry each other, following the [[Elven life cycle|custom among the Eldar]] of avoiding marriage and child-bearing during the war,<ref name=Scales>{{NM|P1ix}}, pp. 65-6</ref> but they were eventually betrothed till the war ended.<ref name=Ages>{{NM|P1xviii}}, p. 149</ref> Meanwhile, she dwelt with Queen [[Melian]], from whom she learned much of the wisdom of Middle-earth.<ref name=Return/>

The Western Corn necessary to make [[lembas]] had been lost in Beleriand until the Noldor brought new grain back, and it flourished by the grace of the Valar. Galadriel was one of the main inheritors of it and of the art of the making of lembas.<ref>{{NM|P3iv}}, p. 296</ref> It is safe to assume Melian benefited from this.

Years passed in Doriath, and Galadriel became dear to Melian, and they spoke often to one another about Valinor. Melian was eager to learn the causes of the [[Exile of the Noldor]], but Galadriel would tell her nothing of what occurred after the death of the Trees. In the year {{FA|66|n}},<ref>{{GA|91}}</ref> Melian asked her directly about this, and Galadriel revealed the story of the [[Silmarils]] and how the Noldor fled from Aman against the will of the Valar, though she still left out the Oath of Fëanor, the Kinslaying, and the burning of the Ships at [[Losgar]]. Melian was able to discern a darkness that was left unsaid, but Galadriel refused to tell her more. Thus, Thingol became concerned regarding the Noldor, and he was informed soon afterwards of the Noldor's dark deeds in Aman, and it chanced that the children of Finarfin were visiting Galadriel in Doriath. Egged on by his accusing words, [[Angrod]] told everything, and Galadriel's brothers departed heavy-hearted.<ref name=Noldor/>
[[File:Ten Thousand Leaves - Galadriel and Melian.jpeg|thumb|left|''Galadriel and Melian'' by [[:Category:Images by Ten Thousand Leaves|Ten Thousand Leaves]]]]
Despite all this, Galadriel stayed in Doriath until {{FA|102|n}},<ref name=Nargothrond>{{GA|108}}</ref> when the kingdom of [[Nargothrond]] was finished and a feast was held for all the children of Finarfin. She dwelt for a while in Nargothrond, and in this time she asked Finrod why he remained unmarried. Her brother answered with dark [[foresight]]s about his kingdom.<ref name=Noldor/> Back in Doriath, in {{FA|420|n}},<ref>{{GA|129}}</ref> Galadriel heard another foretelling, as Melian told her about [[Beren|a Man]] who shall cross into Doriath moved by a doom greater than the [[Girdle of Melian]].<ref>{{S|17}}</ref>

Galadriel did not have any significant role in the general course of events in the [[War of the Jewels]], but she might have been well informed of the deaths of her brothers [[Angrod]] and [[Aegnor]] during the [[Dagor Bragollach]]; and of Finrod's, while he was held in captivity by [[Sauron]] in the year {{FA|465|n}}.<ref>{{GA|§198-199}}</ref> At some point before the [[Fall of Nargothrond]] in {{FA|495|n}},<ref>{{GA|275}}</ref> she and Celeborn passed over [[Blue Mountains|the mountains]]<ref name=Mirror/>{{rp|357}} to [[Eriador]], far from the turmoil of the last years of the [[First Age]].

After the [[War of Wrath]] at the end of the [[First Age]], [[Eönwë]], herald of [[Manwë]], summoned the [[Elves of Beleriand]] to the West, so they were received in [[Tol Eressëa]] and under the pardon of the Valar. However, some did not wish to leave Middle-earth, such as Celeborn.<ref name=Earendil>{{S|24}}</ref> Being one of the chief leaders of the Noldorin rebellion, Galadriel was not allowed to return<ref>{{L|297}}, p. 386</ref> and a ban was set upon her, to which she replied that she had no wish to do so.<ref name=RGEO/> The same pride that led her out of Aman still moved her, and she rejected the pardon of the Valar,<ref name=Case/> for as she had once lived in Aman itself, Eressëa seemed only a "second best". She was also moved by love for Celeborn, to whom she probably married around this time.<ref name=Scales/><ref group=note>The marriage of Galadriel and Celeborn, as well as when they crossed over the mountains, was not well defined by Tolkien. See ''[[#Unsolved contradictions]]''.</ref>

===Second Age===
[[File:Ted Nasmith - Galadriel and Celeborn at Lake Evendim.jpg|thumb|''Galadriel and Celeborn at Lake Evendim'' by [[Ted Nasmith]]]]
At the beginning of the Second Age, Celeborn and Galadriel dwelt for a time in [[Lindon]], south of the [[Lune]], while [[Gil-galad]] ruled in the north.<ref name=Second>{{App|B1}}, pp. 1082-4</ref> Both left Lindon before the years 10-20, when [[Gil-galad]] became king in that land, apparently thanks to her influence.<ref>{{NM|P1xi}}, p. 81</ref> They entered [[Eriador]] and dwelt for a while around [[Lake Nenuial]], being followed by many Noldor, [[Grey-elves]] and [[Green-elves]]. They were considered the Lord and Lady of the Eldar in Eriador.<ref name=Concerning>{{UT|Concerning}}</ref>{{rp|234}} Probably around {{SA|300}},<ref group=note>The birth-year of Celebrían was not well defined by Tolkien. See ''[[#Unsolved contradictions]]''.</ref> Galadriel and Celeborn had a daughter: [[Celebrían]].<ref name=Scales/>

Circa the year {{SA|500|n}}, [[Sauron]] began to stir in Middle-earth again,<ref name=Second/> but his name was not known. He was, however, perceived by Galadriel, who noticed there was a controlling evil, and that it was spreading above the world, coming from the East beyond the [[Misty Mountains]]. She also thought this 'residue of evil' could only be fought with an alliance of all its enemies. Therefore, she and Celeborn moved eastwards and got established in the realm of [[Eregion]] near [[Khazad-dûm]].<ref group=note>In the source used here, Galadriel and Celeborn are described as the first founders of Eregion, but later sources mention Celebrimbor as founder and lord of Eregion before their coming. See ''[[#Unsolved contradictions]]''.</ref> Celeborn was not fond of [[Dwarves]], but she saw the importance of getting close to them, for she saw military interests even with them. Also, she was a Noldo, and therefore close to them in mind and in the passion for crafts; and in Valinor she had learned from [[Yavanna]] and [[Aulë]], the creator of the Dwarves himself.<ref name=Concerning/>{{rp|235}}

Some Noldor were also interested in establishing a realm near Khazad-dûm because they knew [[mithril]] had been discovered there. Therefore, many Elven-smiths came to Eregion and created good relations with the Dwarves. [[Celebrimbor]], a descendant of [[Fëanor]] (and therefore a distant cousin of Galadriel), was the greatest of the craft-men and the Lord of Eregion.<ref name=Second/> He was its main builder and in {{SA|750|n}} [[Ost-in-Edhil]], the main city of the realm, was begun. The power of Galadriel and Celeborn also grew: thanks to the Dwarves of Khazad-dûm, they had contact with the [[Nandor|Nandorin]] realm of [[Lórinand]], on the other side of the Misty Mountains. Thanks to Galadriel's influence upon Lórinand, Sauron's machinations there were fruitless.<ref name=Concerning/>{{rp|236}} She also got in contact with [[Númenor]], having a meeting with King [[Aldarion]] when he came to [[Tharbad]] around {{SA|883|n}}-884.<ref>{{UT|4}}, ''The further course of the narrative'', pp. 205-6</ref>
[[File:Alan Lee - Galadriel in Moria.jpg|thumb|''Galadriel in Moria'' by [[Alan Lee]]]]
About the year {{SA|1200|n}}, Sauron came in disguise to Eriador, but he was only welcomed in Eregion by Celebrimbor and the Elven-smiths, who were interested in his advice on craftsmanship.<ref name=Concerning/>{{rp|236}} Galadriel was not deceived, and rejected him, saying that he was not in the training of Aulë as he claimed.<ref>{{UT|Galadriel}}, "Notes", p. 254, note 7</ref> "He perceived at once that Galadriel would be his chief adversary and obstacle, and he endeavoured therefore to placate her, bearing her scorn with outward patience and courtesy". At the same time, without her knowledge, Sauron influenced Celebrimbor and his [[Gwaith-i-Mírdain]] against Galadriel and Celeborn. Finally, he moved them to expell Galadriel from Eregion at some time between {{SA|1350|n}} and 1400.<ref group=note>As in the previous note, the source used here presents Celebrimbor as a subordinate of Galadriel and Celeborn, so in this episode he leads a coup against them.</ref> Thus, Galadriel and Celebrían left through Khazad-dûm to Lórinand, although Celeborn would not enter the Dwarvish realm and remained in Eregion.<ref name=Concerning/>{{rp|237}}

When Sauron made [[the One Ring]] in {{SA|1600}}, his treachery was discovered by Celebrimbor.<ref name=Second/> The elven-smith came to Lórinand, seeking counsel from Galadriel. They did not find the strength to destroy the [[Rings of Power]], but she advised him to hide the [[Three Rings]] of the Elves where Sauron could not find them. Therefore he gave her [[Nenya]], the White Ring, and the other Rings were given to other Elven lords.<ref name=Concerning/>{{rp|237}} This was done in {{SA|1693|n}}, the same year Sauron began [[War of the Elves and Sauron|the war against the Elves]].<ref name=Second/>

With the invasion of Eriador, [[Sack of Eregion|Eregion was destroyed]] and Celebrimbor killed. Despite using torture, Sauron could not learn from him where the Elven Rings were, although he suspected they were kept by Galadriel and Gil-galad.<ref name=Concerning/>{{rp|238}} But thanks to the military intervention of [[Númenor]], Sauron was defeated in {{SA|1700|n}}.<ref name=Second/> Soon afterwards, Galadriel was affected by [[sea-longing]], and she decided to leave Lórinand and dwell beside the sea.<ref name=Concerning/>{{rp|240}} As one of the [[High-elves]], her yearning for the sea was unavoidable, and now she became burdened with the desire to cross to the Blessed Realm, but the ban upon her impeded it.<ref name=RGEO/> Thus she did not go to the sea yet, but crossed west of the mountains through Khazad-dûm with Celebrían. Seeking Celeborn, they travelled to [[Imladris]], a refuge created by [[Elrond]] during the war. Once there, a [[White Council|Council]] was held, in which it was decided that Imladris would be the Elvish stronghold in the East, rather than the desolate Eregion.<ref name=Concerning/>{{rp|239-40}}

Galadriel, Celeborn and Celebrían dwelt a long time in Imladris, but at some point they left and moved near the sea, to [[Belfalas]], at the place later known as [[Dol Amroth]]. There were few inhabitants there, but they were visited by Nandorin companies.<ref name=Concerning/>{{rp|238}} Apparently, they returned to Lórien twice before the [[Last Alliance]] and the end of the Second Age,<ref name=Amroth>{{UT|Amroth}}, pp. 243-5</ref> but of their whereabouts during the final millenia of that Age nothing else is known.

===Third Age===
====Rule in Lórien====
In early [[Third Age]], in the year {{TA|109|n}}, Galadriel and Celeborn's daughter [[Celebrían]] wedded [[Elrond]] the [[Half-elven]].<ref name=Third/> But they did not stay at first with her, for Galadriel was filled with [[Foresight|foreboding]], and was concerned about the growing shadow in [[Mirkwood]] and [[Dol Guldur]]. Therefore she and Celeborn made long journeys investigating [[Rhovanion]], going from [[Gondor]] and the borders of [[Mordor]] to [[Thranduil]] in the north. They also stayed a long time in Lórien with king [[Amroth]], for Galadriel saw with her wisdom that this prosperous realm could be a stronghold against the growing Shadow, if it had better rule.<ref name=Amroth/> At this point, the [[Istari]] arrived in Middle-earth, and only Galadriel, Elrond and [[Círdan]] knew [[Valinor|where]] they came from.<ref name=Rings/> Around the year {{TA|1100|n}}, the [[Wise]] (including Galadriel as one the chief Eldar) were well aware of the evil dwelling in Dol Guldur, but thought it was one of the [[Nazgûl]].<ref name=Third/>

After their enquiries, Galadriel and Celeborn passed over the mountains to Imladris, and there dwelt for many years with their kin.<ref name=Amroth/>

Between the years {{TA|1980}}-{{TA|1981|n}}, [[Durin's Bane|a terror]] appeared in Khazad-dûm and the Dwarves abandoned the realm, while the many Silvan Elves from Lórien had to flee south.<ref name=Third/> To make things worse, Amroth was lost, leaving no heir, and the Elven realm was left without a ruler. Therefore Celeborn and Galadriel went there, welcomed by the people, and took up the rule jointly, but refused to take the [[King of Lórien|royal title]] and were called the [[Lord and Lady of Galadhrim]]. Saving the realm from the perils of the moment, they dwelt and ruled permanently there.<ref name=Amroth/>

As the shadow of Dol Guldur grew again, the [[White Council]] was formed in {{TA|2463|n}}.<ref name=Third/> It was summoned by Galadriel,<ref>{{FR|II7}}, p. 357</ref> who, being a good friend of [[Gandalf]], recommended that he be made head of the Council. But this distinction fell instead to [[Saruman]].<ref name=Rings/>

In {{TA|2510|n}}, her daughter Celebrían departed to the West after being wounded by Orcs.<ref name=Third/> The same year, she aided [[Eorl]] and his [[Rohirrim|riders]] in the [[Battle of the Field of Celebrant]], creating a white mist that drove out the shadows from Dol Guldur.<ref>{{UT|8b}}, pp. 298-9</ref>

The White Council would not take action until Gandalf discovered that the shadow growing in Dol Guldur was [[Sauron]]. After deliberating, the Council joined forces and drove Sauron out of Dol Guldur in {{TA|2941|n}}.<ref name=Third/>

Some years later, [[Aragorn]] entered Lothlórien after many travels, and was admitted by Galadriel. She bade him change his worn-out clothes and dressed him like a proper prince. At that time, Aragorn became betrothed to her granddaughter [[Arwen]].<ref>{{App|A1v}}, p. 1060</ref>

====War of the Ring====
[[File:Ralph Damiani - The Trial.png|thumb|right|''The Trial'' by [[:Category:Images by Ralph Damiani|Ralph Damiani]]]]
Galadriel and Celeborn were well informed about the [[Company of the Ring]], its members and their mission, before its coming to Lothlórien, perhaps informed by messages from Rivendell.<ref>{{FR|II6}}, p. 350</ref> In the evening of [[17 January]] of {{TA|3019}}, the Company arrived at [[Caras Galadhon]].<ref name=Great>{{App|B3}}, pp. 1092-4</ref> Coming to the [[talan]] of the Lady and Lord, each member was greeted by name by Celeborn. Noticing that Gandalf was missing, Galadriel asked where he was, for she wished to speak with him. Hearing that they had encountered [[Durin's Bane]] and that this was in fact a [[Balrog]] from ancient times, Celeborn criticized the passing of the Company through Moria. However, Galadriel was more sympathetic, especially towards [[Gimli]], who bowed to her in respect. Before inviting the members of the Company to rest and heal there, she looked deep into their eyes and they all felt their hearts exposed.<ref name=Mirror/>{{rp|354-7}}

A month later, in [[15 February]],<ref name=Great/> [[Frodo Baggins]] the [[Ringbearer|bearer of the One Ring]], was walking in the evening with [[Sam]] when they encountered Galadriel. She led them to an enclosed garden and showed them a silver basin. Filling it with water, a [[Mirror of Galadriel|Mirror]] was formed, which allowed them to see things that were and that might come. Frodo saw the [[Eye of Sauron]], and she explained that she knew well Frodo's mind, for Sauron also tried to look into hers. She also [[Keepers of the Three Rings|kept]] a [[Ring of Power]], and showing him [[Nenya]], the Ring of Adamant, she explained that its power would disappear once Frodo destroyed the One, and Lórien would fade. Then Frodo offered the One Ring to her, and she laughed in response, saying: "''I do not deny that my heart has greatly desired to ask what you offer.''" Then she began to ponder how powerful she would become with the Ring's power, and from Nenya came a great light that covered her overwhelming height. But the light faded and she laughed again, saying: "''I pass the test. I will diminish, and go into the West, and remain Galadriel''."<ref name=Mirror/>{{rp|360-6}} Indeed, with this rejection of temptation and her long opposition against Sauron, the ban upon her return to Aman was finally lifted.<ref name=RGEO/>

That night, the Lord and Lady summoned the Company and spoke of their departure, which was appointed for the following morning. The next day, she sent the Fellowship off on their Quest, furnished with [[Gifts of Galadriel|gifts]] for all the members, including [[lembas]] and [[Elven cloaks]]. Later, a farewell party was held, which the Lord and Lady attended in a [[Swan-ships|swan boat]]; from it, Galadriel sang [[Galadriel's Song of Eldamar|a song about Eldamar]]. After everyone ate and drank, she proceed to give [[Gifts of Galadriel|specific gifts]] to each member.<ref name=Farewell>{{FR|II8}}, pp. 367-78</ref>

Among the gifts was the [[Elfstone]], which she gave to Aragorn from Arwen "''as a token of hope''".<ref name=Farewell/> The jewel was also in part a bridal gift and a token of the future wedding of Arwen and Aragorn, done following the [[Elven customs|Noldorin custom]] in which the bride's mother should give to the bridegroom a jewel (Arwen's mother Celebrían had departed long ago, so Galadriel did it in her place).<ref>{{MR|P3II3}}, p. 211</ref> Galadriel stated she was unsure as to what to give Gimli, and asked what he wanted. After complimenting her beauty, he requested a single strand of [[Hair of Galadriel|her hair]]. Instead, she rewarded him with three strands, which he promised to put into an imperishable crystal in memory of her. And last, to Frodo, she gave a [[Phial of Galadriel|a small crystal phial]] specially prepared by her, which contained the [[Light of Valinor|light]] of the [[star of Eärendil]].<ref name=Farewell/>

The Company saw her one last time while sailing down to the [[Anduin]]: a shining figure, all clad in white, raising her arms, and Frodo was able to hear her clearly reciting [[Namárië|a long poem in Elvish]] despite the distance.<ref name=Farewell/>

On [[17 February|the following day]], a resurrected Gandalf was brought to Lórien by [[Gwaihir]],<ref name=Great/> who was sent by Galadriel. He was received in Caras Galadhon, and was healed and clothed in white. He also took and gave counsel. Before he left, Galadriel gave him [[Galadriel's messages|some prophetic messages]] for Aragorn, [[Legolas]] and Gimli.<ref>{{TT|III5}}, pp. 502-3</ref>

The land of Lórien was not exempt from the battles of the [[War of the Ring]]: between [[11 March|11]] and [[18 March]], the [[Galadhrim]] suffered [[assaults on Lothlórien|three assaults]] from Dol Guldur.<ref name=Great/> After the [[Fall of Barad-dûr]], Celeborn crossed the Anduin with a host and began the [[Fall of Dol Guldur|destruction of Dol Guldur]].<ref name=Chief>{{App|B4}}, pp. 1095-6</ref> Soon afterward, Galadriel threw down the walls of the fortress and opened its pits.<ref name=Great/>

====Later history====
[[File:Victoria Clare - On the Road to the Grey Havens.jpg|thumb|''On the Road to the Grey Havens'' by [[:Category:Images by Victoria Clare|Victoria Clare]]]]
Galadriel, Celeborn and their company attended the wedding of Aragorn and Arwen, and soon afterward they joined the crowded funeral riding of King [[Théoden]] to [[Rohan]]. After the funerals in the [[Golden Hall]], they continued their travel northwards with other companions and halted in [[Isengard]]. There they encountered [[Saruman]], who, released by [[Fangorn]], snapped that she always had hated him, and now he would find comfort knowing that her realm was destroyed as well as his.<ref>{{RK|VI6}}, pp. 976, 983, 985</ref>

Two years later, on [[22 September]] {{TA|3021|n}},<ref name=Chief/> Frodo and Sam encountered a [[Wandering Companies|Wandering Company]] while travelling around [[the Shire]], and found that Elrond, Galadriel and [[Bilbo]] were part of it. Nenya was visible on Galadriel's finger, and she seemed to shine like the moon. Frodo decided to depart with them and the hobbits joined the company, led by Elrond and Galadriel.<ref name=Havens>{{RK|VI9}}, pp. 1027-30</ref> On [[29 September]], they reached the [[Grey Havens]] and departed over the Sea. Thus ended the [[Third Age]].<ref name=Chief/>

Sometime later during the [[Fourth Age]], she received Celeborn, her husband.<ref>{{FR|Prologue}}, pp. 15-6</ref> And in {{FoA|120}},<ref>{{App|B5}}, p. 1098</ref> it is said that [[Gimli]] went to the West out of his desire to see Galadriel again. He may have been allowed thanks to her intervention.<ref>{{App|A3}}, p. 1081</ref>

==Etymology==
{{Pronounce|Galadriel.mp3|Ardamir}}
''Galadriel'' is a [[Sindarin]] name translated by [[J.R.R. Tolkien|Tolkien]] as "maiden crowned with a garland of bright radiance",<ref name=Finwe/> "Maiden crowned with gleaming hair",<ref name=Amazon></ref> "glittering garland",<ref>{{L|345}}, p. 423</ref> and "maiden crowned with a radiant garland".<ref name=SApp>{{S|Appendix}}, ''kal-''</ref><ref>{{HM|RC}}, pp. 44-5</ref> ''Galadriel'' consists of ''[[galad]]'' ("light, radiance") + ''[[rî]]'' ("crown").<ref name=Finwe/> It was an [[epessë]] given to her in her youth because, while doing exercise, she usually bound up her long golden hair as a crown.<ref name=Amazon>{{L|348}}, p. 428</ref>

Tolkien notes that the element ''galad'' had no relation to Sindarin ''[[galadh]]'' or [[Silvan]] ''galað'' ("tree").<ref name=SApp/><ref>{{MR|P3I5}}, p. 182 (commentary to §42)</ref> Due to this coincidence the name ''Galadriel'' was occasionally rendered as '''''Galadhriel''''', as Tolkien explains:
{{blockquote|When Celeborn and Galadriel became the rulers of the <nowiki>[</nowiki>[[Galadhrim]]<nowiki>]</nowiki>, the name of Galadriel became associated with trees, an association that was aided by the name of her husband, which also appeared to contain a tree-word; so that outside [[Lórien]] among those whose memories of the ancient days and Galadriel's history had grown dim her name was often altered to 'Galadhriel', though never in Lórien itself.<ref>{{UT|6e}}, p. 267</ref>}}

==Other names==
At the time of her birth, [[Finarfin]] named his only daughter '''''Artanis'''''. Her [[father-name]] meant "Noble Woman" in [[Quenya]], from ''[[arta]]'' + ''[[nís]]''.<ref name=Finwe/>

Due to Artanis's height and her great strength of body and will, Eärwen chose the [[Quenya]] name '''''Nerwen''''', meaning "man-maiden".<ref name=Case/>

'''''Alatáriel''''' was the [[Telerin]] name given to Galadriel by [[Celeborn]], meaning "Maiden Crowned with Radiant Garland", which referred to her hair.<ref name=Finwe/> The Quenya form of this name was '''''Altáriel''''', although the proper form would have been '''''Ñaltariel'''''. Its [[Sindarin]] cognate '''''Galadriel''''' was chosen by her to be her Sindarin name, because it was the most beautiful of her names and had been given to her as an [[epessë]] by her lover, Teleporno of the Teleri, whom she wedded later in Beleriand.<ref name=Finwe/><ref group="note">''Teleporno'' was the Teleri-styled named for Lord Celeborn: "It is only of course in the late version that Celeborn appears with a High-elven, rather than Sindarin, name: ''Teleporno''", {{UT|6e}}, p. 266</ref>

== Genealogy ==
<div style="overflow-x: scroll; overflow-y: hidden; border: 1px solid #AAAAAA; padding: 3px; background: #EEEEEE;">
{{familytree/start}}
{{familytree| MIR |y|~|~|~|~|~|~| FIN |y| IND | | | | | | | | OLW | | | | | | | |MIR=[[Míriel]]''d. {{YT|1170}}''|FIN=[[Finwë]]''d. {{YT|1495}}''|IND=[[Indis]]''b. {{YT}}''|OLW=[[Olwë]]''b. {{YT}}''}}
{{familytree| | | |!| | | |,|-|-|-|v|-|^|-|v|-|-|-|.| | | |,|-|^|-|.| | | | | | |}}
{{familytree| | | FEA | | FDS | | FNG | | IRM | | FRF |y| EAW | | SON | | | | | |FEA=[[Fëanor]]''{{YT|1169}} - {{YT|1497|n}}''|FDS=[[Findis]]''b. {{YT}}''|FNG=[[Fingolfin]]''{{YT|1190}} - {{FA|456}}''|IRM=[[Írimë]]''b. {{YT}}''|FRF=[[Finarfin]]''b. {{YT|1230}}''|EAW=[[Eärwen]]''b. {{YT}}''|SON=''unknown sons''}}
{{familytree| | | | | | | | | | | | | |,|-|-|-|v|-|-|-|^|-|-|-|v|-|-|-|.| | | | | |}}
{{familytree| | | | | | | | | | | | | FRD | | ANG |y| ELD | | AEG | | GAL |y| CEL |FRD=[[Finrod]]''{{YT|1300}} - {{FA|465}}''|ANG=[[Angrod]]''d. {{FA|455}}''|AEG=[[Aegnor]]''d. {{FA|455}}''|GAL='''GALADRIEL'''''b. {{YT|1362}}''|ELD=[[Eldalótë]]''b. {{YT}}''|CEL=[[Celeborn]]''b. {{FA}}''}}
{{familytree| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |!| | | | | | | | | | | |!| | | |}}
{{familytree| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | ORO | | | | | | ELR |y| CLB | | |ORO=[[Orodreth]]''d. {{FA|495}}''|CLB=[[Celebrían]]''b. {{SA|300}}''|ELR=[[Elrond]]''b. {{FA|532}}''}}
{{familytree| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |,|-|^|-|.| | | |,|-|-|-|+|-|-|-|.| |}}
{{familytree| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | GIL | | FIL | | ELL | | ELO | | ARW |GIL=[[Gil-galad]]''d. {{SA|3441}}''|FIL=[[Finduilas]]''d. {{FA|495}}''|ELL=[[Elladan]]''b. {{TA|130}}''|ELO=[[Elrohir]]''b. {{TA|130}}''|ARW=[[Arwen]]''{{TA|241}} - {{FoA|121}}''}}
{{familytree/end}}
</div>

==Other versions of the legendarium==
[[File:Alan Lee - Galadriel.jpg|thumb|''Galadriel sketch'' by [[Alan Lee]]]]
{{quote|There is no part of the history of Middle-earth more full of problems than the story of Galadriel and Celeborn...|[[Christopher Tolkien]] in "[[The History of Galadriel and Celeborn]]"}}

===The History of ''The Lord of the Rings''===
The first appearance of the character of Galadriel in the [[legendarium]] was during the composition of ''[[The Lord of the Rings]]''. The first reference [[J.R.R. Tolkien]] ever made to her was in some notes for the "[[Lothlórien (chapter)|Lothlórien]]" chapter, which mentioned that a "Lord of Galadrim and a Lady" went to the White Council. The following phrases are a stub of them receiving the Company of the Ring, both clad in white and with white hair. In other isolated notes about this chapter, Tolkien wondered "if Galadriel is alone and is wife of Elrond."<ref>{{TI|XII}}, pp. 233, 236</ref>

The first mention of "Keleborn and Galadriel" by name was in the narrative of the [[The Mirror of Galadriel|following chapter]], although Tolkien considered other Elvish names before writing ''Galadriel'' in ink.<ref name=Galadriel>{{TI|XIII}}</ref>{{rp|261}} There Galadriel describes Keleborn and herself as "''wise beyond the measure of the Elves of Middle-earth''", and says that they "''have dwelt there since the Mountains were reared and the Sun was young''", from which [[Christopher Tolkien]] deduced they were both conceived as [[exiled Noldor]].<ref name=Galadriel/>{{rp|263}} After the episode with the Company, both names are changed, so she became ''Galadrien'' ("tree-lady") in the next pages.<ref name=Galadriel/>{{rp|249}} Other notable details that were altered later include the white colour of her hair,<ref name=Galadriel/>{{rp|256}} that she was the keeper of the [[Ring of Earth]],<ref name=Galadriel/>{{rp|252}} and that after the departure of the Company, Frodo was supposed to never see Galadriel ever again.<ref>{{TI|XIVviii}}, p. 286</ref>

In a list of matters "to be explained before the end", Tolkien wondered about what happened with Galadriel after the War of the Ring:

{{blockquote|They learn [...] that Nazgûl razed Lórien and Keleborn fled with a remnant to [[Mirkwood]]. Galadriel was lost or was hidden. Or shall Lórien be left slowly to fade? Yes. Galadriel parts with Keleborn who elects to stay in the world and [?woods]. She is seen by Frodo in old age, when he and Sam see Galadriel and Bilbo...<ref>{{TI|XXVI}}, p. 451, note 18</ref>}}

In sum, earlier and rejected names during the composition of ''The Lord of the Rings'' were ''Finduilas'', ''Rhien'', ''Galdrin'', ''Galdrien'', ''Galadhrien'', and ''Galadrien''.<ref>{{TI|Index}}, p. 480, entry "Galadriel"</ref>

===Expanding the First Age===
In the [[Appendix F]] of ''The Lord of the Rings'', Tolkien had already stated that Galadriel was "of the royal house of Finrod, father of Felagund, Lord of Nargothrond" (in the Second Edition, Tolkien changed the names to ''Finarfin'' and ''Finrod Felagund'', respectively). Although not using much detail, Tolkien was thus introducing Galadriel in "The Silmarillion" tradition, and having finished ''The Lord of the Rings'', he began the work of expanding the backstory of the character. Galadriel enters this tradition in the ''[[Annals of Aman]]'', in which she is first mentioned when Tolkien decided the children of Finrod (later Finarfin) would be related to Thingol through Eärwen.<ref>{{MR|P2l}}, p. 104, §85</ref> In the ''Annals'', written after the publication of ''The Lord of the Rings'',<ref>{{MR|P2}}, p. 48</ref> Galadriel stands out by being valiant and the only woman leading the Exile of the Noldor,<ref>{{AA|§135, 163}}</ref> but there is no explanation of the nature of her rebellion or its later impact on her life.

Indeed, [[Christopher Tolkien]] explains that when the chapter "Farewell to Lórien" was written, his father had not conceived the idea of a ban upon Galadriel's return due to her role in the Flight of the Noldor.<ref name=History>{{UT|6}}, pp. 228-9</ref> In a letter from [[1953]] (even before ''The Lord of the Rings'' was published), Tolkien did not object to the comparison of Galadriel with the [[Virgin Mary]],<ref>{{L|142}}, p. 172</ref> [[#Rebel exile|a comparison he would object]] to later.

Written in the same years, the ''[[Grey Annals]]'' follow the ''Annals of Aman'', telling the chronology of Beleriand, mainly after the Return of the Noldor. Here Galadriel's rol is briefly expanded, limited to her relation with Melian and a conversation with her brother Finrod.<ref>{{WJ|P1}}, pp. 35, 40-2, 44, 50</ref> The darkness pending upon all the Noldor is explicitly mentioned, but the same happens with the innocence of the children of Finrod (later Finarfin) during the discussions with Thingol and Melian. Sadly, Tolkien left these ''Annals'' unfinished at the point of the [[Wanderings of Húrin]], so nothing is told about Galadriel at the end of the First Age, neither about her relation with Celeborn.<ref group=note>Notice that both ''Annals'' were (on the matter of Galadriel) the source used by Christopher Tolkien for his edition of the ''[[Quenta Silmarillion]]''. For more details see ''[[#The published Silmarillion]]''.</ref>

===Expanding the Second Age===
After the publication of ''The Lord of the Rings'', Tolkien most expanded the story of Galadriel in the Second Age in "[[Concerning Galadriel and Celeborn]]". This manuscript is the only full narrative dealing with this matter, but sadly it is a stub full of corrections, and Tolkien never solved some contradictions that would be raised later.<ref group=note>Notice that this text is the main source for the "[[#Second Age|Second Age]]" section of this article, in which the contradictions have been deliberately overlooked. For more details see ''[[#Unsolved contradictions]]''.</ref> Christopher comments that what is now remarkable is that there is still no presence of the idea of a ban upon Galadriel's return: she stays in Middle-earth out of her love for Celeborn. There could be some pride on her part, as she was eager to visit Middle-earth, but later she stays in Eriador after the first fall of Sauron as a sort of duty until he was finally defeated.<ref name=Concerning/>{{rp|233-4}}

The first clear mention of pride in Galadriel's decision is probably in one of many manuscripts written c. [[1959]] dealing with Elven growing. In this text it is briefly mentioned that Galadriel rejected coming back to the West and live in [[Eressëa]], moved by her love for Celeborn and (told in a footnote) maybe by her pride, as she had lived in Aman as a princess, so the Lonely Isle would be a "second best".<ref name=Scales/> We see here that she was allowed to return to the West, but limited to Eressëa, far from the blessed lands (this is, Valinor and Eldamar). There is a sort of ban, not particularly against her, but her pride stands out, as it will become in an essential aspect of her character in the following "phase" of her development.

===Rebel exile===
In mid-[[1967]], Tolkien wrote long drafts of a letter, in which he first mentioned the idea of Galadriel not being allowed to return after the First Age as a punishment for being one of the leaders of the Noldor rebellion. Also, in a footnote, he interprets the ''[[Namárië]]'' as Galadriel's wish that Frodo might go West, as she cannot, believing she is to remain in Middle-earth forever. And more radically, Tolkien interprets the test of the Ring as granting Galadriel permission to return to Aman.<ref>{{L|297}}, p. 386</ref> Christopher Tolkien does not believe that this letter is proof that the ban was present when such passages were written.<ref name=History/> Given all this, we can well affirm that what is said in this letter are reinterpretations made a posteriori.

Just two months later, ''[[The Road Goes Ever On: A Song Cycle]]'' was published in the United States, in which Tolkien included a brief biography of Galadriel in notes to the ''Namárië''. Not only the Elvish poem, but the line "''What ship will carry me again across such a wide sea?''" of the poem mentioned above, are interpreted here as expressions of Galadriel's longing, unable to return to the West. Her arrogance is connected to her rebellious role, since she replied proudly to the prohibition by saying she had no desire to return.<ref name=RGEO/>

It is strange that Tolkien's new vision was so clear at this time, since there does not seem to be any intermediate text in which he considered this version or others. Now, he would go ahead with this vision, so it would also affect the character's background in the First Age.

Written in [[1968]] or later, ''[[The Shibboleth of Fëanor]]'' includes a long passage about Galadriel during her life in Aman and during the Exile. It is the first place that highlights her enmity with Fëanor before the Exile, and also her independence from him, since her desire to see and rule distant lands was already present in her before Fëanor's speech. Her role during the Flight of the Noldor is described as courageous and blameless: she had a legitimate desire to help her Teleri kin in Middle-earth, and she fought fiercely against Fëanor in the Kinslaying at Alqualondë. However, she is guilty of pride, not only in her departure, as here she is granted forgiveness after Morgoth's defeat, but she rejects it.<ref name=Case/>

A few years later, in [[1971]], we see that this conception of Galadriel still remains. In response to a letter, Tolkien acknowledges the influence of the figure of the Virgin Mary on the character of Galadriel, but now points out a radical difference: Galadriel was a penitent with a past marked by pride and rebellion against divine authorities.<ref>{{L|320}}, p. 407</ref>

===Unstained exile===
In a letter written in August [[1973]] (one month before his death), Tolkien gave a completely different description of Galadriel:

{{blockquote|Galadriel was 'unstained': she had committed no evil deeds. She was an enemy of Fëanor. She did not reach Middle-earth with the other Noldor, but independently. Her reasons for desiring to go to Middle-earth were legitimate, and she would have been permitted to depart, but for the misfortune that before she set out the revolt of Fëanor broke out, and she became involved in the desperate measures of Manwë, and the ban on all emigrations.<ref>{{L|353}}, p. 431</ref>}}
[[File:Elena Kukanova - Artanis sketch.jpg|thumb|''Artanis'' by [[:Category:Images by Elena Kukanova|Elena Kukanova]]]]
This was not an isolated idea; around the same time he wrote an outline of the revised backstory of Galadriel, which he could not carry into narrative, as it ended up being probably his last writing related to the legendarium. Here Galadriel is described as totally opposed to Fëanor from the beginning, and she felt confined in Aman and desired to depart to Middle-earth in order to exercise her talents: "for being brilliant in mind and swift in action she had early absorbed all of what she was capable of the teaching which the Valar thought fit to give the Eldar". Manwë was probably aware of her desire and he had not forbidden her to depart, nor given permission yet. Nonetheless, Galadriel did not remain inactive and thought in the ships of the Teleri, so she dwelt in Alqualondë with her mother's kin. There she met Celeborn (here a Telerin prince and her cousin), and both planned to build a boat and seek the permission of the Valar to depart to Middle-earth.

But then Melkor and Ungoliant destroyed the [[Two Trees]], and Fëanor began his rebellion, in which Galadriel had no part. "Indeed, she and Celeborn fought heroically in defence of Alqualondë against the assault of the Noldor, and Celeborn's ship was saved from them". Now Galadriel sailed in despair without asking Manwë, and indeed she would have been told to stay in Valinor in that hour, despite her desire being legitimate; and thus the ban against departure fell upon her and she was forbidden to return. She and Celeborn reached Middle-earth before Fëanor, finding Círdan's haven and being received with joy. They did not join the war against Morgoth, which they considered hopeless without the help of the Valar, and instead they recommended going eastwards and befriending the [[Dark Elves]] and Men living there. But the Elves of Beleriand did not heed these counsels, so both of them crossed the Ered Lindon before the end of the First Age. They were granted permission to return by the Valar, but they rejected it.

Christopher Tolkien explains that this change probably had its roots in the philosophical implications of Galadriel's power in Middle-earth. He is certain that his father had the intention of changing all the narrative of "The Silmarillion" related to the backstory of Galadriel, despite what was already written: after all, she was not part of the story of the Noldor in the first place and the book had not been published. The only notable problem is in the backstory of Celeborn, which contradicts what was already published in J.R.R. Tolkien's life.<ref name=History/>{{rp|231-3}}

===Unsolved contradictions===
As can be seen, the development of Galadriel throughout Tolkien's texts is mainly structured around the nature of her exile and ban from Aman. In this subsection we present other aspects of her that are better explained separately for order's sake. In the mentioned texts there are some loose contradictions that can be easily explained as mere mistakes. A noticeable case is Galadriel using [[Nenya]] during the Second Age in "[[Concerning Galadriel and Celeborn]]", which contradicts everything we know about the [[Rings of Power]] in ''The Lord of the Rings''. On the contrary, the contradictions presented in this subsection result from the several revisions and we cannot know how Tolkien would have solved them.

;:Galadriel in Nargothrond
In the ''[[Grey Annals]]'' it is written that Galadriel went from Doriath to Nargothrond "and dwelt there for a while" after Finrod had completed its building.<ref name=Nargothrond/> But while expanding the ''[[The Later Quenta Silmarillion|Quenta Silmarillion]]'', Tolkien wrote: "Yet Galadriel his sister went never to Nargothrond, for she remained long in Doriath", and revised it with "Yet Galaðriel his sister dwelt never in Nargothrond".<ref>{{WJ|10}}, p. 178</ref> It is unclear which version was written as definitive, but Christopher Tolkien chose the former one for [[Of the Noldor in Beleriand|Chapter 15]] of his edition of ''The Silmarillion''.

;:Passing over the mountains
Christopher Tolkien explains that in the first conception, Galadriel went to the east from Beleriand alone and found Celeborn (probably of [[Nandor|Nandorin]] origin) in Lórien. Hence in the chapter "[[The Mirror of Galadriel]]" she said Celeborn dwelt in the West before the Dawn, and that she crossed the mountains from Beleriand (apparently alone). This contradicts the information in [[Appendix B]] of ''The Lord of the Rings'' and in ''[[The Road Goes Ever On (book)|The Road Goes Ever On]]'', in which Celeborn is a Sinda who accompanied Galadriel from Lindon.<ref name=History/>{{rp|228}}

The time when she passed over the mountains is also contradictory, as Galadriel said that it was "''ere the fall of Nargothrond and Gondolin''", yet in Appendix B it is stated that at the beginning of the Second Age she was still dwelling in Lindon, before passing over the mountains. This contradiction in the same work must have been due to a mistake during revision.<ref group=note>It is possible, however, that Galadriel first left Beleriand to avoid the cataclysmic war, later came to Lindon to join the surviving exiles, and crossed the Ered Luin again looking for a settlement.</ref>

;:Marriage of Galadriel and Celeborn
In Appendix B, while describing the beginning of the Second Age, it is said that Celeborn dwelt in [[Harlindon|south Lindon]] with his wife Galadriel, so it appears that they were married at this point.<ref name=Second/> In a manuscript from c. [[1959]], Tolkien said that Galadriel and Celeborn probably married "soon after the overthrow of Morgoth", before they crossed the Mountains.<ref name=Scales/> Another manuscript from the same period states the same, but in its following notes Tolkien wrote that Galadriel did not marry Celeborn until they were settled (in Lake Nenuial, as understood by the context).<ref>{{NM|P1x}}, p. 73</ref> In a manuscript from [[1965]], while Tolkien pondered about Amroth being their child, he wrote that Galadriel and Celeborn were betrothed, but did not marry until the confusion of the War of Wrath and the beginning of the Second Age had ended (till S.A. 24).<ref name=Ages/>

;:Birth-year of Celebrían
The year and the place of Celebrían's birth was never definite. Tolkien considered as early as year 9 of the Second Age, and as late as 350 (850 was also considered, but as a mere conjecture). For details and references see ''[[Celebrían#Other versions of the legendarium]]''.

;:Mother of Amroth
In "Concerning Galadriel and Celeborn", both Celebrían and [[Amroth]] are children of Galadriel and Celeborn,<ref name=Concerning/> but in later texts dating from [[1969]], Tolkien made Amroth the son of [[Amdír]].<ref>{{UT|Amroth}}, p. 244</ref> For more details see ''[[Amroth#Other versions of the legendarium]]''.

;:Founder of Eregion
In Appendix B, it is said that at the beginning of the Second Age, the Noldor went to [[Eregion]] out of their interest for the [[mithril]] in [[Moria]]. Besides, Celebrimbor is called "Lord of Eregion", with no mention of his relation with Galadriel.<ref name=Second/> In "Concerning Galadriel and Celeborn", Galadriel and Celeborn are described as the founders of Eregion, a place chosen by Galadriel out of her desire to gather the Elven and the Dwarvish races against the increasing evil in Middle-earth. Celebrimbor is the chief builder of the realm, but is not mentioned as its lord, although he later seizes the power there.<ref name=Concerning/>{{rp|235-7}} Celebrimbor as the founder appears only in a linguistic work, in which Tolkien simply mentions "the settlement at Eregion under Celebrimbor".<ref>{{PE|17}}, p. 53</ref> It is unclear if these texts are necessarily contradictory, but it is clear that trying to explain the rule in Eregion remains problematic.

===The published ''Silmarillion''===
Christopher Tolkien was aware of his father's [[#Unstained exile|latest conception]], in which Galadriel left Aman free of any guilt. However, as this was a mere projected idea, he had to make use of the completed narratives for his edition of ''[[The Silmarillion]]'', in which she is a rebel leader.<ref name=History/>{{rp|232-3}} It is notable that in this work there is no explanation of Galadriel's reasons for remaining in Middle-earth after the War of Wrath, save that Celeborn was unwilling to leave,<ref name=Earendil/> nor is there any mention of a ban against her return or her concerns about the remaining evil. This way, Christopher did not choose any particular position and let the reader guess, but also stripped this character of all development in relation to ''The Lord of the Rings''.

[[Douglas C. Kane]] noted that Christopher Tolkien, for his edition, removed some statements on Galadriel from his father's work: [[Of Eldamar and the Princes of the Eldalië|Chapter 5]]'s original text said that Galadriel was "the most valiant" lady of the [[house of Finwë]]; and [[Of the Flight of the Noldor|Chapter 9]]'s mentioned her as "Galadriel the valiant and fair". According to Kane, Galadriel is not the only female character inexplicably diminished by Christopher's editorial choices.<ref>[[Douglas C. Kane]], ''[[Arda Reconstructed: The Creation of the Published Silmarillion]]'' ([[2009]]), pp. 74, 114, 252</ref>

==Portrayal in adaptations==
{{Gallery
|title=Galadriel in adaptations
|height=150
|width=250
|lines=2
|File:The Lord of the Rings (1978 film) - Galadriel.jpg|Galadriel as portrayed in [[The Lord of the Rings (1978 film)|''The Lord of the Rings'' (1978 film)]]
|File:The Lord of the Rings (film series) - Galadriel.jpg|[[Cate Blanchett]] as Galadriel in [[The Lord of the Rings (film series)|''The Lord of the Rings'' (film series)]]
|File:The Lord of the Rings - The Fellowship of the Ring (video game) - Galadriel.JPG|Galadriel as portrayed in Vivendi's ''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring (video game)|The Fellowship of the Ring]]''
|File:The Lord of the Rings Online - Galadriel.jpg|Galadriel in ''[[The Lord of the Rings Online]]''
|File:The Hobbit - An Unexpected Journey - Galadriel.jpg|[[Cate Blanchett]] as Galadriel in [[The Hobbit (film series)|''The Hobbit'' (film series)]]
|File:Shadow of Mordor - Galadriel.png|Galadriel as portrayed in ''[[Middle-earth: Shadow of Mordor]]''
|File:The Rings of Power (TV series) - Galadriel in Tirharad.jpg|[[Morfydd Clark]] as Galadriel in ''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Rings of Power]]''
|File:The Rings of Power (TV series) - Young Galadriel.jpg|[[Amelie Child Villiers]] as Young Galadriel in ''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Rings of Power]]''
}}

===Films===
'''1978: [[The Lord of the Rings (1978 film)|''The Lord of the Rings'' (1978 film)]]:'''
:Galadriel is voiced by [[Annette Crosbie]].

'''2001: ''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring]]'':'''
:Galadriel is played by [[Cate Blanchett]]. Galadriel narrates the [[Prologue: One Ring to Rule Them All...|Prologue]], explaining the creation of the Rings of Power and the War of the Last Alliance. Earlier plans considered were to have either Frodo or Gandalf narrate the Prologue, but this was dropped: Frodo was not alive until thousands of years after these events happened, and although Gandalf was alive, he was not present in Middle-earth at the time; the Wizards came some one thousand years after the Prologue ends. Thus Galadriel narrates the Prologue, because she had first-hand accounts of this history and actively participated in its events.

'''2002: ''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Two Towers]]'':'''
:Galadriel frequently consults [[ósanwë|telepathically]] with Elrond; in the books there is no clear indication of how Galadriel knew about the coming of the Fellowship. In the film, unlike the book, Galadriel and [[Elrond]] send an army of [[Elves]] - led by [[Haldir]] - to [[Battle of the Hornburg|Helm's Deep]] to aid the [[Rohirrim]]. In the DVD commentary, [[Peter Jackson]] and his fellow writers explain that they worried audiences would wonder why the Elves do not seem to be helping in the war, while at the same time, they felt that actually inserting an entire separate battle scene at Lothlórien would take up too much screen time and resources.

'''2003: ''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King]]'':'''
:A spiritual apparition of Lady Galadriel appears to provide Frodo strength following his passage through Shelob's Lair soon after he uses the Phial that she gave him. She is later seen leaving Middle-earth along with other Ring-bearers, but in film version her husband Celeborn departs with her at the same time.

'''2012-14: [[The Hobbit (film series)|''The Hobbit'' (film series)]]:'''
:Cate Blanchett reprised her role as Galadriel, although the character is absent from the novel.<ref name="PJCasting">{{webcite|author=[[Peter Jackson]]|articleurl=http://www.facebook.com/note.php?note_id=10150168211921558|articlename=Production begins in New Zealand on The Hobbit|dated=20-March-2011|website=[http://www.facebook.com/ Facebook]|accessed=23-Dec-2011}}</ref> She appears as part of the [[White Council]] alongside [[Saruman]], [[Gandalf]] and [[Elrond]].Later, right before [[Thorin and Company|Thorin and his Company]] enter in [[Mirkwood]], she telepathically urges Gandalf to further seek the true identity of the [[Sauron#Sauron's Return|Necromancer]]. Finally, during the [[attack on Dol Guldur]], Galadriel plays a larger role. She first rescues Gandalf from captivity, and is ultimately the one to drive Sauron from the fortress using her [[Phial of Galadriel|phial]], although weakened by the amount of power she used.

===Television===
'''1993: [[Hobitit]]:'''
:Galadriel is portrayed by [[Heidi Krohn]]. She appears only in the episode ''Lórien'', and she is featured as a reflection on the surface of the lake.

'''2022: [[The Lord of the Rings: The Rings of Power]]:'''
:Galadriel is portrayed by [[Morfydd Clark]] as one of the central characters of the series.<ref>{{webcite|author=Alice Jones|articleurl=https://inews.co.uk/culture//film/morfydd-clark-saint-maud-baftas-lord-of-the-rings-946160|articlename=Morfydd Clark on Saint Maud and Lord of the Rings: ‘I am so frightened of loneliness’
|dated=10-August-2021|website=[https://inews.co.uk inews.co.uk]|accessed=07-April-2021}}</ref><ref>{{webcite|author=Justin Kroll|articleurl=https://variety.com/2019/tv/news/lord-of-the-rings-series-galadriel-morfydd-clark-1203446284/ |articlename='Lord of the Rings' Series Taps Morfydd Clark as Young Galadriel (EXCLUSIVE)|dated=10-August-2021|website=[https://variety..com Variety]|accessed=17-December-2019}}</ref> Lady [[Amelie Child Villiers]] portrays Young Galadriel in [[A Shadow of the Past|Episode 1]] as a child.<ref>{{webcite|author=|articleurl=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt9788618/fullcredits|articlename=Full Cast & Crew|dated=|website=IMDB|accessed=2 September 2022}}</ref>

===Radio series===
'''1981: [[The Lord of the Rings (1981 radio series)|''The Lord of the Rings'' (1981 radio series)]]:'''
:The voice of Galadriel is provided by [[Marian Diamond]]. In addition to the Lothlórien episodes, the voice of Galadriel is heard in Shelob's Lair as a reminder to use the phial, and she appears with Elrond in the final episode in the Shire, as they journey towards the Grey Havens.

'''2001-2003: [[Pán prsteňov (2001-2003 Slovak radio series)|''Pán prsteňov'' (2001-2003 Slovak radio series)]]:'''
:The voice of Galadriel is provided by Soňa Norisová. Norisová also provides most of the singing in the series (including the opening and closing titles theme and series closing song), alluding to Galadriel being a secondary storyteller (with Bilbo Baggins serving as the series' primary storyteller).

===Games===
'''2002: [[The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring (video game)|''The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring'' (video game)]]:'''
:Galadriel, voiced by [[Jennifer Hale]], is the narrator of the Prologue and the Epilogue, and appears in Lothlórien.

'''2006: ''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Battle for Middle-earth II]]'':'''
:Galadriel is the strongest of "Hero" units available to the Free Peoples. If a player's army manages to spot [[Gollum]] on the battlefield, take The One Ring from him and deliver it to their forces, the option to "summon" Galadriel unlocks for a large amount of resources. Thus, Lady Galadriel is represented as succumbing to corruption of The Ring, similar to the respective scene in the ''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring]]'' movie.

'''2007: ''[[The Lord of the Rings Online]]'':'''
:Introduced in ''[[The Lord of the Rings Online: Mines of Moria]]'', Galadriel plays a prominent role during the Epic storyline with guidance and support. During the final days of the [[War of the Ring]], Galadriel assembles the Council of Elven Lords, where it is decided to bring their armies against [[Dol Guldur]]. After she brings down the walls of Dol Guldur, Galadriel accompanies Arwen on her journey south to her wedding, and they visit the site of [[Celebrian]]'s captivity in the [[Misty Mountains]] together. Afterwards, she and Celeborn join the procession of [[Elrond]]'s house and travel to [[Minas Tirith]] to attend the wedding of Arwen and Aragorn.

'''2014: [[Middle-earth: Shadow of Mordor]]:'''
:Galadriel is featured in the game, although she is a non-playable character. She is voiced by [[Jennifer Hale]] and she narrates the prologue in a showing of the game.

'''2017: [[Middle-earth: Shadow of War]]:'''
:Galadriel is featured in the game, although she is a non-playable character, with [[Jennifer Hale]] reprising her role from the game.

{{references|notes}}
{{seq-start}}
{{seq-head
| race=noldor
| house=[[House of Finarfin]]
| born={{YT|1362}}
| died=Sailed west in {{TA|3021}}
}}
{{seq
| pvac=None
| prev=''[[Amroth]], as [[King of Lórien]]''
| list=[[Lord and Lady of Lórien|Lady of Lórien]]
| dates={{TA|1981}} - {{TA|3021|n}} (with [[Celeborn]])
| next=[[Celeborn]]
}}
{{seq-end}}
{{hobbitfilms}}
{{lordoftheringsfilms}}
[[Category:Characters in The Lord of the Rings]]
[[Category:Characters in The Silmarillion]]
[[Category:First Age characters]]
[[Category:House of Finarfin]]
[[Category:Noldor]]
[[Category:Rulers in Middle-earth]]
[[Category:Second Age characters]]
[[Category:Sindarin names]]
[[Category:Third Age characters]]
[[de:Galadriel]]
[[fr:encyclo/personnages/elfes/noldor/galadriel]]
[[fi:Galadriel]]

The Lord of the Rings Online

2022-12-28T23:58:24Z

Zugz:

{{cleanup}}
{{disambig-more|The Lord of the Rings|[[The Lord of the Rings (disambiguation)]]}}
{{video game infobox
| image=[[Image:LOTRO logo.png|250px]]
| name=The Lord of the Rings Online
| developer=[[Turbine|Turbine, Inc.]] (2007-2016)
[[Standing Stone Games]] (2016-Present)
|publisher=[[Midway Games]] (2007-2010)
[[Warner Bros. Interactive Entertainment]] (2010-2016)
[[Daybreak Game Company]] (2016-Present)
| platform=Microsoft Windows, OS X (Beta)
| releasedate=April 24, [[2007]]
| genre=MMORPG
| modes=
| rating=
| distribution=
}}
'''''The Lord of the Rings Online''''' (commonly abbreviated to '''LOTRO''' or '''LotRO''') is an MMORPG (Massively Multiplayer Online Role-Playing Game) for PC and OS X that takes place in the world of [[Arda]] during the time of ''[[The Lord of the Rings]].'' It was originally branded as '''The Lord of the Rings Online: Shadows of Angmar''', but with later updates, that subtitle was dropped.

The players take on the role of adventurers of the [[Free peoples|Free Peoples]] of [[Middle-earth]]. The events of the game are concurrent with the events of ''[[The Lord of the Rings]]'' but most of the game revolves around events that occurred elsewhere or in the wake of events in the books. The game draws inspiration from people, places and events only mentioned in the books, combining these with original concepts to expand on parts of Middle-earth Tolkien did not. The main quest series of the game, known as Epic Quests, are divided into volumes, books and chapters, emulating the structure of ''The Lord of the Rings''.

There have been many expansions to the original game, including: Mines of Moria (2008), Siege of Mirkwood (2009), Rise of Isengard (2011), Riders of Rohan (2012), Helm's Deep (2013) Mordor (2017), Minas Morgul (2019), Fate of Gundabad (2021) and Before the Shadow (2022) with regular updates, adjustments, and "mini-expansions" in between.

==Development==
{{rewrite}}

Development of ''The Lord of the Rings Online'' began in 1998, when [[Sierra Entertainment|Sierra]] started work on a game called ''Middle-earth Online''. Following [[Vivendi|Vivendi Universal Games]]' takeover of Sierra in 1999, the game's production was shared with [[Turbine]]. Turbine secured the rights of the entire game in March 2004,<ref>[http://www.videogamer.com/news/turbine_spin_into_action_to_secure_tolkien_license.html Turbine spin into action to secure Tolkien license - VideoGamer.com]</ref> and it was renamed to ''The Lord of the Rings Online''. It was originally subscription-based, but later became free-to-play with optional paid subscription and microtransactions.

A closed beta was announced on [[8 September]], [[2006]]. An open beta began on [[30 March]], [[2007]], and was open to all who pre-ordered the game's Founders Club edition. In April [[2007]], the beta opened to the public. In 2010, the monetization model of the game changed to allow a free-to-play experience. Subscribers were given benefits for their patronage, while all players could access the game for free, but with certain limitations. In 2016, development of the game was handed off to a new spin-off company formed specifically to maintain LOTRO and 'Dungeons & Dragons Online'.This company is named [[Standing Stone Games]].

As an online game, development continues with regular enhancements, additions, and changes to mechanics and game systems.



==Gameplay==
===Player characters===
''Main article: [[The Lord of the Rings Online player character classes]]''

Like many RPGs, ''The Lord of the Rings Online'' has a system of character classes and levels. Each character chooses a race and a class on character creation, this cannot be changed. Players are able to play as any of the [[Free Peoples]] - [[Elves]], [[Men]], [[Dwarves]], [[Hobbits]], [[Beornings]], [[Stout-axe]] Dwarves, or [[High Elves]]. Male or female characters can be created, except in the case of Dwarves. As per Tolkien, Dwarf-women are very rare and seldom leave their mountain halls, though the addition of Stout-axe dwarves as a playable race in 2019 allowed players to create dwarf-women. There is no difference in appearance male and female Stout-axes. There are eleven classes: Beorning, Brawler, Burglar, Captain, Champion, Guardian, Hunter, Lore-master, Minstrel, Rune-keeper, and Warden.

Customization of the character's abilities can be done by changing equipment and traits. As of the [[The Lord of the Rings Online#Helm.27s Deep Expansion|Helm's Deep expansion]], class traits work on a tree system, with each class having three "trait trees" where traits can be selected with earned points and unlocking enough traits in a particular tree allows higher-level traits to be selected and applies additional bonus. In addition to class traits are racial traits, such as Men being able to slot a trait to do additional damage with swords or Hobbits being able to slot a trait that allows them to throw a stone, and virtue traits which boost the character's stats.

Levels are significant, with much lower level enemies being extremely easy to defeat and much higher level enemies being nearly impossible to defeat. Each region has enemies and quests with a range of levels usually consecutive to those of an adjacent region. Quests over five levels above the character's level are inaccessible. In addition to being able to complete quest and defeat enemies in more locations, characters gain access to additional equipment, skills, traits and instances as they level up. Levels are increased by gaining experience, which is earned by completing quests and instances, defeating enemies of an appropriate level, and crafting.

===World===
''The Lord of the Rings Online'' is an "open-world" game in which most locations that have been released can be freely accessed on an open landscape (although some places, such as Moria, require certain quests to be completed first.) The game world is split into "lands", large areas of Middle-Earth. As of Update 21, the four lands in the game are [[Eriador]], [[Rhovanion]], [[Gondor]], and [[Mordor]]. Each land is in turn divided into regions, e.g. [[Bree-land]] in Eriador, and each region contains areas, e.g. [[Andrath]] within Bree-land.

Although most of the land is available to all for exploration, most regions require non-VIPs to purchase a quest pack to access quests, deeds and instances associated with that region. A few regions, such as East and West Rohan, require expansion packs to be purchased to unlock content, even for VIPs. Each region is generally seen as it was in a certain time in the War of the Ring, for example Lothlórien is visited by the player at the same time as the [[Fellowship of the Ring]] rested there, and [[Pelargir]] just after [[Aragorn]] liberated the city from the [[Corsairs of Umbar]].

Reddit users /u/lallapalalable and /u/exploderator estimated the total size of the map at no more than 250 square km (97 square miles) in 2017, making it one of the largest game maps ever made.<ref>{{webcite|author=/u/lallapalalable|articleurl=http://www.reddit.com/r/lotro/comments/60j1ul/been_trying_to_calculate_the_area_of_the_map/|articlename=Been trying to calculate the area of the map|dated=20 March 2017|website=Reddit|accessed=29 October 2020}}</ref>

===Quests===
Much of the game's completable content is in the form of quests. Quests consist of a series of objectives, often including speaking with NPCs, defeating certain enemies, and recovering certain items from the ground or from defeated enemies. Most quests have a small number of objectives but may unlock additional quests upon completion to form a quest chain. Quests are usually started by started by speaking with a particular Non-Player Character (NPC), indicated with a ring icon above the NPC's head. The forms of ring icons and what they indicate are as follows:

*Gold ring with blue aura: the NPC has a quest that is approximately appropriate for the character's level.
*Gold ring with blue aura and fiery inscription: the NPC must be spoken with to advance the quest.
*Bright gold ring: the NPC has an Epic quest available.
*Gold ring with orange flames: the NPC must be spoken to to advance the Epic quest.
*Blue ring and quill: the NPC has a comment about an active quest, speaking to the NPC will not advance the quest but may give additional information.
*Gold ring with hourglass: the NPC has a quest with a cooldown, the player must wait for the cooldown to expire before accepting the quest.
*Silver ring: the NPC has a quest that is too high level for the player to accept at that level.
*Transparent grey ring: the NPC has a "trivial" quest, one far below the player's level.
*Gold ring with anvil: the NPC has a crafting quest, and involves the crafting system in some way.
*Gold ring with sword: The NPC has an allegiance quest; quests that are unique to the Mordor Expansion.*Gold ring with map: The NPC has a missions quest; quests that are unique to Missions-related quests.

Some quests are started by obtaining unique items dropped from specific enemies. The [[The Lord of the Rings Online#Riders of Rohan Expansion|Riders of Rohan expansion]] introduced auto-bestowed quests, which bring up a quest prompt when the player defeats a specific type of enemy or finds a certain location. Such enemies are marked with ring icons similarly to how NPC quest givers are. Players have the option of accepting these quests automatically or choosing to manually accept or decline each prompt. Most landscape quests can only be completed once, some special landscape quests and most instance quests can be completed once a day any number of times, and a few landscape quests can be repeated at any time up to a certain number of times.

Quests are categorized according to what area, instance or other section they are associated with. Of note are the Epic Quests, a series that tells the main storyline of the game. In imitation of [[The Lord of the Rings|the Lord of the Rings book]], the epic quests are divided into Volumes, which are divided into Books which in turn are divided into Chapters. Each Chapter is usually an individual quest. Epic Quests bring the player through the landscape but are considered apart from it, therefore most Epic Quests are available to all players regardless of whether or not any quest packs are unlocked. A notable exception is the end of Volume III: Allies of the King, which requires purchase of the Helm's Deep expansion to complete. The Black Book of Mordor, the new main storyline for quests after the Epic Books, has eight chapters, all spanning various areas in Middle Earth including [[Mordor]], the Strongholds of the North, the [[Iron Hills]], and the [[Ered Mithrin]].

===Deeds===
Deeds are non-repeatable achievements recorded on an interface window called the Deed Log. Common deed objectives include completing a certain number of quests in a particular area or region (Quest Deeds), defeating a certain number of enemies of a specific type in a particular region (Slayer Deeds), discovering specified locations (Explorer Deeds), and reaching the next tier of reputation with a faction. Most Deeds award Turbine points. Deeds in a particular region usually award reputation in that region's faction. Deeds also commonly reward marks, virtues, and titles.

===Instances===
Instances are locations in the game separated from the open landscape, not accessible through normal travel. Instances can take place in either separate versions of the locations available on the landscape (for example, Pelargir while Aragorn's host retakes it from the corsairs) or in locations not accessible anywhere else (such as Dale). Most instances are private instances, that is, only one player or group of players can enter it and it closes when they complete it, while public instances can be joined at any time by any number of separate players. They are often repeatable, with ones associated with landscape quests being replayable through a Reflecting Pool in the associated region and others accessible through the Instance Finder window. Most private instances have associated quests automatically bestowed upon entering the instance and cancelled upon exiting.

===Fellowships and Kinships===
Most open landscape content and associated instances are designed to be completable by a solo player, while some locations in the game and Instance Finder instances are meant for a team of players. A group of players with a maximum size of six is known as a fellowship. For larger groups, a raid of up to four fellowships can be formed, for a maximum group size of 24 players. Players are free to group on the open landscape and in public instances, but private instances have a limit on how many players may enter.

Players can found and join lasting organizations known as Kinships in the game. Players in a kinship can communicate in their own kinship chat channel to socialize and plan events with their fellow members.

===Monster Play===
The game is primarily Player vs. Environment (PvE), with most combat being player characters against computer controlled enemies found throughout the landscape and instances. However in the [[Ettenmoors]] region, players can participate in Player vs. Monster Player battles (PvMP). Players can create Monster characters that only have access to PvMP areas where they battle standard characters, who fight on the side of the Free Peoples. Each monster player class is limited to a specific race. The monster classes are the Blackarrow (Uruk), Defiler (Orc), Reaver (Orc), Stalker (Warg), Warleader (Uruk), and Weaver (Spider) As of [[The Lord of the Rings Online#Update 16: Ashes of Osgiliath|Update 16.2]] a new PvMP area, set in Osgiliath before Boromir's journey to Rivendell and accessed via a banner in the Ettenmoors, was released.



Towns and settlements provide Vendors where players can purchase or repair their armour, weapons, and supplies. Towns also often include Mailboxes, Auction Halls, Class Trainers, Forge-masters, Relic-masters, and Stable-masters who allow swift travel between regions.

The player interface allows other aspects of gameplay such as Character screens, Quest and Deed Logs, a Social Panel where players can interact, and a Crafting panel where players use skills to craft new items.

==Releases, updates, and expansions==
===Shadows of Angmar===
:{{Main|The Lord of the Rings Online: Shadows of Angmar}}
''[[The Lord of the Rings Online: Shadows of Angmar|Shadows of Angmar]]'' was released on [[24 April]], [[2007]]. It included books 1 through 8 of Epic Volume I: Shadows of Angmar. Approximately once every two months a major free update was added to ''The Lord of the Rings Online: Shadows of Angmar''. Each update added a new book to the volume.

====Book 9: Shores of Evendim====
The first free content update was released on 14 June, 2007.<ref>[http://www.lotro-europe.com/news.php?id=3611&pagename=home&search=yes&keyword=Book%209 Book 9: Shores of Evendim Release Date Announced]</ref>

Updates included:
*A new region - [[Evendim]] - is added, including locations like [[Annúminas]].<ref name="book9">{{webcite|author=|articleurl=http://www.lotro.com/news/pressreleases/136-book-9-shores-of-evendim-release-date-announced|articlename=Book 9: Shores of Evendim Release Date Announced!|dated=5 June 2007|website=LOTRO|accessed=19 February 2012}}</ref>
*The epic story is expanded with book 9, Shores of Evendim<ref name="book9"/>
*100 new quests are added.<ref name="book9"/>
*A 24-player raid is added, ''Battle for Helegrod''.<ref name="book9"/>
*Nine new monsters are added.<ref name="book9"/>
*New Collectible armour sets are added.<ref name="book9"/>
*Updates to the music system.<ref name="book9"/>

====Book 10: The City of Kings====
The second free-content update was released on 21 August, 2007 in North America and on 24 August, 2007 in Europe.<ref>| [http://www.lotro-europe.com/news.php?id=3949&pagename=home&search=yes&keyword=Book%209 Codemasters Online and Turbine unveil Book 10: The City of the Kings]</ref>

Updates included:
*Continuation of the Story Line.
*Legendary Play – Players can now use Destiny Points to play as a Ranger of the North or as a Troll.
*Critter Play – Players can now explore Middle-earth from a different viewpoint as a chicken.
*New Reputation and Bartering Systems – The Reputation system enables players to earn positive and negative standing with different races and groups in Middle-earth based on both monster kills and quest completions. The Bartering system allows players to trade trophies earned in battle for rewards, such as armour sets or mounts.
*Over 100 new Quests.
*More customizable user interface.

====Book 11: Prisoner of the Free Peoples====

The third free-content update was released on 24 October, 2007 in North America<ref>[http://www.lotro.com/article/430 Turbine and Codemasters Online Gaming to Unveil Book 11: Defenders of Eriador for The Lord of the Rings Online]</ref> and 25 October in Europe.<ref>[http://www.lotro-europe.com/news.php?id=4661&articletype=News Codemasters Online and Turbine to unveil Book 11: Defenders of Eriador]</ref>

Updates included ([http://lorebook.lotro.com/wiki/Release_Notes_Book_11_Official complete release notes]):
*Continuation of the Epic Story arc, including 13 quests.
*Player housing – players will be able to customize their houses with items such as furniture and doormats.
*Second raid called "The Rift" – 12-player raid in which players encounter a [[Balrogs|Balrog]] for the first time. Turbine has stressed that this is not the [[Durin's Bane|Balrog from Khazad-dûm]].<ref>[http://lotro.tentonhammer.com/index.php?module=ContentExpress&func=display&ceid=287 Book 11 Preview: The Balrogs are Coming]</ref>
*Two new areas – Tâl Bruinen in the Trollshaws, where [[Gollum]] will be introduced for the first time, and Goblin-town in the [[Misty Mountains]], featured in ''The Hobbit''.
*More than 100 new quests.

====Book 12: The Ashen Wastes====
The fourth free content update was released on 13 February, 2008 in North America; and 14 February, 2008 in Europe.

Updates included ([http://lorebook.lotro.com/wiki/Release_Notes_Book_12_Official complete release notes]):
*Continuation of the Story Line.
*Character customization - Increased character customization "ranging from haircuts, to some (possible) additions to the trait-system." In addition, the Outfit system, along with special social clothing designed just for it, will be introduced where a second or third set of clothing can be slotted and displayed while retaining the statistical bonuses of the currently equipped items.<ref>[http://lotro.stratics.com/content/hoclog/hoc10.php Lord of the Rings Online: House of Commons ]</ref>
*The Delving of Frór - A new Monster Play PVE (and PVMP under certain circumstances) area was introduced: An expanse of caves and catacombs located beneath the Ettenmoors.
*The Great Angmar Revamp - A revamp of the most high-level region of the game's current 9 PvE regions. The revamp included the reworking of many quests, areas and other changes, such as new horse routes.
*Barbershop - You can customize the look of your avatar in-game with around 50 new haircuts and second set of details.
*Updates to the Burglar, Guardian, and Champion classes.

====Book 13: Doom of the Last-King====

The fifth free content update was released on 24 April, 2008 in North America and on 1 May, 2008 in Europe.

Updates included ([http://lorebook.lotro.com/wiki/Release_Notes_Book_13_Official complete release notes]):
*A new playable map area: the Ice Bay of [[Forochel]].
*Players being able to see the ocean for the first time, confirmed as the Ice Bay of Forochel in recent developer chats.
*Fishing - the first of a new system in ''Lord of the Rings Online'', called 'hobbies'.
*New PVMP Monster Healing Class - Orc Defiler.
*Looking For Fellowship- and Quest-panel improvements.

====Book 14: The Ring-forges of Eregion====

The sixth free content update was released on 22 July, 2008 in North America. It was released on 24 July, 2008 in Europe.

Updates included ([http://lorebook.lotro.com/wiki/Release_Notes_Book_14_Official complete release notes]):
*Climax of the "Shadows of Angmar" storyline.
*Added selected sections of [[Eregion]] (Region leading towards the Gates of Moria).
*Epic Quest events that will allow interaction between players regardless of server.
*Prelude quests for and leading up to the ''[[The Lord of the Rings Online: Mines of Moria|Mines of Moria]]'' expansion, which would have updates leading to Lothlórien, Fangorn, Rhovanion and Rohan.

====Book 15: Daughter of Strife====
The seventh free content update was released on 18 November, 2008. This update was released in tandem with the Mines of Moria expansion for players who did not purchase the expansion release.

Updates included ([http://lorebook.lotro.com/wiki/Category:Epic_-_Vol._I,_Book_15:_Daughter_of_Strife_Quests Epic - Vol. I, Book 15: Daughter of Strife Quests epic]):
*Conclusion of the "Shadows of Angmar" storyline.
*Added the zone of Eregion expanding on the selected sections from Book 14. The zone does not include the Hollin Gate leading to the Black Pool.
*Added UI enhancements

===Mines of Moria Expansion===
{{Main|The Lord of the Rings Online: Mines of Moria}}
''[[The Lord of the Rings Online: Mines of Moria|Mines of Moria]]'' was released on [[18 November]], [[2008]]. It included Vol. II books 1 through 6 of the epic quest line. Like ''Shadows of Angmar'', ''Mines of Moria'' continued to regularly release updates. Updates were less frequent than Shadows of Angmar.

====Book 7: Leaves of Lórien====
[[File:The Lord of the Rings Online - Leaves of Lórien.png|thumb|300px]]
Book 7 was released on [[17 March]] [[2009]]. This update included:
* Continuation of the Epic Storyline in Book 7, Leaves of Lórien.<ref name="book7">{{webcite|author=|articleurl=http://www.lotro.com/gameinfo/book-spotlights/342-vol2book7|articlename=Volume II: Book 7: Leaves of Lórien Spotlight|dated=|website=LOTRO|accessed=19 February 2012}}</ref>
* Expansion of the Lothlórien Area, including [[Caras Galadhon]].<ref name="book7"/>
* A new raid, named ''Strange Happenings'', has been added.<ref name="book7"/>
* The [[Galadhrim]] are added as a new reputation faction.<ref name="book7"/>
* Crafting instances enable players to gather resources.<ref name="book7"/>
* The Ered Luin Introduction and, on lesser scale, the Bree-land Introduction are revamped.<ref name="book7"/>
* Several new Monster Play emotes are added.<ref name="book7"/>

====Book 8: Scourge of Khazad-dum====
[[File:The Lord of the Rings Online - Scourge of Khazad-Dûm.png|thumb|300px]]Book 8 was released on 23 June, 2009. This update included:
*Book 8, Scourge of Khazad-dûm, continues the epic story.<ref name="book8">{{webcite|author=|articleurl=http://www.lotro.com/gameinfo/book-spotlights/421-vol2-book8|articlename=Volume II: Book 8: Scourge of Khazad-dûm|dated=|website=LOTRO|accessed=19 February 2012}}</ref>
* A radiance-gated multi-boss, 12-man raid - named ''Dar Narbugud'' is added.<ref name="book8"/>
* One 6-man instance is added: ''The Halls of Crafting''.<ref name="book8"/>
* Two 3-man instances are added:
** ''Lumul-nar''<ref name="book8"/>
** ''Nala-dum''<ref name="book8"/>
* Continuation of the revamp of the Bree-land Introduction.<ref name="book8"/>
* The Crafting system has been revived.<ref name="book8"/>

===Siege of Mirkwood Expansion===
:''Main article [[The Lord of the Rings Online: Siege of Mirkwood]]''
''[[The Lord of the Rings Online: Siege of Mirkwood|Siege of Mirkwood]]'' was released on 1 December, 2009 in North America and 3 December, 2009 in Europe. Unlike the second expansion this edition was only available via a web-based download. It included Book 9 and the epilogue of Volume II: Mines of Moria.

Kate Paiz, Executive Producer for ''The Lord of the Rings Online'', released a letter on 22 October, 2010 stating that updates will be more frequent but will not always be accompanied with a new book continuing the epic story.<ref>[http://www.lotro.com/gameinfo/devdiaries/866-producers-letter-october-2010 Producer's Letter, October-2010] lotro.com, Dev Diaries</ref>

====Book 1: Oath of the Rangers====
[[File:The Lord of the Rings Online - Oath of the Rangers.png|300px|thumb]]
Book 1 was released on [[1 March]], [[2010]].<ref> [http://forums.lotro.com/showthread.php?t=320404 Volume III: Allies of the King has arrived!]</ref>

Updates include ([http://lorebook.lotro.com/wiki/Release_Notes_Volume_3_Allies_of_the_King_Official complete release notes]):
* The beginning of Volume III in the epic storyline.
* The ability to solo the Volume I epic storyline.
* A duo mode for most skirmishes.

====Book 2: Ride of the Grey Company====
Book 2 was released on [[10 September]], [[2010]] in North America. ([[8 September]], [[2010]] for subscribers). It was delayed in Europe because of contractual reasons and was finally released on [[2 November]], almost two months after North America.<ref>[http://massively.joystiq.com/ Massively], [http://massively.joystiq.com/2010/10/29/v-e-me-day-lotro-europe-announces-launch-date-for-free-to-play/ V-E-ME Day: LotRO Europe announces launch date for free-to-play], dated [[29 October]], [[2010]] (accessed [[11 November]], [[2011]])</ref>

Updates included ([http://lorebook.lotro.com/wiki/Release_Notes_Volume_3_Book_2_Official complete release notes]):

* New region: [[Enedwaith]].
* ''Lord of the Rings Online'' Free to Play subscription.
* Book 2 in the Volume III epic storyline.
* Scalable instances.
* Improvements to the vault, and a new wardrobe system for cosmetic items.
* Updates to the Captain class.
* The LOTRO store, where players may purchase convenience items. Points either earned through gameplay, through the VIP program or by being purchased.
* The introduction of Lua Scripting.
* DirectX 11 support.
* Ranger session play.

====Update 1: Journey to Winter-Home====
[[File:The Lord of the Rings Online - Update 1 Journey to Winter-Home.png|300px|thumb]]
In 2010, LOTRO altered its monetization model and became "free-to-play." The first post Free-to-play update was released in November 2010. Due to changes to how updates work this did not contain an epic book.=

Updates included:
* A Barter Wallet for skirmish marks and anniversary tokens.
* Opening of Moria, Lothlorien, Mirkwood and Enedwaith to free-to-play players. Volume II and Volume III will also be available, as well the legendary item system, and the level 65 level cap all to free-to-play players.
* Vault improvements.
* Tasks: a new quest type for all levels.
* Improved reputation mounts.
* Updates to the Lore-master and Rune-keeper classes.
* Ered Luin starting area revamp.

====Update 2: Echoes of the Dead====
[[File:The Lord of the Rings Online - Update 2 Echoes of the Dead.png|300px|thumb]]
The first update of 2011 was released on [[21 March]] in the United States and [[24 March]] for Europe.

Updates included:
* Two 3-man's, two 6-man's, and a 12-person raid were added for level 65 players.
* A special item required to craft a First Age weapon which drops from the above raid.
* Radiance was removed.
* Legendary Items were updated.
* Character panel and cosmetic system were revamped.
* The Minstrel, Hunter and Burglar classes were updated.
* Volume III Book 3: Echoes of the Dead was added.
* Volume II was revamped and made soloable, including three instances which have been converted to skirmishes.
* Improvements to the PvP starter tutorial.
* [[Evendim]] was revamped, with [[Annúminas]] being scaled down to level 40.

====Update 3: Lost Legends of Eriador====
[[File:The Lord of the Rings Online - Update 3 Lost Legends of Eriador.png|300px|thumb]]
''Lost Legends of Eriador'' was the third update. It was released on [[23 May]], [[2011]] and included: ([http://lorebook.lotro.com/wiki/Update_3,_Lost_Legends_of_Eriador,_Official complete release notes]):=

* Two new 3-man scalable instances starting mid-game.
* Two new skirmishes.

===Rise of Isengard Expansion===
{{Main|The Lord of the Rings Online: Rise of Isengard}}
The third expansion for ''The Lord of the Rings Online'' is entitled ''Rise of Isengard''. The expansion was made available on 27 September, 2011 and only as a digital download.<ref>[http://isengard.lotro.com/ The Lord of the Rings Online: Rise of Isengard Official Homepage]</ref>

====Update 5: Armies of Isengard====
[[File:The Lord of the Rings Online - Update 5 Armies of Isengard.png|220px|thumb]]''Armies of Isengard'' was the first update published after the release of ''The Lord of the Rings Online: Rise of Isengard''. It was released on [[12 December]] [[2011]] and included ([http://lorebook.lotro.com/wiki/Update_5,_Armies_of_Isengard,_Official complete release notes]):

* Four new instances and a 12-man raid in and around [[Isengard]].
* Book 5: The Prince of Rohan of '''Volume III: Allies of the King''' is released.
* A new Instance finder, to form groups more easily.
* Barter currencies of skirmishes, classic and instances are unified.
* Changes to Reputation items.

====Update 6: Shores of the Great River====
[[File:The Lord of the Rings Online - Update 6 The Great River.png|220px|thumb]]''Shores of the Great River'' is the sixth update and was released on [[12 March]] [[2012]].<ref name="Update6&Riders"> {{webcite|author=Justin Olivetti|articleurl=http://massively.joystiq.com/2012/01/25/riding-into-rohan-lotro-maps-out-2012/|articlename=Riding into Rohan: LotRO maps out in 2012|dated=25 January 2012|website=Massively|accessed=29 January 2012}}</ref><ref name="Update6">{{webcite|author=|articleurl=http://www.lotro.com/gameinfo/game-manual/1775-update-6-great-river|articlename=Update 6 Great River|dated=|website=LOTRO|accessed=19 February 2012}}</ref>

*A new region, the [[Anduin|The Great River]], was added, featuring seven new areas - including Parth Celebrant - in the upper [[Anduin]]. <ref name="Update6"/>
*Mists of Anduin, Book 6 of Volume III, was released, in which the player seeks the wisdom of [[Galadriel]] about troubling dreams and fights [[Easterlings]], Brigands and an ancient enemy of Rohan.<ref name="Update6"/>
*The ability to summon skirmish warriors outside skirmishes.<ref name="Update6"/>
*Updates to the Instance finder.<ref name="Update6"/>
*Currency-change in Monster Play: "Destiny" will be replaced with "Commendations". Commendations will be available for both Freeps and Creeps.<ref name="MP Currency change">{{webcite|author=Jaret Pruett|articleurl=http://www.lotro.com/gameinfo/devdiaries/1776-update-6-commendations-developer-diary|articlename=http://www.lotro.com/gameinfo/devdiaries/1776-update-6-commendations-developer-diary|dated=|website=LOTRO|accessed=19 February 2012}}</ref>

====Update 7: Shades of the Past====
[[File:The Lord of the Rings Online - Update 7 Shades of the Past.png|thumb|220px]]''Shades of the Past'' is the seventh update<ref name="Update 7">{{webcite|author=|articleurl=http://www.lotro.com/gameinfo/1966|articlename=Update 7|dated=|website=LOTRO|accessed=12 May 2012}}</ref> and was released on 14 May, 2012.{{fact}}=

*Continuation of the aforementioned currency-change.<ref name="MP Currency change"/>
*A new skirmish, "Storm on Methedras."<ref name="Update 7"/>
*Revamp of the Fornost instance and Moria region.<ref name="Update 7"/>

===Riders of Rohan Expansion===
:''Main article [[The Lord of the Rings Online: Riders of Rohan]]''
The fourth expansion for ''The Lord of the Rings Online'' is named ''Riders of Rohan''. The expansion was released on October 15, 2012. <ref name="Turbine">{{webcite|author=|articleurl=http://www.lotro.com/news/pressreleases/1736-warner-bros-interactive-entertainment-and-turbine-unveil-the-lord-of-the-rings-online-riders-of-rohan|articlename=WARNER BROS. INTERACTIVE ENTERTAINMENT AND TURBINE UNVEIL THE LORD OF THE RINGS ONLINE™: RIDERS OF ROHAN™|dated=|website=LOTRO|accessed=30 January 2012}}</ref>

====Update 9: Against the Shadow====
''Against the Shadow'' is the ninth update and was released 17 December, 2012. <ref name="Update 9">{{webcite|author=|articleurl=http://www.tentonhammer.com/lotro/news/lotro-update-9-coming-december-17th|articlename=LOTROs Update 9 Coming December 17th|dated=|website=www.tentonhammer.com|accessed=27 July 2015}}</ref>=

*Three new three man instances.<ref>{{webcite|author=|articleurl=http://www.lotro.com/en/game/articles/update-9-riders-rohan-instance-cluster-part-i|articlename=Riders of Rohan Instance Cluster, Part I|dated=|website=LOTRO|accessed=27 July 2015}}</ref>
*Scaling of Dol Guldur instances.
*Completion of Moria revamp.<ref>{{webcite|author=|articleurl=http://www.lotro.com/en/game/articles/update-9-revisiting-mines-moria-part-ii|articlename=Developer Diary: Revisiting the Mines of Moria, Part II|dated=|website=LOTRO|accessed=27 July 2015}}</ref>
*Ability to quickly travel to turn in quests.<ref>{{webcite|author=|articleurl=http://www.lotro.com/en/game/articles/update-9-travel-quest-location-behind-scenes|articlename=Update 9 - Travel To Quest Location: Behind the Scenes|dated=|website=LOTRO|accessed=27 July 2015}}</ref>
*Update to the Yule Festival.<ref>{{webcite|author=|articleurl=http://www.lotro.com/en/game/articles/update-9-yule-festival|articlename=Update 9 - Yule Festival|dated=|website=LOTRO|accessed=27 July 2015}}</ref>
*Combat revisions.<ref>{{webcite|author=|articleurl=http://www.lotro.com/en/game/articles/update-9-combat-revisions|articlename=Update 9 - Combat Revisions|dated=|website=LOTRO|accessed=27 July 2015}}</ref>

====Update 10: Against the Shadow, Part II====
''Against the Shadow, Part II'' is the tenth update and was released 6 March, 2013.

*One six man instance and three twelve man raids.<ref name="Update 10">{{webcite|author=|articleurl=https://www.lotro.com/en/game/articles/update-10-instance-cluster-developer-diary|articlename=Update 10 - Instance Cluster Developer Diary|dated=|website=LOTRO|accessed=27 July 2015}}</ref>
*In Their Absence instance scaling.<ref name="Update 10"/>
*Mithril Coins, a new currency used for special services.<ref>{{webcite|author=|articleurl=http://www.lotro.com/en/game/articles/update-10-mithril-coin-qa|articlename=Update 10 Mithril Coin Q&A|dated=|website=LOTRO|accessed=27 July 2015}}</ref>
*Agility made Wardens' primary stat.<ref>{{webcite|author=|articleurl=http://www.lotro.com/en/game/articles/update-10-warden-stat-change-agility-wardens|articlename=Update 10: Warden Stat Change – Agility Wardens!|dated=|website=LOTRO|accessed=27 July 2015}}</ref>
*Changes to critical defense.<ref>{{webcite|author=|articleurl=http://www.lotro.com/en/game/articles/update-10-critical-defence-revision|articlename=Update 10 - Critical Defence Revision|dated=|website=LOTRO|accessed=27 July 2015}}</ref>
*Unification of currency for scaling instances.<ref>{{webcite|author=|articleurl=http://www.lotro.com/en/game/articles/update-10-seals-and-medallion-conversion|articlename=Update 10 - Seals and Medallion Conversion Diary|dated=|website=LOTRO|accessed=27 July 2015}}</ref>

====Update 11: Treachery of the White Hand====
''Treachery of the White Hand'' is the eleventh update and was released 13 May, 2013. <ref name="Update 11">{{webcite|author=|articleurl=https://www.lotro.com/forums/showthread.php?511377-Update-11-Treachery-of-the-White-Hand-Release-Notes-Official|articlename=Update 11: Treachery of the White Hand Release Notes - Official|dated=|website=LOTRO|accessed=27 July 2015}}</ref>=

*A new region, Wildermore, located on the previously-inaccessible plateau in the north of East Rohan.<ref name="Update 11"/>
*Book 10: Snows of Wildermore of '''Volume III: Allies of the King''' is released.<ref name="Update 11"/>
*Updates to mounted combat.<ref name="Update 11"/>
*Hobbit presents, daily free random items with the ability to unlock more rolls with mithril coins.<ref name="Update 11"/>
*Lalia's Market, a shop where cosmetic clothing and dyes can be purchased with mithril coins.<ref>{{webcite|author=|articleurl=http://www.lotro.com/en/game/articles/lalias-market|articlename=Lalia’s Market Now Open in Bree-town!|dated=|website=LOTRO|accessed=27 July 2015}}</ref>

===Helm's Deep Expansion===
:''Main article [[The Lord of the Rings Online: Helm's Deep]]''
The fourth expansion for ''The Lord of the Rings Online'' is named ''Helm's Deep''. The expansion was released on 20 November, 2013. <ref name="TenTonHammer">{{webcite|author=|articleurl=https://www.tentonhammer.com/lotro/news/turbine-temporarily-delays-lotro-helms-deep-launch|articlename=Updated: Turbine Temporarily Delays LOTROs Helms Deep Launch|dated=|website=www.tentonhammer.com|accessed=27 July 2015}}</ref> After the Helm's Deep expansion, Turbine has discontinued for three years paid expansions in favor of quarterly updates with content free to VIPs. <ref name="Looking Ahead to 2014">{{webcite|author=|articleurl=https://www.lotro.com/forums/showthread.php?535422-A-letter-from-Executive-Producer-Kate-Paiz-Looking-Ahead-to-2014|articlename=A letter from Executive Producer Kate Paiz - Looking Ahead to 2014|dated=|website=LOTRO|accessed=27 July 2015}}</ref>

====Update 13: The Breaking of Isengard====
''The Breaking of Isengard'' is the thirteenth update and was released [[14 April]], [[2014]]. <ref name="Update 13">{{webcite|author=|articleurl=https://www.lotro.com/forums/showthread.php?546315-Update-13-The-Breaking-of-Isengard-%E2%80%93-Official-release-Notes|articlename=Update 13: The Breaking of Isengard – Official release Notes|dated=|website=LOTRO|accessed=27 July 2015}}</ref>=

*Release of a new landscape consisting of post-[[Battle of Isengard]] Nan Curunir as well as the Entwood<ref name="Update 13"/>, an area consisting of the south-western part of Fangorn.
*The fourteenth and final book of Epic Volume III: Allies of the King, The Waters of Isengard.<ref>{{webcite|author=|articleurl=https://www.lotro.com/en/game/articles/dev-diary-%E2%80%93-update-13-quest-notes|articlename=Dev Diary – Update 13 Quest Notes|dated=|website=LOTRO|accessed=27 July 2015}}</ref>
*Misty Mountains, North Downs and Trollshaws region revamps.<ref name="Update 13"/>
*Resizable inventory bags.<ref name="Update 13"/>
*Level scaling from level 20 up for players in the Ettenmoors and temporary Ettenmoors passes for free-to-play purchasable with Mithril Coins.<ref name="Update 13"/>

====Update 14: Paths of the Dead====
''Paths of the Dead'' is the fourteenth update and was released [[14 July]], [[2014]].<ref name="Update 14">{{webcite|author=|articleurl=https://www.lotro.com/forums/showthread.php?552272-Update-14-Paths-of-the-Dead-Release-Notes-amp-Known-Issues|articlename=Update 14: Paths of the Dead - Release Notes & Known Issues |dated=|website=LOTRO|accessed=27 July 2015}}</ref>=

*Release of the West Gondor region, consisting of the areas the [[Paths of the Dead]], the [[Blackroot Vale]], [[Lamedon]], the Havens of [[Belfalas]], and [[Dol Amroth]]. <ref name="Update 14"/><ref>{{webcite|author=|articleurl=http://www.lotro.com/en/u14|articlename=Update 14: Paths of the Dead Now Available|dated=|website=LOTRO|accessed=27 July 2015}}</ref>
*A new Epic series,<ref name="Update 14"/> Volume IV: The Strength of Sauron, beginning with Book 1: The Road to Gondor.
*The Essence System, allowing specially slotted armors to be fitted with a variety of Essences for customizable stats.<ref name="Update 14"/>.
*Level cap increase to 100.<ref name="Update 14"/>
*The [[Dead Marshes]] region was added later in the minor Update 14.2, released September 15 2014. This area included a Session Play featuring Frodo, Samwise, and Gollum's passage through the marshes, casting the player character as Sam.<ref>{{webcite|author=|articleurl=https://www.lotro.com/forums/showthread.php?555920-Update-14-2-Release-Notes|articlename=Update 14.2 Release Notes|dated=|website=LOTRO|accessed=28 July 2015}}</ref>

====Update 15: Gondor Aflame====
''Gondor Aflame''<ref name="U15 Announcement">{{webcite|author=|articleurl=http://www.lotro.com/en/u15|articlename=Update 15: Gondor Aflame Now Available|dated=|website=LOTRO|accessed=27 July 2015}}</ref> is the fifteeth update and was released 4 November, 2014. <ref name="Update 15">{{webcite|author=|articleurl=https://www.lotro.com/forums/showthread.php?558300-Update-15-Release-Notes|articlename=Update 15 Release Notes|dated=|website=LOTRO|accessed=27 July 2015}}</ref>

*The region of Central Gondor, consisting of [[Ringló Vale]], [[Dor-en-Ernil]], [[Lebennin]] and [[Pelargir]].<ref name="U15 Announcement"/><ref name="Update 15"/>
*Beorning race and class.<ref name="U15 Announcement"/><ref name="Update 15"/>
*Epic Volume IV Book 2: The Dawnless Day.<ref name="Update 15"/>
*A new Epic Battle, Retaking Pelargir.<ref name="Update 15"/> Initially only available in solo/duo mode, a full fellowship version was released in 4 February, 2015 with Update 15.2.<ref name="Update 15.2">{{webcite|author=|articleurl=https://www.lotro.com/forums/showthread.php?&postid=7312886|articlename=Update 15.2 Release Notes|dated=|website=LOTRO|accessed=28 July 2015}}</ref>
*Roving Threats, a new type of open landscape group content.<ref name="Update 15"/> Additional Roving Threats were added to other regions of the game beginning with Update 15.2<ref name="Update 15.2"/>

====Update 16: Ashes of Osgiliath====
''Ashes of Osgiliath'' is the sixteenth update and was released [[1 May]], [[2015]].<ref name="Update 16">{{webcite|author=|articleurl=https://www.lotro.com/forums/showthread.php?568045-Update-16-Ashes-of-Osgiliath-%E2%80%93-Official-Release-Notes|articlename=Update 16: Ashes of Osgiliath – Official Release Notes|dated=|website=LOTRO|accessed=27 July 2015}}</ref>=

*The region of Eastern Gondor, consisting of Upper Lebennin, Lossarnach, South Ithilien and Osgiliath.<ref name="Update 16"/>
*Epic Volume IV Book 3: Voices of the Past.<ref name="Update 16"/>
*Cosmetic weapons and shields, more Roving Threats, and new PvMP map set in Osgiliath were released with Update 16.2 on 17 July, 2015. A new quest series of weekly episodic content, following the adventures of the Hobbit Bingo Boffin, was begun the Wednesday after the update, on 22 July.<ref>{{webcite|author=|articleurl=https://www.lotro.com/forums/showthread.php?572512-Update-16-2-Release-Notes&p=7404279#post7404279|articlename=Update 16.2 Release Notes|dated=|website=LOTRO|accessed=28 July 2015}}</ref>

====Update 17: The Siege of Minas Tirith====
''The Siege of Minas Tirith'' is the seventeenth update and was released [[27 October]], [[2015]].

*The region of Old Anórien, including [[Minas Tirith]], the [[Pelennor Fields]], and Talath Anor.
*Epic Volume IV Book 4: Siege of the White City
*New crafting tier, hidden cosmetic weapon toggle.
*New Epic Battles: Defence of Minas Tirith, Hammer of the Underworld.

====Update 18: The Battle of Pelennor Fields====
''The Battle of Pelennor fields'' is the eighteenth update and was released [[11 April]] [[2016]].

*The region of Far Anórien, including [[Drúadan Forest|Taur Drúadan]], [[Warning beacons of Gondor|Beacon hills]], and the Pelennor Fields during the battle.
*Instance cluster including two 3-man instances (The Quays of the Harlond, The Blood of the Black Serpent), one 6-man instance (The Silent Street) and a 12-man raid (Throne of the Dread Terror).
*Epic Volume IV Book 5: The Ride of the Rohirrim and Book 6: The Battle of Pelennor Fields.

====Update 19: March of the King====
''March of the King'' is the nineteenth update and was released [[14 October]], [[2016]].

*The region March of the King, including [[North Ithilien]], after battle Minas Tirith, after battle Osgiliath, and after battle Pelennor Fields.
*Flora barter system to exchange new gear for flowers.
*Epic Volume IV Book 7: March of the King.

====Update 20: Battle of the Black Gate====
''Battle of the Black Gate'' is the twentieth update and was released [[21 March]], [[2017]].

*The region The Wastes, including Noman-lands, [[Slag-hills]] and [[Dagorlad]] which surround the [[Black Gate]].
*New reputation items to exchange for armour.
*Epic Volume IV Book 8: Battle of the Black Gate.

===Mordor Expansion===
''Mordor'' is the sixth expansion, and the twenty-first update, released on [[2 August]], [[2017]].

*The region Plateau of [[Gorgoroth]] includes five different areas, [[Udûn]], Dor Amarth, Lhingris, Talath Urui, and Agarnaith.
*The conclusion of the Epic Questline (and Volume 4), with Book 9.
*A new series of quests, the "Black Book of Mordor", becomes the main storyline after the conclusion of the Epic Quests. There are four chapters introduced in this update.
*The Allegiance System is introduced, players can pledge to one of four factions to gain greater rewards in [[Mordor]]. They are the Kingdom of [[Gondor]], the Court of [[Lothlórien]], [[Durin's Folk]], and the Hobbits of the Company.
*A new instance cluster is introduced, featuring a 3-man instance (The Court of Seregost), a 6-man instance (The Dungeons of Naerband), and a 12-man raid (The Abyss of Mordath).

====Update 22: Legacy of the Necromancer====
''Legacy of the Necromancer'' is the twenty-second update, released on [[6 March]], [[2018]].

*The new region "[[Eryn Lasgalen]] and the Dale-lands" (otherwise known as the "Strongholds of the North" or "Northern Mirkwood"), features the Forest of Eryn Lasgalen (including the [[Halls of the Elven-king]] (known as Felegoth), The Dale-lands (featuring iconic locations such as The [[Long Lake]], [[Lake-town]], [[Dale]], and [[Ravenhill]]), and [[Erebor]], the Lonely Mountain.
*Three new reputation factions are introduced; the "Elves of Felegoth", the "Men of Dale", and the "Dwarves of Erebor".
*The Black Book of Mordor continues with two new chapters exploring the new region.

====Update 23: Where Dragons Dwell====
''Where Dragons Dwell'' is the twenty-third update, released on [[9 October]], [[2018]].

* The new area "The Dwarf-holds", consists of two areas; The [[Iron Hills]], and [[Ered Mithrin]]. An expanded area of [[Erebor]] is also opened.
* A new instance cluster is introduced, featuring two 3-man instances (Caverns of Thrumfall and Glimmerdeep), a six-man instance (Thikil-gundu), and a 12-man raid (The Anvil of Winterstith).
* The Black Book of Mordor continues with two new chapters exploring the new areas.

====Update 24: Vales of Anduin====
''Vales of Anduin'' is the twenty-fourth update, released on [[4 June]], [[2019]].
* A new region, the [[Vales of Anduin]] was released, containing several key locations such as the Beorninghus ([[Beorn's Hall]]), The [[Carrock]], the [[Eagle's Eyrie]], the [[Gladden Fields]], [[Rhosgobel]], and various settlements of the [[Woodmen]].
* Update 24.2 brought the "Gladdenmere" sub-region to the Vales, along with a single six-man instance, "The Depths of Kidzul-kalah.
* The Black Book of Mordor continues with two new chapters exploring the new area, in addition to a "Prelude" to the Minas Morgul Expansion.

===Minas Morgul Expansion===
''Minas Morgul'' is the seventh expansion, and the twenty-fifth update, released on [[5 November]], [[2019]].

*The expansion consists of two new areas, "Mordor Besieged" consists of the upper half of [[Gorgoroth]] during the final stages of the [[Siege of Barad-dûr]] in the Second Age, and the [[Morgul Vale]], which consists of the areas between [[Ithilien]] to the west, and Gorgoroth to the east. The city of [[Minas Morgul]] is also available for exploration.
*A new playable race, the "Stout-axe dwarves", became available.
*New Crafting updates, including a new tier to crafting guilds.
*A new instance cluster taking place in the Morgul Vale, with four three-man instances, three six-man instances, and a raid, the Remmorchant, featuring battling with [[Shelob]] in [[Torech Ungol]].
*A new level cap of 130 is introduced.

====Update 26: Mists of Wilderland====
''Mists of Wilderland'' is the the twenty-sixth update, released on [[23 April]], [[2020]].
* A new region, the Wells of Langflood was released, featuring the upper-lands of the [[Vales of Anduin]], and the merging of the [[Greylin]] and [[Langwell]] rivers into the Anduin. In addition, there is the [[beorning]] settlement of Limlok, the [[stoor]] village of Lyndelby, and the ruins of [[Framsburg]], once the capital of the [[Eotheod]].
* A new reputation faction, the "Protectors of Wilderland", situated in Limlok was introduced.
* A brand new epic questline, "The Legacy of Durin and the Trials of the Dwarves" is introduced to follow the Black Book of Mordor, and follows Prince Durin's efforts in leading the united dwarves to retake [[Mount Gundabad]] from the orcs who dwell there. Two initial chapters were released.

====Update 27: The Great Wedding====
''The Great Wedding'' is the twenty-seventh update, released on [[30 June]], [[2020]].
* A new area, [[Minas Tirith]] (Midsummer), was introduced, situated after the destruction of the [[One Ring]], situated around the wedding of King [[Aragorn Elessar]] and [[Arwen Undomiel]].
* The [[Midsummer]] Festival was introduced, based in Midsummer Minas Tirith, featuring all new quests, items and deeds for players. In addition, the Summer and Farmer's Faire festivals were merged to make way for the Midsummer Festival.
* The Epic Questline continues with Volume V- The Peace of Middle-earth, in it's first book.

====Update 28: War of the Three Peaks====
''War of the Three Peaks'' is the eighth update, also called a "mini-expansion", released on [[20 October]], [[2020]].
* A new area, Elderslade, is introduced, and features the lands north of the Wells of Langflood and west of the [[Ered Mithrin]], situated before the very gates of [[Mount Gundabad]].
* The Missions mechanic was introduced, allowing players of any level over 20 to aid Durin's war-effort, and gain rewards through one of two new reputation factions: The Gabil'akka.
* "The Legacy of Durin and the Trials of the Dwarves" continues with two new chapters, featuring the Battle of Elderslade, and the challenging of Gorgar the Ruthless, Lord of Gundabad, and son of [[Bolg]].

====Update 29: The Wildwood====
''The Wildwood'' was released on [[27 March]], [[2021]].
* The Wildwood, a new zone, was released as part of the Bree-land starting at level 45. Includes new quests along with two reputation factions.
* New Missions were added for The Wildwood.
* The Bree-land map was updated accordingly.

====Update 30: Blood of Azog====
''Blood of Azog'' was released on [[8 June]], [[2021]].
* New Missions for new dwarf factions were released.
* "The Legacy of Durin" storyline continued with a flashback to [[Battle of Azanulbizar]]. The flashback is told by Hersegg, granddaughter of one of the heroes of that battle.
* The Fall of Khazad-dûm raid was also released with new gear to be earned. In this instance, players help the dwarves of Moria in TA 1981 in their final stand against Durin's Bane.
* This is the final content update before the next major expansion, ''Fate of Gundabad'', released on November 10th, 2021.

=====Update 30.3=====
''Update 30.3'' was released on [[13 October]], [[2021]].
* This update did not contain any new quest content for the game, but did release several significant features leading up to The Fate of Gundabad expansion, along with smaller quality of life changes.
* The Brawler class was introduced to the game.
* A fully revamped Legendary Item system released publicly after many months of beta testing
* The housing system saw an update that removed the size signifiers for housing items, making it easier to customise player housing

===Fate of Gundabad Expansion===
''Fate of Gundabad'', the ninth expansion and thirty-first update, was released on [[10 November]], [[2021]].

* The expansion adds the new "Gundabad" region, which consists of seven distinct areas; five of which are located under the mountain itself and two others are outside, to the north of it.
* "The Legacy of Durin and the Trials of the Dwarves" storyline is conluded with seven new chapters taking place inside Gundabad.
* The new instance cluster includes two three-man instances and one six-man instance.
* A new level cap of 140 is introduced, and new Missions are added within Gundabad.

====Update 32: Rangers and Ruins====
''Rangers and Ruins'' was released on [[16 February]], [[2022]].

* A new raid, "The Hiddenhoard of Abnankâra", was released, featuring Prince Durin's final confrontation with Hrímil Frost-heart within the ancient treasury of the Greymaul Rebellion.
* A new premium housing area in the Abodes of [[Erebor]] was released, located within one of the last of [[Smaug|Smaug's]] treasure hoards.
* A new sub-region, the [[Angle (Eriador)|Angle of Mitheithel]] was released, filled with elven ruins, and the outposts of the [[Rangers of the North]].
* The new 'Legendary Item Rewards Track' was introduced to compliment the new Legendary Item System. Players use their item XP to gain special rewards to help increase the power of their items.

====Update 33: The Yondershire====
''The Yondershire'' was released on [[20 April]], [[2022]].
* This update was released alongside the 15 year celebration of ''Lord of the Rings Online''. This event runs from the 20th of April up until 12th of May.
* A new sub-region, "The Yondershire", was released, connecting the [[Ered Luin]] directly to the rest of Middle-earth for the first time. Hobbit villages such as [[Nobottle]], [[Tighfield]], [[Gamwich]], and [[Long Cleeve]] are also featured.
* All content including and prior to the Helm's Deep Expansion, including the Rune-keeper, Warden, and Beorning classes, as well as the High Elf race were made free and available to all players.

==Added elements and deviations from the book==
''The Lord of the Rings Online'' does not only follow the story as told in ''[[The Lord of the Rings]]'', but also tells original stories about events happening during the same time period as the War of the Ring. These chiefly involve player characters following the trail of the members of the Fellowship and other main characters from the text. As such, there are a number of elements that do not appear in any of the published works. This includes characters, lineages, objects and locations. A selection of these are described below.

===Major original characters===
* '''[[Amarthiel]]''' served the [[Witch-king]] of [[Angmar]] during his first reign over [[Angmar]]<ref>In the game the Witch-king reigned over Angmar again shortly before the [[War of the Ring]].</ref> and wore the [[lesser rings|lesser ring]] Narchuil. She was slain by Narmeleth at the [[Battle of Fornost]] and her soul wandered [[Middle-earth]] for over a thousand years. She managed to possess Narmeleth and disguised herself as Sara Oakheart. She eventually revealed herself after the defeat of [[Mordirith]] by Golodir and becomes the Regent of Angmar.

* '''[[Andraste]]''' was a female [[Men|Man]] who served the [[Witch-king]].

* '''[[Jon Brackenbrook]]''' was a [[Men|Man]] who was captain of [[Archet]].

* '''Ronald Dwale''' was a [[Hobbits|Hobbit]] from Dwalling. He was an author and a member of the Inklings, that meets in the [[The Eagle and Child|Bird and Baby Inn]]. He was based on [[J.R.R. Tolkien]] himself.

* '''[[Éogan]]''' was the second in command of the [[Blackwolds]] and took over leadership of the group after William Skunkwood's death.

*'''Gorgar the Ruthless''' was another descendent of Azog who led the Orcs of Gundabad against the Gabil'akka during the War of Three Peaks.

*'''Gorothul''' was a Black Numenorean sorcerer high in the ranks of [[Dol Guldur]].

* '''The Huntsman''' was a spirit found in [[Enedwaith]] who took the shape of a large man with horns of a stag. Many players thought this was [[Oromë]]. The developers confirmed that it wasn't Oromë but a [[Maiar|Maia]] of Oromë.<ref>[http://forums.lotro.com/showthread.php?359604-big-D-small-d&p=4996860&highlight=#post4996860 big D, small d] [[Jonathan Rudder]], lotro.com forums</ref>

* '''Ivar the Bloodhand''' was a Gaunt-lord from the [[First Age]].

*'''Karazgar''' was one of the Gúrzyul seeking to claim power in Mordor after Sauron's defeat.

*'''Mazog''' was a descendant of [[Azog]] and leader of the Orcs of Moria.

* '''[[Mordirith]]''' was the Steward of Angmar.

* '''Narmeleth''' was an elf maiden of [[Rivendell]] and daughter of Laerdan. She slew [[Amarthiel]] during the [[Battle of Fornost]] and became possessed by her soul over a thousand years later.

* '''Mundo Sackville-Baggins''' was a [[Hobbits|Hobbit]] who was mistakenly identified as having the ring.

* '''William Skunkwood''' was the leader of the [[Blackwolds]].

* '''[[Skorgrím Dourhand]]''' was a dwarf and leader of the [[Dourhands]]. He was slain during the Battle of Edhelion. His corpse was used as a vehicle by Ivar the Bloodhand who possessed it with a fell spirit to trick the Dourhands to ally themselves with the forces of [[Angmar]].

* '''[[Sambrog]]''' was the Wight-lord of the [[Barrow-downs]].

===Original Groups===
* '''The [[Blackwolds]]''' were a group of [[Men|Mannish]] brigands from [[Bree-land]].

* '''The [[Dourhands]]''' was a clan of dwarves aligned with the forces of [[Angmar]]. They were the dwarves that stayed behind to rebuild the Dwarven Halls in the [[Blue Mountains]] which were destroyed during the [[War of Wrath]].

*The '''Gúrzyul''' were powerful Black Númenoreans who served near the top of the chain of command in Mordor.

* The '''[[Inklings]]''' are a group of [[Hobbits|Hobbit]]-authors who discuss literature. They meet each other in the [[The Eagle and Child|Bird and Baby Inn]]. Prominent members are [[J.R.R. Tolkien|Ronald Dwale]], [[Owen Barfield|Owen Farfield]], [[Charles Williams|Carlo Williams]], and [[C.S. Lewis|Jack Lewisdown]]. The group and members are based on the real [[Inklings]].

*The '''Iron Garrison''' was a group of Longbeard Dwarves that sought to find [[Balin]] and retake the Mines of Moria.

*The '''Stout-axes''' were a House of Dwarves lost to slavery in Mordor. They were eventually freed after the demise of Sauron.

*The '''Warriors Three''' were a trio of Rohirrim adventure seekers.

*The '''Zhelruka''' were an eastern House of Dwarves who migrated westward after the War of the Ring.

===Original Objects===
* '''Narchuil''' was one of the [[lesser rings]] forged by the elven-smiths during the [[Second Age]].

* '''Zigilburk''' was a legendary [[mithril]] axe discovered in Moria by the Iron Garrison.

* The '''Vandassari''' were a set of stones brought from [[Númenor]] to Middle-earth. These are the Oath-stones with the power to hold those who swear upon them to their promises, such as the Stone of [[Erech]].

* The '''Black Book of Mordor''' was a mysterious text discovered in the Iron Hills.

===Original Locations===
* '''Agamaur''' was a vast swamp of the [[Lone-lands]]. It was a site of a major battle between [[Arthedain]], [[Cardolan]] and [[Rhudaur]]. To the west were the ruins of Ost Guruth, a fortress of [[Arnor]] claimed by the nomadic Eglain. To the east lay the ruins of Garth Agarwen, a fortress of Rhudaur ruled by [[Hill-men]] loyal to the mysterious Red Maid.

* '''[[The Eagle and Child|Bird and Baby Inn]]''' was an inn in [[Michel Delving]].

* '''Esteldin''' was a ruin of Arnor in the [[North Downs]]. At the time of the [[War of the Ring]], it was used as a base of operations by the [[Rangers of the North]].

*'''Falathlorn''' was a green and beautiful region of the [[Ered Luin]] favored by the Elves. It contained the Elvish havens of Duillond and Celondim. Not far from this region were the chilly Low-lands, site of the Dwarvish cities Gondamon and Kheledul.

*'''Galtrev''' was one of the largest towns of [[Dunland]], the nominal capitol of the country.

*'''Lhanuch''' was a chief village among the [[Dunlendings]] of [[Enedwaith]].

*'''Luntil's Ferry''' was a secret crossing of the River Anduin in [[Lossarnach]].

*'''Maur Tulhau''' was a [[Stoors|Stoorish]] Hobbit village in [[Enedwaith]] located in the forbidding Gloomgens. It was an remnant of the time when the Stoors lived in this region before most of their number moved north to [[The Shire]].

*'''Nar's Peak''' was a cleft along one of the spurs of the [[Misty Mountains]]. Thorin and some other exiles of [[Erebor]] dwelt for a time.

* '''[[Othrongroth]]''' was the oldest and largest Edain mound in the [[Barrow-downs]].

* '''Stangard''' was a [[Rohirrim]] settlement near the Great River [[Anduin]]. Its inhabitants were mostly exiles sent to protect [[Rohan]]'s outer borders.

* '''Tinnudir''' was an island in [[Lake Evendim]]. It was used as a headquarters by a group of Rangers called the Wardens of [[Annúminas]], protectors of the ancient capitol of Arnor.

*'''Wildermore''' was a small plateau in the northern portion of [[Eastemnet]]. It suffered an unnatural winter due to the machinations of Saruman.

*'''Woodsedge''' was one of the main towns of the [[Woodmen]] living in the Vales of [[Anduin]] at the edge of [[Mirkwood]].

==Active Worlds==
*[US]Arkenstone (Unofficial Oceanic)
*[EU]Belegaer [DE-RP]
*[US]Brandywine
*[US]Crickhollow
*[EU]Evernight [UK]
*[US]Gladden
*[EU]Gwaihir [DE]
*[US]Landroval [EN-RE]
*[EU]Laurelin [UK-RP]
*[EU]Sirannon [FR]
*Anor [Legendary]
*Shadowfax [Legendary]
*Treebeard [Legendary]

==European servers==
The European servers were originally created and hosted by [[Codemasters]], but on [[1 June]] [[2011]] LOTRO Europe was taken over by Turbine, who are based in the Easter U.S. This arrangement continued with Standing Stone Games who currently host the European servers.<ref>{{webcite|author=|articleurl=http://www.casualstrolltomordor.com/2011/04/turbines-lotro-service-goes-global/|articlename=Turbine's LOTRO Service Goes Global|dated=24 April 2011|website=A Casual Stroll to Mordor|accessed=2 January 2012}}</ref>

European servers are further distinguished by other languages, French and German in particular.

==Legendary Servers==
'''Legendary servers''' are special worlds with a progressive level cap. The first legendary server, Anor, was launched in 2018, while Ithil was opened shortly thereafter to accommodate congestion. Due to inactivity, Ithil was eventually closed in 2021.

In fall of 2021, two new Legendary servers were announced. Both would follow the previous legendary model, by starting at the original level cap of 50 and slowly expanding from there, but each had its own take on progression. The Shadowfax server gave players 50% more experience points than the standard servers, while Treebeard slowed experience point gain y 70%. Each server would also receive expansions at a different pace, with Shadowfax gaining expansions more quickly than Treebeard.

==Roleplay Servers==
To encourage players who wish to enjoy the game as their characters, some servers have been designed RP as roleplaying servers. In these worlds, it is expected that most players will interact together as the characters they have made, imagining themselves as actually being in Middle-earth. As a special case Landroval is designed RE, roleplay encouraged.

==Closed Worlds==
Over time, due to shifting player populations, worlds have been consolidated. Players transfer their characters to a new world and the old server is then closed. Below is a list of closed worlds.
*[RU] Fornost
*[RU] Mirkwood
*[RU] Aglarond
*[US] Vilya
*[EU] Maiar [DE]
*[US] Firefoot
*[US] Meneldor
*[US] Windfola
*[EU] Morthond [DE]
*[EU] Gilrain [UK]
*[US] Nimrodel
*[EU] Withywindle [UK]
*[EU] Vanyar [DE]
*[US] Dwarrowdelf
*[US] Riddermark
*[EU] Anduin [DE]
*[EU] Estel [FR-RP]
*[EU] Eldar
*[US] Imladris
*[US] Silverlode
*[US] Elendilmir (Oceanic)
*[EU] Snowbourn [UK]
*Ithil [Legendary]

==License==
For ''The Lord of the Rings Online'', [[Turbine]] (and subsequently [[Standing Stone Games]]) has licensed the rights to the content and lore of ''[[The Hobbit]]'' and ''[[The Lord of the Rings]]''. As a result neither Turbine, nor Standing Stone Games, does not have license rights to the [[New Line Cinema]] film series by [[Peter Jackson]], nor ''[[The Silmarillion]]'', ''[[Unfinished Tales]]'', ''[[The History of Middle-earth]]'' books, or other posthumous works that were published recently, such us ''[[The Children of Húrin]]''.

==Reception==
''The Lord of the Rings Online'' has been received very positively thus far, as reviews continue to appear since the game's initial release.<ref>[http://www.metacritic.com/games/platforms/pc/middleearthonline Lord of the Rings Online: Shadows of Angmar, The - Review] metacritic.com</ref>

GameDaily awarded the game 9/10, praising its rich, fantasy-themed universe, well-integrated trait and title system, and a story that remains true to the works of Tolkien. Yahoo! Video Games wrote a review with few negative mentions, awarding the game a score of 4/5,<ref>[http://videogames.yahoo.com/gamereview?cid=1990963744&tab=reviews&page=0&eid=513259 The Lord of the Rings Online: Shadows of Angmar Review] Yahoo! Games</ref> while ''Computer and Video Games'' called the game an essential purchase for ''Lord of the Rings'' fans, scoring the game a 9.2/10.<ref>[http://www.computerandvideogames.com/article.php?id=161846&skip=yes PC Review: Lord of the Rings Online: Shadows of Angmar] ''Computer and Video Games''</ref> Eurogamer scored the game a 9.0/10, calling it tough to resist.<ref>[http://www.eurogamer.net/article.php?article_id=75657 Review - Lord of the Rings Online: Shadows of Angmar] Eurogamer</ref> Gamespy gave it 4.5/5 stars, claiming the game "opened up Middle-Earth to the masses" but commented negatively on its weak PvP content,<ref>[http://pc.gamespy.com/pc/lord-of-the-rings-online-shadows-of-angmar/785884p1.html The Lord of the Rings Online: Shadows of Angmar Review] GameSpy</ref> while GameTrailers awarded it 8.5/10,<ref>[http://www.gametrailers.com/gamepage.php?id=754 The Lord of the Rings Online: Shadows of Angmar] Game Trailers</ref> citing its interesting tweaks to the MMO genre. IGN.com ranked it a similar 8.6/10, praising it for its solid experience, though criticizing it for its lack of major improvements to the genre.<ref>[http://pc.ign.com/articles/787/787942p3.html The Lord of the Rings Online: Shadows of Angmar Review] IGN</ref> GamerNode.com awarded the game an 8.8/10, calling it the best MMO launch experience since ''Ultima Online''.<ref>[http://www.gamernode.com/PC/Reviews/2848-Lord-of-the-Rings-Online-Review/index.html Lord of the Rings Online] GamerNode</ref> The ''New York Times'' called the game "a major achievement of interactive storytelling, the first game truly worthy of the ‘Lord of the Rings' franchise and a must-play for just about anyone with an interest in Tolkien or the future of online entertainment."<ref>[http://lotro.turbine.com/article/356 Lord of the Rings Online Press Release] Lord of the Rings Online</ref> In a GameSpot review, the product was awarded an 8.3/10, praising its appealing polish and intriguing Monster Play feature.<ref>[http://www.gamespot.com/pc/rpg/middleearthonline/review.html?om_act=convert&om_clk=topten&tag=topten;all;score;5 The Lord of the Rings Online: Shadows of Angmar for PC Review] GameSpot</ref> Gamepro.com's review gave it an overall 4.25/5, pointing out how engaging the epic quests are, as well as how faithful to the novels the game managed to stay.<ref>[http://gamepro.com/computer/pc/games/reviews/112000.shtml Review: The Lord of the Rings Online: Shadows of Angmar for PC] Gamepro</ref> GameSpy declared ''The Lord of the Rings Online'' 'Game of the Month' for May 2007.<ref>[http://uk.gamespy.com/articles/795/795353p2.html Game of the Month: May 2007] GameSpy</ref>

==Awards==
In August 2007, Codemasters announced that ''The Lord of the Rings Online'' had received five Golden Joystick Awards nominations for the five applicable categories for the game,<ref>[http://newsrss.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/technology/6925679.stm Music and vice top games awards] BBC News</ref> and in October 2007 that it had won the "PC Game of the Year" at these awards.<ref>[http://www.next-gen.biz/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=7693&Itemid=2 Gears Wins Big at Game Awards] Next-Generation</ref> and again won the same award on October 2008. In December 2007, GameSpy awarded ''The Lord of the Rings Online'' 6th place in the top 10 PC games of 2007.<ref>[http://goty.gamespy.com/2007/pc/6.html GameSpy's Game of the Year 2007] GameSpy</ref> On December 18, Turbine announced it had also won the GameSpy MMO of the Year award.<ref>[http://www.lotro.com/article/476 LOTRO Wins Top Honors from Gamespy!] Lord of the Rings Online</ref> In January 2009, mmorpg.com awarded Turbine both MMORPG studio of the year 2008<ref>[http://www.mmorpg.com/gamelist.cfm/game/45/feature/2574/Best-MMO-Studio-of-2008-Winner MMORPG.com Best MMO Studo of 2008] mmorpg.com</ref>, and MMO Expansion of the Year for ''Mines of Moria''.<ref>[http://www.mmorpg.com/gamelist.cfm/game/45/feature/2579 MMORPG.com Best Expansion of 2008] mmorpg.com</ref>

==Subscription model==
[[File:The Lord of the Rings Online - Free to Play.png|300px|thumb]]=
In North America, players who pre-ordered the game were offered a special founder's offer, a lifetime subscription for $199 or reduced cost of $9.99 per month. Standard monthly fee is $14.99 with three, six, twelve month, and lifetime discounts available. European players had a similar program from Codemasters.

A Holiday subscription was available in December of 2007 and January of 2008 for $9.99/month for a 3 month commitment. A one year anniversary addition includes a $9.99/month subscription or a $199.99 Lifetime subscription, which was again offered during the lead up to the release of Mines of Moria.

Warner Bros. announced on June 4, 2010 that Lord of the Rings Online will offer a free-to-play model starting in the fall of 2010.<ref>[http://turbine.com/news/105-warner-bros-interactive-entertainment-announces-the-lord-of-the-rings-online-to-adopt-global-free-to-play-model.html Warner Bros. Interactive Entertainment Announces The Lord of the Rings Online™ to Adopt Global Free-to-Play Model] Turbine, Inc</ref> On August 18, 2010, Warner Bros. announced that the free-to-play model would go live on September 10, 2010. On October 21, 2010, [[Codemasters]] announced that a preview of Free-to-Play would be available in Europe on October 25, 2010.<ref>[http://community.lotro-europe.com/news.php?id=10839&pagename=news&type=news The Lord of the Rings Online Europe Preview Event]</ref>

==External links==
* '''[http://lotro.com Official website]'''
** '''[http://forums.lotro.com/ LOTRO Community Forums]''': The official ''Lord of the Rings Online'' forums
* '''[http://lotro-wiki.com LoTRO-Wiki]''': The most complete source of information for the game
* '''[http://lotroplayers.com LoTRO Players]''': Long-running news site and podcast
* '''[http://www.dadislotroguides.com Dadi's LOTRO Guides]''': Useful guides for various game systems.

{{notes}}
{{references}}

{{lotro}}
{{Videogames}}
{{title|italics}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Lord of the Rings Online}}
[[Category:The Lord of the Rings Online| ]]
[[Category:Open world games]]
[[Category:Role playing games]]
[[Category:Microsoft Windows games]]
[[Category:Turbine games]]
[[Category:Warner Bros. Interactive games]]
[[Category:Daybreak Game Company games]]

Humphrey Carpenter

2022-12-28T23:53:21Z

Zugz:

{{author infobox
| image=[[File:Humphrey Carpenter.jpg|250px]]
| name=Humphrey Carpenter
| born=[[29 April]] [[1946]]
| died=[[4 January]] [[2005]]
| education=
| occupation=Author
| location=
| website=
}}
'''Humphrey William Bouverie Carpenter''' ([[29 April]] [[1946]] – [[4 January]] [[2005]]) was [[J.R.R. Tolkien]]'s authorised biographer.

In addition to ''[[J.R.R. Tolkien: A Biography]]'', Carpenter wrote ''[[The Inklings (book)|The Inklings]]'' and edited ''[[The Letters of J.R.R. Tolkien]]'' (with assistance from [[Christopher Tolkien]]).

He died of heart failure at the age of 58, a day after the anniversary of Tolkien's birth. He is buried in [[Wolvercote Cemetery]].


==Bibliography==
===Books===
*[[1971]]: ''[[Music Drama in Schools]]''
*[[1977]]: ''[[J.R.R. Tolkien: A Biography]]''
*[[1978]]: ''[[The Inklings (book)|The Inklings]]''
*[[1980]]: ''[[The Lord of the Rings Souvenir booklet commemorating twenty five years of its publication]]''
*[[1981]]: ''[[The Letters of J.R.R. Tolkien]]''
*[[1984]]: ''[[Wikipedia:The Oxford Companion to Children's Literature|The Oxford Companion to Children's Literature]]''

===Articles===
*[[1977]]: [[:File:Sunday Telegraph Magazine (11-9-1977).jpg|''Sunday Telegraph Magazine'' (11/9/1977)]]
**"[[:File:Humphrey Carpenter - A World of His Own.jpg|A World of His Own]]"
*[[1977]]: [[Mallorn 10]]
**“Table Talk: A Transcript of the After-dinner Speeches at the 1976 Annual General Meeting of the Tolkien Society,”,p. 34-43.
*[[1980]]: ''Minas Tirith Evening-Star'' 9, no. 2 (January 1980), pp.16-17
** "[[A Dialogue: Discussion by Humphrey Carpenter, Professor George Sayer and Dr. Clyde S. Kilby|A Dialogue: Discussion by Humphrey Carpenter, Professor George Sayer and Dr. Clyde S. Kilby; recorded Sept. 29, 1979, Wheaton, Illinois]]"
* [[1988]]: [[Amon Hen 91|''Amon Hen'' 91]]
** “‘Tolkien Reconsidered’: A Talk by Humphrey Carpenter Given at the Cheltenham Literary Festival,”
*[[2001]]: ''The Sunday Times Magazine'', 25 November
** “Our Brief Encounter,”
* [[2003]]: [[Christian History 78|''Christian History'', Issue 78]]
** "The 'idol' speaks"

==See also==
*[[Letter to Humphrey Carpenter]] (letter from Tolkien)
*[[The Hobbit (1967 stage adaptation)|''The Hobbit'' (1967 stage adaptation)]]

==External links==
*{{WP|Humphrey Carpenter}}
*[http://www.oxfordtimes.co.uk/news/features/3722966.print/ Remembering the Magic Man] at theoxfordtimes
*[http://www.audensociety.org/09newsletter.html An Interview with Humphrey Carpenter, 27 April 1992]
*[http://www.bbc.co.uk/radio4/history/greatlives/team.shtml Humphrey Carpenter Obituary]
*[http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b0076g3d Martin Wainwright interview Humphrey Carpenter]
*[http://www.independent.co.uk/news/obituaries/humphrey-carpenter-17973.html Obituary]
*[http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b00768nc Humphrey Carpenter about Lord Byron]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Carpenter, Humphrey}}
[[Category:Authors]]
[[Category:British people]]
[[Category:People by name]]

[[de:Humphrey Carpenter]]
[[fi:Humphrey Carpenter]]

Humphrey Carpenter

2022-12-28T23:52:34Z

Zugz:

{{author infobox
| image=[[File:Humphrey Carpenter.jpg|250px]]
| name=Humphrey Carpenter
| born=[[29 April]] [[1946]]
| died=[[4 January]] [[2005]]
| education=
| occupation=Author
| location=
| website=
}}
'''Humphrey William Bouverie Carpenter''' ([[29 April]] [[1946]] – [[4 January]] [[2005]]) was [[J.R.R. Tolkien]]'s authorised biographer.

In addition to ''[[J.R.R. Tolkien: A Biography]]'', Carpenter wrote ''[[The Inklings (book)|The Inklings]]'' and edited ''[[The Letters of J.R.R. Tolkien]]'' (with assistance from [[Christopher Tolkien]]).

He died of heart failure at the age of 58, a day after the anniversary of Tolkien's birth. He is buried in [[Wolvercote Cemetery]].


==Bibliography==
===Books===
*[[1971]]: ''[[Music Drama in Schools]]''
*[[1977]]: ''[[J.R.R. Tolkien: A Biography]]''
*[[1978]]: ''[[The Inklings (book)|The Inklings]]''
*[[1980]]: ''[[The Lord of the Rings Souvenir booklet commemorating twenty five years of its publication]]''
*[[1981]]: ''[[The Letters of J.R.R. Tolkien]]''
*[[1984]]: ''[[Wikipedia:The Oxford Companion to Children's Literature]]''

===Articles===
*[[1977]]: [[:File:Sunday Telegraph Magazine (11-9-1977).jpg|''Sunday Telegraph Magazine'' (11/9/1977)]]
**"[[:File:Humphrey Carpenter - A World of His Own.jpg|A World of His Own]]"
*[[1977]]: [[Mallorn 10]]
**“Table Talk: A Transcript of the After-dinner Speeches at the 1976 Annual General Meeting of the Tolkien Society,”,p. 34-43.
*[[1980]]: ''Minas Tirith Evening-Star'' 9, no. 2 (January 1980), pp.16-17
** "[[A Dialogue: Discussion by Humphrey Carpenter, Professor George Sayer and Dr. Clyde S. Kilby|A Dialogue: Discussion by Humphrey Carpenter, Professor George Sayer and Dr. Clyde S. Kilby; recorded Sept. 29, 1979, Wheaton, Illinois]]"
* [[1988]]: [[Amon Hen 91|''Amon Hen'' 91]]
** “‘Tolkien Reconsidered’: A Talk by Humphrey Carpenter Given at the Cheltenham Literary Festival,”
*[[2001]]: ''The Sunday Times Magazine'', 25 November
** “Our Brief Encounter,”
* [[2003]]: [[Christian History 78|''Christian History'', Issue 78]]
** "The 'idol' speaks"

==See also==
*[[Letter to Humphrey Carpenter]] (letter from Tolkien)
*[[The Hobbit (1967 stage adaptation)|''The Hobbit'' (1967 stage adaptation)]]

==External links==
*{{WP|Humphrey Carpenter}}
*[http://www.oxfordtimes.co.uk/news/features/3722966.print/ Remembering the Magic Man] at theoxfordtimes
*[http://www.audensociety.org/09newsletter.html An Interview with Humphrey Carpenter, 27 April 1992]
*[http://www.bbc.co.uk/radio4/history/greatlives/team.shtml Humphrey Carpenter Obituary]
*[http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b0076g3d Martin Wainwright interview Humphrey Carpenter]
*[http://www.independent.co.uk/news/obituaries/humphrey-carpenter-17973.html Obituary]
*[http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b00768nc Humphrey Carpenter about Lord Byron]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Carpenter, Humphrey}}
[[Category:Authors]]
[[Category:British people]]
[[Category:People by name]]

[[de:Humphrey Carpenter]]
[[fi:Humphrey Carpenter]]

Christopher Tolkien

2022-12-28T23:48:51Z

Zugz:

{{disambig-more|Tolkien|[[Tolkien (disambiguation)]]}}
{{author infobox
| image=[[File:Christopher Tolkien.jpg|250px]]
| name=Christopher Tolkien
| born=[[21 November]], [[1924]]
| died=[[16 January]], [[2020]]
| education=[[Wikipedia:Trinity College, Oxford|Trinity College]], [[Oxford]]
| occupation=Author, Professor
| location=England France
| website=[http://www.tolkienestate.com TolkienEstate.com]
}}
{{quote|And you were so special a gift to me, in a time of sorrow and mental suffering, and your love, opening at once almost as soon as you were born, foretold to me, as it were in spoken words, that I am consoled ever by the certainty that there is no end to this.|J.R.R. Tolkien<ref>{{L|64}}</ref>}}
'''Christopher John Reuel Tolkien''' ([[21 November]] [[1924]] - [[16 January]] [[2020]]) was the third child and the youngest son of [[J.R.R. Tolkien]] and [[Edith Tolkien]]. He was the literary executor of the [[Tolkien Estate]] until his resignation, in [[2017]], and he edited much of his father's work for posthumous publication.<ref>{{webcite|author=|articleurl=http://www.tolkien.co.uk/Non-Fiction/Pages/History-of-Middle-earth.aspx?page=2&sdt=1&sort=pno&objsct=History%20of%20Middle-earth|articlename=History of Middle-earth|dated=|website=[http://www.tolkien.co.uk Tolkien.co.uk]|accessed=18-11-2012}}</ref>

==Biography==
===Early life===
Christopher Tolkien was named after his father's friend, [[Christopher Wiseman]] (he also sometimes used his confirmation name, "John" as seen on his initials of maps of [[The Lord of the Rings]], "CJRT").

Born in [[Leeds]] and raised in [[Oxford]], Christopher went to the Dragon School in Oxford and Oratory School in Caversham, Berkshire. He enjoyed watching stars with a telescope as well as a passion for railways. As early as age four and five, Christopher was concerned with the consistency of ''[[The Hobbit]]''.
{{Blockquote|[O]n one occasion I interrupted: 'Last time, you said Bilbo's front door was blue, and you said Thorin had a golden tassel on his hood, but you've just said that Bilbo's front door was green and that Thorin's hood was silver'; at which point my father muttered 'Damn the boy,' and then 'strode across the room' to his desk to make a note.|Christopher Tolkien, foreword to The Hobbit}}

Christopher proved invaluable in correcting ''The Hobbit'' after its publication and was paid twopence a correction.

Due to a heart ailment, he was forced to stay at home and work with a private tutor. After spending [[1938|a year]] with heart-specialists, on the turn of [[1939]], Christopher wanted to go to school.<ref>{{L|35}}, p. 42</ref>

===Young adulthood===
In July of [[1943]] he entered the Royal Air Force and in November of that year he went to South Africa to train as a pilot. His absence did not however slow his contributions to his father's works as his father continually sent him parts of ''The Lord of the Rings'' to go over. In [[1945]] he returned to England and was stationed in Shropshire and later that year he returned to Oxford.

On October 9th, [[1945]] his father informed him that the [[Inklings]] wished to consider him a permanent member. The task of reading ''The Lord of the Rings'' to the Inklings was passed on to Christopher and it was generally agreed that he was a better reader than his father.

In 1954-55 Christopher was delegated the re-drawing of his father's ''Lord of the Rings'' maps for publication.

===Adulthood===
In [[1946]] Christopher returned to Trinity College to resume his studies and reading English. For a while his tutor was [[C.S. Lewis]]. His thesis was a translation of ''[[Wikipedia:Hervarar saga ok Heiðreks|The Saga of King Heidrek the Wise]]'' and he received his B.A. in [[1949]]. Christopher also became a lecturer in Old and Middle English as well as Old Icelandic at Oxford. He worked as an editor on Chaucer's ''Canterbury Tales,'' the ''Pardoner's Tale'', and the ''Nun's Priest's Tale''. From [[1963]] to [[1975]] he was a Fellow of New College, Oxford but resigned when he began to devote his time to his father's literary affairs, and soon afterward moved with his family to southern France.

===After his father's death===
After his father's death, Christopher embarked on organizing the masses of his father's notes, some of them written on odd scraps of paper a half-century earlier. Much of the material was handwritten, frequently a fair draft was written over a half-erased first draft, and names of characters routinely changed between the beginning and end of the same draft. Deciphering this was an arduous task, and perhaps only someone with personal experience of J.R.R. and the evolution of his stories could have made any sense of it; even so, Christopher has admitted to having to occasionally guess at what his father intended.

With the help of [[Guy Gavriel Kay]] he managed to compile ''[[The Silmarillion]]'' in only four years. During this time he also edited his father's translations of ''[[Sir Gawain and the Green Knight]]'', and ''[[Sir Orfeo]]''. He also worked on the ''[[Guide to the Names in The Lord of the Rings|Nomenclature of The Lord of the Rings]]'' which was first published in [[1975]] as ''[[Guide to the Names in The Lord of the Rings]]'' in ''[[A Tolkien Compass]]''.

Christopher spent the years after continuing to study his father's works and taking the responsibilities of the [[Tolkien Estate]]. He recorded portions of ''The Silmarillion'' in [[1977]] and [[1978]] which was issued by Caedmon Records, New York. In [[1979]] he wrote about his father's illustrations and drawings for their publication in Tolkien calendars and ''[[Pictures by J.R.R. Tolkien]]''. Through [[1980]] and [[1983]] Christopher edited ''[[Unfinished Tales]]'', ''[[The Letters of J.R.R. Tolkien]]'', ''[[The Monsters and the Critics|The Monsters and the Critics and Other Essays]]'', and ''[[The Book of Lost Tales Part One]]'' which was the first volume in his twelve volume series of ''[[The History of Middle-earth]]'', the last of which was published in [[1996]]. In 1998 he edited a new edition of ''[[Tree and Leaf]]'' including the poem [[Mythopoeia]]. In [[2007]], he edited ''[[The Children of Húrin]]''. His latest publications have been the editing of ''[[The Legend of Sigurd and Gudrún]]'' ([[2009]]), ''[[The Fall of Arthur]]'' ([[2013]]), and ''[[Beowulf: A Translation and Commentary ]]'' ([[2014]]).

In 2016, Christopher Tolkien was awarded the [[Wikipedia:Bodley Medal|Bodley Medal]], the [[Wikipedia:Bodleian Libraries|Bodleian Libraries]]' highest honour, for his "''editorial work on his father's manuscripts''" and his "''academic career at the [[University of Oxford]]''".<ref>{{webcite|author=|articleurl=http://www.bodleian.ox.ac.uk/news/2016/nov-03|articlename=Editor and Scholar Christopher Tolkien awarded Bodley Medal|dated=3 November 2016|website=[http://www.bodleian.ox.ac.uk/ bodleian.ox.ac.uk]|accessed=6 November 2016}}</ref>

In August [[2017]], Christopher Tolkien resigned from his appointment as director of the Tolkien Estate.<ref>{{webcite|author=|articleurl=http://beta.companieshouse.gov.uk/company/07842430/officers|articlename=The Tolkien Estate Limited, Officers|dated=|website=[http://beta.companieshouse.gov.uk/ Companies House] |accessed=14 November 2017}}</ref><ref>{{webcite|author=|articleurl=http://tolkienbrasil.com/noticias/sobre-livros/christopher-tolkien-resignou-a-direcao-da-tolkien-estate/|articlename= Christopher Tolkien deixa Tolkien Estate|dated=|website=[http://tolkienbrasil.com/ Tolkien Brasil]|accessed=15 November 2017}}</ref>

Christopher Tolkien died on [[16 January]], [[2020]] in Draguignan, in France.<ref>{{webcite|author=Laurent Amalric avec e.e.|articleurl=http://www.varmatin.com/culture/christopher-le-fils-de-jrr-tolkien-sest-eteint-dans-le-var-a-lage-de-95-ans-448318|articlename=Christopher, le fils de J.R.R. Tolkien, s'est éteint dans le Var à l'âge de 95 ans|dated=16 January 2020|website=[http://www.varmatin.com/ Var-martin]|accessed=20 January 2020}}</ref>

==Response to adaptations==
{{Expansion}}
{{Blockquote|...I recognize that this is a debatable and complex question of art, and the suggestions that have been made that I 'disapprove' of the films, whatever their cinematic quality, even to the extent of thinking ill of those with whom I may differ, are wholly without foundation.|Christopher Tolkien}}

Christopher Tolkien is known to have never sympathized the adaptations in any form of the works of his father.As a result, he never approved the idea of the adaptations of the posththmous works of his father in any form, such us [[The Silmarillion]].

==Family==
Christopher's first wife, [[Faith Tolkien|Faith]] (1928) took an English degree at Oxford and they had one son, [[Simon Tolkien]]. A [[:File:J.R.R. Tolkien's bust at Exeter.jpg|bust]] of Tolkien by Faith was exhibited at the Royal Academy: Tolkien paid for its casting in bronze. It is now in the English Library in Oxford.

Christopher's second wife, [[Baillie Tolkien|Baillie]] (1941) is Canadian, and is the daughter of Winnipeg surgeon [[Alan Klass]], and Helen Klass (née Jacob). She has a BA in English from the University of Manitoba and an MA from Oxford. She worked as J.R.R. Tolkien's secretary and was responsible for the section on poetry in the 1965 index to ''The Lord of the Rings''. She later edited ''[[The Father Christmas Letters]]''. She and Christopher have two children, [[Adam Tolkien]] and [[Rachel Tolkien]].

==Legacy==
In the brioghaphical drama film, named [[Tolkien (film)|Tolkien]], he appears briefly, and he was portrayed by actor Jack Riley.

==Bibliography==
===Books===
*195?: ''Tolkien Hervarar Saga ok Heidreks Konungs''. C.J.R. Tolkien (Oxford University, Trinity College). B. Litt. thesis. 1953/4. [Year uncertain]
*[[1956]]: ''Hervarar Saga ok Heidreks''. Ed. [E.O.] G. Turville-Petre. London: University College London, for the Viking Society for Northern Research, 1956; introduction by Christopher Tolkien.
*[[1958]]: ''The Pardoner's Tale''. Geoffrey Chaucer, ed. Nevill Coghill and Christopher Tolkien. London: George G. Harrap, 1958. [29 Oct 58]
*[[1959]]: T''he Nun's Priest's Tale''. Geoffrey Chaucer, ed. Nevill Coghill and Christopher Tolkien. London: George G. Harrap, 1959. [28 Feb 60]
*[[1960]]: ''The Saga of King Heidrek the Wise''. Ed. and trans. Christopher Tolkien. London: Thomas Nelson & Sons (Icelandic Texts), 1960. [30 Jun 60]
*[[1969]]: ''The Man of Law's Tale''. Geoffrey Chaucer, ed. Nevill Coghill and Christopher Tolkien. London: George G. Harrap, 1969. [Jun 69]
*[[1975]]: ''[[Sir Gawain and the Green Knight, Pearl and Sir Orfeo]]'' (editor)
*[[1977]]: ''[[The Silmarillion]]'' (editor)
*[[1979]]: ''[[Pictures by J.R.R. Tolkien]]'' (editor)
*[[1980]]: ''[[Unfinished Tales|Unfinished Tales of Númenor and Middle-earth]]'' (editor)
*[[1981]]: ''[[The Letters of J.R.R. Tolkien]]'' (editor with [[Humphrey Carpenter]])
*[[1983]]: ''[[The Monsters and the Critics and Other Essays]]'' (editor)
*[[1983]]: ''[[The Book of Lost Tales Part One]]'' (editor)
*[[1984]]: ''[[The Book of Lost Tales Part Two]]'' (editor)
*[[1985]]: ''[[The Lays of Beleriand]]'' (editor)
*[[1986]]: ''[[The Shaping of Middle-earth]]'' (editor)
*[[1987]]: ''[[The Lost Road and Other Writings]]'' (editor)
*[[1988]]: ''[[Tree and Leaf]]'' (editor)
*[[1988]]: ''[[The Return of the Shadow]]'' (editor)
*[[1989]]: ''[[The Treason of Isengard]]'' (editor)
*[[1990]]: ''[[The War of the Ring]]'' (editor)
*[[1992]]: ''[[Sauron Defeated]]'' (editor)
*[[1993]]: ''[[Morgoth's Ring]]'' (editor)
*[[1994]]: ''[[The War of the Jewels]]'' (editor)
*[[1996]]: ''[[The Peoples of Middle-earth]]'' (editor)
*[[2007]]: ''[[The Children of Húrin]]'' (editor)
*[[2009]]: ''[[The Legend of Sigurd and Gudrún]]'' (editor)
*[[2013]]: ''[[The Fall of Arthur]]'' (editor)
*[[2014]]: ''[[Beowulf: A Translation and Commentary]]'' (editor)
*[[2017]]: ''[[Beren and Lúthien]]'' (editor)
*[[2018]]: ''[[The Fall of Gondolin]]'' (editor)

===Articles===
*[[1955]]-[[1956|6]]: ''Saga-Book'' (University College, London, for the Viking Society for Northern Research) 14, part 3 (1955-6), pp. [141]-63.
**"The Battle of the Goths and the Huns"
*[[1975]]: ''[[A Tolkien Compass]]''
**"[[Guide to the Names in The Lord of the Rings|Guide to the Names in ''The Lord of the Rings'']]". J.R.R. Tolkien, ed. Christopher Tolkien
*[[1975]]: ''[[Les aventures de Tom Bombadil]]''
**[Handwritten note by Christopher Tolkien, dated March 1974, introducing two pages of script by J.R.R. Tolkien]
*[[1980]]: [[Mallorn 14|''Mallorn'' 14]]
** "''The Silmarillion'', by J.R.R. Tolkien: A brief account of the book and its making"
*[[1982]]: [[Quettar 13]], Feb. 1982, pp. 8-9
**"The Tengwar Numerals". Christopher Tolkien ('CRT after JRRT'); rptd. ''Beyond Bree'' Dec. 1984, p. 1. Further, untitled, explanation of Tengwar numerals by Christopher Tolkien ('CRT after JRRT 10 March 1982'), in [[Quettar 14]], May 1982, pp. 6-7.
*[[1983]]: [[Amon Hen 63|''Amon Hen'' 63]], August 1983, p. 4
**"...Future Publishing". Reproduced as 'Statement by Christopher Tolkien' in ''Beyond Bree'', November 1983, p. 2.
*[[1984]]: [[Amon Hen 70|''Amon Hen'' 70]], November 1984, p.3.
**"'Moria Gate' ... Another Look"
*[[1986]]: ''[[Beyond Bree July 1986]]'', pp. 1-3
**"Notes on the Differences in editions of ''The Hobbit'' cited by Mr. David Cofield"
*[[1987]]: ''[[The Hobbit (50th Anniversary edition)|The Hobbit]]''. J.R.R. Tolkien. London: Unwin Hyman, 1987; fiftieth anniversary edition.
**Foreword
*[[1988]]: ''Beyond Bree'', August 1988, pp. 1-2
**"The BBC Pronunciation Guide to ''The Lord of the Rings''". Nancy Martsch. [About the transcription of Christopher Tolkien's recording of words and names in ''The Lord of the Rings'' for the BBC production by Brian Sibley.]
*[[1994]]: ''[[The Lord of the Rings]]'', (1994 edition by HarperCollins Publishers, p.1140 of the one-volume edition)
**"A Note on the Maps"
*[[2012]]: ''Le Monde'', 5 July
**"Tolkien, l'anneau de la discorde" by Raphaëlle Rérolle (interview; [http://www.worldcrunch.com/culture-society/my-father-039-s-quot-eviscerated-quot-work-son-of-hobbit-scribe-j.r.r.-tolkien-finally-speaks-out/hobbit-silmarillion-lord-of-rings/c3s10299/ English translation])
*[[2016]]: ''[[The Lay of Aotrou and Itroun]]''
**"Note on the text"

===Ephemera===
*[[1976]]: [[The Lord of the Rings 1977 Calendar]]. London: George Allen & Unwin, 1976. Notes on the Pictures by Christopher Tolkien.
*[[1976]]: Catalogue of an Exhibition of Drawings by J.R.R. Tolkien at the Ashmolean Museum Oxford ... Oxford: The Ashmolean Museum, 1976. Introduction by Baillie Tolkien. [?14 Dec 76]
*[[1977]]: ''[[The Silmarillion by J.R.R. Tolkien: A Brief Account of the Book and its Making]]'' (pamphlet)
*[[1977]]: [[The Silmarillion Calendar 1978]]. London: George Allen & Unwin, 1977. Notes on the Pictures by Christopher Tolkien.
*[[1978]]: [[J.R.R. Tolkien Calendar 1979]]. London: George Allen & Unwin, 1978. Notes on the Pictures by Christopher Tolkien.
*[[1978]]: Map of Beleriand and the Lands to the North [poster]. London: George Allen & Unwin, 1978. As drawn by Christopher Tolkien for The Silmarillion, with colouring by H.E. Riddett.
*[[1980]]: Letter from Christopher Tolkien to Jared Lobdell, 21 June 1974, reproduced in: Eorclanstanar [Precious Stones] or The Hobbitiana: an offering of rarities by J.R.R. Tolkien [catalogue]. Melissa and Mark Hime [booksellers]. Idyllwild, California: 1980.

===Audio===
*[[1977]]: ''J.R.R. Tolkien: The Silmarillion: Of Beren and Luthien, read by Christopher Tolkien''. New York: Caedmon Records TC1564, 1977. Sleeve notes by Christopher Tolkien. (Sleeve also has photo of CT.)
*[[1978]]: ''J.R.R. Tolkien: Of the Darkening of Valinor, and Of the Flight of the Noldor, from The Silmarillion, read by Christopher Tolkien''. New York: Caedmon Records TC 1579, 1978. Sleeve notes by Christopher Tolkien. (Sleeve also has photo of CT.)
*[[1992]]: ''The Homecoming of Beorhtnoth Beorhthelm’s Son'', Read by J.R.R.Tolkien and Christopher Tolkien, HarperCollins Audiobooks.
*[[2007]]: ''The Children of Húrin Audiobook'', Preface and introduction Read by Christopher Tolkien. HarperCollins Audiobooks.

===Other===
*[[2022]]: ''[[The Great Tales Never End]]'', a book dedicated in Christopher's Tolkien memory. Published by Bodleian Libraries.

==Family Tree==
{{familytree/start}}
{{familytree| | | | | | | | | | | EDB |y| JRR | | | | | | | | | | | |JRR=[[J.R.R. Tolkien]]|EDB=[[Edith Tolkien|Edith Bratt]]}}
{{familytree| |,|-|-|-|v|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|+|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|.| |}}
{{familytree| JOT | | MIT | | FAI |y|CHT |y| BAT | | PRT |JOT=[[John Tolkien]]|MIT=[[Michael Tolkien (b. 1920)|Michael Tolkien]]|CHT=[[Christopher Tolkien]]|FAI=[[Faith Tolkien|Faith Faulconbridge]]|BAT=[[Baillie Tolkien]]|PRT=[[Priscilla Tolkien]]}}
{{familytree| | | | | | | | |,|-|-|'| |,|-|^|-|.| |}}
{{familytree| | | | | | | | SIT | | | ADT | | RAT |SIT=[[Simon Tolkien]]|ADT=[[Adam Tolkien]]|RAT=[[Rachel Tolkien]]}}
{{familytree/end}}

==See also==
* [[:Category:Books by Christopher Tolkien|Books by Christopher Tolkien]]
* [[:Category:Images of Christopher Tolkien|Images of Christopher Tolkien]]

==External links==
*[http://www.thehalloffire.net/forum/viewtopic.php?f=28&t=2250&sid=8cd1494eb408ae53eef603baf6be5ec6 History of the Silmarillion vs. History of Middle-earth] at thehalloffire.net (Quote a letter of [[Christopher Tolkien]])

{{references}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Tolkien, Christopher}}
[[Category:Authors]]
[[Category:British people]]
[[Category:Cartographers]]
[[Category:Inklings]]
[[Category:Letter receivers]]
[[Category:People by name]]
[[Category:Tolkien Family]]
[[de:Christopher Tolkien]]
[[fi:Christopher Tolkien]]

Mordor

2022-12-28T17:40:18Z

Zugz:

{{disambig-more|Mordor|[[Mordor (disambiguation)]]}}
{{kingdom
| image=[[Image:Ted Nasmith - Across Gorgoroth.jpg|250px]]
| name=Mordor
| pronun=
| othernames=Dark Land, ''Nargûn'' ([[Khuzdul|K]])
| location=Within [[Ered Lithui]] and [[Ephel Dúath]]
| capital=[[Barad-dûr]]
| towns=[[Minas Morgul]], [[Carchost]], [[Narchost]], [[Tower of Cirith Ungol|Cirith Ungol]], [[Durthang]]
| regions=[[Nurn]], [[Plateau of Gorgoroth|Gorgoroth]], [[Lithlad]], [[Udûn (valley)|Udûn]]
| population=[[Orcs]], [[Trolls]], [[Nazgûl]], [[Men]], other creatures of Evil
| language=[[Westron]], [[Black Speech]], [[Orkish]]
| govern1=[[Gondor]] (until the Great Plague) [[Sauron]] later ruled by his freed slaves
| govern2=
| govern3=
| currency=
| holiday=
| precededby=
| event1=Established
| event1date=c. {{SA|1000}}
| event2=Defeated
| event2date={{SA|3441}}
| event3=Nazgûl return
| event3date={{TA|1980}}
| event4=Sauron returns
| event4date={{TA|2941}}
| event5=Defeated
| event5date={{TA|3019}}
| followedby=
}}
{{quote|In the land of Mordor where the shadows lie.|[[Ring Verse]]}}
'''Mordor''' was a land in the south-east of the [[Westlands]] east of [[Gondor]]. During most of the [[Second Age|Second]] and [[Third Age]]s it was ruled by [[Sauron]] and it was his dwelling and base from which he attempted to conquer [[Middle-earth]].

Mordor was surrounded by three enormous mountain ridges from the North, from the West and from the South, protecting it from an unexpected invasion by any of the [[Free peoples]].

Only a few times in history did the free peoples have anything to do with Mordor; the [[Last Alliance of Elves and Men|Last Alliance]] broke into the land to fight Sauron, and millennia later [[Frodo Baggins]] and [[Samwise Gamgee]] infiltrated that land to destroy [[the One Ring]].

== Geography ==
Mordor was protected from three sides by mountain ranges, arranged roughly rectangularly: [[Ered Lithui]] in the north, and [[Ephel Dúath]] in the west until turned to the east, forming a southern range. A narrow pass led through Ephel Dúath and the city of [[Minas Morgul]] (earlier [[Minas Ithil]]) was guarding that; an even more difficult pass was guarded by the giant spider [[Shelob]] and the fortress of [[Cirith Ungol]]. Another known fortress was [[Durthang]] in northern Ephel Dúath.

In the north-west corner of Mordor the deep valley of [[Udûn (valley)|Udûn]] was the only entrance for large armies, and that is where Sauron built the Black Gate of Mordor. In front of the [[Morannon]] lay the [[Dagorlad]]. Sauron's main fortress [[Barad-dûr]] was at the foothills of [[Ered Lithui]]. To south-west of Barad-dûr lay the arid [[Plateau of Gorgoroth]] and the volcanic [[Mount Doom]] (also called [[Orodruin]]); to the east lay the plain of [[Lithlad]]. The land in the western parts of Mordor were largely infertile, producing only sparse [[Brambles of Mordor|brambles]].

The southern part of Mordor, [[Nurn]], was slighly more fertile, and moist enough to carry the inland [[sea of Núrnen]]. Nurn was made somewhat fertile because the ash blown from Mount Doom left its soil nutrient rich, thus allowing dry-land farming. Unfortunately, the inland sea of Núrn was salty, not freshwater.

To the west of Mordor was the narrow land of [[Ithilien]] with the great river [[Anduin]], to the east [[Rhûn]], and to the south-east, [[Khand]].

== History ==
=== Early history ===
[[Melkor]] created Mount Doom in the [[First Age]], and the name "Mordor" may have been given to the land before Sauron settled there because of its eruptions.<ref>{{PM|Last}}, p. 390 (note 14).</ref> Also in the First Age, the [[Drúedain]] migrated westward, and historians in Gondor believed that they came through lands south of Mordor and, after turning northward into [[Ithilien]], became the first Men to cross the [[Anduin]].<ref>{{UT|12b}}, pp. 339-340.</ref>

The first being known to occupy the mountains of Mordor was [[Shelob]], fleeing from the [[War of Wrath]] in [[Beleriand]] at the end of the First Age. She fed herself on [[Elves]] and [[Men]] living or passing nearby until these became scarce.<ref>{{TT|Lair}}</ref>

Sauron settled in Mordor around {{SA|1000}}. In the north-western corner of this land stood Mount Doom, where he had forged [[the One Ring]]. Near Orodruin he built his stronghold [[Barad-dûr]]. After this time, Sauron was known as the [[Dark Lord|Dark Lord of Mordor]].

For two and a half thousand years, Sauron ruled Mordor uninterruptedly. It was from Mordor that he [[War of the Elves and Sauron|made war against]] the [[Elves of Eregion]] and came to dominate most of Eriador in a period known as the [[Dark Years]]. That was until he was repelled by the [[High Men]] of [[Númenor]]. Retreating to Mordor, Sauron then directed his power over the far south and east of Mordor conquering and dominating the savage tribes of the [[Easterlings]] and the [[Haradrim]].<ref>{{PM|Dwarves}}</ref><ref>{{UT|Amroth}}</ref> Almost a thousand years later, Sauron was captured by the Númenóreans and brought to their island kingdom, eventually causing its [[Númenor#Destruction|destruction]]. Sauron returned to Mordor as a spirit and resumed his rule.

=== The Last Alliance and Third Age===
Sauron's rule was interrupted yet again when his efforts to overthrow the surviving Men and Elves failed, and they fought their way back to their foe's domain. After several months of siege in the [[Battle of Dagorlad]], forces of the [[Last Alliance of Elves and Men]] came into Mordor. Sauron was defeated in a final battle and the Dark Tower was leveled to the ground, but Mordor was not settled by Men because of the dreadful memory of Sauron, and Orodruin.<ref name=rings>{{s|V}}</ref>

The [[Kings of Gondor]] built watchtowers and fortresses around Mordor, such as the mountain fortress of [[Durthang]], the [[Towers of the Teeth]] at the [[Morannon]], and the [[Tower of Cirith Ungol]], in order to prevent Sauron's servants from returning to Mordor.<ref name=Tower>{{RK|VI1}}</ref>

However, Gondor had failed in the long run; during the [[Great Plague]], the population was so diminished that troops were recalled and the fortresses abandoned.<ref>{{App|South}}</ref><ref>{{App|TA}}, {{TA|1640}}</ref> Deprived of guard, Mordor began to fill with evil things again, and it is said the first shadow was the [[Lord of the Nazgûl]] ({{TA|1980}}) who summoned the other [[Nazgûl|Ringwraiths]], first appearing since the [[War of the Last Alliance]], to prepare the return of Sauron.<ref name=rings/><ref name=ta/> [[Minas Ithil]] was conquered by the Ringwraiths in {{TA|2002}}; other fortifications that were supposed to defend Gondor from the menace inside Mordor were captured and turned into a means of shielding Mordor. Sauron resided in [[Dol Guldur]], until the [[White Council]] [[Attack on Dol Guldur|attacked]] it in {{TA|2941}}, forcing Sauron to flee.

Meanwhile Mordor had been long prepared for him, and declaring himself openly he returned to Mordor in {{TA|2951}}, where he finished reconstructing his Dark Tower.<ref name=ta>{{App|TA}}</ref><ref>{{App|Stewards}}</ref> By that time Mordor was protected too well to be captured by any military might that was available to the Free Peoples; in the north of Mordor during the War of the Ring were the great garrisons and forges of war, while surrounding the bitter inland [[Sea of Núrnen]] to the south lay the vast fields tended for the provision of the armies by hordes of slaves brought in from lands to the east and south.

=== War of the Ring ===
During the War of the Ring, Sauron gathered all his forces to Mordor. After the [[Battle of the Pelennor Fields]], a Host of the West went to the Black Gate. Sauron sent his army to destroy the Men of Gondor and Rohan, but then [[Frodo Baggins]] destroyed the One Ring and Mordor fell. The Dark Tower, the Black Gate and the Towers of Teeth collapsed to ruin. Mount Doom exploded. Both Sauron and his Ringwraiths were apparently destroyed.

After the ultimate defeat of Sauron, Mordor became mostly empty again as the [[Orcs]] inside it fled or were killed. Crippled by thousands of years of abuse and neglect, but capable of sustaining life, the land of Mordor was given to the defeated foes of Gondor as a consolation, as well as to the freed slaves of Nurn who were formerly forced to farm there to feed the armies of Mordor.

== Etymology ==
'''''Mordor''''' is a [[Sindarin]] name. It means "Black Land". It is a compound of ''[[mor]]'' ("black, dark") and ''[[dôr]]'' ("land").<ref>{{L|144}}, paragraph about the Black Speech</ref><ref>{{S|Elements}}, entries ''mor'', ''dôr''</ref>

Its name in [[Khuzdul]] was '''''Nargûn''''', which contains the element ''narg'' ("black").<ref>{{RS|4XXVN}}, note 39, p. 466</ref>

==Other versions of the legendarium==
The first ever reference to Sauron's land is mentioned without a name, in the story of the Fall, written in the 1930s, as an inner land far from the sea, over the mountains. There [[Thû]] had a fortress, and "[[Amroth]]" assailed him.<ref>{{LR|P1II2}}</ref> The name Mordor, the Black Country, appears first time in the second version of that text, along with Elendil and Gil-galad (both of them mentioned first time).<ref>{{LR|P1II3}}</ref>
==Inspiration==
It is not uncommon for names in Tolkien's fiction to have relevant meanings in several languages, both those invented by Tolkien, and "real" ones, but this of course happens with any two languages.

*A proposed etymology is [[Old English]] ''morðor'', which means "mortal sin" and later "murder".
*''Mordor'' is also a name cited in some Nordic mythologies referring to a land where its citizens practice evil without knowing it, imposed on themselves by the society long created for that purpose.

Tolkien is reported to have identified Mordor with the volcano of [[Wikipedia:Stromboli|Stromboli]] off Sicily.<ref>[[Clyde S. Kilby]], [[Dick Plotz]] ([[1968]]), "Many Meetings with Tolkien: An Edited Transcript of Remarks at the December 1966 [[Mythopoeic Society|TSA Meeting]]", ''Niekas'' (Niekas Publications, New Hampshire, USA) (19): 39–40 Referred to at tolkienguide.com and by another publication of the Niekas editor. Referred to at [http://www.tolkienguide.com/modules/wordpress/?p=3 tolkienguide.com ] and by [http://efanzines.com/ERM/veh36.htm another publication of the Niekas editor].</ref>

==Portrayals==
In ''[[The Atlas of Middle-earth]]'', [[Karen Wynn Fonstad]] assumed that the lands of Mordor, [[Khand]], and [[Rhûn]] lay where the inland [[Sea of Helcar]] had been, and that the [[Sea of Rhûn]] and [[Sea of Núrnen]] were its remnants. The atlas was however published before ''[[The Peoples of Middle-earth]]'', where it turned out that the [[Sea of Rhûn]] existed already in the First Age, notwithstanding that Mordor, due to the creation of the volcanic [[Mount Doom]], could have been uplifted from the Sea of Helcar during this time.

The proximity of Mount Doom and Barad-dûr in [[The Lord of the Rings (film series)|''The Lord of the Rings'' (film series)]] is non-canonical.

==See also==
* [[Sauron]]
* [[Barad-dûr]]
* [[Orodruin]]
* [[Black Gate]]

{{references}}
{{FellowshipRoute}}
[[Category:Mordor| ]]
[[Category:Regions]]
[[Category:Sindarin locations]]

[[de:Mordor]]
[[fi:Mordor]]
[[fr:encyclo/geographie/regions/mordor]]

Stock

2022-12-28T17:25:08Z

Zugz:

{{location infobox
| name=Stock
| image=
| caption=
| pronun=
| othernames=
| location=[[Eastfarthing]], [[the Shire]]
| type=Town
| description=
| regions=
| towns=
| inhabitants=[[Hobbits]]
| created=
| destroyed=
| events=
}}
'''Stock''' was a town in the north of the [[Marish]], lying on the [[Stock-brook]] stream near to the banks of the River [[Brandywine]] and south of the [[Brandywine Bridge]] in the [[Eastfarthing]] of [[the Shire]]. The [[Causeway]] traversed Stock, and above the town it branched to a road<ref group=note>The unnamed road is perhaps the [[Stock Road]]</ref> that led to [[Tuckborough]] to the west.<ref name=short>{{FR|I4|50}}</ref>{{rp|p. 88}}<ref>{{FR|Part}}</ref> The ''[[The Golden Perch|Golden Perch]]'' in Stock was said to have the finest beer in the [[Eastfarthing]]. The [[Puddifoot Family|Puddifoots]] of Stock were house-dwellers, as most folk of the Marish.<ref name=short/>{{rp|p. 92}}

During [[Frodo Baggins|Frodo's]] journey to [[Buckland]], Frodo announced that he wished to straight across country to the [[Bucklebury Ferry]]. [[Peregrin Took|Pippin]] objected to the short cut, and mentioned the ''Golden Perch''. One more reason to avoid Stock was in order to keep Pippin away from there and prevent their journey from being delayed.<ref name=short/>{{rp|p. 88}}

==Etymology==
The name possibly represents a modernization of [[Old English]] ''Stoc'' "place, outlying farm or hamlet".<ref>{{webcite|author=[[David Salo]]|articleurl=http://groups.yahoo.com/group/elfling/message/121|articlename=Hobbitish Place-names|dated=23 November 1998|website=[[Elfling]]|accessed=20 March 2013}}</ref>

==Portrayal in adaptations==
'''2002: [[The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring (video game)|''The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring'' (video game)]]:'''

:In the Game Boy Advance version of [[The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring (video game)|''The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring'' (video game)]], it is possible to visit both Stock and the Golden Perch.

{{references|n}}
[[Category:Cities, towns and villages of the Shire]]
[[de:Stock]]
[[fr:encyclo/geographie/villes_tours_et_forteresses/comte/stock]]
[[fi:Runko]]

Peregrin Took

2022-12-28T17:21:08Z

Zugz:

{{hobbit infobox
| name=Peregrin Took
| image=[[File:Kay Woollard - Pippin.jpg|250px]]
| caption="Pippin" by [[Kay Woollard]]
| pronun=
| othernames=Pippin [[Ernil i Pheriannath]] Thain Peregrin I [[Razanur Tûk]] ''([[Peregrin Took#Names and Titles|see more below]])''
| titles=[[Thain]]
| position=
| location=[[Great Smials]], [[Tuckborough]] [[Gondor]]
| affiliation=[[Fellowship of the Ring]]
| language=
| birth=Spring {{TA|2990}}
| birthlocation=
| rule={{FoA|13}} - {{FoA|63|n}}<ref name=later>{{App|Later}}</ref>
| death=Between {{FoA|63}} and {{FoA|120|n}}<ref name=later/>
| deathlocation=[[Gondor]]
| age=95+
| notablefor=Accopanying [[Frodo Baggins]] in the early stages of the Ring-quest Participating in the destruction of [[Isengard]] Looking into the [[Orthanc-stone]] Saving [[Faramir]] Co-leading the [[Battle of Bywater]] with [[Meriadoc Brandybuck]]
| family=[[Took Family|Took]]
| parentage=[[Paladin Took II]] and [[Eglantine Banks]]
| siblings=[[Pearl Took|Pearl]], [[Pimpernel Took|Pimpernel]] and [[Pervinca Took|Pervinca]]
| spouse=[[Diamond of Long Cleeve]]
| children=[[Faramir Took I|Faramir]]
| gender=Male
| height=
| hair=Almost golden<ref name="SD">{{SD|Epilogue}}, p. 115</ref>
| eyes=
| clothing=
| weapons=[[Daggers of Westernesse|Dagger of Westernesse]]
| steed=
}}
<center>{{quote|There must be someone with intelligence in [[Fellowship of the Ring|the party]]." "Then you certainly will not be chosen, Peregrin Took!|Pippin and [[Gandalf]], ''[[The Fellowship of the Ring]]'', "[[The Ring Goes South]]"}}</center>

'''Peregrin ''"Pippin"'' Took''' was a [[Hobbits|Hobbit]], the son of [[Paladin Took II|Paladin Took]]. He was the youngest of the four Hobbits in the [[Fellowship of the Ring]], being in his tweens, but grew up quickly and eventually became a Knight of Gondor. [[Elrond]], at least, seemed to doubt his capability for the quest, but Pippin proved to be a loyal and courageous friend.

After the [[War of the Ring]], Peregrin eventually inherited the [[Thain|Thainship]] in [[the Shire]] after his father's death.

==Ancestry==
He was born in the [[Third Age]] [[Third Age 2990|2990]] (1390 in [[Shire Reckoning]]) to [[Paladin Took II|Paladin Took]] and [[Eglantine Banks]], making him a great-great-grandson of [[Gerontius Took|The Old Took]]. Pippin became Thain in later years, and his father inherited the title in S.R. 1415 from [[Ferumbras Took III]] when he died without an heir. Pippin had three older sisters, [[Pearl Took]], [[Pimpernel Took]], and [[Pervinca Took]].<ref name="Took">{{App|Took}}</ref>

Through his father, Pippin was a first cousin of [[Meriadoc Brandybuck|Merry]] (the future [[Master of Buckland]]), the second cousin once removed of [[Frodo Baggins|Frodo]], and the first cousin twice removed of [[Bilbo Baggins|Bilbo]]. He was not blood-related to [[Samwise Gamgee|Sam]], but Pippin's son [[Faramir Took I|Faramir]] married Sam's daughter [[Goldilocks Gardner|Goldilocks]] in 1463.

==History==
When he was young he was a guest at [[Bilbo's Farewell Party]] with his family. As his uncle the [[Thain]] [[Ferumbras Took III|Ferumbras]] was childless, Pippin's father, Paladin, became the Thain.<ref name="Took"/> Pippin's closest friends were his cousins, [[Merry Brandybuck]] and [[Frodo Baggins]]<ref name=shadow>{{FR|Shadow}}</ref> (all descendants of the Old Took). Pippin and Merry often wandered at the [[Marish]] and used to visit [[Farmer Maggot]]; he knew the lands around the Marish and enjoyed the beer of the ''[[The Golden Perch|Golden Perch]]'' at [[Stock]].<ref name=short>{{FR|I4}}</ref>

He was one of the [[Conspirators]], who knew the truth behind Frodo's mysterious behaviour and reasons for departure of the Shire. Along with Merry, [[Fredegar Bolger|Fatty Bolger]] and [[Folco Boffin]] they helped Frodo pack his household and send carts to [[Crickhollow]]; they celebrated together his last [[22 September|birthday]] in [[Bag End]], and stayed with Frodo and [[Samwise Gamgee]] when the others left for [[Buckland]].

===Travels with Frodo===
[[File:Alan Lee - Feasting with the Elves.jpg|thumb|left|''Feasting with the Elves'' by [[Alan Lee]]]]
The [[23 September|next day]] he accompanied Frodo and Sam to [[Bucklebury]]. During the first days of the travel, Pippin was he who complained first for being tired, sleepy or hungry. The [[24 September|next day]] they encountered [[Nazgûl|Black Riders]] who were turned away by a [[Wandering Companies|company]] of [[High Elves]] led by [[Gildor]], and Pippin greeted them expressing his respect. During their camp he felt he was in a dream, enchanted by the [[Light of Valinor|light]] of their faces and their beautiful voices. Once he fell asleep, the Elves moved and laid him to a soft bed at a bower under the trees.<ref>{{FR|Three}}</ref>

The [[25 September|other morning]] he woke up first and wanted to finish off the elven bread if not for Sam's insistence to leave some for him and Frodo. When Frodo woke up they had an argument as Frodo wanted to cut through Marish to avoid any Black Riders, and Pippin regretted for not stopping at Stock.<ref name=short/>

In Buckland, they joined Merry and Fatty. It was there that Frodo learned about his friends' "conspiracy" and that they did not intend to let him leave [[The Shire]] without them. They left the Shire to meet [[Gandalf]] in [[Bree]]. Pippin's enthusiasm to accompany Frodo is the result of his adventurous 'Tookish' nature as well as his loyalty and friendship to his cousin.

The stuffiness and eeriness of [[The Old Forest]] made Pippin the most uncomfortable of the four [[Hobbits]] with him becoming more and more suspicious of the intentions of the Forest; Pippin was, however, right to be suspicious as he was trapped by [[Old Man Willow]] before being rescued by [[Tom Bombadil]]. On the way to [[Bree]], from Tom Bombadil's house, Pippin again fell into misfortune as he was trapped by a [[Barrow-wights|Barrow-wight]] on the [[Barrow-downs]].
[[File:Ted Nasmith - Under the Spell of the Barrow-wight.jpg|thumb|[[Ted Nasmith]] - ''Under the Spell of the Barrow-wight'']]
Whilst at [[The Prancing Pony]] Pippin began to recklessly tell the story of [[Bilbo Baggins|Bilbo]]'s birthday and subsequent disappearance. In order to prevent information about the Ring being revealed, Frodo started to sing - during the song Frodo fell from the table and the Ring slipped upon his finger. As a result, The Prancing Pony was attacked by the [[Nazgûl]] during the night, but the four Hobbits were unharmed thanks to the mysterious [[Rangers of the North|Ranger]], [[Aragorn|Strider]].

===Fellowship of the Ring===
When Pippin finally arrived at [[Rivendell]] he was concerned that he and Merry would be left behind whilst both Sam and Frodo get to go on the [[Quest of the Ring|Quest]]. However, his indignant attitude paid off as [[Gandalf]] believed that the friendship between Pippin and the other Hobbits would be beneficial to the Quest.

When in [[Moria]], Pippin incurred the wrath of Gandalf on two separate occasions: Pippin annoyed Gandalf with a foolish question while Gandalf was trying to open the [[Doors of Durin|West-gate of Moria]]; and, when inside Moria, Pippin's curiosity got the better of him as he dropped a stone down a well which lead to the [[Fellowship of the Ring|the Fellowship]] hearing the drums in the deep - in doing so Pippin gained the retort, "''Fool of a Took!''" from Gandalf.

===With Treebeard===
During the [[Breaking of the Fellowship]], [[Boromir]] died defending Merry and Pippin from capture by the [[Uruk-hai]] who were taking the Hobbits back to [[Saruman]] at [[Isengard]] on the mistaken belief that one of them had [[The One Ring|the Ring]]. On the journey to Isengard, Pippin displayed intelligence and resourcefulness by cutting his own bonds and leaving his [[Elven brooches|Elven brooch]] from [[Lothlórien]] on the ground for Aragorn to find.

Whilst held captive, Merry and Pippin became aware that the [[Orcs|Orc]] [[Grishnákh]] had guessed that they might have the Ring, so they used Grishnákh's greed to untie them and take them away from the other Orcs. When the [[Rohirrim]] attacked the Uruk-hai, Grishnákh was killed by a spear and Merry and Pippin were able to escape into [[Fangorn Forest]] where they encountered [[Treebeard]] and the other [[Ents]].

[[File:Ted Nasmith - Wellinghall.jpg|thumb|200px|left|''Wellinghall'' by [[Ted Nasmith]]]]
Merry and Pippin struck up a friendship with Treebeard, telling him about all that had happened on their journey, whilst Treebeard told the two hobbits about the loss of the [[Entwives]](and much more besides). Treebeard decided to call an [[Entmoot]] at [[Derndingle]] to decide the Ents' next move. While the Entmoot was going on, Pippin and Merry were left in the care of a 'hasty' Ent named [[Quickbeam]] who had already decided to go to battle with the Orcs as many of his tree friends had been killed.

Merry and Pippin [[Ents#The March of the Ents|marched with the Ents]] to Isengard where the Ents killed the remaining servants of Saruman, filled the [[Ring of Isengard]] with water, and kept Saruman hostage in [[Orthanc]]. Whilst sitting on their "field of victory", Merry and Pippin were reunited with Aragorn, [[Gandalf]], [[Gimli]] and [[Legolas]] with whom they shared some [[pipe-weed]] and a meal.

Following Gandalf's confrontation with Saruman, [[Gríma]] threw the [[Orthanc-stone|palantír of Isengard]] out of the window at Gandalf which Pippin subsequently picked up. After Gandalf took it from him, Pippin remained curious about it, and later remarked to Merry about how he would like to look at it again. Unable to sleep, Pippin was finally overcome by curiosity. He stole the palantír from Gandalf's keeping while he slept, but when he looked into it, he was seen by [[Sauron]] who mistakenly believed that Pippin and the Ring were with Saruman in Isengard. After a Nazgul flew by on its [[Fell beasts|Fell beast]], Gandalf realized that war was coming soon, and he rode immediately for [[Minas Tirith]], taking Pippin with him for safe keeping.

===Guard of the Citadel===
[[File:Peter Xavier Price - Pippin Comforts Merry.jpeg|thumb|right|''Pippin Comforts Merry'' by [[Peter Xavier Price]]]]
Upon arriving in Minas Tirith, Pippin went with Gandalf to the [[Citadel of Gondor|Citadel]] and recounted Boromir's death to [[Denethor]], who was Boromir's father as well as the [[Ruling Steward]]. In return for Boromir's untimely death, Pippin decided to pledge his allegiance to the grieving [[Stewards of Gondor|Steward]] and so became a [[Guards of the Citadel|Guard of the Citadel]]. Pippin befriended [[Beregond]], of the Third Company of the Citadel, who showed him 'round the city and told him the secret passwords and ways of the city, and became good friends with Beregond's son [[Bergil]].

[[File:Anke Eißmann - Pyre of Denethor.jpeg|thumb|left|''The Pyre of Denethor'' by [[Anke Eißmann]]]]
Denethor was amused with the Hobbit's manners, especially the way he spoke to him in a very informal and personalized familiar language, as with a close friend or social equal, since the [[Hobbitish]] dialect lacked formal forms. Denethor's servants were astonished to this view, and probably gave strength to the rumor that Pippin was of very high social rank within his own country, and soon a wild rumor circulated, that the "[[Ernil i Pheriannath]]" had promised 5,000 Hobbits to the defence of the city.

During the [[Siege of Gondor]], Pippin was instrumental in saving [[Faramir]]'s life. After Faramir had returned from battle, he was badly wounded and suffering from the [[Black Breath]]; [[Denethor]] looked into the [[Anor-stone|palantír of Minas Tirith]] and saw the full might of [[Mordor]]. Believing that Sauron's forces would prevail in battle, Denethor ordered his servants to set a pyre so both he and Faramir could burn alive, but Pippin was able to fetch Gandalf and Beregond who were both able to help save Faramir.

After the [[Battle of the Pelennor Fields]], Pippin found [[Meriadoc Brandybuck|Merry]] all in a daze - due to Merry's confrontation with the [[Witch-king]] of [[Angmar]] - and took him to the [[Houses of Healing]] where he was healed by [[Aragorn]]. Pippin accompanied the forces of [[Rohan]] and [[Gondor]] to the [[Black Gate]] where he participated in the [[Battle of the Morannon]], and saved Beregond's life by slaying a [[Trolls|Troll]]. Pippin was crushed beneath the troll, but he was pulled out by [[Gimli]] who recognized his foot.

===After the War of the Ring===
[[File:Gregor Roffalski - Thain Peregrin I.jpg|thumb|''Thain Peregrin I'' by Gregor Roffalski]]
When Pippin and the other Hobbits returned to The Shire, they were enraged to see what had happened to their peaceful corner of the world. Pippin went off to [[Tookland]] to raise up the [[Took Family|Took]]s in rebellion, and when he returned for the [[Battle of Bywater]] he brought 100 strong hobbits with him. Pippin and Merry jointly commanded the Hobbit victory and their names were placed at the top of [[The Roll]] commemorating those who fought in the battle.<ref name="Scouring">{{RK|Scouring}}</ref>

Pippin and Merry were heroes, and would tell all the other hobbits the stories of their travels to far-off lands. They would often go out abroad wearing their armour (Pippin had remained a Knight of Gondor) and people thought they were lordly - a position likely enforced by their extraordinary height caused by the [[Ent-draughts]] (they were at least 4'5<nowiki>''</nowiki> tall - taller than [[Bandobras Took|Bullroarer Took]]).<ref name="Concerning">{{FR|Hobbits}}</ref>

In {{SR|1427}} (at the age of 37), he married [[Diamond of Long Cleeve]], and they had a child together, [[Faramir Took I|Faramir]], three years later.<ref name=later/>
===Thainship===
In {{SR|1434}} (at the age of 44) Pippin succeeded his father [[Paladin Took II|Paladin]] by becoming the 32nd [[Thain|Thain of the Shire]], and was also made a Counsellor of the North-kingdom by King Elessar.<ref name=later/>

In {{SR|1436}} King Elessar rode north and met Pippin, Merry and Sam at the [[Brandywine Bridge]]. In {{SR|1452}} the King, as a gift, added the [[Westmarch]] to The Shire, and in {{SR|1462}} at Sam's request Pippin appointed [[Fastred of Greenholm|Fastred]] - son-in-law of Sam - as the first [[Warden of Westmarch]].<ref name=later/>

As Thain, Pippin collected a library of historical information at [[Great Smials]], especially information relating to [[Númenor]] and the heirs of [[Elendil]]. It was at Great Smials that ''[[Appendix B|The Tale of Years]]'' was likely put together, with assistance from Merry, although Pippin himself probably didn't write any works. His successors expanded the collection.<ref name="Records">{{FR|Records}}</ref>

In {{SR|1484}}, at the age of 94 and having been Thain for 50 years, Pippin and Merry passed on their possessions and offices to their sons and left [[The Shire]] to visit [[Rohan]] where they stayed until King [[Éomer]] died and then moved to [[Gondor]]. When they died a few years later their bodies were placed in [[Rath Dínen]]; they were later laid beside King [[Aragorn|Aragorn II]] following his death in {{FoA|120}} ({{SR|1541}}).<ref name=later/>

==Genealogy==
<div style="overflow-x: scroll; overflow-y: hidden; border: 1px solid #AAAAAA; padding: 3px; background: #EEEEEE;">
{{familytree/start}}
{{familytree |boxstyle=white-space:nowrap;background-color:#FFFFFF;| | | OLD |y| CHU | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |OLD=[[Gerontius Took|The Old Took]] ''1190 - 1320''|CHU=[[Adamanta Chubb|Adamanta Chubb]] ''unknown''}}
{{familytree | |,|-|-|-|^|-|-|-|.| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |}}
{{familytree |boxstyle=white-space:nowrap;background-color:#FFFFFF;| HIL |y| ROS | | NCH | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |ROS=[[Rosa Baggins]] ''1256 - unknown''|HIL=[[Hildigrim Took|Hildigrim]] ''1240 - 1341''|NCH=''numerous children''}}
{{familytree | | | |!| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |}}
{{familytree |boxstyle=white-space:nowrap;background-color:#FFFFFF;| | | ADA | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |ADA=[[Adalgrim Took|Adalgrim]] ''1280 - 1382''}}
{{familytree | |,|-|^|-|-|-|-|-|-|v|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|.| |}}
{{familytree |boxstyle=white-space:nowrap;background-color:#FFFFFF;| PAL |y| EGL | | | DAU | | | | | | | SAR |y| ESM |PAL=[[Paladin Took II|Paladin II]] ''1333 - 1434''|EGL=[[Eglantine Banks]] ''unknown''|DAU=''3 daughters''|ESM=[[Esmeralda Took|Esmeralda]] ''1336 - unknown''|SAR=[[Saradoc Brandybuck]] ''1340 - 1432''}}
{{familytree | |,|-|^|-|v|-|-|-|v|-|-|-|.| | | | | | | |!| | | |}}
{{familytree |boxstyle=white-space:nowrap;background-color:#FFFFFF;| PEA | | PIM | | PER | | PIP |y| DIA | | MER | | |PEA=[[Pearl Took|Pearl]] ''1375 - unknown''|PIM=[[Pimpernel Took|Pimpernel]] ''1379 - unknown''|PER=[[Pervinca Took|Pervinca]] ''1385 - unknown''|PIP='''PEREGRIN I''' ''1390 - 1484+''|DIA=[[Diamond of Long Cleeve|Diamond]] ''1395 - unknown''|MER=[[Meriadoc Brandybuck|Meriadoc]] ''1382 - 1484+''}}
{{familytree | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |!| | | | | | | | | |}}
{{familytree |boxstyle=white-space: nowrap; background: #FFFFFF;| | | | | | | | | | | GOL |~| FAR | | | | | | | | |GOL=[[Goldilocks Gardner|Goldilocks]] ''1431 - unknown''|FAR=[[Faramir Took I|Faramir I]] ''1430 - unknown''}}
{{familytree/end}}
</div>

==Other names==
* '''Peregrin''' - Translation of Pippin's Westron name ''Razanur'', and is derived from Latin and was used for people who wandered. The English word ''pilgrim'' is derived from the same root.<ref name="Jim Allen">[[Jim Allan]], ''[[An Introduction to Elvish]]'', The Giving of Names</ref> When he became Thain he was registered as '''Thain Peregrin I'''.<ref>{{App|Took}}</ref>
* '''Pippin''' - A 'pet-form' related to the Westron abbreviation ''[[Razar]]''; a pippin is a type of [[apples|apple]] related to the word ''pip'', perhaps illustrating that Pippin was the youngest member of the Fellowship.
* '''[[Razanur Tûk]]''' - Peregrin's true [[Westron]] name, which contains the elements ''[[raza]]'' "stranger" and ''[[razan]]'' "foreign", and is the name of a legendary traveller.<ref name="PM">{{PM|Languages}}</ref>
* "''Fool of a Took''" and "''Tom-fool of a Took''" - given to him by [[Gandalf]] for his often mischievous behaviour, and, in particular, for dropping a stone down the well in [[Moria]].<ref>{{FR|II4}}</ref>
* ''[[Ernil i Pheriannath]]'' - [[Sindarin]] for "Prince of the Halflings", an erroneous title given to Pippin by the people of [[Minas Tirith]] on the belief he must be of high importance to be travelling with Gandalf.<ref name="Minas">{{RK|V1}}</ref>
* [[Guards of the Citadel|Guard of the Citadel]] - the office Pippin held when he swore fealty to [[Denethor]].<ref name="Minas"/>
* Knight of Gondor - a position which Aragorn confirmed Pippin held;<ref name="Partings">{{RK|Partings}}</ref> it is unclear whether being a Guard of the Citadel equates to being a Knight or if Aragorn elevated him to that position.
* [[Counsellor of the North-kingdom]] - a position granted to Pippin when he became Thain.<ref name=later/>

:''See also: [[Took Family]] for information on Pippin's surname.''

==Portrayal in adaptations==
{{Gallery
|title=Pippin in adaptations
|height=150
|width=200
|lines=2
|File:The Lord of the Rings (1978 film) - Pippin.jpg|Pippin in [[The Lord of the Rings (1978 film)|''The Lord of the Rings'' (1978 film)]]
|File:The Return of the King (1980 film) - Pippin.jpg|Pippin in [[The Return of the King (1980 film)|''The Return of the King'' (1980 film)]]
|File:The Lord of the Rings - The Motion Picture Trilogy - Pippin.jpg|[[Billy Boyd]] as Pippin in [[The Lord of the Rings (film series)|''The Lord of the Rings'' (film series)]]
}}

'''1955: [[The Lord of the Rings (1955 radio series)|''The Lord of the Rings'' (1955 radio series)]]:'''
:[[Basil Jones]] provided the voice of Pippin.

'''1978: [[The Lord of the Rings (1978 film)|''The Lord of the Rings'' (1978 film)]]:'''
:The part of Peregrin Took voiced by [[Dominic Guard]].

'''1979: [[The Lord of the Rings (1979 radio series)|''The Lord of the Rings'' (1979 radio series)]]:'''
:[[Mac McCaddon]] provided the voice of Pippin.
'''1980: [[The Return of the King (1980 film)|''The Return of the King'' (1980 film)]]:'''
:Pippin was voiced by the American actor [[Sonny Melendrez]].

'''1981: [[The Lord of the Rings (1981 radio series)|''The Lord of the Rings'' (1981 radio series)]]:'''
:Pippin was voiced by [[John McAndrew]].

'''1992: ''[[Tales from the Perilous Realm (1992 radio series)|BBC Radio's Tales from the Perilous Realm]]'':'''
:The role of Pippin is played by [[David Learner]].

'''2001-03: [[The Lord of the Rings (film series)|''The Lord of the Rings'' (film series)]]:'''
:[[Billy Boyd]] played Pippin. His characterization differed from the book, as he was more heavily relied upon for comic relief in the movies than in the book. Frodo's move to Crickhollow and the conspiracy are both omitted, so Pippin and Merry instead become entangled in the Quest of the Ring by accident when they run into Frodo and Sam while raiding Farmer Maggot's crop, neither of them having any prior knowledge of the One Ring or Frodo's quest.

'''2001-2003: [[Pán prsteňov (2001-2003 Slovak radio series)|''Pán prsteňov'' (2001-2003 Slovak radio series)]]:'''
:The voice of Peregrin Took is provided by Robert Roth. He is addressed almost exclusively by his nickname Pippin. Roth portrays Pippin as resourceful, but a bit of a rascal and happy-go-lucky, befitting his position as the youngest and least experienced hobbit of the quartet.

'''2002: [[The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring (video game)|''The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring'' (video game)]]:'''
:[[James Arnold Taylor]] provides the voice of Pippin. He is the comic relief character, and his jokes are primarily centered on food.

==See also==
* [[Bandobras Took|Bullroarer Took]]
* [[Meriadoc Brandybuck]]
* [[Took Family]]
{{references}}
{{seq-start}}
{{seq-head
| name=Peregrin Took I
| race=hobbit
| house=[[Took Family]]
| born={{TA|2990}}
| died=Between {{FoA|63}} and {{FoA|120|n}}
}}
{{seq
| prev=[[Paladin Took II]]
| list=32nd [[Thain]] of [[The Shire]]
| dates={{SR|1434}} - {{SR|1484|n}}
| next=[[Faramir Took I]]
}}
{{seq-end}}{{fellowship}}{{FellowshipRoute}}{{thains}}{{lordoftheringsfilms}}
[[Category:Characters in The Lord of the Rings]]
[[Category:Fourth Age characters]]
[[Category:Greco-Roman names]]
[[Category:Hobbits]]
[[Category:Thains]]
[[Category:Third Age characters]]
[[Category:Took]]

[[de:Peregrin Tuk]]
[[fi:Peregrin Tuk]]
[[fr:encyclo:personnages:hobbits:touque:peregrin_touque]]