https://tolkiengateway.net/w/api.php?action=feedcontributions&user=Fredeghar&feedformat=atomTolkien Gateway - User contributions [en]2024-03-28T16:37:55ZUser contributionsMediaWiki 1.39.3https://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=Pre-N%C3%BAmen%C3%B3reans&diff=383351Pre-Númenóreans2023-12-04T09:44:28Z<p>Fredeghar: /* Second Age */</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Unnamed}}<!-- See talk page --><br />
{{disambig-two|the people|languages|[[Pre-Númenórean]]}}<br />
{{people infobox<br />
| name=Pre-Númenóreans<br />
| image=<br />
| caption=<br />
| pronun=<br />
| othernames=<br />
| origin=<br />
| location=[[Middle-earth]] ([[Enedwaith]], [[Minhiriath]], [[Dunland]], [[Agar]], [[Udul]], [[Bree-land]], [[Eryn Vorn]])<br />
| affiliation=<br />
| rivalry=<br />
| language=[[Pre-Númenórean]]<br />
| members=[[Squint-eyed southerner]], [[Freca]], [[Wulf]], [[Mogru]], [[Buldar]], [[Hazad|Hazad Longbeard]], [[Tal-elmar]], [[Barliman Butterbur]], [[King of the Dead]], etc. <br />
| lifespan=<br />
| distinctions=<br />
| height=<br />
| hair=<br />
| skin=<br />
| clothing=<br />
| weapons=<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{quote|We will burn like heathen kings before [[Entulessë|ever a ship]] sailed hither from the [[Númenor|West]].|Denethor II}}<br />
<br />
'''Pre-Númenóreans''' are the indigenous [[Men|Mannish peoples]] of [[Middle-earth]], in contrast to the [[Dúnedain]] who drew their heritage from [[Númenor]].<br />
<br />
These indigenous peoples were the descendants of the second group of the [[Edain]] who migrated to the West in the [[First Age]]; their relatives who reached [[Beleriand]] became the [[House of Haleth|Haladin]] while they themselves stayed in the eastern regions of Middle-earth that would be later settled by the [[Númenóreans]] (hence the name). <br />
<br />
From the perspective of the Dúnedain, these [[Middle Men]] were considered unrelated to them or the [[Northmen]]. <br />
<br />
==History==<br />
===First Age===<br />
The [[Awakening of Men|first Men]] moved from [[Hildórien]] to the [[Westlands|West]]; during their migration those of the [[Folk of Haleth|second group]] joined the [[Woses|Drúedain]] near the [[White Mountains]] and stayed with them. When the core of their team was pressed to wander on, some Drúedain accompanied them westwards{{fact}}, passing through the [[Gap of Rohan|Gap of Calenardhon]]. <br />
<br />
However some of them did not go through the dense forest covering the [[Minhiriath]] and the western half of [[Enedwaith]] and stayed behind; those herd-tenders eventually expanded to the forests of the shore-lands south of the [[Blue Mountains]], especially in Minhiriath.<ref name="DM">{{PM|X}}</ref><br />
<br />
By the end of the [[First Age]] the branches of those peoples had spread as far as [[Cardolan]] in the north, and as far south as [[Umbar]].<br />
<br />
===Second Age===<br />
By the [[Second Age]] the Men of the White Mountains were scattered communities of forest-dwellers without central leadership.<ref name="GC">{{UT|Galadriel}}</ref> With the destruction of [[Beleriand]] in the [[War of Wrath]], evil Men and [[Easterlings (First Age)|Easterlings]] fled from [[Angband]] and apparently took in larger numbers to the hills of [[Rhudaur]] and the Mountains of [[Angmar]]. These [[Men of Darkness]] terrorized and conquered the Men of the Mountains who had refused to join in the rebellion against the Valar.<ref>{{S|Akallabeth}}</ref><ref name="DM"/><br />
<br />
In [[Gondor]] there were Pre-Númenórean communities far from the sea, such as [[Agar]]<ref>{{PM|Elmar}}</ref> and a primitive harbour of fisherfolk, who feared the [[Eldar]] of [[Edhellond]], and fled to the White Mountains.<ref name="DM"/><ref name="GC"/><br />
<br />
When the Númenóreans returned to [[Middle-earth]], they failed to recognize the forest-folk of [[Minhiriath]] as "kinsmen" of the Edain, and confused them with [[Men of Shadow]] because their [[Pre-Númenórean|language]] was not related to [[Adûnaic]].<ref name="DM"/> <br />
<br />
Aldarion's successors continued his works and even fought with the natives<ref>{{UT|Numenor}}</ref> until they attacked and ambushed the Númenóreans when they could. They became their enemies giving no thought to husbandry or replanting. The Númenóreans wrecked the banks, the shorelines, and built great tracks and roads into the forests northwards and southwards from the [[Gwathló]].<ref name="GC"/> They continued battling and destroying what lay ahead of them, pushing into Minhiriath and Enedwaith, establishing themselves inland as far as the river [[Glanduin]], beyond which natives and hostile peoples lived, a remnant of the peoples that had dwelt in the vales of the White Mountains in ages past.<ref name="lang"/><ref name="GC"/> The natives overcame their fear of the Elves and fled from Minhiriath into the dark woods of the great Cape of [[Eryn Vorn]] (south of the mouth of [[Baranduin]]). Those from Enedwaith took refuge in the eastern mountains ([[Dunland]]).<ref name="GC"/><br />
<br />
[[Sauron]] recruited pre-Númenóreans and in the early second millennium he increased pressure on the West, left his stronghold in the [[East]] and relocated in [[Mordor]]. He was welcomed by the natives and used the haters of Númenor as spies and guides for his raiders who caused havoc and burned their settlements.<br />
<br />
Around that time the Men of the White Mountains fled to the southern dales of the [[Misty Mountains]] during the [[Dark Years]], and thence some passed into the empty lands until the [[Barrow-downs]]; from them came the '''[[Men of Bree]]''' (q.v.)<ref name="lang">{{App|F1}}</ref><br />
<br />
Eriador was already ruined when king [[Tar-Minastir]] sent a Númenórean fleet that utterly defeated Sauron, bringing peace in the [[Westlands]] ({{SA|1700}}).<ref name="GC"/> The surviving pre-Númenóreans now apparently crossed the Glanduin back south to Dunland which now seemed safer than wrecked Eregion.<br />
<br />
In the south the Númenóreans found a useful natural haven already called [[Umbar]] by the natives, and then [[Pelargir]] in {{SA|2350}} who made contact with Men who dwelt in the valleys on either side of the White Mountains.<ref name="DM"/>. Of those were the '''[[Men of the Mountains]]''' (q.v.) near [[Dunharrow]].<ref>{{HM|RK}}</ref> who repented when Sauron left from Mordor and the power of [[Gil-galad]] had grown great.<ref name="Rings">{{S|Rings}}</ref><br />
<br />
When the [[Elendili]] established the [[Realms in Exile]] many Men turned from evil and became subject to them; the [[King of the Dead|King of the Mountains]] first swore allegiance to [[Gondor]]. However many natives never learned to distinguish between [[King's Men]] and [[Faithful]], while many remembered Sauron's influence so they were hostile to them.<ref name="Rings"/> <br />
<br />
When Sauron returned, [[Isildur]] summoned the King of the Mountains to fulfill their oath, but they would not because they were afraid of Sauron. They hid in the mountains isolated till they slowly dwindled in the barren hills and became the [[Dead Men of Dunharrow]].<br />
<br />
===Third Age===<br />
The indigenous Men of Eriador were absorbed by the civilisation of [[Arnor]].<ref name="lang"/> By the time of [[Valandil (King of Arnor)|Valandil]] this mixed population was diminished and there was not enough people to maintain all the places built by Elendil, until eventually Arnor was split into smaller realms.<ref name="Rings"/> However when the [[Hobbits]] came to Arnor, Númenóreans, allies and enemies were numerous.<ref name="DM"/> The Númenorean element was stronger in [[Arthedain]] and thinner in [[Rhudaur]] until utterly failed. Eventually [[Angmar]] was populated by evil men gathered by the [[Witch-king]].<ref name="A">{{HM|AA}}</ref><br />
<br />
'''[[Hill-men]]''' (q.v.) practiced [[magic]]<ref>{{PM|Third}}</ref> and from the 14th century on, fortified the hills of Eriador with dark structures<ref name="Elendil">{{PM|Elendil}}</ref> harassed Rhudaur until an evil lord, allied with Angmar, seized its throne and eventually all of Rhudaur was occupied by evil Men subject to Angmar. The Dúnedain were either slain or fled west<ref name="A"/>. The [[Angmar War]] however caused those populations to perish.<ref name="DM"/> [[Cardolan]] was also deserted and could not be repopulated<ref name="Elendil"/>. Rhudaur came to be inhabited only by monsters. After the [[Great Plague]], [[Minhiriath]] was deserted except for hunters in [[Eryn Vorn]]. Other known Mannish settlements included only the [[Bree-land]] and the [[Lossoth]] in the far North.<br />
<br />
The indigenous Men were also absorbed in the South Kingdom of [[Gondor]], which pursued an expansionist policy. Gondor's borders were extended by the [[Ship-kings]], subduing the pre-Númenóreans. Their blood was mixed and in the following generations the Dúnedain's power and wisdom was diminished.<ref name="Rings"/><br />
<br />
As Gondor expanded East and South, the few remote '''[[Dunlendings]]''' (q.v.) resisted the Númenórean influence and [[Enedwaith]] had no such settlements,<ref name="Isen">{{UT|Isen}}</ref> other than [[Tharbad]].<ref name="DM"/> They remained unaffected, independent and even unfriendly to the Dúnedain, holding their own manners and [[Dunlendish]] language.<ref name="lang"/> By the time of the [[Ruling Stewards]] they ceased to be subjects of Gondor and, from the foothills of the Misty Mountains moved to now-depopulated [[Calenardhon]], until they were deplaced by the [[Éothéod]]. Some people remaining between Isen and Adorn were largely of mixed blood, and not loyal to Edoras.<ref name="Isen"/><br />
<br />
Before the [[War of the Ring]], [[Saruman]] found in those peoples an opportunity for creating crossbreeds of Orcs and Men. The Dunlendings allied with him and joined his forces in the [[Battle of the Hornburg]]. After the War, under King [[Éomer]], there was relative peace.<ref name="A"/><br />
<br />
==Etymology==<br />
In anthropology, archeology and linguistics, the prefix Pre- is used to indicate a prehistoric state before the arrival or emergence of a dominant state of peoples or languages (a [[Wikipedia:superstratum|superstratum]]). Compare with the scientific terms [[Wikipedia:Pre-Celtic|Pre-Celtic]], [[Wikipedia:Pre-Germanic|Pre-Germanic]], [[Wikipedia:Pre-Greek|Pre-Greek]] or [[Wikipedia:Pre-Indo-European|Pre-Indo-European]].<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
*[http://lalaith.vpsurf.de/Tolkien/Fr_Ind.html The Indigenous Population of Eriador and Gondor and their Relationships to the Númenóreans and their Allies] by [[Andreas Moehn]]<br />
<br />
{{references}}<br />
<br />
[[category:Pre-Númenóreans]]</div>Fredegharhttps://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=Pre-N%C3%BAmen%C3%B3reans&diff=383350Pre-Númenóreans2023-12-04T09:40:51Z<p>Fredeghar: /* Second Age */</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Unnamed}}<!-- See talk page --><br />
{{disambig-two|the people|languages|[[Pre-Númenórean]]}}<br />
{{people infobox<br />
| name=Pre-Númenóreans<br />
| image=<br />
| caption=<br />
| pronun=<br />
| othernames=<br />
| origin=<br />
| location=[[Middle-earth]] ([[Enedwaith]], [[Minhiriath]], [[Dunland]], [[Agar]], [[Udul]], [[Bree-land]], [[Eryn Vorn]])<br />
| affiliation=<br />
| rivalry=<br />
| language=[[Pre-Númenórean]]<br />
| members=[[Squint-eyed southerner]], [[Freca]], [[Wulf]], [[Mogru]], [[Buldar]], [[Hazad|Hazad Longbeard]], [[Tal-elmar]], [[Barliman Butterbur]], [[King of the Dead]], etc. <br />
| lifespan=<br />
| distinctions=<br />
| height=<br />
| hair=<br />
| skin=<br />
| clothing=<br />
| weapons=<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{quote|We will burn like heathen kings before [[Entulessë|ever a ship]] sailed hither from the [[Númenor|West]].|Denethor II}}<br />
<br />
'''Pre-Númenóreans''' are the indigenous [[Men|Mannish peoples]] of [[Middle-earth]], in contrast to the [[Dúnedain]] who drew their heritage from [[Númenor]].<br />
<br />
These indigenous peoples were the descendants of the second group of the [[Edain]] who migrated to the West in the [[First Age]]; their relatives who reached [[Beleriand]] became the [[House of Haleth|Haladin]] while they themselves stayed in the eastern regions of Middle-earth that would be later settled by the [[Númenóreans]] (hence the name). <br />
<br />
From the perspective of the Dúnedain, these [[Middle Men]] were considered unrelated to them or the [[Northmen]]. <br />
<br />
==History==<br />
===First Age===<br />
The [[Awakening of Men|first Men]] moved from [[Hildórien]] to the [[Westlands|West]]; during their migration those of the [[Folk of Haleth|second group]] joined the [[Woses|Drúedain]] near the [[White Mountains]] and stayed with them. When the core of their team was pressed to wander on, some Drúedain accompanied them westwards{{fact}}, passing through the [[Gap of Rohan|Gap of Calenardhon]]. <br />
<br />
However some of them did not go through the dense forest covering the [[Minhiriath]] and the western half of [[Enedwaith]] and stayed behind; those herd-tenders eventually expanded to the forests of the shore-lands south of the [[Blue Mountains]], especially in Minhiriath.<ref name="DM">{{PM|X}}</ref><br />
<br />
By the end of the [[First Age]] the branches of those peoples had spread as far as [[Cardolan]] in the north, and as far south as [[Umbar]].<br />
<br />
===Second Age===<br />
By the [[Second Age]] the Men of the White Mountains were scattered communities of forest-dwellers without central leadership.<ref name="GC">{{UT|Galadriel}}</ref> With the destruction of [[Beleriand]] in the [[War of Wrath]], evil Men and [[Easterlings (First Age)|Easterlings]] fled from [[Angband]] and apparently took in larger numbers to the hills of [[Rhudaur]] and the Mountains of [[Angmar]]. These [[Men of Darkness]] terrorized and conquered the Men of the Mountains who had refused to join in the rebellion against the Valar.<ref>{{S|Akallabeth}}</ref><ref name="DM"/><br />
<br />
In [[Gondor]] there were Pre-Númenórean communities far from the sea, such as [[Agar]]<ref>{{PM|Elmar}}</ref> and a primitive harbour of fisherfolk, who feared the [[Eldar]] of [[Edhellond]], and fled to the White Mountains.<ref name="DM"/><ref name="GC"/><br />
<br />
When the Númenóreans returned to [[Middle-earth]], they failed to recognize the forest-folk of [[Minhiriath]] as "kinsmen" of the Edain, and confused them with [[Men of Shadow]] because their [[Pre-Númenórean|language]] was not related to [[Adûnaic]].<ref name="DM"/> <br />
<br />
Aldarion's successors continued his works and even fought with the natives<ref>{{UT|Numenor}}</ref> until they attacked and ambushed the Númenóreans when they could. They became their enemies giving no thought to husbandry or replanting. The Númenóreans wrecked the banks, the shorelines, and built great tracks and roads into the forests northwards and southwards from the [[Gwathló]].<ref name="GC"/> They continued battling and destroying what lay ahead of them, pushing into Minhiriath and Enedwaith, establishing themselves inland as far as the river [[Glanduin]], beyond which natives and hostile peoples lived, a remnant of the peoples that had dwelt in the vales of the White Mountains in ages past.<ref name="lang"/><ref name="GC"/> The natives overcame their fear of the Elves and fled from Minhiriath into the dark woods of the great Cape of [[Eryn Vorn]] (south of the mouth of [[Baranduin]]). Those from Enedwaith took refuge in the eastern mountains ([[Dunland]]).<ref name="GC"/><br />
<br />
[[Sauron]] recruited pre-Númenóreans and in the early second millennium he increased pressure on the West, left his stronghold in the [[East]] and relocated in [[Mordor]]. He was welcomed by the natives and used the haters of Númenor as spies and guides for his raiders who caused havoc and burned their settlements.<br />
<br />
Around that time the Men of the White Mountains fled to the southern dales of the [[Misty Mountains]] during the [[Dark Years]], and thence some passed into the empty lands until the [[Barrow-downs]]; from them came the '''[[Men of Bree]]''' (q.v.)<ref name="lang">{{App|F1}}</ref><br />
<br />
Eriador was already ruined when king [[Tar-Minastir]] sent a Númenórean fleet that utterly defeated Sauron, bringing peace in the [[Westlands]] ({{SA|1700}}).<ref name="GC"/> The surviving pre-Númenóreans now apparently crossed the Glanduin back south to Dunland which now seemed safer than wrecked Eregion.<br />
<br />
In the south the Númenóreans found a useful natural haven already called [[Umbar]] by the natives, and then [[Pelargir]] in {{SA|2350}} who made contact with Men who dwelt in the valleys on either side of the White Mountains.<ref name="DM"/>. Of those were the '''[[Men of the Mountains]]''' (q.v.) near [[Dunharrow]].<ref>{{HM|RK}}</ref> who repented when Sauron left from Mordor and the power of [[Gil-galad]] had grown great.<ref name="Rings">{{S|Rings}}</ref><br />
<br />
When the [[Elendili]] established the [[Realms in Exile]] many Men turned from evil and became subject to them; the [[King of the Dead|King of the Mountains]] first swore allegiance to [[Gondor]]. However many natives never learned to distinguish between [[King's Men]] and [[Faithful]], while many remembered Sauron's influence so they were hostile to them.<ref name="Rings"/> <br />
<br />
When Sauron returned, [[Isildur]] summoned the King of the Mountains to fulfill their oath, but they would not because they were afraid of Sauron. They hid in the mountains isolated till slowly dwindled in the barren hills and became the [[Dead Men of Dunharrow]].<br />
<br />
===Third Age===<br />
The indigenous Men of Eriador were absorbed by the civilisation of [[Arnor]].<ref name="lang"/> By the time of [[Valandil (King of Arnor)|Valandil]] this mixed population was diminished and there was not enough people to maintain all the places built by Elendil, until eventually Arnor was split into smaller realms.<ref name="Rings"/> However when the [[Hobbits]] came to Arnor, Númenóreans, allies and enemies were numerous.<ref name="DM"/> The Númenorean element was stronger in [[Arthedain]] and thinner in [[Rhudaur]] until utterly failed. Eventually [[Angmar]] was populated by evil men gathered by the [[Witch-king]].<ref name="A">{{HM|AA}}</ref><br />
<br />
'''[[Hill-men]]''' (q.v.) practiced [[magic]]<ref>{{PM|Third}}</ref> and from the 14th century on, fortified the hills of Eriador with dark structures<ref name="Elendil">{{PM|Elendil}}</ref> harassed Rhudaur until an evil lord, allied with Angmar, seized its throne and eventually all of Rhudaur was occupied by evil Men subject to Angmar. The Dúnedain were either slain or fled west<ref name="A"/>. The [[Angmar War]] however caused those populations to perish.<ref name="DM"/> [[Cardolan]] was also deserted and could not be repopulated<ref name="Elendil"/>. Rhudaur came to be inhabited only by monsters. After the [[Great Plague]], [[Minhiriath]] was deserted except for hunters in [[Eryn Vorn]]. Other known Mannish settlements included only the [[Bree-land]] and the [[Lossoth]] in the far North.<br />
<br />
The indigenous Men were also absorbed in the South Kingdom of [[Gondor]], which pursued an expansionist policy. Gondor's borders were extended by the [[Ship-kings]], subduing the pre-Númenóreans. Their blood was mixed and in the following generations the Dúnedain's power and wisdom was diminished.<ref name="Rings"/><br />
<br />
As Gondor expanded East and South, the few remote '''[[Dunlendings]]''' (q.v.) resisted the Númenórean influence and [[Enedwaith]] had no such settlements,<ref name="Isen">{{UT|Isen}}</ref> other than [[Tharbad]].<ref name="DM"/> They remained unaffected, independent and even unfriendly to the Dúnedain, holding their own manners and [[Dunlendish]] language.<ref name="lang"/> By the time of the [[Ruling Stewards]] they ceased to be subjects of Gondor and, from the foothills of the Misty Mountains moved to now-depopulated [[Calenardhon]], until they were deplaced by the [[Éothéod]]. Some people remaining between Isen and Adorn were largely of mixed blood, and not loyal to Edoras.<ref name="Isen"/><br />
<br />
Before the [[War of the Ring]], [[Saruman]] found in those peoples an opportunity for creating crossbreeds of Orcs and Men. The Dunlendings allied with him and joined his forces in the [[Battle of the Hornburg]]. After the War, under King [[Éomer]], there was relative peace.<ref name="A"/><br />
<br />
==Etymology==<br />
In anthropology, archeology and linguistics, the prefix Pre- is used to indicate a prehistoric state before the arrival or emergence of a dominant state of peoples or languages (a [[Wikipedia:superstratum|superstratum]]). Compare with the scientific terms [[Wikipedia:Pre-Celtic|Pre-Celtic]], [[Wikipedia:Pre-Germanic|Pre-Germanic]], [[Wikipedia:Pre-Greek|Pre-Greek]] or [[Wikipedia:Pre-Indo-European|Pre-Indo-European]].<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
*[http://lalaith.vpsurf.de/Tolkien/Fr_Ind.html The Indigenous Population of Eriador and Gondor and their Relationships to the Númenóreans and their Allies] by [[Andreas Moehn]]<br />
<br />
{{references}}<br />
<br />
[[category:Pre-Númenóreans]]</div>Fredegharhttps://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=Pre-N%C3%BAmen%C3%B3reans&diff=383348Pre-Númenóreans2023-12-04T09:37:10Z<p>Fredeghar: /* First Age */</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Unnamed}}<!-- See talk page --><br />
{{disambig-two|the people|languages|[[Pre-Númenórean]]}}<br />
{{people infobox<br />
| name=Pre-Númenóreans<br />
| image=<br />
| caption=<br />
| pronun=<br />
| othernames=<br />
| origin=<br />
| location=[[Middle-earth]] ([[Enedwaith]], [[Minhiriath]], [[Dunland]], [[Agar]], [[Udul]], [[Bree-land]], [[Eryn Vorn]])<br />
| affiliation=<br />
| rivalry=<br />
| language=[[Pre-Númenórean]]<br />
| members=[[Squint-eyed southerner]], [[Freca]], [[Wulf]], [[Mogru]], [[Buldar]], [[Hazad|Hazad Longbeard]], [[Tal-elmar]], [[Barliman Butterbur]], [[King of the Dead]], etc. <br />
| lifespan=<br />
| distinctions=<br />
| height=<br />
| hair=<br />
| skin=<br />
| clothing=<br />
| weapons=<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{quote|We will burn like heathen kings before [[Entulessë|ever a ship]] sailed hither from the [[Númenor|West]].|Denethor II}}<br />
<br />
'''Pre-Númenóreans''' are the indigenous [[Men|Mannish peoples]] of [[Middle-earth]], in contrast to the [[Dúnedain]] who drew their heritage from [[Númenor]].<br />
<br />
These indigenous peoples were the descendants of the second group of the [[Edain]] who migrated to the West in the [[First Age]]; their relatives who reached [[Beleriand]] became the [[House of Haleth|Haladin]] while they themselves stayed in the eastern regions of Middle-earth that would be later settled by the [[Númenóreans]] (hence the name). <br />
<br />
From the perspective of the Dúnedain, these [[Middle Men]] were considered unrelated to them or the [[Northmen]]. <br />
<br />
==History==<br />
===First Age===<br />
The [[Awakening of Men|first Men]] moved from [[Hildórien]] to the [[Westlands|West]]; during their migration those of the [[Folk of Haleth|second group]] joined the [[Woses|Drúedain]] near the [[White Mountains]] and stayed with them. When the core of their team was pressed to wander on, some Drúedain accompanied them westwards{{fact}}, passing through the [[Gap of Rohan|Gap of Calenardhon]]. <br />
<br />
However some of them did not go through the dense forest covering the [[Minhiriath]] and the western half of [[Enedwaith]] and stayed behind; those herd-tenders eventually expanded to the forests of the shore-lands south of the [[Blue Mountains]], especially in Minhiriath.<ref name="DM">{{PM|X}}</ref><br />
<br />
By the end of the [[First Age]] the branches of those peoples had spread as far as [[Cardolan]] in the north, and as far south as [[Umbar]].<br />
<br />
===Second Age===<br />
By the [[Second Age]] the Men of the White Mountains were scattered communities of forest-dwellers without central leadership.<ref name="GC">{{UT|Galadriel}}</ref> With the destruction of [[Beleriand]] in the [[War of Wrath]], evil Men and [[Easterlings (First Age)|Easterlings]] fled from [[Angband]] and apparently took in larger numbers to the hills of [[Rhudaur]] and the Mountains of [[Angmar]]. These [[Men of Darkness]] terrorized and conquered the Men of the Mountains who had refused to join in the rebellion against the Valar.<ref>{{S|Akallabeth}}</ref><ref name="DM"/><br />
<br />
In [[Gondor]] there were Pre-Númenórean communities far from the sea, such as [[Agar]]<ref>{{PM|Elmar}}</ref> and a primitive harbour of fisherfolk, who feared the [[Eldar]] of [[Edhellond]], and fled to the White Mountains.<ref name="DM"/><ref name="GC"/><br />
<br />
When the Númenóreans returned to [[Middle-earth]], they failed to recognize the forest-folk of [[Minhiriath]] as "kinsmen" of the Edain, and confused them with [[Men of Shadow]] because their [[Pre-Númenórean|language]] was not related to [[Adûnaic]].<ref name="DM"/> <br />
<br />
Aldarion's successors continued his works and even fought with the natives<ref>{{UT|Numenor}}</ref> until they attacked and ambushed the Númenóreans when they could. They became their enemies giving no thought to husbandry or replanting. The Númenóreans wrecked the banks, the shorelines, and built great tracks and roads into the forests northwards and southwards from the [[Gwathló]].<ref name="GC"/> They continued battling and destroying what lay ahead of them, pushing into Minhiriath]and Enedwaith, establishing themselves inland as far as the river [[Glanduin]], beyond which natives and hostile peoples lived, a remnant of the peoples that had dwelt in the vales of the White Mountains in ages past.<ref name="lang"/><ref name="GC"/> The natives overcame their fear of the Elves and fled from Minhiriath into the dark woods of the great Cape of [[Eryn Vorn]] (south of the mouth of [[Baranduin]]). Those from Enedwaith took refuge in the eastern mountains ([[Dunland]]).<ref name="GC"/><br />
<br />
[[Sauron]] recruited pre-Númenóreans and in the early second millennium he increased pressure on the West, left his stronghold in the [[East]] and relocated in [[Mordor]]. He was welcomed by the natives and used the haters of Númenor as spies and guides for his raiders who caused havoc and burned their settlements.<br />
<br />
Around that time the Men of the White Mountains fled to the southern dales of the [[Misty Mountains]] during the [[Dark Years]], and thence some passed into the empty lands until the [[Barrow-downs]]; from them came the '''[[Men of Bree]]''' (q.v.)<ref name="lang">{{App|F1}}</ref><br />
<br />
Eriador was already ruined when king [[Tar-Minastir]] sent a Númenórean fleet that utterly defeated Sauron, bringing peace in the [[Westlands]] ({{SA|1700}}).<ref name="GC"/> The surviving pre-Númenóreans now apparently crossed the Glanduin back south to Dunland which now seemed safer than wrecked Eregion.<br />
<br />
In the south the Númenóreans found a useful natural haven already called [[Umbar]] by the natives, and then [[Pelargir]] in {{SA|2350}} who made contact with Men who dwelt in the valleys on either side of the White Mountains.<ref name="DM"/>. Of those were the '''[[Men of the Mountains]]''' (q.v.) near [[Dunharrow]].<ref>{{HM|RK}}</ref> who repented when Sauron left from Mordor and the power of [[Gil-galad]] had grown great.<ref name="Rings">{{S|Rings}}</ref><br />
<br />
When the [[Elendili]] established the [[Realms in Exile]] many Men turned from evil and became subject to them; the [[King of the Dead|King of the Mountains]] first swore allegiance to [[Gondor]]. However many natives never learned to distinguish between [[King's Men]] and [[Faithful]], while many remembered Sauron's influence so they were hostile to them.<ref name="Rings"/> <br />
<br />
When Sauron returned, [[Isildur]] summoned the King of the Mountains to fulfill their oath, but they would not because they were afraid of Sauron. They hid in the mountains isolated till slowly dwindled in the barren hills and became the [[Dead Men of Dunharrow]].<br />
<br />
===Third Age===<br />
The indigenous Men of Eriador were absorbed by the civilisation of [[Arnor]].<ref name="lang"/> By the time of [[Valandil (King of Arnor)|Valandil]] this mixed population was diminished and there was not enough people to maintain all the places built by Elendil, until eventually Arnor was split into smaller realms.<ref name="Rings"/> However when the [[Hobbits]] came to Arnor, Númenóreans, allies and enemies were numerous.<ref name="DM"/> The Númenorean element was stronger in [[Arthedain]] and thinner in [[Rhudaur]] until utterly failed. Eventually [[Angmar]] was populated by evil men gathered by the [[Witch-king]].<ref name="A">{{HM|AA}}</ref><br />
<br />
'''[[Hill-men]]''' (q.v.) practiced [[magic]]<ref>{{PM|Third}}</ref> and from the 14th century on, fortified the hills of Eriador with dark structures<ref name="Elendil">{{PM|Elendil}}</ref> harassed Rhudaur until an evil lord, allied with Angmar, seized its throne and eventually all of Rhudaur was occupied by evil Men subject to Angmar. The Dúnedain were either slain or fled west<ref name="A"/>. The [[Angmar War]] however caused those populations to perish.<ref name="DM"/> [[Cardolan]] was also deserted and could not be repopulated<ref name="Elendil"/>. Rhudaur came to be inhabited only by monsters. After the [[Great Plague]], [[Minhiriath]] was deserted except for hunters in [[Eryn Vorn]]. Other known Mannish settlements included only the [[Bree-land]] and the [[Lossoth]] in the far North.<br />
<br />
The indigenous Men were also absorbed in the South Kingdom of [[Gondor]], which pursued an expansionist policy. Gondor's borders were extended by the [[Ship-kings]], subduing the pre-Númenóreans. Their blood was mixed and in the following generations the Dúnedain's power and wisdom was diminished.<ref name="Rings"/><br />
<br />
As Gondor expanded East and South, the few remote '''[[Dunlendings]]''' (q.v.) resisted the Númenórean influence and [[Enedwaith]] had no such settlements,<ref name="Isen">{{UT|Isen}}</ref> other than [[Tharbad]].<ref name="DM"/> They remained unaffected, independent and even unfriendly to the Dúnedain, holding their own manners and [[Dunlendish]] language.<ref name="lang"/> By the time of the [[Ruling Stewards]] they ceased to be subjects of Gondor and, from the foothills of the Misty Mountains moved to now-depopulated [[Calenardhon]], until they were deplaced by the [[Éothéod]]. Some people remaining between Isen and Adorn were largely of mixed blood, and not loyal to Edoras.<ref name="Isen"/><br />
<br />
Before the [[War of the Ring]], [[Saruman]] found in those peoples an opportunity for creating crossbreeds of Orcs and Men. The Dunlendings allied with him and joined his forces in the [[Battle of the Hornburg]]. After the War, under King [[Éomer]], there was relative peace.<ref name="A"/><br />
<br />
==Etymology==<br />
In anthropology, archeology and linguistics, the prefix Pre- is used to indicate a prehistoric state before the arrival or emergence of a dominant state of peoples or languages (a [[Wikipedia:superstratum|superstratum]]). Compare with the scientific terms [[Wikipedia:Pre-Celtic|Pre-Celtic]], [[Wikipedia:Pre-Germanic|Pre-Germanic]], [[Wikipedia:Pre-Greek|Pre-Greek]] or [[Wikipedia:Pre-Indo-European|Pre-Indo-European]].<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
*[http://lalaith.vpsurf.de/Tolkien/Fr_Ind.html The Indigenous Population of Eriador and Gondor and their Relationships to the Númenóreans and their Allies] by [[Andreas Moehn]]<br />
<br />
{{references}}<br />
<br />
[[category:Pre-Númenóreans]]</div>Fredegharhttps://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=Moon-letters&diff=383347Moon-letters2023-12-04T09:27:32Z<p>Fredeghar: </p>
<hr />
<div>'''Moon-letters''', or '''moon-runes''', were a method of writing invented by the [[Dwarves]]. Moon-letters were ordinary [[Runes]], but written in such a way that they could only be read when the light of the [[moon]] shone behind the writing. Some moon-letters could be read by any moonlight, but it was possible to make the writing even more secret. More sophisticated moon-letters could only be read by the light of the same shape of moon, or at the same time of year, as when they were written. <br />
<br />
Moon-letters were written with silver pens.<ref name="Rest">{{H|Rest}}</ref> The substance [[Ithildin]], made from ''[[mithril]]'', reflected only starlight and moonlight,<ref>{{FR|II4}}</ref> and it seems likely that ithildin, or something very similar, was used by the Dwarves to write their moon-letters.<br />
<br />
An example of moon-letters was found by [[Elrond]] on [[Thrór's Map]] of the [[Lonely Mountain]] and surrounding areas that [[Gandalf]] had given [[Thorin]] in {{TA|2941}}.<ref>{{App|TA}}</ref> The moon-letters were of the more cunning type and had been written on a Midsummer's eve under a crescent moon. They said:<br />
<br />
:"''Stand by the grey stone when the thrush knocks and the setting sun with the last light of [[Durin's Day]] will shine upon the key-hole.''"<ref name="Rest"/><br />
<br />
{{references}}<br />
{{languages}}<br />
[[Category:Lettering]]</div>Fredegharhttps://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=Fenmarch&diff=366137Fenmarch2023-01-02T22:39:48Z<p>Fredeghar: The two spellings should be acknowledged in the main part of the article</p>
<hr />
<div>'''Fenmark''' (spelled '''Fenmarch''' on some maps) was a region of eastern [[Rohan]] that stretched from the [[Firienholt|Firien Wood]] along the [[Mering Stream]], and therefore marked part of [[Rohan]]'s eastern border with [[Gondor]].<ref>{{RK|Map}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Etymology==<br />
The fen element of the name means "marsh" and is a reference to the wetlands along the [[Mering Stream]]. ''March'' is an old word for "borderland" - a reference to the border with [[Anórien]] - and has the same derivation as [[Riddermark|Mark]], a name for the whole country of Rohan.<ref name="Nomen"/><br />
<br />
Note that [[J.R.R. Tolkien|Tolkien]] writes that on reflection he would have preferred the form "Fenmark", to the extent that he recommended this alternative version for translated versions of the book.<ref name="Nomen">{{HM|N}}, p. 770</ref><br />
{{references}}<br />
[[Category:Regions of Rohan]]<br />
[[Category:Swamps]]<br />
[[de:Fenmark]]<br />
[[fi:Fenmarch]]</div>Fredegharhttps://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=The_Wold&diff=366134The Wold2023-01-02T22:31:18Z<p>Fredeghar: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{location infobox<br />
| name=The Wold<br />
| image=[[File:Alan Lee - The Plains of Rohan 1.jpg|250px]]<br />
| caption="The Plains of Rohan" by [[Alan Lee]]<br />
| pronun=<br />
| othernames=<br />
| location=Northern part of the [[Eastemnet]] of [[Rohan]]<br />
| type=Region<br />
| description=Grassy uplands<br />
| regions=<br />
| towns=<br />
| inhabitants=[[Men]]<br />
| created=<br />
| destroyed=<br />
| events=<br />
}}<br />
'''The Wold''' was the northern part of the [[Eastemnet]] of [[Rohan]],<ref>{{HM|UI}}, entry ''Wold'', p. 343</ref> windy upland<ref>{{TT|Riders}}, p. 429</ref> plains<ref name=River>{{FR|River}}, p. 381</ref> between [[Fangorn Forest]] and the [[Anduin]], bordered to the north by the [[Limlight]]<ref>{{HM|UI}}, entry ''Limlight'', p. 343</ref><ref name=River/>.<ref>{{UT|Map}}</ref> The Wold was famous for its grass where the [[Rohirrim]] grazed their herds.<ref name=River/><br />
<br />
==History==<br />
Prior to the late years of the [[Second Age]] the Wold was part of no kingdom; the [[Elves]] of [[Lothlórien|Lórien]] never claimed any land south of the [[Limlight]] as part of their realm. When the kingdom of [[Gondor]] was established in {{SA|3320}},<ref>{{App|SA}}</ref> the Wold became part of its province [[Calenardhon]].<ref name=AppendixC>{{UT|6c}}</ref><br />
<br />
After victory in the [[War of the Last Alliance]], [[Isildur]], his nephew [[Meneldil]], and a company of trusted friends rode about the borders of Gondor. The Wold was one of their last stops before they journeyed to [[Amon Anwar]] where the tomb of [[Elendil]] was made.<ref>{{UT|Tradition}}</ref><br />
<br />
In {{TA|2510}} the Wold was invaded by a host of the [[Balchoth]] who crossed over the [[Anduin]] from the [[Brown Lands]]. At the same time Orcs descended upon the Wold from the [[Misty Mountains]] in the west. The [[Ruling Steward]] [[Cirion]] sent messengers north to seek aid and then led Gondor's northern army to repel the invaders. This army had been driven into the [[Field of Celebrant]] and was facing annihilation when [[Eorl|Eorl the Young]] and his mounted host burst upon the rear of the enemy. The invaders fled across the Limlight and were hunted by Eorl's riders across the Wold.<ref>{{App|Eorl}}</ref><br />
<br />
===Rohan===<br />
It was after that victory when Calenardhon, including the Wold, was given to Eorl's people and became an independent kingdom. However, in {{TA|2545|n}} [[Easterlings]] once more attempted to invade the area and King [[Eorl]] of the [[Rohirrim]] fell in battle in the Wold.<ref name="TA">{{App|TA}}</ref><br />
<br />
The main inhabitants were nomadic Men of Rohan who used the land to graze cattle, although during the years up to the [[War of the Ring]] the land had become deserted due to [[Orcs|orc-raids]].<ref name="River">{{FR|River}}</ref><br />
<br />
In [[July]] {{TA|3018|n}} the [[Nazgûl]] passed northward across the Wold as they began searching for the land of the [[Hobbits]]. They returned to the Wold in [[September]] empty-handed, where they met messengers from Sauron with orders to ride in haste to [[Isengard]].<ref>{{UT|Hunt}}, (i) ''On the Journey of the Black Riders according to the account that Gandalf gave to Frodo''</ref><br />
<br />
From 18<ref>{{FR|River}}, "As the third day of their voyage wore on", p. 380</ref> to 20<ref>{{FR|River}}, "In the next day or two", p. 381</ref> [[February]] {{TA|3019|n}}<ref>{{App|Great}}, entry for the year 3019, February 16, p. 1092</ref> the [[Fellowship of the Ring]] passed by the eastern edge of the Wold as they coursed down the [[Anduin]].<ref name="River"/> Later that month the Fellowship was broken and first the [[Uruk-hai]], who had captured [[Meriadoc Brandybuck|Merry]] and [[Peregrin Took|Pippin]],<ref>{{TT|Uruk}}</ref> followed by the [[Three Hunters]], skirted the western edge of the Wold as they raced towards Fangorn Forest. It was here that [[Aragorn]], [[Legolas]], and [[Gimli]] met [[Éomer]], who was riding back after destroying the Orcs who had crossed the northern plains of Rohan.<ref>{{TT|Riders}}</ref><br />
<br />
During the [[War of the Ring]], the Wold was invaded by Orcs<ref>{{RK|Muster}}, p. 804</ref><ref name=Partings>{{RK|Partings}}, p. 979</ref> from the north on [[11 March]] {{TA|3019}},<ref>{{App|Great}}, entry for the year 3019, March 11, p. 1093</ref> but the [[Ents]] defeated the invading Orcs on [[12 March|the next day]]<ref>{{App|Great}}, entry for the year 3019, March 12, p. 1093</ref> in the Wold.<ref name=Partings/><br />
<br />
==Etymology==<br />
The word ''wold'' means high, open and uncultivated land in English.<ref>{{HM|RC}}, p. 344</ref><br />
<br />
{{references}}<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Wold, The}}<br />
[[Category:Regions of Rohan]]<br />
[[fr:encyclo:geographie:regions:rohan:wold]]</div>Fredegharhttps://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=Manwendil&diff=365545Manwendil2022-12-29T18:54:38Z<p>Fredeghar: /* Etymology */</p>
<hr />
<div>{{numenorean infobox<br />
| name=Manwendil<br />
| image=<br />
| caption=<br />
| pronun=<br />
| othernames=<br />
| titles=<br />
| position=<br />
| location=[[Númenor]]<br />
| affiliation=<br />
| language=[[Adûnaic]], [[Quenya]] and [[Sindarin]]<br />
| birth=After {{SA|61}}<br />
| birthlocation=<br />
| rule=<br />
| death=<br />
| deathlocation=<br />
| age=<br />
| notablefor=<br />
| house=[[House of Elros]]<br />
| parentage=[[Elros]]<br />
| siblings=[[Vardamir]], [[Tindómiel]] and [[Atanalcar]]<br />
| spouse=<br />
| children=Unnamed male descendants<br />
| gender=Male<br />
| height=<br />
| hair=<br />
| eyes=<br />
| clothing=<br />
| weapons=<br />
| steed=<br />
}}<br />
'''Manwendil''' was the third child, and second son, of [[Elros|Elros Tar-Minyatur]], the first [[King of Númenor]]. Though he left descendants, nothing of their lives was recorded.<ref>{{UT|earlier}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Etymology==<br />
''Manwendil'' is a [[Quenya]] name. Its meaning is not glossed, but Paul Strack suggests it means "Friend of [[Manwë]]" and is a compound of ''Manwë'' (the name of the Vala, which literally means "Blessed Being") and ''[[dil|-(n)dil]]'' ("friend", "lover", "devoted to").<ref>{{webcite|author=Paul Strack|articleurl=https://www.eldamo.org/content/words/word-3194716877.html|articlename=Q. ''Manwendil'' m.|website=Eldamo|accessed=20 January 2022}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Genealogy ==<br />
{{familytree/start}}<br />
{{familytree | | | | | | | EAR |y| ELW | | | | | | | | | | |EAR=[[Eärendil]]<br/><small>''b. {{FA|503}}''</small>|ELW=[[Elwing]]<br/><small>''b. {{FA|503}}''</small>}}<br />
{{familytree | | | | | | | |,|-|^|-|.| | | | | | | | | | | |}}<br />
{{familytree | | | | | | | ELR | | ELD | | | | | | | | | | |ELR=[[Elros|Elros Tar-Minyatur]]<br/><small>''{{FA|532}} - {{SA|442}}''</small>|ELD=[[Elrond]]<br/><small>''b. {{FA|532}}''</small>}}<br />
{{familytree | | | | | |,|-|^|-|v|-|-|-|v|-|-|-|.| | | | | |}}<br />
{{familytree | | | | | VAR | | TIN | | MAN | | ATA | | | | |VAR=[[Vardamir|Vardamir Nólimon]]<br/><small>''{{SA|61}} - {{SA|471|n}}''</small>|TIN=[[Tindómiel]]<br/><small>''after {{SA|61|n}}''</small>|MAN='''MANWENDIL'''<br/><small>''after {{SA|61|n}}''</small>|ATA=[[Atanalcar]]<br/><small>''after {{SA|61|n}}''</small>}}<br />
{{familytree | | | |,|-|^|-|v|-|-|-|v|-|-|-|.| | | | | | | |}}<br />
{{familytree | | | AMA | | VAR | | AUL | | NOL | | | | | | |AMA=[[Tar-Amandil]]<br/><small>''{{SA|192|n}} - {{SA|603|n}}''</small>|VAR=[[Vardilmë]]<br/><small>''b. {{SA|203|n}}''</small>|AUL=[[Aulendil (son of Vardamir)|Aulendil]]<br/><small>''b. {{SA|213|n}}''</small>|NOL=[[Nolondil]]<br/><small>''b. {{SA|222|n}}''</small>}}<br />
{{familytree | |,|-|^|-|v|-|-|-|.| | | |,|-|^|-|v|-|-|-|.| |}}<br />
{{familytree | ELE | | EAR | | MAI | | YAV | | ORO | | AXA |ELE=[[Tar-Elendil]]<br/><small>''{{SA|350|n}} - {{SA|751|n}}''</small>|EAR=[[Eärendur (son of Tar-Amandil)|Eärendur]]<br/><small>''b. {{SA|361|n}}''</small>|MAI=[[Mairen]]<br/><small>''b. {{SA|377|n}}''</small>|YAV=[[Yávien]]<br/><small>''b. {{SA|371|n}}''</small>|ORO=[[Oromendil]]<br/><small>''b. {{SA|382|n}}''</small>|AXA=[[Axantur]]<br/><small>''b. {{SA|395|n}}''</small>}}<br />
{{familytree/end}}<br />
<br />
{{References}}<br />
[[Category:House of Elros]]<br />
[[Category:Quenya names]]<br />
[[Category:Second Age characters]]<br />
<br />
[[de:Manwendil]]<br />
[[fi:Manwendil]]<br />
[[fr:personnages/hommes/2a/numenoreens/manwendil]]</div>Fredegharhttps://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=Elros&diff=365543Elros2022-12-29T18:51:10Z<p>Fredeghar: /* Etymology */</p>
<hr />
<div>{{disambig-two|the brother of Elrond|Mirkwood guard from the '''Hobbit''' films|[[Elros (Mirkwood guard)]]}}<br />
{{half-elf infobox<br />
| name=Elros<br />
| image=[[File:Jenny Dolfen - Until the world is broken and remade.jpg|250px]]<br />
| caption="Until the world is broken and remade" by [[Jenny Dolfen]]<br />
| pronun=([[Sindarin|S]], {{IPA|[ˈɛlrɔs]}})<br />
| othernames=''Tar-Minyatur'' ([[Quenya|Q]]), ''Elerossë'' ([[Quenya|Q]]), ''Gimilzôr'' ([[Adûnaic|A]])<br />
| titles=[[King of Númenor]]<br />
| position=<br />
| location=[[Mouths of Sirion|Havens of Sirion]]<br>[[Númenor]]<br />
| affiliation=<br />
| language=[[Adûnaic]], [[Sindarin]], [[Quenya]]<br />
| birth={{FA|532}}<ref>{{WJ|Years}}, version C of the manuscript, year changed to [>532], p. 348</ref><br />
| birthlocation=[[Mouths of Sirion|Havens of Sirion]], [[Beleriand]]<br />
| rule={{SA|32}} - {{SA|442|n}} (410 years)<br />
| death={{SA|442}}<ref name="Kings">{{UT|Kings}}, first page of the chapter</ref><br />
| deathlocation=[[Númenor]]<br />
| age=500<br />
| notablefor=Founding the line of [[Kings of Númenor]]<br />
| house=Descended from [[House of Bëor|all]] [[House of Haleth|three]] [[House of Hador|Houses]] of the [[Edain]] and [[Elves|elven]] houses of [[House of Fingolfin|Fingolfin]] and [[Thingol]], founded the [[House of Elros]]<br />
| heritage=[[Half-elven]] father, [[Half-elven]] mother<br />
| parentage=[[Eärendil]] & [[Elwing]]<br/> [[Maglor]] (foster father)<br />
| siblings=[[Elrond]] (twin)<br />
| spouse=<br />
| children=[[Vardamir]], [[Tindómiel]], [[Manwendil]] and [[Atanalcar]]<br />
| gender=Male<br />
| height=<br />
| hair=<br />
| eyes=<br />
| clothing=<br />
| weapons=[[Aranrúth]]<br />
| steed=<br />
}}<br />
'''Elros''' was the son of [[Eärendil]], the great hero of the [[First Age]], and his wife [[Elwing]]. He was the twin brother of [[Elrond]] and both were [[Half-elven]].<ref name="Earendil">{{S|Earendil}}</ref> Choosing to live as a mortal Man, he became a lord of the [[Edain]] and the first [[King of Númenor]], taking the name '''Tar-Minyatur'''.<br />
<br />
== History ==<br />
Elros and Elrond were born in the [[Mouths of Sirion|Havens of Sirion]] during the darkest days of the First Age, when the forces of [[Morgoth]] controlled most of [[Beleriand]]. When the twins were just six years old, the [[Sons of Fëanor]], bound by their [[Oath of Fëanor|Oath]], assaulted the Havens in the [[Third Kinslaying]] since they desired the [[Silmaril]] on the [[Nauglamír]] held by Elwing. Eärendil was at sea, and Elwing escaped with the Nauglamír and jumped into the sea.<ref name="Earendil"/> [[Maedhros]] and [[Maglor]], the only Sons of Fëanor to survive the assault upon the Havens, took Elros and Elrond as captives<ref name="Earendil"/> and abandoned them in a cave with a fall of water over the entrance instead of killing them.<ref name=L211>{{L|211}}, answer to Question 4</ref> But Maglor took pity upon Elrond and Elros and rescued them and a mutual love grew between Maglor and the young twins afterwards.<ref name="Earendil"/> Elros was given the name "Elf of the spray" or "star-foam" (see [[#Etymology|Etymology]]), because Elros was found playing in the water of the waterfall.<ref name=L211/><br />
[[File:Catherine Karina Chmiel - And Maglor took pity upon them.jpg|thumb|left|''And Maglor took pity upon them'' by [[Catherine Karina Chmiel]]]]<br />
<br />
After the [[War of Wrath]] and the destruction of Beleriand, the Valar gave the twin ''[[Peredhil]]'' the choice over their race and fate. Elros chose the [[Gift of Men]],<ref name="Earendil"/> but still, he was blessed with a life longer than any other mortal Man's.<br />
<br />
In the first years of the [[Second Age]], the Valar had prepared for the Edain, as a reward for their struggle against Morgoth, a large island in the western part of the [[Great Sea]]. Now by right a lord of the [[Edain]]<ref group=note>His father, Eärendil, was a descendant of the Lords of all Three Houses</ref>, Elros led his people across the sea, guided by the [[Star of Eärendil]] his father, to the island. For this the island was called [[Elenna]] meaning "starwards", and was the closest of mortal lands to the [[Blessed Realm]], though Men were [[Ban of the Valar|forbidden to go]] so far westward that the coasts of Elenna were no longer visible. The Valar also gave the Edain substantially longer lifespans than those of Men remaining in Middle-earth, and Elros and his descendants had the longest lives of all the people.<ref name=Akallabeth>{{S|Akallabeth}}</ref><br />
<br />
Elros founded the realm of [[Númenor]] and became its first [[King of Númenor|King]] in the year 32 of the Second Age. He took a royal name in [[Quenya]], ''Tar-Minyatur'', thus setting a tradition for the kings of Númenor to take a royal name in Quenya.<ref name="Kings"/> He brought with him the [[Ring of Barahir]], the [[Dramborleg|Axe of Tuor]], the [[Bow of Bregor|Bow]] of [[Bregor]] and [[Thingol]]'s sword [[Aranrúth]] as family heirlooms.<ref>{{UT|3a}}, Note 2</ref><br />
<br />
The city of [[Armenelos]] including the tower and the citadel were constructed during the reign of Elros.<ref Name=Akallabeth/><br />
<br />
Elros had four children: three sons, [[Vardamir|Vardamir Nólimon]], [[Manwendil]], and [[Atanalcar]]; and one daughter, [[Tindómiel]].<ref>{{UT|earlier}}</ref><ref group="note">Elros' children [[Tindómiel]], [[Manwendil]] and [[Atanalcar]] are referred to by name only in the family tree "The Earlier Generations of the Line of Elros", which is included in only some editions of ''Unfinished Tales''.</ref> After living five centuries, and ruling Númenor for 410 years, Elros died and his son Vardamir Nólimon took up the [[Sceptre]] of Númenor as [[Vardamir|Tar-Vardamir]]. But because Elros had lived so long, Tar-Vardamir was already old, and was thus only a titular King: he immediately surrendered the Sceptre to his son, [[Tar-Amandil]].<ref name="Kings"/><br />
<br />
== Etymology ==<br />
In a letter from 1958 [[J.R.R. Tolkien]] explained that ''Elros'' is a [[Sindarin]] name that he was given, because he was found playing in the water of a waterfall that fell over the entrance to a cave and that the name is a compound of ''eld>ell'', the Sindarin term for the High-Elven exiles, and ''ros'' based on primitive Elvish ''rossē'' meaning "dew, spray (of fall or fountain)".<ref name=L211/> In an essay that was probably written between 1959 and 1960 J.R.R. Tolkien translated the name as "Star-glitter".<ref>{{WJ|Author}}, Note 26, second paragraph about Hadhodrond</ref> In an excursus on the names of Finwë's descendants that was written in 1968 or later J.R.R. Tolkien translated the name as "star-foam".<ref name=Shibboleth>{{PM|Finwe}}, paragraph about the names of Elrond and Elros, p. 349</ref><ref>{{S|Index}}, entry ''Elros''</ref> The Sindarin elements are ''[[el]]'' ("star") and ''[[ros]]'' ("foam").<ref name=Elements>{{S|Elements}}, entries ''êl'' and ''ros''</ref> In an essay on "The Problem of Ros" that was written in 1969 or later J.R.R. Tolkien considered the possibility that ros was a Bëorian word for "foam" and for the "white crest of waves", but he rejected this idea, because of the Sindarin name Cair Andros.<ref>{{PM|Ros}}, p. 369</ref><br />
<br />
==Other names==<br />
The [[Quenya]] form of ''Elros'' was '''''Elerossë'''''.<ref name=Shibboleth/><br />
<br />
After Elros ascended the throne of Númenor he was known by the [[Quenya]] title, '''''Tar-Minyatur''''' in the Scroll of Kings.<ref>{{UT|Kings}}, first paragraph</ref> Tar-Minyatur means "High first-ruler" in [[Quenya]]<ref>{{PM|Finwe}}, paragraph about Itarilde (Idril), p. 348</ref>, consisting of ''[[tar]]'' ("high") + ''[[minya]]'' ("first") + ''[[tur]]'' ("master, lord").<ref>{{S|Elements}}, entries ''[[minas]]'', ''[[tar|tar-]]'', ''[[tur]]''</ref> All the Kings and [[Ruling Queen of Númenor|Queens]] after Elros also used the prefix ''Tar-'' in their royal titles in the Scroll of Kings.<ref>{{UT|Kings}}, first paragraph and I to XXV</ref><br />
<br />
In early versions of the [[legendarium]], Elros' [[Adûnaic]] name was ''Indilzar'',<ref>{{PM|Akallabeth}}, p. 164</ref> which was changed to '''''Gimilzôr'''''. However, in later versions of the Númenórean tale ''[[Ar-Gimilzôr|(Ar-)Gimilzôr]]'' was the name of the twenty-third King of Númenor.<ref>{{SD|Drowning}}, pp. 380-1 (§20)</ref><br />
<br />
== Genealogy ==<br />
{{familytree/start}}<br />
{{familytree | TUO |y| IDR | | DIO |y| NIM |TUO=[[Tuor]]<br/><small>''b. {{FA|472}}''</small>|IDR=[[Idril]]<br/><small>''born during {{YT}}''</small>|DIO=[[Dior]]<br/><small>''{{FA|470}} - {{FA|506|n}}''</small>|NIM=[[Nimloth of Doriath|Nimloth]]<br/><small>''d. {{FA|506}}''</small>}}<br />
{{familytree | | | |!| | | | | | | |!| | | |}}<br />
{{familytree | | | EAR |~|~|y|~|~| ELW | | |EAR=[[Eärendil]]<br/><small>''b. {{FA|503}}''</small>|ELW=[[Elwing]]<br/><small>''b. {{FA|503}}''</small>}}<br />
{{familytree | | | | | |,|-|^|-|.| | | | | |}}<br />
{{familytree | | | | | ELR | | ELD | | | | |ELR='''ELROS<br/>TAR-MINYATUR'''<br/><small>''{{FA|532}} - {{SA|442}}''</small>|ELD=[[Elrond]]<br/><small>''b. {{FA|532}}''</small>}}<br />
{{familytree | |,|-|-|-|+|-|-|-|v|-|-|-|.| |}}<br />
{{familytree | VAR | | TIN | | MAN | | ATA |VAR=[[Vardamir|Vardamir Nólimon]]<br/><small>''{{SA|61}} - {{SA|471|n}}''</small>|TIN=[[Tindómiel]]<br/><small>''after {{SA|61|n}}''</small>|MAN=[[Manwendil]]<br/><small>''after {{SA|61|n}}''</small>|ATA=[[Atanalcar]]<br/><small>''after {{SA|61|n}}''</small>}}<br />
{{familytree | |)|-|-|-|v|-|-|-|v|-|-|-|.| |}}<br />
{{familytree | AMA | | VAR | | AUL | | NOL |AMA=[[Tar-Amandil]]<br/><small>''{{SA|192|n}} - {{SA|603|n}}''</small>|VAR=[[Vardilmë]]<br/><small>''b. {{SA|203|n}}''</small>|AUL=[[Aulendil (son of Vardamir)|Aulendil]]<br/><small>''b. {{SA|213|n}}''</small>|NOL=[[Nolondil]]<br/><small>''b. {{SA|222|n}}''</small>}}<br />
{{familytree/end}}<br />
<br />
==Portrayal in adaptations==<br />
[[File:The Rings of Power (TV series) - Elros Tar-Minyatur.png|thumb|200px|Elros Tar-Minyatur in ''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Rings of Power]]'']]<br />
<br />
===Television===<br />
'''2022: ''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Rings of Power]]'':'''<br />
:'''September 9: ''[[Adar (episode)|Adar]]'':'''<br />
::Elros Tar-Minyatur is depicted alongside his twin brother [[Elrond]] on a tapestry within [[Númenor|Númenor's]] [[Hall of Lore]], which Elros himself had allegedly built.<br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
*[[Twins]]<br />
<br />
{{References|notes}}<br />
<br />
{{seq-start}}<br />
{{seq-head<br />
| race=halfelf<br />
| house=[[House of Elros]]<br />
| born={{FA|532}}<br />
| died={{SA|442}}<br />
}}<br />
{{seq<br />
| pvac=None<br />
| prev=New title<br />
| list=1st [[King of Númenor]]<br />
| dates={{SA|32}} - {{SA|442|n}}<br />
| next=[[Vardamir|Tar-Vardamir]]<br />
}}<br />
{{seq-end}}<br />
<br />
{{numenorkings}}<br />
{{numenor}}<br />
[[Category:Characters in The Silmarillion]]<br />
[[Category:First Age characters]]<br />
[[Category:Half-elven]]<br />
[[Category:House of Elros| ]]<br />
[[Category:Mariners]]<br />
[[Category:Noldorin names]]<br />
[[Category:Rulers of Númenor]]<br />
[[Category:Second Age characters]]<br />
[[Category:Sindarin names]]<br />
[[de:Elros]]<br />
[[fi:Elros]]<br />
[[fr:encyclo/personnages/hommes/2a/numenoreens/elros]]</div>Fredegharhttps://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=Vardamir&diff=365537Vardamir2022-12-29T18:43:30Z<p>Fredeghar: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{numenorean infobox<br />
| name=Vardamir<br />
| image=<br />
| caption=<br />
| pronun=<br />
| othernames=''Nólimon'' ([[Quenya|Q]])<br />
| titles=[[King of Númenor]] (''de jure'')<br />
| position=<br />
| location=[[Númenor]]<br />
| affiliation=<br />
| language=[[Adûnaic]], [[Sindarin]] and [[Quenya]]<br />
| birth={{SA|61}}<ref name=Vardamir>{{UT|Kings}}, entry II ''Vardamir Nólimon''</ref><br />
| birthlocation=Númenor<br />
| rule={{SA|442}} (immediately abdicated)<br/>{{SA|442}} - {{SA|443|n}} (''de jure'')<ref name=Vardamir/><br />
| death={{SA|471}}<ref name=Vardamir/><br />
| deathlocation=Númenor<br />
| age=410<br />
| notablefor=<br />
| house=[[House of Elros]]<br />
| parentage=[[Elros]]<ref name=earlier>{{UT|earlier}}</ref><br />
| siblings=[[Tindómiel]], [[Manwendil]] and [[Atanalcar]]<ref name=earlier/><br />
| spouse=<br />
| children=[[Tar-Amandil|Amandil]], [[Vardilmë]], [[Aulendil (son of Vardamir)|Aulendil]] and [[Nolondil]]<ref name=earlier/><br />
| gender=Male<br />
| height=<br />
| hair=<br />
| eyes=<br />
| clothing=<br />
| weapons=<br />
| steed=<br />
}}<br />
'''Vardamir Nólimon''' ([[Quenya|Q]], pron. {{IPA|[ˈvardamir ˈnoːlimɔn]}}) was the brief second [[King of Númenor|King]] of [[Númenor]]. Unlike all the rulers of Númenor who took royal titles in Quenya, Vardamir is not listed as having added the prefix ''tar-'' ("high") to his name when he received the Sceptre, because he refused it.<ref name=Vardamir/><br />
<br />
As the eldest of the four children of [[Elros|Elros Tar-Minyatur]],<ref name=earlier/> Vardamir was the heir to the [[Sceptre of Númenor]]. He was called '''Nólimon''', because his chief love was for ancient lore. The Sceptre of Númenor fell to him on his father's death. The extraordinary length of Elros' life, though, meant that Vardamir was 381 years old at this time - old even for a [[Númenóreans|Númenórean]] of royal blood - and he wisely passed the Sceptre on immediately to his eldest son [[Tar-Amandil|Amandil]], who would rule as King '''Tar-Amandil'''. However, Vardamir was still officially counted as the second King of Númenor, having nominally ruled for a single year.<ref name=Vardamir/><br />
<br />
Vardamir had four children: three sons, [[Tar-Amandil|Amandil]], [[Aulendil (son of Vardamir)|Aulendil]], and [[Nolondil]]; and one daughter, [[Vardilmë]].<ref name=earlier/><br />
<br />
== Etymology ==<br />
''Vardamir'' is [[Quenya]]. Its meaning is not glossed, but Paul Strack suggests it probably means "Varda-jewel". It is probably a compound of ''[[Varda]]'' ("the name of the Valië of the stars, the spouse of Manwë", "exalted", "lofty", "sublime") and ''[[mírë]]'' ("jewel").<ref>{{webcite|author=Paul Strack|articleurl=https://www.eldamo.org/content/words/word-1166502843.html|articlename=Q. ''Vardamir'' m.|website=Eldamo|accessed=12 December 2021}}</ref><br />
<br />
His sobriquet ''Nólimon'' is Quenya. Its meaning is not glossed, but Paul Strack suggests it means "Learned One". It seems to be a compound of ''[[nólë]]'' ("lore, knowledge") and the agental suffix ''[[-mo]]'' ("one", "anyone", "someone", "somebody").<ref>{{webcite|author=Paul Strack|articleurl=https://www.eldamo.org/content/words/word-60416855.html|articlename=Q. ''Nólimon'' m.|website=Eldamo|accessed=12 December 2021}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Genealogy ==<br />
{{familytree/start}}<br />
{{familytree | | | | | | | EAR |y| ELW | | | | | | | | | | |EAR=[[Eärendil]]<br/><small>''b. {{FA|503}}''</small>|ELW=[[Elwing]]<br/><small>''b. {{FA|503}}''</small>}}<br />
{{familytree | | | | | | | |,|-|^|-|.| | | | | | | | | | | |}}<br />
{{familytree | | | | | | | ELR | | ELD | | | | | | | | | | |ELR=[[Elros|Elros Tar-Minyatur]]<br/><small>''{{FA|532}} - {{SA|442}}''</small>|ELD=[[Elrond]]<br/><small>''b. {{FA|532}}''</small>}}<br />
{{familytree | | | | | |,|-|^|-|v|-|-|-|v|-|-|-|.| | | | | |}}<br />
{{familytree | | | | | VAR | | TIN | | MAN | | ATA | | | | |VAR='''VARDAMIR'''<br/><small>''{{SA|61}} - {{SA|471|n}}''</small>|TIN=[[Tindómiel]]<br/><small>''after {{SA|61|n}}''</small>|MAN=[[Manwendil]]<br/><small>''after {{SA|61|n}}''</small>|ATA=[[Atanalcar]]<br/><small>''after {{SA|61|n}}''</small>}}<br />
{{familytree | | | |,|-|^|-|v|-|-|-|v|-|-|-|.| | | | | | | |}}<br />
{{familytree | | | AMA | | VAR | | AUL | | NOL | | | | | | |AMA=[[Tar-Amandil]]<br/><small>''{{SA|192|n}} - {{SA|603|n}}''</small>|VAR=[[Vardilmë]]<br/><small>''b. {{SA|203|n}}''</small>|AUL=[[Aulendil (son of Vardamir)|Aulendil]]<br/><small>''b. {{SA|213|n}}''</small>|NOL=[[Nolondil]]<br/><small>''b. {{SA|222|n}}''</small>}}<br />
{{familytree | |,|-|^|-|v|-|-|-|.| | | |,|-|^|-|v|-|-|-|.| |}}<br />
{{familytree | ELE | | EAR | | MAI | | YAV | | ORO | | AXA |ELE=[[Tar-Elendil]]<br/><small>''{{SA|350|n}} - {{SA|751|n}}''</small>|EAR=[[Eärendur (son of Tar-Amandil)|Eärendur]]<br/><small>''b. {{SA|361|n}}''</small>|MAI=[[Mairen]]<br/><small>''b. {{SA|377|n}}''</small>|YAV=[[Yávien]]<br/><small>''b. {{SA|371|n}}''</small>|ORO=[[Oromendil]]<br/><small>''b. {{SA|382|n}}''</small>|AXA=[[Axantur]]<br/><small>''b. {{SA|395|n}}''</small>}}<br />
{{familytree/end}}<br />
<br />
==Other versions of the legendarium==<br />
<br />
In a text written around 1959 and published in ''[[The Nature of Middle-earth]]'', it is suggested that Vardamir was among the Half-elven, like Arwen.<ref>{{NM|P1xi}}</ref>{{rp|78}}<br />
<br />
{{references}}<br />
{{seq-start}}<br />
{{seq-head<br />
| race=numenorean<br />
| house=[[House of Elros]]<br />
| born={{SA|61}}<br />
| died={{SA|471}}<br />
}}<br />
{{seq<br />
| prev=[[Elros|Elros Tar-Minyatur]]<br />
| list=2nd [[King of Númenor]] (''de jure'')<br />
| dates={{SA|442}} - {{SA|443|n}}<br />
| next=[[Tar-Amandil]]<br />
}}<br />
{{seq-end}}<br />
<br />
{{numenorkings}}<br />
[[Category:House of Elros]]<br />
[[Category:Rulers of Númenor]]<br />
[[Category:Second Age characters]]<br />
<br />
[[de:Vardamir]]<br />
[[fi:Vardamir]]<br />
[[fr:encyclo/personnages/hommes/2a/numenoreens/vardamir]]<br />
[[Category:Epithets]]<br />
[[Category:Quenya names]]<br />
[[fr:encyclo/personnages/hommes/2a/numenoreens/nolimon]]<br />
[[fi:Nólimon]]</div>Fredegharhttps://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=Shadow&diff=364745Shadow2022-12-15T18:58:57Z<p>Fredeghar: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{cleanup}}<br />
'''The Shadow''' is a very broad and abstract term that seems to be used in reference to [[the Darkness]], the extent of evil and its influence to the minds of people as a result of the [[Arda_Marred|Marring of Arda]]. Because [[Morgoth]] tainted [[Arda]] with his rebellious spirit, his will could continue to affect the hearts of people living on Earth after he was gone. At different points the Shadow refers to the Darkness of the Enemy, [[Sauron]] or their servants, the [[Nazgûl|Ringwraiths]], also called '''Shadows''' (and their [[Black Breath]]). Sauron was called the '''Shadow of the Forest''' (while he dwelt in [[Dol Guldur]]) or the '''Shadow of the East''' (in [[Mordor]]). Shadow also described the [[Unlight]] of [[Ungoliant]].<br />
<br />
'''Shadows''' was also a name for the [[Oathbreakers]], having become [[Wraiths]], also called Shadow-hosts, Shadow-men.<br />
<br />
Peoples that came under the sway of this corrupting power were said to be "under the Shadow". The term is also a euphemism that alludes to the seduction of [[Men]] by Morgoth in the beginning of their history: "Men came forth in the East of the world; but they fell under the shadow of the [[Morgoth|Enemy]]". This usage is similar to the other examples above, but is more far-reaching in that all Men living at that time were said to have succumbed to Morgoth's power. The Men fell under the Shadow already in [[Hildórien]] and became afraid of the [[Gift of Men]]. A similar fear came in the realm of [[Númenor]] when its people became restless and began to envy the [[immortality]] of the [[Elves]].<br />
<br />
A few kindreds of [[Dwarves]] also fell under the Shadow, especially among those clans that lived in the mountains to the far east of Middle-earth. Some Dwarves fought on Sauron's side during the [[Last Alliance of Elves and Men|Last Alliance]].<br />
<br />
Though the Shadow was less evident among populations of the Elves, the Shadow of the [[Kinslaying at Alqualondë|Kinslaying]] lay upon the kindred of the [[Noldor]]. <br />
<br />
The Shadow however also referred to more concrete and evident things, like the Shadow covering Mordor, the '''Storm of Mordor''' that covered [[Gondor]] on the [[The Dawnless Day|Dawnless Day]].<br />
<br />
After the passing of Sauron, the Shadow was lifted from the hearts of the [[Free Peoples]] and they managed to fight the remnants of his forces.<ref>{{App|Great}}</ref><br />
<br />
When he met [[Durin's Bane]], [[Gandalf]] expelled it to return to the Shadow it came from, perhaps the [[Void]].<br />
<br />
In more general applications, "Shadow" is a term that apparently refers to the bewilderment and darkness accompanying certain enchantments. [[Sauron]]'s tower of [[Barad-dûr]] was surrounded by Shadow, and the word is also associated with the land of [[Lothlórien]] and with the [[Ents]].<br />
<br />
[[Saruman]] referred to the [[Ents]] and [[Huorns]] as the '''Shadow of the Wood'''. <br />
==In other languages==<br />
*In [[Quenya]], the word ''huine'' meaning "darkness, gloom" is used with negative connotations such as [[Sauron]]. The word ''unuhuine'' is used to refer to Numenor "under the Shadow".<ref>{{LR|P1III2}}, p. 47</ref><br />
*In [[Adunaic]], the word of the same meaning is ''ugru''. The expression "under shadow" is ''ugru-dalad''.<ref>{{HM|SD}}, p. 247</ref><br />
{{references}}<br />
*{{HM|Guide}}, pp. 349-351<br />
[[Category:Concepts]]<br />
[[Category:Evil]]</div>Fredegharhttps://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=Dr%C3%BAedain&diff=364427Drúedain2022-12-10T21:06:07Z<p>Fredeghar: /* Etymology */</p>
<hr />
<div>{{people infobox<br />
| name=Drúedain<br />
| image=[[File:Ted Nasmith - The Aid of the Wild-men.jpg|250px]]<br />
| caption="[[:File:Ted Nasmith - The Aid of the Wild-men.jpg|The Aid of the Wild-men]]" by [[Ted Nasmith]]<br />
| pronun={{respell|droo|eh-deyen}}<br />
| othernames=Drû, Drû-folk, Drúath, Drughu, Drûg-folk, Drûgs, Drúin, Oghor-hai, Púkel-men, Rógin, Rú, Rúatani, Wild Men of the Woods, Woses<br />
| origin=<br />
| location=[[Brethil]], [[Númenor]], [[Drúwaith Iaur]], [[Drúadan Forest]]<br />
| affiliation=<br />
| rivalry=<br />
| language=[[Drúadan language]]<br />
| members=[[Aghan]], [[Ghân]], [[Ghân-buri-Ghân]]<br />
| lifespan=Shorter than most [[Men]]<ref name=atani>{{PM|Atani}}, The Druedain (Pukel-men)</ref><br />
| distinctions=Good stoneworkers, mysterious powers, glowing red eyes<br />
| height=4 feet<ref name=atani/><br />
| hair=Dark<br />
| skin=<br />
| clothing=<br />
| weapons=<br />
}}<br />
The '''Drúedain''' (sg. '''Drúadan''') or '''Drúath''' (sg. '''Drû''') was a race of wild [[Men]]. The [[Rohirrim]] called them '''Woses''' or '''Wild Men of the Woods'''. <br />
<br />
They were a clearly good-hearted people who suffered at the persecution by the malice of [[Men of Darkness|evil people]]; or by ignorance, as their "unlovely" (according to the [[Elves]]) appearance led many to believe they were savage beasts. Although some of their numbers joined the [[Edain]] and some briefly remained on [[Númenor]], they largely held themselves apart from the troubles and calamities of [[Middle-earth]], and possessed their own mysterious ways and magic.<br />
<br />
==History==<br />
<br />
===First Age===<br />
The Drúedain were part of the [[Edain]] who left [[Hildórien]] for the [[Westlands|West]]. They had been harried and persecuted by other [[Men]] as long as they could remember. This treatment turned them to be secretive and suspicious of other kinds of Men and made them migrate to the west to find a land where they could live hidden and in peace.<ref name="TD">{{UT|12b}}</ref><br />
<br />
Historians in [[Gondor]] believed that the Drúedain came from lands south of [[Mordor]], and turned north into [[Ithilien]] before they reached the coasts of [[Harad|Haradwaith]] and were the first Men to cross the [[Anduin]] (probably near [[Cair Andros]]). They then settled in the vales on both sides of the [[White Mountains]] and in the wooded lands at the northern feet of the White Mountains.<ref name="TD"/> The Drúedain carved statues of themselves of stone in [[Dunharrow]], which were later called [[Púkel-men]] by the [[Rohirrim]] when the Rohirrim settled in Rohan in the Third Age.<ref>{{UT|12c}}, note 14</ref><br />
<br />
At the end of the First Age most of the Drúedain remained in the White Mountains despite attacks by Men from the East who had relapsed to the service of the Dark. A small branch of the Drúedain, which consisted of a few hundred people,<ref name=Druedain>{{UT|Druedain}}</ref> migrated to the west and accompanied the [[Haladin]] to [[Beleriand]] and settled in the forest of [[Brethil]].<ref name="TD"/> Few of the Drúedain ever left the Forest of Brethil,<ref name=Druedain/>, but a few of them lived in the household of [[Húrin]] of the folk of [[Hador]] who was related to the lord of the Haladin and had lived with the Haladin in his youth.<ref>{{UT|12c}}, note 8</ref> When the Haladin fell into ruin and [[Morgoth]] had destroyed all the realms and strongholds of [[Elves]] and Men, the Drúedain of Brethil dwindled to a few families, mostly women and children, of which some found refuge at the [[Mouths of Sirion]].<ref name=Druedain/><br />
<br />
===Second Age===<br />
When the Dúnedain of Beleriand set forth for the island of [[Elenna]], where they would establish the kingdom of [[Númenor]], the Drúedain refugees who had dwelt at the Mouths of Sirion were permitted to join them, where their numbers increased again. However, they started leaving the island during the time of [[Tar-Aldarion]], [[foresight|foreseeing]] the evil that would come. By the [[Downfall of Númenor]], all Drúedain had left the island.<ref name=Note7>{{UT|12c}}, note 7</ref><br />
<br />
The Drúedain were driven from the White Mountains by tall [[Men of Darkness|Men]] who were wicked at heart and had come from the East. Remnants of the Drúedain survived in [[Drúadan Forest]] in [[Anórien]] at the eastern end of the White Mountains and in [[Drúwaith Iaur]] in the mountains of the [[Andrast|Cape of Andrast]] at the western end of the White Mountains.<ref name="TD"/><br />
<br />
After the felling of trees in [[Enedwaith]] by the [[Númenóreans]] as a source of timber for the building of ships at ship-yards at [[Lond Daer]] and elsewhere in Middle-earth and in [[Númenor]] became devastating, the native [[Pre-Númenóreans]] who lived in the forests ambushed the Númenóreans and had to flee east to the foothills of the southern [[Misty Mountains]] to the region, which was later called [[Dunland]].<ref name=Gwathlo34>{{UT|6d}}, essay on the name Gwathló, third and fourth paragraph</ref> They did not cross the river [[Isen]] to [[Drúwaith Iaur]] in the promontory between the Isen and the [[Lefnui]], because they were afraid of the Drúedain who lived there and whom they regarded as a "fell people".<ref name=Gwathlo34/><ref name="TD"/><br />
<br />
===Third Age===<br />
[[File:John Howe - Ghan-Buri-Ghan.jpg|thumb|''Ghan-Buri-Ghan'' by [[John Howe]]]]<br />
After the [[Great Plague]] of the year 1636<ref name=Gwathlo>{{UT|6d}}, essay on the name Gwathló, second paragraph</ref> and in the days of the Kings of Gondor a few tribes of Drúedain lived as fishers and fowlers in the marshlands of the mouths of the river [[Gwathló]] and the river [[Isen]]<ref name="I">{{UT|11c}}, first paragraph of the note</ref> and on the coasts between the mouths of those rivers.<ref name=Gwathlo/><br />
<br />
At the end of the Third Age a few Drúedain still lived in the [[Drúadan Forest]] in [[Anorien]] north of the [[White Mountains]],<ref>{{App|Languages}}, third paragraph, p. 1127</ref> and in [[Drúwaith Iaur]] in the mountains of the cape of [[Andrast]] in the west of [[Gondor]] between the rivers [[Isen]] and [[Lefnui]].<ref>{{UT|12c}}, note 13</ref><br />
<br />
During the [[War of the Ring]] the chieftain of the Drúedain of Drúadan Forest was [[Ghân-buri-Ghân]]. On March 14, {{TA|3019}},<ref>{{App|Great}}, entry for the year 3019 March 14</ref> Ghân-buri-Ghân and the Drúedain helped the army of the [[Rohirrim]] that was led by king [[Théoden]] of [[Rohan]] to evade being trapped by an army of more than six thousand [[Orcs]] and Men that was waiting for them along the [[North-South Road]]. The Drúedain lead the Rohirrim along an alternate road through the [[Stonewain Valley]] in Drúadan Forest, and scouted for and hunted possible enemy spies therein, so that the Rohirrim could reach the [[Pelennor Fields]] without being ambushed. When king Théoden offered the Drúedain a rich reward and the eternal friendship of the Rohan for their offered help, Ghân-buri-Ghân asked king Théoden to leave the Drúedain alone in the woods and to never again hunt them like beasts.<ref>{{RK|Ride}}, p. 831-836</ref> <br />
<br />
After the [[War of the Ring]], towards the end of July {{TA|3019}},<ref>{{App|Chief}}, entry for July 22 of the year 3019</ref> [[Aragorn|King Elessar]] granted the Drúadan Forest to be theirs forever, forbidding anyone to enter without their permission.<ref>{{RK|Partings}}, p. 976</ref><br />
<br />
==Characteristics==<br />
The appearance of the Drúedain was regarded as "unlovely" by Elves and Men. They were short with an average height of four feet,<ref name=atani/>, very broad with heavy buttocks and thick short legs.<ref name=Druedain/>. In build, stature, and endurance, they resembled the [[Dwarves]].<ref name=atani/><br />
<br />
They had wide faces with deep-set eyes with heavy brows and flat noses. Their wide mouths were the most expressive of their usually impassive features. They had small, sunken eyes that were so black the pupils could not be distinguished, though their eyes glowed red when they were angry or suspicious. Their hair was sparse and lank, never growing below the eyebrows with the exception of some men who grew black tufts on their chins.<ref name=Druedain/><br />
<br />
The Drúedain spoke in deep, guttural voices, though their laughter was hearty and pleasantly contagious to other Men and even Elves.<ref name=Druedain/><br />
<br />
==Culture==<br />
The Drúedain were primitive, but marvellously skilled trackers with a better sense of smell than other Men, knew all about plants, were skilled in the carving of wood or stone and had mysterious powers of clairvoyance<ref name=Note7/> and [[magic]] related to the animation of statues made from stone in their likeness.<ref name=Druedain/> <br />
<br />
The Drúedain were merry in temperament and character like [[Hobbits]], but could be sardonic and ruthless on the grimmer side of their nature, but were less grim than Dwarves. They were frugal and ate sparingly and drank only water, even during peaceful or plentiful times.<ref name=atani/><br />
<br />
A hardy people, in the early First Age they used caves in the mountains as store-houses, which they used also as sleeping-places during severe weather. They maintained this custom in Beleriand (except the most hardy). These places were guarded and didn't allow even their [[Haladin]] friends to enter. Otherwise they were content to live in tents or makeshift shelters built round large trees.<ref name=atani/><br />
<br />
For weapons, the Drúedain used poisoned darts<ref name="TD"/> and poisoned arrows.<ref>{{RK|Ride}}, p. 830</ref><br />
<br />
==Language==<br />
The Drúedain of the Drúadan Forest spoke their own language,<ref>{{App|Languages}}, third paragraph, p. 1127</ref> which was completely alien to [[Westron]].<ref name=OfMen>{{App|Men}}, penultimate paragraph, p. 1129</ref> The only known words in the lanuage of the Drúedain of Drúadan Forest are the name ''[[Ghân]]'', the element ''[[buri]]'' ("son of")<ref>{{PE|17}}, entry '''Ghân buri Ghân''', p. 99</ref> and the name ''[[gorgûn]]'' ("orcs", "orc-folk").<ref>{{PE|17}}, entry '''gorgûn''' and entry '''druadan''', p. 99</ref><br />
<br />
The Drúedain of the Forest of Brethil who lived there with the [[Haladin|Folk of Haleth]] spoke the language of the Folk of Haleth after their own fashion, but retained a number of words of their own.<ref>{{UT|12c}}, note 3</ref> It is possible that they retained their own language and that they only used the language of the Folk of Haleth when they talked with the Folk of Haleth, because even the Folk of Haleth called them ''drûg'', which was their name in the "own language" of the Drúedain.<ref>{{UT|Druedain}}, second paragraph</ref><br />
<br />
==Etymology==<br />
{{Pronounce|Druedain.mp3|Ardamir}}<br />
''Drúedain'' is a [[Sindarin]] name. It is the plural form of Drúadan<ref name="Druedain">{{UT|12c}}, note 6</ref> and means "wild men" or "woses".<ref name=druadan>{{PE|17}}, entry '''druadan''', p. 99</ref> The element ''[[Drû]]'' is an adaptation into Sindarin of ''[[Drughu]]'', which is what the Drúedain call themselves in their own language. As the [[Elves]] came to know the Drû better, and to recognise their bitter enmity to the [[Orcs]], they added the title ''[[Edain]]'' to their name.<ref name="Druedain"/><br />
<br />
The word ''Wose'' represents [[J.R.R. Tolkien|Tolkien]]'s translation of the actual word ''[[róg]]'' in the language of the [[Rohirrim]]. It means "wild man of the woods". It is a modernization of the Anglo-Saxon word ''wása''.<ref name=Note14>{{UT|12c}}, note 14</ref> The [[Old English]] element ''wasa'' originally meant a forlorn or abandoned person. It occurs in ''wudewasa'' meaning "wild, neglected". It is seen in the name ''Wuduwasas'', which is the direct inspiration for the Woses and means "savage men" (of the woods).<ref>{{HM|N}}, entry '''Woses''', pp. 764</ref><br />
<br />
==Other names==<br />
*'''[[Drú]]/Drúin:''' the simple [[Sindarin]] name for the Drughu, singular and plural.<ref name="Druedain"/><br />
*'''Drúath:''' another Sindarin plural form of Drú.<ref name="Druedain"/><br />
*'''[[Drúedain|Drû]]-folk:''' rarely used collective term.<ref name="Druedain"/><br />
*'''[[Rú]]/[[Rúatani]]:''' Quenya terms for the Drughu, derived from their Sindarin counterparts. Singular/plural respectively.<ref name="Druedain"/><br />
*'''[[Róg]]/[[Rógin]]:''' the name in the [[Rohirric|Rohan]] language, singular/plural respectively.<ref name=Note14/><br />
<br />
==Inspiration==<br />
In Western folklore, the "wuduwasa" or "wood man" is a hairy, troll-like being supposed to inhabit woods and forests; the figure was used on coats-of-arms and illuminations during the Middle Ages up to the Renaissance.<br />
<br />
Both the description of Woses, as well as the word "Wose" itself, derives from this folkloric figure. According to [[J.R.R. Tolkien|Tolkien]] his idea was to show the actual existence of wild folk, remnants of former peoples driven out by invaders, living a debased and savage life in forests and mountains.<ref>{{HM|N}}, pp. 764-5</ref><br />
<br />
In the ''[[Sir Gawain and the Green Knight (poem)|Sir Gawain and the Green Knight]]'' poem, the word ''[[Wiktionary:wodwo|wodwo]]s'' appears, which Tolkien translated as "wood-[[trolls]]".<ref>{{HM|RC}}, p. 555</ref><br />
<br />
==Portrayal in adaptations==<br />
{{Gallery<br />
|title=Drúedain in adaptations<br />
|height=150<br />
|width=200<br />
|lines=3<br />
|File:Cortney Skinner - Woses of the Eryn Vorn (MECCG).jpg|"Woses of the Eryn Vorn" in the ''[[Middle-earth Collectible Card Game]]''<br />
|File:The Lord of the Rings Online - Drúedain .jpg|A Wose in ''[[The Lord of the Rings Online]]''<br />
}}<br />
'''1995-8: ''[[Middle-earth Collectible Card Game]]'':'''<br />
:The card game features three different factions of the race: the "Woses of the [[Drúadan Forest]]" and the "Woses of Old Pûkel-land" in the set ''[[Middle-earth: The Wizards|The Wizards]]'', and the "Woses of the [[Eryn Vorn]]" in the expansion ''[[Middle-earth: Against the Shadow|Against the Shadow]]''.<ref>{{webcite|author=|articleurl=http://www.tradecardsonline.com/im/searchCards|articlename=(Results from search for cards in the game Middle Earth)|dated=|website=[http://www.tradecardsonline.com/ Tradecardsoneline.com]|accessed=27 March 2014}}</ref><br />
<br />
'''2016: ''[[The Lord of the Rings Online]]'':'''<br />
:Other than the settlement in the [[Drúadan Forest]], another group of Drúedain is found in [[Mordor]] where their ancestors stayed before migrating westward. At the end of the [[First Age]], a cataclysm caused the mountains to rise and cut off the Nêbh Rûdh, the Red Sky Clan, from the valley which they shared with [[Easterlings]]. Separated from the [[Plateau of Gorgoroth]] to the west by an unreachable mountain pass, they were trapped within a small forest where they lived in peace and isolation for thousands of years, away from the Great Eye's reach. When the [[One Ring]] is destroyed, the eruption of [[Mount Doom]] causes a rockslide that makes the pass traversable again, exposing the Red Sky Clan to whatever evil still remains lurking in Mordor.<br />
<br />
== See also ==<br />
* ''[[The Faithful Stone]]''<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
*[[Wikipedia:Woodwoses|Woodwoses]] at Wikipedia<br />
{{references}}<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Druedain}}<br />
[[Category:Drúedain]]<br />
[[Category:Men]]<br />
[[Category:Sindarin demonyms]]<br />
<br />
[[de:Drúedain]]<br />
[[fr:encyclo:peuples:hommes:druedain]]<br />
[[fi:Drúedain]]</div>Fredegharhttps://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=Haradrim&diff=363137Haradrim2022-11-26T23:39:46Z<p>Fredeghar: /* Other */</p>
<hr />
<div>{{people infobox<br />
| name=Haradrim<br />
| image=[[File:John_Howe - Southrons.jpg|250px]]<br />
| caption="[[:File:John_Howe - Southrons.jpg|Southrons]]" by [[John Howe]]<br />
| pronun={{respell|ha|rad|rim}}<br />
| othernames=''Haradrim'' ([[Sindarin|S]]), ''Haradwaith'' (S), ''[[Swertings]]'' ([[Hobbitish|H]]), ''Southrons'' ([[Westron|W]]), ''[[Men of Darkness]]'' (W), ''[[Swarthy Men]]'' (W), ''Southerns'' (W), ''Men of Harad'' (W), ''Men of the South'' (W)<br />
| origin= [[Awakening of Men]]<br />
| location=[[Harad]], including [[Umbar]], [[Near Harad]] and [[Far Harad]]<br />
| affiliation=[[Blue Wizards]], [[Númenóreans]], [[Sauron]], [[Black Númenóreans]]<br />
| rivalry=[[Exiles of Númenor]], [[Gondorians]]<br />
| language=Presumably numerous Haradric languages, different from [[Common Speech]]; [[Adûnaic]]; [[Westron]]; and the [[Drúadan language]] (at least formerly)<ref group=note>Due to the suggestion of [[Gondorian]] historians that the group originally came from Harad.</ref><br />
| members=<br />
| lifespan=Shorter than [[Númenóreans]]<ref group=note>[[Castamir]] of [[House of Anárion]] lived to the age of 188, and another great-grandson of [[Calmacil (King of Gondor)|Calmacil]], [[Eldacar (King of Gondor)|Eldacar]], lived to the age of 235. Eldcar's children and grandchildren, [[Ornendil]], [[Aldamir]] and [[Hyarmendacil II]] lived for an average of 187 years. The same could theoretically be said for the children, grandchildren and great-grandchildren of Castamir in Harad, and in point of fact these ages correspond to the general ages of Númenóreans during the period of [[Ar-Adûnakhôr]]'s reign in Númenór.</ref><br />
| distinctions=[[Gift of Ilúvatar]]<br />
| height=Tall<br />
| hair=Dark<br />
| skin=Black, brown, dark, swarthy<br />
| clothing=<br />
| weapons=[[Oliphaunts]];<br/>[[Black Breath]]}}<br />
<br />
<center>{{quote|West, North, and South the children of Men spread and wandered, and their joy was the joy of the morning before the dew is dry, when every leaf is green.|''[[The Silmarillion]]'', [[Of Men]]}}</center><br />
<br />
'''Haradrim''' or the '''Southrons''' were the [[Men]] of [[Harad]], descendants of the [[Men]] who woke in the far eastern land of [[Hildórien]] at the beginning of the [[First Age]].<ref name="Uttermost">{{PM|Dwarves}}, pp. 306.</ref> They are the proud, doughty and warlike people of the Harad, in the south of [[Middle-earth]].<ref>{{webcite|author=Mark Fisher|articleurl=https://www.glyphweb.com/arda/m/menofharad.php|articlename=Men of Harad|dated=17 December 2015|website=[https://www.glyphweb.com/arda/ Encyclopedia of Arda]|accessed=19 September 2021}}</ref> Ancient enemies of [[Gondor]],<ref>{{webcite|author=Mark Fisher|articleurl=https://www.glyphweb.com/arda/s/southrons.html|articlename=Southrons|dated=17 December 2015|website=[https://www.glyphweb.com/arda/ Encyclopedia of Arda]|accessed=2 October 2021}}</ref> they allied with [[Sauron]] during the [[War of the Elves and Sauron]] and [[War of the Ring]].<ref>{{S|V}}, pp. 353</ref><ref group=note>In ''[[The Nature of Middle-earth]]'', with reference to the [[Blue Wizards]] in 'Note on the Delay of Gil-galad and the Númenóreans', it is said that [[Sauron]] took a long time to attack [[Eregion]], for his dominance and recruiting of forces was not entirely successful, and this was due to the actions of his powerful enemies in [[Rhûn]] and [[Harad]] that he hadn't paid much attention until then; ergo, Tolkien suggesting that certain denizens of both those lands played a role during the [[War of the Elves and Sauron]].</ref> Eventually, many turned against Sauron, when [[Manwë]] sent the [[Wizards]] to the southern lands of Middle-earth.<ref name="PMLast">{{PM|Last}}, pp. 384-85</ref><br />
<br />
==Origins==<br />
The ancestors of the Haradrim were the [[Men]] who [[Awakening of Men|awoke]] in [[Hildórien]] during the [[Years of the Sun|age of the Sun]],<ref name="S12">{{S|12}}</ref> but stayed to the [[East]] of [[Middle-earth]], not joining the migration of the [[Edain]] to the [[Uttermost West]]<ref name=Uttermost/> after [[Morgoth]], the original [[Dark Lord]], came to corrupt them to his service whilst tricking them to abandon [[Ilúvatar]].<ref>{{MR|P4e}}, p. 346-349</ref> A [[Shadow]] ever after lay over all of humanity, even the Edain, wherein portions of the ancestors of [[Harad]] later began migrating after coming into conflict with other men that fell under the [[Shadow]].<ref name="S17">{{S|17}}</ref> Still some went West in search of the [[Light of Valinor]] and servants of Morgoth hunted them, but the majority of mankind refused alike the summons of the [[Valar]] and of Morgoth.<ref name="S17">{{S|17}}</ref><br />
<br />
The different peoples who moved to Harad, where the Sun is fierce because there are barely any clouds,<ref name="Gate">{{TT|IV3}}</ref> played no role in the tales of the First Age.<ref name=S12/><ref>{{L|229}}</ref> However, this sundering bereft them of the enlightenment and crafts that the Elves may have taught them,<ref>{{PE|17}}</ref><ref>{{MR|P3II7}}</ref> which made them vulnerable to their two later woes: [[Sauron]] and the [[Dúnedain]].<ref>{{MR|P4e}}, p. 310-3011</ref> Historians of [[Gondor]] believed that the [[Drúedain]] came from lands south of [[Mordor]], that they turned north into [[Ithilien]] before they reached the coasts of Harad and were the first Men to cross the [[Anduin]], possibly near [[Cair Andros]].<ref>{{UT|12b}}, pp. 339-340.</ref><br />
<br />
== History ==<br />
=== Second Age ===<br />
At first, for many centuries, the Haradrim were independent peoples, generally isolated from the rest of the world. However, in the Second Age they became increasingly caught between the ambitions of two great powers — namely [[Sauron]] and the [[Númenóreans]] — a circumstance which lasted thousands of years.<ref name="Rings">{{S|Rings}}</ref><ref name="Coasts">{{PM|Dwarves}}, pp. 304.</ref> Sailing East, the Númenóreans explored the coasts of [[Middle-earth]], including the coast lands of Harad.<ref name=Coasts/> The Númenóreans initially benefited the natives they contacted, by teaching them many things about agriculture and craftsmanship<ref name="Akallabeth">{{S|Akallabeth}}</ref><ref>{{App|Numenor}}, entry for the time after Minastir</ref> and later made settlements on the southern coasts, including the construction of the great city of [[Umbar]].<ref>{{TI|Riders}}</ref><br />
<br />
After the reign of [[Tar-Ciryatan]], the Númenóreans began to set themselves up as lords in Middle-earth as they demanded tribute of goods and wealth, causing the oppression of the Haradrim<ref name="SA">{{App|SA}}</ref><ref>{{PM|Second}}</ref> as with many other peoples whose lands included a coastline.<ref>{{PM|Akallabeth}}, §28</ref> Often Haradrim were killed or sold into slavery.<ref>{{PM|Elmar}}</ref> At first, Sauron didn't dare at first to challenge the Númenóreans as they expanded their control over Harad, until after the forging of the [[Rings of Power]] and the emergence of the [[Nazgûl]].<ref name="Akallabeth"/> Then, Sauron came as a ruler of almost all men east and south of the [[Ered Luin]], as both their king and their god.<ref name=Rings/> These men grew strong and built many towns and walls made from stone and they were fierce in war and armed with iron.<ref name=Rings/> However, those of Harad who sought freedom and rejected Sauron would venture to the woods or mountains in fear of being pursued by him.<ref name=Rings/><ref>{{HM|SD}}, pp. 345</ref><br />
<br />
In c. {{SA|1600}}, [[Manwë]] sent two [[Wizards]] to the southern and eastern lands of Middle-earth.<ref name=PMLast/> The [[Valar]] suspected there was a rebellion of good Haradrim but no leadership — ultimately they were very successful there in Harad. They arrived before Sauron's first [[War of the Elves and Sauron|war against the Elves]] and even on this war the Wizards had some influence.<ref name="NM3">{{NM|P3xviii}}</ref> They became known as [[Morinehtar]] and [[Rómestámo]].<ref name="PMLast"/> Because of their influence among the Haradrim, Sauron took a long time to [[Sack of Eregion|attack Eregion]], for his dominance and recruiting of forces was not entirely successful.<ref name=NM3/> <br />
<br />
In {{SA|3261}}, [[Ar-Pharazôn]], the [[King of Númenor]], landed at [[Umbar]] with a great fleet and the people on the coasts fled before them.<ref name=SA/> Ar-Pharazôn and his host marched through Harad to meet Sauron's forces, but they fled from the Númenóreans and Sauron allowed himself to be taken to Númenor where he corrupted the King and his followers.<ref name="Influence">{{RK|V10}}</ref> Under Sauron's influence, the Númenóreans became even more ruthless to the locals of Harad, enslaving them and using them for human sacrifices.<ref name="Akallabeth"/><br />
<br />
In the following centuries the Haradrim were influenced by Sauron and [[Black Númenóreans]], those evil High Men who stayed in Harad and survived the [[Downfall of Númenor]].<ref name=Influence/> The Haradrim became enemies of [[Gondor]], as the Kingdom's southern borders were close to their lands.<ref>{{TT|Herbs}}, p. 659-660</ref> Shortly before the end of the Age, two Númenórean lords, [[Herumor]] and [[Fuinur]], rose to great power amongst the Haradrim.<ref name=Rings/> <br />
<br />
However around the same time, the two Wizards, always operating in the East and the South, were able to hinder Sauron's operations, leading to his defeat in the [[War of the Last Alliance]].<ref name="PMLast"/> When Sauron's dominions of the Second Age fell with his demise in the War of the Last Alliance the Haradrim were freed from his direct control but not free of the effects of his long work on them, to which evil and darkness for the West had set in their hearts.<ref>{{UT|6a}}</ref><ref>{{UT|6b}}</ref> Additionally, some of the Haradrim, and the other servants of Sauron, turned from evil and became subject to the heirs of [[Elendil]].<ref name=Rings/><br />
<br />
=== Third Age ===<br />
The great cape and land-locked firth of Umbar had been Númenórean land since days of old; but it was a stronghold of the [[King's Men]], who were afterwards called the Black Númenoreans, corrupted by Sauron, and who hated above all the followers of Elendil.<ref name="Gondor">{{App|A1iv}}</ref> After the fall of Sauron their race swiftly dwindled or became merged with the Men of Middle-earth, including those of Harad.<ref name=Gondor/> There was even intermarriage: [[Tarannon Falastur]], [[King of Gondor]], married a high-born Black Númenórean lady from an inland city in Harad; she is remembered as [[Queen Berúthiel]].<ref>{{webcite|author=[[Daphne Castell]]|articleurl=https://fantasticmetropolis.com/i/tolkien|articlename=The Realms of Tolkien|dated=2 November 1966|website=[https://fantasticmetropolis.com/i/tolkien ''The Realms of Tolkien'']|accessed=30 September 2021}}.</ref> However, most Black Númenórean intermarriage was with the Haradrim, and they became increasingly indistinguishable from the indigenous peoples.<ref name="annals"/> The Haradrim did not trouble the [[Realms in Exile]] for many centuries.<ref name="herbs">{{TT|Herbs}}</ref><br />
<br />
When Gondor took the haven of [[Umbar]] from the Black Númenóreans, in the year {{TA|1015}} they followed the Black Númenóreans against Umbar to recapture it.<ref name=Gondor/> Their great power was not enough against the sea-power of Gondor.<ref name=Gondor/> The attempts lasted for 35 years until, in {{TA|1050}}, [[Ciryaher]] defeated the Haradrim force by sending troops by land.<ref name=Gondor/> They acknowledged the overlordship of Gondor; the kings of Harad did homage and their sons were given as hostages in the court of the [[Kings of Gondor|King of Gondor]].<ref name="annals">{{App|Gondor}}</ref><ref name="AppA">{{App|South}}</ref> The sons of [[Castamir]] and others of his kin, having fled from Gondor in 1447, set up a small kingdom in Umbar, and there made a fortified haven and later called themselves the [[Corsairs of Umbar]].<ref name="Blood">{{PM|Elendil}}</ref> The Corsairs of Umbar continued to make war upon Gondor, attacking its ships and coasts when they had opportunity.<ref name=Blood/> Additionally, Castamir's progeny married women of the Harad - continuing the Numenorean [[Line of Elros]], though of which was spent after three generations.<ref name=Blood/><ref>{{webcite|author=David Seuferer|articleurl=http://tolkien.cro.net/humans/elrostre.html|articlename=Line of Elros|dated=8 February 1998|website=[https://tolkien.cro.net/ The Grey Havens]|accessed=27 September 2021}}</ref><ref group=note>The bloodline of Elros is spread amongst the Haradrim in Harad via [[Castamir]]'s children and grandchildren who later mate with the women of Harad, with the last known descendants of Elros within that region of Endor being [[Angamaitë]] and [[Sangahyando]].</ref><br />
<br />
Later, however, kings of Harad who were in league with [[Umbar]] rebelled against Gondor.<ref name="annals"/> In {{TA|1634}}, [[Minardil]] was slain at Pelargir by the Corsairs of Umbar, who were led by the great-grandsons of Castamir: [[Angamaitë]] and [[Sangahyando]].<ref name=Gondor/> [[Telumehtar]] who raided his coasts even as far as the [[Anfalas]], gathered his forces and in 1810 took Umbar by storm.<ref name="annals"/> In that war the last descendants of Castamir perished, and Umbar was again held for a while by the kings, however, the [[Battle of the Plains]] that befell Gondor resulted in Umbar being lost again, wherein it fell into the hands of the Men of the Harad.<ref name="annals"/><br />
<br />
The Haradrim later were allied with the [[Wainriders]], a confederation of [[Easterlings]], and the Men of [[Khand]].<ref name="annals"/> During that time they conquered Umbar.<ref name="annals"/> The simultaneous assaults from the north and the south brought the South-kingdom close to destruction.<ref name="annals"/> The Haradrim crossed the river [[Poros]] into [[South Ithilien]], but the [[Southern Army]], destroyed them.<ref name="annals"/> In the later years three great fleets were prepared in Umbar and Harad.<ref name=stew>{{App|Stewards}}</ref> Around the [[Long Winter]] they assailed the [[Outlands|coasts]] of Gondor, even [[Rohan]].<ref name=stew/> The Haradrim occupied [[Harondor]] and there was a long fight along the [[Poros]].<ref name=stew/> Stirred by emissaries of Sauron, they attempted once more to invade into [[Ithilien]] ({{TA|2885}}) but a combined force of Gondorians and [[Rohirrim]] defeated them at the [[Crossing of Poros]].<ref name=TA/><ref>{{App|Mark}}</ref><br />
<br />
In the meantime, it was said that the two Wizards, Morinehtar and Rómestámo ensured that the forces of the East and the South did not outnumber the West, thus helping secure victory for the [[Free peoples]] in the subsequent [[War of the Ring]].<ref name="PMLast"/> At some time before the War, Gandalf also wandered in the South, for unspecified errands, and he became known as "[[Gandalf/Names|Inkā-nūs]]" among the suspicious Haradrim, who saw him as a spy from [[Gondor|the North]].<ref name="Incanus"/><br />
<br />
At the time of that War, the Haradrim were in league with Sauron and fought alongside his [[Orcs|Orc]] army. The Haradrim were among the forces led by the [[Witch-king]] that attacked [[Osgiliath]] on [[20 June|June 20]], {{TA|3018}}, at the beginning of the War.<ref name="Great">{{App|Great}}</ref> More Haradrim continued to come up the [[Harad Road]] to Mordor.<ref name="herbs"/> Regiments of Haradrim joined the host from [[Minas Morgul]] marching to the [[Pelennor Fields]].<ref name="MinasTirith">{{RK|V1}}</ref> Sauron's forces besieged [[Minas Tirith]], and the Mûmakil of Harad were used to bring forward war-towers and siege-engines to test the City's defences.<ref name=MinasTirith/> During the battle, the chief leader of the Haradrim army bore a standard of a [[Black Serpent]] on a red field; he was slain by King [[Théoden]] of [[Rohan]].<ref name=fields>{{RK|V6}}</ref><ref name="Great"/><br />
<br />
The Haradrim rallied around their [[Oliphaunts|Mûmakil]] which the horses of the Rohirrim feared to approach.<ref name=fields/> As the battle wore on, more Haradrim including Men from Far Harad were sent onto the field by [[Gothmog (Lieutenant of Morgul)|Gothmog]].<ref name=fields/> The Corsairs were prevented from reaching the battle, having been defeated by Aragorn and the [[Dead Men of Dunharrow]].<ref>{{RK|V9}}</ref> Haradrim also fought at the [[Battle of the Morannon]] on March 25.<ref name=Influence/> Sauron's army of Men, Orcs and Trolls outnumbered the Men of the West by more than ten to one, but the battle ended once the [[One Ring]] was destroyed in [[Mount Doom]] and Sauron was vanquished.<ref>{{RK|VI3}}</ref> The Haradrim held out long and were among the last of Sauron's forces to be defeated.<ref name=fields/> Some of the Haradrim fled or surrendered, though others banded together in their hatred and fought on stalwartly.<ref>{{RK|VI4}}</ref><br />
<br />
=== Fourth Age ===<br />
After the [[War of the Ring]] the newly crowned king of the [[Reunited Kingdom]], [[Elessar]], made peace with the Men of Harad and completely subdued Umbar.<ref name="Gondor"/><ref name="Éomer">{{App|Mark}}, Third Line, entry for King Éomer</ref> Embassies travelled from Harad to Aragorn's court, and although Aragorn's reign was largely one of peace, it was occasionally necessary for him and [[Éomer]], [[Kings of Rohan|King]] of [[Rohan]], to travel to the southlands to maintain peace with Harad.<ref>{{RK|Steward}}, pp. 968.</ref><br />
<br />
It is possible that later generations of Haradrim, having the memory of the two Wizards who wandered among them, followed [[magic]] "cults" that lasted long into the Fourth Age or later.<ref name="Letter211"/><br />
<br />
== Traits and culture ==<br />
[[File:Alan Lee - Oliphaunt.jpg|thumb|left|"Oliphaunt" by [[Alan Lee]]]]<br />
The "fierce dark men of the South."<ref>{{TI|Fangorn}}, pp. 434-435</ref> are of various ethnicities and cultures; some are organized into kingdoms.<ref name="herbs"/><ref name=Gondor/> The Haradrim were described by a messenger as "cruel and tall.",<ref name=Siege/> "a grim folk, and not easily daunted by shade or blade."<ref>{{WR|XII}}, pp. 416.</ref> Some of the Men in the south had weapons of iron.<ref>{{S|V}}, pp. 349</ref> At the [[Battle of the Pelennor Fields]], the Haradrim bore scimitars that glittered like stars.<ref name=fields/> Those of Harad had tamed the massive ''[[Oliphaunts|Mûmakil]]'' beasts and used them in warfare and, like their masters, were decorated with scarlet and gold. They even strapped towers on their backs, used by Haradrim archers and spearmen.<ref name="herbs"/> The Haradrim had seemingly weaponised aspects of the [[Nazgûl]]'s [[Black Breath]], or at least tipped it upon arrows and darts during the last retreat before the city of [[Minas Tirith]] was besieged.<ref name=Siege/><ref>{{RK|Houses}}</ref><br />
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The people of [[Far Harad]] are described as black-skinned, but there is also a group of them described as "black men like [[half-trolls]] with white eyes and red tongues" and "troll-men".<ref name=fields/> It is unclear whether these were just large Men who are being compared to Trolls or an implication of crossbreeding between the two races.<ref>{{webcite|author=Mark Fisher|articleurl=https://www.glyphweb.com/arda/h/halftrolls.php|articlename=Half-trolls|dated=17 December 2015|website=[https://www.glyphweb.com/arda/ Encyclopedia of Arda]|accessed=1 October 2021}}</ref> The Haradrim from [[Near Harad]] were those most familiar and most closely encountered during the War of the Ring:<ref name="Scarlet">{{TT|Herbs}}, pp. 660-661.</ref> when [[Faramir]] ambushed a company of Haradrim on the [[North Road]], Frodo and Sam witnessed a Harad warrior crashing at their feet, a man with "brown skin", with black plaits of hair braided with gold,<ref name=Scarlet/> a scarlet tunic, as do the other Haradrim, and a gold collar.<ref name=Gate/> He was armed with a scimitar and garbed with a corslet of brazen scales. Their standards are scarlet, and their great beasts, the ''Mûmakil'', have scarlet and gold trappings.<ref name=Scarlet/> They carry round spiked shields, painted yellow and black.<ref name="herbs"/> One of the great chieftains of the Haradrim also bore a [[Black Serpent]] as his emblem, against a field of red.<ref>{{webcite|author=Mark Fisher|articleurl=https://www.glyphweb.com/arda/s/serpents.html|articlename=Serpents|dated=17 December 2015|website=[https://www.glyphweb.com/arda/ Encyclopedia of Arda]|accessed=19 September 2021}}</ref> <br />
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===Languages===<br />
Very little is known about the language(s) of Harad though the word "Mûmak", the name of the great war-[[oliphaunt]]s of Harad, is stated to come directly from a language of Harad.<ref name="Language">{{webcite|author=J E a Tyler|articleurl=https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=J-WWMtIVl_gC&pg|articlename=The Complete Tolkien Companion|dated=2 October 2012|website=[https://books.google.com/ M - Page 446]|accessed=20 September 2021}}</ref> To the [[Gondorians]] the voices of the Haradrim sounded harsh, like shouts of beasts.<ref name=Siege>{{RK|Siege}}</ref> Albeit having a meaning in [[Quenya]] ("fate"), the name ''[[Umbar (word)|umbar]]'' is said to be adapted from the indigenous languages of Harad and not from [[Elvish]] or [[Adûnaic]] script.<ref>{{webcite|author=[[Verlyn Flieger]]|articleurl=https://muse.jhu.edu/article/266269|articlename=The Music and the Task: Fate and Free Will in Middle-earth|dated=14 June 2009|website=[https://muse.jhu.edu/ Project MUSE]|accessed=20 September 2021}}</ref><ref name=AppendixF>{{App|Men}}</ref><ref name="Names">{{App|Letters}}, Note, ''The names of the letters''</ref> <br />
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[[Gandalf]] stated that his name in "the south" is "[[Gandalf/Names#Incánus|Incánus]]", which is apparently "alien", that is neither [[Westron]], nor Elvish, nor explicable by the surviving tongues of Northern Men. A note in the [[Thain's Book]] states that it is a form adapted to Quenya of a word in the tongue of the Haradrim thought ''Inkā-nūsh'' (or possibly ''Inkā-nūs''), meaning "North-spy".<ref name="Incanus">{{UT|Istari}}, pp. 382-384.</ref><br />
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== Etymology ==<br />
''Haradrim'' is a [[Sindarin]] name, consisting of the elements ''[[harad]]'' ("south") + ''[[rim]]'' ("host") thus meaning "South-people".<ref>{{L|144}}, p. 178</ref> Additionally, the [[Elves]] named the land and its people ''Haradwaith'', "South-folk", from the Sindarin ''harad'', meaning "south", and ''gwaith'', meaning "people".<ref name=Language/> The [[Hobbits]] called the area the ''Sunlands'', and the people ''[[Swertings]]''.<ref name=Gate/><br />
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''Barangils'' is a [[Gondorian]] term for the people of Harad; ’swerting’ derives from ''swart'' (’swarthy’).<ref>[[Wayne G. Hammond]], "Page 764", in ''[[The Lord of the Rings: A Reader's Companion]]'', ed. by Wayne G. Hammond and [[Christina Scull]] (Houghton Mifflin, 2005)</ref> The Elvish name seems to contain '''baran''' ’dark, swart, dark-brown’ (BARÁN) and possibly the suffix '''-il''' also seen in '''ernil''' ’prince’.<ref>{{UT|6a}}</ref> <br />
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==Other versions of the legendarium==<br />
Early variant names for this people were the ''Barangils'', the ''Haradwaith'', and ''Haradrians''.<ref>{{WR|2|IV}}</ref><ref>{{SD|Mordor}}, pp. 16-7</ref> In early drafts of ''[[The Lord of the Rings]]'', anglicized names for the Haradrim in the text, were ''Silharrows'' and ''Harwan'', which according to [[Christopher Tolkien]] were derived from the name for the Aethiopians.<ref name=Fangorn>{{TI|Fangorn}}, Note 4, pp.439</ref> "Men of Sunharrowland" (or "of Harrowland") are other two anglicized names.<ref name=Harrowland>{{TI|Fangorn}}, pp. 435</ref> In early drafts of ''Lord of the Rings'', ''Harns'' was a Sindarin equivalent for the term Haradrim.<ref>{{WR|XII}}, pp. 253.</ref> It's based on [[harn]] ’southern’ (KHYAR-) and is an English plural.<ref>{{webcite|author=[[Roman Rausch]]|articleurl=http://www.sindanoorie.net/art/RS_TI_WR_Harns.html#Harns|articlename=Harns|dated=2 July 2016|website=[http://www.sindanoorie.net/ Sindanórië]|accessed=26 September 2021}}</ref><ref>{{webcite|author=Paul Strack|articleurl=https://www.eldamo.org/content/words/word-3643936511.html|articlename=Harn|dated=16 April 2021|website=[https://www.eldamo.org/ Eldamo - An Elvish Lexicon|accessed=26 September 2021}}</ref> Additionally, Haradwaith has the anglicized name ''(Sun)Harrowland''.<ref name=Fangorn/> For more explanation on those names, see [[#The "Sigelwaran"|below]].<br />
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In the earliest narrative of the legendarium in ''[[The Book of Lost Tales]]'', Tolkien mentioned the movement of Men, after the [[Palisor|War of Palisor]]. After [[Nuin]] died at the bands of the Goblins through the treachery of Men, many kindreds of Men were driven to the eastern deserts and the southern forests, whence came dark and savage peoples. <ref name="Palisor">{{LT1|X}}, pp. 336.</ref><br />
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Additionally, it was revealed that [[Manwë]] was unaware of where the beginning of Men should be, whether the north, south or east.<ref>{{LT1|IX}}, p. 317</ref> In ''[[The Book of Lost Tales Part Two]]'', [[Eärendil]] and [[Voronwe]]'s voyage on [[Vingilótë]] to southern Haradwaith where there is mention of Tree-men and Pygmies.<ref>{{LT2|V}}</ref><ref group=note>The habited land in question featuring "Dark regions, Fire mountains, Tree-men, Pygmies, and Sarqindi or cannibal-ogres" is definitely southern Haradwaith rather than the [[Dark Lands]], due to another note mentioning some southern Isles beyond that region, and these can only be the hills that became islands mentioning in ''[[The Chaining of Melko]]'', which must have been a product of the tumults that lead to the formation of the [[Inner Seas]], when the [[Belegaer]] and [[Eastern Sea]] flowed into the [[Sea of Ringil]]. And as we know, it was South of the Inner Seas that the South Lands were located. Ergo, Eärendil simply visited areas that would later be part of the [[Black Númenórean]] southern realms, beyond the realm of [[Umbar]].</ref><br />
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=== Earlier account of the Two Wizards ===<br />
In the published works, all the Wizards were originally sent in the year {{TA|1000}} as emissaries to Middle-earth along with [[Gandalf]], [[Saruman]] and [[Radagast]].<ref name=TA>{{App|TA}}</ref> The above article gives information based on a late essay by Tolkien concerning the two Wizards, published in ''[[The Peoples of Middle-earth]]''.<br />
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However in some earlier time, when asked about the other two Wizards, Tolkien speculated that they went to the distant regions, including the lands of Harad, far out of Númenórean range. Whether together or independent of each other, the two may have fallen from their appointed task, wherein they may have founded 'magic' cults amongst the peoples of the East and South, which existed beyond the downfall of the [[Sauron|Lord of the Rings]].<ref name="Letter211">{{L|211}}</ref><br />
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==Inspiration==<br />
[[Christopher Tolkien]] linked the Haradrim with ancient Aethiopians.<ref name=Harrowland/><ref name=Fangorn/> In an interview from 1966, Tolkien likened [[Berúthiel]] to the giantess [[Wikipedia:Skaði|Skaði]] of Norse mythology, since they both shared a dislike for "seaside life".<ref name=Interview>{{webcite|author=[[Daphne Castell]]|articleurl=https://fantasticmetropolis.com/i/tolkien|articlename=The Realms of Tolkien|dated=|website=[https://fantasticmetropolis.com/i/tolkien ''The Realms of Tolkien'']|accessed=3 October 2021}}</ref><ref>[[Humphrey Carpenter]], ''[[The Inklings (book)|The Inklings]]'', "Thursday evenings", pp. 137-8</ref> Additionally, Tolkien scholar [[Tom Shippey]] stated in reference to the 'black men like half-trolls' passage from ''[[The Return of the King]]'' that Tolkien was attempting to write like a medieval chronicler in describing the [[Rohirrim]]'s encounter with a Haradrim: "[...] and when medieval Europeans first encountered sub-Saharan Africans, they were genuinely confused about them, and rather frightened."<ref name="African">{{webcite|author=[[Tom Shippey]]|articleurl=http://www.tolkien.co.uk/jrrtolkien/interviews_shippey.asp|articlename=An Interview with Tom Shippey - Questions and answers with Tom Shippey|dated=17 October 2001|website=[https://www.harpercollins.com/ Harper Collins]|accessed=19 September 2021}}</ref> He noted that Tolkien had pointed out in his early scholarly works "the ancient English seemed to have a belief in fire-demons, who naturally enough had skin like soot – their word for them, ‘harwan’, is related to Latin ‘carbo’, ‘soot,’ or carbon."<ref>{{webcite|author=[[Dimitra Fimi]]|articleurl=http://dimitrafimi.com/2018/12/02/revisiting-race-in-tolkiens-legendarium-constructing-cultures-and-ideologies-in-an-imaginacry-world/|articlename=Revisiting Race in Tolkien’s Legendarium: Constructing Cultures and Ideologies in an Imaginary World|dated=2 December 2018|website=[http://www.dimitrafimi.com/ Dimitra Fimi]|accessed=19 September 2021}}</ref><ref name=African/> Shippey concluded by remarking that, "An Anglo-Saxon meeting an African for the first time might then really wonder - for a moment, from a distance - whether this was a demon from his own mythology. This doesn't mean that Tolkien shared the mythology, or the mistake."<ref>{{webcite|author=Leslie A. Donovan|articleurl=https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=BnCADwAAQBAJ&pg|articlename=Approaches to Teaching Tolkien's The Lord of the Rings and Other Works|dated=1 October 2015|website=[https://books.google.com/ Tolkien's Haradrim]|accessed=19 September 2021}}</ref><br />
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===The "Sigelwaran"===<br />
Much of Tolkien's influence for Harad and the Haradrim came about from his essay ''[[Sigelwara Land]]'', in which he examined the etymology of ''Sigelwaran'' (and the more usual form ''Sigelhearwan'') — the [[Old English]] word for Ethiopians.<ref name=CG/><ref name=TB1>[http://www.tolkienbooks.net/php/details.php?reference=13590 Medium Aevum. 1932], [http://www.tolkienbooks.net/php/details.php?reference=13710 Medium Aevum. 1934], at [http://www.tolkienbooks.net/ TolkienBooks.net] (accessed 2 February 2013)</ref> The essay was originally published in two parts: part one appeared in ''Medium Ævum'' (Vol. 1, No. 3) in [[1932]], and part two appeared in ''Medium Ævum'' (Vol. 3, No. 2) in [[1934]].<ref name=TB1>[http://www.tolkienbooks.net/php/details.php?reference=13590 Medium Aevum. 1932], [http://www.tolkienbooks.net/php/details.php?reference=13710 Medium Aevum. 1934], at [http://www.tolkienbooks.net/ TolkienBooks.net] (accessed 2 February 2013)</ref> The article investigated why there was a distinct and several times attested [[Old English]] name for the Ethiopians (namely '''Sigelwaran, Sigelhearwan''')<ref name=CG>{{CG|RG}}, pp. 889-90</ref> as actual biblical names were usually adapted, not translated.<ref>{{webcite|author=[[Roman Rausch]]|articleurl=http://www.sindanoorie.net/art/RS_TI_WR_Barangils.html|articlename=Barangils|dated=2 July 2016|website=[http://www.sindanoorie.net/ Sindanórië]|accessed=26 September 2021}}</ref> <br />
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Tolkien remarked that the word includes elements not current in Old English and argues from there on that it must be older and preserved at least a name, "if no more, from the vanished native mythology or its borderland of half-mythical geography."<ref>[[J.R.R. Tolkien]], "Sigelwara Land Part 1", in ''Medium Ævum'' (Vol. 1, No. 3), pp. 192</ref> As the initial element '''Sigel''' ’Sun’ comes into question, which is attested in ''[[Beowulf]]'' and has furthermore cognates in other languages, as e.g. the name of the s-rune.<ref>[[J.R.R. Tolkien]], "Sigelwara Land Part 2", in ''Medium Ævum'' (Vol. 3, No. 2), pp. 98</ref> Another candidate is '''sigel''', '''sigle''' describing "a round jewel or golden ornament",<ref name="Gimm">[[J.R.R. Tolkien]], "Sigelwara Land Part 2", in ''Medium Ævum'' (Vol. 3, No. 2), pp. 104</ref> originating from Latin '''sigillum''', which in its turn refers to "a small image or figure, the impress of a stamp or seal."<ref>[[J.R.R. Tolkien]], "Sigelwara Land Part 2", in ''Medium Ævum'' (Vol. 3, No. 2), pp. 102</ref> Tolkien then suggested that the two words had mutual influence on each other; and he remarks on the usage of ''gimm'' ’precious stone, jewel’ for the sun.<ref name=Gimm/> For the second element '''hearwa''' he discusses several primitive candidates all having to do with the colour ’black’, so that the name may mean something akin to ’those who were made black by the sun’.<ref>[[J.R.R. Tolkien]], "Sigelwara Land Part 2", in ''Medium Ævum'' (Vol. 3, No. 2), pp. 110</ref><ref>[[J.R.R. Tolkien]], "Sigelwara Land Part 2", in ''Medium Ævum'' (Vol. 3, No. 2), pp. 109</ref> As he concluded, "such guesswork is naturally inconclusive [...] giving insight into English and northern tradition and imagination."<ref>[[J.R.R. Tolkien]], "Sigelwara Land Part 2", in ''Medium Ævum'' (Vol. 3, No. 2), pp. 110</ref><ref>[[J.R.R. Tolkien]], "Sigelwara Land Part 2", in ''Medium Ævum'' (Vol. 3, No. 2), pp. 111</ref><br />
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==Portrayal in adaptations==<br />
===Films===<br />
'''2001-03: [[The Lord of the Rings (film series)|''The Lord of the Rings'' (film series)]]:'''<br />
:The Haradrim appear briefly in ''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Two Towers|The Two Towers]]'' when Frodo and [[Samwise Gamgee|Sam]] witness a raid on one of their columns by [[Faramir|Faramir's]] rangers. They are featured more prominently in ''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King|The Return of the King]]'', in which the battle between the [[Rohirrim]] and the [[Oliphaunts|Mûmakil]] is a major action sequence. While the ''[[The Return of the King|book]]'' depicts the Southron army as primarily cavalry armed with scimitars, we see no horsemen in the movie: the Haradrim fight almost exclusively from platforms mounted on the backs of their monstrous [[Oliphaunts]]. They have also adorned the animals' tusks with spikes and shafts that crush and impale numerous enemy horsemen. The costumes of the Haradrim in the movie are Middle Eastern in style and dark brown or black in colour, while a companion book, ''Lord of the Rings: Creatures'', stated that the Haradrim were based on 12th century Saracens.<ref>{{webcite|author=HarperCollins|articleurl=https://archive.org/details/lordofringstwoto00braw/mode/2up|articlename=The Lord of the Rings: Two Towers - Creatures|dated=6 November 2002|website=[[HarperCollins]]|accessed=3 October 2021}}</ref><br />
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'''2012-14: [[The Hobbit (film series)|''The Hobbit'' (film series)]]:'''<br />
:The Ringwraith of Harad, also known as the Dark Headsman was a [[Nazgûl]] who was revived by [[Sauron]] and summoned to [[Dol Guldur]].<ref>{{webcite|author=Weta Workshop Editors|articleurl=https://www.wetanz.com/shop/miniature-guns-props/helm-of-the-ringwraith-of-harad|articlename=HELM OF THE RINGWRAITH OF HARAD|dated=6 November 2012|website=[[Weta Workshop]]|accessed=3 October 2021}}</ref> He was once a King of the Haradrim that was given a [[Ring of Power]] by Sauron the deceiver and was corrupted to serve him. The Witch-king and the other Ringwraiths were buried in a dungeon in the [[High Fells of Rhudaur]] after the [[Battle of Fornost|fall]] of Angmar. Later, Gandalf, following [[Galadriel]]'s advice, visits the High Fells and discovers that the Nazgûl's cells were empty, broken open from the inside. Through this investigation, he is convinced that the Necromancer in Dol Guldur is indeed [[Sauron]]. In the [[Attack on Dol Guldur]], The Witch-King, along with the other Nazgûl, participates by fighting [[Saruman]] and [[Elrond]], members of the [[White Council]]. In the end, he and the other Nine are driven back to [[Mordor]] by Galadriel and her [[Phial of Galadriel|phial]], his master also eventually following suit.<br />
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===Radio series===<br />
'''1981: [[The Lord of the Rings (1981 radio series)|''The Lord of the Rings'' (1981 radio series)]]:'''<br />
:[[Éowyn|Dernhelm]] warns [[Théoden]] of the coming of the chieftain. He kills the chieftain, but is killed by the [[Witch-king]] almost immediately after.<br />
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===Video games===<br />
'''2003: [[The Lord of the Rings: War of the Ring]]:'''<br />
:The Haradrim appeared and are known as the 'Haradrim Slayers'.<ref>{{webcite|author=Eressior|articleurl=https://www.ign.com/articles/2011/06/14/the-lord-of-the-rings-war-of-the-ring-perfect-walkthrough-1110162|articlename=Perfect Walkthrough|dated=14 June 2011|website=IGN|accessed=2 October 2021}}</ref><br />
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'''2006: [[The Lord of the Rings: The Battle for Middle-earth II]]:'''<br />
:The Haradrim and the Corsairs of Umbar appear in much merchandise for the film trilogy, such as toys. The Corsairs are from the Mordor faction, and are equipped with knives and fire-bombs.<ref>{{webcite|author=Games and Grub Editors|articleurl=http://gamesandgrub.blogspot.com/2011/04/battle-for-middle-earth-2-good-campaign_1.html|articlename=Battle for Middle Earth 2 - Good Campaign - Mission 7 - Erebor|dated=1 April 2011|website=[RPGnet|accessed=3 October 2021}}</ref><br />
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'''2007: [[The Lord of the Rings Online]]:'''<br />
:The Nazgûl appear throughout the game, and three are Haradrim: 'The Grim Southron', 'The High Sorcerer of Harad', and 'The Forsaken Reaver'. The Corsairs were led by four brothers who falsely call themselves the Heirs of Castamir. These were Azruthor, Dolgimil, Azgarzôr, and the eldest Balakhôr the Scourge. The player negotiated with a Corsair named Jajax, who ended up siding with the player against the Heirs and their followers.<br />
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'''2014: [[Middle-earth: Shadow of War]]:'''<br />
:Suladân is an antagonist who, before his fall, was a noble Númenóreans King who ruled the nation of Harad during the Second Age. During his rule, he sought to go up against Sauron where he led an army of Númenórean soldiers to lay siege on the Dark Lord's fortress in Mordor. Before he sought to engage him, he was surprised that the Dark Lord surrendered and offered a Ring of Power to him. The temptation was too great, and Suladân eventually moved Sauron from the position of enemy to advisor. As Suladân's power grew, so did Sauron's influence over him. He eventually fell completely under the Dark Lord's power to become one of the nine Nazgûl. Additionally, Baranor is a playable character who is a captain in Gondor's guard, originally from Harad, before being adopted by the wealthy Gondorian family.<ref>{{webcite|author=David Smith|articleurl=https://www.theaureview.com/games/games-review-middle-earth-shadow-of-war-the-desolation-of-mordor-xbox-one-2018/|articlename=Games Review: Middle-earth: Shadow of War – The Desolation of Mordor (Xbox One, 2018)|dated=18 May 2018|website=[RPGnet|accessed=3 October 2021}}</ref><br />
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===Other===<br />
'''1982: [[Middle-earth Role Playing]]:'''<br />
:[[Iron Crown Enterprises]] produced a series of books for their tabletop roleplaying game ''[[Middle-earth Role Playing]]'' containing information about Harad and content allowing games to be set there. Additionally, Herumor is given an extended history, and Fuinur is revealed as his older brother. Key publications included the setting books ''[[Umbar: Haven of the Corsairs]]'' (1982),<ref>{{webcite|author=Brenda Gates Spielman|articleurl=https://index.rpg.net/display-entry.phtml?mainid=2534|articlename=Umbar: Haven of the Corsairs|dated=16 April 1982|website=RPGnet|accessed=26 September 2021}}</ref> ''[[Far Harad: The Scorched Land]]'' (1988),<ref>{{webcite|author=Charles Crutchfield|articleurl=https://index.rpg.net/display-entry.phtml?mainid=2555|articlename=Far Harad: The Scorched Land|dated=16 April 1988|website=RPGnet|accessed=26 September 2021}}</ref> ''[[Forest of Tears]]'' (1990),<ref>{{webcite|author=Charles Crutchfield|articleurl=https://index.rpg.net/display-entry.phtml?mainid=2511|articlename=Forest of Tears|dated=16 April 1990|website=RPGnet|accessed=26 September 2021}}</ref> as well as the adventure books ''[[Warlords of the Desert]]'' (1989),<ref>{{webcite|author=Charles Crutchfield|articleurl=https://index.rpg.net/display-entry.phtml?mainid=2505|articlename=Warlords of the Desert|dated=16 April 1989|website=RPGnet|accessed=26 September 2021}}</ref> ''[[Hazards of the Harad Wood]]'' (1989),<ref>{{webcite|author=John Crowdis|articleurl=https://index.rpg.net/display-entry.phtml?mainid=2529|articlename=Hazards of the Harad Wood|dated=16 April 1989|website=RPGnet|accessed=26 September 2021}}</ref> and ''[[Greater Harad]] (1990).<ref>{{webcite|author=William E. Wilson|articleurl=https://index.rpg.net/display-entry.phtml?mainid=2560|articlename=Greater Harad|dated=16 April 1990|website=[RPGnet|accessed=26 September 2021}}</ref><br />
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'''1994: [[The Two Towers MUD]]:'''<br />
:The Haradrim are featured alongside the [[Uruk-hai]], [[Easterlings]], [[Númenóreans]], and [[Variag]].<br />
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'''2001: [[The Lord of the Rings Trading Card Game]]:'''<br />
:The Haradrim and the Corsairs of Umbar appear in much merchandise for the film trilogy, such as toys and card sets within the TCG.<br />
<br />
'''2001: [[The Lord of the Rings Strategy Battle Game]]:'''<br />
:Suladân, the "Serpent Lord", is the name of the chieftain Haradrim leader who King Théoden kills, and is who players often refer to as the "[[Black Serpent]]" after his standard.<ref>{{webcite|author=Tell Me A Tale, Great Or Small Editors|articleurl=https://tellmeatalegreatorsmall.blogspot.com/2019/09/armies-of-middle-earth-sbg-serpent.html|articlename=Armies of Middle-Earth SBG: The Serpent Horde in the Middle-Earth Strategy Battle Game|dated=25 September 2019|website=Tell Me A Tale, Great Or Small|accessed=3 October 2021}}</ref><ref name="Hasharin">{{webcite|author=Simmuskhan|articleurl=http://simbattleboard.blogspot.com/2020/04/golden-king-of-abrakhan-and-entourage.html|articlename=Golden King of Abrakhan and Entourage|dated=23 April 2020|website=Simmuskhan's Battle Blog|accessed=3 October 2021}}</ref> Some of the Haradrim are assassins called 'Hasharin', wherein there are characters such as "The Golden King" and "Dalamyr".<ref name=Hasharin/> Additionally, ''Half Trolls'' are "Mahûd men" of Far Harad who were altered to the size and strength of the Olog-hai of Sauron.<ref>{{webcite|author=Simmuskhan|articleurl=http://simbattleboard.blogspot.com/2019/09/for-fathers-day-this-year-i-requested.html|articlename=Far Harad|dated=11 September 2019|website=Simmuskhan's Battle Blog|accessed=3 October 2021}}</ref> Units include "Half Troll Warband" and "Half Troll of Far Harad".<ref>{{webcite|author=Simmuskhan|articleurl=http://simbattleboard.blogspot.com/2012/02/battle-report-dwarves-vs-haradrim.html|articlename=Battle Report - Dwarves vs Haradrim - Contest of Champions|dated=24 February 2012|website=Simmuskhan's Battle Blog|accessed=3 October 2021}}</ref> [[Games Workshop]] had produced miniatures and rules relating to Harad, including for Mûmak, The Golden King of Abrakhân, Half Trolls, Haradrim Warriors and Corsairs of Umbar.<ref>{{webcite|author=Games Workshop Editors|articleurl=https://www.games-workshop.com/en-GB/War-Mumak-Of-Harad-2018|articlename=War Mûmak™ Of Harad™|dated=24 February 2019|website=[[Games Workshop]]|accessed=3 October 2021}}</ref><ref>{{webcite|author=Games Workshop Editors|articleurl=https://www.games-workshop.com/en-GB/The-Golden-King-of-Harad|articlename=The Golden King of Abrakhân|dated=24 February 2019|website=[[Games Workshop]]|accessed=3 October 2021}}</ref><ref>{{webcite|author=Games Workshop Editors|articleurl=https://www.games-workshop.com/en-GB/Half-Trolls|articlename=Half Trolls|dated=24 February 2019|website=[[Games Workshop]]|accessed=3 October 2021}}</ref><ref>{{webcite|author=Games Workshop Editors|articleurl=https://www.games-workshop.com/en-GB/Haradrim-Warriors-2018|articlename=Haradrim™ Warriors|dated=24 February 2019|website=[[Games Workshop]]|accessed=3 October 2021}}</ref><ref>{{webcite|author=Games Workshop Editors|articleurl=https://www.games-workshop.com/en-GB/Corsairs-Of-Umbar-2018|articlename=Corsairs of Umbar™|dated=4 July 2018|website=[[Games Workshop]]|accessed=3 October 2021}}</ref>In order to maintain their rule over the lands of Harad, the lords of Umbar installed client kings, chieftains who had submitted to their will. Any chieftain who opposed their rule was quickly slain. In order to facilitate their rule, the lords of Umbar established the order of the Hásharii.<br />
<br />
'''2002: [[The Lord of the Rings Roleplaying Game]]:'''<br />
:The Haradrim are featured amongst the [[Men of Darkness]].<ref>{{webcite|author=Davenport|articleurl=https://www.rpg.net/reviews/archive/9/9342.phtml|articlename=REVIEW OF THE LORD OF THE RINGS ROLEPLAYING GAME CORE BOOK|dated=16 December 2002|website=RPGnet|accessed=2 October 2021}}</ref><br />
<br />
'''2011: [[The Lord of the Rings: The Card Game]]:'''<br />
: The Haradrim are featured amongst a variety of sets, including ''The Sands of Harad''.<ref>{{webcite|author=Neil Shuck|articleurl=https://meeples.wordpress.com/2017/09/20/knowing-your-angmar-from-your-erebor-getting-started-with-lord-of-the-rings-the-card-game/|articlename=Knowing your Angmar from your Erebor: Getting started with Lord of the Rin|dated=20 September 2017|website=Meeples and Miniatures Podcast|accessed=3 October 2021}}</ref><br />
<br />
{{references|note}}<br />
<br />
== See also ==<br />
* [[:Category:Images of Haradrim|Images of Haradrim]]<br />
{{references}}<br />
[[Category:Haradrim]]<br />
[[Category:Men]]<br />
[[Category:Sindarin demonyms]]<br />
[[Category:Servants of Sauron]]<br />
[[de:Haradrim]]<br />
[[fr:encyclo/peuples/hommes/haradrim]]<br />
[[fi:Haradrim]]</div>Fredegharhttps://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=Haradrim&diff=363136Haradrim2022-11-26T23:34:02Z<p>Fredeghar: /* Earlier account of the Two Wizards */</p>
<hr />
<div>{{people infobox<br />
| name=Haradrim<br />
| image=[[File:John_Howe - Southrons.jpg|250px]]<br />
| caption="[[:File:John_Howe - Southrons.jpg|Southrons]]" by [[John Howe]]<br />
| pronun={{respell|ha|rad|rim}}<br />
| othernames=''Haradrim'' ([[Sindarin|S]]), ''Haradwaith'' (S), ''[[Swertings]]'' ([[Hobbitish|H]]), ''Southrons'' ([[Westron|W]]), ''[[Men of Darkness]]'' (W), ''[[Swarthy Men]]'' (W), ''Southerns'' (W), ''Men of Harad'' (W), ''Men of the South'' (W)<br />
| origin= [[Awakening of Men]]<br />
| location=[[Harad]], including [[Umbar]], [[Near Harad]] and [[Far Harad]]<br />
| affiliation=[[Blue Wizards]], [[Númenóreans]], [[Sauron]], [[Black Númenóreans]]<br />
| rivalry=[[Exiles of Númenor]], [[Gondorians]]<br />
| language=Presumably numerous Haradric languages, different from [[Common Speech]]; [[Adûnaic]]; [[Westron]]; and the [[Drúadan language]] (at least formerly)<ref group=note>Due to the suggestion of [[Gondorian]] historians that the group originally came from Harad.</ref><br />
| members=<br />
| lifespan=Shorter than [[Númenóreans]]<ref group=note>[[Castamir]] of [[House of Anárion]] lived to the age of 188, and another great-grandson of [[Calmacil (King of Gondor)|Calmacil]], [[Eldacar (King of Gondor)|Eldacar]], lived to the age of 235. Eldcar's children and grandchildren, [[Ornendil]], [[Aldamir]] and [[Hyarmendacil II]] lived for an average of 187 years. The same could theoretically be said for the children, grandchildren and great-grandchildren of Castamir in Harad, and in point of fact these ages correspond to the general ages of Númenóreans during the period of [[Ar-Adûnakhôr]]'s reign in Númenór.</ref><br />
| distinctions=[[Gift of Ilúvatar]]<br />
| height=Tall<br />
| hair=Dark<br />
| skin=Black, brown, dark, swarthy<br />
| clothing=<br />
| weapons=[[Oliphaunts]];<br/>[[Black Breath]]}}<br />
<br />
<center>{{quote|West, North, and South the children of Men spread and wandered, and their joy was the joy of the morning before the dew is dry, when every leaf is green.|''[[The Silmarillion]]'', [[Of Men]]}}</center><br />
<br />
'''Haradrim''' or the '''Southrons''' were the [[Men]] of [[Harad]], descendants of the [[Men]] who woke in the far eastern land of [[Hildórien]] at the beginning of the [[First Age]].<ref name="Uttermost">{{PM|Dwarves}}, pp. 306.</ref> They are the proud, doughty and warlike people of the Harad, in the south of [[Middle-earth]].<ref>{{webcite|author=Mark Fisher|articleurl=https://www.glyphweb.com/arda/m/menofharad.php|articlename=Men of Harad|dated=17 December 2015|website=[https://www.glyphweb.com/arda/ Encyclopedia of Arda]|accessed=19 September 2021}}</ref> Ancient enemies of [[Gondor]],<ref>{{webcite|author=Mark Fisher|articleurl=https://www.glyphweb.com/arda/s/southrons.html|articlename=Southrons|dated=17 December 2015|website=[https://www.glyphweb.com/arda/ Encyclopedia of Arda]|accessed=2 October 2021}}</ref> they allied with [[Sauron]] during the [[War of the Elves and Sauron]] and [[War of the Ring]].<ref>{{S|V}}, pp. 353</ref><ref group=note>In ''[[The Nature of Middle-earth]]'', with reference to the [[Blue Wizards]] in 'Note on the Delay of Gil-galad and the Númenóreans', it is said that [[Sauron]] took a long time to attack [[Eregion]], for his dominance and recruiting of forces was not entirely successful, and this was due to the actions of his powerful enemies in [[Rhûn]] and [[Harad]] that he hadn't paid much attention until then; ergo, Tolkien suggesting that certain denizens of both those lands played a role during the [[War of the Elves and Sauron]].</ref> Eventually, many turned against Sauron, when [[Manwë]] sent the [[Wizards]] to the southern lands of Middle-earth.<ref name="PMLast">{{PM|Last}}, pp. 384-85</ref><br />
<br />
==Origins==<br />
The ancestors of the Haradrim were the [[Men]] who [[Awakening of Men|awoke]] in [[Hildórien]] during the [[Years of the Sun|age of the Sun]],<ref name="S12">{{S|12}}</ref> but stayed to the [[East]] of [[Middle-earth]], not joining the migration of the [[Edain]] to the [[Uttermost West]]<ref name=Uttermost/> after [[Morgoth]], the original [[Dark Lord]], came to corrupt them to his service whilst tricking them to abandon [[Ilúvatar]].<ref>{{MR|P4e}}, p. 346-349</ref> A [[Shadow]] ever after lay over all of humanity, even the Edain, wherein portions of the ancestors of [[Harad]] later began migrating after coming into conflict with other men that fell under the [[Shadow]].<ref name="S17">{{S|17}}</ref> Still some went West in search of the [[Light of Valinor]] and servants of Morgoth hunted them, but the majority of mankind refused alike the summons of the [[Valar]] and of Morgoth.<ref name="S17">{{S|17}}</ref><br />
<br />
The different peoples who moved to Harad, where the Sun is fierce because there are barely any clouds,<ref name="Gate">{{TT|IV3}}</ref> played no role in the tales of the First Age.<ref name=S12/><ref>{{L|229}}</ref> However, this sundering bereft them of the enlightenment and crafts that the Elves may have taught them,<ref>{{PE|17}}</ref><ref>{{MR|P3II7}}</ref> which made them vulnerable to their two later woes: [[Sauron]] and the [[Dúnedain]].<ref>{{MR|P4e}}, p. 310-3011</ref> Historians of [[Gondor]] believed that the [[Drúedain]] came from lands south of [[Mordor]], that they turned north into [[Ithilien]] before they reached the coasts of Harad and were the first Men to cross the [[Anduin]], possibly near [[Cair Andros]].<ref>{{UT|12b}}, pp. 339-340.</ref><br />
<br />
== History ==<br />
=== Second Age ===<br />
At first, for many centuries, the Haradrim were independent peoples, generally isolated from the rest of the world. However, in the Second Age they became increasingly caught between the ambitions of two great powers — namely [[Sauron]] and the [[Númenóreans]] — a circumstance which lasted thousands of years.<ref name="Rings">{{S|Rings}}</ref><ref name="Coasts">{{PM|Dwarves}}, pp. 304.</ref> Sailing East, the Númenóreans explored the coasts of [[Middle-earth]], including the coast lands of Harad.<ref name=Coasts/> The Númenóreans initially benefited the natives they contacted, by teaching them many things about agriculture and craftsmanship<ref name="Akallabeth">{{S|Akallabeth}}</ref><ref>{{App|Numenor}}, entry for the time after Minastir</ref> and later made settlements on the southern coasts, including the construction of the great city of [[Umbar]].<ref>{{TI|Riders}}</ref><br />
<br />
After the reign of [[Tar-Ciryatan]], the Númenóreans began to set themselves up as lords in Middle-earth as they demanded tribute of goods and wealth, causing the oppression of the Haradrim<ref name="SA">{{App|SA}}</ref><ref>{{PM|Second}}</ref> as with many other peoples whose lands included a coastline.<ref>{{PM|Akallabeth}}, §28</ref> Often Haradrim were killed or sold into slavery.<ref>{{PM|Elmar}}</ref> At first, Sauron didn't dare at first to challenge the Númenóreans as they expanded their control over Harad, until after the forging of the [[Rings of Power]] and the emergence of the [[Nazgûl]].<ref name="Akallabeth"/> Then, Sauron came as a ruler of almost all men east and south of the [[Ered Luin]], as both their king and their god.<ref name=Rings/> These men grew strong and built many towns and walls made from stone and they were fierce in war and armed with iron.<ref name=Rings/> However, those of Harad who sought freedom and rejected Sauron would venture to the woods or mountains in fear of being pursued by him.<ref name=Rings/><ref>{{HM|SD}}, pp. 345</ref><br />
<br />
In c. {{SA|1600}}, [[Manwë]] sent two [[Wizards]] to the southern and eastern lands of Middle-earth.<ref name=PMLast/> The [[Valar]] suspected there was a rebellion of good Haradrim but no leadership — ultimately they were very successful there in Harad. They arrived before Sauron's first [[War of the Elves and Sauron|war against the Elves]] and even on this war the Wizards had some influence.<ref name="NM3">{{NM|P3xviii}}</ref> They became known as [[Morinehtar]] and [[Rómestámo]].<ref name="PMLast"/> Because of their influence among the Haradrim, Sauron took a long time to [[Sack of Eregion|attack Eregion]], for his dominance and recruiting of forces was not entirely successful.<ref name=NM3/> <br />
<br />
In {{SA|3261}}, [[Ar-Pharazôn]], the [[King of Númenor]], landed at [[Umbar]] with a great fleet and the people on the coasts fled before them.<ref name=SA/> Ar-Pharazôn and his host marched through Harad to meet Sauron's forces, but they fled from the Númenóreans and Sauron allowed himself to be taken to Númenor where he corrupted the King and his followers.<ref name="Influence">{{RK|V10}}</ref> Under Sauron's influence, the Númenóreans became even more ruthless to the locals of Harad, enslaving them and using them for human sacrifices.<ref name="Akallabeth"/><br />
<br />
In the following centuries the Haradrim were influenced by Sauron and [[Black Númenóreans]], those evil High Men who stayed in Harad and survived the [[Downfall of Númenor]].<ref name=Influence/> The Haradrim became enemies of [[Gondor]], as the Kingdom's southern borders were close to their lands.<ref>{{TT|Herbs}}, p. 659-660</ref> Shortly before the end of the Age, two Númenórean lords, [[Herumor]] and [[Fuinur]], rose to great power amongst the Haradrim.<ref name=Rings/> <br />
<br />
However around the same time, the two Wizards, always operating in the East and the South, were able to hinder Sauron's operations, leading to his defeat in the [[War of the Last Alliance]].<ref name="PMLast"/> When Sauron's dominions of the Second Age fell with his demise in the War of the Last Alliance the Haradrim were freed from his direct control but not free of the effects of his long work on them, to which evil and darkness for the West had set in their hearts.<ref>{{UT|6a}}</ref><ref>{{UT|6b}}</ref> Additionally, some of the Haradrim, and the other servants of Sauron, turned from evil and became subject to the heirs of [[Elendil]].<ref name=Rings/><br />
<br />
=== Third Age ===<br />
The great cape and land-locked firth of Umbar had been Númenórean land since days of old; but it was a stronghold of the [[King's Men]], who were afterwards called the Black Númenoreans, corrupted by Sauron, and who hated above all the followers of Elendil.<ref name="Gondor">{{App|A1iv}}</ref> After the fall of Sauron their race swiftly dwindled or became merged with the Men of Middle-earth, including those of Harad.<ref name=Gondor/> There was even intermarriage: [[Tarannon Falastur]], [[King of Gondor]], married a high-born Black Númenórean lady from an inland city in Harad; she is remembered as [[Queen Berúthiel]].<ref>{{webcite|author=[[Daphne Castell]]|articleurl=https://fantasticmetropolis.com/i/tolkien|articlename=The Realms of Tolkien|dated=2 November 1966|website=[https://fantasticmetropolis.com/i/tolkien ''The Realms of Tolkien'']|accessed=30 September 2021}}.</ref> However, most Black Númenórean intermarriage was with the Haradrim, and they became increasingly indistinguishable from the indigenous peoples.<ref name="annals"/> The Haradrim did not trouble the [[Realms in Exile]] for many centuries.<ref name="herbs">{{TT|Herbs}}</ref><br />
<br />
When Gondor took the haven of [[Umbar]] from the Black Númenóreans, in the year {{TA|1015}} they followed the Black Númenóreans against Umbar to recapture it.<ref name=Gondor/> Their great power was not enough against the sea-power of Gondor.<ref name=Gondor/> The attempts lasted for 35 years until, in {{TA|1050}}, [[Ciryaher]] defeated the Haradrim force by sending troops by land.<ref name=Gondor/> They acknowledged the overlordship of Gondor; the kings of Harad did homage and their sons were given as hostages in the court of the [[Kings of Gondor|King of Gondor]].<ref name="annals">{{App|Gondor}}</ref><ref name="AppA">{{App|South}}</ref> The sons of [[Castamir]] and others of his kin, having fled from Gondor in 1447, set up a small kingdom in Umbar, and there made a fortified haven and later called themselves the [[Corsairs of Umbar]].<ref name="Blood">{{PM|Elendil}}</ref> The Corsairs of Umbar continued to make war upon Gondor, attacking its ships and coasts when they had opportunity.<ref name=Blood/> Additionally, Castamir's progeny married women of the Harad - continuing the Numenorean [[Line of Elros]], though of which was spent after three generations.<ref name=Blood/><ref>{{webcite|author=David Seuferer|articleurl=http://tolkien.cro.net/humans/elrostre.html|articlename=Line of Elros|dated=8 February 1998|website=[https://tolkien.cro.net/ The Grey Havens]|accessed=27 September 2021}}</ref><ref group=note>The bloodline of Elros is spread amongst the Haradrim in Harad via [[Castamir]]'s children and grandchildren who later mate with the women of Harad, with the last known descendants of Elros within that region of Endor being [[Angamaitë]] and [[Sangahyando]].</ref><br />
<br />
Later, however, kings of Harad who were in league with [[Umbar]] rebelled against Gondor.<ref name="annals"/> In {{TA|1634}}, [[Minardil]] was slain at Pelargir by the Corsairs of Umbar, who were led by the great-grandsons of Castamir: [[Angamaitë]] and [[Sangahyando]].<ref name=Gondor/> [[Telumehtar]] who raided his coasts even as far as the [[Anfalas]], gathered his forces and in 1810 took Umbar by storm.<ref name="annals"/> In that war the last descendants of Castamir perished, and Umbar was again held for a while by the kings, however, the [[Battle of the Plains]] that befell Gondor resulted in Umbar being lost again, wherein it fell into the hands of the Men of the Harad.<ref name="annals"/><br />
<br />
The Haradrim later were allied with the [[Wainriders]], a confederation of [[Easterlings]], and the Men of [[Khand]].<ref name="annals"/> During that time they conquered Umbar.<ref name="annals"/> The simultaneous assaults from the north and the south brought the South-kingdom close to destruction.<ref name="annals"/> The Haradrim crossed the river [[Poros]] into [[South Ithilien]], but the [[Southern Army]], destroyed them.<ref name="annals"/> In the later years three great fleets were prepared in Umbar and Harad.<ref name=stew>{{App|Stewards}}</ref> Around the [[Long Winter]] they assailed the [[Outlands|coasts]] of Gondor, even [[Rohan]].<ref name=stew/> The Haradrim occupied [[Harondor]] and there was a long fight along the [[Poros]].<ref name=stew/> Stirred by emissaries of Sauron, they attempted once more to invade into [[Ithilien]] ({{TA|2885}}) but a combined force of Gondorians and [[Rohirrim]] defeated them at the [[Crossing of Poros]].<ref name=TA/><ref>{{App|Mark}}</ref><br />
<br />
In the meantime, it was said that the two Wizards, Morinehtar and Rómestámo ensured that the forces of the East and the South did not outnumber the West, thus helping secure victory for the [[Free peoples]] in the subsequent [[War of the Ring]].<ref name="PMLast"/> At some time before the War, Gandalf also wandered in the South, for unspecified errands, and he became known as "[[Gandalf/Names|Inkā-nūs]]" among the suspicious Haradrim, who saw him as a spy from [[Gondor|the North]].<ref name="Incanus"/><br />
<br />
At the time of that War, the Haradrim were in league with Sauron and fought alongside his [[Orcs|Orc]] army. The Haradrim were among the forces led by the [[Witch-king]] that attacked [[Osgiliath]] on [[20 June|June 20]], {{TA|3018}}, at the beginning of the War.<ref name="Great">{{App|Great}}</ref> More Haradrim continued to come up the [[Harad Road]] to Mordor.<ref name="herbs"/> Regiments of Haradrim joined the host from [[Minas Morgul]] marching to the [[Pelennor Fields]].<ref name="MinasTirith">{{RK|V1}}</ref> Sauron's forces besieged [[Minas Tirith]], and the Mûmakil of Harad were used to bring forward war-towers and siege-engines to test the City's defences.<ref name=MinasTirith/> During the battle, the chief leader of the Haradrim army bore a standard of a [[Black Serpent]] on a red field; he was slain by King [[Théoden]] of [[Rohan]].<ref name=fields>{{RK|V6}}</ref><ref name="Great"/><br />
<br />
The Haradrim rallied around their [[Oliphaunts|Mûmakil]] which the horses of the Rohirrim feared to approach.<ref name=fields/> As the battle wore on, more Haradrim including Men from Far Harad were sent onto the field by [[Gothmog (Lieutenant of Morgul)|Gothmog]].<ref name=fields/> The Corsairs were prevented from reaching the battle, having been defeated by Aragorn and the [[Dead Men of Dunharrow]].<ref>{{RK|V9}}</ref> Haradrim also fought at the [[Battle of the Morannon]] on March 25.<ref name=Influence/> Sauron's army of Men, Orcs and Trolls outnumbered the Men of the West by more than ten to one, but the battle ended once the [[One Ring]] was destroyed in [[Mount Doom]] and Sauron was vanquished.<ref>{{RK|VI3}}</ref> The Haradrim held out long and were among the last of Sauron's forces to be defeated.<ref name=fields/> Some of the Haradrim fled or surrendered, though others banded together in their hatred and fought on stalwartly.<ref>{{RK|VI4}}</ref><br />
<br />
=== Fourth Age ===<br />
After the [[War of the Ring]] the newly crowned king of the [[Reunited Kingdom]], [[Elessar]], made peace with the Men of Harad and completely subdued Umbar.<ref name="Gondor"/><ref name="Éomer">{{App|Mark}}, Third Line, entry for King Éomer</ref> Embassies travelled from Harad to Aragorn's court, and although Aragorn's reign was largely one of peace, it was occasionally necessary for him and [[Éomer]], [[Kings of Rohan|King]] of [[Rohan]], to travel to the southlands to maintain peace with Harad.<ref>{{RK|Steward}}, pp. 968.</ref><br />
<br />
It is possible that later generations of Haradrim, having the memory of the two Wizards who wandered among them, followed [[magic]] "cults" that lasted long into the Fourth Age or later.<ref name="Letter211"/><br />
<br />
== Traits and culture ==<br />
[[File:Alan Lee - Oliphaunt.jpg|thumb|left|"Oliphaunt" by [[Alan Lee]]]]<br />
The "fierce dark men of the South."<ref>{{TI|Fangorn}}, pp. 434-435</ref> are of various ethnicities and cultures; some are organized into kingdoms.<ref name="herbs"/><ref name=Gondor/> The Haradrim were described by a messenger as "cruel and tall.",<ref name=Siege/> "a grim folk, and not easily daunted by shade or blade."<ref>{{WR|XII}}, pp. 416.</ref> Some of the Men in the south had weapons of iron.<ref>{{S|V}}, pp. 349</ref> At the [[Battle of the Pelennor Fields]], the Haradrim bore scimitars that glittered like stars.<ref name=fields/> Those of Harad had tamed the massive ''[[Oliphaunts|Mûmakil]]'' beasts and used them in warfare and, like their masters, were decorated with scarlet and gold. They even strapped towers on their backs, used by Haradrim archers and spearmen.<ref name="herbs"/> The Haradrim had seemingly weaponised aspects of the [[Nazgûl]]'s [[Black Breath]], or at least tipped it upon arrows and darts during the last retreat before the city of [[Minas Tirith]] was besieged.<ref name=Siege/><ref>{{RK|Houses}}</ref><br />
<br />
The people of [[Far Harad]] are described as black-skinned, but there is also a group of them described as "black men like [[half-trolls]] with white eyes and red tongues" and "troll-men".<ref name=fields/> It is unclear whether these were just large Men who are being compared to Trolls or an implication of crossbreeding between the two races.<ref>{{webcite|author=Mark Fisher|articleurl=https://www.glyphweb.com/arda/h/halftrolls.php|articlename=Half-trolls|dated=17 December 2015|website=[https://www.glyphweb.com/arda/ Encyclopedia of Arda]|accessed=1 October 2021}}</ref> The Haradrim from [[Near Harad]] were those most familiar and most closely encountered during the War of the Ring:<ref name="Scarlet">{{TT|Herbs}}, pp. 660-661.</ref> when [[Faramir]] ambushed a company of Haradrim on the [[North Road]], Frodo and Sam witnessed a Harad warrior crashing at their feet, a man with "brown skin", with black plaits of hair braided with gold,<ref name=Scarlet/> a scarlet tunic, as do the other Haradrim, and a gold collar.<ref name=Gate/> He was armed with a scimitar and garbed with a corslet of brazen scales. Their standards are scarlet, and their great beasts, the ''Mûmakil'', have scarlet and gold trappings.<ref name=Scarlet/> They carry round spiked shields, painted yellow and black.<ref name="herbs"/> One of the great chieftains of the Haradrim also bore a [[Black Serpent]] as his emblem, against a field of red.<ref>{{webcite|author=Mark Fisher|articleurl=https://www.glyphweb.com/arda/s/serpents.html|articlename=Serpents|dated=17 December 2015|website=[https://www.glyphweb.com/arda/ Encyclopedia of Arda]|accessed=19 September 2021}}</ref> <br />
<br />
===Languages===<br />
Very little is known about the language(s) of Harad though the word "Mûmak", the name of the great war-[[oliphaunt]]s of Harad, is stated to come directly from a language of Harad.<ref name="Language">{{webcite|author=J E a Tyler|articleurl=https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=J-WWMtIVl_gC&pg|articlename=The Complete Tolkien Companion|dated=2 October 2012|website=[https://books.google.com/ M - Page 446]|accessed=20 September 2021}}</ref> To the [[Gondorians]] the voices of the Haradrim sounded harsh, like shouts of beasts.<ref name=Siege>{{RK|Siege}}</ref> Albeit having a meaning in [[Quenya]] ("fate"), the name ''[[Umbar (word)|umbar]]'' is said to be adapted from the indigenous languages of Harad and not from [[Elvish]] or [[Adûnaic]] script.<ref>{{webcite|author=[[Verlyn Flieger]]|articleurl=https://muse.jhu.edu/article/266269|articlename=The Music and the Task: Fate and Free Will in Middle-earth|dated=14 June 2009|website=[https://muse.jhu.edu/ Project MUSE]|accessed=20 September 2021}}</ref><ref name=AppendixF>{{App|Men}}</ref><ref name="Names">{{App|Letters}}, Note, ''The names of the letters''</ref> <br />
<br />
[[Gandalf]] stated that his name in "the south" is "[[Gandalf/Names#Incánus|Incánus]]", which is apparently "alien", that is neither [[Westron]], nor Elvish, nor explicable by the surviving tongues of Northern Men. A note in the [[Thain's Book]] states that it is a form adapted to Quenya of a word in the tongue of the Haradrim thought ''Inkā-nūsh'' (or possibly ''Inkā-nūs''), meaning "North-spy".<ref name="Incanus">{{UT|Istari}}, pp. 382-384.</ref><br />
<br />
== Etymology ==<br />
''Haradrim'' is a [[Sindarin]] name, consisting of the elements ''[[harad]]'' ("south") + ''[[rim]]'' ("host") thus meaning "South-people".<ref>{{L|144}}, p. 178</ref> Additionally, the [[Elves]] named the land and its people ''Haradwaith'', "South-folk", from the Sindarin ''harad'', meaning "south", and ''gwaith'', meaning "people".<ref name=Language/> The [[Hobbits]] called the area the ''Sunlands'', and the people ''[[Swertings]]''.<ref name=Gate/><br />
<br />
''Barangils'' is a [[Gondorian]] term for the people of Harad; ’swerting’ derives from ''swart'' (’swarthy’).<ref>[[Wayne G. Hammond]], "Page 764", in ''[[The Lord of the Rings: A Reader's Companion]]'', ed. by Wayne G. Hammond and [[Christina Scull]] (Houghton Mifflin, 2005)</ref> The Elvish name seems to contain '''baran''' ’dark, swart, dark-brown’ (BARÁN) and possibly the suffix '''-il''' also seen in '''ernil''' ’prince’.<ref>{{UT|6a}}</ref> <br />
<br />
==Other versions of the legendarium==<br />
Early variant names for this people were the ''Barangils'', the ''Haradwaith'', and ''Haradrians''.<ref>{{WR|2|IV}}</ref><ref>{{SD|Mordor}}, pp. 16-7</ref> In early drafts of ''[[The Lord of the Rings]]'', anglicized names for the Haradrim in the text, were ''Silharrows'' and ''Harwan'', which according to [[Christopher Tolkien]] were derived from the name for the Aethiopians.<ref name=Fangorn>{{TI|Fangorn}}, Note 4, pp.439</ref> "Men of Sunharrowland" (or "of Harrowland") are other two anglicized names.<ref name=Harrowland>{{TI|Fangorn}}, pp. 435</ref> In early drafts of ''Lord of the Rings'', ''Harns'' was a Sindarin equivalent for the term Haradrim.<ref>{{WR|XII}}, pp. 253.</ref> It's based on [[harn]] ’southern’ (KHYAR-) and is an English plural.<ref>{{webcite|author=[[Roman Rausch]]|articleurl=http://www.sindanoorie.net/art/RS_TI_WR_Harns.html#Harns|articlename=Harns|dated=2 July 2016|website=[http://www.sindanoorie.net/ Sindanórië]|accessed=26 September 2021}}</ref><ref>{{webcite|author=Paul Strack|articleurl=https://www.eldamo.org/content/words/word-3643936511.html|articlename=Harn|dated=16 April 2021|website=[https://www.eldamo.org/ Eldamo - An Elvish Lexicon|accessed=26 September 2021}}</ref> Additionally, Haradwaith has the anglicized name ''(Sun)Harrowland''.<ref name=Fangorn/> For more explanation on those names, see [[#The "Sigelwaran"|below]].<br />
<br />
In the earliest narrative of the legendarium in ''[[The Book of Lost Tales]]'', Tolkien mentioned the movement of Men, after the [[Palisor|War of Palisor]]. After [[Nuin]] died at the bands of the Goblins through the treachery of Men, many kindreds of Men were driven to the eastern deserts and the southern forests, whence came dark and savage peoples. <ref name="Palisor">{{LT1|X}}, pp. 336.</ref><br />
<br />
Additionally, it was revealed that [[Manwë]] was unaware of where the beginning of Men should be, whether the north, south or east.<ref>{{LT1|IX}}, p. 317</ref> In ''[[The Book of Lost Tales Part Two]]'', [[Eärendil]] and [[Voronwe]]'s voyage on [[Vingilótë]] to southern Haradwaith where there is mention of Tree-men and Pygmies.<ref>{{LT2|V}}</ref><ref group=note>The habited land in question featuring "Dark regions, Fire mountains, Tree-men, Pygmies, and Sarqindi or cannibal-ogres" is definitely southern Haradwaith rather than the [[Dark Lands]], due to another note mentioning some southern Isles beyond that region, and these can only be the hills that became islands mentioning in ''[[The Chaining of Melko]]'', which must have been a product of the tumults that lead to the formation of the [[Inner Seas]], when the [[Belegaer]] and [[Eastern Sea]] flowed into the [[Sea of Ringil]]. And as we know, it was South of the Inner Seas that the South Lands were located. Ergo, Eärendil simply visited areas that would later be part of the [[Black Númenórean]] southern realms, beyond the realm of [[Umbar]].</ref><br />
<br />
=== Earlier account of the Two Wizards ===<br />
In the published works, all the Wizards were originally sent in the year {{TA|1000}} as emissaries to Middle-earth along with [[Gandalf]], [[Saruman]] and [[Radagast]].<ref name=TA>{{App|TA}}</ref> The above article gives information based on a late essay by Tolkien concerning the two Wizards, published in ''[[The Peoples of Middle-earth]]''.<br />
<br />
However in some earlier time, when asked about the other two Wizards, Tolkien speculated that they went to the distant regions, including the lands of Harad, far out of Númenórean range. Whether together or independent of each other, the two may have fallen from their appointed task, wherein they may have founded 'magic' cults amongst the peoples of the East and South, which existed beyond the downfall of the [[Sauron|Lord of the Rings]].<ref name="Letter211">{{L|211}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Inspiration==<br />
[[Christopher Tolkien]] linked the Haradrim with ancient Aethiopians.<ref name=Harrowland/><ref name=Fangorn/> In an interview from 1966, Tolkien likened [[Berúthiel]] to the giantess [[Wikipedia:Skaði|Skaði]] of Norse mythology, since they both shared a dislike for "seaside life".<ref name=Interview>{{webcite|author=[[Daphne Castell]]|articleurl=https://fantasticmetropolis.com/i/tolkien|articlename=The Realms of Tolkien|dated=|website=[https://fantasticmetropolis.com/i/tolkien ''The Realms of Tolkien'']|accessed=3 October 2021}}</ref><ref>[[Humphrey Carpenter]], ''[[The Inklings (book)|The Inklings]]'', "Thursday evenings", pp. 137-8</ref> Additionally, Tolkien scholar [[Tom Shippey]] stated in reference to the 'black men like half-trolls' passage from ''[[The Return of the King]]'' that Tolkien was attempting to write like a medieval chronicler in describing the [[Rohirrim]]'s encounter with a Haradrim: "[...] and when medieval Europeans first encountered sub-Saharan Africans, they were genuinely confused about them, and rather frightened."<ref name="African">{{webcite|author=[[Tom Shippey]]|articleurl=http://www.tolkien.co.uk/jrrtolkien/interviews_shippey.asp|articlename=An Interview with Tom Shippey - Questions and answers with Tom Shippey|dated=17 October 2001|website=[https://www.harpercollins.com/ Harper Collins]|accessed=19 September 2021}}</ref> He noted that Tolkien had pointed out in his early scholarly works "the ancient English seemed to have a belief in fire-demons, who naturally enough had skin like soot – their word for them, ‘harwan’, is related to Latin ‘carbo’, ‘soot,’ or carbon."<ref>{{webcite|author=[[Dimitra Fimi]]|articleurl=http://dimitrafimi.com/2018/12/02/revisiting-race-in-tolkiens-legendarium-constructing-cultures-and-ideologies-in-an-imaginacry-world/|articlename=Revisiting Race in Tolkien’s Legendarium: Constructing Cultures and Ideologies in an Imaginary World|dated=2 December 2018|website=[http://www.dimitrafimi.com/ Dimitra Fimi]|accessed=19 September 2021}}</ref><ref name=African/> Shippey concluded by remarking that, "An Anglo-Saxon meeting an African for the first time might then really wonder - for a moment, from a distance - whether this was a demon from his own mythology. This doesn't mean that Tolkien shared the mythology, or the mistake."<ref>{{webcite|author=Leslie A. Donovan|articleurl=https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=BnCADwAAQBAJ&pg|articlename=Approaches to Teaching Tolkien's The Lord of the Rings and Other Works|dated=1 October 2015|website=[https://books.google.com/ Tolkien's Haradrim]|accessed=19 September 2021}}</ref><br />
<br />
===The "Sigelwaran"===<br />
Much of Tolkien's influence for Harad and the Haradrim came about from his essay ''[[Sigelwara Land]]'', in which he examined the etymology of ''Sigelwaran'' (and the more usual form ''Sigelhearwan'') — the [[Old English]] word for Ethiopians.<ref name=CG/><ref name=TB1>[http://www.tolkienbooks.net/php/details.php?reference=13590 Medium Aevum. 1932], [http://www.tolkienbooks.net/php/details.php?reference=13710 Medium Aevum. 1934], at [http://www.tolkienbooks.net/ TolkienBooks.net] (accessed 2 February 2013)</ref> The essay was originally published in two parts: part one appeared in ''Medium Ævum'' (Vol. 1, No. 3) in [[1932]], and part two appeared in ''Medium Ævum'' (Vol. 3, No. 2) in [[1934]].<ref name=TB1>[http://www.tolkienbooks.net/php/details.php?reference=13590 Medium Aevum. 1932], [http://www.tolkienbooks.net/php/details.php?reference=13710 Medium Aevum. 1934], at [http://www.tolkienbooks.net/ TolkienBooks.net] (accessed 2 February 2013)</ref> The article investigated why there was a distinct and several times attested [[Old English]] name for the Ethiopians (namely '''Sigelwaran, Sigelhearwan''')<ref name=CG>{{CG|RG}}, pp. 889-90</ref> as actual biblical names were usually adapted, not translated.<ref>{{webcite|author=[[Roman Rausch]]|articleurl=http://www.sindanoorie.net/art/RS_TI_WR_Barangils.html|articlename=Barangils|dated=2 July 2016|website=[http://www.sindanoorie.net/ Sindanórië]|accessed=26 September 2021}}</ref> <br />
<br />
Tolkien remarked that the word includes elements not current in Old English and argues from there on that it must be older and preserved at least a name, "if no more, from the vanished native mythology or its borderland of half-mythical geography."<ref>[[J.R.R. Tolkien]], "Sigelwara Land Part 1", in ''Medium Ævum'' (Vol. 1, No. 3), pp. 192</ref> As the initial element '''Sigel''' ’Sun’ comes into question, which is attested in ''[[Beowulf]]'' and has furthermore cognates in other languages, as e.g. the name of the s-rune.<ref>[[J.R.R. Tolkien]], "Sigelwara Land Part 2", in ''Medium Ævum'' (Vol. 3, No. 2), pp. 98</ref> Another candidate is '''sigel''', '''sigle''' describing "a round jewel or golden ornament",<ref name="Gimm">[[J.R.R. Tolkien]], "Sigelwara Land Part 2", in ''Medium Ævum'' (Vol. 3, No. 2), pp. 104</ref> originating from Latin '''sigillum''', which in its turn refers to "a small image or figure, the impress of a stamp or seal."<ref>[[J.R.R. Tolkien]], "Sigelwara Land Part 2", in ''Medium Ævum'' (Vol. 3, No. 2), pp. 102</ref> Tolkien then suggested that the two words had mutual influence on each other; and he remarks on the usage of ''gimm'' ’precious stone, jewel’ for the sun.<ref name=Gimm/> For the second element '''hearwa''' he discusses several primitive candidates all having to do with the colour ’black’, so that the name may mean something akin to ’those who were made black by the sun’.<ref>[[J.R.R. Tolkien]], "Sigelwara Land Part 2", in ''Medium Ævum'' (Vol. 3, No. 2), pp. 110</ref><ref>[[J.R.R. Tolkien]], "Sigelwara Land Part 2", in ''Medium Ævum'' (Vol. 3, No. 2), pp. 109</ref> As he concluded, "such guesswork is naturally inconclusive [...] giving insight into English and northern tradition and imagination."<ref>[[J.R.R. Tolkien]], "Sigelwara Land Part 2", in ''Medium Ævum'' (Vol. 3, No. 2), pp. 110</ref><ref>[[J.R.R. Tolkien]], "Sigelwara Land Part 2", in ''Medium Ævum'' (Vol. 3, No. 2), pp. 111</ref><br />
<br />
==Portrayal in adaptations==<br />
===Films===<br />
'''2001-03: [[The Lord of the Rings (film series)|''The Lord of the Rings'' (film series)]]:'''<br />
:The Haradrim appear briefly in ''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Two Towers|The Two Towers]]'' when Frodo and [[Samwise Gamgee|Sam]] witness a raid on one of their columns by [[Faramir|Faramir's]] rangers. They are featured more prominently in ''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King|The Return of the King]]'', in which the battle between the [[Rohirrim]] and the [[Oliphaunts|Mûmakil]] is a major action sequence. While the ''[[The Return of the King|book]]'' depicts the Southron army as primarily cavalry armed with scimitars, we see no horsemen in the movie: the Haradrim fight almost exclusively from platforms mounted on the backs of their monstrous [[Oliphaunts]]. They have also adorned the animals' tusks with spikes and shafts that crush and impale numerous enemy horsemen. The costumes of the Haradrim in the movie are Middle Eastern in style and dark brown or black in colour, while a companion book, ''Lord of the Rings: Creatures'', stated that the Haradrim were based on 12th century Saracens.<ref>{{webcite|author=HarperCollins|articleurl=https://archive.org/details/lordofringstwoto00braw/mode/2up|articlename=The Lord of the Rings: Two Towers - Creatures|dated=6 November 2002|website=[[HarperCollins]]|accessed=3 October 2021}}</ref><br />
<br />
'''2012-14: [[The Hobbit (film series)|''The Hobbit'' (film series)]]:'''<br />
:The Ringwraith of Harad, also known as the Dark Headsman was a [[Nazgûl]] who was revived by [[Sauron]] and summoned to [[Dol Guldur]].<ref>{{webcite|author=Weta Workshop Editors|articleurl=https://www.wetanz.com/shop/miniature-guns-props/helm-of-the-ringwraith-of-harad|articlename=HELM OF THE RINGWRAITH OF HARAD|dated=6 November 2012|website=[[Weta Workshop]]|accessed=3 October 2021}}</ref> He was once a King of the Haradrim that was given a [[Ring of Power]] by Sauron the deceiver and was corrupted to serve him. The Witch-king and the other Ringwraiths were buried in a dungeon in the [[High Fells of Rhudaur]] after the [[Battle of Fornost|fall]] of Angmar. Later, Gandalf, following [[Galadriel]]'s advice, visits the High Fells and discovers that the Nazgûl's cells were empty, broken open from the inside. Through this investigation, he is convinced that the Necromancer in Dol Guldur is indeed [[Sauron]]. In the [[Attack on Dol Guldur]], The Witch-King, along with the other Nazgûl, participates by fighting [[Saruman]] and [[Elrond]], members of the [[White Council]]. In the end, he and the other Nine are driven back to [[Mordor]] by Galadriel and her [[Phial of Galadriel|phial]], his master also eventually following suit.<br />
<br />
===Radio series===<br />
'''1981: [[The Lord of the Rings (1981 radio series)|''The Lord of the Rings'' (1981 radio series)]]:'''<br />
:[[Éowyn|Dernhelm]] warns [[Théoden]] of the coming of the chieftain. He kills the chieftain, but is killed by the [[Witch-king]] almost immediately after.<br />
<br />
===Video games===<br />
'''2003: [[The Lord of the Rings: War of the Ring]]:'''<br />
:The Haradrim appeared and are known as the 'Haradrim Slayers'.<ref>{{webcite|author=Eressior|articleurl=https://www.ign.com/articles/2011/06/14/the-lord-of-the-rings-war-of-the-ring-perfect-walkthrough-1110162|articlename=Perfect Walkthrough|dated=14 June 2011|website=IGN|accessed=2 October 2021}}</ref><br />
<br />
'''2006: [[The Lord of the Rings: The Battle for Middle-earth II]]:'''<br />
:The Haradrim and the Corsairs of Umbar appear in much merchandise for the film trilogy, such as toys. The Corsairs are from the Mordor faction, and are equipped with knives and fire-bombs.<ref>{{webcite|author=Games and Grub Editors|articleurl=http://gamesandgrub.blogspot.com/2011/04/battle-for-middle-earth-2-good-campaign_1.html|articlename=Battle for Middle Earth 2 - Good Campaign - Mission 7 - Erebor|dated=1 April 2011|website=[RPGnet|accessed=3 October 2021}}</ref><br />
<br />
'''2007: [[The Lord of the Rings Online]]:'''<br />
:The Nazgûl appear throughout the game, and three are Haradrim: 'The Grim Southron', 'The High Sorcerer of Harad', and 'The Forsaken Reaver'. The Corsairs were led by four brothers who falsely call themselves the Heirs of Castamir. These were Azruthor, Dolgimil, Azgarzôr, and the eldest Balakhôr the Scourge. The player negotiated with a Corsair named Jajax, who ended up siding with the player against the Heirs and their followers.<br />
<br />
'''2014: [[Middle-earth: Shadow of War]]:'''<br />
:Suladân is an antagonist who, before his fall, was a noble Númenóreans King who ruled the nation of Harad during the Second Age. During his rule, he sought to go up against Sauron where he led an army of Númenórean soldiers to lay siege on the Dark Lord's fortress in Mordor. Before he sought to engage him, he was surprised that the Dark Lord surrendered and offered a Ring of Power to him. The temptation was too great, and Suladân eventually moved Sauron from the position of enemy to advisor. As Suladân's power grew, so did Sauron's influence over him. He eventually fell completely under the Dark Lord's power to become one of the nine Nazgûl. Additionally, Baranor is a playable character who is a captain in Gondor's guard, originally from Harad, before being adopted by the wealthy Gondorian family.<ref>{{webcite|author=David Smith|articleurl=https://www.theaureview.com/games/games-review-middle-earth-shadow-of-war-the-desolation-of-mordor-xbox-one-2018/|articlename=Games Review: Middle-earth: Shadow of War – The Desolation of Mordor (Xbox One, 2018)|dated=18 May 2018|website=[RPGnet|accessed=3 October 2021}}</ref><br />
<br />
===Other===<br />
'''1982: [[Middle-earth Role Playing]]:'''<br />
:[[Iron Crown Enterprises]] produced a series of books for their tabletop roleplaying game ''[[Middle-earth Role Playing]]'' containing information about Harad and content allowing games to be set there. Additionally, Herumor is given an extended history, and Fuinur is revealed as his older brother. Key publications included the setting books ''[[Umbar: Haven of the Corsairs]]'' (1982),<ref>{{webcite|author=Brenda Gates Spielman|articleurl=https://index.rpg.net/display-entry.phtml?mainid=2534|articlename=Umbar: Haven of the Corsairs|dated=16 April 1982|website=RPGnet|accessed=26 September 2021}}</ref> ''[[Far Harad: The Scorched Land]]'' (1988),<ref>{{webcite|author=Charles Crutchfield|articleurl=https://index.rpg.net/display-entry.phtml?mainid=2555|articlename=Far Harad: The Scorched Land|dated=16 April 1988|website=RPGnet|accessed=26 September 2021}}</ref> ''[[Forest of Tears]]'' (1990),<ref>{{webcite|author=Charles Crutchfield|articleurl=https://index.rpg.net/display-entry.phtml?mainid=2511|articlename=Forest of Tears|dated=16 April 1990|website=RPGnet|accessed=26 September 2021}}</ref> as well as the adventure books ''[[Warlords of the Desert]]'' (1989),<ref>{{webcite|author=Charles Crutchfield|articleurl=https://index.rpg.net/display-entry.phtml?mainid=2505|articlename=Warlords of the Desert|dated=16 April 1989|website=RPGnet|accessed=26 September 2021}}</ref> ''[[Hazards of the Harad Wood]]'' (1989),<ref>{{webcite|author=John Crowdis|articleurl=https://index.rpg.net/display-entry.phtml?mainid=2529|articlename=Hazards of the Harad Wood|dated=16 April 1989|website=RPGnet|accessed=26 September 2021}}</ref> and ''[[Greater Harad]] (1990).<ref>{{webcite|author=William E. Wilson|articleurl=https://index.rpg.net/display-entry.phtml?mainid=2560|articlename=Greater Harad|dated=16 April 1990|website=[RPGnet|accessed=26 September 2021}}</ref><br />
<br />
'''1994: [[The Two Towers MUD]]:'''<br />
:The Haradrim are featured alongside the [[Uruk-hai]], [[Easterlings]], [[Númenóreans]], and [[Variag]].<br />
<br />
'''2001: [[The Lord of the Rings Trading Card Game]]:'''<br />
:The Haradrim and the Corsairs of Umbar appear in much merchandise for the film trilogy, such as toys and card sets within the TCG.<br />
<br />
'''2001: [[The Lord of the Rings Strategy Battle Game]]:'''<br />
:Suladân, the "Serpent Lord", is the name of the chieftain Haradrim leader who King Théoden kills, and its who players often refer to as the "[[Black Serpent]]" after his standard.<ref>{{webcite|author=Tell Me A Tale, Great Or Small Editors|articleurl=https://tellmeatalegreatorsmall.blogspot.com/2019/09/armies-of-middle-earth-sbg-serpent.html|articlename=Armies of Middle-Earth SBG: The Serpent Horde in the Middle-Earth Strategy Battle Game|dated=25 September 2019|website=Tell Me A Tale, Great Or Small|accessed=3 October 2021}}</ref><ref name="Hasharin">{{webcite|author=Simmuskhan|articleurl=http://simbattleboard.blogspot.com/2020/04/golden-king-of-abrakhan-and-entourage.html|articlename=Golden King of Abrakhan and Entourage|dated=23 April 2020|website=Simmuskhan's Battle Blog|accessed=3 October 2021}}</ref> Some of the Haradrim are assassins called 'Hasharin', wherein there are characters such as "The Golden King" and "Dalamyr".<ref name=Hasharin/> Additionally, ''Half Trolls'' are "Mahûd men" of Far Harad who were altered to the size and strength of the Olog-hai of Sauron.<ref>{{webcite|author=Simmuskhan|articleurl=http://simbattleboard.blogspot.com/2019/09/for-fathers-day-this-year-i-requested.html|articlename=Far Harad|dated=11 September 2019|website=Simmuskhan's Battle Blog|accessed=3 October 2021}}</ref> Units include "Half Troll Warband" and "Half Troll of Far Harad".<ref>{{webcite|author=Simmuskhan|articleurl=http://simbattleboard.blogspot.com/2012/02/battle-report-dwarves-vs-haradrim.html|articlename=Battle Report - Dwarves vs Haradrim - Contest of Champions|dated=24 February 2012|website=Simmuskhan's Battle Blog|accessed=3 October 2021}}</ref> [[Games Workshop]] had produced miniatures and rules relating to Harad, including for Mûmak, The Golden King of Abrakhân, Half Trolls, Haradrim Warriors and Corsairs of Umbar.<ref>{{webcite|author=Games Workshop Editors|articleurl=https://www.games-workshop.com/en-GB/War-Mumak-Of-Harad-2018|articlename=War Mûmak™ Of Harad™|dated=24 February 2019|website=[[Games Workshop]]|accessed=3 October 2021}}</ref><ref>{{webcite|author=Games Workshop Editors|articleurl=https://www.games-workshop.com/en-GB/The-Golden-King-of-Harad|articlename=The Golden King of Abrakhân|dated=24 February 2019|website=[[Games Workshop]]|accessed=3 October 2021}}</ref><ref>{{webcite|author=Games Workshop Editors|articleurl=https://www.games-workshop.com/en-GB/Half-Trolls|articlename=Half Trolls|dated=24 February 2019|website=[[Games Workshop]]|accessed=3 October 2021}}</ref><ref>{{webcite|author=Games Workshop Editors|articleurl=https://www.games-workshop.com/en-GB/Haradrim-Warriors-2018|articlename=Haradrim™ Warriors|dated=24 February 2019|website=[[Games Workshop]]|accessed=3 October 2021}}</ref><ref>{{webcite|author=Games Workshop Editors|articleurl=https://www.games-workshop.com/en-GB/Corsairs-Of-Umbar-2018|articlename=Corsairs of Umbar™|dated=4 July 2018|website=[[Games Workshop]]|accessed=3 October 2021}}</ref>In order to maintain their rule over the lands of Harad, the lords of Umbar installed client kings, chieftains who had submitted to their will. Any chieftain who opposed their rule was quickly slain. In order to facilitate their rule, the lords of Umbar established the order of the Hásharii.<br />
<br />
'''2002: [[The Lord of the Rings Roleplaying Game]]:'''<br />
:The Haradrim are featured amongst the [[Men of Darkness]].<ref>{{webcite|author=Davenport|articleurl=https://www.rpg.net/reviews/archive/9/9342.phtml|articlename=REVIEW OF THE LORD OF THE RINGS ROLEPLAYING GAME CORE BOOK|dated=16 December 2002|website=RPGnet|accessed=2 October 2021}}</ref><br />
<br />
'''2011: [[The Lord of the Rings: The Card Game]]:'''<br />
: The Haradrim are featured amongst a variety of sets, including ''The Sands of Harad''.<ref>{{webcite|author=Neil Shuck|articleurl=https://meeples.wordpress.com/2017/09/20/knowing-your-angmar-from-your-erebor-getting-started-with-lord-of-the-rings-the-card-game/|articlename=Knowing your Angmar from your Erebor: Getting started with Lord of the Rin|dated=20 September 2017|website=Meeples and Miniatures Podcast|accessed=3 October 2021}}</ref><br />
<br />
{{references|note}}<br />
== See also ==<br />
* [[:Category:Images of Haradrim|Images of Haradrim]]<br />
{{references}}<br />
[[Category:Haradrim]]<br />
[[Category:Men]]<br />
[[Category:Sindarin demonyms]]<br />
[[Category:Servants of Sauron]]<br />
[[de:Haradrim]]<br />
[[fr:encyclo/peuples/hommes/haradrim]]<br />
[[fi:Haradrim]]</div>Fredegharhttps://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=Gl%C3%A9owine&diff=362079Gléowine2022-11-19T20:06:34Z<p>Fredeghar: /* Portrayal in adaptations */</p>
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<div>{{rohirrim infobox<br />
| name=Gléowine<br />
| image=[[File:The Lord of the Rings Online - Gléowine.jpg|250px|Gléowine]]<br />
| caption=Gléowine from ''[[The Lord of the Rings Online]]''<br />
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| parentage=<br />
| siblings=<br />
| spouse=<br />
| children=<br />
| gender=Male<br />
| height=<br />
| hair=<br />
| eyes=<br />
| clothing=<br />
| weapons=<br />
| steed=<br />
}}<br />
'''Gléowine''' was a [[Minstrels|minstrel]] of the [[Kings of Rohan|King's House]] of [[Rohan]] in the late [[Third Age]].<br />
<br />
==History==<br />
Gléowine composed an immortalizing song about [[Théoden]] and his ancestors after the [[Battle of the Pelennor Fields]]. It was said that he never composed another song afterwards. Sadly, only the last stanza survived:<ref>{{RK|Partings}}</ref> <br />
<br />
<poem style="font-style:italic; margin-left:20px;"><br />
Out of doubt, out of dark, to the day's rising<br />
he rode singing in the sun, sword unsheathing.<br />
Hope he rekindled, and in hope he ended;<br />
over death, over dread, over doom lifted<br />
out of loss, out of life, unto long glory.<br />
</poem><br />
<br />
==Portrayal in adaptations==<br />
'''2013: ''[[The Lord of the Rings Online]]'':'''<br />
:Gléowine is first encountered being banished from [[Edoras]] at the command of [[Gríma|Gríma Wormtongue]]. The player and Horn later find him drinking his sorrows in the town of [[Snowbourn]]. Gléowine agrees to accompany the player, and they find that the land has been ravaged by the devilry of [[Saruman]]. They return after [[Theoden]] had been healed by [[Gandalf]] and the King takes Gléowine at his side on the ride to the [[Fords of Isen]]. During the [[Battle of Helm's Deep]], Gléowine keeps away from the fighting and later composes a song about the last stand of Theoden's door-warden [[Háma]]. Gléowine again journeys by the King's side to [[Minas Tirith|Mundburg]] and sees the King's death at the hands of the [[Witch-King]] first-hand. <br />
<br />
{{references}}<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Gleowine}}<br />
[[Category:Characters in The Lord of the Rings]]<br />
[[Category:Minstrels]]<br />
[[Category:Rohirrim]]<br />
[[Category:Third Age characters]]<br />
<br />
[[de:Gléowine]]<br />
[[fi:Gléowine]]</div>Fredegharhttps://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=D%C3%A9orwine&diff=362077Déorwine2022-11-19T19:59:07Z<p>Fredeghar: /* Portrayal in adaptations */</p>
<hr />
<div>{{rohirrim infobox<br />
| name=Déorwine<br />
| image=[[File:The Lord of the Rings Online - Déorwine.jpg|250px]]<br />
| caption=Déorwine from ''[[The Lord of the Rings Online]]''<br />
| pronun=<br />
| othernames=<br />
| titles=<br />
| position=Chief of the [[King's Riders]]<br />
| location=[[Rohan]]<br />
| affiliation=<br />
| language=[[Rohirric]]<br />
| birth=<br />
| birthlocation=<br />
| rule=<br />
| death=[[15 March|March 15]], {{TA|3019}}<br />
| deathlocation=[[Battle of the Pelennor Fields]]<br />
| age=<br />
| notablefor=<br />
| house=<br />
| parentage=<br />
| siblings=<br />
| spouse=<br />
| children=<br />
| gender=Male<br />
| height=<br />
| hair=<br />
| eyes=<br />
| clothing=<br />
| weapons=<br />
| steed=<br />
}}<br />
'''Déorwine''' was the Chief of the [[King's Riders]] during the [[War of the Ring]].<br />
<br />
==History==<br />
Déorwine replaced Háma in the post when the latter was killed at [[Helm's Deep]]. He and six of the men under his command ([[Harding]], [[Guthláf]], [[Herefara]], [[Herubrand]], [[Horn]] and [[Fastred]]) were slain at the [[Battle of the Pelennor Fields]].<ref>{{RK|Battle}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Etymology==<br />
The name ''Déorwine'' probably means "brave-friend" in [[Old English]], consisting of ''[[Wiktionary:deor#Old_English|dēor]]'' ("brave, bold (as a wild beast)" + ''[[Wiktionary:wine#Old_English|wine]]'' ("friend").<ref>{{HM|RC}}, p. 571</ref><br />
<br />
==Portrayal in adaptations==<br />
'''2012: ''[[The Lord of the Rings Online: Riders of Rohan]]'':'''<br />
:Déorwine is a member of [[Théoden]]'s royal guard and is first found in [[Edoras]] and later in [[Helm's Deep]]. The player next meets him in the [[Drúadan Forest]] on their way to [[Minas Tirith]]. During the [[Battle of the Pelennor Fields]] he dies protecting King Théoden from foes.<br />
<br />
{{references}}<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Deorwine}}<br />
[[Category:Characters in The Lord of the Rings]]<br />
[[Category:Rohirrim]]<br />
[[Category:Third Age characters]]<br />
<br />
[[de:Déorwine]]<br />
[[fi:Déorwine]]<br />
[[fr:encyclo:personnages:hommes:3a:hommes_du_nord:rohirrim:deorwine]]</div>Fredegharhttps://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=Fr%C3%A9a&diff=362076Fréa2022-11-19T19:57:13Z<p>Fredeghar: /* History */</p>
<hr />
<div>{{rohirrim infobox<br />
| name=Fréa<br />
| image=[[File:Lída Holubová - The House of Eorl - Frea.jpg|250px]]<br />
| caption="The House of Eorl - Frea" by [[:Category:Images by Lída Holubová|Lída Holubová]]<br />
| pronun=<br />
| othernames=<br />
| titles=[[King of Rohan]]<br />
| position=<br />
| location=[[Rohan]]<br />
| affiliation=<br />
| language=[[Rohirric]] and [[Westron]]<br />
| birth={{TA|2570}}<br />
| birthlocation=<br />
| rule={{TA|2645}} - {{TA|2659|n}}<br />
| death={{TA|2659}}<br />
| deathlocation=<br />
| age=89<br />
| notablefor=<br />
| house=[[House of Eorl]]<br />
| parentage=[[Aldor]]<br />
| siblings=Three unnamed sisters<ref name="Mark"/><br />
| spouse=<br />
| children=[[Fréawine]]<br />
| gender=Male<br />
| height=<br />
| hair=<br />
| eyes=<br />
| clothing=<br />
| weapons=<br />
| steed=<br />
}}<br />
'''Fréa''' ([[Third Age]] 2570 – 2659, aged 89 years) was the fourth of the Kings of [[Rohan]]. <br />
<br />
==History==<br />
Fréa was the great-grandson of [[Eorl the Young]], and succeeded the long-lived [[Aldor]]. He was already seventy-five years old when he came to the throne. His fourteen-year reign is recorded as one of peace and prosperity.<ref name="Mark">{{App|Mark}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Etymology==<br />
''Fréa'' in an [[Old English]] name. It means "lord" or "master". The element ''Fréa'' appears also in the names [[Fréaláf]] and [[Fréawine]].<ref>{{HM|RC}}, p. 643</ref><br />
<br />
Fréan is also the name that [[Ælfwine|Eriol]] gave to the Valar in his Old English "translation" of the ''[[Quenta Silmarillion]]''.<ref>{{SM|QA1}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Genealogy==<br />
{{familytree/start}}<br />
{{familytree | | | | | BRE | | | | |BRE=[[Brego]]<br/><small>''{{TA|2512|n}} - {{TA|2570|n}}''</small>}}<br />
{{familytree | |,|-|-|-|+|-|-|-|.| |}}<br />
{{familytree | BAL | | ALD | | EOF |BAL=[[Baldor]]<br/><small>''d. {{TA|2570|n}}''†</small>|ALD=[[Aldor]]<br/><small>''{{TA|2544|n}} - {{TA|2645|n}}''</small>|EOF=[[Eofor]]<br/><small>''unknown''</small>}}<br />
{{familytree | |,|-|-|-|(| | | | | |}}<br />
{{familytree | DAU | | FRE | | | | |DAU=''three daughters''<br/><small>''unknown''</small>|FRE='''FRÉA'''<br/><small>''{{TA|2570|n}} - {{TA|2659|n}}''</small>}}<br />
{{familytree | | | | | |!| | | | | |}}<br />
{{familytree | | | | | FRE | | | | |FRE=[[Fréawine]]<br/><small>''{{TA|2594|n}} - {{TA|2680|n}}''</small>}}<br />
{{familytree | | | | | |!| | | | | |}}<br />
{{familytree | | | | | GOL | | | | |GOL=[[Goldwine]]<br/><small>''{{TA|2619|n}} - {{TA|2699|n}}''</small>}}<br />
{{familytree/end}}<br />
<br />
{{references}}<br />
{{seq-start}}<br />
{{seq-head<br />
| race=rohirrim<br />
| house=House of Eorl<br />
| born={{TA|2570}}<br />
| died={{TA|2659}}<br />
}}<br />
{{seq<br />
| prev=[[Aldor]]<br />
| list=4th [[Kings of Rohan|King of Rohan]]<br />
| dates={{TA|2645}} - {{TA|2659|n}}<br />
| next=[[Fréawine]]<br />
}}<br />
{{seq-end}}<br />
{{rohankings}}<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Frea}}<br />
[[Category:Kings of Rohan]]<br />
[[Category:Old English names]]<br />
[[Category:Rohirrim]]<br />
[[Category:Third Age characters]]<br />
<br />
[[de:Fréa]]<br />
[[fi:Fréa]]</div>Fredegharhttps://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=Norse_mythology&diff=362054Norse mythology2022-11-19T16:38:41Z<p>Fredeghar: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{Stub}}<br />
[[File:Alan Lee - Odin visits Volsung's hall.jpg|thumb|''Odin visits Volsung's hall'' by [[Alan Lee]]]]<br />
'''Norse mythology''' refers to the collection of the sagas and legends of Scandinavia. Most of it is found in the [[Poetic Edda|Poetic]] and the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prose_Edda Prose Edda]. [[J.R.R. Tolkien]] borrowed many Norse concepts and storylines for his own [[legendarium]], like [[Éowyn|the Shieldmaiden]] and the race of [[Dwarves]]. The names of many of Tolkien's Dwarves, as well as that of [[Gandalf]], are taken from the ''[[Völuspá]]''. <br />
<br />
[[Elves]] also appear in the Norse sagas. Tolkien's Elves have the human-like stature and beautiful appearance of the Norse elves, rather than the miniature fairy-like size of elves in later folklore. He also borrowed the concept of [[Calaquendi|Light Elves]] and [[Moriquendi|Dark Elves]] from the Norse. However, in [[Middle-earth]] this does not refer to morality or appearance but to whether an Elf has seen the holy light of [[Valinor]] and the [[Two Trees]].<br />
<br />
Other creatures in the legendarium are also derived from Norse myths. [[Trolls]] frequently appear in Scandinavian legends, originally as a negative synonym for the Jotuns (giants) and later as a distinct creature. Tolkien derived the [[Wargs]] from the [[Old Norse]] word ''vargr'' and its [[Old English]] equivalent ''wearg'', a word meaning both "wolf" and "strangler, choker". The giant wolves of Norse mythology, such as [[wikipedia:Fenrir|Fenrir]], were referred to as ''vargr''. Additionally, Tolkien's [[Barrow-wights]] take inspiration from the ''[[wikipedia:Draugr|draugar]]'' of Norse mythology, undead creatures that lurk in tombs and barrows guarding treasure.<br />
<br />
Outside the legendarium, Tolkien attempted to write his own versions of Scandinavian sagas such as ''[[The Story of Kullervo]]'' and ''[[The Legend of Sigurd and Gudrun]]''. The influence and themes of these stories can be seen in Tolkien's tales of ill-fated heroes such as [[Túrin]] and in the conflicts of his heroes against cunning and powerful [[Dragons]].<br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
*[[Old Norse]]<br />
*[[Elves#Germanic_influence]]<br />
*[[Hrólfs saga kraka]]<br />
[[Category:Mythology]]</div>Fredegharhttps://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=Norse_mythology&diff=361995Norse mythology2022-11-18T21:30:43Z<p>Fredeghar: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{Stub}}<br />
[[File:Alan Lee - Odin visits Volsung's hall.jpg|thumb|''Odin visits Volsung's hall'' by [[Alan Lee]]]]<br />
'''Norse mythology''' refers to the collection of the sagas and myths of Scandinavia. Most of it is found in the [[Poetic Edda|Poetic]] and the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prose_Edda Prose Edda]. [[J.R.R. Tolkien]] borrowed many Norse concepts and storylines for his own [[legendarium]], like [[Éowyn|the Shieldmaiden]] and the race of [[Dwarves]]. The names of many of Tolkien's Dwarves, as well as that of [[Gandalf]], are taken from the ''[[Völuspá]]''. <br />
<br />
[[Elves]] also appear in the Norse sagas. Tolkien's Elves have the human-like stature and beautiful appearance of the Norse elves, rather than the miniature fairy-like size of elves in later folklore. He also borrowed the concept of [[Calaquendi|Light Elves]] and [[Moriquendi|Dark Elves]] from the Norse. However, in [[Middle-earth]] this does not refer to morality or appearance but to whether an Elf has seen the holy light of [[Valinor]] and the [[Two Trees]].<br />
<br />
Other creatures in the legendarium are also derived from Norse myths. [[Trolls]] frequently appear in Scandinavian legends, originally as a negative synonym for the Jotuns (giants) and later as a distinct creature. Tolkien derived the [[Wargs]] from the [[Old Norse]] word ''vargr'' and its [[Old English]] equivalent ''wearg'', a word meaning both "wolf" and "strangler, choker". The giant wolves of Norse mythology, such as [[wikipedia:Fenrir|Fenrir]], were referred to as ''vargr''. Additionally, Tolkien's [[Barrow-wights]] take inspiration from the ''[[wikipedia:Draugr|draugar]]'' of Norse mythology, undead creatures that lurk in tombs and barrows guarding treasure.<br />
<br />
Outside the legendarium, Tolkien attempted to write his own versions of Scandinavian sagas such as ''[[The Story of Kullervo]]'' and ''[[The Legend of Sigurd and Gudrun]]''. The influence and themes of these stories can be seen in Tolkien's tales of ill-fated heroes such as [[Túrin]] and in the conflicts of his heroes against cunning and powerful [[Dragons]].<br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
*[[Old Norse]]<br />
*[[Elves#Germanic_influence]]<br />
*[[Hrólfs saga kraka]]<br />
[[Category:Mythology]]</div>Fredegharhttps://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=North_Germanic_languages&diff=361994North Germanic languages2022-11-18T21:27:17Z<p>Fredeghar: </p>
<hr />
<div>The '''North Germanic languages''', '''Norse''' or '''Scandinavian languages''' make up one of the three branches of the Germanic languages, a sub-family of the Indo-European languages, along with the West Germanic languages and the extinct East Germanic languages like [[Gothic]]. <br />
<br />
In a letter to [[Naomi Mitchison]], [[J.R.R. Tolkien]] wrote that: <br />
{{blockquote|The [[Dalish|language of Dale]] and the [[Long Lake]] would, if it appeared, be represented as more or less Scandinavian in character; but it is only represented by a few names, especially those of the Dwarves that came from that region. These are all Old Norse Dwarf-names.|[[Letter 144]]}}<br />
<br />
Most of the non-English names in ''[[The Hobbit]]'' are Norse (mostly from a list of Dwarves found in ''Voluspa'' and the ''Gylfaginning'')<ref name="intro">[[Jim Allan]], ''[[An Introduction to Elvish]]'' ([[1978]])</ref> although anglicized, such as [[Gandalf|Gandalfr]], [[Durin|Durinn]], [[Dwalin|Dvalinn]], [[Thrór|Þrór]], [[Oakenshield|Eikinskjaldi]], [[Arkenstone|Jarknasteinn]], [[Beorn]], [[Bard]], [[Smaug]] and [[Golfimbul]].<br />
<br />
In the backstory developed for ''[[The Lord of the Rings]]'', Tolkien explained that [[Durin's Folk]], after migrating to [[Lonely Mountain|Erebor]], adopted the language of Dale for their names when interacting with [[Men]] because their secretive nature prevented them from using [[Khuzdul]].<ref>{{App|F}}</ref><ref>{{PM|Relations}}, p. 304</ref> Names in ''The Lord of the Rings'' like [[Gimli]], [[Narvi]] and [[Tom Bombadil|Forn]] are also Norse.<br />
<br />
Tolkien never gives the "original" Dalish forms, however the Norse translations fit conveniently their meaning; for example Dwarf relations - like father-son or brothers- have rhyming or similar names (cf. [[Glóin]]-[[Gróin]]-[[Óin]], [[Thrór]]-[[Frór]]-[[Grór]], [[Fíli]]-[[Kíli]] etc)<ref name="intro"/> possibly reflecting a similar relationship in their original forms.<br />
<br />
Norse used [[Runes]] for a writing system, however Tolkien in ''The Hobbit'' used [[Old English]] runes.<br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
*[[Dalish]]<br />
*[[Khuzdul]]<br />
*[[Old English]]/[[Rohan language]]<br />
*[[Gothic]]<br />
<br />
Other non-germanic languages that appear in [[Tolkiennymy|Tolkien names]] are [[Celtic]] and [[:Category:Greco-Roman names|Greek or Latin]] (and derivatives).<br />
{{references}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
*{{WP|North Germanic languages}}<br />
*[http://glaemscrafu.jrrvf.com/english/oldnorse.html Texts and sound samples] in [[Glǽmscrafu]]<br />
*[http://www.heimskringla.no/wiki/Gylfaginning Gylfaginning text] with the Dwarf names (section '''16''' and below)<br />
*[http://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Poetic_Edda/V%C3%B6lusp%C3%A1 Voluspa text] with the Dwarf names (section '''9''' and below)<br />
[[CATEGORY:Languages (real-world)]]<br />
[[de:Altnordische Sprache]]<br />
[[fi:Muinaisnorja]]</div>Fredegharhttps://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=Norse_mythology&diff=361993Norse mythology2022-11-18T20:12:05Z<p>Fredeghar: Expanded article with more of Tolkien's Norse influences</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Stub}}<br />
[[File:Alan Lee - Odin visits Volsung's hall.jpg|thumb|''Odin visits Volsung's hall'' by [[Alan Lee]]]]<br />
'''Norse mythology''' refers to the collection of the sagas and myths of Scandinavia. Most of it is found in the [[Poetic Edda|Poetic]] and the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prose_Edda Prose Edda]. [[J.R.R. Tolkien]] borrowed many Norse concepts and storylines for his own [[legendarium]], like [[Éowyn|the Shieldmaiden]] and the race of [[Dwarves]]. The names of many of Tolkien's Dwarves, as well as that of [[Gandalf]], are taken from the ''[[Völuspá]]''. <br />
<br />
[[Elves]] also appear in the Norse sagas. Tolkien's Elves have the human-like stature and beautiful appearance of the Norse elves, rather than the miniature fairy-like size of elves in later folklore. He also borrowed the concept of [[Calaquendi|Light Elves]] and [[Moriquendi|Dark Elves]] from the Norse. However, in [[Middle-earth]] this does not refer to morality or appearance but to whether an Elf has seen the holy light of [[Valinor]] and the [[Two Trees]].<br />
<br />
Other creatures in the legendarium are also derived from Norse myths. [[Trolls]] frequently appear in Scandinavian legends, originally as a negative synonym for the giants or Jotuns and later as a distinct creature. Tolkien derived the [[Wargs]] from the [[Old Norse]] word ''vargr'' and its [[Old English]] equivalent ''wearg'', a word meaning both "wolf" and "strangler, choker". The giant wolves of Norse mythology, such as [[wikipedia:Fenrir|Fenrir]], were referred to as ''vargr''. Additionally, Tolkien's [[Barrow-wights]] take inspiration from the ''[[wikipedia:Draugr|draugar]]'' of Norse mythology, undead creatures that lurk in tombs and barrows guarding treasure.<br />
<br />
Outside the legendarium, Tolkien attempted to write his own versions of Scandinavian sagas such as ''[[The Story of Kullervo]]'' and ''[[The Legend of Sigurd and Gudrun]]''. The influence and themes of these stories can be seen in Tolkien's tales of ill-fated heroes such as [[Túrin]] and in the conflicts of his heroes against wily and powerful [[Dragons]].<br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
*[[Old Norse]]<br />
*[[Elves#Germanic_influence]]<br />
*[[Hrólfs saga kraka]]<br />
[[Category:Mythology]]</div>Fredegharhttps://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=Gate_of_Steel&diff=361990Gate of Steel2022-11-18T19:19:38Z<p>Fredeghar: /* History */</p>
<hr />
<div>{{object infobox<br />
| name=Gate of Steel<br />
| image=[[File:Narfil Palùrfalas - Gate of Steel.jpg|250px]]<br />
| caption="Gate of Steel" by Narfil Palùrfalas<br />
| pronun=<br />
| othernames=Last Gate, Seventh Gate<br />
| location=[[Orfalch Echor]]<br />
| owner=<br />
| type=Gate<br />
| appearance=A mighty fence of steel with seven wide beams, flanked by towers<br />
| creator=[[Maeglin]]<br />
| created=5th century, [[First Age]]<br />
| createdlocation=<br />
| destroyer=<br />
| destroyed=<br />
| destroyedlocation=<br />
| notablefor=<br />
}}<br />
The '''Gate of Steel''' or the '''Great Gate''' was the last of the [[Seven Gates of Gondolin]]. <br />
<br />
==History==<br />
It was the last gate both in order of entering and construction, having being built by [[Maeglin]] some centuries after the other six as an ultimate defence after the disaster of the [[Nirnaeth Arnoediad]]. Though all but impassable to an enemy, the Gate ultimately failed to prevent the [[Fall of Gondolin]].<br />
<br />
[[Ecthelion]] was the Warden of the Gate, which was like a great steel fence across the Orfalch Echor. The fence had seven great needle-like pillars of steel and between these pillars there were seven cross-bars of steel and forty-nine vertical rods with heads like broad blades of spears. In the centre, above the midmost pillar, was raised a mighty image of the king-helm of [[Turgon]], the Crown of the [[Gondolin|Hidden Kingdom]], set about with diamonds. The gate opened inward on either side of the pillar of the Crown. This gate followed the [[Gate of Gold]], and when opened, it led to a high sward that looked over [[Tumladen]].<ref>{{UT|Tuor}}, pp. 49-50</ref><br />
<br />
{{references}}<br />
[[Category:Doors and gates]]<br />
[[de:Sieben_Tore_von_Gondolin#Siebtes_Tor]]<br />
[[fr:encyclo/geographie/villes_tours_et_forteresses/beleriand/gondolin/porte_d_acier]]<br />
[[fi:Teräsportti]]</div>Fredegharhttps://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=Ilmarin&diff=361989Ilmarin2022-11-18T19:12:55Z<p>Fredeghar: /* Inspiration */</p>
<hr />
<div>{{location infobox<br />
| name=Ilmarin<br />
| image=[[File:Ted Nasmith - Ilmarin.jpg|250px]]<br />
| caption=Detail of "[[:File:Ted Nasmith - Taniquetil.jpg|Taniquetil]]" by [[Ted Nasmith]]<br />
| pronun={{respell|il|mar-in}}<br />
| othernames=Halls of Manwë and Varda<br />
| location=atop [[Taniquetil]]<br />
| type=Building<br />
| description=<br />
| regions=<br />
| towns=<br />
| inhabitants=[[Manwë]] and [[Varda]]<br />
| created=<br />
| destroyed=<br />
| events=[[High feast]]<br />
}}<br />
'''Ilmarin''' referred to the mansions of [[Manwë]] and [[Varda]].<ref name=SI/><ref name=UI/><br />
<br />
==Description==<br />
The [[Wikipedia:Dome|domed]] halls<ref>{{RGEO|Notes}}, p. 69</ref> situated on the summit of [[Taniquetil]], the highest peak of the world, from where Manwë here set his throne, and [[spirits]] shaped like [[hawks]] and [[eagles]] constantly came with news of events in [[Arda]]. Manwë and Varda "''could look out across the Earth even into the [[East]]''".<ref>{{S|1}}</ref><br />
<br />
{{blockquote|When Manwë there ascends his throne and looks forth, if Varda is beside him, he sees further than all other eyes, through mist, and through darkness, and over the leagues of the sea. And if Manwë is with her, Varda hears more clearly than all other ears the sound of voices that cry from east to west, from the hills and the valleys, and from the dark places that Melkor has made upon Earth.|[[Valaquenta]]: Of the Valar}}<br />
<br />
During the [[high feast]] before the [[Darkening of Valinor]], the [[Maiar]], [[Vanyar]], and [[Noldor]] sang before Manwë and Varda in their halls.<ref>{{S|8}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Etymology==<br />
''Ilmarin'' is [[Quenya]]<ref>{{PE|17}}, p. 20</ref> for "mansion of the high airs".<ref name=UI>{{HM|UI}}, p. 217</ref> [[Christopher Tolkien]] has noted that ''Ilmarin'' is related to such words as ''[[Ilmarë]]'' and ''[[Ilmen]]''.<ref name=SI>{{S|Elements}}, entry ''ilm-''</ref><br />
<br />
In the poem [[Namárië]], the dwelling of Manwë and Varda is given the [[Quenya]] name '''''oromardi''''' ("lofty halls").<ref name=Farewell>{{FR|Farewell}}</ref><ref name=PE16>{{PE|16}}, p. 97</ref><br />
<br />
==Other uses==<br />
In [[I sang of leaves, of leaves of gold|one poem]], the name ''Ilmarin'' is used for [[Valinor]],<ref name=Farewell/> and in the [[Song of Eärendil]] the name "Hill of Ilmarin" refers to [[Oiolossë]].<ref name=UI/><br />
<br />
==Inspiration==<br />
Ilmarin and the throne of Manwë could be inspired by [[Norse Mythology]]: the gods have a dwelling called [[Wikipedia:Valaskjálf|Valaskjálf]] in Valhalla, in which Odin has his magic throne, [[Wikipedia:Hlidskjálf|Hlidskjálf]]:<br />
<br />
{{blockquote|Another great abode is there, which is named Valaskjálf; Odin possesses that dwelling; the gods made it and thatched it with sheer silver, and in this hall is the Hlidskjálf, the high-seat so called. Whenever Allfather sits in that seat, he surveys all lands.|''Gylfaginning'', §17}}<br />
<br />
{{References}}<br />
{{valardwellings}}<br />
[[Category:Buildings]]<br />
[[Category:Valinor]]<br />
[[de:Ilmarin]]<br />
[[fi:Ilmarin]]</div>Fredegharhttps://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=Eriador&diff=361755Eriador2022-11-17T19:42:53Z<p>Fredeghar: /* First Age */</p>
<hr />
<div>{{location infobox<br />
| name=Eriador<br />
| image=[[File:Stephen Raw - Middle-earth map (1 of 4).png|250px]]<br />
| caption="Middle-earth map (1 of 4)" by [[Stephen Raw]]<br />
| pronun=<br />
| othernames=The Lone-lands<br />
| location=North-west [[Middle-earth]], between the [[Misty Mountains]] and the [[Blue Mountains]]<br />
| type=Region<br />
| description=Large region scattered with hills and forests<br />
| regions=[[Angmar]], [[Arnor]], [[Eregion]]<br />
| towns=[[Annúminas]], [[Belegost]], [[Bree]], [[Fornost Erain]], [[Hobbiton]], [[Lond Daer]], [[Michel Delving]], [[Nogrod]], [[Ost-in-Edhil]], [[Rivendell]], [[Tharbad]], [[Thorin's Hall]]<br />
| inhabitants=''[[#Inhabitants|See below]]''<br />
| created=<br />
| destroyed=<br />
| events=[[Arnor#History|Foundation of Arnor]]<br/>[[Rings of Power#The Creation of the Rings of Power|Forging of the Rings]]<br/>[[War of the Elves and Sauron]]<br/>[[Hobbits#History|Arrival of Hobbits]]<br/>[[Great Plague|The Great Plague]]<br/>[[Fell Winter (Third Age)|The Fell Winter]]<br/>[[Battle of Bywater]]<br />
}}<br />
'''Eriador''' was the large region in the north-west of [[Middle-earth]], defined between [[Lindon]] and the [[Blue Mountains]] to the west and [[Rhovanion]] and the [[Misty Mountains]] to the east.<br />
<br />
It was inhabited by all the [[Free peoples]] of Middle-earth, being the location of many of the most important events of the [[Second Age|Second]] and [[Third Age|Third]] Ages. By the end of the Third Age, its main inhabitants were [[Hobbits]] of [[the Shire]] and [[Men]] of the surrounding lands.<br />
<br />
==History==<br />
===First Age===<br />
:''See also: [[Great Journey|Great March]]''<br />
<br />
The [[Three Kindreds]] of the [[Elves]] passed through Eriador on their way to [[Beleriand]], to make the trip to [[Valinor]]. First came the [[Vanyar]], followed closely by the [[Noldor]], but the third kindred, the [[Teleri]], tarried and were only urged forward at the behest of their lord, [[Elwë Singollo|Elwë]], who was keen to return to [[Valinor]].<ref name="Silm-Captive" /> Later, some of the [[Nandor]] who remained behind eventually passed into Eriador, and dwelt there for a time, before [[Denethor (Nando)|Denethor]] gathered as many of the Nandor as possible and they removed to [[Ossiriand]] to become the [[Nandor#Lenwë and Denethor|Laiquendi]].<ref name="Silm-Captive" /><ref name="Silm-Sindar">{{S|Sindar}}</ref><br />
<br />
In {{FA|310}}, the first [[Men]], tribes of the [[Edain]] (ancestors of the [[House of Bëor]] and [[House of Hador]]) traversed Eriador. Many sub-tribes of both peoples stayed behind, and when the shrinking teams (now led by [[Bëor]] and [[Marach]]) reached [[Beleriand]], those who stayed behind occupied many parts of Eriador.<ref name="WOTJ">{{WJ|West}}, pp. 215 and 226</ref><ref name=DM>{{PM|X}}</ref><br />
<br />
The Bëorians were discovered by [[Finrod|Finrod Felagund]]. These Men quickly made friendship with the [[Eldar]] and entered into their service, but [[Bereg]], great-grandson of [[Bëor]], was discontent and led those of like mind with himself back over the [[Blue Mountains|mountains]] into Eriador.<ref name="Silm-Men">{{S|West}}</ref><br />
<br />
Men were still drawn westwards; also living in Eriador during the [[First Age]] were men known as [[Swarthy Men]], who were led by [[Bór]] and [[Ulfang the Black|Ulfang]] into Beleriand ({{FA|463}}), and they met with the Eldar.<ref name="Silm-Fingolfin">{{S|Fingolfin}}</ref><br />
<br />
===Second Age===<br />
====Elves and Númenóreans====<br />
:''See also: [[Númenóreans#Dominion over the Men of Middle-earth]]''<br />
Following the [[War of Wrath]] and the destruction of [[Beleriand]], many [[Elves]] left for [[Aman]] whilst the remnants of the [[Edain]] removed to live on the newly-formed isle of [[Númenor]]. The remaining Elves moved to [[Lindon]], and in {{SA|750}} the remnants of the [[Noldor]] established the realm of [[Eregion]] in the south-east of Eriador.<ref name="App-B1">{{App|B1}}</ref><br />
<br />
In the early [[Second Age]], [[Galadriel]] and [[Celeborn]] crossed into Eriador with many [[Noldor]] in their following, together with [[Sindar]] and [[Green-elves]]; and for a while they dwelt in the country about [[Lake Nenuial]] ruling the Eldar in Eriador, including the wandering companies of the native [[Nandor]].<ref name=concerning>{{UT|Concerning}}</ref> Descendants of the Edain also dwelt there, side by side to those Elves. These Men also occupied the [[Weather Hills]] and the [[North Downs]].<ref name=concerning/><ref name="UT-Wife" /><br />
<br />
In {{SA|600}}, the first [[Númenórean]] ships began to visit [[Middle-earth]] and when news of this reached the [[Men]] of Eriador they were amazed and scared. On the [[Tower Hills]] the Númenóreans met with just twelve [[Men]] from Eriador and both sides recognised their ancient kinship: the Númenóreans discovered that these people lived in the hills east of the [[Baranduin]] and were likely the descendants of the people of [[Bëor]] and [[Hador]] who never crossed the [[Blue Mountains]].<ref name="UT-Wife" /><br />
[[File:Felix Sotomayor - Ost-in-Edhil cropped.jpg|thumb|''Ost-in-Edhil'' by [[Felix Sotomayor]]]]<br />
In {{SA|725}} [[Tar-Aldarion|Aldarion]] first visited [[Lindon]] and Eriador and began a long-lasting friendship with [[Gil-galad]]. He made many voyages to Middle-earth and established the haven of [[Vinyalondë]] (later known as [[Lond Daer]]) on the banks of the river [[Gwathir]], a move which proved crucial in defeating Sauron later in the Second Age.<ref name="UT-Wife">{{UT|Wife}}</ref> As a mariner, Aldarion had a great desire to build ships and to do this he began deforesting much of the [[Minhiriath]] and [[Enedwaith]]; this angered the native forest-dwelling Men who subsequently fled to the forest of [[Eryn Vorn]].<ref name="UT-Galadriel" /><br />
<br />
====War with Sauron====<br />
:''See also: [[Of the Rings of Power and the Third Age]]''<br />
<br />
The Noldor of Eregion grew in unparalleled friendship with the [[Dwarves]] of [[Moria|Khazad-dûm]], to the benefit of both peoples, and there was much traffic between the Elven city of [[Ost-in-Edhil]] and the [[Doors of Durin|West-gate]] of Moria. In his attempt to corrupt them, [[Sauron]] taught them how to create the [[Rings of Power]].<ref name="Silm-Rings">{{S|Rings}}</ref> <br />
<br />
The Elves realised they had been tricked and they hid their Rings from him; Sauron, however, demanded that all the Rings be given to him as they were created with his help. When the Elves refused Sauron was vengeful and in {{SA|1693}} began the [[War of the Elves and Sauron]] with an invasion of Eriador in {{SA|1695|n}}.<ref name="Silm-Rings"/> [[Elrond]] was sent by [[Gil-galad]] with a force to aid [[Celebrimbor]], but all Elrond could do was to retreat with some survivors northwards.<ref name=concerning/><br />
[[File:Abe Papakhian - Death of Celebrimbor.jpg|thumb|''Death of Celebrimbor'' by Abe Papakhian]]<br />
In {{SA|1697|n}}, with Eregion lain waste, Elrond founded the refuge of [[Rivendell|Imladris]] as a defence against Sauron, and was joined by Men and Elves, swelling his forces; Sauron had taken over all of Eriador by {{SA|1699}}, once he drove the Dwarves back into Khazad-dûm and the gates were shut. While Sauron sent most of his army west to attack [[Lindon]] he had to leave a strong detachment behind to contain Elrond<ref name=concerning/> and [[First Siege of Imladris|besieged Imladris]].<ref name="App-B1" /><br />
<br />
[[Gil-galad]] sent word to [[King of Númenor|King]] [[Tar-Minastir]] of [[Númenor]] calling for aid, but when the ships finally arrived in {{SA|1700}} (landing in Lindon and [[Vinyalondë]]) Sauron was already preparing his invasion of [[Lindon]]. The forces of [[Gil-galad]], [[Elrond]] and [[Ciryatur]] caused heavy losses at [[Sarn Ford]] before Sauron's forces were utterly destroyed at the [[Battle of the Gwathló]], where Sauron barely escaped with his life. However, Eriador lay in ruins as many of the native [[Men]], Elves and Númenóreans had been killed by Sauron and his forces had ravaged the lands and destroyed many of the remaining forests.<ref name="UT-Galadriel">{{UT|Galadriel}}</ref><br />
<br />
The Elven lords decided in a Council that Imladris should become the new Elvish stronghold in eastern Eriador after the destruction of Eregion; Gil-galad also bestowed the ring [[Vilya]] upon Elrond and made him his vice-regent.<ref name=concerning/><br />
<br />
====Last Alliance====<br />
:''See also: [[War of the Last Alliance]]''<br />
[[File:The Lord of the Rings - The Fellowship of the Ring - Last Alliance.jpg|thumb|left|200px|The [[War of the Last Alliance]] in ''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring]]'']]<br />
Throughout the [[Second Age]] the [[Númenóreans]] gradually increased their power in [[Middle-earth]] by creating coastal dominions; they eventually had the strength to confront [[Sauron]] and take him prisoner to [[Númenor]]. Whilst there, Sauron seduced the [[King of Númenor|King]] and most of the people, and persuaded [[Ar-Pharazôn]] to break the [[Ban of the Valar]], causing [[Ilúvatar]] to [[Changing of the World|change the shape]] of the [[Arda|World]], destroying Númenor in the process.<ref name="Silm-Akallabeth">{{S|Akallabeth}}</ref> The [[Faithful]], those Númenóreans who remained true to the [[Valar]] and friendly with the [[Elves]], were spared, and in {{SA|3320}} [[Elendil]] established the two [[Realms in Exile]]: [[Gondor]] in the south and [[Arnor]] in Eriador.<ref name="App-B1" /><br />
<br />
Sauron, now unable to take fair form,<ref name="App-Numenor">{{App|Numenor}}</ref> returned to [[Mordor]] and in {{SA|3429}} attacked [[Minas Morgul|Minas Ithil]], burning the [[White Tree of Gondor|White Tree]].<ref name="App-B1" /> [[Isildur]] son of Elendil fled north to join his father in Arnor, who took counsel with [[Gil-galad]], for both foresaw the need to triumph over Sauron before his power grew unstoppable: in {{SA|3430}} they formed the [[Last Alliance of Elves and Men]]. In {{SA|3431}} Elendil and Gil-galad marched east to [[Rivendell|Imladris]]; the host was the fairest and most splendid in arms ever seen in Middle-earth and the greatest ever assembled since the [[Host of the Valar]].<ref name="Silm-Rings"/><br />
<br />
===Third Age===<br />
====Arnor and Division====<br />
[[File:John Howe - The One Ring 04.jpg|right|thumb|''The One Ring'' by [[John Howe]]]]<br />
:''See also: [[Arnor]]''<br />
<br />
Following [[Sauron]]'s defeat during the [[War of the Last Alliance]], [[Isildur]] took [[the One Ring]] for himself as a [http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/weregild weregild] for his father, but, during the [[Disaster of the Gladden Fields]] the Ring betrayed him to his death; the Ring was lost and not found again for 2,500 years.<ref name="FR-Council">{{FR|Council}}</ref> The [[Kings of Arnor|kingship]] of Arnor passed to Isildur's only surviving son, [[Valandil (King of Arnor)|Valandil]], whose reign began an uneventful 800 years in the [[Arnor|North-kingdom]].<ref name="App-B2">{{App|B2}}</ref> <br />
<br />
The unity of Arnor was broken, however, when in {{TA|861}}, following the death of the tenth [[Kings of Arnor|king]], [[Eärendur (King of Arnor)|Eärendur]], the dissension amongst his three sons led to the division of Arnor into three kingdoms: [[Arthedain]], [[Cardolan]] and [[Rhudaur]]. There was often strife between the kingdoms, especially over ownership of the Weather Hills and the chief ''[[Amon Sûl-stone|Palantír]]'' of the North at [[Weathertop|Amon Sûl]], and this quickened the waning of the [[Dúnedain]].<ref name="App-Eriador">{{App|Eriador}}</ref><br />
<br />
{{blockquote|Arthedain was in the North-west and included the land between [[Baranduin|Brandywine]] and [[Lhûn|Lune]], and also the land north of the [[East Road|Great Road]] as far as the [[Weather Hills]]. Rhudaur was in the North-east and lay between the [[Ettenmoors]], the Weather Hills, and the [[Misty Mountains]], but included also the [[Angle of Eriador|Angle]] between the [[Hoarwell]] and the [[Loudwater]]. Cardolan was in the South, its bounds being the Brandywine, the [[Greyflood]], and the Great Road.|{{App|Eriador}}}}<br />
<br />
The line of Isildur was maintained through the [[Kings of Arthedain]] all the way to [[Aragorn|Aragorn II]], but the line of kings in Cardolan and Rhudaur quickly dwindled. By {{TA|1349|n}}, with the rule of [[Argeleb I]], the Kings of Arthedain were once again claiming lordship over all of Arnor and prefixed their names with ''[[Ar|ar-]]'' in recognition of this.<ref name="App-North">{{App|North}}, note 4</ref><br />
<br />
====Rise of Angmar====<br />
[[File:Rob Alexander - The Witch King of Angmar.jpg|left|thumb|200px|''The Witch King of Angmar'' by [[Rob Alexander]]]]<br />
In the year {{TA|1300}}<ref name="App-B2" /> evil things begin to return to the world with the [[Witch-king]] founding the evil realm of [[Angmar]] beyond the [[Ettenmoors]] in the far north-east of Eriador, hoping to utterly destroy the [[Dúnedain]] of the North, seeing hope in the fragmentation of [[Arnor]].<ref name="App-Eriador" /> <br />
<br />
In league with [[Lindon]] and [[Cardolan]], [[Kings of Arthedain|King]] [[Arveleg I]] of [[Arthedain]] successfully fortified the [[Weather Hills]] against [[Angmar]] whilst [[Rivendell]] was being besieged. However, in {{TA|1409}}, a great force came out of Angmar, surrounding [[Weathertop]], defeating the [[Dúnedain]], slaying Arveleg and the [[last prince of Cardolan]] whilst destroying the tower of Amon Sûl. The ''[[Amon Sûl-stone|palantír]]'' was saved in retreat to [[Fornost Erain|Fornost]] but Cardolan was ravaged and [[Rhudaur]] became a vassal-state of Angmar. In response, [[Elrond]] brought [[Elves]] from [[Lothlórien]] and [[Círdan]] sent aid from [[Lindon]] to repel Angmar from the [[North Downs]] and Fornost - for a time, Angmar was subdued.<ref name="App-Eriador" /><br />
<br />
During the [[Angmar War]], the weather and climate in Eriador became unfriendly, and all these circumstances forced the [[Stoors]] to leave the [[Angle of Eriador]]. In {{TA|1636}} the [[Great Plague]] came up from the south-east with many in Cardolan (especially in [[Minhiriath]]) and [[the Shire]] perishing; as Cardolan was deserted, the [[Witch-king]] sent evil spirits to dwell in the revered [[Barrow-downs]].<ref name="App-Eriador" /> The Plague marked the beginning of the desolation of [[Eriador]], that continued being depopulated from [[Men]] for the rest of the [[Age]].<ref>{{PM|XNotes}}, #59</ref><br />
<br />
====Destruction of Arnor====<br />
:''See also: [[Arnor#The_Fall of Arthedain]] and [[Arvedui#Life as King]]''<br />
<br />
After many years of silence, King [[Araphant]] of [[Arthedain]] and King [[Ondoher]] of [[Gondor]] renewed communications between the two realms, as they perceived that there was a single power directing the enemies of both [[Arnor]] and Gondor,<ref name="App-Gondor">{{App|Gondor}}</ref> as such in {{TA|1940}} Araphant's son [[Arvedui]] married Ondoher's daughter [[Fíriel]].<ref name="App-B2" /> Despite the marriage, neither kingdom was able to send aid to the other as Angmar continued to attack Arthedain while the [[Wainriders]] attacked Gondor; in the [[Battle of the Camp]] of {{TA|1944}} Ondoher was killed.<br />
<br />
{{blockquote|On the death of Ondoher and his sons, Arvedui of the North-kingdom claimed the crown of Gondor, as the direct descendent of [[Isildur]], and as the husband of Fíriel, only surviving child of Ondoher. The claim was rejected. In this [[Pelendur]], the [[Stewards of Gondor|Steward]] of King Ondoher, played the chief part.<br/><br/>The [[Council of Gondor]] answer: "''The crown and royalty of Gondor belongs solely with the heirs of [[Meneldil]], son of [[Anárion]], to whom Isildur relinquished this realm. In Gondor this heritage is reckoned through the sons only; and we have not heard that the law is otherwise in Arnor.''"|{{App|Gondor}}}}<br />
<br />
Instead, a distant relative, [[Eärnil II|Eärnil]], was chosen as [[Kings of Gondor|King]]. Arvedui did not press his claim, but nor did the [[Dúnedain of Arnor|Dúnedain of the North]] forget it, for their kingdom diminished as foretold by [[Malbeth]] the [[Seers|Seer]]: in {{TA|1974}} Angmar returned with renewed vigour, attacking the Dúnedain, capturing [[Fornost Erain|Fornost]] and destroying Arnor. After holding out for a while on the [[North Downs]], Arvedui was forced to flee to the [[Blue Mountains|mountains]] where he stayed in old [[Dwarves|dwarf]] mines; out of hunger, he and his men travelled north and spent the winter with the [[Lossoth]] on the [[Icebay of Forochel]]. Arvedui perished and two ''[[palantíri]]'' were lost.<ref name="App-Eriador" /><br />
<br />
[[Eärnil II|Eärnil]] had told Arvedui, "''I do not forget the royalty of Arnor, nor deny our kinship, nor wish that the realms of [[Elendil]] be estranged. I will send to your aid when you have need, so long as I am able.''"<ref name="App-Gondor" /> In {{TA|1973}} he received a request for aid and sent his son, [[Eärnur]], north with a great host: they arrived at the [[Grey Havens]] too late. However, in {{TA|1975}} [[Círdan]] and Eärnur amassed a great army and met the forces of Angmar on the plain by [[Lake Evendim|Lake Nenuial]] in the [[Battle of Fornost]]: the force was too strong for the [[Witch-king]] and his army fled but his retreat was cut off by Gondor's cavalry and a host of [[Elves]] led by [[Glorfindel]] who had come north from [[Rivendell]].<ref name="App-B2" /> <br />
<br />
Despite the utter destruction of Angmar, [[Arthedain]] was also ended. Arvedui's son, [[Aranarth]], took the title "[[Chieftains of the Dúnedain|Chieftain of the Dúnedain]]", and the heirlooms of [[Arnor]] were given into the keeping of [[Elrond]].<ref name="App-B2" /> The Dúnedain continued as a secretive and wandering people, fighting alongside the sons of Elrond to protect their former lands: they mostly lived out their full lives (save for [[Aragorn I]] who was slain by [[wolves]]) until the days of [[Arassuil]] when evil things began to multiply again.<ref name="App-Eriador" /><br />
<br />
====Foundation of the Shire====<br />
[[File:The Lord of the Rings - The Fellowship of the Ring - The Shire.jpg|thumb|right|200px|[[The Shire]] as seen in ''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring]]'']]<br />
:''See also: [[The Shire#History]]''<br />
<br />
[[Hobbits]] (or ''[[Perian|Periannath]]'' in [[Sindarin]]) first entered Eriador in {{TA|1050}} when [[Harfoots]] came over the [[Misty Mountains]] from the [[Vales of Anduin]] in order to move away from [[Necromancer|the shadow]] which had fallen over [[Mirkwood|Greenwood the Great]]. In around {{TA|1150}} they were joined by the [[Fallohides]], whilst the [[Stoors]] came over the [[Caradhras#The Redhorn Gate|Redhorn Pass]] and moved to [[Dunland]] and the [[Angle of Eriador|Angle]]. With the rise of [[Angmar]] some Hobbits migrated westward and settle in [[Bree]]; in {{TA|1356}} the Stoors left the Angle, some of whom returned to [[Rhovanion]]<ref name="App-B2" /> to become a people of fisher-folk.<ref name="App-Eriador" /><br />
<br />
In {{TA|1601}}, led by [[Marcho]] and [[Blanco]], Hobbits obtained permission from [[Kings of Arthedain|King]] [[Argeleb II]] to settle in the region beyond the [[Baranduin|Brandywine River]] on the proviso that they maintain the [[Brandywine Bridge|Bridge of Stonebows]] and other bridges and roads, whilst acknowledging Argeleb's lordship. With the foundation of [[the Shire]], the year [[Third Age]] 1601 became the year 1 in [[Shire Calendar|Shire-reckoning]].<ref name="Prologue">{{FR|Hobbits}}</ref> On the war with with Angmar the following is recorded:<br />
<br />
{{blockquote|The [[Shire-hobbits|Shire-folk]] survived, though [[Angmar War|war]] swept over them and most fled into hiding. To the help of [[Arvedui|the king]] they sent some archers who never returned; and others went also to the [[Battle of Fornost|battle in which Angmar was overthrown]] [...] Afterwards in the peace that followed the [[Shire-hobbits|Shire-folk]] ruled themselves and prospered. They chose a [[Thain]] to take the place of the King [...] The first Shire-thain was one [[Bucca of the Marish|Bucca]] of the [[Marish]], from whom the [[Oldbuck Family|Oldbucks]] claimed descent. He became Thain in {{SR|379|n}}|{{App|Eriador}}}}<br />
<br />
For the next thousand years Hobbits were little-affected by the dangers of the world around them as they grew large in both number and wealth.<ref name="Prologue"/> Despite the end of the [[Watchful Peace]] in {{TA|2460}}, with the passes across the [[Misty Mountains]] being barred by [[Sauron]]'s creatures, Eriador was not attacked by [[Orcs]] until {{TA|2740|n}}.<ref name="App-B2" /> Seven years later [[Bandobras Took]] led a group of hobbits in successfully defending the Shire against marauding orcs from [[Mount Gram]] led by [[Golfimbul]] in the [[Battle of Greenfields]].<ref name="Party">{{H|Party}}</ref> Hobbits faced further hardship in {{TA|2758}} in the [[Long Winter]], which killed thousands of hobbits and resulted in a [[Days of Dearth|dreadful famine]]. In {{TA|2911}} the [[Fell Winter (Third Age)|Fell Winter]] began, freezing the rivers and bringing [[White Wolves|white wolves]] from the north. In the floods which followed the city of [[Tharbad]] was destroyed.<ref name="App-B2" /><br />
<br />
On [[14 March]] {{TA|2941}},<ref name="App-Durin">{{App|Durin}}</ref> a chance encounter between the [[wizard]] [[Gandalf]] and [[Kings of Durin's Folk|King]] [[Thorin II Oakenshield|Thorin Oakenshield]] in [[Bree]] set in motion a series of events which led to the downfall of [[Sauron]] and the establishment of the [[Reunited Kingdom]]. Thorin was seeking assistance in regaining his [[Thráin|father]]'s [[Lonely Mountain|kingdom]] and [[Arkenstone|wealth]]. Gandalf, worried about the threat of the [[dragon]] [[Smaug]], agreed to assist, and forcibly enlisted the help of [[Bilbo Baggins]].<ref name="UT-Erebor">{{UT|Erebor}}</ref> As the [[Thorin and Company|Company]] of fifteen (thirteen [[dwarves]] with Gandalf and Bilbo) travelled towards [[Rivendell]] they [[Roast Mutton|encountered three trolls]]. Thanks to Gandalf they avoided death whilst managing to gain the two [[Elves|Elvish]] swords [[Glamdring]] and [[Orcrist]], and the dagger [[Sting]]. Later on this quest Bilbo obtained [[Gollum]]'s [[The One Ring|magic ring]].<ref name="H-Riddles">{{H|Riddles}}</ref><br />
{{seealso|Quest for Erebor}}<br />
<br />
====War of the Ring====<br />
:''See also:'' ''[[The Lord of the Rings]]'' and ''[[War of the Ring]]''<br />
By that time, large portions of Eriador had been deserted, as had other parts of the [[Westlands]].<ref>{{App|F1}}</ref><br />
<br />
[[File:Ted Nasmith - Storming the Bank.jpg|thumb|left|200px|[[Ted Nasmith]] - ''Storming the Bank'']]<br />
Following [[Bilbo's Farewell Party|Bilbo's disappearance]] in {{TA|3001}}, Bilbo's "nephew", [[Frodo Baggins|Frodo]], inherited all of Bilbo's possessions, including Bilbo's ring.<ref name="FR-Party">{{FR|Party}}</ref> Bilbo travelled through Eriador, eventually staying with [[Elrond]] in Rivendell, whilst Frodo continued to live in [[Bag End]]. However, by {{TA|3018}}, Frodo, with [[Samwise Gamgee|Sam]], [[Meriadoc Brandybuck|Merry]] and [[Peregrin Took|Pippin]], was forced to set out from [[the Shire]] to head towards Rivendell in order to deliver what had been discovered to be [[the One Ring]]. On the way, the [[Hobbits]] encountered the [[Nazgûl|Black Riders]] and [[Barrow-wights]], as well as [[Farmer Maggot]], [[Gildor|Gildor Inglorion]] and [[Tom Bombadil]]. In [[Bree]], the [[Travellers]] met a man called "[[Aragorn|Strider]]", who had been sent to safely escort the hobbits to Rivendell.<ref name="FR-Strider">{{FR|Strider}}</ref> Despite being pursued by Black Riders, they eventually arrived at Rivendell. There, a [[Council of Elrond|Council]] decided that [[Fellowship of the Ring|a group of nine people]] should take on a quest to destroy the Ring.<ref name="FR-Council" /><br />
<br />
Following the eventual success of the quest, the destruction of [[the One Ring]] and downfall of [[Sauron]], and the coronation of "Strider" ([[Aragorn]]) as [[Kings of Gondor|King]] Elessar of [[Gondor]], the four hobbits and Gandalf returned to Eriador.<ref name="RK-Homeward">{{RK|Homeward}}</ref> Gandalf left the hobbits at the [[Old Forest]], choosing to visit [[Tom Bombadil]], but when they arrived at the [[Brandywine Bridge]] they saw that [[the Shire]] had been badly affected by [[Saruman]] via his puppet "[[Chief Shirriff|Chief]]" and the use of [[ruffians]]. After breaking many of the new "rules", the four hobbits were escorted to [[Hobbiton]] by a troop of [[Shirriffs]], where they began a rebellion in the form of the successful [[Battle of Bywater]]: the ruffians were killed (as was [[Gríma|Gríma Wormtongue]]) or captured and the [[Shire-hobbits|Shire-folk]] were liberated (at the cost of [[The Roll|19 lives]]).<ref name="RK-Scouring">{{RK|Scouring}}</ref><br />
<br />
Following the [[Battle of Bywater]] and the end of the [[War of the Ring]], Frodo temporarily took the position of Deputy [[Mayor of Michel Delving|Mayor]] whilst Sam used [[Sam's garden box|his gift]] from [[Galadriel]] to replenish the Shire of its lost flora (bringing a [[Mallorn]] tree to the [[Party Field]]).<ref name="RK-Havens">{{RK|Havens}}</ref> On [[21 September|September 21]], {{TA|3021}}, Frodo and Sam set out from [[the Shire]] to meet the [[Last Riding of the Keepers|Last Riding]] of the [[Three Keepers]]: on [[29 September|September 29]] they reached the [[Grey Havens]] where Frodo, Bilbo, Gandalf, Galadriel and [[Elrond]] departed [[Middle-earth]]; the [[Red Book of Westmarch]] was left with Sam.<ref name="App-B4">{{App|Chief}}</ref><br />
<br />
===Fourth Age===<br />
In the year {{SR|1422|n}} of [[Shire Calendar|Shire-reckoning]], the [[Fourth Age]] began following the departure of the [[Ring-bearers]], the defeat of [[Sauron]] and re-establishment of [[Arnor]] in the north and [[Gondor]] in the south. In {{FoA|6}} [[Kings of Arnor|King]] [[Aragorn|Elessar]] of [[Arnor]] made [[the Shire]] a [[Free Land]] under the protection of the [[Sceptre of Annúminas|Northern Sceptre]] and declared that no [[Men|man]] should ever enter the Shire.<ref name="App-B5">{{App|Later}}</ref> <br />
<br />
In {{FoA|15}} Elessar stayed at [[Lake Evendim]], meeting his friends at [[Brandywine Bridge]]; in {{FoA|31}} he gave the [[Westmarch]], the area between the [[Far Downs]] and [[Tower Hills]], to the Shire as well as officially adding [[Buckland]] to the Shire.<ref name="Prologue"/> In {{FoA|61}} [[Samwise Gamgee|Sam]] eventually passed over [[Belegaer|the sea]] and in {{FoA|63}} [[Meriadoc Brandybuck|Merry]] and [[Peregrin Took|Pippin]] left the Shire and travel south to [[Rohan]] and [[Gondor]].<ref name="App-B5"/><br />
<br />
It is unknown how many, if any, [[Elves]] were left in Eriador during the Fourth Age; presumably very few [[Noldor]], at least.<ref name="RK-Havens"/><br />
<br />
==Geography==<br />
===Physical characteristics===<br />
:''See also: [[:Category:Eriador]] and [[:Category:Cities, towns and villages of the Shire]]''<br />
Eriador was a large, inhabited temperate region in the north-west of [[Middle-earth]] which experienced warm summers and increasingly cool winters.<ref name="Prologue"/> At its widest extent, it stretched for around 675 miles from east-to-west, around 690 miles from north-to-south, 740 miles from northeast-to-southwest and 750 miles from northwest-to-southeast.<ref name="Distance">Estimates by [[User:Mith]] based on [[:File:Stephen Raw - Middle-earth map (1 of 4).png|the map from ''The Lord of the Rings'']]</ref><br />
[[File:J.R.R. Tolkien - Old Man Willow.jpg|thumb|left|200px|Drawing by [[J.R.R. Tolkien]] showing the [[Withywindle]]]]<br />
The most important rivers were: the [[Lhûn|Lune]] ([[Sindarin]] ''Lhûn'') which flowed through the Blue Mountains to form the [[Gulf of Lune]]; the [[Baranduin|Brandywine]] (Sindarin ''Baranduin'') which flowed out of [[Lake Evendim|Lake Evendim]] (''Nenuial'') to form the eastern-boundary of [[the Shire]]; and the [[Gwathló|Greyflood]] (''Gwathló'') which formed the southern-border of Eriador. Other rivers included: the [[Glanduin]], which flowed out of [[Eregion|Hollin]] (''Eregion'') and into the Greyflood above [[Tharbad]], forming the [[Swanfleet]] (''Nîn-in-Eilph'') marsh; the [[Bruinen|Loudwater]] (''Bruinen''), passing [[Rivendell]] (''Imladris'') in the [[Ford of Bruinen]]; the [[Hoarwell]] (''Mitheithel'') which flowed out of the [[Ettenmoors]] and over which the [[Last Bridge]] passed; the [[Withywindle]] of the [[Old Forest]]; and [[The Water]], [[Stock-brook]], [[Shirebourn]] and [[Thistle Brook]] which all flowed into the Brandywine from in the Shire.<ref name="Shire-map">{{FR|Part}}</ref><ref name="ME-map">[[J.R.R. Tolkien]], ''[[The Lord of the Rings]]'', [[:File:Middle-earth map (1 of 4).png|Map 1]]</ref><br />
<br />
Central Eriador was scattered with many groups of hills including the [[Tower Hills]] (''Emyn Beraid''), [[Hills of Evendim]] (''Emyn Uial''), [[Weather Hills]] as well as the [[Far Downs]], [[White Downs]], [[South Downs]], [[North Downs]] and [[Barrow-downs]] (''Tyrn Gorthad''); [[Karen Wynn Fonstad|Fonstad]] noted that the "''longitudinal axes [of the hills] formed concentric rings''".<ref name="Atlas-Eriador">[[Karen Wynn Fonstad]], ''[[The Atlas of Middle-earth]]'', revised edition, p. 72</ref> Despite large deforestation by the [[Númenóreans]] during the [[Second Age]]<ref name="UT-Galadriel" /> some wooded areas remained, such as the [[Old Forest]], [[Woody End]], [[Bindbole Wood]] (sometimes seen as "Bindbale"), [[Chetwood]] around [[Bree-hill]], the [[Trollshaws]], and, largest of all, [[Eryn Vorn]];<ref name="ME-map"/> [[Eregion|Hollin]] was so named due to the large numbers of holly trees which grew there.<ref name="FR-Journey">{{FR|Journey}}</ref> Other geographic features included the [[Midgewater Marshes]], [[Rushock Bog]], and [[Overbourn Marshes]].<ref name="Shire-map"/><br />
<br />
The [[East Road|East-West Road]] crossed Eriador from Rivendell in the east to the Grey Havens in the west whilst the [[Greenway]] ran south from [[Fornost Erain|Fornost]], linking [[Arnor]] and [[Gondor]];<ref name="FR-Sign">{{FR|Sign}}</ref> the Greenway and the East-West Road met at [[Bree]]. Key [[Elves|Elvish]] settlements included the [[Grey Havens]], [[Ost-in-Edhil]]<ref name="Silm-Rings"/> and [[Rivendell]]; for the [[Dúnedain]] there were [[Weathertop]], [[Annúminas]], and [[Fornost Erain]], as well as the [[Númenóreans|Númenórean]] ports of [[Tharbad]] and [[Lond Daer]] (earlier known as [[Vinyalondë]]).<br />
<br />
===Boundaries===<br />
====First Age====<br />
[[Image:Steven White Jr. - North-west of Middle-earth (First Age).png|thumb|left|''Middle-earth in the First Age'' by [[User:Smeagol|Steven White Jr.]]]]<br />
It is known that the [[Blue Mountains]] existed during the First Age more formidable and longer than in the latter Ages;<ref name="Silm-map">{{S|Map}}</ref> whereas [[Morgoth|Melkor]] reared the [[Misty Mountains]] before the arrival of the [[Elves]] in order to hinder [[Oromë]]<ref name="Silm-Captive">{{S|Captivity}}</ref>. These ranges surrounded the eastern and western borders of Eriador.<br />
<br />
The [[Iron Mountains]] (''Ered Engrin'') stretched across the north of the world in a curve from east to west, standing on the border of the [[Dor Daedeloth|region of everlasting cold]]<ref name="Silm-Bel">{{S|Beleriand}}</ref> and can be considered the northern border of Eriador.<ref>It is also seen in [[:File:J.R.R. Tolkien - Ambarkanta Map V.png|this map drawn by Tolkien]]</ref><br />
<br />
It is unclear what the borders of Eriador were to the south; it is unknown whether the [[Greyflood]] or [[Lhûn|Lune]] rivers even existed in the First Age. Presumably the Greyflood followed the same route through Eriador to the lower end of the extended Blue Mountains, before reaching the sea somewhere to the west of the [[White Mountains]].<ref name="Atlas">[[Karen Wynn Fonstad]], ''[[The Atlas of Middle-earth]]'', revised edition, p. 4</ref><br />
<br />
====Later history====<br />
{{blockquote|Eriador was of old the name of all the lands between the [[Misty Mountains]] and the [[Blue Mountains|Blue]]; in the South it was bounded by the [[Greyflood]] and the [[Glanduin]] that flows into it above [[Tharbad]].|{{App|Eriador}}}}<br />
<br />
In the [[Second Age|Second]], [[Third Age|Third]] and [[Fourth Age|Fourth]] ages, the boundaries of the region - listed clock-wise from due north - were as follows:<br />
*to the north, the [[Icebay of Forochel]];<br />
*to the north-east and east, the [[Misty Mountains]] (''Hithaeglir'');<br />
*to the south-east, the river [[Glanduin]];<br />
*to the south, the river [[Greyflood]] (''Gwathló'' or ''Gwathir'');<br />
*to the south-west, the [[Belegaer|Great Sea]] (''Belegaer'');<br />
*and to the west and north-west, the [[Blue Mountains]] (''Ered Luin'' or ''Ered Lindon'').<br />
<br />
{{navigation<br />
| title=Region of Eriador<br />
| north-west=[[Blue Mountains]]<br />
| north=[[Icebay of Forochel]], '''[[Forodwaith (lands)|Forodwaith]]'''<br />
| north-east=[[Misty Mountains]], '''[[Forodwaith (lands)|Forodwaith]]'''<br />
| west=[[Blue Mountains]], [[Gulf of Lune|Gulf of Lhûn]], '''[[Lindon]]'''<br />
| east=[[Misty Mountains]], ''' [[Rhovanion]]'''<br />
| south-west=[[Belegaer]]<br />
| south=[[Gwathló]], '''[[Enedwaith]]'''<br />
| south-east=[[Glanduin]], [[Dunland]]<br />
}}<br />
==Inhabitants==<br />
===Free Peoples===<br />
The five [[free peoples]] as reckoned by [[Treebeard]], after the inclusion of [[Hobbits]]:-<br />
<br />
* [[Dwarves]]:<br />
** Dwarves dwelt in the east side of the Blue Mountains, especially in the parts south of the [[Gulf of Lhûn]] where they had mines that were still in use.<ref name="Eriador">{{App|Eriador}}</ref> <br />
* [[Elves]]:<br />
** [[Nandor]] as a wood-land people ([[First Age]]).<ref name="Silm-Sindar"/><br />
** [[Noldor]] during the [[Second Age]] in [[Eregion]] ({{SA|750}} - {{SA|1697|n}}) and [[Rivendell]] ({{SA|1697}} onwards).<ref name="App-B1"/><br />
* [[Ents]]:<br />
** The great wood that once spanned the whole of Eriador (largely deforested by [[Númenóreans]] for ship-building) used to be traversed by Ents (until sometime during [[Second Age]]).<ref name="TT-Treebeard">{{TT|Treebeard}}</ref><br />
* [[Hobbits]]:<br />
** First entered Eriador in around {{TA|1150}}.<ref name="App-B2" /><br />
** At [[Bree]] (from c. {{TA|1300}}).<ref name="App-B2" /><br />
** In [[the Shire]] and [[Buckland]] ({{TA|1601}} and {{TA|2340}} onwards, respectively).<ref name="App-B2" /><br />
** In the [[Westmarch]] ({{FoA|31}} onwards).<ref name="App-B5" /><br />
* [[Men]]:<br />
** [[Edain]] and [[Swarthy Men]] during the [[First Age]] - their descendants, known as [[Middle Men]], stayed into the [[Fourth Age]]; the [[Men of Bree]] occupied the surrounding [[Bree-land|area]].<ref name="UT-Wife" /><br />
** [[Númenóreans]] in [[Vinyalondë]] and [[Tharbad]] (from around {{SA|800}}).<ref name="UT-Wife" /><br />
** [[Dúnedain]] founding the realm of [[Arnor]] ({{SA|3320}}).<ref name="App-B2" /><br />
** A small population of native [[Middle Men]] maintained a hunter-gatherer culture in the remaining woods of [[Minhiriath]].<ref>{{UT|6d}}</ref><br />
<br />
===Others===<br />
[[File:John Howe - Wolves.jpg|right|thumb|200px|''Wolves'' by [[John Howe]]]]<br />
* [[Barrow-wights]]:<br />
** Evil spirits sent by the [[Witch-king]] of [[Angmar]] to inhabit the corpses of the [[Dúnedain]]'s ancestors in the [[Barrow-downs]] (circa {{TA|1636}} onwards).<ref name="App-Eriador"/> <br />
* [[Orcs]]:<br />
** Unknown, but inhabited [[Angmar]] (c. {{TA|1300}} - {{TA|1975|n}});<ref name="App-B2" /><br />
** Blocked passes into Eriador across the [[Misty Mountains]] (from {{TA|2480}});<ref name="App-B2" /><br />
** Began invading Eriador (from {{TA|2740}}) including invading the [[Northfarthing]] ({{TA|2747}}).<ref name="App-B2" /><br />
* [[Tom Bombadil]] and [[Goldberry]]:<br />
** Lived in the [[Old Forest]] - of unknown race. Tom had lived there since anyone could remember.<ref name="FR-Council"/><br />
* [[Trolls]]:<br />
** Lived in the [[Ettenmoors]], to the north-east of Eriador;<ref name="HM-Trolls">{{HM|RC}}, p. 183</ref><br />
** [[Thorin and Company]] encountered three trolls in the area known as [[Trollshaws]] ({{TA|2941}}).<ref name="Hob-Mutton"/><br />
* [[Wolves]]:<br />
** [[Chieftains of the Dúnedain|Chieftain]] [[Aragorn I]] was slain by wolves in Eriador, "''which ever after remained a peril''" ({{TA|2327}}).<ref name="App-Eriador"/><ref name="App-North">{{App|North}}</ref><br />
** [[White Wolves]] invaded Eriador from the north during the [[Fell Winter (Third Age)|Fell Winter]] ({{TA|2911}}).<ref name="App-B2" /><br />
<br />
==Etymology==<br />
{{Pronounce|Eriador2.mp3|Ardamir}}<br />
There are at least two, slightly different, versions of the etymology of ''Eriador'':<br />
#''Eriador'' as [[Sindarin]] (derived from [[Noldorin]]), whose derivation is quoted by [[Carl F. Hostetter]] from an unnamed note dated 1949-53. This explains that ''Eriador'' is derived from ''eryā'', "isolated, lonely" and ''[[Dôr|dor]]'', "land", thereby translating ''Eriador'' as "wilderness".<ref name="VT42">"Letters to VT" in [[Carl F. Hostetter]] (ed.), ''[[Vinyar Tengwar]]'', [[Vinyar Tengwar 42|vol. 42]], July [[2001]], p. 4</ref><br />
#In another manuscript, Tolkien stated that ''Eriador'' was a [[Silvan Elvish]] name, meaning "Lonely land" (deriving from *''eryā'', S ''eir'', ''air'').<ref name="PE17">{{PE|17}}, p. 28</ref><br />
<br />
Both translations are noticeably similar to the "[[Lone-lands]]" mentioned in ''[[The Hobbit]]'';<ref name="Hob-Mutton">{{H|Mutton}}</ref> it is unknown whether they are the same or simply coincidental.<br />
<br />
==Other versions of the legendarium==<br />
In the [[The First Map of The Lord of the Rings|First Map of ''The Lord of the Rings'']], Eriador is called "Forodwaith" - the name which is now applied to the [[Forodwaith (lands)|very cold region]] in the north of [[Middle-earth]].<ref name="Treason">{{TI|MII}}, pp. 305-306</ref><br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
*[[:Category:Maps of Eriador|Maps of Eriador]]<br />
*''[[Ents, Elves, and Eriador]]''<br />
{{references}}<br />
[[Category:Eriador|*]]<br />
[[Category:Regions]]<br />
[[Category:Silvan Elvish Locations]]<br />
[[Category:Sindarin locations]]<br />
<br />
[[de:Eriador]]<br />
[[fi:Eriador]]<br />
[[fr:encyclo:geographie:regions:eriador]]</div>Fredegharhttps://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=Orc-holds&diff=361753Orc-holds2022-11-17T19:36:49Z<p>Fredeghar: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{expansion}}{{sources}}<br />
'''Orc-holds''' is a term used to refer to underground tunnellings of the [[Orcs of the Misty Mountains]], found throughout the [[Misty Mountains]] and [[Mount Gundabad]]. From there they caused trouble in the nearby regions, such as [[Eriador]], [[Lothlórien]] and [[the Shire]].<br />
<br />
Mount Gundabad was the capital of Orcs in the North after its first sack in the [[Second Age]]. Major Orkish opperations such as battles during the [[War of the Dwarves and Orcs]] and the [[Battle of Five Armies]]<ref>{{H|Burst}}</ref> were from it.<br />
<br />
[[Orc|Orkish]] holds included [[Moria]] and the underground [[Goblin-town]] led by the [[Great Goblin]].<ref>{{H|Hill}}</ref> <br />
<br />
{{references}}<br />
[[Category:Caves]]<br />
[[Category:Orcs]]<br />
[[Category:Evil realms]]</div>Fredegharhttps://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=Northern_Waste&diff=361751Northern Waste2022-11-17T19:30:19Z<p>Fredeghar: /* Other versions of the legendarium */</p>
<hr />
<div>{{disambig-two|the region of [[Middle-earth]]|[[Middle-earth Role Playing|MERP]] supplement|[[The Northern Waste]]}}<br />
{{location infobox<br />
| name=Northern Waste<br />
| image=[[File:Rob Alexander - Forod.jpg|250px]]<br />
| caption="Forod" by Rob Alexander<br />
| pronun=<br />
| othernames=''Forodwaith'' ([[Sindarin|S]])<br />
| location=North of [[Angmar]], [[Gundabad|Mount Gundabad]] and [[Grey Mountains|Ered Mithrin]]<br />
| type=Region<br />
| description=The icy, isolated north of [[Middle-earth]]<br />
| regions=[[Forochel]], [[Cape of Forochel]]<br />
| towns=<br />
| inhabitants=Primarily [[Men]]<br />
| created=<br />
| destroyed=<br />
| events=<br />
| gallery=the Northern Waste<br />
}}<br />
<br />
The '''Northern Waste''' was a vast cold region, in the far north end of [[Middle-earth]],<ref name=Map>{{UT|Map}}</ref> beyond the [[Mountains of Angmar]], [[Gundabad|Mount Gundabad]] and the [[Grey Mountains|Ered Mithrin]].<br />
<br />
The region was also named '''Forodwaith''' ([[Sindarin|S.]], "Northern lands, people"), probably after the hardy [[Forodwaith (people)|Forodwaith]], who once inhabited it.<br />
<br />
== History ==<br />
The Northern Waste had always been bitterly cold due to its proximity to [[Morgoth]]'s realm and continued to remain cold into the later ages.<ref name=Eriador>{{App|Eriador}}, ''The North-kingdom and the Dúnedain'', entry about King Arvedui including the footnote relating to the Snowmen of Forochel, p. 1041</ref><br />
[[File:Angelo Montanini - Northern Waste.jpg|left|thumb|Angelo Montanini - ''Northern Waste'']]<br />
The region was once inhabited by the [[Forodwaith (people)|Forodwaith]], a hardy [[Men|Mannish]] folk accustomed to the cold climate of the Northern Waste, whose name was also applied to the region. In later years the [[Lossoth]], their [[Lossoth|remnants]], lived mostly on the [[Cape of Forochel]], but also camped on the southern shores of the Icebay of Forochel near the northern end of the [[Blue Mountains]].<ref name=Eriador/><br />
<br />
In {{TA|1981}},<ref>{{App|TA}}, entry for the year 1981, p. 1087</ref> one of the strongest storms in the history of [[Gondor]] came from the Northern Waste through [[Eriador]] into Gondor, tore the ship of [[Amroth]] from its moorings near the elven harbour of [[Edhellond]] and blew it out into the [[Bay of Belfalas]].<ref>{{UT|Amroth}}</ref><br />
<br />
According to [[Frodo Baggins]]'s [[When evening in the Shire was grey|poem for Gandalf]], [[Gandalf]] had travelled "from northern waste to southern hill".<ref>{{FR|Mirror}}, pp. 359-360</ref> It is not known if Frodo meant the Northern Waste that lies north of the Mountains of Angmar and north of the Grey Mountains or some other waste in the north.<br />
<br />
[[Dragons]] dwelt in the wastes beyond the Grey Mountains.<ref name=Durin>{{App|Durin}}, p. 1072</ref> It is not known if these wastes refer to the Northern Waste in the north of the Grey Mountains or to the [[Withered Heath]] in the north-east of the southern and longer eastern branch of the Grey Mountains, which was known for its dragons<ref name=Party>{{H|Party}}</ref>. After many years, the dragons multiplied and became strong and made [[War of the Dwarves and Dragons|war]] against the [[Dwarves]].<ref name=Party/><ref name=Durin/> Among these dragons were [[Cold-drakes]] that drove the [[Dwarves of the Grey Mountains]] out of their homes.<ref name=Durin/><br />
<br />
== Other versions of the legendarium ==<br />
On the [[First Map of The Lord of the Rings]], the sea west of the [[Icebay of Forochel]] was labeled ''[[North Sea]]'' in pencil.<br />
<br />
[[File:Waste vs forodwaith.png|thumb|The different definitions of "Forodwaith" between the earlier and the later map.]]<br />
In the [[General Map of Middle-earth]] that was drawn by [[Christopher Tolkien]] and published with earlier editions of ''The Lord of the Rings'', the northern portion of the [[Westlands]] is featureless, labelled as "NORTHERN WASTE", with the name "FORODWAITH", in slightly smaller letters, above the [[Mountains of Angmar]]. These labels could suggest that Forodwaith was a part of the wider Northern Waste, if not a smaller separate region. This nomenclature was carried over to [[Pauline Baynes]]'s ''[[A Map of Middle-earth]]''.<br />
<br />
Later, Christopher Tolkien realized that the two names certainly seem to have been intended as synonymous, because Forodwaith seems to be explicitly equated with the Northern Waste in one of J.R.R. Tolkien's sketch-maps.<ref name=intro>{{UT|IMap}}, including the footnote relating to Forodwaith</ref> The misunderstanding was corrected in his later map known as [[The West of Middle-earth at the End of the Third Age]], where only the name "FORODWAITH" appears, labeling all the blank portion north of the [[Mountains of Angmar]] and north of the [[Grey Mountains]].<ref name=Map/> On [[The Third Map of The Lord of the Rings]] the label "NORTHERN WASTE" north of the Mountains of Angmar and the Grey Mountains has a label "(FORODWAITH)" just below the first label.<br />
<br />
== Portrayal in adaptations ==<br />
=== Television ===<br />
[[File:The Rings of Power - S1 E1 - Northern Waste.webp|thumb|The Northern Waste from the [[A Shadow of the Past|first episode]] of [[The Lord of the Rings: The Rings of Power|The Rings of Power]].]]<br />
'''2022: ''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Rings of Power]]'':'''<br />
:In the [[A Shadow of the Past|first episode]], [[Galadriel|Galadriel's]] company investigates a fortress located within the Northern Waste which, according to Amazon Prime's "X-Ray feature", was the home of [[Snow-trolls]], [[Trolls]] that had adapted to live within the harsh and cold climates of the North.<br />
<br />
:In the [[A Shadow of the Past|first episode]], [[Galadriel|Galadriel's]] company is ambushed by a snow-troll, living within the fortress<ref group="note">The map that [[Galadriel]] possesses has two sets of runes. One of which translates to either ''Dûrnost'' or ''Tundorach'', possibly the name of the Forodwaith fortress.</ref><ref>https://mobile.twitter.com/NosyDr/status/1566860112601534466</ref> that they were investigating.<br />
<br />
{{References|Notes}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Evil realms]]<br />
[[Category:Mannish realms]]<br />
[[Category:Middle-earth]]<br />
[[Category:Regions]]<br />
[[de:Forodwaith]]<br />
[[fi:Pohjoinen Autio]]<br />
[[fr:/encyclo/geographie/regions/forodwaith]]</div>Fredegharhttps://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=Northern_Waste&diff=361750Northern Waste2022-11-17T19:28:46Z<p>Fredeghar: /* History */</p>
<hr />
<div>{{disambig-two|the region of [[Middle-earth]]|[[Middle-earth Role Playing|MERP]] supplement|[[The Northern Waste]]}}<br />
{{location infobox<br />
| name=Northern Waste<br />
| image=[[File:Rob Alexander - Forod.jpg|250px]]<br />
| caption="Forod" by Rob Alexander<br />
| pronun=<br />
| othernames=''Forodwaith'' ([[Sindarin|S]])<br />
| location=North of [[Angmar]], [[Gundabad|Mount Gundabad]] and [[Grey Mountains|Ered Mithrin]]<br />
| type=Region<br />
| description=The icy, isolated north of [[Middle-earth]]<br />
| regions=[[Forochel]], [[Cape of Forochel]]<br />
| towns=<br />
| inhabitants=Primarily [[Men]]<br />
| created=<br />
| destroyed=<br />
| events=<br />
| gallery=the Northern Waste<br />
}}<br />
<br />
The '''Northern Waste''' was a vast cold region, in the far north end of [[Middle-earth]],<ref name=Map>{{UT|Map}}</ref> beyond the [[Mountains of Angmar]], [[Gundabad|Mount Gundabad]] and the [[Grey Mountains|Ered Mithrin]].<br />
<br />
The region was also named '''Forodwaith''' ([[Sindarin|S.]], "Northern lands, people"), probably after the hardy [[Forodwaith (people)|Forodwaith]], who once inhabited it.<br />
<br />
== History ==<br />
The Northern Waste had always been bitterly cold due to its proximity to [[Morgoth]]'s realm and continued to remain cold into the later ages.<ref name=Eriador>{{App|Eriador}}, ''The North-kingdom and the Dúnedain'', entry about King Arvedui including the footnote relating to the Snowmen of Forochel, p. 1041</ref><br />
[[File:Angelo Montanini - Northern Waste.jpg|left|thumb|Angelo Montanini - ''Northern Waste'']]<br />
The region was once inhabited by the [[Forodwaith (people)|Forodwaith]], a hardy [[Men|Mannish]] folk accustomed to the cold climate of the Northern Waste, whose name was also applied to the region. In later years the [[Lossoth]], their [[Lossoth|remnants]], lived mostly on the [[Cape of Forochel]], but also camped on the southern shores of the Icebay of Forochel near the northern end of the [[Blue Mountains]].<ref name=Eriador/><br />
<br />
In {{TA|1981}},<ref>{{App|TA}}, entry for the year 1981, p. 1087</ref> one of the strongest storms in the history of [[Gondor]] came from the Northern Waste through [[Eriador]] into Gondor, tore the ship of [[Amroth]] from its moorings near the elven harbour of [[Edhellond]] and blew it out into the [[Bay of Belfalas]].<ref>{{UT|Amroth}}</ref><br />
<br />
According to [[Frodo Baggins]]'s [[When evening in the Shire was grey|poem for Gandalf]], [[Gandalf]] had travelled "from northern waste to southern hill".<ref>{{FR|Mirror}}, pp. 359-360</ref> It is not known if Frodo meant the Northern Waste that lies north of the Mountains of Angmar and north of the Grey Mountains or some other waste in the north.<br />
<br />
[[Dragons]] dwelt in the wastes beyond the Grey Mountains.<ref name=Durin>{{App|Durin}}, p. 1072</ref> It is not known if these wastes refer to the Northern Waste in the north of the Grey Mountains or to the [[Withered Heath]] in the north-east of the southern and longer eastern branch of the Grey Mountains, which was known for its dragons<ref name=Party>{{H|Party}}</ref>. After many years, the dragons multiplied and became strong and made [[War of the Dwarves and Dragons|war]] against the [[Dwarves]].<ref name=Party/><ref name=Durin/> Among these dragons were [[Cold-drakes]] that drove the [[Dwarves of the Grey Mountains]] out of their homes.<ref name=Durin/><br />
<br />
== Other versions of the legendarium ==<br />
On the [[First Map of The Lord of the Rings]], the sea west of the [[Icebay of Forochel]] was labeled ''[[North Sea]]'' in pencil.<br />
<br />
[[File:Waste vs forodwaith.png|thumb|The different definitions of "Forodwaith" between the earlier and the later map.]]<br />
In the [[General Map of Middle-earth]] that was drawn by [[Christopher Tolkien]] and published with earlier editions of The Lord of the Rings, the northern portion of the [[Westlands]] is featureless, labelled as "NORTHERN WASTE", with the name "FORODWAITH", in slightly smaller letters, above the [[Mountains of Angmar]]. These labels could suggest that Forodwaith was a part of the wider Northern Waste, if not a smaller separate region. This nomenclature was carried over to [[Pauline Baynes]]'s ''[[A Map of Middle-earth]]''.<br />
<br />
Later, Christopher Tolkien realized that the two names certainly seem to have been intended as synonymous, because Forodwaith seems to be explicitly equated with the Northern Waste in one of J.R.R. Tolkien's sketch-maps.<ref name=intro>{{UT|IMap}}, including the footnote relating to Forodwaith</ref> The misunderstanding was corrected in his later map known as [[The West of Middle-earth at the End of the Third Age]], where only the name "FORODWAITH" appears, labeling all the blank portion north of the [[Mountains of Angmar]] and north of the [[Grey Mountains]].<ref name=Map/> On [[The Third Map of The Lord of the Rings]] the label "NORTHERN WASTE" north of the Mountains of Angmar and the Grey Mountains has a label "(FORODWAITH)" just below the first label.<br />
<br />
== Portrayal in adaptations ==<br />
=== Television ===<br />
[[File:The Rings of Power - S1 E1 - Northern Waste.webp|thumb|The Northern Waste from the [[A Shadow of the Past|first episode]] of [[The Lord of the Rings: The Rings of Power|The Rings of Power]].]]<br />
'''2022: ''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Rings of Power]]'':'''<br />
:In the [[A Shadow of the Past|first episode]], [[Galadriel|Galadriel's]] company investigates a fortress located within the Northern Waste which, according to Amazon Prime's "X-Ray feature", was the home of [[Snow-trolls]], [[Trolls]] that had adapted to live within the harsh and cold climates of the North.<br />
<br />
:In the [[A Shadow of the Past|first episode]], [[Galadriel|Galadriel's]] company is ambushed by a snow-troll, living within the fortress<ref group="note">The map that [[Galadriel]] possesses has two sets of runes. One of which translates to either ''Dûrnost'' or ''Tundorach'', possibly the name of the Forodwaith fortress.</ref><ref>https://mobile.twitter.com/NosyDr/status/1566860112601534466</ref> that they were investigating.<br />
<br />
{{References|Notes}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Evil realms]]<br />
[[Category:Mannish realms]]<br />
[[Category:Middle-earth]]<br />
[[Category:Regions]]<br />
[[de:Forodwaith]]<br />
[[fi:Pohjoinen Autio]]<br />
[[fr:/encyclo/geographie/regions/forodwaith]]</div>Fredegharhttps://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=Harfoots&diff=360325Harfoots2022-10-25T08:37:47Z<p>Fredeghar: /* Portrayal in adaptations */</p>
<hr />
<div>{{people infobox<br />
| name=Harfoots<br />
| image=[[File:Lidia Postma - Hobbits comparison.jpg|250px]]<br />
| caption=Hobbits by Lidia Postma<br />
| pronun=<br />
| othernames=<br />
| origin=A group of [[Hobbits]]<br />
| location=[[Vales of Anduin]], [[Bree]], [[The Shire]]<br />
| affiliation=<br />
| rivalry=<br />
| language=[[Hobbitish]], [[Westron]]<br />
| members=<br />
| lifespan=c. 96 years<br />
| distinctions=<br />
| height=Shorter than the other Hobbits<br />
| hair=No beards<br />
| skin=Browner than the other Hobbits<br />
| clothing=No footwear<br />
| weapons=<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Harfoots''' are one of the three breeds of [[Hobbits]]. The Harfoots were the most common and typical of the kinds.<ref name="Hobbits"/> <br />
<br />
==Characteristics==<br />
They were shorter and smaller than the other breeds, browner of skin, had no beards, and did not wear any footwear; Their hands and feet were neat and nimble. They liked highlands and hillsides, and lived in holes they called ''[[smials]]'', a habit which they long preserved. They were accustomed to settle in one place longer.<ref name="Hobbits"/> <br />
<br />
They were also on very friendly terms with the [[Dwarves]], who travelled through the [[High Pass]] on the [[Great Road]].<ref name="Hobbits">{{FR|Hobbits}}</ref><br />
<br />
== History ==<br />
In their earliest known history, the Harfoots lived in the lower foothills of the [[Misty Mountains]] in the [[Vales of Anduin]], in an area roughly bounded by the [[Gladden River]] in the south and the small forested region where later was the [[Eagle's Eyrie]] near the High Pass to the north. <br />
<br />
They were the first to migrate westward into [[Eriador]], beginning thus the [[Wandering Days]] of the Hobbit peoples<ref name="Hobbits"/>. They were first recorded in [[Arnor|Arnorian]] records around {{TA|1050}} and it was to them that the name ''[[Perian|Periannath]]'' ([[Halflings]]) was first applied by the [[Dúnedain of Arnor]]. <br />
<br />
They tended to settle down for long times, and founded numerous villages{{fact}} as far as [[Weathertop]] while at the same time their kin were still back in the Vales.<ref name="Hobbits"/> By the 1300s of the [[Third Age]] they had reached [[Bree]], which long was the most western village of any Hobbits.<ref>{{App|TA}}</ref><br />
<br />
The Harfoots were joined between {{TA|1150}} and {{TA|1300}} by the [[Fallohides]]. The Harfoots took Fallohides, a bolder breed, as their leaders.<br />
<br />
When [[The Shire|the Shire]] was colonized in {{TA|1601}}, most of its people were Harfoots.<ref name="Hobbits"/><br />
<br />
== Etymology ==<br />
''Harfoots'' means "one with hairy feet", and is a translation of an archaic [[Hobbitish]] form of an old [[Westron]] name.<br />
<br />
The word is supposed to represent archaic English ''hǣr-fōt > herfoot > harfoot''.<br />
<br />
[[J.R.R. Tolkien|Tolkien]] noted that Modern English ''hair'', though related, is not a direct descendant of [[Old English]] ''hǣr, hēr'' and therefore *"hairfoot" would not be a faithful translation.<ref>{{HM|N}}, p. 759</ref><ref group="note">However, [http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/hair Wiktionary] shows ''hair'' as derived directly from ''hǣr''.</ref><br />
<br />
== Portrayal in adaptations ==<br />
'''2022: ''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Rings of Power]]'':'''<br />
<br />
:The Harfoots are portrayed as ancient halfling travelers of highlands and hillsides. Harfoots dwell within portable homes in a caravan that could blend into the natural environment. They delighted in parties, coming up with the traditional Harvest Festival to prepare for their migrations from one seasonal haven to another. The Harfoots utilize symbols within a pictographic writing system to produce meanings and note natural rhymes and tabulations to prepare for migrations. Each Harfoot caravan has a Trailfinder who leads them. Trailfinders utilize a Star-book inherited through generations to aid their caravan on the safest course in each migration. During migrations, the Harfoots carry their most valuable possessions inside carts. If a Harfoot falls behind, the caravan moves on without them, instead taking them with only in spirit, in essence, abandoning them to die or be "decaravanned". In addition, Harfoots can also be "decaravanned" by breaking the rules of the community.<br />
<br />
{{References|notes}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Races of Hobbits]]<br />
[[Category:Hobbits]]<br />
<br />
[[de:Harfüße]]<br />
[[fr:encyclo/peuples/hobbits/pieds_velus]]<br />
[[fi:Karvajalat]]</div>Fredegharhttps://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=Mystics&diff=360322Mystics2022-10-25T06:58:16Z<p>Fredeghar: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{Adaptation}}<br />
{{Organization infobox<br />
| name=Mystics<br />
| image=<br />
| caption=<br />
| pronun=<br />
| othernames=<br />
| founded=<br />
| founder=<br />
| purpose=To serve [[Sauron|Lord Sauron]]<br />
| members=The Dweller, the Ascetic, the Nomad<br />
| disbanded=<br />
| notablefor=Seeking [[The Stranger]]<br />
}}<br />
<br />
The '''Mystics''' were members of a magic cult that existed deep within [[Rhûn]] far to the east of [[Arda]]. The Mystics were invented for ''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Rings of Power]]'' by [[Amazon Studios]].<br />
<br />
== History ==<br />
The Mystics was the name for the members of one of the many magic cults that operated far out deep within Rhûn that worshiped [[Sauron|Lord Sauron]].<br />
<br />
During the late [[Second Age]], a group of three Mystics, the Dweller, the Ascetic, and the Nomad, came west into [[Rhovanion]] from Rhûn, seeking [[Sauron|their master]] after presumably witnessing the meteor streaking across the sky. Upon discovering the crash site near the [[Norfield Glen]] of the [[Rhovanion Hills]], they found that their target had left with a [[Harfoots|Harfoot caravan]]. As such, the three of them set out in pursuit, stalking the Harfoots across the [[Weedbrook]], the [[Emyn Muil|Undercliffs]], the [[Dead Marshes|Grey Marshes]], the [[Trout Bend]], and the [[Braids]] of the [[Thistledell]].<br />
<br />
After reaching the [[Grove]] where the Harfoot caravan migrated to, they discovered that [[The Stranger]] had already left the day before. Upon being distracted by [[Elanor Brandyfoot]], who attempts to lead them away, and [[Largo Brandyfoot]], who threatens to brain them, the Dweller puts out Largo's torch and blows the embers in the direction of the Harfoots' carts, causing them to be set on fire.<br />
<br />
Eventually, the Mystics caught up to the [[The Stranger|one they believed to be Sauron]] at the [[East Bight]] of the [[Mirkwood|Greenwood]], where they proclaimed him as Sauron and pledged their service to him. They revealed to him that the stars that he sought were known as the [[Hermit's Hat]], being only visible at a specific place far to the east of Rhûn.<br />
<br />
When the Stranger began to get out of control, the Dweller blew a spell at him, causing him to fall unconscious. At some point during that time, the Dweller was made aware of four Harfoots that had been following the Stranger, hoping to rescue him. In order to draw the Harfoots into a trap, the Dweller changed her form to become that of the Stranger. A battle began between the Harfoots, the Mystics, and The Stranger. After the Ascetic murdered [[Sadoc Burrows]] with a knife throw, the Dweller lost her staff and [[Elanor Brandyfoot]] brought it to the Stranger, who banished the three Mystics, revealing himself to as an [[Order of Wizards|Istar]] rather than Sauron.<br />
<br />
Soon afterward, the Stranger departed the [[Grove]] for [[Rhûn]] accompanied by [[Elanor Brandyfoot]], in order to find out more about the Mystics and the Hermit's Hat.<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
* [https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=zuQDiUXx1qE&t=0s The Mystics are revealed as a magic cult]<br />
<br />
[[Category:Characters from adaptations]]</div>Fredegharhttps://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=The_Lord_of_the_Rings:_The_Rings_of_Power&diff=359165The Lord of the Rings: The Rings of Power2022-10-11T00:52:02Z<p>Fredeghar: /* Source material and copyrights */</p>
<hr />
<div>{{currentevent}}<br />
{{disambig-more|Rings of Power|[[Rings of Power (disambiguation)]]}}<br />
{{film infobox<br />
| image=[[File:Amazon - The Lord of the Rings - The Rings of Power.png|250px]]<br />
| name=The Lord of the Rings: The Rings of Power<br />
| director=<br />
| producer=[[J.D. Payne]] and [[Patrick McKay]] (showrunners)<br />
| writer='''Novel:'''<br>[[J.R.R. Tolkien]]<br>'''Screenplay:'''<br>John D. Payne and Patrick McKay <br />
| narrator=<br />
| starring=''[[#Cast and characters|see below]]''<br />
| music=<br />
| cinematography=<br />
| editing=<br />
| distributor=Amazon Prime Video<br />
| released=[[1 September]] [[2022]] (first episode's release date)<br />
| runtime=<br />
| country=United States, United Kingdom, New Zealand<br />
| language=English<br />
| budget=<br />
| website=[http://www.amazon.com/adlp/lotronprime Official website]<br />
| imdb_id=7631058<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''''The Lord of the Rings: The Rings of Power''''', otherwise known as '''The Lord of the Rings on Prime''', is an online television series and it is based on the writings of [[J.R.R. Tolkien]]. It is created and produced by [[Amazon Studios]] working alongside the [[Tolkien Estate]], [[The Tolkien Trust]], [[HarperCollins]] and [[New Line Cinema]]. Set in the [[Second Age]] of [[Middle-earth]],<ref name="AMSA">{{webcite|author=|articleurl=http://twitter.com/LOTRonPrime/status/1103656946509344768|articlename=Welcome to the Second Age:|dated=7 March 2019|website=Twitter|accessed=30 January 2020}}</ref> it explores new storylines preceding J.R.R. Tolkien's ''[[The Fellowship of the Ring]].''<ref name="AMNZ">{{webcite|author=|articleurl=http://press.aboutamazon.com/news-releases/news-release-details/amazon-studios-announces-new-zealand-location-its-upcoming|articlename=Amazon Studios Announces New Zealand as Location for Its Upcoming Series Based on The Lord of the Rings|dated=17 September 2019|website=Amazon|accessed=18 September 2019}}</ref> The story spanning across thousands of years is condensed into a single point in time to avoid time jumps.<ref name="VanityFair"></ref> The first two episodes were released on [[1 September]] of [[2022]]<ref>{{webcite|author=|articleurl=https://www.whathifi.com/advice/how-to-watch-lord-of-the-rings-the-rings-of-power-release-date-trailer-cast-episodes|articlename=How to watch Lord of the Rings: The Rings of Power – release date, trailer, cast, episodes available now|dated=2 September 2022|website=[https://www.whathifi.com/ What Hi-Fi]|accessed=10 October 2022}}</ref>, although they were originally scheduled to be released on [[2 September]] of the same year.<ref> This also is the day of death of Professor J.R.R. Tolkien.{{webcite|author=@LOTRonPrime|articleurl=http://twitter.com/LOTRonPrime/status/1422255647106617359|articlename=A new journey beings|dated=2 August 2021|website=Twitter|accessed=2 August 2021}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Premise ==<br />
{{blockquote|Amazon Studios' forthcoming series brings to screens for the very first time the heroic legends of the fabled Second Age of Middle-earth's history. This epic drama is set thousands of years before the events of J.R.R. Tolkien’s The Hobbit and The Lord of the Rings, and will take viewers back to an era in which great powers were forged, kingdoms rose to glory and fell to ruin, unlikely heroes were tested, hope hung by the finest of threads, and the greatest villain that ever flowed from Tolkien's pen threatened to cover all the world in darkness. Beginning in a time of relative peace, the series follows an ensemble cast of characters, both familiar and new, as they confront the long-feared re-emergence of evil to Middle-earth. From the darkest depths of the Misty Mountains, to the majestic forests of the elf-capital of Lindon, to the breathtaking island kingdom of Númenor, to the furthest reaches of the map, these kingdoms and characters will carve out legacies that live on long after they are gone.|Official synopsis<ref>{{webcite|author=Justin Sewell|articleurl=http://www.theonering.net/torwp/2021/01/12/110065-exclusive-official-show-synopsis-for-amazons-lord-of-the-rings-series/|articlename=EXCLUSIVE: Official Show Synopsis for Amazon’s LORD OF THE RINGS Series|dated=12 January 2021|website=[http://www.theonering.net TheOneRing]|accessed=13 January 2021}}</ref>}}<br />
<br />
== Source material and copyrights ==<br />
The showrunners said that they wish to "come up with the novel Tolkien never wrote and do it as the mega-event series".<ref name="VanityFair"></ref> They explained that they only have the copyrights to adapt ''[[The Hobbit]]'' and ''[[The Lord of the Rings]]'' along with its [[Appendices]], without the rights to ''[[The Silmarillion]]'', ''[[Unfinished Tales]]'' or other books that contain the vast majority of Tolkien's writings on the [[Second Age]].<ref name="VFQuestions"/><br />
<br />
== Episodes ==<br />
=== Season one ===<br />
# [[A Shadow of the Past]]<br />
# [[Adrift]]<br />
# [[Adar (episode)|Adar]]<br />
# [[The Great Wave]]<br />
# [[Partings]]<br />
# [[Udûn (episode)|Udûn]]<br />
# [[The Eye]]<br />
<br />
== Cast and characters ==<br />
''In alphabetical order''<br />
=== Season one ===<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|- bgcolor="#CCCCCC"<br />
! Actor !! Role<br />
|-<br />
| [[Cynthia Addai-Robinson]]<ref name="VA20"/> || [[Tar-Míriel|Queen Regent Míriel]]<ref>{{webcite|author=The Lord of the Rings on Prime|articleurl=https://twitter.com/LOTRonPrime/status/1547418520400658432|articlename=Cynthia Addai-Robinson is Queen Regent Míriel|dated=14 February 2022|website=[https://twitter.com Twitter]|accessed=14 February 2022}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| [[Robert Aramayo]]<ref name="Meet"/> || [[Elrond]]<ref>{{webcite|author=The Lord of the Rings on Prime|articleurl=https://twitter.com/LOTRonPrime/status/1492167519439925260|articlename=Robert Aramayo is Elrond. #LOTRROP|dated=9 June 2022|website=[https://twitter.com Twitter]|accessed=11 June 2022}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| [[Owain Arthur]]<ref name="Meet"/> || [[Durin IV|Prince Durin IV]]<ref>{{webcite|author=The Lord of the Rings on Prime|articleurl=https://twitter.com/LOTRonPrime/status/1492168323051802626|articlename=Owain Arthur is Prince Durin IV. #LOTRROP|dated=9 June 2022|website=[https://twitter.com Twitter]|accessed=11 June 2022}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| [[Maxim Baldry]]<ref name="VA20"/> || [[Isildur]]<ref>{{webcite|author=The Lord of the Rings on Prime|articleurl=https://twitter.com/LOTRonPrime/status/1547417633603059712|articlename=Maxim Baldry is Isildur|dated=14 February 2022|website=[https://twitter.com Twitter]|accessed=14 February 2022}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| [[Ian Blackburn]]<ref name="VA20"/> || [[Rowan (The Rings of Power)|Rowan]]<br />
|-<br />
| [[Nazanin Boniadi]]<ref name="Meet"/> || [[Bronwyn]]<ref>{{webcite|author=The Lord of the Rings on Prime|articleurl=https://twitter.com/LOTRonPrime/status/1492168861403299841|articlename=Nazanin Boniadi is Bronwyn. #LOTRROP|dated=9 June 2022|website=[https://twitter.com Twitter]|accessed=11 June 2022}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| [[Kip Chapman]]<ref name="VA20"/> || [[Rían (The Rings of Power)|Rían]]<br />
|-<br />
| [[Morfydd Clark]]<ref name="Meet"/> || [[Galadriel]]<ref>{{webcite|author=The Lord of the Rings on Prime|articleurl=https://twitter.com/LOTRonPrime/status/1492167351902609413|articlename=Morfydd Clark is Galadriel. #LOTRROP|dated=9 June 2022|website=[https://twitter.com Twitter]|accessed=11 June 2022}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| [[Ismael Cruz Córdova]]<ref name="Meet"/> || [[Arondir]] <ref>{{webcite|author=The Lord of the Rings on Prime|articleurl=https://twitter.com/LOTRonPrime/status/1492168672051445771|articlename=Ismael Cruz Cordova is Arondir. #LOTRROP|dated=9 June 2022|website=[https://twitter.com Twitter]|accessed=11 June 2022}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| [[Anthony Crum]]<ref name="VA20"/> || [[Ontamo]]<br />
|-<br />
| [[Maxine Cunliffe]]<ref name="VA20"/> || [[Vilma]]<br />
|-<br />
| [[Charles Edwards]]<ref name="VFInside">{{webcite|author=The Lord of the Rings on Prime|articleurl=https://www.vanityfair.com/hollywood/2022/02/amazon-the-rings-of-power-series-first-look|articlename=Amazon’s Lord of the Rings Series Rises: Inside The Rings of Power|dated=10 February 2022|website=[https://www.vanityfair.com/ Vanity Fair]|accessed=11 February 2022}}</ref> || [[Celebrimbor]]<ref>{{webcite|author=The Lord of the Rings on Prime|articleurl=https://twitter.com/LOTRonPrime/status/1534220750311174144|articlename=Charles Edwards is Celebrimbor|dated=14 February 2022|website=[https://twitter.com Twitter]|accessed=14 February 2022}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| [[Trystan Gravelle]]<ref name="VA20"/> || [[Pharazôn]]<ref>{{webcite|author=The Lord of the Rings on Prime|articleurl=https://twitter.com/LOTRonPrime/status/1547418058515521537|articlename=Trystan Gravelle is Pharazôn|dated=14 February 2022|website=[https://twitter.com Twitter]|accessed=14 February 2022}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| [[Lenny Henry|Sir Lenny Henry]]<ref name="VA20"/> || [[Sadoc Burrows]]<ref>{{webcite|author=The Lord of the Rings on Prime|articleurl=https://twitter.com/LOTRonPrime/status/1533945721929420800#m|articlename=Sir Lenny Henry is Sadoc Burrows. #LOTRROP|dated=9 June 2022|website=[https://twitter.com Twitter]|accessed=11 June 2022}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| [[Ema Horvath]]<ref name="Meet"/> || [[Eärien]]<ref>{{webcite|author=The Lord of the Rings on Prime|articleurl=https://twitter.com/LOTRonPrime/status/1547417835961552896|articlename=Ema Horvath is Eärien|dated=14 February 2022|website=[https://twitter.com Twitter]|accessed=14 February 2022}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| [[Thusitha Jayasundera]]<ref name="VA20"/> || [[Malva Meadowgrass|Malva]]<br />
|-<br />
| [[Markella Kavenagh]]<ref name="Meet"/> || [[Elanor Brandyfoot|Elanor "Nori" Brandyfoot]]<ref>{{webcite|author=The Lord of the Rings on Prime|articleurl=https://twitter.com/LOTRonPrime/status/1493253881651937283|articlename=Markella Kavenagh is Elanor ‘Nori’ Brandyfoot|dated=14 February 2022|website=[https://twitter.com Twitter]|accessed=14 February 2022}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| [[Joseph Mawle]]<ref name="Meet"/> || [[Adar (The Rings of Power)|Adar]]<br />
|-<br />
| [[Fabian McCallum]]<ref name="VA20"/> || [[Thondir]]<br />
|-<br />
| [[Simon Merrells]]<ref name="VA20"/> || [[Revion]]<br />
|-<br />
| [[Geoff Morrell]]<ref name="VA20"/> || [[Waldreg]]<ref>{{webcite|author=The Lord of the Rings on Prime|articleurl=https://twitter.com/PrimeVideo/status/1559940412114083841|articlename=Get to know the Southlanders in #TheRingsOfPower<br />
|dated=17 August 2022|website=[https://twitter.com/ Twitter]|accessed=17 August 2022}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| [[Tyroe Muhafidin]]<ref name="Meet"/> || [[Theo]]<ref>{{webcite|author=The Lord of the Rings on Prime|articleurl=https://mobile.twitter.com/LOTRonPrime/status/1516457306497581056|articlename=Tyroe Muhafidin is Theo. #LOTRROP #RingsofPower|dated=19 April 2022|website=[https://twitter.com Twitter]|accessed=19 April 2022}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| [[Peter Mullan]]<ref name="VA20"/> || [[Durin III|King Durin III]]<ref name="VFQuestions">{{webcite|author=burning questions about amazons the rings of power|articleurl= https://www.vanityfair.com/hollywood/2022/02/10-burning-questions-about-amazons-the-rings-of-power |articlename=Amazon’s Lord of the Rings Series: FAQ|dated=14 February 2022|website=[https://www.vanityfair.com/ Vanity Fair]|accessed=16 February 2022}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| [[Sophia Nomvete]]<ref name="Meet"/> || [[Disa|Princess Disa]] <ref>{{webcite|author=The Lord of the Rings on Prime|articleurl=https://twitter.com/LOTRonPrime/status/1492168418358874123|articlename=Sophia Nomvete is Princess Disa. #LOTRROP|dated=9 June 2022|website=[https://twitter.com Twitter]|accessed=11 June 2022}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| [[Lloyd Owen]]<ref name="VA20"/> || [[Elendil|Captain Elendil]]<ref>{{webcite|author=The Lord of the Rings on Prime|articleurl=https://twitter.com/LOTRonPrime/status/1547417424361885696|articlename=Lloyd Owen is Elendil|dated=14 February 2022|website=[https://twitter.com Twitter]|accessed=14 February 2022}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| [[Augustus Prew]]<ref name="VA20"/> || [[Médhor]]<br />
|-<br />
| [[Megan Richards]]<ref name="Meet"/> || [[Poppy Proudfellow]]<ref>{{webcite|author=The Lord of the Rings on Prime|articleurl=https://twitter.com/LOTRonPrime/status/1534982703908433920#m|articlename=Megan Richards is Poppy Proudfellow. #LOTRROP|dated=9 June 2022|website=[https://twitter.com Twitter]|accessed=11 June 2022}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| [[Dylan Smith]]<ref name="Meet"/> || [[Largo Brandyfoot]]<ref>{{webcite|author=The Lord of the Rings on Prime|articleurl=https://twitter.com/LOTRonPrime/status/1534982400869945344#m|articlename=Dylan Smith is Largo Brandyfoot. #LOTRROP|dated=9 June 2022|website=[https://twitter.com Twitter]|accessed=11 June 2022}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| [[Peter Tait]]<ref name="VA20"/> || [[Tredwill]]<br />
|-<br />
| [[Alex Tarrant]]<ref name="VA20"/> || [[Valandil (The Rings of Power)|Valandil]]<br />
|-<br />
| [[Charlie Vickers]]<ref name="Meet"/> || [[Halbrand]]<ref>{{webcite|author=The Lord of the Rings on Prime|articleurl=https://twitter.com/LOTRonPrime/status/1492169017741778944|articlename=Charlie Vickers is Halbrand. #LOTRROP|dated=9 June 2022|website=[https://twitter.com Twitter]|accessed=11 June 2022}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| [[Leon Wadham]]<ref name="VA20"/> || [[Kemen (The Rings of Power)|Kemen]]<ref>{{webcite|author=The Lord of the Rings on Prime|articleurl=https://twitter.com/LOTRonPrime/status/1547418271141560321|articlename=Leon Wadham is Kemen|dated=14 February 2022|website=[https://twitter.com Twitter]|accessed=14 February 2022}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| [[Benjamin Walker]]<ref name="VA20"/> || [[Gil-galad|High-King Gil-galad]]<ref>{{webcite|author=The Lord of the Rings on Prime|articleurl=https://twitter.com/LOTRonPrime/status/1493253777415098372|articlename=Benjamin Walker is High King Gil-galad|dated=14 February 2022|website=[https://twitter.com Twitter]|accessed=14 February 2022}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| [[Daniel Weyman]]<ref name="Meet"/> || [[The Stranger]]<ref>{{webcite|author=The Lord of the Rings on Prime|articleurl=https://twitter.com/LOTRonPrime/status/1493253972639076352|articlename=Daniel Weyman is The Stranger|dated=14 February 2022|website=[https://twitter.com Twitter]|accessed=14 February 2022}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| [[Sara Zwangobani]]<ref name="VA20"/> || [[Marigold Brandyfoot]]<ref>{{webcite|author=The Lord of the Rings on Prime|articleurl=https://twitter.com/LOTRonPrime/status/1534982566448533504#m|articlename=Sara Zwangobani is Marigold Brandyfoot. #LOTRROP|dated=9 June 2022|website=[https://twitter.com Twitter]|accessed=11 June 2022}}</ref><br />
|}<br />
<br />
== Production ==<br />
[[File:Amazon - Middle-earth map.jpg|thumb|250px|Fourth map of Middle-earth, released by Amazon on 6 March 2019]]<br />
In November [[2017]], it was reported that Amazon Studios were in discussion with Warner Bros. Television and the [[Tolkien Estate]] about developing a series based on ''[[The Lord of the Rings]]''.<ref>{{webcite|author=Daniel Holloway|articleurl=http://variety.com/2017/tv/news/lord-of-the-rings-amazon-1202606519/|articlename='Lord of the Rings': Amazon, Warner Bros. in Talks for Series Adaptation (EXCLUSIVE)|dated=3 November 2017|website=[http://variety.com/ Variety]|accessed=30 January 2020}}</ref> Later, in November, Amazon Studios announced they have secured the rights to develop a multi-season television series set in Middle-earth with the potential for spin-offs.<ref>{{webcite|author=Joe Otterson|articleurl=http://variety.com/2017/tv/news/lord-of-the-rings-tv-series-amazon-1202613609/|articlename=‘Lord of the Rings’ Series Moving Forward at Amazon With Multi-Season Production Commitment|dated=13 November 2017|website=[http://variety.com/ Variety]|accessed=31 July 2019}}</ref> The rights have been said to have cost close to $250 million.<ref name="DLAZ">{{webcite|author=Nellie Andreeva|articleurl=http://deadline.com/2017/11/amazon-the-lord-of-the-rings-tv-series-multi-season-commitment-1202207065/|articlename=Amazon Sets ‘The Lord of the Rings’ TV Series In Mega Deal With Multi-Season Commitment|dated=13 November 2017|website=Deadline|accessed=30 January 2020}}</ref> Amazon Studios will cooperate with the Tolkien Estate, [[The Tolkien Trust]], [[HarperCollins]] and [[New Line Cinema]].<ref name="DLAZ"/><br />
<br />
On [[13 February]] [[2019]], Amazon's newly created [http://twitter.com/LOTRonPrime Twitter account] associated with the show posted the quote "I wisely started with a map.", taken from Tolkien's [[Letter 144]].<ref>{{webcite|author=|articleurl=http://twitter.com/LOTRonPrime/status/1095797330127646721|articlename=“I wisely started with a map” — J.R.R. Tolkien|dated=13 February 2019|website=Twitter|accessed=30 January 2020}}</ref> On [[15 February]] the Twitter account released a map of Middle-earth along with a line of the [[Ring Verse]], over the next few weeks different versions of the map were released with each successive one including more labels than the previous as well as more lines from the verse. On [[7 March]] the final map was released which showed a wider view of Middle-earth, including the island of [[Númenor]] and the final post "Welcome to the Second Age".<ref name="AMSA"/> [[Tom Shippey]] and artist [[John Howe]] had worked on the accuracy of the maps, however dedicated [[Tolkien fandom|fans]] had detected several mistakes and anachronisms.<ref>{{webcite|articleurl=http://narniafans.com/2019/08/interview-with-narnia-conceptual-designer-john-howe/|articlename=Interview with John Howe|website=Narnia Fans|accessed=25 June 2020}}</ref><br />
<br />
The series being set in the [[Second Age]] was predicted by [[Tolkien Society]] Chair [[Shaun Gunner]] in February.<ref>{{webcite|website=Twitter|accessed=15 February 2020|dated=18 February 2019|articleurl=http://twitter.com/ShaunGunner/status/1097505289618841601|articlename=Shaun Gunner on Twitter}}</ref><br />
<br />
On [[27 July]] 2019 a video was published that introduced the creative team; [[J.D. Payne]] and [[Patrick McKay]] were announced as the showrunners, the writing team consisting of Gennifer Hutchison, Helen Shang, Jason Cahill, Glenise Mullins, Justin Dohle, Stephany Folsom and Bryan Cogman, Belén Atienza, Bruce Richmond, Gene Kelly and Lindsey Weber as executive producers, Ron Ames as co-producer, Kate Hawley as costume designer, Rick Heinrichs as production designer and Jason Smith as visual effects supervisor. The team will also include Tolkien scholar [[Tom Shippey]] and artist [[John Howe]]. [[J. A. Bayona|Bayona]] will direct the first two episodes.<ref>{{webcite|author=|articleurl=http://twitter.com/LOTRonPrime/status/1155142047420080129|articlename=''Meet our Fellowship''|dated=27 July 2019|website=Twitter|accessed=30 January 2020}}</ref> In an interview with the German Tolkien Society, scholar [[Tom Shippey]] stated that events from the First and Third Ages are "off-limits".<ref>{{webcite|author=Tobias M. Eckrich |articleurl=http://www.tolkiengesellschaft.de/30918/exklusive-interview-with-tom-shippey-concerning-lotronprime/|articlename=Exclusive interview with Tom Shippey concerning LOTRonPrime|dated=29 July 2019|website=[http://www.tolkiengesellschaft.de Deutche Tolkien Gesellschaft]|accessed=6 August 2019}}</ref><br />
<br />
On [[17 September]] 2019, Amazon Studios announced that the series will be filmed in New Zealand.<ref name="AMNZ"/><br />
<br />
On [[18 November]] 2019, Amazon Studios Head Jennifer Salke announced a second season renewal for the series.<ref>{{webcite|author=Nellie Andreeva|articleurl=http://deadline.com/2019/11/the-lord-of-the-rings-series-renewed-season-2-amazon-early-renewal-season-1-hiatus-writers-room-reassembled-1202788730/|articlename=‘The Lord Of the Rings’ Series Gets Early Season 2 Renewal By Amazon, Sets Season 1 Hiatus|dated=18 November 2019|website=Deadline|accessed=17 March 2020}}</ref><br />
<br />
Due to the COVID-19 pandemic production of the series was suspended.<ref>{{webcite|author=Chris Keall|articleurl=http://www.nzherald.co.nz/business/news/article.cfm?c_id=3&objectid=12316871|articlename=Coronavirus: Amazon's Lord of the Rings production in West Auckland shut down|dated=15 March 2020|website=[http://www.nzherald.co.nz/ The New Zealand Herald]|accessed=17 July 2020}}</ref> On 9 May 2020 the New Zealand Film Commission has allowed the production of film and TV to continue in the country.<ref>{{webcite|author=|articleurl=http://www.nzherald.co.nz/entertainment/news/article.cfm?c_id=1501119&objectid=12330716|articlename=Covid 19 coronavirus: Avatar, Lord Of The Rings filming resumes in NZ|dated=9 May 2020|website=[http://www.nzherald.co.nz/ The New Zealand Herald]|accessed=17 July 2020}}</ref><br />
<br />
In December 2020, [[Bryan Cogman]] left the series for Entertainment One, after completing work on the scripts for season one.<ref>{{webcite|author=Lesley Goldberg |articleurl=http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/live-feed/bryan-cogman-moves-overall-deal-to-eone-exclusive|articlename=Bryan Cogman Moves Overall Deal to eOne (Exclusive)|dated=7 December 2020|website=The Hollywood Reporter|accessed=15 December 2020}}</ref><br />
<br />
On [[24 March]] [[2021]], Amazon Studios announced that [[Wayne Che Yip]] has joined the creative team, as both a co-executive producer and director.<ref>{{webcite|author=Matt Grobar|articleurl=http://deadline.com/2021/03/wayne-che-yip-boards-lord-of-the-rings-series-director-co-ep-amazon-studios-1234720477/|articlename=Wayne Che Yip Boards ‘The Lord Of The Rings’ Series As Director & Co-EP, Will Helm Four Episodes Of Amazon Original|dated=24 March 2021|website=[http://deadline.com/ Deadline]|accessed=5 April 2021}}</ref><br />
<br />
On May 2021, it was announced that [[Charlotte Brändström]] will direct another two episodes.<ref>{{webcite|author=Matt Grobar|articleurl=https://deadline.com/2021/05/the-witcher-charlotte-brandstrom-amazons-the-lord-of-the-rings-series-1234755360/|articlename=‘The Witcher’ Director Charlotte Brändström Joins Amazon’s ‘The Lord Of The Rings’ Series<br />
|dated=13 May 2021|website=[http://deadline.com/ Deadline]|accessed=21 August 2021}}</ref><br />
<br />
On September 2021, it was reported that [[Howard Shore]] and [[Bear McCreary]] are in talks to compose the soundtrack for the series.<ref>{{webcite|articleurl=https://www.theonering.net/torwp/2021/09/19/111495-howard-shore-and-bear-mccreary-to-soundtrack-lotr-on-prime-series/|articlename=Howard Shore and Bear McCreary to soundtrack LOTR on Prime series|dated=September 19, 2021|website=TheOneRing.net|accessed=September 20, 2021}}</ref><br />
<br />
On 19 January [[2022]], a first teaser was released announcing the official title for the series: ''The Lord of the Rings: The Rings of Power''.<ref>{{webcite|author=@LOTRonPrime|articleurl=http://twitter.com/LOTRonPrime/status/1483816516327915522?cxt=HHwWhICq-dHQyZcpAAAA|articlename=Title Announcement|dated=19 January 2022|website=Twitter|accessed=19 January 2022}}</ref><br />
<br />
=== Casting ===<br />
On 22 July 2019, it was reported that Amazon has made its first cast for the new series that Markella Kavenagh was in talks to play a character named "Tyra".<ref>{{webcite|author=Joe Otterson|articleurl=http://variety.com/2019/tv/news/lord-of-the-rings-series-amazon-cast-markella-kavenagh-1203268175|articlename=‘Lord of the Rings’ Series at Amazon Taps First Cast Member (EXCLUSIVE)|dated=22 July 2019|website=[http://variety.com/ Variety]|accessed=22 October 2019}}</ref><br />
<br />
Will Poulter was cast for an unknown role in September 2019<ref>{{webcite|author=Joe Otterson|articleurl=http://variety.com/2019/tv/news/lord-of-the-rings-series-amazon-will-poulter-cast-1203321951/|articlename=‘Lord of The Rings’ Series at Amazon Casts Will Poulter (EXCLUSIVE)|dated=4 September 2019|website=[http://variety.com/ Variety]|accessed=22 October 2019}}</ref> however in December it was reported that he left the series due to scheduling conflicts.<ref>{{webcite|author=Joe Otterson|articleurl=http://variety.com/2019/tv/news/lord-of-the-rings-series-amazon-will-poulter-1203433273/|articlename=‘Lord of the Rings’: Will Poulter No Longer Attached to Amazon Series (EXCLUSIVE)|dated=12 December 2019|website=[http://variety.com/ Variety]|accessed=13 December 2019}}</ref> This was later confirmed by Poulter in an interview.<ref>{{webcite|author=Will Richards|articleurl=http://www.nme.com/news/tv/will-poulter-explains-why-he-left-amazons-lord-of-the-rings-tv-series-2706105|articlename=Will Poulter explains why he left Amazon's 'Lord Of The Rings' TV series|dated=12 July 2020|website=[http://www.nme.com/ NME]|accessed=17 July 2020}}</ref> He was replaced by Robert Aramayo who was reported to be playing a character named "Beldor".<ref>{{webcite|author=Nellie Andreeva|articleurl=http://deadline.com/2020/01/robert-aramayo-cast-the-lord-of-the-rings-amazon-tv-series-game-of-thrones-alum-cast-1202823073/|articlename='The Lord Of the Rings': Robert Aramayo To Star In Amazon TV Series|dated=7 January 2020|website=Deadline|accessed=15 January 2020}}</ref><br />
<br />
In October 2019 it was reported that Maxim Baldry<ref>{{webcite|author=Jeff Sneider|articleurl=http://collider.com/lord-of-the-rings-tv-series-cast-maxim-baldry/|articlename=Exclusive: ‘Lord of the Rings’ TV Series Adds ‘Years and Years’ Star Maxim Baldry|dated=15 October 2019|website=Collider|accessed=13 December 2019}}</ref> and Joseph Mawle has joined the cast, the latter playing "Oren", the lead villain of the series.<ref>{{webcite|author=Nellie Andreeva|articleurl=http://deadline.com/2019/10/the-lord-of-the-rings-joseph-mawle-cast-star-amazon-series-oren-game-of-thrones-alum-1202765493/|articlename='The Lord Of The Rings': Joseph Mawle To Star In Amazon Series|dated=21 October 2019|website=Deadline|accessed=22 October 2019}}</ref><br />
<br />
In December 2019 there were reports of Ema Horvath<ref>{{webcite|author=Nellie Andreeva|articleurl=http://deadline.com/2019/12/ema-horvath-cast-the-lord-of-the-rings-amazon-series-1202806025/|articlename=‘The Lord Of The Rings’: Ema Horvath Joins Cast Of Amazon Series|dated=10 December 2019|website=Deadline|accessed=13 December 2019}}</ref> and Morfydd Clark joinining the cast, it was said that Clark is to play a "young [[Galadriel]]".<ref>{{webcite|author=Justin Kroll|articleurl=http://variety.com/2019/tv/news/lord-of-the-rings-series-galadriel-morfydd-clark-1203446284/amp/|articlename='Lord of the Rings' Series Taps Morfydd Clark as Young Galadriel (EXCLUSIVE)|dated=17 December 2019|website=[http://variety.com/ Variety]|accessed=4 January 2020}}</ref><br />
<br />
On 15 January 2020, the series' official social media confirmed the castings of Kavenagh, Aramayo, Mawle, Horvath and Clark as well as revealing new members of the cast; Owain Arthur, Nazanin Boniadi, Tom Budge, Ismael Cruz Cordova, Tyroe Muhafidin, Sophia Nomvete, Megan Richards, Dylan Smith, Charlie Vickers and Daniel Weyman.<ref name="Meet">{{webcite|author=|articleurl=http://www.facebook.com/LOTRonPrime/photos/?tab=album&album_id=2410457885934047|articlename=Meet the first members of our fellowship. #LOTRonPrime|dated=15 January 2020|website=Facebook|accessed=15 January 2020}}</ref><br />
<br />
In December 2020, it was announced that 20 actors have been added to the cast; Cynthia Addai-Robinson, Maxim Baldry (reported to have joined back in October 2019), Ian Blackburn, Kip Chapman, Anthony Crum, Maxine Cunliffe, Trystan Gravelle, Sir Lenny Henry, Thusitha Jayasundera, Fabian McCallum, Simon Merrells, Geoff Morrell, Peter Mullan, Lloyd Owen, Augustus Prew, Peter Tait, Alex Tarrant, Leon Wadham, Benjamin Walker and Sara Zwangobani.<ref name="VA20">{{webcite|author=Joe Otterson|articleurl=http://variety.com/2020/tv/news/lord-of-the-rings-series-amazon-cast-1234845274/|articlename=‘Lord of the Rings’ Series at Amazon Adds 20 Actors to Cast|dated=3 December 2020|website=[http://variety.com/ Variety]|accessed=3 December 2020}}</ref><br />
<br />
In March 2021, Tom Budge announced that he had departed the series after filming several episodes. He explained that Amazon had decided to go in a different direction with his character after reviewing the first episodes.<ref>{{webcite|author=|articleurl=http://www.instagram.com/p/CMZnFx-HkAp/|articlename=Tom Budge on Instagram|dated=14 March 2021|website=[http://instagram.com/ Instagram]|accessed=5 April 2021}}</ref><br />
<br />
In July 2021 Charles Edwards, Will Fletcher, Amelie Child-Villiers, and Beau Cassidy were added to the first season's cast that July.<ref>{{webcite|author=|articleurl=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/tv/tv-news/amazon-lord-of-the-rings-tv-series-cast-1234976309/|articlename=Amazon’s ‘Lord of the Rings’ Rounds Out Sprawling Cast (Exclusive)<br />
|dated=1 July 2021|website=Hollywood Reporter|accessed=21 August 2021}}</ref> A third of the first season's 124 speaking roles, including seven of the 32 major recurring roles, went to New Zealand actors.<ref>{{webcite|author=|articleurl=https://www.newsroom.co.nz/page//govt-hopes-amazon-will-come-back-to-film-more-seasons|articlename=Return of the Rings: Govt hopes Amazon will come back to film more seasons<br />
|dated=5 August 2021|website=[https://www.newsroom.co.nz Newsroom|accessed=21 August 2021}}</ref><br />
<br />
=== Filming ===<br />
==== Season one ====<br />
[[File:The Rings of Power (TV series) - Adar poster.jpg|thumb|One of the promotional posters released on February 2022]]<br />
Although pre-production on the series reportedly began in June 2018 in [[Auckland]], filming began on [[14 March]] [[2020]]<ref>{{webcite|author=|articleurl=https://www.gamespot.com//articles/lord-of-the-rings-tv-show-director-shares-a-behind/1100-6474422/|articlename=<br />
Lord Of The Rings TV Show Director Shares A Behind-The-Scenes Photo<br />
|dated=15 March 2020|website=[https://www.gamespot.com Gamespot]|accessed=25 August 2021}}</ref> in Auckland primarily at Kumeu Film Studios and Auckland Film Studios.<ref>{{webcite|author=|articleurl=https://www.newstalkzb.co.nz/news/entertainment/new-zealand-set-to-be-location-for-lord-of-the-rings-1-5-billion-tv-show/|articlename=New $1.5b LOTR TV series set to film in Auckland|dated=30 June 2019|website=[https://www.newstalkzb.co.nz Newstalk ZB]|accessed=25 August 2021}}</ref> Location filming took place around Auckland in February.<ref>{{webcite|author=|articleurl=https://www.theonering.net/torwp/2020/02/21/107557-exclusive-spy-report-from-the-set-of-amazons-lotr-with-photos/|articlename=EXCLUSIVE:Spy Report from the Set of Amazon's LOTR with photos |dated=21 February 2020|website=[https://deadline.com Deadline]|accessed=26 December 2021}}</ref> Filming for the first two episodes was expected to continue through May,<ref>{{webcite|author=|articleurl=https://www.stuff.co.nz/life-style/homed/real-estate/118857705/lord-of-the-rings-tv-amazon-studios-puts-out-call-for-homes-for-cast-and-crew|articlename=Lord of the Rings TV: Amazon Studios puts out call for homes for cast and crew|dated=21 February 2020|website=[https://www.stuff.co.nz Stuff]|accessed=26 December 2021}}</ref> with a four or five-month production break then planned during which footage for the two episodes would be reviewed and writing on the second season would begin.<ref>{{webcite|author=|articleurl=https://deadline.com/2019/11/the-lord-of-the-rings-series-renewed-season-2-amazon-early-renewal-season-1-hiatus-writers-room-reassembled-1202788730/|articlename=<br />
‘The Lord Of the Rings’ Series Gets Early Season 2 Renewal By Amazon, Sets Season 1 Hiatus<br />
|dated=19 January 2020|website=[https://deadline.com DEADLINE]|accessed=26 December 2021}}</ref>Production was scheduled to resume in mid-October and continue until late June 2021.<ref>{{webcite|author=|articleurl=https://www.stuff.co.nz/life-style/homed/real-estate/118857705/lord-of-the-rings-tv-amazon-studios-puts-out-call-for-homes-for-cast-and-crew|articlename= Lord of the Rings TV: Amazon Studios puts out call for homes for cast and crew|dated=19 January 2020|website=[https://www.stuff.co.nz Stuff.co]|accessed=26 December 2021}}</ref> However, filming was placed on hold indefinitely in mid-March 2020 due to the COVID-19 pandemic, with around 800 cast and crew members told to stay home.<ref>{{webcite|author=|articleurl=https://www.nzherald.co.nz/business/coronavirus-amazons-lord-of-the-rings-production-in-west-auckland-shut-down/JZE3ZEXWQQIQJXH4KYENFR3LRY/?c_id=3&objectid=12316871|articlename=<br />
Coronavirus: Amazon's Lord of the Rings production in West Auckland shut down<br />
|dated=15 March 2020|website=[https://www.nzherald.co.nz NZherald]|accessed=26 December 2021}}</ref> In early May, the majority of filming for the first two episodes was confirmed to have been completed before the COVID-19 shutdown. Filming on the series was allowed to resume then under new safety guidelines from the New Zealand government, but, instead of completing filming for the first two episodes at that time, the filming shutdown segued into the intended production break, with filming for the first two episodes set to be completed once filming on further episodes was ready to begin.<ref>{{webcite|author=|articleurl=https://deadline.com/2020/05/new-zealand-returns-to-production-paving-way-for-avatar-sequels-to-resume-live-action-filming-1202929138/|articlename=<br />
New Zealand Returns To Production, Paving Way For ‘Avatar’ Sequels & ‘The Lord Of The Rings’ Series To Resume Filming |dated=7 May 2020|website=[https://deadline.com Deadline]|accessed=26 December 2021}}</ref><br />
<br />
It was reported that the TV series was one of seven film and television productions that were granted exemptions to allow cast and crew members to enter New Zealand while its borders were closed to non-New Zealanders due to [[Wikipedia:COVID-19|COVID-19]]. The exemptions were granted before [[June 18]] by Economic Development Minister Phil Twyford, and applied to 93 members of the production as well as 20 family members. Around 10 percent of the series' crew were believed to be non-[[New Zealand|New Zealanders]], and many of them had remained in the country during its pandemic lockdown and did not require exemptions. Pre-production on further episodes began by July [[2020]],<ref>{{webcite|author=|articleurl=https://www.stuff.co.nz/entertainment/122012197/revealed-the-six-productions-joining-avatar-in-getting-border-exemptions|articlename= <br />
Revealed: The six productions joining Avatar in getting border exemptions<br />
|dated=3 July 2020|website=[https://www.stuff.co.nz Stuff.co]|accessed=26 December 2021}}</ref> and filming on the series resumed on [[September 28]].<ref>{{webcite|author=|articleurl=https://deadline.com/2020/09/the-lord-of-the-rings-resumes-production-amazon-new-zealand-cowboy-bebop-netflix-dtart-of-production-1234584918/|articlename= <br />
Amazon’s ‘The Lord Of The Rings’ Resumes Production In New Zealand, Netflix’s ‘Cowboy Bebop’ Next<br />
|dated=28 September 2020|website=[https://deadline.com Deadline]|accessed=26 December 2021}}</ref> Bayona completed filming on his episodes by December 23,<ref>{{webcite|author=|articleurl=https://comicbook.com/tv-shows/news/amazons-lord-of-the-rings-pilot-wrapped-filming/|articlename= Amazon's Lord Of The Rings Pilot Has Wrapped Filming<br />
|dated=25 December 2020|website=[https://comicbook.com ComicBook]|accessed=26 December 2021}}</ref> with production on further episodes set to begin in January 2021 following a two week break for Christmas.<ref>{{webcite|author=|articleurl=https://www.nzherald.co.nz/entertainment/spy-lunch-of-the-rings-the-lotr-star-spotted-on-waiheke/WFTPOF2VTQ272HKL6NT2QLHHQI/|articlename=<br />
Spy: Lunch of the Rings? The LOTR star spotted on Waiheke<br />
|dated=19 December 2020|website=[https://www.nzherald.co.nz NZherald]|accessed=26 December 2021}}</ref> Yip confirmed that he had begun filming his episodes by March,<ref>{{webcite|author=|articleurl=https://variety.com/2021/tv/news/lord-of-the-rings-amazon-wayne-che-yip-1234936829/|articlename= ‘Lord of the Rings’ Series Adds Director Wayne Che Yip as Co-Executive Producer<br />
|dated=24 March 2021|website=[https://variety.com Variety]|accessed=26 December 2021}}</ref> and Brändström was in New Zealand for production on the series when she was announced as director in May.<ref>{{webcite|author=|articleurl=https://deadline.com/2021/05/the-witcher-charlotte-brandstrom-amazons-the-lord-of-the-rings-series-1234755360/|articlename= ‘The Witcher’ Director Charlotte Brändström Joins Amazon’s ‘The Lord Of The Rings’ Series |dated=13 May 2021|website=[https://deadline.com Deadline]|accessed=26 December 2021}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Marketing ==<br />
On [[19 January]] 2022, Amazon revealed of the series' full title. Instead of creating a title reveal with visual effects, the studio released an announcement video in which the letters of the title are physically cast from molten metal while an excerpt of the "[[Ring Verse]]" from ''The Lord of the Rings'' is read in voiceover. The video was directed by Klaus Obermeyer, who worked with special effects supervisor Lee Nelson under advisement by veteran special effects supervisor [[Douglas Trumbull]].<ref>{{webcite|author=|articleurl=http://www.theonering.net/torwp/2022/01/19/111840-prime-videos-the-lord-of-the-rings-title-reveal-exclusive-behind-the-scenes-images/|articlename=Prime Video's The Lord of the Rings TITLE REVEAL - EXCLUSIVE Behind the Scenes images|dated=3 February 2022|website=[https://www.polygon.com/ Polygon]|accessed=4 February 2022}}</ref><br />
<br />
On [[3 February]] 2022, Amazon Studios revealed a series of character posters for the series.<ref>{{webcite|author=|articleurl=https://www.polygon.com/22915948/lord-of-the-rings-of-power-characters-posters|articlename=Amazon’s first Lord of the Rings: The Rings of Power character posters are a guessing game|dated=4 February 2022|website=[https://www.polygon.com/ Polygon]|accessed=4 February 2022}}</ref> On 10 February, a "first look" was revealed with photos of some of the characters,<ref name="VanityFair">{{webcite|author=Anthony Breznican & Joanna Robinson|articleurl=https://www.vanityfair.com/hollywood/2022/02/amazon-the-rings-of-power-series-first-look|articlename=Amazon’s Lord of the Rings Series Rises: Inside The Rings of Power<br />
|dated=10-Feb-2022|website=VanityFair|accessed=20-July-2022}}</ref> followed by the release of the teaser trailer on 13 February during Super Bowl LVI.<ref>{{webcite|author=Erin Carson and Jennifer Bisset|articleurl=https://www.cnet.com/culture/entertainment/amazon-introduces-lord-of-the-rings-the-rings-of-power-in-new-trailer/|articlename=Amazon Introduces 'Lord of the Rings: The Rings of Power' in New Trailer|website=[http://www.cnet.com/ CNet]|accessed=9 April 2022}}</ref> The official watch party for the trailer was hosted on YouTube by [[TheOneRing.net]].<ref>{{webcite|author=|articleurl=http://www.theonering.net/torwp/2022/02/07/111973-official-lotr-trailer-watch-party-for-prime-videos-rings-of-power-to-be-hosted-by-torn/|articlename=Official LOTR Trailer Watch party for Prime Video’s Rings of Power to be hosted by TORn!|website=[https://www.theonering.net/ TheOneRing.net]|accessed=9 April 2022}}</ref><br />
<br />
On [[14 July]], Amazon released another trailer for the series online.<ref>{{webcite|author=William Goodman|articleurl=https://www.gq.com/story/lord-of-the-rings-rings-of-power-trailer|articlename=What the ‘Lord of the Rings: Rings of Power’ Trailer Reveals About the New Prequel Series<br />
|dated=14 July 2022|website=[https://www.gq.com Get Go]|accessed=22 July 2022}}</ref><br />
<br />
On [[23 August]], Amazon released the final trailer for the first season's series online.<ref>{{webcite|author=James White|articleurl=https://www.empireonline.com/tv/news/lotr-the-rings-of-powers-final-trailer-shows-off-giant-battles-and-epic-scale/|articlename=LOTR: The Rings Of Power’s Final Trailer Shows Off Giant Battles And Epic Scale<br />
|dated=23 August 2022|website=[https://www.empireonline.com/ EmpireOnline]|accessed=04 October 2022}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Reception ==<br />
''The Rings of Power'' received mixed reviews upon release.<ref>{{webcite|author=|articleurl=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/tv/the_lord_of_the_rings_the_rings_of_power|articlename=The Lord of the Rings: The Rings of Power|dated=|website=[https://www.rottentomatoes.com/ Rotten Tomatoes]|accessed=2 October 2022}}</ref><ref>{{webcite|author=|articleurl=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt7631058/|articlename=The Lord of the Rings: The Rings of Power|dated=|website=[https://www.imdb.com/ IMDB]|accessed=2 October 2022}}</ref><br />
<br />
== See also ==<br />
* [[:Category:Images from The Rings of Power (TV series)|Category:Images from ''The Rings of Power'' TV series]]<br />
* [[The Lord of the Rings: The Rings of Power Season 1 Soundtrack|''The Lord of the Rings: The Rings of Power'' Season 1 Soundtrack]]<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
* [http://www.amazon.com/adlp/lotronprime Official website]<br />
* [http://www.facebook.com/LOTRonPrime/ Official Facebook page]<br />
* [http://www.youtube.com/channel/UC5gNthckomHt36m9-WH042Q/ Youtube channel]<br />
* https://www.fandom.com/articles/lord-rings-power-hidden-character-details<br />
* https://www.aboutamazon.com/news/entertainment/lord-of-the-rings-numenor-images<br />
* https://www.looper.com/962547/robert-aramayo-sheds-light-on-a-younger-elrond-in-rings-of-power-exclusive-interview/<br />
* https://time.com/6205837/the-rings-of-power-amazon-most-expensive/<br />
<br />
{{References}}<br />
<br />
{{Title|Italics}}<br />
[[Category:The Rings of Power (TV series)| ]]<br />
[[Category:Television series]]<br />
<br />
[[fr:divertissements/adaptations/series/lsda_amazon]]<br />
[[fi:The Lord of the Rings (Amazon)]]</div>Fredegharhttps://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=The_Lord_of_the_Rings:_The_Rings_of_Power&diff=359164The Lord of the Rings: The Rings of Power2022-10-11T00:51:11Z<p>Fredeghar: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{currentevent}}<br />
{{disambig-more|Rings of Power|[[Rings of Power (disambiguation)]]}}<br />
{{film infobox<br />
| image=[[File:Amazon - The Lord of the Rings - The Rings of Power.png|250px]]<br />
| name=The Lord of the Rings: The Rings of Power<br />
| director=<br />
| producer=[[J.D. Payne]] and [[Patrick McKay]] (showrunners)<br />
| writer='''Novel:'''<br>[[J.R.R. Tolkien]]<br>'''Screenplay:'''<br>John D. Payne and Patrick McKay <br />
| narrator=<br />
| starring=''[[#Cast and characters|see below]]''<br />
| music=<br />
| cinematography=<br />
| editing=<br />
| distributor=Amazon Prime Video<br />
| released=[[1 September]] [[2022]] (first episode's release date)<br />
| runtime=<br />
| country=United States, United Kingdom, New Zealand<br />
| language=English<br />
| budget=<br />
| website=[http://www.amazon.com/adlp/lotronprime Official website]<br />
| imdb_id=7631058<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''''The Lord of the Rings: The Rings of Power''''', otherwise known as '''The Lord of the Rings on Prime''', is an online television series and it is based on the writings of [[J.R.R. Tolkien]]. It is created and produced by [[Amazon Studios]] working alongside the [[Tolkien Estate]], [[The Tolkien Trust]], [[HarperCollins]] and [[New Line Cinema]]. Set in the [[Second Age]] of [[Middle-earth]],<ref name="AMSA">{{webcite|author=|articleurl=http://twitter.com/LOTRonPrime/status/1103656946509344768|articlename=Welcome to the Second Age:|dated=7 March 2019|website=Twitter|accessed=30 January 2020}}</ref> it explores new storylines preceding J.R.R. Tolkien's ''[[The Fellowship of the Ring]].''<ref name="AMNZ">{{webcite|author=|articleurl=http://press.aboutamazon.com/news-releases/news-release-details/amazon-studios-announces-new-zealand-location-its-upcoming|articlename=Amazon Studios Announces New Zealand as Location for Its Upcoming Series Based on The Lord of the Rings|dated=17 September 2019|website=Amazon|accessed=18 September 2019}}</ref> The story spanning across thousands of years is condensed into a single point in time to avoid time jumps.<ref name="VanityFair"></ref> The first two episodes were released on [[1 September]] of [[2022]]<ref>{{webcite|author=|articleurl=https://www.whathifi.com/advice/how-to-watch-lord-of-the-rings-the-rings-of-power-release-date-trailer-cast-episodes|articlename=How to watch Lord of the Rings: The Rings of Power – release date, trailer, cast, episodes available now|dated=2 September 2022|website=[https://www.whathifi.com/ What Hi-Fi]|accessed=10 October 2022}}</ref>, although they were originally scheduled to be released on [[2 September]] of the same year.<ref> This also is the day of death of Professor J.R.R. Tolkien.{{webcite|author=@LOTRonPrime|articleurl=http://twitter.com/LOTRonPrime/status/1422255647106617359|articlename=A new journey beings|dated=2 August 2021|website=Twitter|accessed=2 August 2021}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Premise ==<br />
{{blockquote|Amazon Studios' forthcoming series brings to screens for the very first time the heroic legends of the fabled Second Age of Middle-earth's history. This epic drama is set thousands of years before the events of J.R.R. Tolkien’s The Hobbit and The Lord of the Rings, and will take viewers back to an era in which great powers were forged, kingdoms rose to glory and fell to ruin, unlikely heroes were tested, hope hung by the finest of threads, and the greatest villain that ever flowed from Tolkien's pen threatened to cover all the world in darkness. Beginning in a time of relative peace, the series follows an ensemble cast of characters, both familiar and new, as they confront the long-feared re-emergence of evil to Middle-earth. From the darkest depths of the Misty Mountains, to the majestic forests of the elf-capital of Lindon, to the breathtaking island kingdom of Númenor, to the furthest reaches of the map, these kingdoms and characters will carve out legacies that live on long after they are gone.|Official synopsis<ref>{{webcite|author=Justin Sewell|articleurl=http://www.theonering.net/torwp/2021/01/12/110065-exclusive-official-show-synopsis-for-amazons-lord-of-the-rings-series/|articlename=EXCLUSIVE: Official Show Synopsis for Amazon’s LORD OF THE RINGS Series|dated=12 January 2021|website=[http://www.theonering.net TheOneRing]|accessed=13 January 2021}}</ref>}}<br />
<br />
== Source material and copyrights ==<br />
The showrunners said that they wish to "come up with the novel Tolkien never wrote and do it as the mega-event series".<ref name="VanityFair"></ref> They explained that they only have the copyrights to adapt ''[[The Hobbit]]'' and ''[[The Lord of the Rings]]'' along with it's [[Appendices]], without the rights to ''[[The Silmarillion]]'', ''[[Unfinished Tales]]'' or other books that contain vast majority of Tolkien's writings on the [[Second Age]].<ref name="VFQuestions"/><br />
<br />
== Episodes ==<br />
=== Season one ===<br />
# [[A Shadow of the Past]]<br />
# [[Adrift]]<br />
# [[Adar (episode)|Adar]]<br />
# [[The Great Wave]]<br />
# [[Partings]]<br />
# [[Udûn (episode)|Udûn]]<br />
# [[The Eye]]<br />
<br />
== Cast and characters ==<br />
''In alphabetical order''<br />
=== Season one ===<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|- bgcolor="#CCCCCC"<br />
! Actor !! Role<br />
|-<br />
| [[Cynthia Addai-Robinson]]<ref name="VA20"/> || [[Tar-Míriel|Queen Regent Míriel]]<ref>{{webcite|author=The Lord of the Rings on Prime|articleurl=https://twitter.com/LOTRonPrime/status/1547418520400658432|articlename=Cynthia Addai-Robinson is Queen Regent Míriel|dated=14 February 2022|website=[https://twitter.com Twitter]|accessed=14 February 2022}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| [[Robert Aramayo]]<ref name="Meet"/> || [[Elrond]]<ref>{{webcite|author=The Lord of the Rings on Prime|articleurl=https://twitter.com/LOTRonPrime/status/1492167519439925260|articlename=Robert Aramayo is Elrond. #LOTRROP|dated=9 June 2022|website=[https://twitter.com Twitter]|accessed=11 June 2022}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| [[Owain Arthur]]<ref name="Meet"/> || [[Durin IV|Prince Durin IV]]<ref>{{webcite|author=The Lord of the Rings on Prime|articleurl=https://twitter.com/LOTRonPrime/status/1492168323051802626|articlename=Owain Arthur is Prince Durin IV. #LOTRROP|dated=9 June 2022|website=[https://twitter.com Twitter]|accessed=11 June 2022}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| [[Maxim Baldry]]<ref name="VA20"/> || [[Isildur]]<ref>{{webcite|author=The Lord of the Rings on Prime|articleurl=https://twitter.com/LOTRonPrime/status/1547417633603059712|articlename=Maxim Baldry is Isildur|dated=14 February 2022|website=[https://twitter.com Twitter]|accessed=14 February 2022}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| [[Ian Blackburn]]<ref name="VA20"/> || [[Rowan (The Rings of Power)|Rowan]]<br />
|-<br />
| [[Nazanin Boniadi]]<ref name="Meet"/> || [[Bronwyn]]<ref>{{webcite|author=The Lord of the Rings on Prime|articleurl=https://twitter.com/LOTRonPrime/status/1492168861403299841|articlename=Nazanin Boniadi is Bronwyn. #LOTRROP|dated=9 June 2022|website=[https://twitter.com Twitter]|accessed=11 June 2022}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| [[Kip Chapman]]<ref name="VA20"/> || [[Rían (The Rings of Power)|Rían]]<br />
|-<br />
| [[Morfydd Clark]]<ref name="Meet"/> || [[Galadriel]]<ref>{{webcite|author=The Lord of the Rings on Prime|articleurl=https://twitter.com/LOTRonPrime/status/1492167351902609413|articlename=Morfydd Clark is Galadriel. #LOTRROP|dated=9 June 2022|website=[https://twitter.com Twitter]|accessed=11 June 2022}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| [[Ismael Cruz Córdova]]<ref name="Meet"/> || [[Arondir]] <ref>{{webcite|author=The Lord of the Rings on Prime|articleurl=https://twitter.com/LOTRonPrime/status/1492168672051445771|articlename=Ismael Cruz Cordova is Arondir. #LOTRROP|dated=9 June 2022|website=[https://twitter.com Twitter]|accessed=11 June 2022}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| [[Anthony Crum]]<ref name="VA20"/> || [[Ontamo]]<br />
|-<br />
| [[Maxine Cunliffe]]<ref name="VA20"/> || [[Vilma]]<br />
|-<br />
| [[Charles Edwards]]<ref name="VFInside">{{webcite|author=The Lord of the Rings on Prime|articleurl=https://www.vanityfair.com/hollywood/2022/02/amazon-the-rings-of-power-series-first-look|articlename=Amazon’s Lord of the Rings Series Rises: Inside The Rings of Power|dated=10 February 2022|website=[https://www.vanityfair.com/ Vanity Fair]|accessed=11 February 2022}}</ref> || [[Celebrimbor]]<ref>{{webcite|author=The Lord of the Rings on Prime|articleurl=https://twitter.com/LOTRonPrime/status/1534220750311174144|articlename=Charles Edwards is Celebrimbor|dated=14 February 2022|website=[https://twitter.com Twitter]|accessed=14 February 2022}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| [[Trystan Gravelle]]<ref name="VA20"/> || [[Pharazôn]]<ref>{{webcite|author=The Lord of the Rings on Prime|articleurl=https://twitter.com/LOTRonPrime/status/1547418058515521537|articlename=Trystan Gravelle is Pharazôn|dated=14 February 2022|website=[https://twitter.com Twitter]|accessed=14 February 2022}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| [[Lenny Henry|Sir Lenny Henry]]<ref name="VA20"/> || [[Sadoc Burrows]]<ref>{{webcite|author=The Lord of the Rings on Prime|articleurl=https://twitter.com/LOTRonPrime/status/1533945721929420800#m|articlename=Sir Lenny Henry is Sadoc Burrows. #LOTRROP|dated=9 June 2022|website=[https://twitter.com Twitter]|accessed=11 June 2022}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| [[Ema Horvath]]<ref name="Meet"/> || [[Eärien]]<ref>{{webcite|author=The Lord of the Rings on Prime|articleurl=https://twitter.com/LOTRonPrime/status/1547417835961552896|articlename=Ema Horvath is Eärien|dated=14 February 2022|website=[https://twitter.com Twitter]|accessed=14 February 2022}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| [[Thusitha Jayasundera]]<ref name="VA20"/> || [[Malva Meadowgrass|Malva]]<br />
|-<br />
| [[Markella Kavenagh]]<ref name="Meet"/> || [[Elanor Brandyfoot|Elanor "Nori" Brandyfoot]]<ref>{{webcite|author=The Lord of the Rings on Prime|articleurl=https://twitter.com/LOTRonPrime/status/1493253881651937283|articlename=Markella Kavenagh is Elanor ‘Nori’ Brandyfoot|dated=14 February 2022|website=[https://twitter.com Twitter]|accessed=14 February 2022}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| [[Joseph Mawle]]<ref name="Meet"/> || [[Adar (The Rings of Power)|Adar]]<br />
|-<br />
| [[Fabian McCallum]]<ref name="VA20"/> || [[Thondir]]<br />
|-<br />
| [[Simon Merrells]]<ref name="VA20"/> || [[Revion]]<br />
|-<br />
| [[Geoff Morrell]]<ref name="VA20"/> || [[Waldreg]]<ref>{{webcite|author=The Lord of the Rings on Prime|articleurl=https://twitter.com/PrimeVideo/status/1559940412114083841|articlename=Get to know the Southlanders in #TheRingsOfPower<br />
|dated=17 August 2022|website=[https://twitter.com/ Twitter]|accessed=17 August 2022}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| [[Tyroe Muhafidin]]<ref name="Meet"/> || [[Theo]]<ref>{{webcite|author=The Lord of the Rings on Prime|articleurl=https://mobile.twitter.com/LOTRonPrime/status/1516457306497581056|articlename=Tyroe Muhafidin is Theo. #LOTRROP #RingsofPower|dated=19 April 2022|website=[https://twitter.com Twitter]|accessed=19 April 2022}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| [[Peter Mullan]]<ref name="VA20"/> || [[Durin III|King Durin III]]<ref name="VFQuestions">{{webcite|author=burning questions about amazons the rings of power|articleurl= https://www.vanityfair.com/hollywood/2022/02/10-burning-questions-about-amazons-the-rings-of-power |articlename=Amazon’s Lord of the Rings Series: FAQ|dated=14 February 2022|website=[https://www.vanityfair.com/ Vanity Fair]|accessed=16 February 2022}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| [[Sophia Nomvete]]<ref name="Meet"/> || [[Disa|Princess Disa]] <ref>{{webcite|author=The Lord of the Rings on Prime|articleurl=https://twitter.com/LOTRonPrime/status/1492168418358874123|articlename=Sophia Nomvete is Princess Disa. #LOTRROP|dated=9 June 2022|website=[https://twitter.com Twitter]|accessed=11 June 2022}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| [[Lloyd Owen]]<ref name="VA20"/> || [[Elendil|Captain Elendil]]<ref>{{webcite|author=The Lord of the Rings on Prime|articleurl=https://twitter.com/LOTRonPrime/status/1547417424361885696|articlename=Lloyd Owen is Elendil|dated=14 February 2022|website=[https://twitter.com Twitter]|accessed=14 February 2022}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| [[Augustus Prew]]<ref name="VA20"/> || [[Médhor]]<br />
|-<br />
| [[Megan Richards]]<ref name="Meet"/> || [[Poppy Proudfellow]]<ref>{{webcite|author=The Lord of the Rings on Prime|articleurl=https://twitter.com/LOTRonPrime/status/1534982703908433920#m|articlename=Megan Richards is Poppy Proudfellow. #LOTRROP|dated=9 June 2022|website=[https://twitter.com Twitter]|accessed=11 June 2022}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| [[Dylan Smith]]<ref name="Meet"/> || [[Largo Brandyfoot]]<ref>{{webcite|author=The Lord of the Rings on Prime|articleurl=https://twitter.com/LOTRonPrime/status/1534982400869945344#m|articlename=Dylan Smith is Largo Brandyfoot. #LOTRROP|dated=9 June 2022|website=[https://twitter.com Twitter]|accessed=11 June 2022}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| [[Peter Tait]]<ref name="VA20"/> || [[Tredwill]]<br />
|-<br />
| [[Alex Tarrant]]<ref name="VA20"/> || [[Valandil (The Rings of Power)|Valandil]]<br />
|-<br />
| [[Charlie Vickers]]<ref name="Meet"/> || [[Halbrand]]<ref>{{webcite|author=The Lord of the Rings on Prime|articleurl=https://twitter.com/LOTRonPrime/status/1492169017741778944|articlename=Charlie Vickers is Halbrand. #LOTRROP|dated=9 June 2022|website=[https://twitter.com Twitter]|accessed=11 June 2022}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| [[Leon Wadham]]<ref name="VA20"/> || [[Kemen (The Rings of Power)|Kemen]]<ref>{{webcite|author=The Lord of the Rings on Prime|articleurl=https://twitter.com/LOTRonPrime/status/1547418271141560321|articlename=Leon Wadham is Kemen|dated=14 February 2022|website=[https://twitter.com Twitter]|accessed=14 February 2022}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| [[Benjamin Walker]]<ref name="VA20"/> || [[Gil-galad|High-King Gil-galad]]<ref>{{webcite|author=The Lord of the Rings on Prime|articleurl=https://twitter.com/LOTRonPrime/status/1493253777415098372|articlename=Benjamin Walker is High King Gil-galad|dated=14 February 2022|website=[https://twitter.com Twitter]|accessed=14 February 2022}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| [[Daniel Weyman]]<ref name="Meet"/> || [[The Stranger]]<ref>{{webcite|author=The Lord of the Rings on Prime|articleurl=https://twitter.com/LOTRonPrime/status/1493253972639076352|articlename=Daniel Weyman is The Stranger|dated=14 February 2022|website=[https://twitter.com Twitter]|accessed=14 February 2022}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| [[Sara Zwangobani]]<ref name="VA20"/> || [[Marigold Brandyfoot]]<ref>{{webcite|author=The Lord of the Rings on Prime|articleurl=https://twitter.com/LOTRonPrime/status/1534982566448533504#m|articlename=Sara Zwangobani is Marigold Brandyfoot. #LOTRROP|dated=9 June 2022|website=[https://twitter.com Twitter]|accessed=11 June 2022}}</ref><br />
|}<br />
<br />
== Production ==<br />
[[File:Amazon - Middle-earth map.jpg|thumb|250px|Fourth map of Middle-earth, released by Amazon on 6 March 2019]]<br />
In November [[2017]], it was reported that Amazon Studios were in discussion with Warner Bros. Television and the [[Tolkien Estate]] about developing a series based on ''[[The Lord of the Rings]]''.<ref>{{webcite|author=Daniel Holloway|articleurl=http://variety.com/2017/tv/news/lord-of-the-rings-amazon-1202606519/|articlename='Lord of the Rings': Amazon, Warner Bros. in Talks for Series Adaptation (EXCLUSIVE)|dated=3 November 2017|website=[http://variety.com/ Variety]|accessed=30 January 2020}}</ref> Later, in November, Amazon Studios announced they have secured the rights to develop a multi-season television series set in Middle-earth with the potential for spin-offs.<ref>{{webcite|author=Joe Otterson|articleurl=http://variety.com/2017/tv/news/lord-of-the-rings-tv-series-amazon-1202613609/|articlename=‘Lord of the Rings’ Series Moving Forward at Amazon With Multi-Season Production Commitment|dated=13 November 2017|website=[http://variety.com/ Variety]|accessed=31 July 2019}}</ref> The rights have been said to have cost close to $250 million.<ref name="DLAZ">{{webcite|author=Nellie Andreeva|articleurl=http://deadline.com/2017/11/amazon-the-lord-of-the-rings-tv-series-multi-season-commitment-1202207065/|articlename=Amazon Sets ‘The Lord of the Rings’ TV Series In Mega Deal With Multi-Season Commitment|dated=13 November 2017|website=Deadline|accessed=30 January 2020}}</ref> Amazon Studios will cooperate with the Tolkien Estate, [[The Tolkien Trust]], [[HarperCollins]] and [[New Line Cinema]].<ref name="DLAZ"/><br />
<br />
On [[13 February]] [[2019]], Amazon's newly created [http://twitter.com/LOTRonPrime Twitter account] associated with the show posted the quote "I wisely started with a map.", taken from Tolkien's [[Letter 144]].<ref>{{webcite|author=|articleurl=http://twitter.com/LOTRonPrime/status/1095797330127646721|articlename=“I wisely started with a map” — J.R.R. Tolkien|dated=13 February 2019|website=Twitter|accessed=30 January 2020}}</ref> On [[15 February]] the Twitter account released a map of Middle-earth along with a line of the [[Ring Verse]], over the next few weeks different versions of the map were released with each successive one including more labels than the previous as well as more lines from the verse. On [[7 March]] the final map was released which showed a wider view of Middle-earth, including the island of [[Númenor]] and the final post "Welcome to the Second Age".<ref name="AMSA"/> [[Tom Shippey]] and artist [[John Howe]] had worked on the accuracy of the maps, however dedicated [[Tolkien fandom|fans]] had detected several mistakes and anachronisms.<ref>{{webcite|articleurl=http://narniafans.com/2019/08/interview-with-narnia-conceptual-designer-john-howe/|articlename=Interview with John Howe|website=Narnia Fans|accessed=25 June 2020}}</ref><br />
<br />
The series being set in the [[Second Age]] was predicted by [[Tolkien Society]] Chair [[Shaun Gunner]] in February.<ref>{{webcite|website=Twitter|accessed=15 February 2020|dated=18 February 2019|articleurl=http://twitter.com/ShaunGunner/status/1097505289618841601|articlename=Shaun Gunner on Twitter}}</ref><br />
<br />
On [[27 July]] 2019 a video was published that introduced the creative team; [[J.D. Payne]] and [[Patrick McKay]] were announced as the showrunners, the writing team consisting of Gennifer Hutchison, Helen Shang, Jason Cahill, Glenise Mullins, Justin Dohle, Stephany Folsom and Bryan Cogman, Belén Atienza, Bruce Richmond, Gene Kelly and Lindsey Weber as executive producers, Ron Ames as co-producer, Kate Hawley as costume designer, Rick Heinrichs as production designer and Jason Smith as visual effects supervisor. The team will also include Tolkien scholar [[Tom Shippey]] and artist [[John Howe]]. [[J. A. Bayona|Bayona]] will direct the first two episodes.<ref>{{webcite|author=|articleurl=http://twitter.com/LOTRonPrime/status/1155142047420080129|articlename=''Meet our Fellowship''|dated=27 July 2019|website=Twitter|accessed=30 January 2020}}</ref> In an interview with the German Tolkien Society, scholar [[Tom Shippey]] stated that events from the First and Third Ages are "off-limits".<ref>{{webcite|author=Tobias M. Eckrich |articleurl=http://www.tolkiengesellschaft.de/30918/exklusive-interview-with-tom-shippey-concerning-lotronprime/|articlename=Exclusive interview with Tom Shippey concerning LOTRonPrime|dated=29 July 2019|website=[http://www.tolkiengesellschaft.de Deutche Tolkien Gesellschaft]|accessed=6 August 2019}}</ref><br />
<br />
On [[17 September]] 2019, Amazon Studios announced that the series will be filmed in New Zealand.<ref name="AMNZ"/><br />
<br />
On [[18 November]] 2019, Amazon Studios Head Jennifer Salke announced a second season renewal for the series.<ref>{{webcite|author=Nellie Andreeva|articleurl=http://deadline.com/2019/11/the-lord-of-the-rings-series-renewed-season-2-amazon-early-renewal-season-1-hiatus-writers-room-reassembled-1202788730/|articlename=‘The Lord Of the Rings’ Series Gets Early Season 2 Renewal By Amazon, Sets Season 1 Hiatus|dated=18 November 2019|website=Deadline|accessed=17 March 2020}}</ref><br />
<br />
Due to the COVID-19 pandemic production of the series was suspended.<ref>{{webcite|author=Chris Keall|articleurl=http://www.nzherald.co.nz/business/news/article.cfm?c_id=3&objectid=12316871|articlename=Coronavirus: Amazon's Lord of the Rings production in West Auckland shut down|dated=15 March 2020|website=[http://www.nzherald.co.nz/ The New Zealand Herald]|accessed=17 July 2020}}</ref> On 9 May 2020 the New Zealand Film Commission has allowed the production of film and TV to continue in the country.<ref>{{webcite|author=|articleurl=http://www.nzherald.co.nz/entertainment/news/article.cfm?c_id=1501119&objectid=12330716|articlename=Covid 19 coronavirus: Avatar, Lord Of The Rings filming resumes in NZ|dated=9 May 2020|website=[http://www.nzherald.co.nz/ The New Zealand Herald]|accessed=17 July 2020}}</ref><br />
<br />
In December 2020, [[Bryan Cogman]] left the series for Entertainment One, after completing work on the scripts for season one.<ref>{{webcite|author=Lesley Goldberg |articleurl=http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/live-feed/bryan-cogman-moves-overall-deal-to-eone-exclusive|articlename=Bryan Cogman Moves Overall Deal to eOne (Exclusive)|dated=7 December 2020|website=The Hollywood Reporter|accessed=15 December 2020}}</ref><br />
<br />
On [[24 March]] [[2021]], Amazon Studios announced that [[Wayne Che Yip]] has joined the creative team, as both a co-executive producer and director.<ref>{{webcite|author=Matt Grobar|articleurl=http://deadline.com/2021/03/wayne-che-yip-boards-lord-of-the-rings-series-director-co-ep-amazon-studios-1234720477/|articlename=Wayne Che Yip Boards ‘The Lord Of The Rings’ Series As Director & Co-EP, Will Helm Four Episodes Of Amazon Original|dated=24 March 2021|website=[http://deadline.com/ Deadline]|accessed=5 April 2021}}</ref><br />
<br />
On May 2021, it was announced that [[Charlotte Brändström]] will direct another two episodes.<ref>{{webcite|author=Matt Grobar|articleurl=https://deadline.com/2021/05/the-witcher-charlotte-brandstrom-amazons-the-lord-of-the-rings-series-1234755360/|articlename=‘The Witcher’ Director Charlotte Brändström Joins Amazon’s ‘The Lord Of The Rings’ Series<br />
|dated=13 May 2021|website=[http://deadline.com/ Deadline]|accessed=21 August 2021}}</ref><br />
<br />
On September 2021, it was reported that [[Howard Shore]] and [[Bear McCreary]] are in talks to compose the soundtrack for the series.<ref>{{webcite|articleurl=https://www.theonering.net/torwp/2021/09/19/111495-howard-shore-and-bear-mccreary-to-soundtrack-lotr-on-prime-series/|articlename=Howard Shore and Bear McCreary to soundtrack LOTR on Prime series|dated=September 19, 2021|website=TheOneRing.net|accessed=September 20, 2021}}</ref><br />
<br />
On 19 January [[2022]], a first teaser was released announcing the official title for the series: ''The Lord of the Rings: The Rings of Power''.<ref>{{webcite|author=@LOTRonPrime|articleurl=http://twitter.com/LOTRonPrime/status/1483816516327915522?cxt=HHwWhICq-dHQyZcpAAAA|articlename=Title Announcement|dated=19 January 2022|website=Twitter|accessed=19 January 2022}}</ref><br />
<br />
=== Casting ===<br />
On 22 July 2019, it was reported that Amazon has made its first cast for the new series that Markella Kavenagh was in talks to play a character named "Tyra".<ref>{{webcite|author=Joe Otterson|articleurl=http://variety.com/2019/tv/news/lord-of-the-rings-series-amazon-cast-markella-kavenagh-1203268175|articlename=‘Lord of the Rings’ Series at Amazon Taps First Cast Member (EXCLUSIVE)|dated=22 July 2019|website=[http://variety.com/ Variety]|accessed=22 October 2019}}</ref><br />
<br />
Will Poulter was cast for an unknown role in September 2019<ref>{{webcite|author=Joe Otterson|articleurl=http://variety.com/2019/tv/news/lord-of-the-rings-series-amazon-will-poulter-cast-1203321951/|articlename=‘Lord of The Rings’ Series at Amazon Casts Will Poulter (EXCLUSIVE)|dated=4 September 2019|website=[http://variety.com/ Variety]|accessed=22 October 2019}}</ref> however in December it was reported that he left the series due to scheduling conflicts.<ref>{{webcite|author=Joe Otterson|articleurl=http://variety.com/2019/tv/news/lord-of-the-rings-series-amazon-will-poulter-1203433273/|articlename=‘Lord of the Rings’: Will Poulter No Longer Attached to Amazon Series (EXCLUSIVE)|dated=12 December 2019|website=[http://variety.com/ Variety]|accessed=13 December 2019}}</ref> This was later confirmed by Poulter in an interview.<ref>{{webcite|author=Will Richards|articleurl=http://www.nme.com/news/tv/will-poulter-explains-why-he-left-amazons-lord-of-the-rings-tv-series-2706105|articlename=Will Poulter explains why he left Amazon's 'Lord Of The Rings' TV series|dated=12 July 2020|website=[http://www.nme.com/ NME]|accessed=17 July 2020}}</ref> He was replaced by Robert Aramayo who was reported to be playing a character named "Beldor".<ref>{{webcite|author=Nellie Andreeva|articleurl=http://deadline.com/2020/01/robert-aramayo-cast-the-lord-of-the-rings-amazon-tv-series-game-of-thrones-alum-cast-1202823073/|articlename='The Lord Of the Rings': Robert Aramayo To Star In Amazon TV Series|dated=7 January 2020|website=Deadline|accessed=15 January 2020}}</ref><br />
<br />
In October 2019 it was reported that Maxim Baldry<ref>{{webcite|author=Jeff Sneider|articleurl=http://collider.com/lord-of-the-rings-tv-series-cast-maxim-baldry/|articlename=Exclusive: ‘Lord of the Rings’ TV Series Adds ‘Years and Years’ Star Maxim Baldry|dated=15 October 2019|website=Collider|accessed=13 December 2019}}</ref> and Joseph Mawle has joined the cast, the latter playing "Oren", the lead villain of the series.<ref>{{webcite|author=Nellie Andreeva|articleurl=http://deadline.com/2019/10/the-lord-of-the-rings-joseph-mawle-cast-star-amazon-series-oren-game-of-thrones-alum-1202765493/|articlename='The Lord Of The Rings': Joseph Mawle To Star In Amazon Series|dated=21 October 2019|website=Deadline|accessed=22 October 2019}}</ref><br />
<br />
In December 2019 there were reports of Ema Horvath<ref>{{webcite|author=Nellie Andreeva|articleurl=http://deadline.com/2019/12/ema-horvath-cast-the-lord-of-the-rings-amazon-series-1202806025/|articlename=‘The Lord Of The Rings’: Ema Horvath Joins Cast Of Amazon Series|dated=10 December 2019|website=Deadline|accessed=13 December 2019}}</ref> and Morfydd Clark joinining the cast, it was said that Clark is to play a "young [[Galadriel]]".<ref>{{webcite|author=Justin Kroll|articleurl=http://variety.com/2019/tv/news/lord-of-the-rings-series-galadriel-morfydd-clark-1203446284/amp/|articlename='Lord of the Rings' Series Taps Morfydd Clark as Young Galadriel (EXCLUSIVE)|dated=17 December 2019|website=[http://variety.com/ Variety]|accessed=4 January 2020}}</ref><br />
<br />
On 15 January 2020, the series' official social media confirmed the castings of Kavenagh, Aramayo, Mawle, Horvath and Clark as well as revealing new members of the cast; Owain Arthur, Nazanin Boniadi, Tom Budge, Ismael Cruz Cordova, Tyroe Muhafidin, Sophia Nomvete, Megan Richards, Dylan Smith, Charlie Vickers and Daniel Weyman.<ref name="Meet">{{webcite|author=|articleurl=http://www.facebook.com/LOTRonPrime/photos/?tab=album&album_id=2410457885934047|articlename=Meet the first members of our fellowship. #LOTRonPrime|dated=15 January 2020|website=Facebook|accessed=15 January 2020}}</ref><br />
<br />
In December 2020, it was announced that 20 actors have been added to the cast; Cynthia Addai-Robinson, Maxim Baldry (reported to have joined back in October 2019), Ian Blackburn, Kip Chapman, Anthony Crum, Maxine Cunliffe, Trystan Gravelle, Sir Lenny Henry, Thusitha Jayasundera, Fabian McCallum, Simon Merrells, Geoff Morrell, Peter Mullan, Lloyd Owen, Augustus Prew, Peter Tait, Alex Tarrant, Leon Wadham, Benjamin Walker and Sara Zwangobani.<ref name="VA20">{{webcite|author=Joe Otterson|articleurl=http://variety.com/2020/tv/news/lord-of-the-rings-series-amazon-cast-1234845274/|articlename=‘Lord of the Rings’ Series at Amazon Adds 20 Actors to Cast|dated=3 December 2020|website=[http://variety.com/ Variety]|accessed=3 December 2020}}</ref><br />
<br />
In March 2021, Tom Budge announced that he had departed the series after filming several episodes. He explained that Amazon had decided to go in a different direction with his character after reviewing the first episodes.<ref>{{webcite|author=|articleurl=http://www.instagram.com/p/CMZnFx-HkAp/|articlename=Tom Budge on Instagram|dated=14 March 2021|website=[http://instagram.com/ Instagram]|accessed=5 April 2021}}</ref><br />
<br />
In July 2021 Charles Edwards, Will Fletcher, Amelie Child-Villiers, and Beau Cassidy were added to the first season's cast that July.<ref>{{webcite|author=|articleurl=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/tv/tv-news/amazon-lord-of-the-rings-tv-series-cast-1234976309/|articlename=Amazon’s ‘Lord of the Rings’ Rounds Out Sprawling Cast (Exclusive)<br />
|dated=1 July 2021|website=Hollywood Reporter|accessed=21 August 2021}}</ref> A third of the first season's 124 speaking roles, including seven of the 32 major recurring roles, went to New Zealand actors.<ref>{{webcite|author=|articleurl=https://www.newsroom.co.nz/page//govt-hopes-amazon-will-come-back-to-film-more-seasons|articlename=Return of the Rings: Govt hopes Amazon will come back to film more seasons<br />
|dated=5 August 2021|website=[https://www.newsroom.co.nz Newsroom|accessed=21 August 2021}}</ref><br />
<br />
=== Filming ===<br />
==== Season one ====<br />
[[File:The Rings of Power (TV series) - Adar poster.jpg|thumb|One of the promotional posters released on February 2022]]<br />
Although pre-production on the series reportedly began in June 2018 in [[Auckland]], filming began on [[14 March]] [[2020]]<ref>{{webcite|author=|articleurl=https://www.gamespot.com//articles/lord-of-the-rings-tv-show-director-shares-a-behind/1100-6474422/|articlename=<br />
Lord Of The Rings TV Show Director Shares A Behind-The-Scenes Photo<br />
|dated=15 March 2020|website=[https://www.gamespot.com Gamespot]|accessed=25 August 2021}}</ref> in Auckland primarily at Kumeu Film Studios and Auckland Film Studios.<ref>{{webcite|author=|articleurl=https://www.newstalkzb.co.nz/news/entertainment/new-zealand-set-to-be-location-for-lord-of-the-rings-1-5-billion-tv-show/|articlename=New $1.5b LOTR TV series set to film in Auckland|dated=30 June 2019|website=[https://www.newstalkzb.co.nz Newstalk ZB]|accessed=25 August 2021}}</ref> Location filming took place around Auckland in February.<ref>{{webcite|author=|articleurl=https://www.theonering.net/torwp/2020/02/21/107557-exclusive-spy-report-from-the-set-of-amazons-lotr-with-photos/|articlename=EXCLUSIVE:Spy Report from the Set of Amazon's LOTR with photos |dated=21 February 2020|website=[https://deadline.com Deadline]|accessed=26 December 2021}}</ref> Filming for the first two episodes was expected to continue through May,<ref>{{webcite|author=|articleurl=https://www.stuff.co.nz/life-style/homed/real-estate/118857705/lord-of-the-rings-tv-amazon-studios-puts-out-call-for-homes-for-cast-and-crew|articlename=Lord of the Rings TV: Amazon Studios puts out call for homes for cast and crew|dated=21 February 2020|website=[https://www.stuff.co.nz Stuff]|accessed=26 December 2021}}</ref> with a four or five-month production break then planned during which footage for the two episodes would be reviewed and writing on the second season would begin.<ref>{{webcite|author=|articleurl=https://deadline.com/2019/11/the-lord-of-the-rings-series-renewed-season-2-amazon-early-renewal-season-1-hiatus-writers-room-reassembled-1202788730/|articlename=<br />
‘The Lord Of the Rings’ Series Gets Early Season 2 Renewal By Amazon, Sets Season 1 Hiatus<br />
|dated=19 January 2020|website=[https://deadline.com DEADLINE]|accessed=26 December 2021}}</ref>Production was scheduled to resume in mid-October and continue until late June 2021.<ref>{{webcite|author=|articleurl=https://www.stuff.co.nz/life-style/homed/real-estate/118857705/lord-of-the-rings-tv-amazon-studios-puts-out-call-for-homes-for-cast-and-crew|articlename= Lord of the Rings TV: Amazon Studios puts out call for homes for cast and crew|dated=19 January 2020|website=[https://www.stuff.co.nz Stuff.co]|accessed=26 December 2021}}</ref> However, filming was placed on hold indefinitely in mid-March 2020 due to the COVID-19 pandemic, with around 800 cast and crew members told to stay home.<ref>{{webcite|author=|articleurl=https://www.nzherald.co.nz/business/coronavirus-amazons-lord-of-the-rings-production-in-west-auckland-shut-down/JZE3ZEXWQQIQJXH4KYENFR3LRY/?c_id=3&objectid=12316871|articlename=<br />
Coronavirus: Amazon's Lord of the Rings production in West Auckland shut down<br />
|dated=15 March 2020|website=[https://www.nzherald.co.nz NZherald]|accessed=26 December 2021}}</ref> In early May, the majority of filming for the first two episodes was confirmed to have been completed before the COVID-19 shutdown. Filming on the series was allowed to resume then under new safety guidelines from the New Zealand government, but, instead of completing filming for the first two episodes at that time, the filming shutdown segued into the intended production break, with filming for the first two episodes set to be completed once filming on further episodes was ready to begin.<ref>{{webcite|author=|articleurl=https://deadline.com/2020/05/new-zealand-returns-to-production-paving-way-for-avatar-sequels-to-resume-live-action-filming-1202929138/|articlename=<br />
New Zealand Returns To Production, Paving Way For ‘Avatar’ Sequels & ‘The Lord Of The Rings’ Series To Resume Filming |dated=7 May 2020|website=[https://deadline.com Deadline]|accessed=26 December 2021}}</ref><br />
<br />
It was reported that the TV series was one of seven film and television productions that were granted exemptions to allow cast and crew members to enter New Zealand while its borders were closed to non-New Zealanders due to [[Wikipedia:COVID-19|COVID-19]]. The exemptions were granted before [[June 18]] by Economic Development Minister Phil Twyford, and applied to 93 members of the production as well as 20 family members. Around 10 percent of the series' crew were believed to be non-[[New Zealand|New Zealanders]], and many of them had remained in the country during its pandemic lockdown and did not require exemptions. Pre-production on further episodes began by July [[2020]],<ref>{{webcite|author=|articleurl=https://www.stuff.co.nz/entertainment/122012197/revealed-the-six-productions-joining-avatar-in-getting-border-exemptions|articlename= <br />
Revealed: The six productions joining Avatar in getting border exemptions<br />
|dated=3 July 2020|website=[https://www.stuff.co.nz Stuff.co]|accessed=26 December 2021}}</ref> and filming on the series resumed on [[September 28]].<ref>{{webcite|author=|articleurl=https://deadline.com/2020/09/the-lord-of-the-rings-resumes-production-amazon-new-zealand-cowboy-bebop-netflix-dtart-of-production-1234584918/|articlename= <br />
Amazon’s ‘The Lord Of The Rings’ Resumes Production In New Zealand, Netflix’s ‘Cowboy Bebop’ Next<br />
|dated=28 September 2020|website=[https://deadline.com Deadline]|accessed=26 December 2021}}</ref> Bayona completed filming on his episodes by December 23,<ref>{{webcite|author=|articleurl=https://comicbook.com/tv-shows/news/amazons-lord-of-the-rings-pilot-wrapped-filming/|articlename= Amazon's Lord Of The Rings Pilot Has Wrapped Filming<br />
|dated=25 December 2020|website=[https://comicbook.com ComicBook]|accessed=26 December 2021}}</ref> with production on further episodes set to begin in January 2021 following a two week break for Christmas.<ref>{{webcite|author=|articleurl=https://www.nzherald.co.nz/entertainment/spy-lunch-of-the-rings-the-lotr-star-spotted-on-waiheke/WFTPOF2VTQ272HKL6NT2QLHHQI/|articlename=<br />
Spy: Lunch of the Rings? The LOTR star spotted on Waiheke<br />
|dated=19 December 2020|website=[https://www.nzherald.co.nz NZherald]|accessed=26 December 2021}}</ref> Yip confirmed that he had begun filming his episodes by March,<ref>{{webcite|author=|articleurl=https://variety.com/2021/tv/news/lord-of-the-rings-amazon-wayne-che-yip-1234936829/|articlename= ‘Lord of the Rings’ Series Adds Director Wayne Che Yip as Co-Executive Producer<br />
|dated=24 March 2021|website=[https://variety.com Variety]|accessed=26 December 2021}}</ref> and Brändström was in New Zealand for production on the series when she was announced as director in May.<ref>{{webcite|author=|articleurl=https://deadline.com/2021/05/the-witcher-charlotte-brandstrom-amazons-the-lord-of-the-rings-series-1234755360/|articlename= ‘The Witcher’ Director Charlotte Brändström Joins Amazon’s ‘The Lord Of The Rings’ Series |dated=13 May 2021|website=[https://deadline.com Deadline]|accessed=26 December 2021}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Marketing ==<br />
On [[19 January]] 2022, Amazon revealed of the series' full title. Instead of creating a title reveal with visual effects, the studio released an announcement video in which the letters of the title are physically cast from molten metal while an excerpt of the "[[Ring Verse]]" from ''The Lord of the Rings'' is read in voiceover. The video was directed by Klaus Obermeyer, who worked with special effects supervisor Lee Nelson under advisement by veteran special effects supervisor [[Douglas Trumbull]].<ref>{{webcite|author=|articleurl=http://www.theonering.net/torwp/2022/01/19/111840-prime-videos-the-lord-of-the-rings-title-reveal-exclusive-behind-the-scenes-images/|articlename=Prime Video's The Lord of the Rings TITLE REVEAL - EXCLUSIVE Behind the Scenes images|dated=3 February 2022|website=[https://www.polygon.com/ Polygon]|accessed=4 February 2022}}</ref><br />
<br />
On [[3 February]] 2022, Amazon Studios revealed a series of character posters for the series.<ref>{{webcite|author=|articleurl=https://www.polygon.com/22915948/lord-of-the-rings-of-power-characters-posters|articlename=Amazon’s first Lord of the Rings: The Rings of Power character posters are a guessing game|dated=4 February 2022|website=[https://www.polygon.com/ Polygon]|accessed=4 February 2022}}</ref> On 10 February, a "first look" was revealed with photos of some of the characters,<ref name="VanityFair">{{webcite|author=Anthony Breznican & Joanna Robinson|articleurl=https://www.vanityfair.com/hollywood/2022/02/amazon-the-rings-of-power-series-first-look|articlename=Amazon’s Lord of the Rings Series Rises: Inside The Rings of Power<br />
|dated=10-Feb-2022|website=VanityFair|accessed=20-July-2022}}</ref> followed by the release of the teaser trailer on 13 February during Super Bowl LVI.<ref>{{webcite|author=Erin Carson and Jennifer Bisset|articleurl=https://www.cnet.com/culture/entertainment/amazon-introduces-lord-of-the-rings-the-rings-of-power-in-new-trailer/|articlename=Amazon Introduces 'Lord of the Rings: The Rings of Power' in New Trailer|website=[http://www.cnet.com/ CNet]|accessed=9 April 2022}}</ref> The official watch party for the trailer was hosted on YouTube by [[TheOneRing.net]].<ref>{{webcite|author=|articleurl=http://www.theonering.net/torwp/2022/02/07/111973-official-lotr-trailer-watch-party-for-prime-videos-rings-of-power-to-be-hosted-by-torn/|articlename=Official LOTR Trailer Watch party for Prime Video’s Rings of Power to be hosted by TORn!|website=[https://www.theonering.net/ TheOneRing.net]|accessed=9 April 2022}}</ref><br />
<br />
On [[14 July]], Amazon released another trailer for the series online.<ref>{{webcite|author=William Goodman|articleurl=https://www.gq.com/story/lord-of-the-rings-rings-of-power-trailer|articlename=What the ‘Lord of the Rings: Rings of Power’ Trailer Reveals About the New Prequel Series<br />
|dated=14 July 2022|website=[https://www.gq.com Get Go]|accessed=22 July 2022}}</ref><br />
<br />
On [[23 August]], Amazon released the final trailer for the first season's series online.<ref>{{webcite|author=James White|articleurl=https://www.empireonline.com/tv/news/lotr-the-rings-of-powers-final-trailer-shows-off-giant-battles-and-epic-scale/|articlename=LOTR: The Rings Of Power’s Final Trailer Shows Off Giant Battles And Epic Scale<br />
|dated=23 August 2022|website=[https://www.empireonline.com/ EmpireOnline]|accessed=04 October 2022}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Reception ==<br />
''The Rings of Power'' received mixed reviews upon release.<ref>{{webcite|author=|articleurl=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/tv/the_lord_of_the_rings_the_rings_of_power|articlename=The Lord of the Rings: The Rings of Power|dated=|website=[https://www.rottentomatoes.com/ Rotten Tomatoes]|accessed=2 October 2022}}</ref><ref>{{webcite|author=|articleurl=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt7631058/|articlename=The Lord of the Rings: The Rings of Power|dated=|website=[https://www.imdb.com/ IMDB]|accessed=2 October 2022}}</ref><br />
<br />
== See also ==<br />
* [[:Category:Images from The Rings of Power (TV series)|Category:Images from ''The Rings of Power'' TV series]]<br />
* [[The Lord of the Rings: The Rings of Power Season 1 Soundtrack|''The Lord of the Rings: The Rings of Power'' Season 1 Soundtrack]]<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
* [http://www.amazon.com/adlp/lotronprime Official website]<br />
* [http://www.facebook.com/LOTRonPrime/ Official Facebook page]<br />
* [http://www.youtube.com/channel/UC5gNthckomHt36m9-WH042Q/ Youtube channel]<br />
* https://www.fandom.com/articles/lord-rings-power-hidden-character-details<br />
* https://www.aboutamazon.com/news/entertainment/lord-of-the-rings-numenor-images<br />
* https://www.looper.com/962547/robert-aramayo-sheds-light-on-a-younger-elrond-in-rings-of-power-exclusive-interview/<br />
* https://time.com/6205837/the-rings-of-power-amazon-most-expensive/<br />
<br />
{{References}}<br />
<br />
{{Title|Italics}}<br />
[[Category:The Rings of Power (TV series)| ]]<br />
[[Category:Television series]]<br />
<br />
[[fr:divertissements/adaptations/series/lsda_amazon]]<br />
[[fi:The Lord of the Rings (Amazon)]]</div>Fredegharhttps://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=The_Lord_of_the_Rings:_The_Rings_of_Power&diff=359163The Lord of the Rings: The Rings of Power2022-10-11T00:49:45Z<p>Fredeghar: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{currentevent}}<br />
{{disambig-more|Rings of Power|[[Rings of Power (disambiguation)]]}}<br />
{{film infobox<br />
| image=[[File:Amazon - The Lord of the Rings - The Rings of Power.png|250px]]<br />
| name=The Lord of the Rings: The Rings of Power<br />
| director=<br />
| producer=[[J.D. Payne]] and [[Patrick McKay]] (showrunners)<br />
| writer='''Novel:'''<br>[[J.R.R. Tolkien]]<br>'''Screenplay:'''<br>John D. Payne and Patrick McKay <br />
| narrator=<br />
| starring=''[[#Cast and characters|see below]]''<br />
| music=<br />
| cinematography=<br />
| editing=<br />
| distributor=Amazon Prime Video<br />
| released=[[1 September]] [[2022]] (first episode's release date)<br />
| runtime=<br />
| country=United States, United Kingdom, New Zealand<br />
| language=English<br />
| budget=<br />
| website=[http://www.amazon.com/adlp/lotronprime Official website]<br />
| imdb_id=7631058<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''''The Lord of the Rings: The Rings of Power''''', otherwise known as '''The Lord of the Rings on Prime''', is an online television series and it is based on the writings of [[J.R.R. Tolkien]]. It is created and produced by [[Amazon Studios]] working alongside the [[Tolkien Estate]], [[The Tolkien Trust]], [[HarperCollins]] and [[New Line Cinema]]. Set in the [[Second Age]] of [[Middle-earth]],<ref name="AMSA">{{webcite|author=|articleurl=http://twitter.com/LOTRonPrime/status/1103656946509344768|articlename=Welcome to the Second Age:|dated=7 March 2019|website=Twitter|accessed=30 January 2020}}</ref> it explores new storylines preceding J.R.R. Tolkien's ''[[The Fellowship of the Ring]].''<ref name="AMNZ">{{webcite|author=|articleurl=http://press.aboutamazon.com/news-releases/news-release-details/amazon-studios-announces-new-zealand-location-its-upcoming|articlename=Amazon Studios Announces New Zealand as Location for Its Upcoming Series Based on The Lord of the Rings|dated=17 September 2019|website=Amazon|accessed=18 September 2019}}</ref> The story spanning across thousands of years is condensed into a single point in time to avoid time jumps.<ref name="VanityFair"></ref> The first two episodes were released on [[1 September]] of [[2022]]<ref>{{webcite|author=|articleurl=https://www.whathifi.com/advice/how-to-watch-lord-of-the-rings-the-rings-of-power-release-date-trailer-cast-episodes|articlename=How to watch Lord of the Rings: The Rings of Power – release date, trailer, cast, episodes available now|dated=2 September 2022|website=[https://www.whathifi.com/ What Hi-Fi]|accessed=10 October 2022}}</ref>, although they were originally they were scheduled to be released on [[2 September]] of the same year.<ref> This also is the day of death of Professor J.R.R. Tolkien.{{webcite|author=@LOTRonPrime|articleurl=http://twitter.com/LOTRonPrime/status/1422255647106617359|articlename=A new journey beings|dated=2 August 2021|website=Twitter|accessed=2 August 2021}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Premise ==<br />
{{blockquote|Amazon Studios' forthcoming series brings to screens for the very first time the heroic legends of the fabled Second Age of Middle-earth's history. This epic drama is set thousands of years before the events of J.R.R. Tolkien’s The Hobbit and The Lord of the Rings, and will take viewers back to an era in which great powers were forged, kingdoms rose to glory and fell to ruin, unlikely heroes were tested, hope hung by the finest of threads, and the greatest villain that ever flowed from Tolkien's pen threatened to cover all the world in darkness. Beginning in a time of relative peace, the series follows an ensemble cast of characters, both familiar and new, as they confront the long-feared re-emergence of evil to Middle-earth. From the darkest depths of the Misty Mountains, to the majestic forests of the elf-capital of Lindon, to the breathtaking island kingdom of Númenor, to the furthest reaches of the map, these kingdoms and characters will carve out legacies that live on long after they are gone.|Official synopsis<ref>{{webcite|author=Justin Sewell|articleurl=http://www.theonering.net/torwp/2021/01/12/110065-exclusive-official-show-synopsis-for-amazons-lord-of-the-rings-series/|articlename=EXCLUSIVE: Official Show Synopsis for Amazon’s LORD OF THE RINGS Series|dated=12 January 2021|website=[http://www.theonering.net TheOneRing]|accessed=13 January 2021}}</ref>}}<br />
<br />
== Source material and copyrights ==<br />
The showrunners said that they wish to "come up with the novel Tolkien never wrote and do it as the mega-event series".<ref name="VanityFair"></ref> They explained that they only have the copyrights to adapt ''[[The Hobbit]]'' and ''[[The Lord of the Rings]]'' along with it's [[Appendices]], without the rights to ''[[The Silmarillion]]'', ''[[Unfinished Tales]]'' or other books that contain vast majority of Tolkien's writings on the [[Second Age]].<ref name="VFQuestions"/><br />
<br />
== Episodes ==<br />
=== Season one ===<br />
# [[A Shadow of the Past]]<br />
# [[Adrift]]<br />
# [[Adar (episode)|Adar]]<br />
# [[The Great Wave]]<br />
# [[Partings]]<br />
# [[Udûn (episode)|Udûn]]<br />
# [[The Eye]]<br />
<br />
== Cast and characters ==<br />
''In alphabetical order''<br />
=== Season one ===<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|- bgcolor="#CCCCCC"<br />
! Actor !! Role<br />
|-<br />
| [[Cynthia Addai-Robinson]]<ref name="VA20"/> || [[Tar-Míriel|Queen Regent Míriel]]<ref>{{webcite|author=The Lord of the Rings on Prime|articleurl=https://twitter.com/LOTRonPrime/status/1547418520400658432|articlename=Cynthia Addai-Robinson is Queen Regent Míriel|dated=14 February 2022|website=[https://twitter.com Twitter]|accessed=14 February 2022}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| [[Robert Aramayo]]<ref name="Meet"/> || [[Elrond]]<ref>{{webcite|author=The Lord of the Rings on Prime|articleurl=https://twitter.com/LOTRonPrime/status/1492167519439925260|articlename=Robert Aramayo is Elrond. #LOTRROP|dated=9 June 2022|website=[https://twitter.com Twitter]|accessed=11 June 2022}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| [[Owain Arthur]]<ref name="Meet"/> || [[Durin IV|Prince Durin IV]]<ref>{{webcite|author=The Lord of the Rings on Prime|articleurl=https://twitter.com/LOTRonPrime/status/1492168323051802626|articlename=Owain Arthur is Prince Durin IV. #LOTRROP|dated=9 June 2022|website=[https://twitter.com Twitter]|accessed=11 June 2022}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| [[Maxim Baldry]]<ref name="VA20"/> || [[Isildur]]<ref>{{webcite|author=The Lord of the Rings on Prime|articleurl=https://twitter.com/LOTRonPrime/status/1547417633603059712|articlename=Maxim Baldry is Isildur|dated=14 February 2022|website=[https://twitter.com Twitter]|accessed=14 February 2022}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| [[Ian Blackburn]]<ref name="VA20"/> || [[Rowan (The Rings of Power)|Rowan]]<br />
|-<br />
| [[Nazanin Boniadi]]<ref name="Meet"/> || [[Bronwyn]]<ref>{{webcite|author=The Lord of the Rings on Prime|articleurl=https://twitter.com/LOTRonPrime/status/1492168861403299841|articlename=Nazanin Boniadi is Bronwyn. #LOTRROP|dated=9 June 2022|website=[https://twitter.com Twitter]|accessed=11 June 2022}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| [[Kip Chapman]]<ref name="VA20"/> || [[Rían (The Rings of Power)|Rían]]<br />
|-<br />
| [[Morfydd Clark]]<ref name="Meet"/> || [[Galadriel]]<ref>{{webcite|author=The Lord of the Rings on Prime|articleurl=https://twitter.com/LOTRonPrime/status/1492167351902609413|articlename=Morfydd Clark is Galadriel. #LOTRROP|dated=9 June 2022|website=[https://twitter.com Twitter]|accessed=11 June 2022}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| [[Ismael Cruz Córdova]]<ref name="Meet"/> || [[Arondir]] <ref>{{webcite|author=The Lord of the Rings on Prime|articleurl=https://twitter.com/LOTRonPrime/status/1492168672051445771|articlename=Ismael Cruz Cordova is Arondir. #LOTRROP|dated=9 June 2022|website=[https://twitter.com Twitter]|accessed=11 June 2022}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| [[Anthony Crum]]<ref name="VA20"/> || [[Ontamo]]<br />
|-<br />
| [[Maxine Cunliffe]]<ref name="VA20"/> || [[Vilma]]<br />
|-<br />
| [[Charles Edwards]]<ref name="VFInside">{{webcite|author=The Lord of the Rings on Prime|articleurl=https://www.vanityfair.com/hollywood/2022/02/amazon-the-rings-of-power-series-first-look|articlename=Amazon’s Lord of the Rings Series Rises: Inside The Rings of Power|dated=10 February 2022|website=[https://www.vanityfair.com/ Vanity Fair]|accessed=11 February 2022}}</ref> || [[Celebrimbor]]<ref>{{webcite|author=The Lord of the Rings on Prime|articleurl=https://twitter.com/LOTRonPrime/status/1534220750311174144|articlename=Charles Edwards is Celebrimbor|dated=14 February 2022|website=[https://twitter.com Twitter]|accessed=14 February 2022}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| [[Trystan Gravelle]]<ref name="VA20"/> || [[Pharazôn]]<ref>{{webcite|author=The Lord of the Rings on Prime|articleurl=https://twitter.com/LOTRonPrime/status/1547418058515521537|articlename=Trystan Gravelle is Pharazôn|dated=14 February 2022|website=[https://twitter.com Twitter]|accessed=14 February 2022}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| [[Lenny Henry|Sir Lenny Henry]]<ref name="VA20"/> || [[Sadoc Burrows]]<ref>{{webcite|author=The Lord of the Rings on Prime|articleurl=https://twitter.com/LOTRonPrime/status/1533945721929420800#m|articlename=Sir Lenny Henry is Sadoc Burrows. #LOTRROP|dated=9 June 2022|website=[https://twitter.com Twitter]|accessed=11 June 2022}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| [[Ema Horvath]]<ref name="Meet"/> || [[Eärien]]<ref>{{webcite|author=The Lord of the Rings on Prime|articleurl=https://twitter.com/LOTRonPrime/status/1547417835961552896|articlename=Ema Horvath is Eärien|dated=14 February 2022|website=[https://twitter.com Twitter]|accessed=14 February 2022}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| [[Thusitha Jayasundera]]<ref name="VA20"/> || [[Malva Meadowgrass|Malva]]<br />
|-<br />
| [[Markella Kavenagh]]<ref name="Meet"/> || [[Elanor Brandyfoot|Elanor "Nori" Brandyfoot]]<ref>{{webcite|author=The Lord of the Rings on Prime|articleurl=https://twitter.com/LOTRonPrime/status/1493253881651937283|articlename=Markella Kavenagh is Elanor ‘Nori’ Brandyfoot|dated=14 February 2022|website=[https://twitter.com Twitter]|accessed=14 February 2022}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| [[Joseph Mawle]]<ref name="Meet"/> || [[Adar (The Rings of Power)|Adar]]<br />
|-<br />
| [[Fabian McCallum]]<ref name="VA20"/> || [[Thondir]]<br />
|-<br />
| [[Simon Merrells]]<ref name="VA20"/> || [[Revion]]<br />
|-<br />
| [[Geoff Morrell]]<ref name="VA20"/> || [[Waldreg]]<ref>{{webcite|author=The Lord of the Rings on Prime|articleurl=https://twitter.com/PrimeVideo/status/1559940412114083841|articlename=Get to know the Southlanders in #TheRingsOfPower<br />
|dated=17 August 2022|website=[https://twitter.com/ Twitter]|accessed=17 August 2022}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| [[Tyroe Muhafidin]]<ref name="Meet"/> || [[Theo]]<ref>{{webcite|author=The Lord of the Rings on Prime|articleurl=https://mobile.twitter.com/LOTRonPrime/status/1516457306497581056|articlename=Tyroe Muhafidin is Theo. #LOTRROP #RingsofPower|dated=19 April 2022|website=[https://twitter.com Twitter]|accessed=19 April 2022}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| [[Peter Mullan]]<ref name="VA20"/> || [[Durin III|King Durin III]]<ref name="VFQuestions">{{webcite|author=burning questions about amazons the rings of power|articleurl= https://www.vanityfair.com/hollywood/2022/02/10-burning-questions-about-amazons-the-rings-of-power |articlename=Amazon’s Lord of the Rings Series: FAQ|dated=14 February 2022|website=[https://www.vanityfair.com/ Vanity Fair]|accessed=16 February 2022}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| [[Sophia Nomvete]]<ref name="Meet"/> || [[Disa|Princess Disa]] <ref>{{webcite|author=The Lord of the Rings on Prime|articleurl=https://twitter.com/LOTRonPrime/status/1492168418358874123|articlename=Sophia Nomvete is Princess Disa. #LOTRROP|dated=9 June 2022|website=[https://twitter.com Twitter]|accessed=11 June 2022}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| [[Lloyd Owen]]<ref name="VA20"/> || [[Elendil|Captain Elendil]]<ref>{{webcite|author=The Lord of the Rings on Prime|articleurl=https://twitter.com/LOTRonPrime/status/1547417424361885696|articlename=Lloyd Owen is Elendil|dated=14 February 2022|website=[https://twitter.com Twitter]|accessed=14 February 2022}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| [[Augustus Prew]]<ref name="VA20"/> || [[Médhor]]<br />
|-<br />
| [[Megan Richards]]<ref name="Meet"/> || [[Poppy Proudfellow]]<ref>{{webcite|author=The Lord of the Rings on Prime|articleurl=https://twitter.com/LOTRonPrime/status/1534982703908433920#m|articlename=Megan Richards is Poppy Proudfellow. #LOTRROP|dated=9 June 2022|website=[https://twitter.com Twitter]|accessed=11 June 2022}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| [[Dylan Smith]]<ref name="Meet"/> || [[Largo Brandyfoot]]<ref>{{webcite|author=The Lord of the Rings on Prime|articleurl=https://twitter.com/LOTRonPrime/status/1534982400869945344#m|articlename=Dylan Smith is Largo Brandyfoot. #LOTRROP|dated=9 June 2022|website=[https://twitter.com Twitter]|accessed=11 June 2022}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| [[Peter Tait]]<ref name="VA20"/> || [[Tredwill]]<br />
|-<br />
| [[Alex Tarrant]]<ref name="VA20"/> || [[Valandil (The Rings of Power)|Valandil]]<br />
|-<br />
| [[Charlie Vickers]]<ref name="Meet"/> || [[Halbrand]]<ref>{{webcite|author=The Lord of the Rings on Prime|articleurl=https://twitter.com/LOTRonPrime/status/1492169017741778944|articlename=Charlie Vickers is Halbrand. #LOTRROP|dated=9 June 2022|website=[https://twitter.com Twitter]|accessed=11 June 2022}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| [[Leon Wadham]]<ref name="VA20"/> || [[Kemen (The Rings of Power)|Kemen]]<ref>{{webcite|author=The Lord of the Rings on Prime|articleurl=https://twitter.com/LOTRonPrime/status/1547418271141560321|articlename=Leon Wadham is Kemen|dated=14 February 2022|website=[https://twitter.com Twitter]|accessed=14 February 2022}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| [[Benjamin Walker]]<ref name="VA20"/> || [[Gil-galad|High-King Gil-galad]]<ref>{{webcite|author=The Lord of the Rings on Prime|articleurl=https://twitter.com/LOTRonPrime/status/1493253777415098372|articlename=Benjamin Walker is High King Gil-galad|dated=14 February 2022|website=[https://twitter.com Twitter]|accessed=14 February 2022}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| [[Daniel Weyman]]<ref name="Meet"/> || [[The Stranger]]<ref>{{webcite|author=The Lord of the Rings on Prime|articleurl=https://twitter.com/LOTRonPrime/status/1493253972639076352|articlename=Daniel Weyman is The Stranger|dated=14 February 2022|website=[https://twitter.com Twitter]|accessed=14 February 2022}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| [[Sara Zwangobani]]<ref name="VA20"/> || [[Marigold Brandyfoot]]<ref>{{webcite|author=The Lord of the Rings on Prime|articleurl=https://twitter.com/LOTRonPrime/status/1534982566448533504#m|articlename=Sara Zwangobani is Marigold Brandyfoot. #LOTRROP|dated=9 June 2022|website=[https://twitter.com Twitter]|accessed=11 June 2022}}</ref><br />
|}<br />
<br />
== Production ==<br />
[[File:Amazon - Middle-earth map.jpg|thumb|250px|Fourth map of Middle-earth, released by Amazon on 6 March 2019]]<br />
In November [[2017]], it was reported that Amazon Studios were in discussion with Warner Bros. Television and the [[Tolkien Estate]] about developing a series based on ''[[The Lord of the Rings]]''.<ref>{{webcite|author=Daniel Holloway|articleurl=http://variety.com/2017/tv/news/lord-of-the-rings-amazon-1202606519/|articlename='Lord of the Rings': Amazon, Warner Bros. in Talks for Series Adaptation (EXCLUSIVE)|dated=3 November 2017|website=[http://variety.com/ Variety]|accessed=30 January 2020}}</ref> Later, in November, Amazon Studios announced they have secured the rights to develop a multi-season television series set in Middle-earth with the potential for spin-offs.<ref>{{webcite|author=Joe Otterson|articleurl=http://variety.com/2017/tv/news/lord-of-the-rings-tv-series-amazon-1202613609/|articlename=‘Lord of the Rings’ Series Moving Forward at Amazon With Multi-Season Production Commitment|dated=13 November 2017|website=[http://variety.com/ Variety]|accessed=31 July 2019}}</ref> The rights have been said to have cost close to $250 million.<ref name="DLAZ">{{webcite|author=Nellie Andreeva|articleurl=http://deadline.com/2017/11/amazon-the-lord-of-the-rings-tv-series-multi-season-commitment-1202207065/|articlename=Amazon Sets ‘The Lord of the Rings’ TV Series In Mega Deal With Multi-Season Commitment|dated=13 November 2017|website=Deadline|accessed=30 January 2020}}</ref> Amazon Studios will cooperate with the Tolkien Estate, [[The Tolkien Trust]], [[HarperCollins]] and [[New Line Cinema]].<ref name="DLAZ"/><br />
<br />
On [[13 February]] [[2019]], Amazon's newly created [http://twitter.com/LOTRonPrime Twitter account] associated with the show posted the quote "I wisely started with a map.", taken from Tolkien's [[Letter 144]].<ref>{{webcite|author=|articleurl=http://twitter.com/LOTRonPrime/status/1095797330127646721|articlename=“I wisely started with a map” — J.R.R. Tolkien|dated=13 February 2019|website=Twitter|accessed=30 January 2020}}</ref> On [[15 February]] the Twitter account released a map of Middle-earth along with a line of the [[Ring Verse]], over the next few weeks different versions of the map were released with each successive one including more labels than the previous as well as more lines from the verse. On [[7 March]] the final map was released which showed a wider view of Middle-earth, including the island of [[Númenor]] and the final post "Welcome to the Second Age".<ref name="AMSA"/> [[Tom Shippey]] and artist [[John Howe]] had worked on the accuracy of the maps, however dedicated [[Tolkien fandom|fans]] had detected several mistakes and anachronisms.<ref>{{webcite|articleurl=http://narniafans.com/2019/08/interview-with-narnia-conceptual-designer-john-howe/|articlename=Interview with John Howe|website=Narnia Fans|accessed=25 June 2020}}</ref><br />
<br />
The series being set in the [[Second Age]] was predicted by [[Tolkien Society]] Chair [[Shaun Gunner]] in February.<ref>{{webcite|website=Twitter|accessed=15 February 2020|dated=18 February 2019|articleurl=http://twitter.com/ShaunGunner/status/1097505289618841601|articlename=Shaun Gunner on Twitter}}</ref><br />
<br />
On [[27 July]] 2019 a video was published that introduced the creative team; [[J.D. Payne]] and [[Patrick McKay]] were announced as the showrunners, the writing team consisting of Gennifer Hutchison, Helen Shang, Jason Cahill, Glenise Mullins, Justin Dohle, Stephany Folsom and Bryan Cogman, Belén Atienza, Bruce Richmond, Gene Kelly and Lindsey Weber as executive producers, Ron Ames as co-producer, Kate Hawley as costume designer, Rick Heinrichs as production designer and Jason Smith as visual effects supervisor. The team will also include Tolkien scholar [[Tom Shippey]] and artist [[John Howe]]. [[J. A. Bayona|Bayona]] will direct the first two episodes.<ref>{{webcite|author=|articleurl=http://twitter.com/LOTRonPrime/status/1155142047420080129|articlename=''Meet our Fellowship''|dated=27 July 2019|website=Twitter|accessed=30 January 2020}}</ref> In an interview with the German Tolkien Society, scholar [[Tom Shippey]] stated that events from the First and Third Ages are "off-limits".<ref>{{webcite|author=Tobias M. Eckrich |articleurl=http://www.tolkiengesellschaft.de/30918/exklusive-interview-with-tom-shippey-concerning-lotronprime/|articlename=Exclusive interview with Tom Shippey concerning LOTRonPrime|dated=29 July 2019|website=[http://www.tolkiengesellschaft.de Deutche Tolkien Gesellschaft]|accessed=6 August 2019}}</ref><br />
<br />
On [[17 September]] 2019, Amazon Studios announced that the series will be filmed in New Zealand.<ref name="AMNZ"/><br />
<br />
On [[18 November]] 2019, Amazon Studios Head Jennifer Salke announced a second season renewal for the series.<ref>{{webcite|author=Nellie Andreeva|articleurl=http://deadline.com/2019/11/the-lord-of-the-rings-series-renewed-season-2-amazon-early-renewal-season-1-hiatus-writers-room-reassembled-1202788730/|articlename=‘The Lord Of the Rings’ Series Gets Early Season 2 Renewal By Amazon, Sets Season 1 Hiatus|dated=18 November 2019|website=Deadline|accessed=17 March 2020}}</ref><br />
<br />
Due to the COVID-19 pandemic production of the series was suspended.<ref>{{webcite|author=Chris Keall|articleurl=http://www.nzherald.co.nz/business/news/article.cfm?c_id=3&objectid=12316871|articlename=Coronavirus: Amazon's Lord of the Rings production in West Auckland shut down|dated=15 March 2020|website=[http://www.nzherald.co.nz/ The New Zealand Herald]|accessed=17 July 2020}}</ref> On 9 May 2020 the New Zealand Film Commission has allowed the production of film and TV to continue in the country.<ref>{{webcite|author=|articleurl=http://www.nzherald.co.nz/entertainment/news/article.cfm?c_id=1501119&objectid=12330716|articlename=Covid 19 coronavirus: Avatar, Lord Of The Rings filming resumes in NZ|dated=9 May 2020|website=[http://www.nzherald.co.nz/ The New Zealand Herald]|accessed=17 July 2020}}</ref><br />
<br />
In December 2020, [[Bryan Cogman]] left the series for Entertainment One, after completing work on the scripts for season one.<ref>{{webcite|author=Lesley Goldberg |articleurl=http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/live-feed/bryan-cogman-moves-overall-deal-to-eone-exclusive|articlename=Bryan Cogman Moves Overall Deal to eOne (Exclusive)|dated=7 December 2020|website=The Hollywood Reporter|accessed=15 December 2020}}</ref><br />
<br />
On [[24 March]] [[2021]], Amazon Studios announced that [[Wayne Che Yip]] has joined the creative team, as both a co-executive producer and director.<ref>{{webcite|author=Matt Grobar|articleurl=http://deadline.com/2021/03/wayne-che-yip-boards-lord-of-the-rings-series-director-co-ep-amazon-studios-1234720477/|articlename=Wayne Che Yip Boards ‘The Lord Of The Rings’ Series As Director & Co-EP, Will Helm Four Episodes Of Amazon Original|dated=24 March 2021|website=[http://deadline.com/ Deadline]|accessed=5 April 2021}}</ref><br />
<br />
On May 2021, it was announced that [[Charlotte Brändström]] will direct another two episodes.<ref>{{webcite|author=Matt Grobar|articleurl=https://deadline.com/2021/05/the-witcher-charlotte-brandstrom-amazons-the-lord-of-the-rings-series-1234755360/|articlename=‘The Witcher’ Director Charlotte Brändström Joins Amazon’s ‘The Lord Of The Rings’ Series<br />
|dated=13 May 2021|website=[http://deadline.com/ Deadline]|accessed=21 August 2021}}</ref><br />
<br />
On September 2021, it was reported that [[Howard Shore]] and [[Bear McCreary]] are in talks to compose the soundtrack for the series.<ref>{{webcite|articleurl=https://www.theonering.net/torwp/2021/09/19/111495-howard-shore-and-bear-mccreary-to-soundtrack-lotr-on-prime-series/|articlename=Howard Shore and Bear McCreary to soundtrack LOTR on Prime series|dated=September 19, 2021|website=TheOneRing.net|accessed=September 20, 2021}}</ref><br />
<br />
On 19 January [[2022]], a first teaser was released announcing the official title for the series: ''The Lord of the Rings: The Rings of Power''.<ref>{{webcite|author=@LOTRonPrime|articleurl=http://twitter.com/LOTRonPrime/status/1483816516327915522?cxt=HHwWhICq-dHQyZcpAAAA|articlename=Title Announcement|dated=19 January 2022|website=Twitter|accessed=19 January 2022}}</ref><br />
<br />
=== Casting ===<br />
On 22 July 2019, it was reported that Amazon has made its first cast for the new series that Markella Kavenagh was in talks to play a character named "Tyra".<ref>{{webcite|author=Joe Otterson|articleurl=http://variety.com/2019/tv/news/lord-of-the-rings-series-amazon-cast-markella-kavenagh-1203268175|articlename=‘Lord of the Rings’ Series at Amazon Taps First Cast Member (EXCLUSIVE)|dated=22 July 2019|website=[http://variety.com/ Variety]|accessed=22 October 2019}}</ref><br />
<br />
Will Poulter was cast for an unknown role in September 2019<ref>{{webcite|author=Joe Otterson|articleurl=http://variety.com/2019/tv/news/lord-of-the-rings-series-amazon-will-poulter-cast-1203321951/|articlename=‘Lord of The Rings’ Series at Amazon Casts Will Poulter (EXCLUSIVE)|dated=4 September 2019|website=[http://variety.com/ Variety]|accessed=22 October 2019}}</ref> however in December it was reported that he left the series due to scheduling conflicts.<ref>{{webcite|author=Joe Otterson|articleurl=http://variety.com/2019/tv/news/lord-of-the-rings-series-amazon-will-poulter-1203433273/|articlename=‘Lord of the Rings’: Will Poulter No Longer Attached to Amazon Series (EXCLUSIVE)|dated=12 December 2019|website=[http://variety.com/ Variety]|accessed=13 December 2019}}</ref> This was later confirmed by Poulter in an interview.<ref>{{webcite|author=Will Richards|articleurl=http://www.nme.com/news/tv/will-poulter-explains-why-he-left-amazons-lord-of-the-rings-tv-series-2706105|articlename=Will Poulter explains why he left Amazon's 'Lord Of The Rings' TV series|dated=12 July 2020|website=[http://www.nme.com/ NME]|accessed=17 July 2020}}</ref> He was replaced by Robert Aramayo who was reported to be playing a character named "Beldor".<ref>{{webcite|author=Nellie Andreeva|articleurl=http://deadline.com/2020/01/robert-aramayo-cast-the-lord-of-the-rings-amazon-tv-series-game-of-thrones-alum-cast-1202823073/|articlename='The Lord Of the Rings': Robert Aramayo To Star In Amazon TV Series|dated=7 January 2020|website=Deadline|accessed=15 January 2020}}</ref><br />
<br />
In October 2019 it was reported that Maxim Baldry<ref>{{webcite|author=Jeff Sneider|articleurl=http://collider.com/lord-of-the-rings-tv-series-cast-maxim-baldry/|articlename=Exclusive: ‘Lord of the Rings’ TV Series Adds ‘Years and Years’ Star Maxim Baldry|dated=15 October 2019|website=Collider|accessed=13 December 2019}}</ref> and Joseph Mawle has joined the cast, the latter playing "Oren", the lead villain of the series.<ref>{{webcite|author=Nellie Andreeva|articleurl=http://deadline.com/2019/10/the-lord-of-the-rings-joseph-mawle-cast-star-amazon-series-oren-game-of-thrones-alum-1202765493/|articlename='The Lord Of The Rings': Joseph Mawle To Star In Amazon Series|dated=21 October 2019|website=Deadline|accessed=22 October 2019}}</ref><br />
<br />
In December 2019 there were reports of Ema Horvath<ref>{{webcite|author=Nellie Andreeva|articleurl=http://deadline.com/2019/12/ema-horvath-cast-the-lord-of-the-rings-amazon-series-1202806025/|articlename=‘The Lord Of The Rings’: Ema Horvath Joins Cast Of Amazon Series|dated=10 December 2019|website=Deadline|accessed=13 December 2019}}</ref> and Morfydd Clark joinining the cast, it was said that Clark is to play a "young [[Galadriel]]".<ref>{{webcite|author=Justin Kroll|articleurl=http://variety.com/2019/tv/news/lord-of-the-rings-series-galadriel-morfydd-clark-1203446284/amp/|articlename='Lord of the Rings' Series Taps Morfydd Clark as Young Galadriel (EXCLUSIVE)|dated=17 December 2019|website=[http://variety.com/ Variety]|accessed=4 January 2020}}</ref><br />
<br />
On 15 January 2020, the series' official social media confirmed the castings of Kavenagh, Aramayo, Mawle, Horvath and Clark as well as revealing new members of the cast; Owain Arthur, Nazanin Boniadi, Tom Budge, Ismael Cruz Cordova, Tyroe Muhafidin, Sophia Nomvete, Megan Richards, Dylan Smith, Charlie Vickers and Daniel Weyman.<ref name="Meet">{{webcite|author=|articleurl=http://www.facebook.com/LOTRonPrime/photos/?tab=album&album_id=2410457885934047|articlename=Meet the first members of our fellowship. #LOTRonPrime|dated=15 January 2020|website=Facebook|accessed=15 January 2020}}</ref><br />
<br />
In December 2020, it was announced that 20 actors have been added to the cast; Cynthia Addai-Robinson, Maxim Baldry (reported to have joined back in October 2019), Ian Blackburn, Kip Chapman, Anthony Crum, Maxine Cunliffe, Trystan Gravelle, Sir Lenny Henry, Thusitha Jayasundera, Fabian McCallum, Simon Merrells, Geoff Morrell, Peter Mullan, Lloyd Owen, Augustus Prew, Peter Tait, Alex Tarrant, Leon Wadham, Benjamin Walker and Sara Zwangobani.<ref name="VA20">{{webcite|author=Joe Otterson|articleurl=http://variety.com/2020/tv/news/lord-of-the-rings-series-amazon-cast-1234845274/|articlename=‘Lord of the Rings’ Series at Amazon Adds 20 Actors to Cast|dated=3 December 2020|website=[http://variety.com/ Variety]|accessed=3 December 2020}}</ref><br />
<br />
In March 2021, Tom Budge announced that he had departed the series after filming several episodes. He explained that Amazon had decided to go in a different direction with his character after reviewing the first episodes.<ref>{{webcite|author=|articleurl=http://www.instagram.com/p/CMZnFx-HkAp/|articlename=Tom Budge on Instagram|dated=14 March 2021|website=[http://instagram.com/ Instagram]|accessed=5 April 2021}}</ref><br />
<br />
In July 2021 Charles Edwards, Will Fletcher, Amelie Child-Villiers, and Beau Cassidy were added to the first season's cast that July.<ref>{{webcite|author=|articleurl=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/tv/tv-news/amazon-lord-of-the-rings-tv-series-cast-1234976309/|articlename=Amazon’s ‘Lord of the Rings’ Rounds Out Sprawling Cast (Exclusive)<br />
|dated=1 July 2021|website=Hollywood Reporter|accessed=21 August 2021}}</ref> A third of the first season's 124 speaking roles, including seven of the 32 major recurring roles, went to New Zealand actors.<ref>{{webcite|author=|articleurl=https://www.newsroom.co.nz/page//govt-hopes-amazon-will-come-back-to-film-more-seasons|articlename=Return of the Rings: Govt hopes Amazon will come back to film more seasons<br />
|dated=5 August 2021|website=[https://www.newsroom.co.nz Newsroom|accessed=21 August 2021}}</ref><br />
<br />
=== Filming ===<br />
==== Season one ====<br />
[[File:The Rings of Power (TV series) - Adar poster.jpg|thumb|One of the promotional posters released on February 2022]]<br />
Although pre-production on the series reportedly began in June 2018 in [[Auckland]], filming began on [[14 March]] [[2020]]<ref>{{webcite|author=|articleurl=https://www.gamespot.com//articles/lord-of-the-rings-tv-show-director-shares-a-behind/1100-6474422/|articlename=<br />
Lord Of The Rings TV Show Director Shares A Behind-The-Scenes Photo<br />
|dated=15 March 2020|website=[https://www.gamespot.com Gamespot]|accessed=25 August 2021}}</ref> in Auckland primarily at Kumeu Film Studios and Auckland Film Studios.<ref>{{webcite|author=|articleurl=https://www.newstalkzb.co.nz/news/entertainment/new-zealand-set-to-be-location-for-lord-of-the-rings-1-5-billion-tv-show/|articlename=New $1.5b LOTR TV series set to film in Auckland|dated=30 June 2019|website=[https://www.newstalkzb.co.nz Newstalk ZB]|accessed=25 August 2021}}</ref> Location filming took place around Auckland in February.<ref>{{webcite|author=|articleurl=https://www.theonering.net/torwp/2020/02/21/107557-exclusive-spy-report-from-the-set-of-amazons-lotr-with-photos/|articlename=EXCLUSIVE:Spy Report from the Set of Amazon's LOTR with photos |dated=21 February 2020|website=[https://deadline.com Deadline]|accessed=26 December 2021}}</ref> Filming for the first two episodes was expected to continue through May,<ref>{{webcite|author=|articleurl=https://www.stuff.co.nz/life-style/homed/real-estate/118857705/lord-of-the-rings-tv-amazon-studios-puts-out-call-for-homes-for-cast-and-crew|articlename=Lord of the Rings TV: Amazon Studios puts out call for homes for cast and crew|dated=21 February 2020|website=[https://www.stuff.co.nz Stuff]|accessed=26 December 2021}}</ref> with a four or five-month production break then planned during which footage for the two episodes would be reviewed and writing on the second season would begin.<ref>{{webcite|author=|articleurl=https://deadline.com/2019/11/the-lord-of-the-rings-series-renewed-season-2-amazon-early-renewal-season-1-hiatus-writers-room-reassembled-1202788730/|articlename=<br />
‘The Lord Of the Rings’ Series Gets Early Season 2 Renewal By Amazon, Sets Season 1 Hiatus<br />
|dated=19 January 2020|website=[https://deadline.com DEADLINE]|accessed=26 December 2021}}</ref>Production was scheduled to resume in mid-October and continue until late June 2021.<ref>{{webcite|author=|articleurl=https://www.stuff.co.nz/life-style/homed/real-estate/118857705/lord-of-the-rings-tv-amazon-studios-puts-out-call-for-homes-for-cast-and-crew|articlename= Lord of the Rings TV: Amazon Studios puts out call for homes for cast and crew|dated=19 January 2020|website=[https://www.stuff.co.nz Stuff.co]|accessed=26 December 2021}}</ref> However, filming was placed on hold indefinitely in mid-March 2020 due to the COVID-19 pandemic, with around 800 cast and crew members told to stay home.<ref>{{webcite|author=|articleurl=https://www.nzherald.co.nz/business/coronavirus-amazons-lord-of-the-rings-production-in-west-auckland-shut-down/JZE3ZEXWQQIQJXH4KYENFR3LRY/?c_id=3&objectid=12316871|articlename=<br />
Coronavirus: Amazon's Lord of the Rings production in West Auckland shut down<br />
|dated=15 March 2020|website=[https://www.nzherald.co.nz NZherald]|accessed=26 December 2021}}</ref> In early May, the majority of filming for the first two episodes was confirmed to have been completed before the COVID-19 shutdown. Filming on the series was allowed to resume then under new safety guidelines from the New Zealand government, but, instead of completing filming for the first two episodes at that time, the filming shutdown segued into the intended production break, with filming for the first two episodes set to be completed once filming on further episodes was ready to begin.<ref>{{webcite|author=|articleurl=https://deadline.com/2020/05/new-zealand-returns-to-production-paving-way-for-avatar-sequels-to-resume-live-action-filming-1202929138/|articlename=<br />
New Zealand Returns To Production, Paving Way For ‘Avatar’ Sequels & ‘The Lord Of The Rings’ Series To Resume Filming |dated=7 May 2020|website=[https://deadline.com Deadline]|accessed=26 December 2021}}</ref><br />
<br />
It was reported that the TV series was one of seven film and television productions that were granted exemptions to allow cast and crew members to enter New Zealand while its borders were closed to non-New Zealanders due to [[Wikipedia:COVID-19|COVID-19]]. The exemptions were granted before [[June 18]] by Economic Development Minister Phil Twyford, and applied to 93 members of the production as well as 20 family members. Around 10 percent of the series' crew were believed to be non-[[New Zealand|New Zealanders]], and many of them had remained in the country during its pandemic lockdown and did not require exemptions. Pre-production on further episodes began by July [[2020]],<ref>{{webcite|author=|articleurl=https://www.stuff.co.nz/entertainment/122012197/revealed-the-six-productions-joining-avatar-in-getting-border-exemptions|articlename= <br />
Revealed: The six productions joining Avatar in getting border exemptions<br />
|dated=3 July 2020|website=[https://www.stuff.co.nz Stuff.co]|accessed=26 December 2021}}</ref> and filming on the series resumed on [[September 28]].<ref>{{webcite|author=|articleurl=https://deadline.com/2020/09/the-lord-of-the-rings-resumes-production-amazon-new-zealand-cowboy-bebop-netflix-dtart-of-production-1234584918/|articlename= <br />
Amazon’s ‘The Lord Of The Rings’ Resumes Production In New Zealand, Netflix’s ‘Cowboy Bebop’ Next<br />
|dated=28 September 2020|website=[https://deadline.com Deadline]|accessed=26 December 2021}}</ref> Bayona completed filming on his episodes by December 23,<ref>{{webcite|author=|articleurl=https://comicbook.com/tv-shows/news/amazons-lord-of-the-rings-pilot-wrapped-filming/|articlename= Amazon's Lord Of The Rings Pilot Has Wrapped Filming<br />
|dated=25 December 2020|website=[https://comicbook.com ComicBook]|accessed=26 December 2021}}</ref> with production on further episodes set to begin in January 2021 following a two week break for Christmas.<ref>{{webcite|author=|articleurl=https://www.nzherald.co.nz/entertainment/spy-lunch-of-the-rings-the-lotr-star-spotted-on-waiheke/WFTPOF2VTQ272HKL6NT2QLHHQI/|articlename=<br />
Spy: Lunch of the Rings? The LOTR star spotted on Waiheke<br />
|dated=19 December 2020|website=[https://www.nzherald.co.nz NZherald]|accessed=26 December 2021}}</ref> Yip confirmed that he had begun filming his episodes by March,<ref>{{webcite|author=|articleurl=https://variety.com/2021/tv/news/lord-of-the-rings-amazon-wayne-che-yip-1234936829/|articlename= ‘Lord of the Rings’ Series Adds Director Wayne Che Yip as Co-Executive Producer<br />
|dated=24 March 2021|website=[https://variety.com Variety]|accessed=26 December 2021}}</ref> and Brändström was in New Zealand for production on the series when she was announced as director in May.<ref>{{webcite|author=|articleurl=https://deadline.com/2021/05/the-witcher-charlotte-brandstrom-amazons-the-lord-of-the-rings-series-1234755360/|articlename= ‘The Witcher’ Director Charlotte Brändström Joins Amazon’s ‘The Lord Of The Rings’ Series |dated=13 May 2021|website=[https://deadline.com Deadline]|accessed=26 December 2021}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Marketing ==<br />
On [[19 January]] 2022, Amazon revealed of the series' full title. Instead of creating a title reveal with visual effects, the studio released an announcement video in which the letters of the title are physically cast from molten metal while an excerpt of the "[[Ring Verse]]" from ''The Lord of the Rings'' is read in voiceover. The video was directed by Klaus Obermeyer, who worked with special effects supervisor Lee Nelson under advisement by veteran special effects supervisor [[Douglas Trumbull]].<ref>{{webcite|author=|articleurl=http://www.theonering.net/torwp/2022/01/19/111840-prime-videos-the-lord-of-the-rings-title-reveal-exclusive-behind-the-scenes-images/|articlename=Prime Video's The Lord of the Rings TITLE REVEAL - EXCLUSIVE Behind the Scenes images|dated=3 February 2022|website=[https://www.polygon.com/ Polygon]|accessed=4 February 2022}}</ref><br />
<br />
On [[3 February]] 2022, Amazon Studios revealed a series of character posters for the series.<ref>{{webcite|author=|articleurl=https://www.polygon.com/22915948/lord-of-the-rings-of-power-characters-posters|articlename=Amazon’s first Lord of the Rings: The Rings of Power character posters are a guessing game|dated=4 February 2022|website=[https://www.polygon.com/ Polygon]|accessed=4 February 2022}}</ref> On 10 February, a "first look" was revealed with photos of some of the characters,<ref name="VanityFair">{{webcite|author=Anthony Breznican & Joanna Robinson|articleurl=https://www.vanityfair.com/hollywood/2022/02/amazon-the-rings-of-power-series-first-look|articlename=Amazon’s Lord of the Rings Series Rises: Inside The Rings of Power<br />
|dated=10-Feb-2022|website=VanityFair|accessed=20-July-2022}}</ref> followed by the release of the teaser trailer on 13 February during Super Bowl LVI.<ref>{{webcite|author=Erin Carson and Jennifer Bisset|articleurl=https://www.cnet.com/culture/entertainment/amazon-introduces-lord-of-the-rings-the-rings-of-power-in-new-trailer/|articlename=Amazon Introduces 'Lord of the Rings: The Rings of Power' in New Trailer|website=[http://www.cnet.com/ CNet]|accessed=9 April 2022}}</ref> The official watch party for the trailer was hosted on YouTube by [[TheOneRing.net]].<ref>{{webcite|author=|articleurl=http://www.theonering.net/torwp/2022/02/07/111973-official-lotr-trailer-watch-party-for-prime-videos-rings-of-power-to-be-hosted-by-torn/|articlename=Official LOTR Trailer Watch party for Prime Video’s Rings of Power to be hosted by TORn!|website=[https://www.theonering.net/ TheOneRing.net]|accessed=9 April 2022}}</ref><br />
<br />
On [[14 July]], Amazon released another trailer for the series online.<ref>{{webcite|author=William Goodman|articleurl=https://www.gq.com/story/lord-of-the-rings-rings-of-power-trailer|articlename=What the ‘Lord of the Rings: Rings of Power’ Trailer Reveals About the New Prequel Series<br />
|dated=14 July 2022|website=[https://www.gq.com Get Go]|accessed=22 July 2022}}</ref><br />
<br />
On [[23 August]], Amazon released the final trailer for the first season's series online.<ref>{{webcite|author=James White|articleurl=https://www.empireonline.com/tv/news/lotr-the-rings-of-powers-final-trailer-shows-off-giant-battles-and-epic-scale/|articlename=LOTR: The Rings Of Power’s Final Trailer Shows Off Giant Battles And Epic Scale<br />
|dated=23 August 2022|website=[https://www.empireonline.com/ EmpireOnline]|accessed=04 October 2022}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Reception ==<br />
''The Rings of Power'' received mixed reviews upon release.<ref>{{webcite|author=|articleurl=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/tv/the_lord_of_the_rings_the_rings_of_power|articlename=The Lord of the Rings: The Rings of Power|dated=|website=[https://www.rottentomatoes.com/ Rotten Tomatoes]|accessed=2 October 2022}}</ref><ref>{{webcite|author=|articleurl=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt7631058/|articlename=The Lord of the Rings: The Rings of Power|dated=|website=[https://www.imdb.com/ IMDB]|accessed=2 October 2022}}</ref><br />
<br />
== See also ==<br />
* [[:Category:Images from The Rings of Power (TV series)|Category:Images from ''The Rings of Power'' TV series]]<br />
* [[The Lord of the Rings: The Rings of Power Season 1 Soundtrack|''The Lord of the Rings: The Rings of Power'' Season 1 Soundtrack]]<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
* [http://www.amazon.com/adlp/lotronprime Official website]<br />
* [http://www.facebook.com/LOTRonPrime/ Official Facebook page]<br />
* [http://www.youtube.com/channel/UC5gNthckomHt36m9-WH042Q/ Youtube channel]<br />
* https://www.fandom.com/articles/lord-rings-power-hidden-character-details<br />
* https://www.aboutamazon.com/news/entertainment/lord-of-the-rings-numenor-images<br />
* https://www.looper.com/962547/robert-aramayo-sheds-light-on-a-younger-elrond-in-rings-of-power-exclusive-interview/<br />
* https://time.com/6205837/the-rings-of-power-amazon-most-expensive/<br />
<br />
{{References}}<br />
<br />
{{Title|Italics}}<br />
[[Category:The Rings of Power (TV series)| ]]<br />
[[Category:Television series]]<br />
<br />
[[fr:divertissements/adaptations/series/lsda_amazon]]<br />
[[fi:The Lord of the Rings (Amazon)]]</div>Fredegharhttps://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=Northern_Mannish&diff=359162Northern Mannish2022-10-11T00:35:29Z<p>Fredeghar: /* Translation */</p>
<hr />
<div>'''Northern Mannish''' refers to the [[Mannish]] language or languages spoken by the [[Northmen]] of [[Rhovanion]].<br />
<br />
As the Northmen were distantly related to the [[Edain]] and the [[Númenóreans]], their language(s) had common elements with [[Adûnaic]] and [[Westron]].<br />
<br />
== Origins and history ==<br />
The first [[Men]] who migrated [[West]] in the [[First Age]] spoke at least two languages. One was spoken by the northern group, however most people of the Greater Folk of that group stayed behind while traversing [[Greenwood the Great]] in Rhovanion; those were the ancestors of the Northmen. As such, their language was related to that of their cousins, the Edain of the [[House of Beor]] and the [[House of Hador]], who reached [[Beleriand]] in the West.<ref>{{UT|8}}</ref><Ref name=relations>{{PM|Relations}}</ref><br />
<br />
Those folk had close relations with the [[Longbeards]], the [[Dwarves]] who occupied the mountains and hills around Rhovanion. In the [[Second Age]] they had mutual respect and warm friendship, and the Longbeards adopted the speech of Men, keeping their own language to themselves.<ref>{{PM|Dwarves}}</ref><ref name=relations /> The Dwarves even made their own names from N. Mannish elements, or even fabricated names that sounded like N. Mannish.<ref>{{App|Languages}}</ref><ref>{{PM|XNotes}}, #32</ref> The custom apparently reached the [[Dwarves of Moria]], and the Dwarf signing as [[Narvi]].<br />
<br />
By the Third Age, the Kings of Gondor recognised the common ancestry with the Northmen and their languages.<ref name=App>{{App|Men}}</ref><br />
<br />
As the earliest known location of the Hobbits was the Vales of Anduin (c. T.A. 1050), they were in contact with the Éothéod. The name Kuduk (Hobbit) itself for example is believed to be derived from the Northern kûd-dûkan (Holbytlan; hole builders). During their Wandering Days, the Hobbits retained some peculiar words from old in their dialect, even after adopting Westron.<ref>{{FR|Hobbits}}</ref><br />
<br />
A prominent Northern language was the [[language of Dale]]; the Dwarves of Erebor bore external names in that language.<ref name=App/><br />
<br />
== Translation ==<br />
As Westron is rendered with modern English, Northern Mannish is rendered with archaic Germanic languages, such as [[Gothic]] (in the case of Northmen of Rhovanion), [[Old English]] (Éothéod and the [[Rohirrim]]) and [[Norse]] ([[Dale]] and [[Esgaroth]]).<br />
<br />
Many Dwarven characters, as well as [[Gandalf]], bear Norse names, representing their contact with the Language of Dale. Most of them are taken from the [[Dvergatal]], an ancient Norse listing the names of many dwarves.<br />
<br />
{{References}}<br />
<br />
{{Languages}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Languages]]</div>Fredegharhttps://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=Nindalf&diff=359160Nindalf2022-10-11T00:11:01Z<p>Fredeghar: /* Etymology */</p>
<hr />
<div>{{location infobox<br />
| name=Nindalf<br />
| image=<br />
| caption=<br />
| pronun=<br />
| othernames=Wetwang<br />
| location=South of [[Emyn Muil]], east of [[Anduin]]<br />
| type=Swamp<br />
| description=A large trackless fen<br />
| regions=<br />
| towns=<br />
| inhabitants=<br />
| created=<br />
| destroyed=<br />
| events=<br />
}}<br />
'''Nindalf''', or '''Wetwang''' in [[Westron]], was a wide region of swampy land of fen<ref name=UI>{{HM|UI}}, entry ''Nindalf'', p. 334</ref> on the east side of the river [[Anduin]]<ref name=Map>{{RK|Map}}</ref> near the foot of the falls of [[Rauros]] and the mouths of the [[Entwash]]<ref name=UI/>.<br />
<br />
At the Nindalf the Anduin divided into many channels and formed marshlands in the east of the main channel of the river. Opposite of the Nindalf, on the west side of the Anduin the river Entwash flowed into the Anduin by many mouths in a great inland delta.<ref name="Farewell">{{FR|Farewell}}, p. 373</ref> The [[Dead Marshes]] lay further east and may have been an extension of Wetwang.<ref name=Map>{{RK|Map}}</ref><br />
<br />
On [[16 February]] {{TA|3019}}<ref>{{App|Great}}, entry for the year 3019, February, 16, p. 1092</ref> [[Celeborn]] recommended to the [[Fellowship of the Ring]] that those heading to [[Minas Tirith]] should leave the river above the Falls of [[Rauros]] and cross the Entwash before it separates into many mouths in the marshes.<ref name="Farewell"/><br />
<br />
==Etymology==<br />
The name is [[Sindarin]], consisting of ''[[nîn]]'' ("wet") and ''[[talf]]'' ("flat field").<ref>{{PE|17}}, p. 52</ref><ref name="Nomen">{{HM|N}}, p. 779</ref><br />
<br />
''Wetwang'' is the [[Westron]] translation. The archaic meaning of ''wang'' means "field, flat area".<ref name="Nomen">{{HM|N}}, p. 779</ref><br />
<br />
Wetwang is a real-life place-name in Yorkshire.<ref name="Nomen" /><br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
*{{WP|Wetwang}}<br />
{{references}}<br />
[[Category:Gondor]]<br />
[[Category:Regions]]<br />
[[Category:Sindarin locations]]<br />
[[Category:Swamps]]<br />
[[de:Nindalf]]<br />
[[fi:Litiluhta]]</div>Fredegharhttps://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=Anduin&diff=359159Anduin2022-10-11T00:06:48Z<p>Fredeghar: /* Crossing points */</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Sources}}<br />
{{disambig-two|the Great River of Middle-earth|chapter in ''[[The Fellowship of the Ring]]''|"[[The Great River]]"}}<br />
{{location infobox<br />
| name=Anduin<br />
| image=[[File:Gianna Michele Kaye - The Great River Anduin.jpg|250px]]<br />
| caption="The Great River Anduin" by [[:Category:Images by Gianna Michele Kaye|Gianna Michele Kaye]]<br />
| pronun=[[Sindarin|S]], {{IPA|[ˈanduɪn]}}<br />
| othernames=''Anduinë'' ([[Quenya|Q]])<br />Great River (of Wilderland), Langflood<ref>{{UT|Cirion}}, (ii) ''The Ride of Eorl''</ref><br />
| location=[[Middle-earth]], east of the [[Misty Mountains]] and the [[White Mountains]]<br />
| type=River<br />
| description=<br />
| regions=[[North Undeep|North]] and [[South Undeep]]s, [[Nen Hithoel]], [[Sarn Gebir]], [[Rauros]], [[Nindalf|Wetwang]]<br/>Islands: [[Carrock]], [[Tol Brandir]], [[Cair Andros]] <br />
| towns=<br />
| inhabitants=<br />
| created=<br />
| destroyed=<br />
| events=<br />
| gallery=the Anduin<br />
}}<br />
{{quote|And it came to pass after many years of journeying in this manner that the [[Eldar]] took their course through a forest, and they came to a '''great river''', wider than any they had yet seen; and beyond it were [[Misty Mountains|mountains]] whose sharp horns seemed to pierce the realm of the stars.|''[[Quenta Silmarillion]]'', "[[Of the Coming of the Elves and the Captivity of Melkor]]"}}<br />
'''Anduin''' was the river that crossed most of [[Middle-earth]] east of the [[Misty Mountains]]. Passing through many lands, it had received many names - '''Langflood''' by the ancestors of the [[Rohirrim]], the '''Great River of Wilderland''' in the [[Westron]] of [[Rivendell]] and [[the Shire]], and simply the '''Great River''' in [[Gondor]]. All these names are in recognition of the river's length.<br />
<br />
It flowed from its source in the [[Grey Mountains|Grey]] and [[Misty Mountains]] to the [[Ethir Anduin]] in the [[Belegaer|Great Sea (Belegaer)]]. The river had perhaps a total run of 1,388 miles<ref>Estimation by [[Karen Wynn Fonstad]] in ''[[The Atlas of Middle-earth|Atlas of Middle-earth]]''</ref> It was always the frontier of the west-lands of Middle-earth.<ref>{{S|3}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Source==<br />
The Anduin began as two different streams near where the Misty Mountains met the Grey. These were called the [[Langwell]] and the [[Greylin]] by the [[Éothéod]] when they lived in the triangle of land formed by it. Their old capital [[Framsburg]] was built at the confluence of these streams where the Anduin proper began. The [[Langwell]] had its source in the Misty Mountains, close to [[Gundabad|Mount Gundabad]], and the [[Greylin]] began in the westernmost heights of the Grey Mountains.<br />
<br />
==Course==<br />
[[File:Ted Nasmith - The Argonath.jpg|thumb|''The Argonath'' by [[Ted Nasmith]]]]<br />
The Anduin flowed parallel to the [[Misty Mountains]] in a [[Vales of Anduin|broad vale]] which formed the western part of [[Rhovanion]], lying between the mountains and [[Mirkwood]]. After passing [[Lothlórien]], the river and mountains parted company, and the river flowed through the [[Brown Lands]] via the [[North Undeep|North]] and [[South Undeep|South Undeeps]] until it flowed past the [[Emyn Muil]] and the [[Argonath]] and entered [[Nen Hithoel]] through [[Sarn Gebir]], a series of ferocious rapids. Thence it flowed over the Falls of [[Rauros]], and past the [[Mouths of Entwash]] and the marshes known as the [[Nindalf|Wetwang]]. It then passed between the [[White Mountains]] and the [[Ephel Dúath|Mountains of Shadow]] by the capital of [[Gondor]], [[Osgiliath]], before swinging past the harbour of [[Harlond in Gondor|Harlond]] close to the [[Rammas Echor]], south of [[Minas Tirith]]. It flowed through the port of [[Pelargir]], entering the Great Sea in the [[Bay of Belfalas]] in a broad delta known as the Mouths of Anduin.<br />
<br />
===Tributaries===<br />
[[File:Mark Poole - Anduin.jpg|thumb|left|''Anduin River'' by Mark Poole]]<br />
In order from north to south: the [[Rhimdath]] (Rushdown), the [[Gladden River|Ninglor]] (Gladden) which joined at the marshes known as the [[Gladden Fields]], the [[Celebrant]] (Silverlode), the River [[Limlight]], the [[Entwash|Onodló]] (Entwash), the [[Morgulduin]], the [[Erui]], the [[Sirith]] and the [[Poros]]. The first five had their sources in the Misty Mountains, the Morgulduin and (presumably) the Poros in the Ephel Dúath on the border of [[Mordor]], and the rest in the White Mountains.<br />
<br />
===Crossing points===<br />
The [[Old Forest Road]] which led from the [[High Pass]] into Mirkwood crossed the river at the Old Ford, to the south of [[Beorn's Halls]]. There used to be a bridge, which was fortified when [[Elendil]] crossed the river to [[War of the Last Alliance|go to war]] with [[Sauron]], but it had been destroyed by the late [[Third Age]]. The only other bridge was in [[Osgiliath]], but during the late Third Age, this was broken by forces of [[Mordor]]. The [[Ford of Carrock]] is mentioned during the [[War of the Ring]].<br />
<br />
===Islands===<br />
The principal islands appear to have been [[Cair Andros]], on the borders of [[Ithilien]] and [[Tol Brandir]] in Nen Hithoel. [[Carrock]], in the north was where the Eagles deposited [[Thorin and Company]]. There was also an eyot, where the [[Fellowship of the Ring|Fellowship]] rested during their travel between Lórien and [[Parth Galen]].<br />
<br />
==Settlements==<br />
During the [[Great March|March of the Elves]] in the [[Years of the Trees|Time of the Trees]], the [[Nandor]] left the [[Eldar|Eldarin]] host when faced with the great heights of the Misty Mountains, and lived in the [[Vales of Anduin]]. Some of those people later left and became the Green-elves of [[Ossiriand]], but Elves remained present even until the time of the War the Ring, strengthed by refugees from [[Beleriand]] (at the end of the [[First Age]]) and [[Eregion]] (during the [[Second Age|Second]]).<br />
<br />
Settlements in the Vale of Anduin during the Third Age included the [[Éothéod]] city of [[Framsburg]], [[Rhosgobel]], [[Beorn]]'s Halls and the [[Stoors|Stoor]] settlements near the Gladden Fields. It was in the [[Gladden Fields]] in the northern reaches of Anduin that [[Isildur]] was slain in {{TA|2}} and [[the One Ring]] lost; and it was there, more than two millennia later, that [[Déagol]] found the Ring and [[Sméagol]] took it from him. <br />
<br />
Once it had entered Gondor the river flowed past Osgiliath and Minas Tirith and then Pelargir, close to the sea. After the fall of Osgiliath the river effectively marks the eastern limit of Gondor's influence.<br />
<br />
==Etymology==<br />
{{Pronounce|Sindarin - Anduin.mp3|Gilgamesh}}<br />
''Anduin'' is [[Sindarin]] for "Great River", literally "Long River", from ''[[and]]'' ("long") + ''[[duin]]'' ("large river").<ref>{{HM|RC}}, p. 765</ref><ref>{{VT|48a}}, p. 23</ref> Its [[Quenya]] cognate was '''''Anduinë'''''.<ref>{{PE|Eldarin}}, p. 40</ref><br />
<br />
{{references}}<br />
{{FellowshipRoute}}<br />
[[Category:Pronounced articles]]<br />
[[Category:Noldorin locations]]<br />
[[Category:Rivers]]<br />
[[Category:Sindarin locations]]<br />
<br />
[[de:Anduin]]<br />
[[fi:Anduin]]<br />
[[fr:encyclo:geographie:eaux:rhovanion:anduin]]</div>Fredegharhttps://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=D%C3%A1in_I&diff=338669Dáin I2021-11-22T17:54:14Z<p>Fredeghar: /* Eymology */ Typo</p>
<hr />
<div>__NOTOC__<br />
{{disambig-two|the King of Durin's Folk|successor of [[Thorin|Thorin II Oakenshield]]|[[Dáin Ironfoot|Dáin II Ironfoot]]}}<br />
{{dwarves infobox<br />
| name=Dáin I<br />
| image=[[File:Jack Dullahan - Dain I The last king of the Grey mountains.jpg|250px]]<br />
| caption="The last king of the Grey mountains" by [[:Category:Images by Jack Dullahan|Jack Dullahan]]<br />
| pronun=<br />
| othernames=<br />
| titles=[[Kings of Durin's Folk|King of Durin's Folk]]<br />
| position=<br />
| location=[[Grey Mountains]]<br />
| affiliation=<br />
| language=[[Khuzdul]]<br />
| birth={{TA|2440}}<br />
| birthlocation=<br />
| rule={{TA|2585}}-{{TA|2589|n}}<br />
| death={{TA|2589}}<br />
| deathlocation=[[Dáin's halls]], [[Grey Mountains]]<br />
| age=149<br />
| notablefor=<br />
| house=[[Durin's line]]<br />
| parentage=[[Náin II]]<br />
| siblings=[[Borin]]<br />
| spouse=<br />
| children=[[Thrór]], [[Frór]], [[Grór]]<br />
| gender=Male<br />
| height=<br />
| hair=<br />
| eyes=<br />
| clothing=<br />
| weapons=<br />
| steed=<br />
}}<br />
{{Pronounce|Dain.mp3|Ardamir}}<br />
'''Dáin I''' ({{TA|2440}} - {{TA|2589|n}}, aged 149 years) was King of [[Durin's folk]] for 4 years, from {{TA|2585}} to {{TA|2589|n}}.<ref name="Durin">{{App|Durin}}</ref><br />
<br />
==History==<br />
Dáin was the son of King [[Náin II]], and he had a younger brother [[Borin]]. He had three children, [[Thrór]], [[Frór]], and [[Grór]].<br />
<br />
Dáin flourished during the period when the [[House of Durin]] was seated in the [[Grey Mountains]]. He succeeded his father when the [[Dragons]] of the north had declared [[War of the Dwarves and Dragons|war against]] the [[Dwarves of the Grey Mountains]]. Dáin ruled for only four years his people, who were troubled by increasing attacks from his [[Dáin's halls|halls]] until he met his premature end when both he and his second son, Frór, were killed by a [[Cold-drakes|Cold-drake]] at his gates. <br />
<br />
After his death, his sons Thrór and Grór led most of the [[Dwarves]] of Durin's folk south. Thrór led [[Dwarves of Erebor|one group]] back to [[Lonely Mountain]], while Grór founded [[Dwarves of the Iron Hills|his own realm]] in the [[Iron Hills]].<ref name="Durin"/><br />
<br />
==Etymology==<br />
''Dáinn'' is a dwarf from the ''[[Völuspá|Dvergatal]]''. His name most likely means "Deadlike".<ref>Chester Nathan Gould, "Dwarf-Names: A Study in Old Icelandic Religion", published in ''Publications of the Modern Language Association of America'', Vol 44 (1929), issue #4, pp. 939-967</ref><br />
<br />
== Genealogy ==<br />
<div style="overflow-x: scroll; overflow-y: hidden; border: 1px solid #AAAAAA; padding: 3px; background: #EEEEEE;"><br />
{{familytree/start}}<br />
{{familytree| | | | | | | | | | OIN | | | | | | | | |OIN=[[Óin (King of Durin's Folk)|Óin]]<br/><small>''{{TA|2238|n}} - {{TA|2488|n}}''</small>}}<br />
{{familytree| | | | | | | | | | |!| | | | | | | | | |}}<br />
{{familytree| | | | | | | | | | NAI | | | | | | | | |NAI=[[Náin II]]<br/>''<small>{{TA|2338|n}} - {{TA|2585|n}}</small>''}}<br />
{{familytree| | | | | | |,|-|-|-|^|-|-|-|.| | | | | |}}<br />
{{familytree| | | | | | DAI | | | | | | BOR | | | | |DAI='''DÁIN I'''<br/><small>''{{TA|2440|n}} - {{TA|2589|n}}''†</small>| BOR=[[Borin]]<br/>''<small>{{TA|2450|n}} - {{TA|2711|n}}</small>''}}<br />
{{familytree| | |,|-|-|-|+|-|-|-|.| | | |!| | | | | |}}<br />
{{familytree| | THR | | FRO | | GRO | | FAR | | | | |THR=[[Thrór]]<br/><small>''{{TA|2542|n}} - {{TA|2790|n}}''†</small>|FRO=[[Frór]]<br/><small>''{{TA|2552|n}} - {{TA|2589|n}}''†</small>|GRO=[[Grór]]<br/>''<small>{{TA|2563|n}} - {{TA|2805|n}}</small>''|FAR=[[Farin]]<br/>''<small>{{TA|2560|n}} - {{TA|2803|n}}</small>''}}<br />
{{familytree| | |!| | | | | | | |!| | | |)|-|-|-|.| |}}<br />
{{familytree| | THR | | | | | | NAI | | FUN | | GRO |THR=[[Thráin|Thráin II]]<br/><small>''{{TA|2644|n}} - {{TA|2850|n}}''†</small>|NAI=[[Náin (son of Grór)|Náin]]<br/><small>''{{TA|2665|n}} - {{TA|2799|n}}''†</small>|FUN=[[Fundin]]<br/><small>''{{TA|2662|n}} - {{TA|2799|n}}''†</small>|GRO=[[Gróin]]<br/><small>''{{TA|2671|n}} - {{TA|2923|n}}''</small>}}<br />
{{familytree/end}}<br />
</div><br />
<br />
{{references}}<br />
{{seq-start}}<br />
{{seq-head<br />
| race=dwarf<br />
| house=[[Durin's Folk|House of Durin]]<br />
| born={{TA|2440}}<br />
| died={{TA|2589}}}}<br />
{{seq<br />
| prev=[[Náin II]]<br />
| list=[[Kings of Durin's Folk|King of Durin's Folk]]<br />
| dates={{TA|2585}} – {{TA|2589|n}}<br />
| next=[[Thrór]]<br />
}}<br />
{{seq-end}}<br />
{{durinskings}}<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Dain I}}<br />
[[Category:Dwarves]]<br />
[[Category:Kings of Durin's Folk]]<br />
[[Category:Longbeards]]<br />
[[Category:Third Age characters]]<br />
<br />
[[de:Dáin I.]]<br />
[[fi:Dáin I]]<br />
[[fr:encyclo:personnages:nains:3a:dain_ier]]</div>Fredegharhttps://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=Anduin&diff=335516Anduin2021-09-23T03:44:38Z<p>Fredeghar: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{Sources}}<br />
{{disambig-two|the Great River of Middle-earth|chapter in ''[[The Fellowship of the Ring]]''|"[[The Great River]]"}}<br />
{{location infobox<br />
| name=Anduin<br />
| image=[[File:Gianna Michele Kaye - The Great River Anduin.jpg|250px]]<br />
| caption="The Great River Anduin" by [[:Category:Images by Gianna Michele Kaye|Gianna Michele Kaye]]<br />
| pronun=[[Sindarin|S]], {{IPA|[ˈanduɪn]}}<br />
| othernames=''Anduinë'' ([[Quenya|Q]])<br />Great River (of Wilderland), Langflood<ref>{{UT|Cirion}}, (ii) ''The Ride of Eorl''</ref><br />
| location=[[Middle-earth]], east of the [[Misty Mountains]] and the [[White Mountains]]<br />
| type=River<br />
| description=<br />
| regions=[[North Undeep|North]] and [[South Undeep]]s, [[Nen Hithoel]], [[Sarn Gebir]], [[Rauros]], [[Nindalf|Wetwang]]<br/>Islands: [[Carrock]], [[Tol Brandir]], [[Cair Andros]] <br />
| towns=<br />
| inhabitants=<br />
| created=<br />
| destroyed=<br />
| events=<br />
| gallery=the Anduin<br />
}}<br />
{{quote|And it came to pass after many years of journeying in this manner that the [[Eldar]] took their course through a forest, and they came to a '''great river''', wider than any they had yet seen; and beyond it were [[Misty Mountains|mountains]] whose sharp horns seemed to pierce the realm of the stars.|''[[Quenta Silmarillion]]'', "[[Of the Coming of the Elves and the Captivity of Melkor]]"}}<br />
'''Anduin''' was the river that crossed most of [[Middle-earth]] east of the [[Misty Mountains]]. Passing through many lands, it had received many names - '''Langflood''' by the ancestors of the [[Rohirrim]], the '''Great River of Wilderland''' in the [[Westron]] of [[Rivendell]] and [[the Shire]], and simply the '''Great River''' in [[Gondor]]. All these names are in recognition of the river's length.<br />
<br />
It flowed from its source in the [[Grey Mountains|Grey]] and [[Misty Mountains]] to the [[Ethir Anduin]] in the [[Belegaer|Great Sea (Belegaer)]]. The river had perhaps a total run of 1,388 miles<ref>Estimation by [[Karen Wynn Fonstad]] in ''[[The Atlas of Middle-earth|Atlas of Middle-earth]]''</ref> It was always the frontier of the west-lands of Middle-earth.<ref>{{S|3}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Source==<br />
The Anduin began as two different streams near where the Misty Mountains met the Grey. These were called the [[Langwell]] and the [[Greylin]] by the [[Éothéod]] when they lived in the triangle of land formed by it. Their old capital [[Framsburg]] was built at the confluence of these streams where the Anduin proper began. The [[Langwell]] had its source in the Misty Mountains, close to [[Gundabad|Mount Gundabad]], and the [[Greylin]] began in the westernmost heights of the Grey Mountains.<br />
<br />
==Course==<br />
[[File:Ted Nasmith - The Argonath.jpg|thumb|''The Argonath'' by [[Ted Nasmith]]]]<br />
The Anduin flowed parallel to the [[Misty Mountains]] in a [[Vales of Anduin|broad vale]] which formed the western part of [[Rhovanion]], lying between the mountains and [[Mirkwood]]. After passing [[Lothlórien]], the river and mountains parted company, and the river flowed through the [[Brown Lands]] via the [[North Undeep|North]] and [[South Undeep|South Undeeps]] until it flowed past the [[Emyn Muil]] and the [[Argonath]] and entered [[Nen Hithoel]] through [[Sarn Gebir]], a series of ferocious rapids. Thence it flowed over the Falls of [[Rauros]], and past the [[Mouths of Entwash]] and the marshes known as the [[Nindalf|Wetwang]]. It then passed between the [[White Mountains]] and the [[Ephel Dúath|Mountains of Shadow]] by the capital of [[Gondor]], [[Osgiliath]], before swinging past the harbour of [[Harlond in Gondor|Harlond]] close to the [[Rammas Echor]], south of [[Minas Tirith]]. It flowed through the port of [[Pelargir]], entering the Great Sea in the [[Bay of Belfalas]] in a broad delta known as the Mouths of Anduin.<br />
<br />
===Tributaries===<br />
[[File:Mark Poole - Anduin.jpg|thumb|left|''Anduin River'' by Mark Poole]]<br />
In order from north to south: the [[Rhimdath]] (Rushdown), the [[Gladden River|Ninglor]] (Gladden) which joined at the marshes known as the [[Gladden Fields]], the [[Celebrant]] (Silverlode), the River [[Limlight]], the [[Entwash|Onodló]] (Entwash), the [[Morgulduin]], the [[Erui]], the [[Sirith]] and the [[Poros]]. The first five had their sources in the Misty Mountains, the Morgulduin and (presumably) the Poros in the Ephel Dúath on the border of [[Mordor]], and the rest in the White Mountains.<br />
<br />
===Crossing points===<br />
The [[Old Forest Road]] which led from the [[High Pass]] into Mirkwood crossed the river at the Old Ford, to the south of [[Beorn's Halls]]. There used to be a bridge, this was fortified when [[Elendil]] crossed the river to [[War of the Last Alliance|go to war]] with [[Sauron]], but it had been destroyed by the late [[Third Age]]. The only other bridge was in [[Osgiliath]], but during the late Third Age, this was broken by forces of [[Mordor]]. The [[Ford of Carrock]] is mentioned during the [[War of the Ring]].<br />
<br />
===Islands===<br />
The principal islands appear to have been [[Cair Andros]], on the borders of [[Ithilien]] and [[Tol Brandir]] in Nen Hithoel. [[Carrock]], in the north was where the Eagles deposited [[Thorin and Company]]. There was also an eyot, where the [[Fellowship of the Ring|Fellowship]] rested during their travel between Lórien and [[Parth Galen]].<br />
<br />
==Settlements==<br />
During the [[Great March|March of the Elves]] in the [[Years of the Trees|Time of the Trees]], the [[Nandor]] left the [[Eldar|Eldarin]] host when faced with the great heights of the Misty Mountains, and lived in the [[Vales of Anduin]]. Some of those people later left and became the Green-elves of [[Ossiriand]], but Elves remained present even until the time of the War the Ring, strengthed by refugees from [[Beleriand]] (at the end of the [[First Age]]) and [[Eregion]] (during the [[Second Age|Second]]).<br />
<br />
Settlements in the Vale of Anduin during the Third Age included the [[Éothéod]] city of [[Framsburg]], [[Rhosgobel]], [[Beorn]]'s Halls and the [[Stoors|Stoor]] settlements near the Gladden Fields. It was in the [[Gladden Fields]] in the northern reaches of Anduin that [[Isildur]] was slain in {{TA|2}} and [[the One Ring]] lost; and it was there, more than two millennia later, that [[Déagol]] found the Ring and [[Sméagol]] took it from him. <br />
<br />
Once it had entered Gondor the river flowed past Osgiliath and Minas Tirith and then Pelargir, close to the sea. After the fall of Osgiliath the river effectively marks the eastern limit of Gondor's influence.<br />
<br />
==Etymology==<br />
{{Pronounce|Sindarin - Anduin.mp3|Gilgamesh}}<br />
''Anduin'' is [[Sindarin]] for "Great River", literally "Long River", from ''[[and]]'' ("long") + ''[[duin]]'' ("large river").<ref>{{HM|RC}}, p. 765</ref><ref>{{VT|48a}}, p. 23</ref> Its [[Quenya]] cognate was '''''Anduinë'''''.<ref>{{PE|Eldarin}}, p. 40</ref><br />
<br />
{{references}}<br />
{{FellowshipRoute}}<br />
[[Category:Pronounced articles]]<br />
[[Category:Noldorin locations]]<br />
[[Category:Rivers]]<br />
[[Category:Sindarin locations]]<br />
<br />
[[de:Anduin]]<br />
[[fi:Anduin]]<br />
[[fr:encyclo:geographie:eaux:rhovanion:anduin]]</div>Fredegharhttps://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=Gundabad&diff=335307Gundabad2021-09-19T03:21:40Z<p>Fredeghar: /* Portrayal in adaptations */</p>
<hr />
<div>{{disambig-two|a mountain in [[Rhovanion]]|[[Middle-earth Role Playing|MERP]] supplement|[[Mount Gundabad (book)]]}}<br />
{{location infobox<br />
| name=Gundabad<br />
| image=[[File:Larry Elmore - Mount Gundabad.jpg|250px]]<br />
| caption="Mount Gundabad" by Larry Elmore<br />
| pronun=<br />
| othernames=<br />
| location=At the northern end of the [[Misty Mountains]] and west of the [[Grey Mountains]]<br />
| type=Mountain<br />
| description=A large mountain, where [[Durin the Deathless]] awoke; later capital of the [[Orcs of the Misty Mountains|Orcs of the region]]<br />
| regions=<br />
| towns=<br />
| inhabitants=Historically connected with the [[Longbeards]], but contested and occupied by the [[Orcs]] during the [[Second Age|Second]] and [[Third Age|Third Ages]]<br />
| created=<br />
| destroyed=<br />
| events=Awakening of Durin<br/>[[First Sacking of Gundabad]]<br/>[[Second Sacking of Gundabad]]<br />
}}<br />
'''Mount Gundabad''' was a mountain adjacent to the northern reaches of the [[Misty Mountains]]. It was revered by the [[Dwarves]] but usually occupied by [[Orcs]].<br />
<br />
==Description==<br />
From the northern part of the [[Vales of Anduin]], Mount Gundabad appeared to be the northern endpoint of the [[Misty Mountains]] and the western endpoint of the [[Grey Mountains]], although slightly separated from both ranges.<ref>{{H|Wilderland}}</ref> In actuality, the Misty Mountains continued past Mount Gundabad in a north-westerly direction (this extension was known as the [[Mountains of Angmar]]). In all maps the mountain was shown as having three conjoined peaks. Bordering [[Forodwaith (lands)|Forodwaith]] to the north, the mountain undoubtedly had a cold climate.<ref>{{UT|Map}}</ref><br />
<br />
==History==<br />
According to the [[Dwarves]], [[Durin|Durin the Deathless]], eldest of the [[Fathers of the Dwarves]], awoke at Mount Gundabad shortly after the [[Awakening of the Elves]]. From that time forward, the mountain was revered by the Dwarves.<ref name="Relations">{{PM|Relations}},p. 301</ref> However, since Durin awoke alone he did not stay at the mountain; he walked southward until he founded [[Moria|Khazad-dûm]].<ref>{{FR|II4}}</ref> In the early ages, Mount Gundabad did serve as a place of assembly for delegations of Dwarves, yet there is no mention of any making permanent residence there.<ref name="Relations"/><br />
<br />
In {{SA|1695}}, [[Sauron]] invaded [[Eriador]]. In {{SA|1697|n}}, he [[Sack of Eregion|conquered]] [[Eregion]]<ref>{{App|SA}}</ref> and would have overwhelmed [[Elrond]], leading refugees northward, but he was attacked in the rear by forces sent from Khazad-dûm. Sauron drove the Dwarves back but could not breach the [[Doors of Durin]]. Frustrated, he commanded the Orcs to harry the Dwarves wherever they could be found.<ref>{{UT|Concerning}}</ref> Soon thereafter, came the [[First Sacking of Gundabad]], followed by a long occupation by Orcs.<ref name="Relations"/><br />
<br />
Around the year {{TA|1300}}, the realm of [[Angmar]] arose.<ref name="TA">{{App|TA}}</ref> Its lands lay on both sides of the Misty Mountains<ref>{{App|Eriador}}</ref> so Mount Gundabad was part of its domains. Although Angmar was destroyed in {{TA|1975|n}}<ref name="TA"/>, the last remnants of its people east of the mountains were driven away<ref>{{App|Eorl}}</ref> in {{TA|1977|n}}.<ref name="TA"/> Gundabad itself remained populated with Orcs.<br />
<br />
After the death of King [[Thrór]] in {{TA|2790|n}}, the Dwarves gathered for vengeance. The [[War of the Dwarves and Orcs]] began in {{TA|2793|n}}<ref name="TA"/> and the [[Second Sacking of Gundabad]] occurred.<ref>{{App|Durin}}</ref> Although it is likely that the Dwarves cleared the mountain of all Orcs, the Orcs returned and Mount Gundabad again served as their capital in the North.<ref name="Burst">{{H|Burst}}</ref><br />
<br />
In {{TA|2941|n}}<ref name="TA"/>, [[Thorin]] [[Oakenshield]], [[Gandalf]], several Dwarves, and [[Bilbo Baggins]], entered the Misty Mountains. While in the mountains, the [[Great Goblin]] was killed and the party escaped. Furious, the Orcs gathered at Mount Gundabad under the command of [[Bolg]] to seek revenge. Hearing of the death of [[Smaug]], they marched on the [[Lonely Mountain]].<ref name="Burst"/> However, the Orcs lost the [[Battle of Five Armies]] and three parts of their numbers.<ref>{{H|Return}}</ref> Orcs still lived at Mount Gundabad by the end of the [[Third Age]] but in a very reduced state.<br />
<br />
==Etymology==<br />
''Gundabad'' is said to be a "in origin a [[Khuzdul]] name". Its meaning, however, is unknown.<ref>{{HM|PM}}, p. 301</ref><br />
<br />
A recogniseable element is Khuzdul ''[[gundu]]'', meaning "underground hall", but it is not known if this word is indeed part of the name ''Gundabad''.<ref>{{webcite|author=[[Helge Fauskanger]]|articleurl=http://folk.uib.no/hnohf/khuzdul.htm|articlename=Khuzdul|website=Arda|accessed=}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Portrayal in adaptations==<br />
[[File:The Hobbit - The Battle of the Five Armies - Gundabad fortress.jpg|thumb|350px|Gundabad in [[The Hobbit (film series)|''The Hobbit'' film series]]]]<br />
'''2012: ''[[The Hobbit: An Unexpected Journey]]'':'''<br />
<br />
:On their way to [[Rivendell]], [[Radagast]] and [[Gandalf]] are pursued by [[Azog]]'s [[Orcs]] and swift [[Wargs]] of Gundabad, according to Gandalf.<br />
<br />
'''2014: ''[[The Hobbit: The Battle of the Five Armies]]'':'''<br />
<br />
:Gundabad is a large fortress of the Misty Mountains, housing a large number of Orcs and bats. [[Legolas]] and [[Tauriel]] travel there and discover the second orc army heading for [[Lonely Mountain|Erebor]]. Legolas remarks that their people fought a battle there in another Age and his mother was killed at that place.<br />
<br />
[[File:The Lord of the Rings Online - Gundabad.jpg|thumb|350px|left|Gundabad in ''[[The Lord of the Rings Online]]'']]<br />
'''2020: ''[[The Lord of the Rings Online]]'':'''<br />
:Gundabad is translated as "Mountain-home". The region lying before the Gates of Gundabad, between [[Langwell]] and [[Greylin]], is known as "Elderslade". Months after the fall of [[Sauron]], Elderslade is the site of the "War of Three Peaks", in which [[Durin VII|Prince Durin]], son of [[Thorin Stonehelm]], leads an army of [[Dwarves]] to reclaim Gundabad from the forces of "Gorgar the Ruthless", son of [[Bolg]].<br />
<br />
{{references}}<br />
[[Category:Dwarven realms]]<br />
[[Category:Evil realms]]<br />
[[Category:Khuzdul words]]<br />
[[Category:Mountains]]<br />
[[de:Gundabad]]<br />
[[fi:Gundabadin vuori]]<br />
[[fr:encyclo/geographie/reliefs/monts_brumeux/mont_gundabad]]</div>Fredegharhttps://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=Orcs&diff=329477Orcs2021-03-19T17:00:41Z<p>Fredeghar: /* Origins and early years */ While there's no canonical answer, this section should reference the theories of orkish origin</p>
<hr />
<div>{{rewrite}}{{sources}}<br />
{{race infobox<br />
| name=Orcs<br />
| image=[[File:John Howe - In Mordor.jpg|250px]]<br />
| caption="In Mordor" by [[John Howe]]<br />
| pronun=<br />
| othernames=Goblins, [[Glamhoth]], [[Yrch]]<br />
| origin=Obscure, but apparently bred from [[Elves]] or [[Men]]<br />
| location=[[Utumno]], [[Angband]], [[Mordor]], [[Misty Mountains]], [[Angmar]], [[Mount Gundabad]], [[High Pass]], [[Dol Guldur]], [[Isengard]]<br />
| affiliation=[[Morgoth]], [[Sauron]]<br />
| rivalry=[[Elves]], [[Men]], [[Dwarves]]<br />
| language=[[Black Speech]]; numerous [[Orkish]] languages; [[Westron]]<br />
| people=[[Uruk-hai]], [[Goblin-men]], [[Half-orcs]], [[Hobgoblins]], [[Orcs of Mordor|Mordor Orcs]], [[Orcs of the Misty Mountains|Misty Mountain Orcs]]<br />
| members=[[Othrod]], [[Azog]], [[Bolg]], [[Gorbag]], [[Great Goblin]], [[Grishnákh]]<br />
| lifespan=Early Orcs - Probably immortal or long-lived<ref>{{S|3}}</ref><br/>Later Orcs - diminished<ref name=Myths>{{MR|Myths}}</ref>{{rp|411}}<br/>[[Boldog|Boldogs]] - far longer than [[Men]]<ref name=Myths/>{{rp|418}}<br />
| distinctions=Evil footsoldiers of the [[Dark Lord|Evil]]; preferred darkness<br />
| height=Short<ref>{{FR|II5}} The "huge" orc-chieftain is described as "almost man high"</ref><br />
| hair=<br />
| skin=Sallow, green, brown, grey, black, swarthy<br />
| clothing=<br />
| weapons=<br />
}}<br />
'''Orcs''' (also called '''[[Orcs#Orcs and goblins|Goblins]]''') were the footsoldiers of the [[Dark Lord|Dark Lords]] - [[Morgoth]] and [[Sauron]].<br />
<br />
==History==<br />
===Origins and early years===<br />
The Orcs were bred by [[Morgoth|Melkor]] in mockery of the [[Elves]], sometime during the [[The Darkness#The Great Darkness|Great Darkness]].<ref>{{S|3}}</ref><ref>{{TT|III4}}</ref> How this was done is unclear, as the Dark Lord did not possess the power to create life, only to corrupt it. It is unknown whether corrupted Elves, [[Men]] or other creatures were used to achieve this.<br />
<br />
[[File:John Howe - Orc Swordsman.jpg|thumb|200px|right|''Orc Swordsman'' by [[John Howe]]]]<br />
<br />
It is unclear exactly when Orcs were created, but it certainly happened before the [[Battle of the Powers]] in his stronghold of Utumno. Whether the Orcs were at this time a capable fighting force against the host of Valinor is not known. But at least some of them survived this war, probably hidden in the deep vaults of [[Angband]], and multiplied, waiting for their master.<br />
<br />
When Melkor (now known as [[Morgoth]]) returned to Middle-earth, he created new hordes of Orcs and invaded [[Beleriand]], where the [[First Battle of Beleriand]] took place. Orcs also fought in [[Dagor-nuin-Giliath]].<br />
<br />
===First Age===<br />
Orcs appear in the [[First Age]] as the core force of [[Morgoth]]. Hundreds of thousands of Orcs were bred in [[Angband]] to participate in the [[Battles of Beleriand]], which lasted 587 years.<br />
<br />
Orcs first appear in the [[First Age]] in the [[Battle of the Lammoth]], where they were defeated by [[Fingolfin]] and his [[Noldor]]. Orcs participated in battles such as the [[Dagor Aglareb]], [[Dagor Bragollach]], [[Nirnaeth Arnoediad]], [[Fall of the Falas]], and finally in the [[War of Wrath]], where they were almost extinguished. Those that survived the defeat fled eastwards and hid probably in the Mountains of [[Angmar]] and the [[Ered Mithrin]].<br />
<br />
===Second Age===<br />
Around the year {{SA|1000}} Sauron reappeared, took the land of [[Mordor]] as his realm and started the construction of [[Barad-dûr]]. It is likely that most of his servants were Orcs at this time that he had gathered under his command. Still for a long time Sauron's foul servants did not play an important role, for the Dark Lord had chosen a more subtle way to overthrow the free people by creating the [[Rings of Power]].<br />
<br />
During the [[War of the Elves and Sauron]], in {{SA|1700}}, Orcs formed the main power of Sauron's host. Despite the immeasurable number of Orcs, Sauron was defeated by the united hosts of Elves and [[Númenóreans]]. Still Sauron was powerful east of the [[Misty Mountains]] and the Orcs that inhabited the mountains and the eastern lands multiplied.<br />
<br />
The [[Orcs of the Misty Mountains]] started a war against the [[Dwarves]], resulting in the [[First Sack of Gundabad]] and its occupation by the Orcs. Finally, Orcs were the core force of [[Sauron]] during the [[War of the Last Alliance]], and fought in great battles such as the [[Battle of Dagorlad]] and the [[Siege of Barad-dûr]].<br />
<br />
===Third Age===<br />
[[File:Richard Sullivan - Orc.jpg|thumb|left|''Orc'' by [[:Category:Images by Richard Sullivan|Richard Sullivan]]]]<br />
During the [[Third Age]], Orcs were the standard troops of [[Sauron]] (both in [[Mordor]] and in [[Dol Guldur]]), and his great servants - such as the [[Witch-king]] and [[Saruman]]. <br />
<br />
In [[Angmar]], Orcs fought for the Witch-king in the [[Angmar War]]. Years later, they invaded [[Eriador]] under the leadership of the [[Necromancer]]. <br />
<br />
The [[Orcs of the Misty Mountains]], one of the few (more or less) independent Orcish societies, and their leader [[Azog]] started out the [[War of the Dwarves and Orcs]], and after their defeat they retreated in their caves. They appeared again in {{TA|2941}}, when the [[Battle of Five Armies]] took place, suffering yet another terrible loss. <br />
<br />
In his efforts to hinder the people of [[Rohan]], Saruman began to gather Orcs from the Mountains for his army in [[Isengard]], experimenting on them to fashion himself greater soldiers such as [[Half-orcs]], [[Goblin-men]] and [[Uruk-hai]]. <br />
<br />
The [[Orcs of Mordor]] fought in major battles during the [[War of the Ring]], such as the [[Battle of the Pelennor Fields]], but the majority of [[Mordor]]'s forces were destroyed or scattered at the [[Battle of the Morannon]]. Sporadic fighting in the following weeks led to the Orcs finally being driven out of the western end of Mordor, though it is unclear how many Orcs Sauron had in his armies, and it is also unclear how many survived after his defeat. <br />
<br />
The Orcs in [[Dol Guldur]] remained in [[Mirkwood]] until the [[Fall of Dol Guldur]], one of the last battles of the War of the Ring.<br />
<br />
===Fourth Age and beyond===<br />
The fate of the Orcs after the Third Age is unknown. Though many of Sauron's Orcs fought on and were slain in the weeks following the Battle of the Morannon, the true number of Sauron's hosts is unclear, as are the numbers of Orcs not within Mordor that may still inhabit the rest of Middle-earth. It is at least known that the Orcs of Moria either fled or were slain by the Fourth Age, as it is mentioned that the Dwarves managed to retake Moria and the mines within it.<br />
<br />
==Characteristics==<br />
<br />
===Culture===<br />
It is certain all Orcs were dependent on the Dark Lords in various ways: after the War of Wrath, the Orcs were confused and dismayed without Morgoth, and were easily scattered by their enemies. In the millennia after his defeat and banishment from Arda, they were without a leader and degenerated into small, quarrelsome tribes hiding in wild places, such as the [[Misty Mountains]] and the [[Mountains of Angmar]]. Orcs remained a threat to travelers and isolated settlements, and when united could pose a great regional threat, but they could never amount to the force they were under Morgoth. Only when Sauron returned to power did they begin to reclaim their old power. The same happened after Sauron's defeat by the [[Last Alliance of Elves and Men]]: only under the Witch-King's command, and when Sauron returned as the Necromancer of [[Mirkwood]], did the Orcs become a real danger for all of Middle-earth again. Orcs were warlike and often cruel, fighting with reckless ferocity and delighting in the slaughter and torture of their foes; many had a cowardly nature however, and were often regarded as inferior, though far more expendable, than the soldiers of Men, Elves, and Dwarves. It is said that Sauron, at the height of his power, had greater control over the Orcs than Morgoth had, though this was because he had not yet spent himself in dominating others as well as due to a lesser threat posed by his adversaries than those of his predecessor. Orcs also proved themselves adept at taming and riding [[Wolves]] and even [[Wargs]], an abillity harnessed by the Dark Lords for their armies.<br />
<br />
===Lifespan===<br />
It is unknown if the Orcs were immortal like the Elves. There is, in any case, a hint for a long lifespan in the story of two of the most famous Orc-chieftains: [[Azog]] and [[Bolg]]. Bolg, being the son of Azog, was the chieftain of the Orcs who attacked Erebor in the Battle of Five Armies in {{TA|2941}}. Azog himself was killed in the Battle of Azanulbizar in {{TA|2799}}, so Bolg was at least 150 years old.<br />
<br />
===Appearance===<br />
Orcs were described as smaller in stature than Men on average, strong but crooked in frame and bow-legged. One "huge orc-chieftain" was described as "almost Man-high", but some must have been of a similar size to Hobbits (Frodo and Sam succeeded in disguising themselves as Orcs in Mordor). Their overall appearance varied: they had long arms and fanged mouths; Tolkien describes them as "swart" or "sallow", although one in Moria is "black-skinned" and others are described generally as "black" (possibly not a reference to skin colour).<br />
<br />
===Kinds of orcs===<br />
The Fellowship usually encountered the large soldier-Orcs bred for war, and sometimes the "snaga" variety which were more geared towards being labourers. Another type is referred to as "snufflers", smaller, black-skinned Orcs with wide nostrils, who excelled in tracking. Despite the smaller size, one snuffler was able to skillfully kill a soldier-orc when they got into a disagreement.<ref name="Cirith">{{RK|VI1}}</ref><br />
<br />
*[[Snaga]]<br />
*[[Snufflers]]<br />
*[[Orcs of Mordor]]<br />
*[[Orcs of the Misty Mountains]]<br />
*[[Half-orcs]] (and [[Goblin-men]])<br />
*[[Uruk-hai]]<br />
*[[Hobgoblins]]<br />
<br />
[[File:Darek Zabrocki - Goblins.jpg|thumb|250px|''Goblins'' by [[:Category:Images by Darek Zabrocki|Darek Zabrocki]]]]<br />
<br />
===Orcs and goblins===<br />
The term ''goblin'' was used primarily in ''[[The Hobbit]]'' but also in ''[[The Lord of the Rings]]'' where it is used synonymously with "Orc".<ref>{{TT|III1}}</ref><ref>{{HM|RC}}, p. 24</ref><br />
<br />
"Goblin" is an English word, whereas "Orc" is Old English, the language used by Tolkien to represent Rohirric.<ref>{{App|F1iv}}</ref> Thus, there is no difference between Orcs and Goblins.<br />
<br />
==Etymology==<br />
{{quote|The word as far as I am concerned actually derived from [[Old English]] ''orc'', demon, but only because of its phonetic suitability.|[[J.R.R. Tolkien]]<ref name=L144/>}}<br />
===Orc===<br />
The word '''''Orc''''' is said to be the "''form of the name that other races had for this foul people as it was in the [[Rohirric|language of Rohan]]''".<ref name=App|F1iv/><br />
<br />
In his late, post-''Lord of the Rings'' writings, Tolkien preferred the spelling '''''Ork'''''.<ref>{{HM|PM}}</ref> It is also possible that the word is a Common Tongue Version of 'orch', the [[Sindarin]] word for Orc. The original sense of the word seems to be "bogey", "bogeyman", that is, something that provokes fear, as seen in the Quenya cognate ''urko'', pl. ''urqui''.{{fact}}<br />
<br />
Tolkien derived the word ''orc'' from [[Old English]] believing it refers to a kind of evil spirits,<ref name=L144/> which in turn is thought to derive from Latin ''Orcus'' "Hades", although Tolkien doubted this etymology.<ref>[[J.R.R. Tolkien]], "[[Letter to Gene Wolfe]]" (letter)</ref> He also thought it survives in the modern language for sea-beasts,<ref>{{HM|N}}, p. 762</ref> such as the [[Wikipedia:Orca Whale|Orca Whale]].<br />
<br />
''Orc'' is an [[Old English]] word that refers mainly to a kind of metal cup (from Latin ''Urceus'').<ref group="note">The word ''Orc'' occurs twice in ''[[Beowulf (poem)|Beowulf]]''.</ref> However, in an 11th century glossary, this entry was conflated with another entry which refers to evil giants such as ''[[Wikipedia:Jötunn|þyrs]]'' and other monsters, also glossed in Latin as ''Orcus''. This merge of the two entries made many philologists of the previous centuries, like Tolkien, to believe that ''Orc'' was an actual Old English word that refers to any kind of evil creature from the underworld.<ref>Bosworth and Toller's ''An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary'' (1898), corrected in later editions</ref><br />
<br />
The word ''Orcnéas'' is once found only in ''[[Beowulf (poem)|Beowulf]]'' (lines 112-113) and is cited as an example of the word "Orc" in Old English text. Actually its meaning is not clear, and it is thought to refer to corpses (''néas'') from the Underworld.<br />
<br />
==="Orcs" in Tolkien's languages===<br />
Tolkien said that one of the reason of choosing "Orc" over "Goblin" was the similarity with his fictional languages.<ref name=WJAC>{{WJ|AC}}, pp. 389-91</ref> Indeed most [[Elvish]], [[Mannish]] and other words for Orc, are similar to the English word. <br />
<br />
The basic [[Primitive Quendian]] [[Sundocarme|root]], from which the words for Orc derive, is [[RUKU]] (said to refer to any "bogey" that scared the Elves)<ref name=WJAC/>:<br />
<br />
*[[Quenya]] '''''orco'''''<ref name=PE17_47/> (pl. '''''Orkor'''''<ref>{{GA|27}}, p. 12</ref><ref>{{HM|MR}}, pp. 74, 194</ref>); [[Exilic Quenya]] '''''urko''''' (pl. '''''orkor''''' and '''''orqui''''')<ref name=WJAC/><br />
*[[Sindarin]]: '''''orch'''''/'''''Orch''''' (pl. '''''yrch'''''/'''''Yrch''''', class pl. '''''Orchoth'''''/'''''orchoth'''''<ref group="note">''Orchoth'' is likely a compound of ''orch'' + ''[[hoth]]''.</ref>)<ref name=WJAC/><ref name=L144/><ref name=PE17_52-4/><ref name=PE17_47/><ref name=App|F1iv/>; '''''[[glamhoth]]'''''<br />
*[[Nandorin]]: '''''ūriʃ'''''<ref name=PE17_52-4>{{PE|17}}, pp. 52-4</ref><br />
<br />
*[[Adûnaic]]: '''''urku''''', '''''urkhu'''''<ref name=WJAC/><br />
*[[Westron]]: '''''orka'''''<ref name=PE17_47>{{PE|17}}, p. 47</ref><br />
*[[Black Speech]]: '''''[[Uruk-hai#Etymology|uruk]]'''''<ref name=App|F1iv>{{App|F1iv}}</ref><ref name=WJAC/><ref name=L144>{{L|144}}</ref><ref name=PE17_47/><br />
*[[Khuzdul]]: '''''Rukhs''''' (pl. '''''Rakhās'''''), possibly derived from an unknown [[Avarin]] word of the same meaning<ref name=WJAC/><ref group="note">''Rukhs'' appears to contain the radical R-Kh-S.<!-- this note needs to be clarified: what is a radical? add internal link to something? --></ref><br />
*[[Drúadan language]]: '''''gorgûn''''' ("orc-folk"; the form ''gorgûn'' is perhaps plural of an unknown singular form)<ref name=PE17_99>{{PE|17}}, p. 99</ref><ref>{{RK|V5}}</ref><ref name=WJAC/><br />
<br />
In the earliest versions of [[Qenya]], Tolkien had words such as "'''Ork (orq-)''' pl. '''Orqi''' and fem. "'''orqindi'''".{{fact}}<br />
<br />
In [[Noldorin]], the earlier version of Sindarin, the word for Orc is the same: ''orch'' (pl ''yrch'').<ref name=LR379>{{LR|Etymologies}}, p. 379 (entry for ÓROK)</ref><ref>{{MR|P3I7}}, p. 195</ref><ref>{{MC|Secret}}, p. 217</ref> The [[Gnomish]] word for "one of a tribe of the orcs. a goblin" is said to be '''''Gong'''''.<ref>{{PE|11}}, p. 41</ref><br />
<br />
*''See also: [[Entish]] ''[[burárum]]''<br />
===Goblin===<br />
''[[Wiktionary:goblin|Goblin]]'' is a folk word which according to ''The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Current English'' is probably derived from the Anglo-French ''[[Wiktionary:gobelin|gobelin]]'' a diminutive of ''gobel'' (cf. ''[[Wiktionary:kobold|kobold]]''). William D.B. Loos notes that ''goblin'' is a Romance-derived word, unlike other Germanic words preferred by [[J.R.R. Tolkien|Tolkien]].<ref>William D.B. Loos, [http://tolkien.slimy.com/tfaq/EnemyMisc.html#Orcs Enemies and Miscellaneous: What was the relationship between Orcs and Goblins?] at [http://tolkien.slimy.com/tfaq/ The Tolkien Frequently Asked Questions List] (accessed 3 July 2011)</ref><br />
<br />
==="Goblin" in Tolkien's languages===<br />
In the [[The Etymologies|''Etymologies'']], the Elvish names used to translate "goblin" derive from root [[RUKU#Other versions|ÓROK]] and are:<ref name=LR379>{{LR|Etymologies}}, p. 379 (entry for ÓROK)</ref><br />
<br />
*[[Quenya]]: '''''orko''''' (pl. '''''orqi''''')<br />
*[[Noldorin]]: ''orch'' (pl ''yrch'', archaic ''yrchy''<ref>{{VT|46a}}, p. 7</ref>)<br />
*[[Nandorin|Danian]]: '''''urc''''' (pl. '''''yrc''''')<br />
*[[Doriathrin]]: '''''urch''''' (pl. '''''urchin''''')<br />
<br />
In an early linguistic writing, Tolkien translated the [[Gnomish]] word ''Gong'' as "one of a tribe of the orcs. a goblin."<ref>{{PE|11}}, p. 41</ref><br />
<br />
==Other versions of the legendarium==<br />
<br />
===Origin===<br />
According to the oldest "theory" proposed by Tolkien, Orcs were made of "subterranean heat and slime", and their hearts were stones like granite, through the sorcery of Morgoth.<ref>{{LT2 | III}}, p.159</ref> But, Tolkien later changed the legendarium so that Morgoth could no longer produce life on his own.<br />
<br />
While Tolkien originally saw all Orcs as descended from tortured Elves, later comments of his indicate, according to [[Christopher Tolkien]] in ''Morgoth's Ring'' ("Myths Transformed, text X"), that he began to feel uncomfortable with the theory that orcs were descended from Elves. However, Tolkien died before he could complete his upheaval of the cosmology, and in the published version of ''The Silmarillion'', the Elvish origin of Orcs was adopted. It does not appear that the elder Tolkien ever decided on a definitive answer. Different origins proposed were: animals that Morgoth infused with reason (Myths Transformed, text VIII), Elves and (later) Men (M.T., text IX) and "probably" Men (text X).<br />
<br />
The origin of Orcs is an open question. In Tolkien's writings, evil is not capable of independent creation, making it unlikely that the [[Valar|Vala]] [[Morgoth|Melkor]], who was obviously the first to produce them, could do that ''ex nihilo''. In ''[[The Silmarillion]]'' is mentioned that the Orcs were transformed from Elves &mdash; the purest form of life on [[Arda]] (the Earth) &mdash; by means of torture and mutilation; and this "theory" would then become the most popular. There are hints in the ''[[The History of Middle-earth|History of Middle-earth]]'' series of books, (especially in ''[[Morgoth's Ring]]'' in the section "Myths Transformed"), that some Orc leaders, such as the First Age's [[Boldog]], or the [[Great Goblin]] encountered by [[Bilbo Baggins|Bilbo]] and the Dwarves, may in fact have been fallen [[Maiar]] which had taken Orc form.<br />
<br />
Yet other Orcs may have begun as animals of vaguely humanoid shapes, empowered by the will of the Dark Lord (first [[Morgoth]], later Sauron).<br />
<br />
: ''The Orcs were beasts of humanized shape (&#8230;).'' ('Morgoth's Ring', "Myths transformed", text VIII')<br />
<br />
==Controversy==<br />
Tolkien's Orcs have been a subject of criticism of [[racism]]. Tolkien described Orcs as "squat, broad, flat-nosed, sallow-skinned, with wide mouths and slant eyes: in fact degraded and repulsive versions of the (to Europeans) least lovely Mongol-types".<ref>{{L|210}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Other writings==<br />
In ''[[The Father Christmas Letters]]'', goblins appear as the enemies of [[Father Christmas]] and the [[Red Elves]].<br />
<br />
==Portrayal in adaptations==<br />
===Orcs===<br />
{{stub}}<gallery>File: The Lord of the Rings (1978 film) - Orcs.jpg|Orcs in [[The Lord of the Rings (1978 film)|''The Lord of the Rings'' (1978 film)]]<br />
File:The Return of the King (1980 film) - Orcs.jpg|Orcs in [[The Return of the King (1980 film)|''The Return of the King'' (1980 film)]]<br />
File:The Lord of the Rings- The Treason of Isengard - Ork.jpg|Concept art of an orc in ''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Treason of Isengard]]''<br />
File:The Lord of the Rings War in the North - Orc3.jpg|An Orc in [[Fornost]] in ''[[The Lord of the Rings: War in the North]]''.</gallery><br />
<br />
'''2007: ''[[The Lord of the Rings Online]]'':'''<br />
:Orc-kind is a genus that includes the species of Orcs, Goblins, [[Hobgoblins]], [[Half-orcs]], [[Boggarts]], [[Bugans]] and [[Uruk-hai]].<br />
<br />
:Orcs are very common in Middle-earth. They are about the size of a man with a hunchback, though some of the sub-races are of larger or smaller stature.<br />
<br />
''''2011: ''[[The Lord of the Rings: War in the North]]'':'''<br />
:Orcs are first seen in [[Fornost]], where they immediately attack [[Eradan (video game character)|Eradan]], [[Andriel]] and [[Farin (video game character)|Farin]] as they near the citadel.<ref>[[The Lord of the Rings: War in the North]], Chapter 1: Fornost, ''Main Gate''</ref> ''Orc warriors'' are stronger then normal Orcs. Some Orcs have been taught [[Magic|sorcery]] by [[Agandaûr]], these are known as ''Orc Sorcerers''.<br />
<br />
===Goblins===<br />
<gallery>File:The Hobbit (1977 film) - Goblins.jpg|Goblins in [[The Hobbit (1977 film)|''The Hobbit'' (1977 film)]]<br />
File:The Lord of the Rings War in the North - Goblins1.jpg|Goblins in the pits of [[Fornost]] in ''[[The Lord of the Rings: War in the North]]''<br />
File:The Hobbit - An Unexpected Journey - Goblins.jpg|Goblins in ''[[The Hobbit (film series)|''The Hobbit'' (film series)]]''</gallery><br />
<br />
'''2003: ''[[The Lord of the Rings: War of the Ring]]'':'''<br />
:Goblins have been made clearly distinct from Orcs.<br />
<br />
'''2006: ''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Battle for Middle-earth II]]'':'''<br />
:Goblins have been made clearly distinct from Orcs.<br />
<br />
'''2007: ''[[The Lord of the Rings Online]]'':'''<br />
:Goblins are a separate race and can be found in [[Evendim]], [[the Shire]], [[Ered Luin]], [[Bree-land]], [[Lone-lands]], [[North Downs]], [[Misty Mountains]], [[Angmar]] and [[Moria]]. They are small in stature; a little shorter than [[Hobbits]]. In contrast, Orcs are about the size of [[Men]]. Goblins are also weaker than the orcs.<br />
<br />
'''2011: ''[[The Lord of the Rings: War in the North]]'':'''<br />
:Goblins first appear in [[Fornost Erain]], where they attack [[Eradan (video game character)|Eradan]], [[Andriel]] and [[Farin (video game character)|Farin]] immediately when they reach the city.<ref>[[The Lord of the Rings: War in the North]], Chapter 1: Fornost, ''Main Gate''</ref> Goblins are weaker than Orcs.<br />
<br />
'''2012: ''[[The Hobbit: An Unexpected Journey]]'':'''<br />
:Goblins are again made clearly distinct from Orcs in the film series. They are lesser relatives of Orcs; they are smaller (the very large Great Goblin notwithstanding), less powerful, and generally have pale, diseased skin, riddled with warts.<br />
<br />
'''2014: ''[[The Hobbit: The Battle of the Five Armies]]'':'''<br />
:A band of "Goblin mercenaries" appear on [[Ravenhill]] during the [[Battle of Five Armies]], but are taken care of by the Dwarves without much trouble.<br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
*[[Gongs]]<br />
*[[:Category:Images of Orcs|Images of Orcs]]<br />
*[[:Category:Images of Goblins|Images of Goblins]]<br />
<br />
{{references|note}}<br />
[[Category:Orcs| ]]<br />
[[Category:Races]]<br />
[[Category:Servants of Melkor]]<br />
[[Category:Servants of Sauron]]<br />
[[Category:Servants of Saruman]]<br />
[[de:Orks]]<br />
[[fr:encyclo/peuples/orques/orques]]<br />
[[fi:Örkit]]</div>Fredegharhttps://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=Orcs&diff=329473Orcs2021-03-19T16:45:36Z<p>Fredeghar: /* Orcs */ LOTRO</p>
<hr />
<div>{{rewrite}}{{sources}}<br />
{{race infobox<br />
| name=Orcs<br />
| image=[[File:John Howe - In Mordor.jpg|250px]]<br />
| caption="In Mordor" by [[John Howe]]<br />
| pronun=<br />
| othernames=Goblins, [[Glamhoth]], [[Yrch]]<br />
| origin=Obscure, but apparently bred from [[Elves]] or [[Men]]<br />
| location=[[Utumno]], [[Angband]], [[Mordor]], [[Misty Mountains]], [[Angmar]], [[Mount Gundabad]], [[High Pass]], [[Dol Guldur]], [[Isengard]]<br />
| affiliation=[[Morgoth]], [[Sauron]]<br />
| rivalry=[[Elves]], [[Men]], [[Dwarves]]<br />
| language=[[Black Speech]]; numerous [[Orkish]] languages; [[Westron]]<br />
| people=[[Uruk-hai]], [[Goblin-men]], [[Half-orcs]], [[Hobgoblins]], [[Orcs of Mordor|Mordor Orcs]], [[Orcs of the Misty Mountains|Misty Mountain Orcs]]<br />
| members=[[Othrod]], [[Azog]], [[Bolg]], [[Gorbag]], [[Great Goblin]], [[Grishnákh]]<br />
| lifespan=Early Orcs - Probably immortal or long-lived<ref>{{S|3}}</ref><br/>Later Orcs - diminished<ref name=Myths>{{MR|Myths}}</ref>{{rp|411}}<br/>[[Boldog|Boldogs]] - far longer than [[Men]]<ref name=Myths/>{{rp|418}}<br />
| distinctions=Evil footsoldiers of the [[Dark Lord|Evil]]; preferred darkness<br />
| height=Short<ref>{{FR|II5}} The "huge" orc-chieftain is described as "almost man high"</ref><br />
| hair=<br />
| skin=Sallow, green, brown, grey, black, swarthy<br />
| clothing=<br />
| weapons=<br />
}}<br />
'''Orcs''' (also called '''[[Orcs#Orcs and goblins|Goblins]]''') were the footsoldiers of the [[Dark Lord|Dark Lords]] - [[Morgoth]] and [[Sauron]].<br />
<br />
==History==<br />
===Origins and early years===<br />
The Orcs were bred by [[Morgoth|Melkor]] in mockery of the [[Elves]], sometime during the [[The Darkness#The Great Darkness|Great Darkness]].<ref>{{S|3}}</ref><ref>{{TT|III4}}</ref><br />
<br />
[[File:John Howe - Orc Swordsman.jpg|thumb|200px|right|''Orc Swordsman'' by [[John Howe]]]]<br />
<br />
It is unclear exactly when Orcs were created, but it certainly happened before the [[Battle of the Powers]] in his stronghold of Utumno. Whether the Orcs were at this time a capable fighting force against the host of Valinor is not known. But at least some of them survived this war, probably hidden in the deep vaults of [[Angband]], and multiplied, waiting for their master.<br />
<br />
When Melkor (now known as [[Morgoth]]) returned to Middle-earth, he created new hordes of Orcs and invaded [[Beleriand]], where the [[First Battle of Beleriand]] took place. Orcs also fought in [[Dagor-nuin-Giliath]].<br />
<br />
===First Age===<br />
Orcs appear in the [[First Age]] as the core force of [[Morgoth]]. Hundreds of thousands of Orcs were bred in [[Angband]] to participate in the [[Battles of Beleriand]], which lasted 587 years.<br />
<br />
Orcs first appear in the [[First Age]] in the [[Battle of the Lammoth]], where they were defeated by [[Fingolfin]] and his [[Noldor]]. Orcs participated in battles such as the [[Dagor Aglareb]], [[Dagor Bragollach]], [[Nirnaeth Arnoediad]], [[Fall of the Falas]], and finally in the [[War of Wrath]], where they were almost extinguished. Those that survived the defeat fled eastwards and hid probably in the Mountains of [[Angmar]] and the [[Ered Mithrin]].<br />
<br />
===Second Age===<br />
Around the year {{SA|1000}} Sauron reappeared, took the land of [[Mordor]] as his realm and started the construction of [[Barad-dûr]]. It is likely that most of his servants were Orcs at this time that he had gathered under his command. Still for a long time Sauron's foul servants did not play an important role, for the Dark Lord had chosen a more subtle way to overthrow the free people by creating the [[Rings of Power]].<br />
<br />
During the [[War of the Elves and Sauron]], in {{SA|1700}}, Orcs formed the main power of Sauron's host. Despite the immeasurable number of Orcs, Sauron was defeated by the united hosts of Elves and [[Númenóreans]]. Still Sauron was powerful east of the [[Misty Mountains]] and the Orcs that inhabited the mountains and the eastern lands multiplied.<br />
<br />
The [[Orcs of the Misty Mountains]] started a war against the [[Dwarves]], resulting in the [[First Sack of Gundabad]] and its occupation by the Orcs. Finally, Orcs were the core force of [[Sauron]] during the [[War of the Last Alliance]], and fought in great battles such as the [[Battle of Dagorlad]] and the [[Siege of Barad-dûr]].<br />
<br />
===Third Age===<br />
[[File:Richard Sullivan - Orc.jpg|thumb|left|''Orc'' by [[:Category:Images by Richard Sullivan|Richard Sullivan]]]]<br />
During the [[Third Age]], Orcs were the standard troops of [[Sauron]] (both in [[Mordor]] and in [[Dol Guldur]]), and his great servants - such as the [[Witch-king]] and [[Saruman]]. <br />
<br />
In [[Angmar]], Orcs fought for the Witch-king in the [[Angmar War]]. Years later, they invaded [[Eriador]] under the leadership of the [[Necromancer]]. <br />
<br />
The [[Orcs of the Misty Mountains]], one of the few (more or less) independent Orcish societies, and their leader [[Azog]] started out the [[War of the Dwarves and Orcs]], and after their defeat they retreated in their caves. They appeared again in {{TA|2941}}, when the [[Battle of Five Armies]] took place, suffering yet another terrible loss. <br />
<br />
In his efforts to hinder the people of [[Rohan]], Saruman began to gather Orcs from the Mountains for his army in [[Isengard]], experimenting on them to fashion himself greater soldiers such as [[Half-orcs]], [[Goblin-men]] and [[Uruk-hai]]. <br />
<br />
The [[Orcs of Mordor]] fought in major battles during the [[War of the Ring]], such as the [[Battle of the Pelennor Fields]], but the majority of [[Mordor]]'s forces were destroyed or scattered at the [[Battle of the Morannon]]. Sporadic fighting in the following weeks led to the Orcs finally being driven out of the western end of Mordor, though it is unclear how many Orcs Sauron had in his armies, and it is also unclear how many survived after his defeat. <br />
<br />
The Orcs in [[Dol Guldur]] remained in [[Mirkwood]] until the [[Fall of Dol Guldur]], one of the last battles of the War of the Ring.<br />
<br />
===Fourth Age and beyond===<br />
The fate of the Orcs after the Third Age is unknown. Though many of Sauron's Orcs fought on and were slain in the weeks following the Battle of the Morannon, the true number of Sauron's hosts is unclear, as are the numbers of Orcs not within Mordor that may still inhabit the rest of Middle-earth. It is at least known that the Orcs of Moria either fled or were slain by the Fourth Age, as it is mentioned that the Dwarves managed to retake Moria and the mines within it.<br />
<br />
==Characteristics==<br />
<br />
===Culture===<br />
It is certain all Orcs were dependent on the Dark Lords in various ways: after the War of Wrath, the Orcs were confused and dismayed without Morgoth, and were easily scattered by their enemies. In the millennia after his defeat and banishment from Arda, they were without a leader and degenerated into small, quarrelsome tribes hiding in wild places, such as the [[Misty Mountains]] and the [[Mountains of Angmar]]. Orcs remained a threat to travelers and isolated settlements, and when united could pose a great regional threat, but they could never amount to the force they were under Morgoth. Only when Sauron returned to power did they begin to reclaim their old power. The same happened after Sauron's defeat by the [[Last Alliance of Elves and Men]]: only under the Witch-King's command, and when Sauron returned as the Necromancer of [[Mirkwood]], did the Orcs become a real danger for all of Middle-earth again. Orcs were warlike and often cruel, fighting with reckless ferocity and delighting in the slaughter and torture of their foes; many had a cowardly nature however, and were often regarded as inferior, though far more expendable, than the soldiers of Men, Elves, and Dwarves. It is said that Sauron, at the height of his power, had greater control over the Orcs than Morgoth had, though this was because he had not yet spent himself in dominating others as well as due to a lesser threat posed by his adversaries than those of his predecessor. Orcs also proved themselves adept at taming and riding [[Wolves]] and even [[Wargs]], an abillity harnessed by the Dark Lords for their armies.<br />
<br />
===Lifespan===<br />
It is unknown if the Orcs were immortal like the Elves. There is, in any case, a hint for a long lifespan in the story of two of the most famous Orc-chieftains: [[Azog]] and [[Bolg]]. Bolg, being the son of Azog, was the chieftain of the Orcs who attacked Erebor in the Battle of Five Armies in {{TA|2941}}. Azog himself was killed in the Battle of Azanulbizar in {{TA|2799}}, so Bolg was at least 150 years old.<br />
<br />
===Appearance===<br />
Orcs were described as smaller in stature than Men on average, strong but crooked in frame and bow-legged. One "huge orc-chieftain" was described as "almost Man-high", but some must have been of a similar size to Hobbits (Frodo and Sam succeeded in disguising themselves as Orcs in Mordor). Their overall appearance varied: they had long arms and fanged mouths; Tolkien describes them as "swart" or "sallow", although one in Moria is "black-skinned" and others are described generally as "black" (possibly not a reference to skin colour).<br />
<br />
===Kinds of orcs===<br />
The Fellowship usually encountered the large soldier-Orcs bred for war, and sometimes the "snaga" variety which were more geared towards being labourers. Another type is referred to as "snufflers", smaller, black-skinned Orcs with wide nostrils, who excelled in tracking. Despite the smaller size, one snuffler was able to skillfully kill a soldier-orc when they got into a disagreement.<ref name="Cirith">{{RK|VI1}}</ref><br />
<br />
*[[Snaga]]<br />
*[[Snufflers]]<br />
*[[Orcs of Mordor]]<br />
*[[Orcs of the Misty Mountains]]<br />
*[[Half-orcs]] (and [[Goblin-men]])<br />
*[[Uruk-hai]]<br />
*[[Hobgoblins]]<br />
<br />
[[File:Darek Zabrocki - Goblins.jpg|thumb|250px|''Goblins'' by [[:Category:Images by Darek Zabrocki|Darek Zabrocki]]]]<br />
<br />
===Orcs and goblins===<br />
The term ''goblin'' was used primarily in ''[[The Hobbit]]'' but also in ''[[The Lord of the Rings]]'' where it is used synonymously with "Orc".<ref>{{TT|III1}}</ref><ref>{{HM|RC}}, p. 24</ref><br />
<br />
"Goblin" is an English word, whereas "Orc" is Old English, the language used by Tolkien to represent Rohirric.<ref>{{App|F1iv}}</ref> Thus, there is no difference between Orcs and Goblins.<br />
<br />
==Etymology==<br />
{{quote|The word as far as I am concerned actually derived from [[Old English]] ''orc'', demon, but only because of its phonetic suitability.|[[J.R.R. Tolkien]]<ref name=L144/>}}<br />
===Orc===<br />
The word '''''Orc''''' is said to be the "''form of the name that other races had for this foul people as it was in the [[Rohirric|language of Rohan]]''".<ref name=App|F1iv/><br />
<br />
In his late, post-''Lord of the Rings'' writings, Tolkien preferred the spelling '''''Ork'''''.<ref>{{HM|PM}}</ref> It is also possible that the word is a Common Tongue Version of 'orch', the [[Sindarin]] word for Orc. The original sense of the word seems to be "bogey", "bogeyman", that is, something that provokes fear, as seen in the Quenya cognate ''urko'', pl. ''urqui''.{{fact}}<br />
<br />
Tolkien derived the word ''orc'' from [[Old English]] believing it refers to a kind of evil spirits,<ref name=L144/> which in turn is thought to derive from Latin ''Orcus'' "Hades", although Tolkien doubted this etymology.<ref>[[J.R.R. Tolkien]], "[[Letter to Gene Wolfe]]" (letter)</ref> He also thought it survives in the modern language for sea-beasts,<ref>{{HM|N}}, p. 762</ref> such as the [[Wikipedia:Orca Whale|Orca Whale]].<br />
<br />
''Orc'' is an [[Old English]] word that refers mainly to a kind of metal cup (from Latin ''Urceus'').<ref group="note">The word ''Orc'' occurs twice in ''[[Beowulf (poem)|Beowulf]]''.</ref> However, in an 11th century glossary, this entry was conflated with another entry which refers to evil giants such as ''[[Wikipedia:Jötunn|þyrs]]'' and other monsters, also glossed in Latin as ''Orcus''. This merge of the two entries made many philologists of the previous centuries, like Tolkien, to believe that ''Orc'' was an actual Old English word that refers to any kind of evil creature from the underworld.<ref>Bosworth and Toller's ''An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary'' (1898), corrected in later editions</ref><br />
<br />
The word ''Orcnéas'' is once found only in ''[[Beowulf (poem)|Beowulf]]'' (lines 112-113) and is cited as an example of the word "Orc" in Old English text. Actually its meaning is not clear, and it is thought to refer to corpses (''néas'') from the Underworld.<br />
<br />
==="Orcs" in Tolkien's languages===<br />
Tolkien said that one of the reason of choosing "Orc" over "Goblin" was the similarity with his fictional languages.<ref name=WJAC>{{WJ|AC}}, pp. 389-91</ref> Indeed most [[Elvish]], [[Mannish]] and other words for Orc, are similar to the English word. <br />
<br />
The basic [[Primitive Quendian]] [[Sundocarme|root]], from which the words for Orc derive, is [[RUKU]] (said to refer to any "bogey" that scared the Elves)<ref name=WJAC/>:<br />
<br />
*[[Quenya]] '''''orco'''''<ref name=PE17_47/> (pl. '''''Orkor'''''<ref>{{GA|27}}, p. 12</ref><ref>{{HM|MR}}, pp. 74, 194</ref>); [[Exilic Quenya]] '''''urko''''' (pl. '''''orkor''''' and '''''orqui''''')<ref name=WJAC/><br />
*[[Sindarin]]: '''''orch'''''/'''''Orch''''' (pl. '''''yrch'''''/'''''Yrch''''', class pl. '''''Orchoth'''''/'''''orchoth'''''<ref group="note">''Orchoth'' is likely a compound of ''orch'' + ''[[hoth]]''.</ref>)<ref name=WJAC/><ref name=L144/><ref name=PE17_52-4/><ref name=PE17_47/><ref name=App|F1iv/>; '''''[[glamhoth]]'''''<br />
*[[Nandorin]]: '''''ūriʃ'''''<ref name=PE17_52-4>{{PE|17}}, pp. 52-4</ref><br />
<br />
*[[Adûnaic]]: '''''urku''''', '''''urkhu'''''<ref name=WJAC/><br />
*[[Westron]]: '''''orka'''''<ref name=PE17_47>{{PE|17}}, p. 47</ref><br />
*[[Black Speech]]: '''''[[Uruk-hai#Etymology|uruk]]'''''<ref name=App|F1iv>{{App|F1iv}}</ref><ref name=WJAC/><ref name=L144>{{L|144}}</ref><ref name=PE17_47/><br />
*[[Khuzdul]]: '''''Rukhs''''' (pl. '''''Rakhās'''''), possibly derived from an unknown [[Avarin]] word of the same meaning<ref name=WJAC/><ref group="note">''Rukhs'' appears to contain the radical R-Kh-S.<!-- this note needs to be clarified: what is a radical? add internal link to something? --></ref><br />
*[[Drúadan language]]: '''''gorgûn''''' ("orc-folk"; the form ''gorgûn'' is perhaps plural of an unknown singular form)<ref name=PE17_99>{{PE|17}}, p. 99</ref><ref>{{RK|V5}}</ref><ref name=WJAC/><br />
<br />
In the earliest versions of [[Qenya]], Tolkien had words such as "'''Ork (orq-)''' pl. '''Orqi''' and fem. "'''orqindi'''".{{fact}}<br />
<br />
In [[Noldorin]], the earlier version of Sindarin, the word for Orc is the same: ''orch'' (pl ''yrch'').<ref name=LR379>{{LR|Etymologies}}, p. 379 (entry for ÓROK)</ref><ref>{{MR|P3I7}}, p. 195</ref><ref>{{MC|Secret}}, p. 217</ref> The [[Gnomish]] word for "one of a tribe of the orcs. a goblin" is said to be '''''Gong'''''.<ref>{{PE|11}}, p. 41</ref><br />
<br />
*''See also: [[Entish]] ''[[burárum]]''<br />
===Goblin===<br />
''[[Wiktionary:goblin|Goblin]]'' is a folk word which according to ''The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Current English'' is probably derived from the Anglo-French ''[[Wiktionary:gobelin|gobelin]]'' a diminutive of ''gobel'' (cf. ''[[Wiktionary:kobold|kobold]]''). William D.B. Loos notes that ''goblin'' is a Romance-derived word, unlike other Germanic words preferred by [[J.R.R. Tolkien|Tolkien]].<ref>William D.B. Loos, [http://tolkien.slimy.com/tfaq/EnemyMisc.html#Orcs Enemies and Miscellaneous: What was the relationship between Orcs and Goblins?] at [http://tolkien.slimy.com/tfaq/ The Tolkien Frequently Asked Questions List] (accessed 3 July 2011)</ref><br />
<br />
==="Goblin" in Tolkien's languages===<br />
In the [[The Etymologies|''Etymologies'']], the Elvish names used to translate "goblin" derive from root [[RUKU#Other versions|ÓROK]] and are:<ref name=LR379>{{LR|Etymologies}}, p. 379 (entry for ÓROK)</ref><br />
<br />
*[[Quenya]]: '''''orko''''' (pl. '''''orqi''''')<br />
*[[Noldorin]]: ''orch'' (pl ''yrch'', archaic ''yrchy''<ref>{{VT|46a}}, p. 7</ref>)<br />
*[[Nandorin|Danian]]: '''''urc''''' (pl. '''''yrc''''')<br />
*[[Doriathrin]]: '''''urch''''' (pl. '''''urchin''''')<br />
<br />
In an early linguistic writing, Tolkien translated the [[Gnomish]] word ''Gong'' as "one of a tribe of the orcs. a goblin."<ref>{{PE|11}}, p. 41</ref><br />
<br />
==Other versions of the legendarium==<br />
<br />
===Origin===<br />
According to the oldest "theory" proposed by Tolkien, Orcs were made of "subterranean heat and slime", and their hearts were stones like granite, through the sorcery of Morgoth.<ref>{{LT2 | III}}, p.159</ref> But, Tolkien later changed the legendarium so that Morgoth could no longer produce life on his own.<br />
<br />
While Tolkien originally saw all Orcs as descended from tortured Elves, later comments of his indicate, according to [[Christopher Tolkien]] in ''Morgoth's Ring'' ("Myths Transformed, text X"), that he began to feel uncomfortable with the theory that orcs were descended from Elves. However, Tolkien died before he could complete his upheaval of the cosmology, and in the published version of ''The Silmarillion'', the Elvish origin of Orcs was adopted. It does not appear that the elder Tolkien ever decided on a definitive answer. Different origins proposed were: animals that Morgoth infused with reason (Myths Transformed, text VIII), Elves and (later) Men (M.T., text IX) and "probably" Men (text X).<br />
<br />
The origin of Orcs is an open question. In Tolkien's writings, evil is not capable of independent creation, making it unlikely that the [[Valar|Vala]] [[Morgoth|Melkor]], who was obviously the first to produce them, could do that ''ex nihilo''. In ''[[The Silmarillion]]'' is mentioned that the Orcs were transformed from Elves &mdash; the purest form of life on [[Arda]] (the Earth) &mdash; by means of torture and mutilation; and this "theory" would then become the most popular. There are hints in the ''[[The History of Middle-earth|History of Middle-earth]]'' series of books, (especially in ''[[Morgoth's Ring]]'' in the section "Myths Transformed"), that some Orc leaders, such as the First Age's [[Boldog]], or the [[Great Goblin]] encountered by [[Bilbo Baggins|Bilbo]] and the Dwarves, may in fact have been fallen [[Maiar]] which had taken Orc form.<br />
<br />
Yet other Orcs may have begun as animals of vaguely humanoid shapes, empowered by the will of the Dark Lord (first [[Morgoth]], later Sauron).<br />
<br />
: ''The Orcs were beasts of humanized shape (&#8230;).'' ('Morgoth's Ring', "Myths transformed", text VIII')<br />
<br />
==Controversy==<br />
Tolkien's Orcs have been a subject of criticism of [[racism]]. Tolkien described Orcs as "squat, broad, flat-nosed, sallow-skinned, with wide mouths and slant eyes: in fact degraded and repulsive versions of the (to Europeans) least lovely Mongol-types".<ref>{{L|210}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Other writings==<br />
In ''[[The Father Christmas Letters]]'', goblins appear as the enemies of [[Father Christmas]] and the [[Red Elves]].<br />
<br />
==Portrayal in adaptations==<br />
===Orcs===<br />
{{stub}}<gallery>File: The Lord of the Rings (1978 film) - Orcs.jpg|Orcs in [[The Lord of the Rings (1978 film)|''The Lord of the Rings'' (1978 film)]]<br />
File:The Return of the King (1980 film) - Orcs.jpg|Orcs in [[The Return of the King (1980 film)|''The Return of the King'' (1980 film)]]<br />
File:The Lord of the Rings- The Treason of Isengard - Ork.jpg|Concept art of an orc in ''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Treason of Isengard]]''<br />
File:The Lord of the Rings War in the North - Orc3.jpg|An Orc in [[Fornost]] in ''[[The Lord of the Rings: War in the North]]''.</gallery><br />
<br />
'''2007: ''[[The Lord of the Rings Online]]'':'''<br />
:Orc-kind is a genus that includes the species of Orcs, Goblins, [[Hobgoblins]], [[Half-orcs]], [[Boggarts]], [[Bugans]] and [[Uruk-hai]].<br />
<br />
:Orcs are very common in Middle-earth. They are about the size of a man with a hunchback, though some of the sub-races are of larger or smaller stature.<br />
<br />
''''2011: ''[[The Lord of the Rings: War in the North]]'':'''<br />
:Orcs are first seen in [[Fornost]], where they immediately attack [[Eradan (video game character)|Eradan]], [[Andriel]] and [[Farin (video game character)|Farin]] as they near the citadel.<ref>[[The Lord of the Rings: War in the North]], Chapter 1: Fornost, ''Main Gate''</ref> ''Orc warriors'' are stronger then normal Orcs. Some Orcs have been taught [[Magic|sorcery]] by [[Agandaûr]], these are known as ''Orc Sorcerers''.<br />
<br />
===Goblins===<br />
<gallery>File:The Hobbit (1977 film) - Goblins.jpg|Goblins in [[The Hobbit (1977 film)|''The Hobbit'' (1977 film)]]<br />
File:The Lord of the Rings War in the North - Goblins1.jpg|Goblins in the pits of [[Fornost]] in ''[[The Lord of the Rings: War in the North]]''<br />
File:The Hobbit - An Unexpected Journey - Goblins.jpg|Goblins in ''[[The Hobbit (film series)|''The Hobbit'' (film series)]]''</gallery><br />
<br />
'''2003: ''[[The Lord of the Rings: War of the Ring]]'':'''<br />
:Goblins have been made clearly distinct from Orcs.<br />
<br />
'''2006: ''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Battle for Middle-earth II]]'':'''<br />
:Goblins have been made clearly distinct from Orcs.<br />
<br />
'''2007: ''[[The Lord of the Rings Online]]'':'''<br />
:Goblins are a separate race and can be found in [[Evendim]], [[the Shire]], [[Ered Luin]], [[Bree-land]], [[Lone-lands]], [[North Downs]], [[Misty Mountains]], [[Angmar]] and [[Moria]]. They are small in stature; a little shorter than [[Hobbits]]. In contrast, Orcs are about the size of [[Men]]. Goblins are also weaker than the orcs.<br />
<br />
'''2011: ''[[The Lord of the Rings: War in the North]]'':'''<br />
:Goblins first appear in [[Fornost Erain]], where they attack [[Eradan (video game character)|Eradan]], [[Andriel]] and [[Farin (video game character)|Farin]] immediately when they reach the city.<ref>[[The Lord of the Rings: War in the North]], Chapter 1: Fornost, ''Main Gate''</ref> Goblins are weaker than Orcs.<br />
<br />
'''2012: ''[[The Hobbit: An Unexpected Journey]]'':'''<br />
:Goblins are again made clearly distinct from Orcs in the film series. They are lesser relatives of Orcs; they are smaller (the very large Great Goblin notwithstanding), less powerful, and generally have pale, diseased skin, riddled with warts.<br />
<br />
'''2014: ''[[The Hobbit: The Battle of the Five Armies]]'':'''<br />
:A band of "Goblin mercenaries" appear on [[Ravenhill]] during the [[Battle of Five Armies]], but are taken care of by the Dwarves without much trouble.<br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
*[[Gongs]]<br />
*[[:Category:Images of Orcs|Images of Orcs]]<br />
*[[:Category:Images of Goblins|Images of Goblins]]<br />
<br />
{{references|note}}<br />
[[Category:Orcs| ]]<br />
[[Category:Races]]<br />
[[Category:Servants of Melkor]]<br />
[[Category:Servants of Sauron]]<br />
[[Category:Servants of Saruman]]<br />
[[de:Orks]]<br />
[[fr:encyclo/peuples/orques/orques]]<br />
[[fi:Örkit]]</div>Fredegharhttps://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=Orcs&diff=329472Orcs2021-03-19T16:40:05Z<p>Fredeghar: /* Orc */</p>
<hr />
<div>{{rewrite}}{{sources}}<br />
{{race infobox<br />
| name=Orcs<br />
| image=[[File:John Howe - In Mordor.jpg|250px]]<br />
| caption="In Mordor" by [[John Howe]]<br />
| pronun=<br />
| othernames=Goblins, [[Glamhoth]], [[Yrch]]<br />
| origin=Obscure, but apparently bred from [[Elves]] or [[Men]]<br />
| location=[[Utumno]], [[Angband]], [[Mordor]], [[Misty Mountains]], [[Angmar]], [[Mount Gundabad]], [[High Pass]], [[Dol Guldur]], [[Isengard]]<br />
| affiliation=[[Morgoth]], [[Sauron]]<br />
| rivalry=[[Elves]], [[Men]], [[Dwarves]]<br />
| language=[[Black Speech]]; numerous [[Orkish]] languages; [[Westron]]<br />
| people=[[Uruk-hai]], [[Goblin-men]], [[Half-orcs]], [[Hobgoblins]], [[Orcs of Mordor|Mordor Orcs]], [[Orcs of the Misty Mountains|Misty Mountain Orcs]]<br />
| members=[[Othrod]], [[Azog]], [[Bolg]], [[Gorbag]], [[Great Goblin]], [[Grishnákh]]<br />
| lifespan=Early Orcs - Probably immortal or long-lived<ref>{{S|3}}</ref><br/>Later Orcs - diminished<ref name=Myths>{{MR|Myths}}</ref>{{rp|411}}<br/>[[Boldog|Boldogs]] - far longer than [[Men]]<ref name=Myths/>{{rp|418}}<br />
| distinctions=Evil footsoldiers of the [[Dark Lord|Evil]]; preferred darkness<br />
| height=Short<ref>{{FR|II5}} The "huge" orc-chieftain is described as "almost man high"</ref><br />
| hair=<br />
| skin=Sallow, green, brown, grey, black, swarthy<br />
| clothing=<br />
| weapons=<br />
}}<br />
'''Orcs''' (also called '''[[Orcs#Orcs and goblins|Goblins]]''') were the footsoldiers of the [[Dark Lord|Dark Lords]] - [[Morgoth]] and [[Sauron]].<br />
<br />
==History==<br />
===Origins and early years===<br />
The Orcs were bred by [[Morgoth|Melkor]] in mockery of the [[Elves]], sometime during the [[The Darkness#The Great Darkness|Great Darkness]].<ref>{{S|3}}</ref><ref>{{TT|III4}}</ref><br />
<br />
[[File:John Howe - Orc Swordsman.jpg|thumb|200px|right|''Orc Swordsman'' by [[John Howe]]]]<br />
<br />
It is unclear exactly when Orcs were created, but it certainly happened before the [[Battle of the Powers]] in his stronghold of Utumno. Whether the Orcs were at this time a capable fighting force against the host of Valinor is not known. But at least some of them survived this war, probably hidden in the deep vaults of [[Angband]], and multiplied, waiting for their master.<br />
<br />
When Melkor (now known as [[Morgoth]]) returned to Middle-earth, he created new hordes of Orcs and invaded [[Beleriand]], where the [[First Battle of Beleriand]] took place. Orcs also fought in [[Dagor-nuin-Giliath]].<br />
<br />
===First Age===<br />
Orcs appear in the [[First Age]] as the core force of [[Morgoth]]. Hundreds of thousands of Orcs were bred in [[Angband]] to participate in the [[Battles of Beleriand]], which lasted 587 years.<br />
<br />
Orcs first appear in the [[First Age]] in the [[Battle of the Lammoth]], where they were defeated by [[Fingolfin]] and his [[Noldor]]. Orcs participated in battles such as the [[Dagor Aglareb]], [[Dagor Bragollach]], [[Nirnaeth Arnoediad]], [[Fall of the Falas]], and finally in the [[War of Wrath]], where they were almost extinguished. Those that survived the defeat fled eastwards and hid probably in the Mountains of [[Angmar]] and the [[Ered Mithrin]].<br />
<br />
===Second Age===<br />
Around the year {{SA|1000}} Sauron reappeared, took the land of [[Mordor]] as his realm and started the construction of [[Barad-dûr]]. It is likely that most of his servants were Orcs at this time that he had gathered under his command. Still for a long time Sauron's foul servants did not play an important role, for the Dark Lord had chosen a more subtle way to overthrow the free people by creating the [[Rings of Power]].<br />
<br />
During the [[War of the Elves and Sauron]], in {{SA|1700}}, Orcs formed the main power of Sauron's host. Despite the immeasurable number of Orcs, Sauron was defeated by the united hosts of Elves and [[Númenóreans]]. Still Sauron was powerful east of the [[Misty Mountains]] and the Orcs that inhabited the mountains and the eastern lands multiplied.<br />
<br />
The [[Orcs of the Misty Mountains]] started a war against the [[Dwarves]], resulting in the [[First Sack of Gundabad]] and its occupation by the Orcs. Finally, Orcs were the core force of [[Sauron]] during the [[War of the Last Alliance]], and fought in great battles such as the [[Battle of Dagorlad]] and the [[Siege of Barad-dûr]].<br />
<br />
===Third Age===<br />
[[File:Richard Sullivan - Orc.jpg|thumb|left|''Orc'' by [[:Category:Images by Richard Sullivan|Richard Sullivan]]]]<br />
During the [[Third Age]], Orcs were the standard troops of [[Sauron]] (both in [[Mordor]] and in [[Dol Guldur]]), and his great servants - such as the [[Witch-king]] and [[Saruman]]. <br />
<br />
In [[Angmar]], Orcs fought for the Witch-king in the [[Angmar War]]. Years later, they invaded [[Eriador]] under the leadership of the [[Necromancer]]. <br />
<br />
The [[Orcs of the Misty Mountains]], one of the few (more or less) independent Orcish societies, and their leader [[Azog]] started out the [[War of the Dwarves and Orcs]], and after their defeat they retreated in their caves. They appeared again in {{TA|2941}}, when the [[Battle of Five Armies]] took place, suffering yet another terrible loss. <br />
<br />
In his efforts to hinder the people of [[Rohan]], Saruman began to gather Orcs from the Mountains for his army in [[Isengard]], experimenting on them to fashion himself greater soldiers such as [[Half-orcs]], [[Goblin-men]] and [[Uruk-hai]]. <br />
<br />
The [[Orcs of Mordor]] fought in major battles during the [[War of the Ring]], such as the [[Battle of the Pelennor Fields]], but the majority of [[Mordor]]'s forces were destroyed or scattered at the [[Battle of the Morannon]]. Sporadic fighting in the following weeks led to the Orcs finally being driven out of the western end of Mordor, though it is unclear how many Orcs Sauron had in his armies, and it is also unclear how many survived after his defeat. <br />
<br />
The Orcs in [[Dol Guldur]] remained in [[Mirkwood]] until the [[Fall of Dol Guldur]], one of the last battles of the War of the Ring.<br />
<br />
===Fourth Age and beyond===<br />
The fate of the Orcs after the Third Age is unknown. Though many of Sauron's Orcs fought on and were slain in the weeks following the Battle of the Morannon, the true number of Sauron's hosts is unclear, as are the numbers of Orcs not within Mordor that may still inhabit the rest of Middle-earth. It is at least known that the Orcs of Moria either fled or were slain by the Fourth Age, as it is mentioned that the Dwarves managed to retake Moria and the mines within it.<br />
<br />
==Characteristics==<br />
<br />
===Culture===<br />
It is certain all Orcs were dependent on the Dark Lords in various ways: after the War of Wrath, the Orcs were confused and dismayed without Morgoth, and were easily scattered by their enemies. In the millennia after his defeat and banishment from Arda, they were without a leader and degenerated into small, quarrelsome tribes hiding in wild places, such as the [[Misty Mountains]] and the [[Mountains of Angmar]]. Orcs remained a threat to travelers and isolated settlements, and when united could pose a great regional threat, but they could never amount to the force they were under Morgoth. Only when Sauron returned to power did they begin to reclaim their old power. The same happened after Sauron's defeat by the [[Last Alliance of Elves and Men]]: only under the Witch-King's command, and when Sauron returned as the Necromancer of [[Mirkwood]], did the Orcs become a real danger for all of Middle-earth again. Orcs were warlike and often cruel, fighting with reckless ferocity and delighting in the slaughter and torture of their foes; many had a cowardly nature however, and were often regarded as inferior, though far more expendable, than the soldiers of Men, Elves, and Dwarves. It is said that Sauron, at the height of his power, had greater control over the Orcs than Morgoth had, though this was because he had not yet spent himself in dominating others as well as due to a lesser threat posed by his adversaries than those of his predecessor. Orcs also proved themselves adept at taming and riding [[Wolves]] and even [[Wargs]], an abillity harnessed by the Dark Lords for their armies.<br />
<br />
===Lifespan===<br />
It is unknown if the Orcs were immortal like the Elves. There is, in any case, a hint for a long lifespan in the story of two of the most famous Orc-chieftains: [[Azog]] and [[Bolg]]. Bolg, being the son of Azog, was the chieftain of the Orcs who attacked Erebor in the Battle of Five Armies in {{TA|2941}}. Azog himself was killed in the Battle of Azanulbizar in {{TA|2799}}, so Bolg was at least 150 years old.<br />
<br />
===Appearance===<br />
Orcs were described as smaller in stature than Men on average, strong but crooked in frame and bow-legged. One "huge orc-chieftain" was described as "almost Man-high", but some must have been of a similar size to Hobbits (Frodo and Sam succeeded in disguising themselves as Orcs in Mordor). Their overall appearance varied: they had long arms and fanged mouths; Tolkien describes them as "swart" or "sallow", although one in Moria is "black-skinned" and others are described generally as "black" (possibly not a reference to skin colour).<br />
<br />
===Kinds of orcs===<br />
The Fellowship usually encountered the large soldier-Orcs bred for war, and sometimes the "snaga" variety which were more geared towards being labourers. Another type is referred to as "snufflers", smaller, black-skinned Orcs with wide nostrils, who excelled in tracking. Despite the smaller size, one snuffler was able to skillfully kill a soldier-orc when they got into a disagreement.<ref name="Cirith">{{RK|VI1}}</ref><br />
<br />
*[[Snaga]]<br />
*[[Snufflers]]<br />
*[[Orcs of Mordor]]<br />
*[[Orcs of the Misty Mountains]]<br />
*[[Half-orcs]] (and [[Goblin-men]])<br />
*[[Uruk-hai]]<br />
*[[Hobgoblins]]<br />
<br />
[[File:Darek Zabrocki - Goblins.jpg|thumb|250px|''Goblins'' by [[:Category:Images by Darek Zabrocki|Darek Zabrocki]]]]<br />
<br />
===Orcs and goblins===<br />
The term ''goblin'' was used primarily in ''[[The Hobbit]]'' but also in ''[[The Lord of the Rings]]'' where it is used synonymously with "Orc".<ref>{{TT|III1}}</ref><ref>{{HM|RC}}, p. 24</ref><br />
<br />
"Goblin" is an English word, whereas "Orc" is Old English, the language used by Tolkien to represent Rohirric.<ref>{{App|F1iv}}</ref> Thus, there is no difference between Orcs and Goblins.<br />
<br />
==Etymology==<br />
{{quote|The word as far as I am concerned actually derived from [[Old English]] ''orc'', demon, but only because of its phonetic suitability.|[[J.R.R. Tolkien]]<ref name=L144/>}}<br />
===Orc===<br />
The word '''''Orc''''' is said to be the "''form of the name that other races had for this foul people as it was in the [[Rohirric|language of Rohan]]''".<ref name=App|F1iv/><br />
<br />
In his late, post-''Lord of the Rings'' writings, Tolkien preferred the spelling '''''Ork'''''.<ref>{{HM|PM}}</ref> It is also possible that the word is a Common Tongue Version of 'orch', the [[Sindarin]] word for Orc. The original sense of the word seems to be "bogey", "bogeyman", that is, something that provokes fear, as seen in the Quenya cognate ''urko'', pl. ''urqui''.{{fact}}<br />
<br />
Tolkien derived the word ''orc'' from [[Old English]] believing it refers to a kind of evil spirits,<ref name=L144/> which in turn is thought to derive from Latin ''Orcus'' "Hades", although Tolkien doubted this etymology.<ref>[[J.R.R. Tolkien]], "[[Letter to Gene Wolfe]]" (letter)</ref> He also thought it survives in the modern language for sea-beasts,<ref>{{HM|N}}, p. 762</ref> such as the [[Wikipedia:Orca Whale|Orca Whale]].<br />
<br />
''Orc'' is an [[Old English]] word that refers mainly to a kind of metal cup (from Latin ''Urceus'').<ref group="note">The word ''Orc'' occurs twice in ''[[Beowulf (poem)|Beowulf]]''.</ref> However, in an 11th century glossary, this entry was conflated with another entry which refers to evil giants such as ''[[Wikipedia:Jötunn|þyrs]]'' and other monsters, also glossed in Latin as ''Orcus''. This merge of the two entries made many philologists of the previous centuries, like Tolkien, to believe that ''Orc'' was an actual Old English word that refers to any kind of evil creature from the underworld.<ref>Bosworth and Toller's ''An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary'' (1898), corrected in later editions</ref><br />
<br />
The word ''Orcnéas'' is once found only in ''[[Beowulf (poem)|Beowulf]]'' (lines 112-113) and is cited as an example of the word "Orc" in Old English text. Actually its meaning is not clear, and it is thought to refer to corpses (''néas'') from the Underworld.<br />
<br />
==="Orcs" in Tolkien's languages===<br />
Tolkien said that one of the reason of choosing "Orc" over "Goblin" was the similarity with his fictional languages.<ref name=WJAC>{{WJ|AC}}, pp. 389-91</ref> Indeed most [[Elvish]], [[Mannish]] and other words for Orc, are similar to the English word. <br />
<br />
The basic [[Primitive Quendian]] [[Sundocarme|root]], from which the words for Orc derive, is [[RUKU]] (said to refer to any "bogey" that scared the Elves)<ref name=WJAC/>:<br />
<br />
*[[Quenya]] '''''orco'''''<ref name=PE17_47/> (pl. '''''Orkor'''''<ref>{{GA|27}}, p. 12</ref><ref>{{HM|MR}}, pp. 74, 194</ref>); [[Exilic Quenya]] '''''urko''''' (pl. '''''orkor''''' and '''''orqui''''')<ref name=WJAC/><br />
*[[Sindarin]]: '''''orch'''''/'''''Orch''''' (pl. '''''yrch'''''/'''''Yrch''''', class pl. '''''Orchoth'''''/'''''orchoth'''''<ref group="note">''Orchoth'' is likely a compound of ''orch'' + ''[[hoth]]''.</ref>)<ref name=WJAC/><ref name=L144/><ref name=PE17_52-4/><ref name=PE17_47/><ref name=App|F1iv/>; '''''[[glamhoth]]'''''<br />
*[[Nandorin]]: '''''ūriʃ'''''<ref name=PE17_52-4>{{PE|17}}, pp. 52-4</ref><br />
<br />
*[[Adûnaic]]: '''''urku''''', '''''urkhu'''''<ref name=WJAC/><br />
*[[Westron]]: '''''orka'''''<ref name=PE17_47>{{PE|17}}, p. 47</ref><br />
*[[Black Speech]]: '''''[[Uruk-hai#Etymology|uruk]]'''''<ref name=App|F1iv>{{App|F1iv}}</ref><ref name=WJAC/><ref name=L144>{{L|144}}</ref><ref name=PE17_47/><br />
*[[Khuzdul]]: '''''Rukhs''''' (pl. '''''Rakhās'''''), possibly derived from an unknown [[Avarin]] word of the same meaning<ref name=WJAC/><ref group="note">''Rukhs'' appears to contain the radical R-Kh-S.<!-- this note needs to be clarified: what is a radical? add internal link to something? --></ref><br />
*[[Drúadan language]]: '''''gorgûn''''' ("orc-folk"; the form ''gorgûn'' is perhaps plural of an unknown singular form)<ref name=PE17_99>{{PE|17}}, p. 99</ref><ref>{{RK|V5}}</ref><ref name=WJAC/><br />
<br />
In the earliest versions of [[Qenya]], Tolkien had words such as "'''Ork (orq-)''' pl. '''Orqi''' and fem. "'''orqindi'''".{{fact}}<br />
<br />
In [[Noldorin]], the earlier version of Sindarin, the word for Orc is the same: ''orch'' (pl ''yrch'').<ref name=LR379>{{LR|Etymologies}}, p. 379 (entry for ÓROK)</ref><ref>{{MR|P3I7}}, p. 195</ref><ref>{{MC|Secret}}, p. 217</ref> The [[Gnomish]] word for "one of a tribe of the orcs. a goblin" is said to be '''''Gong'''''.<ref>{{PE|11}}, p. 41</ref><br />
<br />
*''See also: [[Entish]] ''[[burárum]]''<br />
===Goblin===<br />
''[[Wiktionary:goblin|Goblin]]'' is a folk word which according to ''The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Current English'' is probably derived from the Anglo-French ''[[Wiktionary:gobelin|gobelin]]'' a diminutive of ''gobel'' (cf. ''[[Wiktionary:kobold|kobold]]''). William D.B. Loos notes that ''goblin'' is a Romance-derived word, unlike other Germanic words preferred by [[J.R.R. Tolkien|Tolkien]].<ref>William D.B. Loos, [http://tolkien.slimy.com/tfaq/EnemyMisc.html#Orcs Enemies and Miscellaneous: What was the relationship between Orcs and Goblins?] at [http://tolkien.slimy.com/tfaq/ The Tolkien Frequently Asked Questions List] (accessed 3 July 2011)</ref><br />
<br />
==="Goblin" in Tolkien's languages===<br />
In the [[The Etymologies|''Etymologies'']], the Elvish names used to translate "goblin" derive from root [[RUKU#Other versions|ÓROK]] and are:<ref name=LR379>{{LR|Etymologies}}, p. 379 (entry for ÓROK)</ref><br />
<br />
*[[Quenya]]: '''''orko''''' (pl. '''''orqi''''')<br />
*[[Noldorin]]: ''orch'' (pl ''yrch'', archaic ''yrchy''<ref>{{VT|46a}}, p. 7</ref>)<br />
*[[Nandorin|Danian]]: '''''urc''''' (pl. '''''yrc''''')<br />
*[[Doriathrin]]: '''''urch''''' (pl. '''''urchin''''')<br />
<br />
In an early linguistic writing, Tolkien translated the [[Gnomish]] word ''Gong'' as "one of a tribe of the orcs. a goblin."<ref>{{PE|11}}, p. 41</ref><br />
<br />
==Other versions of the legendarium==<br />
<br />
===Origin===<br />
According to the oldest "theory" proposed by Tolkien, Orcs were made of "subterranean heat and slime", and their hearts were stones like granite, through the sorcery of Morgoth.<ref>{{LT2 | III}}, p.159</ref> But, Tolkien later changed the legendarium so that Morgoth could no longer produce life on his own.<br />
<br />
While Tolkien originally saw all Orcs as descended from tortured Elves, later comments of his indicate, according to [[Christopher Tolkien]] in ''Morgoth's Ring'' ("Myths Transformed, text X"), that he began to feel uncomfortable with the theory that orcs were descended from Elves. However, Tolkien died before he could complete his upheaval of the cosmology, and in the published version of ''The Silmarillion'', the Elvish origin of Orcs was adopted. It does not appear that the elder Tolkien ever decided on a definitive answer. Different origins proposed were: animals that Morgoth infused with reason (Myths Transformed, text VIII), Elves and (later) Men (M.T., text IX) and "probably" Men (text X).<br />
<br />
The origin of Orcs is an open question. In Tolkien's writings, evil is not capable of independent creation, making it unlikely that the [[Valar|Vala]] [[Morgoth|Melkor]], who was obviously the first to produce them, could do that ''ex nihilo''. In ''[[The Silmarillion]]'' is mentioned that the Orcs were transformed from Elves &mdash; the purest form of life on [[Arda]] (the Earth) &mdash; by means of torture and mutilation; and this "theory" would then become the most popular. There are hints in the ''[[The History of Middle-earth|History of Middle-earth]]'' series of books, (especially in ''[[Morgoth's Ring]]'' in the section "Myths Transformed"), that some Orc leaders, such as the First Age's [[Boldog]], or the [[Great Goblin]] encountered by [[Bilbo Baggins|Bilbo]] and the Dwarves, may in fact have been fallen [[Maiar]] which had taken Orc form.<br />
<br />
Yet other Orcs may have begun as animals of vaguely humanoid shapes, empowered by the will of the Dark Lord (first [[Morgoth]], later Sauron).<br />
<br />
: ''The Orcs were beasts of humanized shape (&#8230;).'' ('Morgoth's Ring', "Myths transformed", text VIII')<br />
<br />
==Controversy==<br />
Tolkien's Orcs have been a subject of criticism of [[racism]]. Tolkien described Orcs as "squat, broad, flat-nosed, sallow-skinned, with wide mouths and slant eyes: in fact degraded and repulsive versions of the (to Europeans) least lovely Mongol-types".<ref>{{L|210}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Other writings==<br />
In ''[[The Father Christmas Letters]]'', goblins appear as the enemies of [[Father Christmas]] and the [[Red Elves]].<br />
<br />
==Portrayal in adaptations==<br />
===Orcs===<br />
{{stub}}<gallery>File: The Lord of the Rings (1978 film) - Orcs.jpg|Orcs in [[The Lord of the Rings (1978 film)|''The Lord of the Rings'' (1978 film)]]<br />
File:The Return of the King (1980 film) - Orcs.jpg|Orcs in [[The Return of the King (1980 film)|''The Return of the King'' (1980 film)]]<br />
File:The Lord of the Rings- The Treason of Isengard - Ork.jpg|Concept art of an orc in ''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Treason of Isengard]]''<br />
File:The Lord of the Rings War in the North - Orc3.jpg|An Orc in [[Fornost]] in ''[[The Lord of the Rings: War in the North]]''.</gallery><br />
<br />
'''2007: ''[[The Lord of the Rings Online]]'':'''<br />
:Orc-kind is a genus that include the species of Orc, Goblins, [[Half-orcs]], [[Boggarts]], [[Bugans]] and [[Uruk-hai]].<br />
<br />
:Orcs are very common in Middle-earth. They are about the size of a man with a hunchback.<br />
<br />
''''2011: ''[[The Lord of the Rings: War in the North]]'':'''<br />
:Orcs are first seen in [[Fornost]], where they immediately attack [[Eradan (video game character)|Eradan]], [[Andriel]] and [[Farin (video game character)|Farin]] as they near the citadel.<ref>[[The Lord of the Rings: War in the North]], Chapter 1: Fornost, ''Main Gate''</ref> ''Orc warriors'' are stronger then normal Orcs. Some Orcs have been taught [[Magic|sorcery]] by [[Agandaûr]], these are known as ''Orc Sorcerers''.<br />
<br />
===Goblins===<br />
<gallery>File:The Hobbit (1977 film) - Goblins.jpg|Goblins in [[The Hobbit (1977 film)|''The Hobbit'' (1977 film)]]<br />
File:The Lord of the Rings War in the North - Goblins1.jpg|Goblins in the pits of [[Fornost]] in ''[[The Lord of the Rings: War in the North]]''<br />
File:The Hobbit - An Unexpected Journey - Goblins.jpg|Goblins in ''[[The Hobbit (film series)|''The Hobbit'' (film series)]]''</gallery><br />
<br />
'''2003: ''[[The Lord of the Rings: War of the Ring]]'':'''<br />
:Goblins have been made clearly distinct from Orcs.<br />
<br />
'''2006: ''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Battle for Middle-earth II]]'':'''<br />
:Goblins have been made clearly distinct from Orcs.<br />
<br />
'''2007: ''[[The Lord of the Rings Online]]'':'''<br />
:Goblins are a separate race and can be found in [[Evendim]], [[the Shire]], [[Ered Luin]], [[Bree-land]], [[Lone-lands]], [[North Downs]], [[Misty Mountains]], [[Angmar]] and [[Moria]]. They are small in stature; a little shorter than [[Hobbits]]. In contrast, Orcs are about the size of [[Men]]. Goblins are also weaker than the orcs.<br />
<br />
'''2011: ''[[The Lord of the Rings: War in the North]]'':'''<br />
:Goblins first appear in [[Fornost Erain]], where they attack [[Eradan (video game character)|Eradan]], [[Andriel]] and [[Farin (video game character)|Farin]] immediately when they reach the city.<ref>[[The Lord of the Rings: War in the North]], Chapter 1: Fornost, ''Main Gate''</ref> Goblins are weaker than Orcs.<br />
<br />
'''2012: ''[[The Hobbit: An Unexpected Journey]]'':'''<br />
:Goblins are again made clearly distinct from Orcs in the film series. They are lesser relatives of Orcs; they are smaller (the very large Great Goblin notwithstanding), less powerful, and generally have pale, diseased skin, riddled with warts.<br />
<br />
'''2014: ''[[The Hobbit: The Battle of the Five Armies]]'':'''<br />
:A band of "Goblin mercenaries" appear on [[Ravenhill]] during the [[Battle of Five Armies]], but are taken care of by the Dwarves without much trouble.<br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
*[[Gongs]]<br />
*[[:Category:Images of Orcs|Images of Orcs]]<br />
*[[:Category:Images of Goblins|Images of Goblins]]<br />
<br />
{{references|note}}<br />
[[Category:Orcs| ]]<br />
[[Category:Races]]<br />
[[Category:Servants of Melkor]]<br />
[[Category:Servants of Sauron]]<br />
[[Category:Servants of Saruman]]<br />
[[de:Orks]]<br />
[[fr:encyclo/peuples/orques/orques]]<br />
[[fi:Örkit]]</div>Fredegharhttps://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=Men&diff=329465Men2021-03-19T16:09:39Z<p>Fredeghar: /* Dunlendings */</p>
<hr />
<div>{{disambig-more|Men|[[Men (disambiguation)]]}}<br />
{{race infobox<br />
| name=Men<br />
| image=[[File:Ted Nasmith - Felagund Among Bëor’s Men.jpg|250px]]<br />
| caption="Felagund Among Bëor's Men" by [[Ted Nasmith]]<br />
| pronun=<br />
| othernames=Atani, Secondborn, Hildor, Apanónar<br />
| origin=[[Children of Ilúvatar]]<br />
| location=[[Hildórien]], [[Beleriand]], [[Númenor]], [[Gondor]], [[Arnor]], [[Rohan]], [[Dunland]], [[Harad]], [[Khand]], [[Forochel]], [[Rhûn]], [[Harad]], [[Rhovanion]]<br />
| affiliation=<br />
| rivalry=[[Orcs]]<br />
| language=[[Taliska]], [[Adûnaic]], [[Sindarin]], [[Rohirric]], [[Westron]], [[Quenya]]<br />
| people=[[House of Bëor|Bëorians]], [[House of Haleth|Haladin]], [[House of Hador|Hadorians]], [[Easterlings]], [[Númenóreans]], [[Black Númenóreans]], [[Dúnedain]], [[Dúnedain of Arnor|Arnorians]], [[Gondorians]], [[Corsairs of Umbar|Corsairs]], [[Forodwaith (people)|Forodwaith]], [[Haradrim]], [[Rohirrim]], [[Dunlendings]], [[Men of Dale]], [[Beornings]], [[Bardings]], [[Drúedain]], [[Hobbits]]<br />
| members=[[Bëor]], [[Hador]], [[Barahir]], [[Beren]], [[Húrin]], [[Morwen]], [[Túrin]], [[Niënor]], [[Tuor]], [[Elros]], [[Ar-Pharazôn]], [[Elendil]], [[Isildur]], [[Bard]], [[Denethor]], [[Boromir]], [[Faramir]], [[Théoden]], [[Éomer]], [[Éowyn]], [[Aragorn]]<br />
| lifespan=[[Middle Men]] - c. 80-100 years<br/>[[Númenóreans]] - c. 200+ years<ref name=Line>{{UT|Kings}}</ref></br>[[Kings of Númenor]] - c. 400 years<ref name=Line/></br>[[Dúnedain]] - Thrice the life of [[Middle Men|lesser men]] but later slightly diminished<ref>{{App|Eriador}}</ref></br>[[Hobbits]] - c. 100 years</br>[[Drúedain]] - Shorter<ref>{{UT|Druedain}}</ref><br />
| distinctions=[[Gift of Men|Mortality]], [[Dominion of Men|rulers]] of [[Middle-earth]] <br />
| height=Dúnedain - 6'4" (average)<ref name=Galadriel>{{UT|Galadriel}}</ref></br>Númenóreans - 7'0" (average)<ref>{{PM|X}}, p. 310.</ref></br>[[Middle Men]] - Shorter</br>Drúedain - 4' to 5'</br>Hobbits - 3'6" (average)<br />
| hair=Black, brown, chestnut, blond, auburn, red, and (when older) grey or white<br />
| skin= Fair, pale, sallow, ruddy, tan, dark tan, light brown, dark brown, black <br />
| clothing=<br />
| weapons=Swords, knives, bows, axes, spears<br />
}}<br />
{{quote|West, North, and South the children of Men spread and wandered, and their joy was the joy of the morning before the dew is dry, when every leaf is green.|''[[Quenta Silmarillion]]'', "[[Of Men]]"}}<br />
'''Men''' were one of the Kindreds of the [[Children of Ilúvatar]]. Men were called the Secondborn (or the Second Kindred<ref>{{PE|17}}, p. 89</ref>) by the [[Elves]], their [[Elves|Elder]] brethren, because they were the last of all the [[incarnate]] races to come into being. Though they were born after the other sentient races, Men were destined to inherit and [[Dominion of Men|rule]] [[Middle-earth]].<br />
<br />
==Origins and nature==<br />
The race of Men is the second race of beings created by Eru [[Ilúvatar]]. Because they [[Awakening of Men|awoke]] at the start of the [[First Age]] of the Sun, while the [[Elves]] awoke centuries before them, they are called the Secondborn ([[Quenya]]: ''Atani'', [[Sindarin]]: ''[[Edain]]'') by the Elves. Men awoke in a land located in the far east of Middle-earth called [[Hildórien]]. When the Sun rose for the first time in the far West, Men began to wander towards it, a journey which culminated in some of them reaching [[Beleriand]] centuries later.<br />
<br />
There is much evidence that, soon after their awakening, [[Morgoth]] came to Men and incited them to worship him and turn away from Ilúvatar, and that they complied. Though all were seduced by the Enemy, some Men repented and escaped; they were said to be the ancestors of the Edain.<br />
<br />
Men bear the so-called ''[[Gift of Men]]'', mortality. Elves are immortal, in the sense that even if their bodies are slain, their spirits remain bound to the world, going to the [[Halls of Mandos]] to wait until they are released or the world ends. Elves are tied to the world for as long as it lasts. When Men die, they are released from [[Arda]] and the bounds of the world and have rest from its troubles. Ilúvatar also gifted Men with the freedom to shape their own future, being rather free from the designs of the [[Music of the Ainur]]. <ref>{{S|1}}</ref> However, the influence of Morgoth has caused Men to fear their fate, and view Death as a Doom instead of a Gift.<br />
<br />
==Groups and alignments==<br />
<br />
Although all Men are related to one another, there are many different groups with different cultures. The most important group in the tales of the [[First Age]] were the Edain. Although the word Edain technically refers to all Men, the Elves used it to distinguish those Men who fought with them in the First Age against [[Morgoth]] in [[Beleriand]]. The Edain were divided into three Houses. <br />
<br />
The First House of the Edain was the [[House of Bëor]], and entered Beleriand in {{FA|310}} and were granted the fief of [[Ladros]] in [[Dorthonion]] by [[Finrod|Finrod Felagund]]. The Second House of the Edain, the [[Haladin]], was led by Haldad and later by his daughter Haleth and settled in the Forest of Brethil. The Third House, which became the greatest, was led by [[Marach]] and later his descendant [[Hador]], and they settled in [[Dor-lómin]]. This house was known both as the House of Marach and the [[House of Hador]].<br />
<br />
Other Men did not cross the [[Misty Mountains]] or fight against Morgoth. However, some, such as the Easterlings, fought openly on his side. In later Ages, the Haradrim and Easterlings would fight on Sauron's side against the descendants of the Edain. Here below follow the short descriptions of the most important groups of Men in the First, Second and Third Ages.<br />
<br />
===Edain and Dúnedain===<br />
As a reward for their services and assistance rendered to the Elves and the Valar in the [[War of Wrath]] at the end of the First Age, the [[Edain]] received a new land of their own from the Valar, between Middle-earth and the [[Undying Lands]]. This was the land of [[Númenor]], an island in the form of a five-pointed star that was far away from the troubles of Middle-earth. <br />
<br />
They were led to this island by [[Elros]] with the help of his father [[Eärendil]], who sailed the heavens as the bright star of the same name and guided the ships of the Edain to Númenor. Once they arrived, Elros became the first King of Númenor and took the name Tar-Minyatur. The Edain became known as the [[Númenóreans]] or [[Dúnedain]] (Sindarin for ''Men of the West''). The kingdom of Númenor grew steadily in power, and the Dúnedain became the noblest and highest of all Men on Arda. In their early days, the Dúnedain remained allied to the Elves of Middle-earth, and aided them in battle against Morgoth's lieutenant [[Sauron]]. <br />
<br />
As the Men of the West increased in power and happiness, they came to resent the Gift of Men, Death. They wished to become immortal like the Elves and enjoy their possessions for all time. Most of the Númenóreans, including the line of the Kings, began to turn away from the Valar, and spoke against the Ban of the Valar that forbade them to sail west beyond sight of Númenor or to enter [[Valinor]]. The Númenóreans also became increasingly hostile to all Elvish influences in their realm, and in {{SA|2899|n}} of the [[Second Age]], Ar-Adûnakhôr became the first king of Númenor to take his royal name in [[Adûnaic]], the language of Men, instead of [[Quenya]], the tongue of the Elves of Valinor.<br />
<br />
During the early part of their rebellion, the Númenóreans became divided into two factions: the first, the [[King's Men]], enjoyed the support of the King and included the majority of the people. They wished to gain immortality and break away from their ancestral allegiance to the Valar. The King's Men also wanted to end relations with the Elves, and thus they favoured Adûnaic as the official language and eventually punished those who spoke the Elven tongues. The persecuted minority faction, the [[Faithful]], were led by the [[Lords of Andúnië]], the westernmost province of Númenor, and remained loyal to the Valar. They also tried to maintain friendship with the Elves.<br />
<br />
When Sauron was apparently defeated and taken to the Isle by the Númenórean army near the end of the Second Age, he took advantage of the pride of the Númenóreans. By teaching the Dúnedain many things and flattering the King, [[Ar-Pharazôn]], he worked his way into the King's counsels and won the hearts of the people. Ultimately, Sauron advised Ar-Pharazôn to attack Valinor and claim immortality. This he foolishly did, and as a punishment Númenor, the island of the Men of the West, sank into the Sea and only the Faithful escaped. When the Faithful returned to Middle-earth, they founded the twin kingdoms of [[Gondor]] and [[Arnor]].<br />
<br />
===Black Númenóreans and Haradrim===<br />
The Faithful weren't the only Númenóreans left on Middle-earth when Númenor sank. When Númenor grew in naval power, many Númenóreans founded colonies in Middle-earth. Many of the King's Men settled in Middle-earth because they wanted to conquer more lands, and the Faithful because they were persecuted by the Kings. The Faithful settled in [[Pelargir]], while the King's Men ruled the [[Umbar|Haven of Umbar]] and other colonies in the South. When Númenor was destroyed, the King's Men became known as the Black Númenóreans and remained hostile towards the Faithful of Gondor. Eventually, Umbar was conquered by Gondor in {{TA|933|n}} of the Third Age.<br />
<br />
In Harad another group of Men lived called the '''[[Haradrim]]''' or [[Southrons]]. They were dark skinned Men and waged war on great Oliphaunts or ''Mûmakil''. They too were hostile to Gondor, though they were subdued in {{TA|1050}} by [[Hyarmendacil I]].<br />
<br />
Both Umbar and the Harad were left unchecked by Gondor's waning power by the time of the War of the Ring, and presented grave threats from the south. Many Haradrim fought with Sauron's forces in Gondor in that War.<br />
<br />
===Easterlings===<br />
Most Men who fought in the armies of Morgoth and Sauron were [[Easterlings]] who came from the regions beyond the [[Sea of Rhûn]]. Some Easterlings offered their services to the Elvish kingdoms in Beleriand; among them were [[Bór]] and his sons, and [[Ulfang the Black]] and his sons. This proved to be disastrous for the Elves in the [[Nirnaeth Arnoediad]] when Ulfang and his clan switched sides and defected to Morgoth, though Bór and his sons died bravely fighting on the side of the [[Eldar]]. <br />
<br />
After Morgoth's defeat Sauron extended his influence over the Easterlings, and although Sauron was defeated by the [[Last Alliance of Elves and Men]] at the end of the Second Age, the Easterlings were the first enemies to attack Gondor again in {{TA|492}}. They were soundly defeated by King [[Rómendacil I]], but they invaded again in {{TA|541|n}} and took revenge by slaying King Rómendacil. Rómendacil's son [[Turambar (King of Gondor)|Turambar]] took large portions of land from them.<br />
<br />
In the next centuries Gondor held sway over the Easterlings. When Gondor's power began to decrease in the twelfth century of the Third Age, the Easterlings took the complete eastern bank of the [[Anduin]] except [[Ithilien]] and crushed Gondor's allies, the Northmen. <br />
<br />
The Easterlings of the Third Age were divided in different tribes, such as the [[Wainriders]] and the [[Balchoth]]. The Wainriders were a confederation of Easterlings who were very active between {{TA|1856}} and {{TA|1944|n}}. They posed a serious threat to Gondor for many years, but were utterly defeated by [[Eärnil II]] in 1944.<br />
<br />
When Gondor lost its royal dynasty in {{TA|2050|n}} the Easterlings started to reorganize themselves, and a fierce group called the Balchoth became the most important tribe. In {{TA|2510|n}} they invaded Gondor again and conquered much of [[Calenardhon]], until they were defeated by the [[Éothéod]] who rode to Gondor's aid.<br />
<br />
In the War of the Ring, the Easterlings were among the fiercest warriors deployed at the [[Battle of the Pelennor Fields]] by Sauron.<br />
<br />
===Northmen===<br />
Not all the Men who remained east of the Blue Mountains and Misty Mountains during the First Age were tempted by Morgoth or Sauron, and they were joined after the War of Wrath by those of the Edain who did not wish to travel to Númenor. The [[Northmen]] who dwelt in [[Mirkwood|Greenwood the Great]] and other parts of [[Rhovanion]] were friendly to the Dúnedain, being for the most part their kin, and many of them became Gondorian subjects. The Men of [[Dale]] and [[Lake-town|Esgaroth]] were Northmen, as were the [[Woodmen|Woodsmen]] of Mirkwood, the tribe of [[skin-changers]] later known as [[Beornings]], and the [[Éothéod]], who became the [[Rohirrim]] or Horse Lords.<br />
<br />
===Dunlendings===<br />
When Elendil founded the Kingdom of Arnor, its borders were quickly extended towards the river Greyflood (Sindarin: ''Gwathló''), and Gondor likewise extended up through [[Enedwaith]]. In Enedwaith and [[Minhiriath]] (Sindarin for ''Land between the Rivers'') lived a group of Men related to those Men that became the House of Haleth, and they were known as the [[Dunlendings]]. They had lived in the great woods that covered most of Eriador, and when the Númenóreans started to chop these woods down to build their ships in the [[Second Age]], they earned the hostility of the Dunlendings. The Dunlendings later became bitter enemies of [[Rohan]], as they believed the Rohirrim had stolen their lands.<br />
<br />
Because of their enmity with the Rohirrim, the Dunlendings served [[Saruman]] in the War of the Ring and fought against the Horse Lords in the [[Battle of the Hornburg]].<br />
<br />
===Drúedain===<br />
Another group of Men were the [[Drúedain]], also called the [[Woses]]. They were small and stooped, and were always few in number and shortlived compared to other races of Men. They lived among the House of Haleth in the First Age, and were held as Edain by the Elves, who called them ''Drúedain'' (from ''Drûg'', their own name for themselves, plus ''Edain''). <br />
<br />
At the end of the Third Age a few Woses still lived in the Drúadan Forest. They held off [[Orcs]] with poisoned arrows and were vital in securing the aid of the Rohirrim in the Battle of the Pelennor Fields. King [[Aragorn|Elessar]] granted the Drúadan Forest to them "forever" in the [[Fourth Age]].<br />
<br />
===Hobbits===<br />
[[Hobbits]] were strictly a race of Men rather than a separate species. The origin of Hobbits is obscure; they first appeared in the records of other Men in the middle of the [[Third Age]].<br />
<br />
==Etymology==<br />
[[J.R.R. Tolkien|Tolkien]] employed a peculiar usage of the words ''Man'' and ''Mannish'': these terms came to replace the word "human" found in drafts of ''[[The Lord of the Rings]]''.<ref>{{PM|Languages}}, p. 61</ref> It has been suggested that Tolkien might have preferred ''Man'' and ''Mannish'' being pure Germanic roots, unlike the Latin-influenced ''Human'' (cf. ''[[Wiktionary:homo#Latin|homo]]'').<ref>{{HM|RW}}, pp. 156-8</ref> This usage also reflects old Germanic practice, where ''Man'' originally meant ''mankind'', not merely the male gender; this was found (and in many of them, still is found) in all the Germanic languages (i.e. German ''Menschen'', "people").<ref>http://etymonline.com/index.php?term=man&allowed_in_frame=0</ref><br />
<br />
==Other names==<br />
The Elves called the race of '''Mankind''' with poetic names that refer to their later coming, and their mortality. They are mostly called '''''[[Atani]]''''' in [[Quenya]], literally meaning "Second ones" (the [[Elves]] being the First), but also '''''[[Hildor]]''''' ("Followers" or "Aftercomers"), '''''Apanónar''''' ("Afterborn"), '''Secondborn''', '''Younger Children of Iluvatar''', '''Strangers''' and '''Usurpers'''<ref name=men>{{S|Men}}</ref> because they [[Dominion of Men|dominated Arda]] after the Elves. [[Sindarin]] names were '''''Ephedin''''' or '''''Ephedrim''''' ("Followers").<ref>{{WJ|Quendi}}</ref><br />
<br />
The name ''Atani'' is cognate with [[Sindarin]] '''[[Adan|Edain]]''', but the latter term was later applied not to the race, but only to the peoples of [[Beleriand]] who aided the Elves in their war with [[Morgoth]] in the [[First Age]].<br />
<br />
Other names were '''''[[Fírimar]]''''' ("Mortals"), '''''[[Engwar]]''''' ("The Sickly"), the '''Self-cursed''' and the '''Guests'''<ref name=men/> because their fate was outside Arda.<br />
<br />
Other names by the Elves, apparently referring to their differences from themselves are '''Inscrutable''', the '''Heavy-handed''', the '''Night-fearers''', and the '''Children of the Sun'''<ref name=men/> because they awoke with the Sun. <br />
<br />
Hobbits called them the '''Big People''' or the '''[[Big Folk]]''', especially in [[Bree]].<ref>{{FR|I9}}</ref><br />
<br />
{{references}}<br />
[[Category:Men]]<br />
[[Category:Races]]<br />
[[de:Menschen]]<br />
[[fr:encyclo/peuples/hommes/hommes]]<br />
[[fi:Ihmiset]]</div>Fredegharhttps://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=Men&diff=329464Men2021-03-19T16:08:31Z<p>Fredeghar: /* Northmen */ Added Beornings and links to other articles</p>
<hr />
<div>{{disambig-more|Men|[[Men (disambiguation)]]}}<br />
{{race infobox<br />
| name=Men<br />
| image=[[File:Ted Nasmith - Felagund Among Bëor’s Men.jpg|250px]]<br />
| caption="Felagund Among Bëor's Men" by [[Ted Nasmith]]<br />
| pronun=<br />
| othernames=Atani, Secondborn, Hildor, Apanónar<br />
| origin=[[Children of Ilúvatar]]<br />
| location=[[Hildórien]], [[Beleriand]], [[Númenor]], [[Gondor]], [[Arnor]], [[Rohan]], [[Dunland]], [[Harad]], [[Khand]], [[Forochel]], [[Rhûn]], [[Harad]], [[Rhovanion]]<br />
| affiliation=<br />
| rivalry=[[Orcs]]<br />
| language=[[Taliska]], [[Adûnaic]], [[Sindarin]], [[Rohirric]], [[Westron]], [[Quenya]]<br />
| people=[[House of Bëor|Bëorians]], [[House of Haleth|Haladin]], [[House of Hador|Hadorians]], [[Easterlings]], [[Númenóreans]], [[Black Númenóreans]], [[Dúnedain]], [[Dúnedain of Arnor|Arnorians]], [[Gondorians]], [[Corsairs of Umbar|Corsairs]], [[Forodwaith (people)|Forodwaith]], [[Haradrim]], [[Rohirrim]], [[Dunlendings]], [[Men of Dale]], [[Beornings]], [[Bardings]], [[Drúedain]], [[Hobbits]]<br />
| members=[[Bëor]], [[Hador]], [[Barahir]], [[Beren]], [[Húrin]], [[Morwen]], [[Túrin]], [[Niënor]], [[Tuor]], [[Elros]], [[Ar-Pharazôn]], [[Elendil]], [[Isildur]], [[Bard]], [[Denethor]], [[Boromir]], [[Faramir]], [[Théoden]], [[Éomer]], [[Éowyn]], [[Aragorn]]<br />
| lifespan=[[Middle Men]] - c. 80-100 years<br/>[[Númenóreans]] - c. 200+ years<ref name=Line>{{UT|Kings}}</ref></br>[[Kings of Númenor]] - c. 400 years<ref name=Line/></br>[[Dúnedain]] - Thrice the life of [[Middle Men|lesser men]] but later slightly diminished<ref>{{App|Eriador}}</ref></br>[[Hobbits]] - c. 100 years</br>[[Drúedain]] - Shorter<ref>{{UT|Druedain}}</ref><br />
| distinctions=[[Gift of Men|Mortality]], [[Dominion of Men|rulers]] of [[Middle-earth]] <br />
| height=Dúnedain - 6'4" (average)<ref name=Galadriel>{{UT|Galadriel}}</ref></br>Númenóreans - 7'0" (average)<ref>{{PM|X}}, p. 310.</ref></br>[[Middle Men]] - Shorter</br>Drúedain - 4' to 5'</br>Hobbits - 3'6" (average)<br />
| hair=Black, brown, chestnut, blond, auburn, red, and (when older) grey or white<br />
| skin= Fair, pale, sallow, ruddy, tan, dark tan, light brown, dark brown, black <br />
| clothing=<br />
| weapons=Swords, knives, bows, axes, spears<br />
}}<br />
{{quote|West, North, and South the children of Men spread and wandered, and their joy was the joy of the morning before the dew is dry, when every leaf is green.|''[[Quenta Silmarillion]]'', "[[Of Men]]"}}<br />
'''Men''' were one of the Kindreds of the [[Children of Ilúvatar]]. Men were called the Secondborn (or the Second Kindred<ref>{{PE|17}}, p. 89</ref>) by the [[Elves]], their [[Elves|Elder]] brethren, because they were the last of all the [[incarnate]] races to come into being. Though they were born after the other sentient races, Men were destined to inherit and [[Dominion of Men|rule]] [[Middle-earth]].<br />
<br />
==Origins and nature==<br />
The race of Men is the second race of beings created by Eru [[Ilúvatar]]. Because they [[Awakening of Men|awoke]] at the start of the [[First Age]] of the Sun, while the [[Elves]] awoke centuries before them, they are called the Secondborn ([[Quenya]]: ''Atani'', [[Sindarin]]: ''[[Edain]]'') by the Elves. Men awoke in a land located in the far east of Middle-earth called [[Hildórien]]. When the Sun rose for the first time in the far West, Men began to wander towards it, a journey which culminated in some of them reaching [[Beleriand]] centuries later.<br />
<br />
There is much evidence that, soon after their awakening, [[Morgoth]] came to Men and incited them to worship him and turn away from Ilúvatar, and that they complied. Though all were seduced by the Enemy, some Men repented and escaped; they were said to be the ancestors of the Edain.<br />
<br />
Men bear the so-called ''[[Gift of Men]]'', mortality. Elves are immortal, in the sense that even if their bodies are slain, their spirits remain bound to the world, going to the [[Halls of Mandos]] to wait until they are released or the world ends. Elves are tied to the world for as long as it lasts. When Men die, they are released from [[Arda]] and the bounds of the world and have rest from its troubles. Ilúvatar also gifted Men with the freedom to shape their own future, being rather free from the designs of the [[Music of the Ainur]]. <ref>{{S|1}}</ref> However, the influence of Morgoth has caused Men to fear their fate, and view Death as a Doom instead of a Gift.<br />
<br />
==Groups and alignments==<br />
<br />
Although all Men are related to one another, there are many different groups with different cultures. The most important group in the tales of the [[First Age]] were the Edain. Although the word Edain technically refers to all Men, the Elves used it to distinguish those Men who fought with them in the First Age against [[Morgoth]] in [[Beleriand]]. The Edain were divided into three Houses. <br />
<br />
The First House of the Edain was the [[House of Bëor]], and entered Beleriand in {{FA|310}} and were granted the fief of [[Ladros]] in [[Dorthonion]] by [[Finrod|Finrod Felagund]]. The Second House of the Edain, the [[Haladin]], was led by Haldad and later by his daughter Haleth and settled in the Forest of Brethil. The Third House, which became the greatest, was led by [[Marach]] and later his descendant [[Hador]], and they settled in [[Dor-lómin]]. This house was known both as the House of Marach and the [[House of Hador]].<br />
<br />
Other Men did not cross the [[Misty Mountains]] or fight against Morgoth. However, some, such as the Easterlings, fought openly on his side. In later Ages, the Haradrim and Easterlings would fight on Sauron's side against the descendants of the Edain. Here below follow the short descriptions of the most important groups of Men in the First, Second and Third Ages.<br />
<br />
===Edain and Dúnedain===<br />
As a reward for their services and assistance rendered to the Elves and the Valar in the [[War of Wrath]] at the end of the First Age, the [[Edain]] received a new land of their own from the Valar, between Middle-earth and the [[Undying Lands]]. This was the land of [[Númenor]], an island in the form of a five-pointed star that was far away from the troubles of Middle-earth. <br />
<br />
They were led to this island by [[Elros]] with the help of his father [[Eärendil]], who sailed the heavens as the bright star of the same name and guided the ships of the Edain to Númenor. Once they arrived, Elros became the first King of Númenor and took the name Tar-Minyatur. The Edain became known as the [[Númenóreans]] or [[Dúnedain]] (Sindarin for ''Men of the West''). The kingdom of Númenor grew steadily in power, and the Dúnedain became the noblest and highest of all Men on Arda. In their early days, the Dúnedain remained allied to the Elves of Middle-earth, and aided them in battle against Morgoth's lieutenant [[Sauron]]. <br />
<br />
As the Men of the West increased in power and happiness, they came to resent the Gift of Men, Death. They wished to become immortal like the Elves and enjoy their possessions for all time. Most of the Númenóreans, including the line of the Kings, began to turn away from the Valar, and spoke against the Ban of the Valar that forbade them to sail west beyond sight of Númenor or to enter [[Valinor]]. The Númenóreans also became increasingly hostile to all Elvish influences in their realm, and in {{SA|2899|n}} of the [[Second Age]], Ar-Adûnakhôr became the first king of Númenor to take his royal name in [[Adûnaic]], the language of Men, instead of [[Quenya]], the tongue of the Elves of Valinor.<br />
<br />
During the early part of their rebellion, the Númenóreans became divided into two factions: the first, the [[King's Men]], enjoyed the support of the King and included the majority of the people. They wished to gain immortality and break away from their ancestral allegiance to the Valar. The King's Men also wanted to end relations with the Elves, and thus they favoured Adûnaic as the official language and eventually punished those who spoke the Elven tongues. The persecuted minority faction, the [[Faithful]], were led by the [[Lords of Andúnië]], the westernmost province of Númenor, and remained loyal to the Valar. They also tried to maintain friendship with the Elves.<br />
<br />
When Sauron was apparently defeated and taken to the Isle by the Númenórean army near the end of the Second Age, he took advantage of the pride of the Númenóreans. By teaching the Dúnedain many things and flattering the King, [[Ar-Pharazôn]], he worked his way into the King's counsels and won the hearts of the people. Ultimately, Sauron advised Ar-Pharazôn to attack Valinor and claim immortality. This he foolishly did, and as a punishment Númenor, the island of the Men of the West, sank into the Sea and only the Faithful escaped. When the Faithful returned to Middle-earth, they founded the twin kingdoms of [[Gondor]] and [[Arnor]].<br />
<br />
===Black Númenóreans and Haradrim===<br />
The Faithful weren't the only Númenóreans left on Middle-earth when Númenor sank. When Númenor grew in naval power, many Númenóreans founded colonies in Middle-earth. Many of the King's Men settled in Middle-earth because they wanted to conquer more lands, and the Faithful because they were persecuted by the Kings. The Faithful settled in [[Pelargir]], while the King's Men ruled the [[Umbar|Haven of Umbar]] and other colonies in the South. When Númenor was destroyed, the King's Men became known as the Black Númenóreans and remained hostile towards the Faithful of Gondor. Eventually, Umbar was conquered by Gondor in {{TA|933|n}} of the Third Age.<br />
<br />
In Harad another group of Men lived called the '''[[Haradrim]]''' or [[Southrons]]. They were dark skinned Men and waged war on great Oliphaunts or ''Mûmakil''. They too were hostile to Gondor, though they were subdued in {{TA|1050}} by [[Hyarmendacil I]].<br />
<br />
Both Umbar and the Harad were left unchecked by Gondor's waning power by the time of the War of the Ring, and presented grave threats from the south. Many Haradrim fought with Sauron's forces in Gondor in that War.<br />
<br />
===Easterlings===<br />
Most Men who fought in the armies of Morgoth and Sauron were [[Easterlings]] who came from the regions beyond the [[Sea of Rhûn]]. Some Easterlings offered their services to the Elvish kingdoms in Beleriand; among them were [[Bór]] and his sons, and [[Ulfang the Black]] and his sons. This proved to be disastrous for the Elves in the [[Nirnaeth Arnoediad]] when Ulfang and his clan switched sides and defected to Morgoth, though Bór and his sons died bravely fighting on the side of the [[Eldar]]. <br />
<br />
After Morgoth's defeat Sauron extended his influence over the Easterlings, and although Sauron was defeated by the [[Last Alliance of Elves and Men]] at the end of the Second Age, the Easterlings were the first enemies to attack Gondor again in {{TA|492}}. They were soundly defeated by King [[Rómendacil I]], but they invaded again in {{TA|541|n}} and took revenge by slaying King Rómendacil. Rómendacil's son [[Turambar (King of Gondor)|Turambar]] took large portions of land from them.<br />
<br />
In the next centuries Gondor held sway over the Easterlings. When Gondor's power began to decrease in the twelfth century of the Third Age, the Easterlings took the complete eastern bank of the [[Anduin]] except [[Ithilien]] and crushed Gondor's allies, the Northmen. <br />
<br />
The Easterlings of the Third Age were divided in different tribes, such as the [[Wainriders]] and the [[Balchoth]]. The Wainriders were a confederation of Easterlings who were very active between {{TA|1856}} and {{TA|1944|n}}. They posed a serious threat to Gondor for many years, but were utterly defeated by [[Eärnil II]] in 1944.<br />
<br />
When Gondor lost its royal dynasty in {{TA|2050|n}} the Easterlings started to reorganize themselves, and a fierce group called the Balchoth became the most important tribe. In {{TA|2510|n}} they invaded Gondor again and conquered much of [[Calenardhon]], until they were defeated by the [[Éothéod]] who rode to Gondor's aid.<br />
<br />
In the War of the Ring, the Easterlings were among the fiercest warriors deployed at the [[Battle of the Pelennor Fields]] by Sauron.<br />
<br />
===Northmen===<br />
Not all the Men who remained east of the Blue Mountains and Misty Mountains during the First Age were tempted by Morgoth or Sauron, and they were joined after the War of Wrath by those of the Edain who did not wish to travel to Númenor. The [[Northmen]] who dwelt in [[Mirkwood|Greenwood the Great]] and other parts of [[Rhovanion]] were friendly to the Dúnedain, being for the most part their kin, and many of them became Gondorian subjects. The Men of [[Dale]] and [[Lake-town|Esgaroth]] were Northmen, as were the [[Woodmen|Woodsmen]] of Mirkwood, the tribe of [[skin-changers]] later known as [[Beornings]], and the [[Éothéod]], who became the [[Rohirrim]] or Horse Lords.<br />
<br />
===Dunlendings===<br />
When Elendil founded the Kingdom of Arnor, its borders were quickly extended towards the river Greyflood (Sindarin:''Gwathló''), and Gondor likewise extended up through [[Enedwaith]]. In Enedwaith and [[Minhiriath]] (Sindarin for ''Land between the Rivers'') lived a group of Men related to those Men that became the House of Haleth, and they were known as the [[Dunlendings]]. They had lived in the great woods that covered most of Eriador, and when the Númenóreans started to chop these woods down to build their ships in the [[Second Age]], they earned the hostility of the Dunlendings. The Dunlendings later became bitter enemies of [[Rohan]], as they believed the Rohirrim had stolen their lands.<br />
<br />
Because of their enmity with the Rohirrim, the Dunlendings served [[Saruman]] in the War of the Ring and fought against the Horse Lords in the [[Battle of the Hornburg]].<br />
<br />
===Drúedain===<br />
Another group of Men were the [[Drúedain]], also called the [[Woses]]. They were small and stooped, and were always few in number and shortlived compared to other races of Men. They lived among the House of Haleth in the First Age, and were held as Edain by the Elves, who called them ''Drúedain'' (from ''Drûg'', their own name for themselves, plus ''Edain''). <br />
<br />
At the end of the Third Age a few Woses still lived in the Drúadan Forest. They held off [[Orcs]] with poisoned arrows and were vital in securing the aid of the Rohirrim in the Battle of the Pelennor Fields. King [[Aragorn|Elessar]] granted the Drúadan Forest to them "forever" in the [[Fourth Age]].<br />
<br />
===Hobbits===<br />
[[Hobbits]] were strictly a race of Men rather than a separate species. The origin of Hobbits is obscure; they first appeared in the records of other Men in the middle of the [[Third Age]].<br />
<br />
==Etymology==<br />
[[J.R.R. Tolkien|Tolkien]] employed a peculiar usage of the words ''Man'' and ''Mannish'': these terms came to replace the word "human" found in drafts of ''[[The Lord of the Rings]]''.<ref>{{PM|Languages}}, p. 61</ref> It has been suggested that Tolkien might have preferred ''Man'' and ''Mannish'' being pure Germanic roots, unlike the Latin-influenced ''Human'' (cf. ''[[Wiktionary:homo#Latin|homo]]'').<ref>{{HM|RW}}, pp. 156-8</ref> This usage also reflects old Germanic practice, where ''Man'' originally meant ''mankind'', not merely the male gender; this was found (and in many of them, still is found) in all the Germanic languages (i.e. German ''Menschen'', "people").<ref>http://etymonline.com/index.php?term=man&allowed_in_frame=0</ref><br />
<br />
==Other names==<br />
The Elves called the race of '''Mankind''' with poetic names that refer to their later coming, and their mortality. They are mostly called '''''[[Atani]]''''' in [[Quenya]], literally meaning "Second ones" (the [[Elves]] being the First), but also '''''[[Hildor]]''''' ("Followers" or "Aftercomers"), '''''Apanónar''''' ("Afterborn"), '''Secondborn''', '''Younger Children of Iluvatar''', '''Strangers''' and '''Usurpers'''<ref name=men>{{S|Men}}</ref> because they [[Dominion of Men|dominated Arda]] after the Elves. [[Sindarin]] names were '''''Ephedin''''' or '''''Ephedrim''''' ("Followers").<ref>{{WJ|Quendi}}</ref><br />
<br />
The name ''Atani'' is cognate with [[Sindarin]] '''[[Adan|Edain]]''', but the latter term was later applied not to the race, but only to the peoples of [[Beleriand]] who aided the Elves in their war with [[Morgoth]] in the [[First Age]].<br />
<br />
Other names were '''''[[Fírimar]]''''' ("Mortals"), '''''[[Engwar]]''''' ("The Sickly"), the '''Self-cursed''' and the '''Guests'''<ref name=men/> because their fate was outside Arda.<br />
<br />
Other names by the Elves, apparently referring to their differences from themselves are '''Inscrutable''', the '''Heavy-handed''', the '''Night-fearers''', and the '''Children of the Sun'''<ref name=men/> because they awoke with the Sun. <br />
<br />
Hobbits called them the '''Big People''' or the '''[[Big Folk]]''', especially in [[Bree]].<ref>{{FR|I9}}</ref><br />
<br />
{{references}}<br />
[[Category:Men]]<br />
[[Category:Races]]<br />
[[de:Menschen]]<br />
[[fr:encyclo/peuples/hommes/hommes]]<br />
[[fi:Ihmiset]]</div>Fredegharhttps://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=Men&diff=329463Men2021-03-19T16:03:37Z<p>Fredeghar: /* Easterlings */</p>
<hr />
<div>{{disambig-more|Men|[[Men (disambiguation)]]}}<br />
{{race infobox<br />
| name=Men<br />
| image=[[File:Ted Nasmith - Felagund Among Bëor’s Men.jpg|250px]]<br />
| caption="Felagund Among Bëor's Men" by [[Ted Nasmith]]<br />
| pronun=<br />
| othernames=Atani, Secondborn, Hildor, Apanónar<br />
| origin=[[Children of Ilúvatar]]<br />
| location=[[Hildórien]], [[Beleriand]], [[Númenor]], [[Gondor]], [[Arnor]], [[Rohan]], [[Dunland]], [[Harad]], [[Khand]], [[Forochel]], [[Rhûn]], [[Harad]], [[Rhovanion]]<br />
| affiliation=<br />
| rivalry=[[Orcs]]<br />
| language=[[Taliska]], [[Adûnaic]], [[Sindarin]], [[Rohirric]], [[Westron]], [[Quenya]]<br />
| people=[[House of Bëor|Bëorians]], [[House of Haleth|Haladin]], [[House of Hador|Hadorians]], [[Easterlings]], [[Númenóreans]], [[Black Númenóreans]], [[Dúnedain]], [[Dúnedain of Arnor|Arnorians]], [[Gondorians]], [[Corsairs of Umbar|Corsairs]], [[Forodwaith (people)|Forodwaith]], [[Haradrim]], [[Rohirrim]], [[Dunlendings]], [[Men of Dale]], [[Beornings]], [[Bardings]], [[Drúedain]], [[Hobbits]]<br />
| members=[[Bëor]], [[Hador]], [[Barahir]], [[Beren]], [[Húrin]], [[Morwen]], [[Túrin]], [[Niënor]], [[Tuor]], [[Elros]], [[Ar-Pharazôn]], [[Elendil]], [[Isildur]], [[Bard]], [[Denethor]], [[Boromir]], [[Faramir]], [[Théoden]], [[Éomer]], [[Éowyn]], [[Aragorn]]<br />
| lifespan=[[Middle Men]] - c. 80-100 years<br/>[[Númenóreans]] - c. 200+ years<ref name=Line>{{UT|Kings}}</ref></br>[[Kings of Númenor]] - c. 400 years<ref name=Line/></br>[[Dúnedain]] - Thrice the life of [[Middle Men|lesser men]] but later slightly diminished<ref>{{App|Eriador}}</ref></br>[[Hobbits]] - c. 100 years</br>[[Drúedain]] - Shorter<ref>{{UT|Druedain}}</ref><br />
| distinctions=[[Gift of Men|Mortality]], [[Dominion of Men|rulers]] of [[Middle-earth]] <br />
| height=Dúnedain - 6'4" (average)<ref name=Galadriel>{{UT|Galadriel}}</ref></br>Númenóreans - 7'0" (average)<ref>{{PM|X}}, p. 310.</ref></br>[[Middle Men]] - Shorter</br>Drúedain - 4' to 5'</br>Hobbits - 3'6" (average)<br />
| hair=Black, brown, chestnut, blond, auburn, red, and (when older) grey or white<br />
| skin= Fair, pale, sallow, ruddy, tan, dark tan, light brown, dark brown, black <br />
| clothing=<br />
| weapons=Swords, knives, bows, axes, spears<br />
}}<br />
{{quote|West, North, and South the children of Men spread and wandered, and their joy was the joy of the morning before the dew is dry, when every leaf is green.|''[[Quenta Silmarillion]]'', "[[Of Men]]"}}<br />
'''Men''' were one of the Kindreds of the [[Children of Ilúvatar]]. Men were called the Secondborn (or the Second Kindred<ref>{{PE|17}}, p. 89</ref>) by the [[Elves]], their [[Elves|Elder]] brethren, because they were the last of all the [[incarnate]] races to come into being. Though they were born after the other sentient races, Men were destined to inherit and [[Dominion of Men|rule]] [[Middle-earth]].<br />
<br />
==Origins and nature==<br />
The race of Men is the second race of beings created by Eru [[Ilúvatar]]. Because they [[Awakening of Men|awoke]] at the start of the [[First Age]] of the Sun, while the [[Elves]] awoke centuries before them, they are called the Secondborn ([[Quenya]]: ''Atani'', [[Sindarin]]: ''[[Edain]]'') by the Elves. Men awoke in a land located in the far east of Middle-earth called [[Hildórien]]. When the Sun rose for the first time in the far West, Men began to wander towards it, a journey which culminated in some of them reaching [[Beleriand]] centuries later.<br />
<br />
There is much evidence that, soon after their awakening, [[Morgoth]] came to Men and incited them to worship him and turn away from Ilúvatar, and that they complied. Though all were seduced by the Enemy, some Men repented and escaped; they were said to be the ancestors of the Edain.<br />
<br />
Men bear the so-called ''[[Gift of Men]]'', mortality. Elves are immortal, in the sense that even if their bodies are slain, their spirits remain bound to the world, going to the [[Halls of Mandos]] to wait until they are released or the world ends. Elves are tied to the world for as long as it lasts. When Men die, they are released from [[Arda]] and the bounds of the world and have rest from its troubles. Ilúvatar also gifted Men with the freedom to shape their own future, being rather free from the designs of the [[Music of the Ainur]]. <ref>{{S|1}}</ref> However, the influence of Morgoth has caused Men to fear their fate, and view Death as a Doom instead of a Gift.<br />
<br />
==Groups and alignments==<br />
<br />
Although all Men are related to one another, there are many different groups with different cultures. The most important group in the tales of the [[First Age]] were the Edain. Although the word Edain technically refers to all Men, the Elves used it to distinguish those Men who fought with them in the First Age against [[Morgoth]] in [[Beleriand]]. The Edain were divided into three Houses. <br />
<br />
The First House of the Edain was the [[House of Bëor]], and entered Beleriand in {{FA|310}} and were granted the fief of [[Ladros]] in [[Dorthonion]] by [[Finrod|Finrod Felagund]]. The Second House of the Edain, the [[Haladin]], was led by Haldad and later by his daughter Haleth and settled in the Forest of Brethil. The Third House, which became the greatest, was led by [[Marach]] and later his descendant [[Hador]], and they settled in [[Dor-lómin]]. This house was known both as the House of Marach and the [[House of Hador]].<br />
<br />
Other Men did not cross the [[Misty Mountains]] or fight against Morgoth. However, some, such as the Easterlings, fought openly on his side. In later Ages, the Haradrim and Easterlings would fight on Sauron's side against the descendants of the Edain. Here below follow the short descriptions of the most important groups of Men in the First, Second and Third Ages.<br />
<br />
===Edain and Dúnedain===<br />
As a reward for their services and assistance rendered to the Elves and the Valar in the [[War of Wrath]] at the end of the First Age, the [[Edain]] received a new land of their own from the Valar, between Middle-earth and the [[Undying Lands]]. This was the land of [[Númenor]], an island in the form of a five-pointed star that was far away from the troubles of Middle-earth. <br />
<br />
They were led to this island by [[Elros]] with the help of his father [[Eärendil]], who sailed the heavens as the bright star of the same name and guided the ships of the Edain to Númenor. Once they arrived, Elros became the first King of Númenor and took the name Tar-Minyatur. The Edain became known as the [[Númenóreans]] or [[Dúnedain]] (Sindarin for ''Men of the West''). The kingdom of Númenor grew steadily in power, and the Dúnedain became the noblest and highest of all Men on Arda. In their early days, the Dúnedain remained allied to the Elves of Middle-earth, and aided them in battle against Morgoth's lieutenant [[Sauron]]. <br />
<br />
As the Men of the West increased in power and happiness, they came to resent the Gift of Men, Death. They wished to become immortal like the Elves and enjoy their possessions for all time. Most of the Númenóreans, including the line of the Kings, began to turn away from the Valar, and spoke against the Ban of the Valar that forbade them to sail west beyond sight of Númenor or to enter [[Valinor]]. The Númenóreans also became increasingly hostile to all Elvish influences in their realm, and in {{SA|2899|n}} of the [[Second Age]], Ar-Adûnakhôr became the first king of Númenor to take his royal name in [[Adûnaic]], the language of Men, instead of [[Quenya]], the tongue of the Elves of Valinor.<br />
<br />
During the early part of their rebellion, the Númenóreans became divided into two factions: the first, the [[King's Men]], enjoyed the support of the King and included the majority of the people. They wished to gain immortality and break away from their ancestral allegiance to the Valar. The King's Men also wanted to end relations with the Elves, and thus they favoured Adûnaic as the official language and eventually punished those who spoke the Elven tongues. The persecuted minority faction, the [[Faithful]], were led by the [[Lords of Andúnië]], the westernmost province of Númenor, and remained loyal to the Valar. They also tried to maintain friendship with the Elves.<br />
<br />
When Sauron was apparently defeated and taken to the Isle by the Númenórean army near the end of the Second Age, he took advantage of the pride of the Númenóreans. By teaching the Dúnedain many things and flattering the King, [[Ar-Pharazôn]], he worked his way into the King's counsels and won the hearts of the people. Ultimately, Sauron advised Ar-Pharazôn to attack Valinor and claim immortality. This he foolishly did, and as a punishment Númenor, the island of the Men of the West, sank into the Sea and only the Faithful escaped. When the Faithful returned to Middle-earth, they founded the twin kingdoms of [[Gondor]] and [[Arnor]].<br />
<br />
===Black Númenóreans and Haradrim===<br />
The Faithful weren't the only Númenóreans left on Middle-earth when Númenor sank. When Númenor grew in naval power, many Númenóreans founded colonies in Middle-earth. Many of the King's Men settled in Middle-earth because they wanted to conquer more lands, and the Faithful because they were persecuted by the Kings. The Faithful settled in [[Pelargir]], while the King's Men ruled the [[Umbar|Haven of Umbar]] and other colonies in the South. When Númenor was destroyed, the King's Men became known as the Black Númenóreans and remained hostile towards the Faithful of Gondor. Eventually, Umbar was conquered by Gondor in {{TA|933|n}} of the Third Age.<br />
<br />
In Harad another group of Men lived called the '''[[Haradrim]]''' or [[Southrons]]. They were dark skinned Men and waged war on great Oliphaunts or ''Mûmakil''. They too were hostile to Gondor, though they were subdued in {{TA|1050}} by [[Hyarmendacil I]].<br />
<br />
Both Umbar and the Harad were left unchecked by Gondor's waning power by the time of the War of the Ring, and presented grave threats from the south. Many Haradrim fought with Sauron's forces in Gondor in that War.<br />
<br />
===Easterlings===<br />
Most Men who fought in the armies of Morgoth and Sauron were [[Easterlings]] who came from the regions beyond the [[Sea of Rhûn]]. Some Easterlings offered their services to the Elvish kingdoms in Beleriand; among them were [[Bór]] and his sons, and [[Ulfang the Black]] and his sons. This proved to be disastrous for the Elves in the [[Nirnaeth Arnoediad]] when Ulfang and his clan switched sides and defected to Morgoth, though Bór and his sons died bravely fighting on the side of the [[Eldar]]. <br />
<br />
After Morgoth's defeat Sauron extended his influence over the Easterlings, and although Sauron was defeated by the [[Last Alliance of Elves and Men]] at the end of the Second Age, the Easterlings were the first enemies to attack Gondor again in {{TA|492}}. They were soundly defeated by King [[Rómendacil I]], but they invaded again in {{TA|541|n}} and took revenge by slaying King Rómendacil. Rómendacil's son [[Turambar (King of Gondor)|Turambar]] took large portions of land from them.<br />
<br />
In the next centuries Gondor held sway over the Easterlings. When Gondor's power began to decrease in the twelfth century of the Third Age, the Easterlings took the complete eastern bank of the [[Anduin]] except [[Ithilien]] and crushed Gondor's allies, the Northmen. <br />
<br />
The Easterlings of the Third Age were divided in different tribes, such as the [[Wainriders]] and the [[Balchoth]]. The Wainriders were a confederation of Easterlings who were very active between {{TA|1856}} and {{TA|1944|n}}. They posed a serious threat to Gondor for many years, but were utterly defeated by [[Eärnil II]] in 1944.<br />
<br />
When Gondor lost its royal dynasty in {{TA|2050|n}} the Easterlings started to reorganize themselves, and a fierce group called the Balchoth became the most important tribe. In {{TA|2510|n}} they invaded Gondor again and conquered much of [[Calenardhon]], until they were defeated by the [[Éothéod]] who rode to Gondor's aid.<br />
<br />
In the War of the Ring, the Easterlings were among the fiercest warriors deployed at the [[Battle of the Pelennor Fields]] by Sauron.<br />
<br />
===Northmen===<br />
Not all the Men who remained east of the Blue Mountains and Misty Mountains during the First Age were tempted by Morgoth or Sauron, and they were joined after the War of Wrath by those of the Edain who did not wish to travel to Númenor. The [[Northmen]] who dwelt in [[Mirkwood|Greenwood the Great]] and other parts of [[Rhovanion]] were friendly to the Dúnedain, being for the most part their kin, and many of them became Gondorian subjects. The Men of [[Dale]] and [[Lake-town|Esgaroth]] were Northmen, as were the Woodsmen of Mirkwood, and the [[Éothéod]], who became the Rohirrim or Horse Lords.<br />
<br />
===Dunlendings===<br />
When Elendil founded the Kingdom of Arnor, its borders were quickly extended towards the river Greyflood (Sindarin:''Gwathló''), and Gondor likewise extended up through [[Enedwaith]]. In Enedwaith and [[Minhiriath]] (Sindarin for ''Land between the Rivers'') lived a group of Men related to those Men that became the House of Haleth, and they were known as the [[Dunlendings]]. They had lived in the great woods that covered most of Eriador, and when the Númenóreans started to chop these woods down to build their ships in the [[Second Age]], they earned the hostility of the Dunlendings. The Dunlendings later became bitter enemies of [[Rohan]], as they believed the Rohirrim had stolen their lands.<br />
<br />
Because of their enmity with the Rohirrim, the Dunlendings served [[Saruman]] in the War of the Ring and fought against the Horse Lords in the [[Battle of the Hornburg]].<br />
<br />
===Drúedain===<br />
Another group of Men were the [[Drúedain]], also called the [[Woses]]. They were small and stooped, and were always few in number and shortlived compared to other races of Men. They lived among the House of Haleth in the First Age, and were held as Edain by the Elves, who called them ''Drúedain'' (from ''Drûg'', their own name for themselves, plus ''Edain''). <br />
<br />
At the end of the Third Age a few Woses still lived in the Drúadan Forest. They held off [[Orcs]] with poisoned arrows and were vital in securing the aid of the Rohirrim in the Battle of the Pelennor Fields. King [[Aragorn|Elessar]] granted the Drúadan Forest to them "forever" in the [[Fourth Age]].<br />
<br />
===Hobbits===<br />
[[Hobbits]] were strictly a race of Men rather than a separate species. The origin of Hobbits is obscure; they first appeared in the records of other Men in the middle of the [[Third Age]].<br />
<br />
==Etymology==<br />
[[J.R.R. Tolkien|Tolkien]] employed a peculiar usage of the words ''Man'' and ''Mannish'': these terms came to replace the word "human" found in drafts of ''[[The Lord of the Rings]]''.<ref>{{PM|Languages}}, p. 61</ref> It has been suggested that Tolkien might have preferred ''Man'' and ''Mannish'' being pure Germanic roots, unlike the Latin-influenced ''Human'' (cf. ''[[Wiktionary:homo#Latin|homo]]'').<ref>{{HM|RW}}, pp. 156-8</ref> This usage also reflects old Germanic practice, where ''Man'' originally meant ''mankind'', not merely the male gender; this was found (and in many of them, still is found) in all the Germanic languages (i.e. German ''Menschen'', "people").<ref>http://etymonline.com/index.php?term=man&allowed_in_frame=0</ref><br />
<br />
==Other names==<br />
The Elves called the race of '''Mankind''' with poetic names that refer to their later coming, and their mortality. They are mostly called '''''[[Atani]]''''' in [[Quenya]], literally meaning "Second ones" (the [[Elves]] being the First), but also '''''[[Hildor]]''''' ("Followers" or "Aftercomers"), '''''Apanónar''''' ("Afterborn"), '''Secondborn''', '''Younger Children of Iluvatar''', '''Strangers''' and '''Usurpers'''<ref name=men>{{S|Men}}</ref> because they [[Dominion of Men|dominated Arda]] after the Elves. [[Sindarin]] names were '''''Ephedin''''' or '''''Ephedrim''''' ("Followers").<ref>{{WJ|Quendi}}</ref><br />
<br />
The name ''Atani'' is cognate with [[Sindarin]] '''[[Adan|Edain]]''', but the latter term was later applied not to the race, but only to the peoples of [[Beleriand]] who aided the Elves in their war with [[Morgoth]] in the [[First Age]].<br />
<br />
Other names were '''''[[Fírimar]]''''' ("Mortals"), '''''[[Engwar]]''''' ("The Sickly"), the '''Self-cursed''' and the '''Guests'''<ref name=men/> because their fate was outside Arda.<br />
<br />
Other names by the Elves, apparently referring to their differences from themselves are '''Inscrutable''', the '''Heavy-handed''', the '''Night-fearers''', and the '''Children of the Sun'''<ref name=men/> because they awoke with the Sun. <br />
<br />
Hobbits called them the '''Big People''' or the '''[[Big Folk]]''', especially in [[Bree]].<ref>{{FR|I9}}</ref><br />
<br />
{{references}}<br />
[[Category:Men]]<br />
[[Category:Races]]<br />
[[de:Menschen]]<br />
[[fr:encyclo/peuples/hommes/hommes]]<br />
[[fi:Ihmiset]]</div>Fredegharhttps://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=Men&diff=329462Men2021-03-19T15:40:36Z<p>Fredeghar: /* Origins and nature */</p>
<hr />
<div>{{disambig-more|Men|[[Men (disambiguation)]]}}<br />
{{race infobox<br />
| name=Men<br />
| image=[[File:Ted Nasmith - Felagund Among Bëor’s Men.jpg|250px]]<br />
| caption="Felagund Among Bëor's Men" by [[Ted Nasmith]]<br />
| pronun=<br />
| othernames=Atani, Secondborn, Hildor, Apanónar<br />
| origin=[[Children of Ilúvatar]]<br />
| location=[[Hildórien]], [[Beleriand]], [[Númenor]], [[Gondor]], [[Arnor]], [[Rohan]], [[Dunland]], [[Harad]], [[Khand]], [[Forochel]], [[Rhûn]], [[Harad]], [[Rhovanion]]<br />
| affiliation=<br />
| rivalry=[[Orcs]]<br />
| language=[[Taliska]], [[Adûnaic]], [[Sindarin]], [[Rohirric]], [[Westron]], [[Quenya]]<br />
| people=[[House of Bëor|Bëorians]], [[House of Haleth|Haladin]], [[House of Hador|Hadorians]], [[Easterlings]], [[Númenóreans]], [[Black Númenóreans]], [[Dúnedain]], [[Dúnedain of Arnor|Arnorians]], [[Gondorians]], [[Corsairs of Umbar|Corsairs]], [[Forodwaith (people)|Forodwaith]], [[Haradrim]], [[Rohirrim]], [[Dunlendings]], [[Men of Dale]], [[Beornings]], [[Bardings]], [[Drúedain]], [[Hobbits]]<br />
| members=[[Bëor]], [[Hador]], [[Barahir]], [[Beren]], [[Húrin]], [[Morwen]], [[Túrin]], [[Niënor]], [[Tuor]], [[Elros]], [[Ar-Pharazôn]], [[Elendil]], [[Isildur]], [[Bard]], [[Denethor]], [[Boromir]], [[Faramir]], [[Théoden]], [[Éomer]], [[Éowyn]], [[Aragorn]]<br />
| lifespan=[[Middle Men]] - c. 80-100 years<br/>[[Númenóreans]] - c. 200+ years<ref name=Line>{{UT|Kings}}</ref></br>[[Kings of Númenor]] - c. 400 years<ref name=Line/></br>[[Dúnedain]] - Thrice the life of [[Middle Men|lesser men]] but later slightly diminished<ref>{{App|Eriador}}</ref></br>[[Hobbits]] - c. 100 years</br>[[Drúedain]] - Shorter<ref>{{UT|Druedain}}</ref><br />
| distinctions=[[Gift of Men|Mortality]], [[Dominion of Men|rulers]] of [[Middle-earth]] <br />
| height=Dúnedain - 6'4" (average)<ref name=Galadriel>{{UT|Galadriel}}</ref></br>Númenóreans - 7'0" (average)<ref>{{PM|X}}, p. 310.</ref></br>[[Middle Men]] - Shorter</br>Drúedain - 4' to 5'</br>Hobbits - 3'6" (average)<br />
| hair=Black, brown, chestnut, blond, auburn, red, and (when older) grey or white<br />
| skin= Fair, pale, sallow, ruddy, tan, dark tan, light brown, dark brown, black <br />
| clothing=<br />
| weapons=Swords, knives, bows, axes, spears<br />
}}<br />
{{quote|West, North, and South the children of Men spread and wandered, and their joy was the joy of the morning before the dew is dry, when every leaf is green.|''[[Quenta Silmarillion]]'', "[[Of Men]]"}}<br />
'''Men''' were one of the Kindreds of the [[Children of Ilúvatar]]. Men were called the Secondborn (or the Second Kindred<ref>{{PE|17}}, p. 89</ref>) by the [[Elves]], their [[Elves|Elder]] brethren, because they were the last of all the [[incarnate]] races to come into being. Though they were born after the other sentient races, Men were destined to inherit and [[Dominion of Men|rule]] [[Middle-earth]].<br />
<br />
==Origins and nature==<br />
The race of Men is the second race of beings created by Eru [[Ilúvatar]]. Because they [[Awakening of Men|awoke]] at the start of the [[First Age]] of the Sun, while the [[Elves]] awoke centuries before them, they are called the Secondborn ([[Quenya]]: ''Atani'', [[Sindarin]]: ''[[Edain]]'') by the Elves. Men awoke in a land located in the far east of Middle-earth called [[Hildórien]]. When the Sun rose for the first time in the far West, Men began to wander towards it, a journey which culminated in some of them reaching [[Beleriand]] centuries later.<br />
<br />
There is much evidence that, soon after their awakening, [[Morgoth]] came to Men and incited them to worship him and turn away from Ilúvatar, and that they complied. Though all were seduced by the Enemy, some Men repented and escaped; they were said to be the ancestors of the Edain.<br />
<br />
Men bear the so-called ''[[Gift of Men]]'', mortality. Elves are immortal, in the sense that even if their bodies are slain, their spirits remain bound to the world, going to the [[Halls of Mandos]] to wait until they are released or the world ends. Elves are tied to the world for as long as it lasts. When Men die, they are released from [[Arda]] and the bounds of the world and have rest from its troubles. Ilúvatar also gifted Men with the freedom to shape their own future, being rather free from the designs of the [[Music of the Ainur]]. <ref>{{S|1}}</ref> However, the influence of Morgoth has caused Men to fear their fate, and view Death as a Doom instead of a Gift.<br />
<br />
==Groups and alignments==<br />
<br />
Although all Men are related to one another, there are many different groups with different cultures. The most important group in the tales of the [[First Age]] were the Edain. Although the word Edain technically refers to all Men, the Elves used it to distinguish those Men who fought with them in the First Age against [[Morgoth]] in [[Beleriand]]. The Edain were divided into three Houses. <br />
<br />
The First House of the Edain was the [[House of Bëor]], and entered Beleriand in {{FA|310}} and were granted the fief of [[Ladros]] in [[Dorthonion]] by [[Finrod|Finrod Felagund]]. The Second House of the Edain, the [[Haladin]], was led by Haldad and later by his daughter Haleth and settled in the Forest of Brethil. The Third House, which became the greatest, was led by [[Marach]] and later his descendant [[Hador]], and they settled in [[Dor-lómin]]. This house was known both as the House of Marach and the [[House of Hador]].<br />
<br />
Other Men did not cross the [[Misty Mountains]] or fight against Morgoth. However, some, such as the Easterlings, fought openly on his side. In later Ages, the Haradrim and Easterlings would fight on Sauron's side against the descendants of the Edain. Here below follow the short descriptions of the most important groups of Men in the First, Second and Third Ages.<br />
<br />
===Edain and Dúnedain===<br />
As a reward for their services and assistance rendered to the Elves and the Valar in the [[War of Wrath]] at the end of the First Age, the [[Edain]] received a new land of their own from the Valar, between Middle-earth and the [[Undying Lands]]. This was the land of [[Númenor]], an island in the form of a five-pointed star that was far away from the troubles of Middle-earth. <br />
<br />
They were led to this island by [[Elros]] with the help of his father [[Eärendil]], who sailed the heavens as the bright star of the same name and guided the ships of the Edain to Númenor. Once they arrived, Elros became the first King of Númenor and took the name Tar-Minyatur. The Edain became known as the [[Númenóreans]] or [[Dúnedain]] (Sindarin for ''Men of the West''). The kingdom of Númenor grew steadily in power, and the Dúnedain became the noblest and highest of all Men on Arda. In their early days, the Dúnedain remained allied to the Elves of Middle-earth, and aided them in battle against Morgoth's lieutenant [[Sauron]]. <br />
<br />
As the Men of the West increased in power and happiness, they came to resent the Gift of Men, Death. They wished to become immortal like the Elves and enjoy their possessions for all time. Most of the Númenóreans, including the line of the Kings, began to turn away from the Valar, and spoke against the Ban of the Valar that forbade them to sail west beyond sight of Númenor or to enter [[Valinor]]. The Númenóreans also became increasingly hostile to all Elvish influences in their realm, and in {{SA|2899|n}} of the [[Second Age]], Ar-Adûnakhôr became the first king of Númenor to take his royal name in [[Adûnaic]], the language of Men, instead of [[Quenya]], the tongue of the Elves of Valinor.<br />
<br />
During the early part of their rebellion, the Númenóreans became divided into two factions: the first, the [[King's Men]], enjoyed the support of the King and included the majority of the people. They wished to gain immortality and break away from their ancestral allegiance to the Valar. The King's Men also wanted to end relations with the Elves, and thus they favoured Adûnaic as the official language and eventually punished those who spoke the Elven tongues. The persecuted minority faction, the [[Faithful]], were led by the [[Lords of Andúnië]], the westernmost province of Númenor, and remained loyal to the Valar. They also tried to maintain friendship with the Elves.<br />
<br />
When Sauron was apparently defeated and taken to the Isle by the Númenórean army near the end of the Second Age, he took advantage of the pride of the Númenóreans. By teaching the Dúnedain many things and flattering the King, [[Ar-Pharazôn]], he worked his way into the King's counsels and won the hearts of the people. Ultimately, Sauron advised Ar-Pharazôn to attack Valinor and claim immortality. This he foolishly did, and as a punishment Númenor, the island of the Men of the West, sank into the Sea and only the Faithful escaped. When the Faithful returned to Middle-earth, they founded the twin kingdoms of [[Gondor]] and [[Arnor]].<br />
<br />
===Black Númenóreans and Haradrim===<br />
The Faithful weren't the only Númenóreans left on Middle-earth when Númenor sank. When Númenor grew in naval power, many Númenóreans founded colonies in Middle-earth. Many of the King's Men settled in Middle-earth because they wanted to conquer more lands, and the Faithful because they were persecuted by the Kings. The Faithful settled in [[Pelargir]], while the King's Men ruled the [[Umbar|Haven of Umbar]] and other colonies in the South. When Númenor was destroyed, the King's Men became known as the Black Númenóreans and remained hostile towards the Faithful of Gondor. Eventually, Umbar was conquered by Gondor in {{TA|933|n}} of the Third Age.<br />
<br />
In Harad another group of Men lived called the '''[[Haradrim]]''' or [[Southrons]]. They were dark skinned Men and waged war on great Oliphaunts or ''Mûmakil''. They too were hostile to Gondor, though they were subdued in {{TA|1050}} by [[Hyarmendacil I]].<br />
<br />
Both Umbar and the Harad were left unchecked by Gondor's waning power by the time of the War of the Ring, and presented grave threats from the south. Many Haradrim fought with Sauron's forces in Gondor in that War.<br />
<br />
===Easterlings===<br />
Most Men who fought in the armies of Morgoth and Sauron were [[Easterlings]] who came from the regions beyond the [[Sea of Rhûn]]. Some Easterlings offered their services to the Elvish kingdoms in Beleriand; among them were [[Bór]] and his sons, and [[Ulfang the Black]] and his sons. This proved to be disastrous for the Elves in the [[Nirnaeth Arnoediad]] when Ulfang and his clan switched sides and defected to Morgoth, though Bór and his sons died bravely fighting on the side of the [[Eldar]]. <br />
<br />
After Morgoth's defeat Sauron extended his influence over the Easterlings, and although Sauron was defeated by the [[Last Alliance of Elves and Men]] at the end of the Second Age, the Easterlings were the first enemies to attack Gondor again in {{TA|492}}. They were soundly defeated by King [[Rómendacil I]], but they invaded again in {{TA|541|n}}and took revenge by slaying King Rómendacil. Rómendacil's son [[Turambar (King of Gondor)|Turambar]] took large portions of land from them.<br />
<br />
In the next centuries Gondor held sway over the Easterlings. When Gondor's power began to decrease in the twelfth century of the Third Age, the Easterlings took the complete eastern bank of the [[Anduin]] except [[Ithilien]] and crushed Gondor's allies, the Northmen. <br />
<br />
The Easterlings of the Third Age were divided in different tribes, such as the [[Wainriders]] and the [[Balchoth]]. The Wainriders were a confederation of Easterlings who were very active between {{TA|1856}} and {{TA|1944|n}}. They posed a serious threat to Gondor for many years, but were utterly defeated by [[Eärnil II]] in 1944.<br />
<br />
When Gondor lost its royal dynasty in {{TA|2050|n}} the Easterlings started to reorganize themselves, and a fierce group called the Balchoth became the most important tribe. In {{TA|2510|n}} they invaded Gondor again and conquered much of [[Calenardhon]], until they were defeated by the [[Éothéod]] who rode to Gondor's aid.<br />
<br />
In the War of the Ring, the Easterlings were among the fiercest warriors deployed at the [[Battle of the Pelennor Fields]] by Sauron.<br />
<br />
===Northmen===<br />
Not all the Men who remained east of the Blue Mountains and Misty Mountains during the First Age were tempted by Morgoth or Sauron, and they were joined after the War of Wrath by those of the Edain who did not wish to travel to Númenor. The [[Northmen]] who dwelt in [[Mirkwood|Greenwood the Great]] and other parts of [[Rhovanion]] were friendly to the Dúnedain, being for the most part their kin, and many of them became Gondorian subjects. The Men of [[Dale]] and [[Lake-town|Esgaroth]] were Northmen, as were the Woodsmen of Mirkwood, and the [[Éothéod]], who became the Rohirrim or Horse Lords.<br />
<br />
===Dunlendings===<br />
When Elendil founded the Kingdom of Arnor, its borders were quickly extended towards the river Greyflood (Sindarin:''Gwathló''), and Gondor likewise extended up through [[Enedwaith]]. In Enedwaith and [[Minhiriath]] (Sindarin for ''Land between the Rivers'') lived a group of Men related to those Men that became the House of Haleth, and they were known as the [[Dunlendings]]. They had lived in the great woods that covered most of Eriador, and when the Númenóreans started to chop these woods down to build their ships in the [[Second Age]], they earned the hostility of the Dunlendings. The Dunlendings later became bitter enemies of [[Rohan]], as they believed the Rohirrim had stolen their lands.<br />
<br />
Because of their enmity with the Rohirrim, the Dunlendings served [[Saruman]] in the War of the Ring and fought against the Horse Lords in the [[Battle of the Hornburg]].<br />
<br />
===Drúedain===<br />
Another group of Men were the [[Drúedain]], also called the [[Woses]]. They were small and stooped, and were always few in number and shortlived compared to other races of Men. They lived among the House of Haleth in the First Age, and were held as Edain by the Elves, who called them ''Drúedain'' (from ''Drûg'', their own name for themselves, plus ''Edain''). <br />
<br />
At the end of the Third Age a few Woses still lived in the Drúadan Forest. They held off [[Orcs]] with poisoned arrows and were vital in securing the aid of the Rohirrim in the Battle of the Pelennor Fields. King [[Aragorn|Elessar]] granted the Drúadan Forest to them "forever" in the [[Fourth Age]].<br />
<br />
===Hobbits===<br />
[[Hobbits]] were strictly a race of Men rather than a separate species. The origin of Hobbits is obscure; they first appeared in the records of other Men in the middle of the [[Third Age]].<br />
<br />
==Etymology==<br />
[[J.R.R. Tolkien|Tolkien]] employed a peculiar usage of the words ''Man'' and ''Mannish'': these terms came to replace the word "human" found in drafts of ''[[The Lord of the Rings]]''.<ref>{{PM|Languages}}, p. 61</ref> It has been suggested that Tolkien might have preferred ''Man'' and ''Mannish'' being pure Germanic roots, unlike the Latin-influenced ''Human'' (cf. ''[[Wiktionary:homo#Latin|homo]]'').<ref>{{HM|RW}}, pp. 156-8</ref> This usage also reflects old Germanic practice, where ''Man'' originally meant ''mankind'', not merely the male gender; this was found (and in many of them, still is found) in all the Germanic languages (i.e. German ''Menschen'', "people").<ref>http://etymonline.com/index.php?term=man&allowed_in_frame=0</ref><br />
<br />
==Other names==<br />
The Elves called the race of '''Mankind''' with poetic names that refer to their later coming, and their mortality. They are mostly called '''''[[Atani]]''''' in [[Quenya]], literally meaning "Second ones" (the [[Elves]] being the First), but also '''''[[Hildor]]''''' ("Followers" or "Aftercomers"), '''''Apanónar''''' ("Afterborn"), '''Secondborn''', '''Younger Children of Iluvatar''', '''Strangers''' and '''Usurpers'''<ref name=men>{{S|Men}}</ref> because they [[Dominion of Men|dominated Arda]] after the Elves. [[Sindarin]] names were '''''Ephedin''''' or '''''Ephedrim''''' ("Followers").<ref>{{WJ|Quendi}}</ref><br />
<br />
The name ''Atani'' is cognate with [[Sindarin]] '''[[Adan|Edain]]''', but the latter term was later applied not to the race, but only to the peoples of [[Beleriand]] who aided the Elves in their war with [[Morgoth]] in the [[First Age]].<br />
<br />
Other names were '''''[[Fírimar]]''''' ("Mortals"), '''''[[Engwar]]''''' ("The Sickly"), the '''Self-cursed''' and the '''Guests'''<ref name=men/> because their fate was outside Arda.<br />
<br />
Other names by the Elves, apparently referring to their differences from themselves are '''Inscrutable''', the '''Heavy-handed''', the '''Night-fearers''', and the '''Children of the Sun'''<ref name=men/> because they awoke with the Sun. <br />
<br />
Hobbits called them the '''Big People''' or the '''[[Big Folk]]''', especially in [[Bree]].<ref>{{FR|I9}}</ref><br />
<br />
{{references}}<br />
[[Category:Men]]<br />
[[Category:Races]]<br />
[[de:Menschen]]<br />
[[fr:encyclo/peuples/hommes/hommes]]<br />
[[fi:Ihmiset]]</div>Fredegharhttps://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=Habbanan_beneath_the_Stars&diff=329455Habbanan beneath the Stars2021-03-18T21:52:06Z<p>Fredeghar: </p>
<hr />
<div>'''Habbanan beneath the Stars''' is a poem written by [[J.R.R. Tolkien]]. It was composed either in December [[1915]] at Brocton Camp, Staffordshire, or in June [[1916]] at Étaples. The poem, containing a short prose introduction, speaks about the fate of [[Men]] after death (albeit being a very early phase of the [[legendarium]]). This gives a glimpse of the early conception of the afterlife, where Habbanan (later changed to [[Eruman]]) would be the Purgatory. The poem was published in ''[[The Book of Lost Tales Part One]]''.<ref>{{LT1|IIIn}}, pp. 91-93</ref><br />
<br />
==The poem==<br />
Now Habbanan is that region where one draws nigh to the places that are not of Men. There is the air very sweet and the sky very great by reason of the broadness of the Earth.<br />
<poem style="font-style:italic; margin-left:20px;"><br />
In Habbanan beneath the skies <br />
where all roads end however long<br />
there is a sound of faint guitars<br />
and distant echoes of a song,<br />
for there men gather into rings<br />
round their red fires while one voice sings −<br />
all about is night.<br />
<br />
Not night as ours, unhappy folk,<br />
where nigh the Earth in hazy bars,<br />
a mist about the springing of the stars,<br />
there trails a thin and wandering smoke<br />
obscuring with its veil half-seen<br />
the great abysmal still Serene.<br />
<br />
A globe of dark glass faceted with light<br />
wherein the splendid winds have dusky flight;<br />
untrodden spaces of an odorous plain<br />
that watches for the moon that long has lain<br />
and caught the meteors' fiery rain −<br />
such there is night.<br />
<br />
There on a sudden did my heart perceive<br />
that they who sang about the Eve,<br />
who answered the bright-shining stars<br />
with gleaming music of their strange guitars,<br />
these were His wandering happy sons<br />
encamped upon those aëry leas<br />
where God's unsullied garment runs<br />
in glory down His mighty knees.<br />
</poem><br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
* [[Index:Poems by J.R.R. Tolkien|Poems by J.R.R. Tolkien]]<br />
<br />
{{references}}<br />
[[Category:Poems by J.R.R. Tolkien]]</div>Fredegharhttps://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=Undeeps&diff=329446Undeeps2021-03-18T20:51:01Z<p>Fredeghar: /* History */</p>
<hr />
<div>{{location infobox<br />
| name=Undeeps<br />
| image=[[File:David Martin - Undeeps.jpg|250px]]<br />
| caption="Undeeps" by David Martin<br />
| pronun=<br />
| othernames=<br />
| location=Between [[The Wold]] and the [[Brown Lands]]<br />
| type=Ford<br />
| description=Two large shallow bends in the [[Anduin]]<br />
| regions=<br />
| towns=<br />
| inhabitants=<br />
| created=<br />
| destroyed=<br />
| events=Counterattack upon the [[Wainriders]]</br>The [[Battle of the Field of Celebrant]]<br />
}}<br />
The '''Undeeps''' were the two westward bends of the river [[Anduin]] located between [[The Wold]] and the [[Brown Lands]], called the [[North Undeep]] and the [[South Undeep]]. The upper part of the North Undeep also bordered the [[Field of Celebrant]] and was where the [[Limlight]] joined the Great River.<ref>{{UT|Map}}</ref> Both of the Undeeps had many shallows and wide shoals that afforded an easy crossing for an army.<ref>{{UT|6c}}</ref><br />
<br />
==History==<br />
In {{TA|1899}}<ref>{{App|TA}}</ref> messengers from [[Marhwini]] of the [[Northmen]] warned King [[Calimehtar (King of Gondor)|Calimehtar]] of [[Gondor]] that the [[Wainriders]] were plotting to invade [[Calenardhon]] by crossing the Undeeps. The messengers also revealed that Northmen previously enslaved by the Wainriders were preparing to revolt if war broke out. Calimehtar soon led an army north from [[Ithilien]], which drew the Wainriders towards him. The king feigned to withdraw to the [[Dagorlad]] where he engaged the enemy. As the battle raged cavalry from Gondor crossed the Undeeps, joined with Marhwini, and struck the Wainriders in the flank and rear. One third of the Wainriders died and the rest were harried northward by Marhwini's riders.<ref name="Northmen">{{UT|Cirion}},(i) ''The Northmen and the Wainriders''</ref><br />
<br />
During the reign of King [[Ondoher]] the Wainriders were still a deadly threat but forts along the Anduin north of [[Sarn Gebir]] were sufficiently manned to prevent any incursion across the Undeeps.<ref name="Northmen"/><br />
<br />
As time wore on the river forts were neglected during the [[Watchful Peace]]. When [[Cirion]] became the [[Ruling Steward]] of Gondor he was aware of the danger in the north and established a few men in the old forts to watch the Undeeps. Spies were sent into the east and soon Cirion learned that the [[Balchoth]] were mustering south of [[Mirkwood]]. In {{TA|2510|n}} Cirion sent riders to seek aid from the [[Éothéod]], the descendants of Marhwini's Northmen, and then led what strength he could north into Calenardhon. The Balchoth drove the army of Gondor north over the Limlight; Cirion's force were then assailed by [[Orcs]] who had descended from the [[Misty Mountains]].<br />
<br />
Suddenly [[Eorl]] the Young, having received the summons, arrived and saved the men of Gondor. They had crossed the Undeeps and the Limlight, and then charged the enemy's rear.<ref>{{UT|Cirion}}, (ii) ''The Ride of Eorl''</ref><br />
<br />
After victory at the [[Battle of the Field of Celebrant]], Cirion granted the land of Calenardhon to Eorl and the Éothéod. The Undeeps then became part of the border of the new realm of [[Rohan]].<ref>>{{UT|Cirion}},(iii) ''Cirion and Eorl''</ref><br />
<br />
In [[February]] {{TA|3019|n}} the [[Fellowship of the Ring]] rode boats down the Anduin and traversed the Undeeps on their journey to the south. On [[11 March]] eastern Rohan was invaded from the north, with the invaders crossing at the Undeeps. Their stay was short-lived; the [[Ents]] defeated them the next day.<ref>{{App|Great}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Portrayal in adaptations==<br />
'''1982-97: ''[[Middle-earth Role Playing]]'':'''<br />
: The Undeeps (the Northern and the Southern) of Anduin have an average water depth of 4 feet. Gondor erected two fortresses to protect from invading forces.<ref>{{ICE|4002}}</ref><ref>{{ICE|2019}}</ref><br />
<br />
{{references}}<br />
[[Category:Fords]]<br />
[[Category:Rhovanion]]</div>Fredegharhttps://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=Phial_of_Galadriel&diff=329418Phial of Galadriel2021-03-17T17:36:00Z<p>Fredeghar: /* Films */</p>
<hr />
<div>[[File:John Howe - The Phial of Galadriel.jpg|thumb|''The Phial of Galadriel'' by [[John Howe]]]]<br />
{{quote|‘And you, Ring-bearer,’ she said, turning to Frodo. ‘I come to you last who are not last in my thoughts. For you I have prepared this.’ She held up a small crystal phial: it glittered as she moved it, and rays of white light sprang from her hand. ‘In this phial,’ she said, ‘is caught the light of Eärendil’s star, set amid the waters of my fountain. It will shine still brighter when night is about you. May it be a light to you in dark places, when all other lights go out.’|''[[The Fellowship of the Ring]]'', "[[Farewell to Lórien]]"}}<br />
The '''Phial of Galadriel''', or '''Star-glass''', was the [[Gifts of Galadriel|gift]] that [[Galadriel]] bestowed to [[Frodo Baggins]]. <br />
<br />
==History==<br />
[[File:Tim Kirk - Galadriel.jpg|thumb|left|''Galadriel'' by Tim Kirk]]<br />
Galadriel gave Frodo this gift upon the Fellowship's departure from [[Lothlórien]].<ref name="Farewell">{{FR|Farewell}}</ref> It would stay among his possessions unused until reaching the edge of [[Mordor]].<br />
<br />
As Frodo, Sam and Gollum approached the [[Stairs of Cirith Ungol]], Frodo saw a great mass of cavalrymen led by the [[Witch-king|Lord of the Nazgûl]]. When the Witch-king stopped, Frodo feared they had been spotted; against his will, Frodo moves his hand towards the [[The One Ring|ring]]. Instead, he touched the Phial - which he had forgotten - and the Witch-king continued on his way.<ref>{{TT|Stairs}}</ref><br />
<br />
Both Frodo and [[Samwise Gamgee]] used the phial to fend off the attacks of [[Shelob]], and escape her [[Shelob's Lair|lair]] on the borders of [[Mordor]].<ref name=Lair>{{TT|Lair}}</ref> Sam later used it to overcome the will of the [[Two Watchers]] at the [[Tower of Cirith Ungol]].<ref>{{RK|Tower}}</ref> Sam also attempted to use the light in the [[Cracks of Doom|Crack of Doom]] but the light from the glass faded because they were in the heart of [[Sauron]]'s domain.<ref>{{RK|Doom}}</ref><br />
<br />
When [[Gollum]] led Frodo and Sam into Shelob's Lair, Frodo exclaimed in [[Quenya]], "''[[Aiya Eärendil elenion ancalima!]]''",<ref name=Lair/> translating as "Hail Eärendil, brightest of stars!". This is in reference to the light of the star of [[Eärendil]], the [[Silmarils|Silmaril]] he wore upon his brow, the brightest star in the sky.<ref>{{S|Earendil}}</ref> It was the light of this star which is trapped within the Star-glass.<ref name="Farewell"/><br />
<br />
Upon Frodo's departure from [[Middle-earth]], the light from the phial faded as it reached the shores of [[Eldamar]].<ref>{{RK|Havens}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Portrayal in adaptations==<br />
===Films===<br />
'''1978: [[The Lord of the Rings (1978 film)|''The Lord of the Rings'' (1978 film)]]:''' <br />
:The Phial is absent as Galadriel does not give any gifts to the Fellowship.<br />
<br />
'''1980: [[The Return of the King (1980 film)|''The Return of the King'' (1980 film)]]:''' <br />
:The Phial is found by Sam in Frodo's cloak and is used to pass the Watchers' barrier in Cirith Ungol. Its origins are never touched on in the film. Frodo identifies it as the Phial of Galadriel, but refuses to say anymore about where he acquired it. <br />
<br />
'''2001-03: [[The Lord of the Rings (film series)|''The Lord of the Rings'' (film series)]]:'''<br />
:The Phial is given to Frodo by Galadriel in the first film. It reappears in ''Return of the King'', used by Frodo to ward off Shelob although he drops it in his escape. It is retrieved by Sam and wielded in his battle against Shelob.<br />
<br />
{{Giftsofgaladriel}}<br />
{{references}}<br />
[[Category:Gifts of Galadriel]]</div>Fredegharhttps://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=Beldis&diff=329416Beldis2021-03-17T17:10:24Z<p>Fredeghar: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{Edain infobox<br />
| name=Beldis<br />
| image=[[File:Juliana Pinho - Beorians.png|250px]]<br />
| caption=Beldis (centre) in "Beorians" by [[:Category:Images by Juliana Pinho|Juliana Pinho]]<br />
| pronun=<br />
| othernames=<br />
| titles=<br />
| position=<br />
| location=<br />
| affiliation=<br />
| language=<br />
| birth={{FA|411}}<br />
| birthlocation=<br />
| rule=<br />
| death=<br />
| deathlocation=<br />
| age=<br />
| notablefor=<br />
| house=[[House of Bëor]]<br />
| parentage=[[Bregil]], [[Arachon]]<br />
| siblings=[[Brandir (son of Arachon)|Brandir]]<br />
| spouse=[[Handir]]<br />
| children=[[Brandir|Brandir the Lame]]<br />
| gender=Female<br />
| height=<br />
| hair=<br />
| eyes=<br />
| clothing=<br />
| weapons=<br />
| steed=<br />
}}'''Beldis''' was the mother of [[Brandir|Brandir the Lame]].<br />
<br />
== History ==<br />
Beldis was born in {{FA|411}}, the second child of [[Arachon]] and [[Bregil]] of the [[House of Bëor]]. She married [[Handir]], the lord of the [[Haladin]] and they had a son called [[Brandir|Brandir the Lame]] (whom Beldis named after her brother [[Brandir (son of Arachon)|Brandir]]) who was born in {{FA|465}}. Beldis' son Brandir the Lame later became the last chieftain of the Haladin.<ref name="WJBeor">{{WJ|14}}, ''(i) The House of Bëor''</ref><br />
<br />
==Genealogy==<br />
<div style="overflow-x: scroll; overflow-y: hidden; border: 1px solid #AAAAAA; padding: 3px; background: #EEEEEE;"><br />
{{familytree/start}}<br />
{{familytree | | | | | | | | | | | BRE | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |BRE=[[Bregor]]<br/><small>''{{FA|359|n}} - {{FA|448|n}}''</small>}}<br />
{{familytree | | | | | |,|-|-|-|-|-|^|-|v|-|-|-|v|-|-|-|v|-|-|-|.| | | | | |}}<br />
{{familytree | ARA |y| BRE | | HAL | | HIR | | BRG | | GIL | | BAR |y| EME |ARA=[[Arachon]]<br/><small>''unknown''</small>|BRE=[[Bregil]]<br/><small>''b. {{FA|386|n}}''</small>|HAL=[[Haldir (Chieftain of the Haladin)|Haldir]]<br/><small>''{{FA|414|n}} - {{FA|472|n}}''</small>|HIR=[[Hirwen]]<br/><small>''{{FA|389|n}}''</small>|BRG=[[Bregolas]]<br/><small>''{{FA|393|n}} - {{FA|455|n}}''</small>|GIL=[[Gilwen]]<br/><small>''b. {{FA|397|n}}''</small>|BAR=[[Barahir]]<br/><small>''{{FA|400|n}} - {{FA|460|n}}''</small>|EME=[[Emeldir]]<br/><small>''b. {{FA|406|n}}''</small>}}<br />
{{familytree | |,|-|^|-|.| | | |!| | | |,|-|-|-|+|-|-|-|.| | | | | |!| | | |}}<br />
{{familytree | BRA | | BEL |y| HAN | | BET | | BAR | | BEG | | | | BER | | |BRA=[[Brandir (son of Arachon)|Brandir]]<br/><small>''b. {{FA|409|n}}''</small>|BEL='''BELDIS'''<br/><small>''b. {{FA|411|n}}''</small>|HAN=[[Handir]]<br/><small>''{{FA|441|n}} - {{FA|495|n}}''</small>|BET=[[Beleth]]<br/><small>''b. {{FA|417|n}}''</small>|BAR=[[Baragund]]<br/><small>''{{FA|420|n}} - {{FA|460|n}}''</small>|BEG=[[Belegund]]<br/><small>''{{FA|422|n}} - {{FA|460|n}}''</small>|BER=[[Beren]]<br/><small>''{{FA|432|n}} - {{FA|503|n}}''</small>}}<br />
{{familytree | | | | | | | |!| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |}}<br />
{{familytree | | | | | | | BRA | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |BRA=[[Brandir|Brandir the Lame]]<br/><small>''{{FA|465|n}} - {{FA|499|n}}''</small>}}<br />
{{familytree/end}}<br />
</div><br />
<br />
{{references}}<br />
[[Category:Edain]]<br />
[[Category:House of Bëor]]<br />
[[Category:First Age characters]]<br />
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[[fi:Beldis]]<br />
[[fr:encyclo:personnages:hommes:1a:peuple_de_beor:beldis]]</div>Fredegharhttps://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=Primitive_Quendian&diff=329413Primitive Quendian2021-03-17T15:39:39Z<p>Fredeghar: </p>
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<div>{{stub}}<br />
'''Primitive Quendian''' is the proto-language of the '''[[Quendi]]''', or [[Elves]], which they spoke soon after their [[Awakening of the Elves|Awakening]].<br />
<br />
==History==<br />
Shortly after the first Elves awoke at [[Cuiviénen]], they began to devise names for the various things they encountered in the world. For this reason, they referred to themselves as Quendi ("speakers") as they had not met any other creatures that spoke or sang. In time, the speech of the Elves began to develop into a form of language. The Elves were later discovered by the [[Valar|Vala]] [[Oromë]], who dubbed them the [[Eldar]] (meaning "star-folk" in their tongue). He invited the Elves to live with the Valar in [[Valinor]], the Uttermost West, where they would be protected from the monstrous creatures of [[Melkor]].<br />
<br />
Those who undertook the [[Great Journey]] to the West adopted the Eldar name, while others chose to remain in their original homelands in the East. This latter group was known as the [[Avari]] ("unwilling"). The sundering of the Elven kindreds led to the first split in their language's development. During the long years of the Journey, the language of the Eldar changed and evolved into a form known as [[Common Eldarin]]. The language of the Avari however developed along different lines in the eastern lands, eventually splitting into the various [[Avarin]] tongues. As the ages passed and the languages of the Elves continued to change amid migrations, war, and the rise and fall of kingdoms, there were few (if any) of the [[Firstborn]] left in [[Middle-earth]] who still remembered the earliest form of their speech.<br />
<br />
==Use within the legendarium==<br />
Primitive Quendian is a retroactive term used by the loremasters for the earliest ancestor of the Elvish languages. The etymologies published in ''[[The Lost Road and Other Writings]]'' and later etymological essays often derived terms common to [[Eldar]]in languages from Primitive Quendian bases, and a list of some Primitive Quendian words is given in an essay ''[[Quendi and Eldar]]'' (in ''[[The War of the Jewels]]'').<br />
<br />
'''See also: [[Languages]]'''<br />
==Inspiration==<br />
According to [[Ross Smith]], the description of how [[Elves]] created languages encapsulates Tolkien's notions about the birth of language. In that primitive stage, there was an original semantic unity among sign, signifier, and signified, which then fragmented into more complex systems, resulting in speech and naming. According to Smith, Tolkien's views coincide with those of [[Owen Barfield]].<ref>Ross Smith, "Linguistic and Aesthetic Theory in Tolkien" [[Cormarë Series]] No. 12</ref><br />
{{references}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
*[http://www.uib.no/People/hnohf/primelv.htm Primitive Quendian page at Ardalambion]<br />
{{languages}}<br />
[[Category:Elvish]]<br />
[[fi:Alkuhaltiakieli]]</div>Fredegharhttps://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=Primitive_Quendian&diff=329380Primitive Quendian2021-03-16T22:41:55Z<p>Fredeghar: /* History */</p>
<hr />
<div>{{stub}}<br />
'''Primitive Quendian''' is the proto-language of the '''[[Quendi]]''', or [[Elves]], which they spoke soon after their [[Awakening of the Elves|Awakening]].<br />
<br />
==History==<br />
Shortly after the first Elves awoke at [[Cuiviénen]], they began to devise names for the various things they encountered in the world. For this reason, they referred to themselves as Quendi ("speakers") as they had not met any other creatures that spoke or sang. In time, the speech of the Elves began to develop into a form of language. The Elves were later discovered by the [[Valar|Vala]] [[Oromë]], who dubbed them the [[Eldar]] (meaning "star-folk" in their tongue). He invited the Elves to live with the Valar in [[Valinor]], the Uttermost West, where they would be protected from the monstrous creatures of [[Melkor]].<br />
<br />
Those who undertook the [[Great Journey]] to the West adopted the Eldar name, while others chose to remain in their original homelands in the East. This latter group was known as the [[Avari]] ("unwilling"). The sundering of the Elven kindreds led to the first split in their language's development. During the long years of the Journey, the language of the Eldar changed and evolved into a form known as [[Common Eldarin]]. The language of the Avari however developed along different lines in the eastern lands, eventually splitting into the various [[Avarin]] tongues. As the ages passed and the languages of the Elves continued to change amid migrations, war, and the rise and fall of kingdoms, there were few (if any) of the [[Firstborn]] left in [[Middle-earth]] who still remembered the earliest form of their speech.<br />
<br />
==Use within the published legendarium==<br />
Primitive Quendian is a retroactive term used by the loremasters for the earliest ancestor of the Elvish languages. The etymologies published in ''[[The Lost Road and Other Writings]]'' and later etymological essays often derived terms common to [[Eldar]]in languages from Primitive Quendian bases, and a list of some Primitive Quendian words is given in an essay ''[[Quendi and Eldar]]'' (in ''[[The War of the Jewels]]'').<br />
<br />
'''See also: [[Languages]]'''<br />
==Inspiration==<br />
According to [[Ross Smith]], the description of how [[Elves]] created languages encapsulates Tolkien's notions about the birth of language. In that primitive stage, there was an original semantic unity among sign, signifier, and signified, which then fragmented into more complex systems, resulting in speech and naming. According to Smith, Tolkien's views coincide with those of [[Owen Barfield]].<ref>Ross Smith, "Linguistic and Aesthetic Theory in Tolkien" [[Cormarë Series]] No. 12</ref><br />
{{references}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
*[http://www.uib.no/People/hnohf/primelv.htm Primitive Quendian page at Ardalambion]<br />
{{languages}}<br />
[[Category:Elvish]]<br />
[[fi:Alkuhaltiakieli]]</div>Fredeghar